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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:CG Times; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:CG Times; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:CG Times; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:CG Times; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION</span></p>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SECRETARY OF LABOR</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Complainant,</span></p>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> v. </span></p>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">MIDWEST STEEL, INC., a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">nd its<span>
									</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">uccessors,<span>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Respondent.</span></p>
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					<span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHRC DOCKET NO. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">5</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1471</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Josh Bernstein, Esq.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Office of the Solicitor, U.S. Department of Labor,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">D</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">allas</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Texas</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For Complainant</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Glenn J.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Fuerth</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">, Esq., Wilson<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Elser</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Moskowitz, Edelman & Dicker, LLP, New York, New York</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For Respondent</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Before: Administrative Law Judge Patrick B. Augustine</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">DECISION AND ORDER</span></p>
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				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">I.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Procedural History</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This proceeding is before the Occupational Safety</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Health Review Commission (“the Commission”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">under s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ection 10(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 29 U.S.C. §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">651<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">et seq</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">February 24, 20</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">15, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">El Paso<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Area O</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ffice received a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>report of a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>fatality on Respondent’s worksite at 200 Constitution Avenue</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Fort Bliss, Texas. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>823-825; Ex. C-8.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In response,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Compliance Safety and Health Officer (CSHO)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Billy St. Clair<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and CSHO Hugo Villegas<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to conduct an inspection</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">823</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 833, 850</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). As a result of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the inspection,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA issued a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Citation and Notification of Penalty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(“Citation”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">alleg</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">one<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">three</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-item serious violation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and proposed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>total</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>penalty of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>$</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">8</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">9</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">00</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Citation was issued on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">July 27, 2015. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent timely contested the Citation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, bringing this matter before the Commission</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">July 8, 2016, the Court issued an order granting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Complainant’s Amended Unopposed Motion for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Le</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ave to Amend the Complaint and Citations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Complainant amended the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">omplaint<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">with regard to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Citation 1, Item 1, which alleged a violation of the Act’s general duty clause.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref1" href="#ftn1">1</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">amended Citation 1, Item 1,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">allege</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in the alternative</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a violation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a specific OSHA standard promulgated under<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">section 5(a)(2) of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref2" href="#ftn2">2</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 U.S.C. §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">654</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">) (requiring employers to comply with promulgated occupational safety and health standards).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>A four day t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">rial<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was held<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">from<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">September<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>through September<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">22</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 201</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">6</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">El Paso, Texas</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Seven<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">witnesses testified</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">: </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Midwest Welding Supervisor Robert<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; (2)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Local 263 Business Agent Jerrod Strange</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; (3)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Midwest Site Superintendent Garth<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Gruno</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; (4)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Professional Engineer David Ruby;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(5)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Union Ironworker Foreman Manny<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Marmolejo</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(6)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO Billy St. Clair;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and (7) Midwest Safety Director Scott Stevens</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Both</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>parties filed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">post-trial<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">briefs.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based on what follows, the Court<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">vacates<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Item 1, and affirms Citation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Items 2, 3a and 3b.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">II.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Stipulations</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The parties</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>entered into stipulations<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(“Joint Stipulation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Statement</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">prior to the beginning of trial. Th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e Joint</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">tipulation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Statement</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>w</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>introduced into the record as Joint Exhibit No. 1 (hereinafter “Ex. J-1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. at 19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In lieu of reproducing th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e Stipulations<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">m in their entirety, the Court shall make references to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Joint S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">tipulation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Statement</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as necessary</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">III.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Jurisdiction<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Joint S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">tipulation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Statement<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">state</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and the record supports,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent is engaged in a business affecting interstate commerce and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is an employer within the meaning of the Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ex</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-7 at 1-2;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">J-1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Accordingly</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Court has jurisdiction over this proceeding pursuant to § 10(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 29 U.S.C. § 659(c)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ex. J-1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Atlas Roofing Co. v. Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm’n, U.S. Dep't of Labor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 518 F.2d 990, 995 (5th Cir. 1975),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff'd sub nom.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Atlas Roofing Co. v. Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">n</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 430 U.S. 442</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(1977) (describing “Enforcement Structure of OSHA”).</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">IV.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Factual Background</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">site</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">involved t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">construction of a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hospital<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Fort Bliss, Texas. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a steel-erection subcontractor<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">United States<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Army Corps of Engineers (“Corps”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">retained<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to build</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">new hospital</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. at 92.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent has about 200 employees, but has “quite a few jobs around the country.” (Tr. at 828, 982.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">For this<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">worksite</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Respondent hired union welders from<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Local Ironworkers<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Union 2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">63</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(“Local 263”).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> (Tr. at 278.)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> One of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">these welders was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the decedent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, a 5</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-year old<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">L</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ocal 263 ironworker</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">who had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">American Welding Society (“AWS”) welding certification</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">approximately 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">8 years of journeyman ironworker experience.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref3" href="#ftn3">3</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> (Tr. at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">308,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">326</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 853</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. R-2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At the time of the incident,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the decedent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had been part of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">L</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ocal 263 for 10 years, since 2005.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref4" href="#ftn4">4</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. at 289.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">D</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ecedent had a good reputation for working well and working safely;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">there is no<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ev</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">idence in the record<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Midwest management<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">had a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ny<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">safety or quality<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">concerns regarding decedent’s work. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. at 110-111, 303-304, 420.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The task</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the decedent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">w</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>performing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on February 24</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 2015<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">w</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ere</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the following:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>decedent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>himself built a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">temporary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">work<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">platform</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that had the purpose of supporting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">him<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">while he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">worked</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. at 150-152, 303; Ex. C-19 at 4.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This work platform consisted of the following elements: t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">wo parallel angle irons</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>two<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2 by 10<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">wooden “OSHA planks”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref5" href="#ftn5">5</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>set between the two angle irons to serve as the standing surface; and one clamp, that secured the outermost “OSHA plank” to an angle iron, thereby<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">stabilizing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, allegedly, the standing surface between the two angle irons. (Tr. at 183</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">188;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ex</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. C-19 at 20</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; R-18 at 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">According to Respondent’s expert,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had four possible configurations of this temporary work platform, depending on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">design</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>column on which the ironworker was working</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and decedent built one of the configurations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. at 681.)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">After building this<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">temporary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">work<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">platform</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">decedent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>attached<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to the subject column with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">quarter-inch fillet welds, each</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>weld</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>two inches in length. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">677-678</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.) </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The column decedent was working on at the time of the incident was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sixth</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>floor. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. at 9</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">6</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The drop from<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">decedent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">temporary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">work<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">platform</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">down<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fourth</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">floor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the skeletal<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hospital</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, a drop of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">33</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>feet.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. at 93.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">While on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">his<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">temporary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">work<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">platform</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">decedent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">performed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">exterior column splice work.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref6" href="#ftn6">6</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">202, 303</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">After finishing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the splice work<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">one</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>location,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">decedent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>would then remove his<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">temporary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">work<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">platform</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>f</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">rom</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the exterior<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">column<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">skeletal hospital</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, move it to the next location on the exterior of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">skeletal<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hospital</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, re-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">weld</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">temporary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">working<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">platform</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the next exterior column</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and continue<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">his<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">splice work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">new<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">location<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">exterior<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">column<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the skeletal<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hospital</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. at 156.) </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">For fall protection</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>w</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hile he was on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">his temporary work platform</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">decedent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>wore<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">personal fall arrest system (“PFAS”) device,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">which<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">consisted of a wire<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">rope<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">choker, a harness, and a synthetic lanyard. (Tr. at 101-102; Ex. C-20</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 28-30</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">D</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ecedent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">wrapped the wire rope choker around the column he was working on (which was directly in front of him), resting the wire rope choker on an extension piece (perpendicular to the column) called a “dog ear,” and then attached his synthetic lanyard, using what appears to be a metal clip, to the wire rope</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>choker</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s O-ring. (Tr. at 102-103; Ex. C-20 at 30.) In this manner, the wire rope choker did not slip down the column as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">decedent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was working because it was resting on top of the “dog ear.” (Tr. at 103.)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> While the decedent was standing on his temporary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>platform doing the exterior column splice work, no other forms<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fall protection, such as guardrails or safety nets, were provided to decedent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>other than his PFAS. (Tr. at 1011.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>There are no witnesses to what happened at the time of the incident</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. But, at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">10:15</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">am</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on February 24, 2015,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the decedent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>fell from his<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">temporary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">work<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">platform</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sixth</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>floor down<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fourth</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>floor below. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. at 93</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. C-8</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">D</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ecedent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>sustained<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">mortal</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>wounds and died at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the scene. (Ex. C-6 at 40.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Later, inspectors discovered<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">decedent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>synthetic<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">lanyard had</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>severed, having</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>been melted through</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. at 253; Ex. C-6 at 40.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">It was determined right before<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he fell,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">decedent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“in all likelihood” was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“repairing a weld on the surface of the splice” by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">preheating<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the welds</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>using a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">weed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>burn</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ing device</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on the exterior column, to which he had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">secured</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>his synthetic<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">lanyard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref7" href="#ftn7">7</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. at 521-522.)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">It was never<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">determine</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d, in this case,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>exactly how the synthetic lanyard had been melted through. (Tr. at 895.) </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">After receiving a report of the fatality,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant sent CSHO</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Billy</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>St. Clair and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Hugo<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Villegas<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that same day<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to conduct an OSHA inspection of the fatal accident. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Ex. C-7.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO St. Clair was the lead investigator for this matter</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO Villegas<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">assisted<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">him</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref8" href="#ftn8">8</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. at 833.) After<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHOs St. Clair and Villegas were admitted to the worksite</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref9" href="#ftn9">9</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>they held opening<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and closing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">conference</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, toured the worksite and accident scene, took pictures,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and interviewed workers. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Exs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. C-6</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, C-7</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As a result of the investigation, Complainant issued Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation, targeting the synthetic lanyard and the temporary work platform.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The workers CSHO St. Clair interviewed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and who testified at trial</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>are the following:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Robert<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Younk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>welding foreman and decedent’s direct supervisor on the day of incident. (Tr. at 106.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>crew consisted of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">eight</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>welders, including decedent. (Tr. at 107.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>has 40 years of welding experience, 28 years of ironworking experience, 20 years in a local union, and had worked for Respondent for 18 years as both a welder and a foreman on different projects in Michigan and “other places,” including Texas. (Tr. at 109, 177-178.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>has “experience in putting in what we call the work platform” dating to the “late<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1980s,” estimating he has assembled and installed hundreds of these work platforms (Tr. at 178-180.) He testified he learned based on “on-the-job training” and watching other people. (Tr. at 178-179.) On the Fort Bliss worksite,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>job responsibilities included assigning the location and task for his crewmembers, checking his welders’ PPE at the beginning of the day, ensuring their equipment was set up properly before, during, and after their shift, and checking the welders’ work (i.e., the preheat or the welding). (Tr. at 113-114.) As of the day of the incident,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had supervised the decedent for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">five</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>months. (Tr. at 106.) On the day of the incident,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>personally observed the decedent that morning,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 9:15</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">am,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>including the placement of his PPE, which, at the time of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>observation, was correct. (Tr. at 106</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 222</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>reported to the general foreman, who in turn reported to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Garth<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Gruno</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref10" href="#ftn10">10</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> (Tr. at (107.) </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Garth<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Gruno</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s Fort Bliss site superintendent. (Tr. at 403.) He has been<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employed by Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for 11 years</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a site superintendent at various Midwest worksite</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for half that time, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the superintendent at Fort Bliss for the entire time the decedent was there. (Tr. at 403.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Gruno</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>worked up from a welder, to foreman, to a general foreman, and finally to site superintendent. (Tr. at 404.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Gruno</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>did not know the decedent prior to the decedent’s arrival<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">site. (Tr. at 404-405.) Part of his responsibilities<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">are</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>discussing safety, including the selection of fall protection for various applications, with the welders. (Tr. at 407.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Gruno</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that if anyone had been disciplined on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">site, he would have known about it. And he was not aware of any instances of discipline on the worksite. (Tr. at 420-421.) In his 22 years of experience using the elevated platforms, he never considered it to be an “actual scaffold.” (Tr. at 449-451.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Gruno</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was designated as a “competent person by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for this project for safety, steel, erection, fall protection and rigger.” (Tr. at 451.) According to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Gruno</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was obligated to Clark McCarthy (the general contractor) to designate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">certain people as “compe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">tent.” (Tr. at 454</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.)</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Jerrod Strange</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is the Business Agent and vice-president elect for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">L</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ocal 263. (Tr. at 278.) He was responsible for procuring work for local members, including decedent. (Tr. at 278.) One of his responsibilities was ensuring the people he refers to worksites, including the decedent, were qualified for the job. (Tr. at 278-279.) According to Strange, the decedent’s records, dating back<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ten</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>years, indicated decedent was a certified ironworker, but<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Strange<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">had no knowledge as to whether decedent had “any sort of recognized degree, certificate or professional standard concerning scaffolding.” (Tr. at 290-295, 347; Ex. C-57.) Strange also stated decedent did not hold a “certified welding inspector license,” which he explained was an extra test provided by the American Welding society “to achieve that status.” (Tr. at 305, 344.) </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Strange visited the Fort Bliss worksite 20 times from the day it started to the day of the incident. According to Strange, there were 1,000-2,000 workers<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">site. (Tr. at 324-325.) Strange testified the general contractor held weekly Wednesday training sessions for all of those workers, using “bullhorns and yelling and screaming,” and he thought those training sessions were not very effective. However, Strange was not critical of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s training sessions (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">i.e.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, toolbox meetings), which occurred immediately after the general contractor’s training sessions. (Tr. at 324-325.) Strange testified decedent attended those toolbox meetings. (Tr. at 325.)<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Manny<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Marmolejo</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was also a welding foreman on the “Midwest job.”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref11" href="#ftn11">11</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> (Tr. at 798.) His crew worked on “side plates” doing “flat welds,” while<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>crew worked on interior and exterior columns doing “column splices.” (Tr. at 202, 802.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Marmolejo</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>has worked on what he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">called “stand-ups” before while doing column work. (Tr. at 793, 802-803; Ex. R-8.) He gave toolbox talks to his welding crew as well as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>crew every morning. (Tr. at 117, 201,800.) As part of the toolbox talks,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Marmolejo</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>discussed the proper positioning of PPE while welding. (Tr. at 204, 801.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Scott Stevens</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s Director of Corporate Safety. Stevens has worked in loss prevention and safety management since 1990. He started working for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in 2004 as a site safety manager, and became the safety director in 2009. As the safety director, Stevens “set[s] the tone for the company as far as policy and procedures go.” He is not involved in the day-to-day operations of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s jobs. According to Stevens, prior to decedent’s incident,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had never had an injury or death due to the burning through of a synthetic lanyard in its 46 year history. (Tr. at 990.)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">V.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Discussion</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "> A. Applicable Law</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In order to prove a violation of the general duty clause, Complainant must show that: (1) a condition or activity in the workplace presented a hazard; (2) the employer or industry recognized the hazard; (3) the hazard was likely to cause death or serious physical harm; and (4) a feasible and effective means existed to eliminate or materially reduce the hazard.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pelron</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 12 BNA OSHC 1833, 1835 (No. 82-388, 1986);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In addition, the evidence must show the employer knew or with the exercise of reasonable diligence, should have known of the hazardous condition.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Otis Elevator Company</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 21 BNA OSHC 2204 (No. 03-1344, 2007). Whether a work condition poses a recognized hazard is a question of fact.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Baroid</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Div. of NL Indus., Inc. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 660 F.2d 439, 446 (10th Cir. 1981).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To establish a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">prima facie</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>violation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">section 5(a)(2) of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Act,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>must prove</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1) the standard applies to the cited condition; (2) the terms of the standard were violated; (3) one or more of the employees had access to the cited condition; and (4) the employer knew, or with the exercise of reasonable diligence could have known, of the violative condition. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Ormet</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 14 BNA OSHC 2134 (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">No. 85-0531, 1991).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A violation is classified as serious under the Act if “there is substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 U.S.C. § 666(k).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Commission precedent requires a finding “a serious injury is the likely result if an accident does occur.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Mosser Constr., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC 1044, 1046 (No. 08-0631, 2010) (citation omitted);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see Omaha Paper Stock Co. v. Sec’y of Labor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 304 F.3d 779, 784 (8th Cir. 2002).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant does not need to show there was a substantial probability an accident would occur; he need only show that if an accident did occur, serious physical harm could result.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant has the burden of establishing each element by a preponderance of the evidence.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Hartford Roofing Co</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 17 BNA OSHC 1361, 1365-66 (No. 92-3855, 1995). Preponderance of the evidence has been defined as:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:84px; margin-right:120px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The greater weight of the evidence, not necessarily established by the greater number of witnesses testifying to a fact but by evidence that has the most convincing force; superior evidentiary weight that, though not sufficient to free the mind wholly from all reasonable doubt, is still sufficient to incline a fair and impartial mind to one side of the issue rather than the other.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:84px; margin-right:120px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Black’s Law Dictionary,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Preponderance of the evidence</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(10th ed. 2014) (emphasis added).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">B. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span>– The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">lleged<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">L</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">anyard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">V</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">iolation</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Citation 1, Item 1 as originally pleaded as a general duty clause violation</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant allege</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a serious violation of the Act as follows:<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSH ACT of 1970 Section (5)(a)(1): The employer did no</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>furnish employment and a place of employment which were free from recognized hazards that were causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees in that employees were exposed to a fall hazard. </span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On February 24, 2015, an employee conducting hot-work/welding was exposed to a fall hazard greater than 10 feet while welding on the outer steel columns located in the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sixth</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>floor of the hospital construction site. The fall protection equipment selected by the employer was not suitable for the workplace conditions.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Among other methods, some feasible methods to correct this hazard would be to complete the following: Follow the following ANSI Z359.1-2007 sections: 7.1, 7.1.8, 7.1.9 and 7.2.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation at 6. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant allege</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in the alternative</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a serious violation of the Act as follows:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 CFR 1926.95(c): ‘Design.’ All personal protective equipment shall be of safe design and construction for the work to be performed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On or about February 24, 2015, and at times prior thereto, an employee conducting hot-work/welding was exposed to a fall hazard greater than 10 feet while welding on the outer steel columns located on the 6th floor at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he hospital construction site. The fall protection equipment selected by the employer was not of safe design and construction for the work to be performed.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Unopposed Motion for Leave to Amend Complaint and Citations at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>¶ 2.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref12" href="#ftn12">12</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:48px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Alleged General Duty Clause Violation</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant alleges</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent violated the general duty clause because, “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the fall<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">protection equipment selected by the employer was not suitable for the workplace conditions.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Citation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">6.)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">argues</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the synthetic material of the lanyard was not suitable for the “hot-work/welding” decedent was doing on the exterior columns of the worksite because it could not withstand the temperature, and as illustrated by this case, melted through due to the high temperature</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">decedent’s splicing work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, causing decedent to fall from</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>height greater than<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ten</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>feet. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">claims Respondent could have abated this issue by following the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“Equipment Selection, Rigging, Use, and Training” sections of the American National Standard Institute (ANSI) “Safety Requirements for Personal Fall Arrest Systems, Subsystems, and Components,” standard Z359.1-2007.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref13" href="#ftn13">13</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Citation at 6.)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> As discussed below, the Court finds<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">has failed to establish a violation of the general duty clause</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>A.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Nature of the hazard</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The hazard “must be defined in a way that apprises the employer of its obligations, and identifies conditions or practices over which the employer can reasonably be expected to exercise control.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Arcadian Corp.</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC 2001 at *7 (No. 93-0628, 2004). It is not defined in terms of the absence of a particular abatement method; rather, it is defined “in terms of the physical agents that could injure employees . . . .”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Chevron Oil Co.</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 11 BNA OSHC 1329, 1331, n.6 (No. 10799, 1983). In that regard, it should be noted that the Commission may define the hazard on its own.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g.</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Davey Tree Expert Co.</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 11 BNA OSHC 1898, 1899 (No. 77-2350, 1984).</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Complainant has alleged<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">th</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>selection of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ynthetic<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">lanyard<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">presents<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a fall hazard. </span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation at 6</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. at 876</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">D</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ecedent</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a single</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>form of fall protection<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">while doing exterior column splice work standing<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>platform</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that was elevated 33 feet above the<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">floor below. Additionally,<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">decedent</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was wielding<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">with<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">high-heat<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">tool capable of severing the synthetic lanyard, and the record contains multiple<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">references</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that warn of keeping the lanyard away from high heat, including Respondent’s safety policies and on-site hazard analyses.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s Safety Plan lists five different types of fall hazards – including “fall from heights, while welding and detailing.” (C-45, at 2; Tr. at 133-34</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">) This was the ty</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pe of activity decedent was engaged in. </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s Safety Procedures require appropriate PPE be provided to “suit the task and known hazards.” (C-27, at 273, bullet 1.1; Tr. at 408</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">If the single form of fall protection were to fail, the welder would be left with no fall protection on the platform and subject to a fall of 33 feet. </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. at<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">478-79, 1011</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>And finally, Respondent’s Plans and Hazard Analyses indicate it recognized the fall hazards posed by the type of work being performed at the worksite.<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(C-44, C-45).<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Likewise, ANSI 2359.1-2007 Section 7.1 recognizes a fall hazard<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in this type of work<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">by<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">requiring the use of a</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>personal fall arrest system (“</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">PFAS</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”)</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in worksites like the Fort Bliss project.<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(C-54).<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent testified at trial it had in its possession<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">one</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>version of<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Manufacturer’s Standard Operating Procedures (“SOP”)</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>T<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">M</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">anufacturer’s<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SOPs</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>establish the industry recognized the fall hazard by setting forth recommendations on what the PFAS should consist of and how it should be used. (C-11</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 602-604</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, C-13, C-14).</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> The SOP<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>consistent with ANSI</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and reflects industry consensus<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of a<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fall hazard<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">when a lanyard is improperly selected due to the type of work being performed.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent does not refute any of the above facts. Respondent, however, argues there was no hazard at all because Respondent had not had an incident like the one at issue here in its 46 year history, that Respondent had not had a single injury during “5.8 million hours of work” performed by Respondent in the last<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">seven</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>years, and 100,010 man-hours of work on the Fort Bliss project alone, attributable to improper fall protection equipment. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Resp’t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br. at 19.) These arguments are unpersuasive given the preventative nature of the Act.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; font-style:italic; ">See Titanium Metals</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">579 F.2d<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">536,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">54</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2 (9th Cir. 1978)</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; font-style:italic; ">citing Allis-Chalmers Corp. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">, 542 F.2d 27, 31 (7th Cir. 1976) (“(A)</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">lthough</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the fact petitioner had an accident-free or injury-free record could properly be considered in determining the gravity of the violation for which it was cited, we are not impressed with petitioner’s argument that its past record is dispositive in light of the Commission’s finding that there existed a general fall hazard, and in light of the Act’s declared policy to prevent the occurrence of accidents and injury.”).</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as well as the industry</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>knew a fall hazard<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">would be<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">present if the lanyard selected fail</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>has established a<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fall<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazard</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>B.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Recognition of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">a recognized<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">hazard</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>1. Recognition of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">f</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">all<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">h</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">azard</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“[W]</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hether</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or not a hazard is ‘recognized’ is a matter of objective determination.”<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Ed Taylor Const. Co. v. Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm'n</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 938 F.2d 1265, 1272 (11th Cir. 1991). A “recognized hazard” is a condition that is “known to be hazardous.”<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Georgia Electric,</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>595 F.2d 309, 321 (5th Cir. 1979) (citation omitted). “This element can be established by proving the employer had actual knowledge that a condition is hazardous.”<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (citation omitted). A “recognized hazard” may also “be shown by proving that the condition is generally known to be hazardous in the industry.”<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Ed Taylor</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 938 F.2d at 1272 (citation omitted).</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“An activity or practice may be a ‘recognized hazard’ even if the employer is ignorant of the existence of the activity or practice or its potential for harm.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Titanium Metals Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of America</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 579 F.2d<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">541</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">National Realty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>& Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 489 F.2d<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1257,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1265 n.32</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(D.C. Cir. 1973</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). In that regard, courts and the Commission have looked to industry standards to determine whether a particular industry recognizes the hazard cited.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. OSHRC & Marshall</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 607 F.2d 871 (3d Cir. 1979) (safety officer admitted that advisory ANSI standard represented industry consensus);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Betten</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Processing Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 2 BNA OSHC 1724 (No. 2648, 1975) (holding judge erred in failing to consider ANSI standard as evidence of industry recognition</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent recognized the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fall<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">associated with using</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a synthetic lanyard while doing exterior column splice work at heights greater than<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ten</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>feet. Respondent had polic</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ies in effect</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">provided<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">training sessions instructing the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">welders to “position” the lanyard out of the way of the heat</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; in order to avoid the lanyard from being damaged that could result in a fall from heights over ten feet</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s Safety Plan</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(C-45, at 2; Tr. at 133-34)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Safety Procedures (C-27, at 273, bullet 1.1; Tr. at 408)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent’s Plans and Hazard Analyses</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-44, C-45)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">all establish Respondent recognized the fall hazard. By adopting these policies and implementing training Respondent recognized the existence of a fall hazard.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Commission has held industry standards and guidelines, such as those published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), are evidence of industry recognition.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Kokosing Constr. Co., Inc</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 17 BNA OSHC 1869, 1873 (No. 92-2596, 1996);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Cargill, Inc</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 10 BNA OSHC 1398, 1402 (No. 78–5707, 1982).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>ANSI 2359.1-2007 recognizes the existence of fall hazards and also sets forth guidelines for the industry to follow to eliminate or reduce the existence of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>fall hazard. (C-54). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Industry recognition may<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">be shown through the knowledge or understanding of safety experts familiar with the workplace conditions or the hazard in question.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Kelly Springfield Tire Co. v. Donovan</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 729 F.2d 317, 322 (5th Cir. 1984) (“The [industry] recognition standard centers on ‘the common knowledge of safety experts who are familiar with the circumstances of the industry or activity in question.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’ ”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(citation omitted));<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Beverly Enters., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC 1161, 1187 (No. 91-3344,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2000)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">consolidated)(same)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s expert testified he was aware<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a fall hazard exists when<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">lanyard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">damage</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>while welding.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref14" href="#ftn14">14</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">738-739</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2. Recognition of the condition known to be hazardous</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he analysis now proceeds to a determination of whether Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or the industry<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">recognized the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">condition</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that is “known to be hazardous.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Georgia Electric</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 595 F.2d<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 321 (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">mphasis added). The crux of Complainant’s case at trial was had Respondent read the most recent version of the Manufacturer’s SOP, in accordance with the ANSI standards, it would have known not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">use the synthetic lanyard in hot areas of more than 180 degrees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Sec’y Br.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t 26).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant has not established<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">whether Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or industry</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">recognized the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazardous “condition.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As stated above, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he crux of Citation 1, Item 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and the focus of his trial strategy, was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant’s contention the synthetic lanyard should not have been selected in accordance with ANSI due to the 180 degree restriction contained in a certain version of Manufacturer’s SOP.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">can only prevail if<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">establishes Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or industry</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">recognized<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SOP<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">containing the 180 degree restriction and th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>version was in effect at the time the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation was issued.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a. The Most Recent Version</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The lanyard the decedent was using was manufactured by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ultra Safe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref15" href="#ftn15">15</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Complainant introduced three versions of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Manufacturer’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>SOPs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on the proper use of the synthetic lanyard into the record. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Exs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. C-9, C-10, and C-11</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">) The most recent version states that it meets a 2012 ANSI standard, has eleven bullets, with the last bullet containing a limitation that the lanyard cannot withstand more than 180 degrees.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(“Most Recent Version</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ex. C-9 at CX048-049</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Complainant relied on this version to support his argument regarding the 180 degree restriction.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The second version also states that it meets a 2012 ANSI standard, but it only contains 9 bullets, indicating that extra precaution should be taken in areas of hot work, and it does not contain a 180 degree limitation.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(“Second Version</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ex. C-10 at CX0117-0118.) </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The third version, the one that Respondent claims to have had a the time of the incident, states that it meets a 2007 ANSI standard, it does not have a reference to taking extra precautions on hot work, and it also does not have a 180 degree limitation.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(“Third Version”)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">602</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ex. C-11 at 602-604</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">) </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Commission has held industry standards and guidelines, such as those published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), are evidence of industry recognition.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Kokosing Constr. Co., Inc</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 17 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 1873</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Cargill, Inc</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 10 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 1402</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. ANSI 2359.1-2007 recognizes the existence of fall hazards and also sets forth guidelines for the industry to follow to eliminate or reduce the existence of the fall hazard. (C-54).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> However, the Court notes the ANSI standard does not contain the 180 degree limitation; that limitation is only contained in the Most Recent Version. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant’s claim Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">recognized the hazardous condition because of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Most Recent Version containing the 180 degree limitation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>fails in light of the evidence</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant failed to establish<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">actual<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">recognition by Respondent. Complainant put on no evidence which indicated Respondent actually knew of or had possession of the Most Recent Version. Respondent presented evidence that it did not have the Most Recent Version at the time of the Inspection. (Tr. 602). Complainant simply attempts to meet its burden under this prong of his<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">prima facie</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>case by arguing if Respondent would have read the Most Recent Version it would have known of the heat restriction and selected a different lanyard and therefore had recognition. Again, this simple approach weighs heavy on the fact the Most Recent Version would have had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to been in effect on the date of the Citation was issue</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and he did not establish that critical point.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant has the burden of proving which<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Manufacturer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SOP<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was in effect at the time of the Inspection to establish<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ndustry recognition<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>hazardous condition</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at the time of the Inspection</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, but failed to do so.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> CSHO St. Clair testified he pulled the Most Recent Version up on the Internet after the investigation and more than six months after the incident. (Tr. at 888-889.)</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref16" href="#ftn16">16</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The record does not establish when the Most Recent Version went into effect. Complainant did not proffer evidence<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of what<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it could have readily obtained in discovery<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">for the Most Recent Version<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">- a simple date to establish knowledge of when the Most Recent Version was effective</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Thus, we have a failure of proof on this very important issue. Complainant has failed to establish the Most Recent Version was in effect at the time<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the incident<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in order to establish<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ndustry recognition. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In addition, the Court<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">nfer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the Most Recent Version did not come into existence until after the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">incident</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Capeway</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Roofing Systems, Inc</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 20 BNA OSHC 1331 (No. 00-1968, 2003) (citations omitted)(“[W]hen one party has evidence but does not present it, it is reasonable to draw a negative or adverse inference against that party, i.e., that the evidence would not help that party's case.”). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">n adverse inference undermines Complainant’s position the Most Recent Version</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>which contains the 180 degree limitation relied on by Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at trial</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was in effect at the time<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the incident</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref17" href="#ftn17">17</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Therefore, the Court cannot find the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ndustry recognized the 180<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">degree limitation (the hazardous condition) at the time the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation was issued</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">b. The Second Version</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">econd<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">V</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ersion states<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t meets a 2012 ANSI standard, but it only contains 9 bullets, indicating that extra precaution should be taken in areas of hot work, and it does not contain a 180 degree limitation.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(“Second Version</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ex. C-10 at CX0117-0118.)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>This is the version</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the Court has determined<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">St. Clair<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">had during the course of his Inspection and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the one he relied on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in issuance of the Citation. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Since the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO had the Second Version</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>it was in effect<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">during<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Inspection and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the industry recognized the contents of this version. Complainant has established the industry recognized the Second Version which did not contain the 180 degree limitation.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref18" href="#ftn18">18</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Okland</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Construction Co</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 3 BNA OSHC 2023, 2024 (No. 3395, 1976) (reasonable inferences can be drawn from circumstantial evidence)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Under these circumstances,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">during the time of the inspection and when the Citation was issued,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, therefore,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">has established both Respondent and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ndu</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">r</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">y recognition of the fall hazard but has<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">not established<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that either the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ndustry or Respondent recognized the hazardous condition</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>- i.e. the 180 degree limitation -</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>based on the Most Recent Version</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Complainant has established recognition of hazardous condition</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which does not contain the 180 degree limitation,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>based upon<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ndustry<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">r</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ecognition of the Second Version. </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>C.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Likely to cause death or serious physical harm</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Commission does not require there be a significant risk of the hazard coming to fruition, “only that if the hazardous event occurs, it would create a ‘significant risk’ to employees.”<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Waldon</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Health Care<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Ctr</span>, 16 BNA OSHC<span>
					</span>1052, 1060<span><span></span>
					</span>(No. 89-3097,<span>
					</span>1993)(citing<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">National Realty & Constr. CO. v. OSHRC</span>, 489 F.2d 1257, 1260-61 (D.C. Cir. 1973). Thus, the Commission has made clear “the criteria for determining whether a hazard is ‘causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm’ is not the likelihood of an accident or injury, but whether, if an accident occurs, the results are likely to cause death or serious harm.”<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Waldon</span>, 16 BNA OSHC at 1063.<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span><span></span>
					</span>“When evaluating whether the hazard presented the likelihood of serious physical harm, we do not inquire into whether the absence of the abatement method was what presented the likelihood; we remain focused on the hazard alone, and a hazard is likely to cause serious physical harm if the likely consequences of employee exposure would be serious physical harm.”<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Morrison-Knudsen Co./Yonkers Contracting Co.</span>, 16 BNA OSHC 1105, 1122 (No. 88-572, 1993). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Decedent was wearing the synthetic lanyard while performing exterior column splice work at a height of more than<span>
					</span>ten<span><span></span>
					</span>feet. His lanyard failed, and he fell from his temporary elevated work platform, sustained serious injuries, and died from those injuries.<span>
					</span>(Tr. at 100.) In addition, the warning label for the retractable lanyard decedent was wearing on the date of the incident states “Manufacturer’s instructions must be followed or it could result in serious injury or death.” (C-19, at 14; Tr. at 149.) </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "> Complainant<span>
					</span>has<span>
					</span>established<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>fall<span>
					</span>hazard is likely<span><span></span>
					</span>to, and did, cause serious physical harm<span><span></span>
					</span>and death.<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>D. <span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Feasible means of abatement</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">A method of abatement is feasible under section 5(a)(1) if<span>
					</span>Complainant<span><span></span>
					</span>“demonstrate[s] both that the<span>
					</span>measure[] [is] capable of being put into effect and that [it] would be effective in materially reducing the incidence of the hazard.”<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Beverly Enters., Inc</span>., 19 BNA OSHC 1161, 1190 (No. 91-3344, 2000) (consolidated); see<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Champlin Petroleum Co. v. OSHRC</span>, 593 F.2d 637, 640 (5th Cir. 1979) (“It is the Secretary’s burden to show that demonstrably feasible measures would materially reduce the likelihood that such injury as that which resulted from the cited hazard would have occurred.”).<span>
					</span>Complainant<span>
					</span>is not required to show that the proposed abatement would completely eliminate the hazard.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Acme Energy<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Servs</span>., 23 BNA OSHC 2121, 2127 (No. 08-0088, 2012),<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d,</span><span><span></span>
					</span>542 F.<span>
					</span>App’x. 356 (5th Cir. 2013);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Morrison-Knudsen Co./Yonkers Contracting Co</span>., 16 BNA OSHC<span>
					</span>at 1122.<span><span></span>
					</span>“Feasible means of abatement are established if ‘conscientious experts, familiar with the industry’ would prescribe those means and methods to eliminate or materially reduce the recognized hazard.”<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Arcadian</span>, 20 BNA OSHC 2001 at *13 (quoting<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pepperidge Farm, Inc.</span>, 17<span>
					</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BNA OSHC 1993, 2032 (No. 89-0265, 1997</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Citation, as to implementation of feasible and reasonable means of abatement, states as follows:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:78px; "><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Among other methods, some feasible methods to correct this hazard would be to complete the following: Follow the following ANSI Z359.1-2007 sections: 7.1, 7.1.8, 7.1.9 and 7.2.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:66px; margin-right:90px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation at 6. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">However, as a precedent to assessing whether feasible and reasonable means of abatement have been established by Complai</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">n</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ant</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the Respondent could have taken</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Complainant must first establish Respondent violated the general duty clause as alleged. </span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The filing of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Notice of Contest</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">erved to toll the abatement compliance requirement until there<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is a final Order of the Commission.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Reich v.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Manganas</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">,</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>70 F.3d 434 (6th Cir. 1995).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>section 10(b) of the Act.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See also Secretary v. Matthews and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Fritts</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 2 BNA OSHC 1149 (No. 3998, 1974). Abatement is tolled pending a final decision of the Commission so employers will not be required to abate conditions that may not be in violation of the Act.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Thus, Complainant must prove Respondent, irrespective of the proposed means of abatement he set forth in the Complainant, violated the Second Version. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In assessing<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">whether or not</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent was</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>providing employment and a place of employment which was free from recognized hazards, the Court needs to determine<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">what the Second Version requires</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, what Complainant alleges Respondent did not follow under the Second Version</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and what Respondent actually did. </span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, t</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Second Version</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and C</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SHO</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>St. Clair’s report<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and conclusions<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">are<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the governing benchmark</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to assess compliance of Respondent. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At trial, Complainant specifically relied on Sections 7 and 9 under the “Inspection</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>subheading<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the Second Version<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">set</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ting</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>forth his argument</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent did not comply with the Second Version. (</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. at 902;<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ex. 3 at CX0006</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Specifically, Sections 7 and 9 state as follows:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:90px; margin-right:96px; "><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">7.) Check the lifeline for cuts, burns, chemical damage, abrasions, loose strands, or corrosion, the lifeline must not be damaged.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:90px; margin-right:96px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:90px; margin-right:96px; "><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">9.) Use of this equipment in areas where surrounding hazards exist may require additional precautions to reduce the possibility of injury to the user or damage to the equipment. Hazards may include, but are not limited to: high heat, caustic chemicals, corrosive environments, high voltage power lines, explosive or toxic gases, moving machinery or overhead materials that may fall and contact the user or fall arrest system.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="text-align:justify; "><span style="font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ex. C-10 at 2.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="text-align:justify; "><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent argues that “having a clear and specific policy to keep the lanyard away from hot work” and having a policy of inspecting PPE for burns or other damage complied with the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Section</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s 7 and</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>9 of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Second Version</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>As to Section 7, Respondent offered its policies which require<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the lanyard be inspected<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">for cuts, burns, chemical damage, abrasions, loose strands, or corrosion, the lifeline must not be damaged.</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. at<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">409;</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-27</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 326</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">44, C-45</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref19" href="#ftn19">19</a></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Y</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ounk</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified his job<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">responsibilities included checking his welders’ PPE at the beginning of the day, ensuring their equipment was set up properly before, during, and after their shift, and checking the welders’ work (i.e., the preheat or the welding). (Tr. at 113-114.) </span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s actions in this regard<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">stand<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">mainly unrefuted by Complainant.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s policies and management oversight procedures comply with Section 7.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant argues Respondent’s method of “positioning” the lanyard was insufficient to make the synthetic lanyard suitable because Respondent was essentially relying on “human factors.” (Sec’y Br. at 24-26.) Complainant argues that the positioning policy was not in writing and therefore it was not effective. (Tr. at 104-106). The Court is persuaded by the consistent testimony of the witnesses from the industry that “positioning” of a lanyard was standard practice during exterior column splice work, and that training programs regularly include this instruction, and if done properly reduces the risk of cuts, burns, abrasions and other damages which could contribute to the fall hazard. (Tr. at 204, 218, 567, 573, 595-596, 608.) Complainant offered no evidence to refute this evidence. In implementing the “positioning” policy, the Court finds Respondent had a work rule<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it followed<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">even though it was not in writing<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and it trained its welders to follow it. The rule is consistent with the industry. Respondent also took additional precautions to reduce the possibility of injury as acknowledged by Complainant. Complainant acknowledges Respondent did “make an assessment of workplace conditions” and “identify the presence of hot objects, sparks, flames, and heat producing properties” as required by Respondent’s own plans (C-44, C-45 and Sec’y Br. at 28.) Accordingly, Respondent would be in compliance with Section 9.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Having determined Respondent is in compliance with Sections 7 and 9 of the Second Version, the Court finds Complainant failed to establish Respondent</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in the first instance</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">had violated the Second Version which was established to be<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in effect at the time of the issuance of the Citation. For this reason, Citation 1, Item 1 as originally plead</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is VACATED. </span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">2</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Alternative alleged violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.95(c)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Complainant, in the alternative,<span><span></span>
					</span>claims Respondent violated section 1926.95(c) because<span>
					</span>the synthetic lanyard was not of safe design and construction for the work to be performed.<span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref20" href="#ftn20">20</a></span> (Sec’y Br. at 23.) Respondent claims the<span>
					</span>opposite;<span><span></span>
					</span>that<span><span></span>
					</span>the synthetic lanyard was of safe design and construction for the decedent’s exterior column splice work. (Resp’t<span><span></span>
					</span>Br. at 23.) Using much of the same evidence<span>
					</span>applied<span><span></span>
					</span>in vacating<span>
					</span>the primary alleged violation of the general duty clause, the Court finds<span>
					</span>Complainant<span>
					</span>has not carried his burden of proof for this alternative alleged violation. The Court, to avoid duplicative discussion, incorporates<span><span></span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>parties<span><span></span>
					</span>arguments and evidence and the Court’s<span><span></span>
					</span>findings of fact and discussion set forth in its analysis of the general duty clause violation.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span><span></span>
					</span>a. <span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Standard is applicable</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">parties<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">stipulated</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>this standard applies to the facts of this case (if the general duty<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">clause was found not to apply).</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref21" href="#ftn21">21</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> (Sec’y Br. at 23;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Resp’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br. at 24-25; Ex. J-1 at 1.)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">b. <span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">The standard was not violated<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The design of the synthetic lanyard<span><span></span>
					</span>at issue here<span><span></span>
					</span>is consistent with section 1926.104(d), which requires that a lanyard be “a minimum of 1⁄2 inch nylon, or equivalent, with a maximum length to provide for a fall of no greater than 6 feet. The rope shall have a nominal breaking point of 5,400 pounds.” 29 C.F.R. § 1926.104(d);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Jesco, Inc.</span>, 24 BNA OSHC 1076,<span>
					</span>1078 (No. 10-0265,<span><span></span>
					</span>2013)<span><span></span>
					</span>(holding that “[a] standard must be read as a coherent whole and, if possible, construed so that every word has some operative effect.”) Complainant<span><span></span>
					</span>has not disputed this claim. Therefore, there is no dispute the synthetic lanyard was safe design and construction.<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Complainant<span><span></span>
					</span>argues<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>synthetic lanyard<span>
					</span>was not properly designed and constructed<span>
					</span>“for the work that was being performed.” The parties in assessing compliance with this standard are essentially making the same arguments they made under the general duty clause analysis. Specifically, to determine suitability<span>
					</span>for the work being performed at the worksite,<span>
					</span>the parties would have to resort to the Manufacturer’s SOPs in effect at the time of the<span>
					</span>issuance of the Citation.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>There is very little difference between what Complainant has alleged is the violation under the general duty clause and what it is under this specific standard - under both Complainant has alleged the synthetic lanyard was not proper for the work conditions existing at the worksite. The Court finds, for the same reasons above in the general duty clause analysis,<span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref22" href="#ftn22">22</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>Complainant failed to establish<span>
					</span>Respondent’s<span>
					</span>non-compliance with this cited standard. Accordingly,<span>
					</span>Complainant<span>
					</span>has not met his burden for this<span>
					</span>Citation violation alleged in the alternative.<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Citation 1, Item 1<span>
					</span>as cited in the alternative<span>
					</span>is<span>
					</span>VACATED.<span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref23" href="#ftn23">23</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">C. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Threshold Issue for Items 2, 3a, and 3b: Is the Temporary Working Platform a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Scaffold as defined by OSHA’s standards?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Before analyzing Citation 1, Items 2, 3a and 3b, which allege scaffold violations, the Court must<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">first<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">determine whether the temporary working platform at issue here is a scaffold subject to OSHA’s scaffolding regulations.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Without this finding, the cited standards would not apply to Respondent. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Court finds Respondent’s temporary working platform is a scaffold and subject to the cited regulations.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent claims the platform is not a scaffold, as it is permanently attached to the column by a weld. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Resp’t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br. at 27.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In this way, Respondent claims it is an extension of the floor being worked on. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ll</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">witnesses who testified,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">who</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>actually work in the industry, do not consider the platform to be a scaffold.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> (Tr. at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">155,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">309-310, 448-449, 451, 475, 774</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, however,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>has defined what<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it means by a scaffold<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that is subject to its scaffolding</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>regulations. 29 C.F.R. § 1926.450(b)(“Definitions”). Section 1926.450(b) defines a scaffold as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the following:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">any temporary elevated platform (supported or suspended) and its supporting</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">structure (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">including points of anchorage), used for supporting employees or materials or both.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> 29 C.F.R. § 1926.450(b).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">platform</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is defined as a<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">work surface elevated above lower levels.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> <span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Platforms can be constructed using individual wood planks, fabricated planks, fabricated decks, and fabricated platforms.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 CFR 1926.450(b). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“When determining the meaning of the standard, the Commission must first look to its text and structure</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">The Davey Tree Expert Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2016 WL 845440 at *1 (No. 11-2556) (citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Superior Masonry Builders Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC 1182, 1184 (No. 96-1043, 2003)). If the meaning of the standard’s language is “sufficiently clear” the inquiry ends.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Unarco</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Comm. Prods.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC 1499, 1502 (No. 89-1555, 1993). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based on review of the plain language of the definition, the Court finds the definition of a scaffold is clear and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">unambiguous. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The platform at issue here, where the decedent was actually standing, is elevated 33 feet above the floor below. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Strange and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Gruno</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>all testified they agr</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">eed to this fact. (Tr. at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">154-155,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">41-342, 447-448, 544</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.)</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref24" href="#ftn24">24</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">It is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>undisputed the platform</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at issue<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>used to support<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">decedent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">while he perform</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>exterior column splice work.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Finally, it is undisputed after finishing the splice work at one location decedent would then remove the platform from the exterior column and move it to another location. (Tr. at 156).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">I</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">n<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Armstrong Steel Erectors</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1385, 1389 (No. 92-262, 1995) the Commission<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">addressed a similar issue where the employer argued that a “painter’s pick” was not a scaffold as defined in OSHA’s regulations. In that case, the Commission ruled, “whether a surface constitutes a scaffold is a question of fact to be answered by comparing the definition of a scaffold to the characteristics of the surface in question.” </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Armstrong Steel Erectors</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHC at<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1389</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Commission ruled that the “painter’s picks” were considered temporary, even though they were welded into place, because the workers moved and removed the “painter’s<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">picks” at the end of the project.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Thus, the Commission determined the painter picks were considered scaffold</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Armstrong Steel Erectors</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC at<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1389</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Similarly, here,<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the elevated platform<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ecedent was standing<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was moved to a new location once<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was finished splicing, despite being welded into place.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s expert testi</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">mony</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the platform is not considered a scaffold by the industry is undermined as his</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">own firm authored a document designing a modified angel wing</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">which</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was used by Respondent after the incident</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. The angel wing document<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">indicat</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is subject to the ANSI scaffold standards.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Ex. C-25.) </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">It is hard to differentiate</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">between the elevated wooden work platform and the angel wing - they both are temporary, they are both elevated, both can be moved and removed and people work on both.<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court questions<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">how<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the expert could consider one<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a scaffold and one not a scaffold.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court also notes Respondent’s expert testified that “the term between scaffolding and work platform, it’s probably something we need to resolve internally within the industry to be in compliance....” (Tr. at 774.)</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> When questioned regarding whether the platform was temporary “by virtue of the fact that you either have to cut it off or use a grinding wheel,” the expert replied, “I’m somewhat semantics with regard to it. It’s temporary because it’s not part of the permanent facility structure. It would not be left in place.” (Tr. at 675-676.) </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s expert</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>opinion</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on the issue on whether the platform was considered a scaffold</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is given no weigh</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">finds</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>just because an industry practice is out of sync with the regulation</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the industry</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>does not override the requirement of the</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>OSHA</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>regulation</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent has not argued or advanced a lack of fair notice affirmative defense for this issue. In any event, the defense would be difficult to shoulder in light of the<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Armstrong</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Corbesco</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Inc. v. Sec’y of Labor</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 926 F.2d 422, 428 (5th Cir. 1991) (holding notice is provided through Commission decisions). </span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court determines t</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he subject platform is a scaffold, as defined by OSHA regulations. This ruling is applicable to Citation 1, Items 2, 3a and 3b.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">D. C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">itation 1, Item 2 – The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">lleged<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">caffold<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">D</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">esign<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">V</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">iolation</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant alleged a violation of the Act as follows:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. 1926.451(a)(6): Scaffolds were not designed by a qualified person:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On or about February 24, 2015, and at times prior thereto, employees were exposed to fall hazards greater than 10 feet while welding from scaffolds located on the 6</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>floor of the replacement hospital that were not designed by a qualified person. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation at 7. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The cited standard, s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ection 1926.451(a)(6)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">provides<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in pertinent part:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">General requirements. (a) Capacity (6) Scaffolds shall be designed by a qualified person and shall be constructed and loaded in accordance with that design.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.451(a)(6).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">It is undisputed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">does not know specifically who designed the scaffold at issue here. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Resp’t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br. at 31.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>claims the design has been passed down by journeymen for decades, but<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">also</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, decedent himself constructed and loaded his scaffold in accordance with that design. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Resp’t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br. at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>31-32</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.) Thus, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">relevant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>issue</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">itation item<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">are<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">whether<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the “decades of journeyman” evidence in this case is sufficient to constitute<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a “qualified person,” as defined by OSHA regulations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and whether the evidence supports Respondent’s claim decedent constructed and loaded the scaffold in accordance with that design</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ecedent himself was a qualified person</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> As discussed below, the Court finds that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the scaffold was not designed by a qualified person, as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">required<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">by OSHA’s regulations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Standard Applies<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As found above, the subject temporary work platform is a scaffold under the terms of this standard. The cited standard applies.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">2.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Standard Was Violated</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Complainant claims Respondent violated the standard because the temporary work platform was not designed by a qualified person. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Sec’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">y</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br. at 32-34.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">argues although</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent does not know precisely who designed the temporary work platform</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">:</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the design<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of this work platform has been passed down from prior generations of iron workers to current generations of iron workers. In this regard,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">each work platform is designed by the iron worker constructing it</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and utilizing it. No two work platforms are identical.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Resp’t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br. at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">31)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">emphasis added). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent also claims the decedent was a “qualified person” as defined by OSHA’s regulations. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Resp’t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br. at 30.)</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_p1 style_p1 "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The relevant<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA regulation</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>provide</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">:<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_p2 style_p2 "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_p1 style_p1 " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s3 style_s3 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-SemiboldItalic; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Qualified</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>means one who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated his/her ability to solve or resolve problems related to the subject matter, the work, or the project.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_p1 style_p1 " style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.450(b). Applying the definition to the facts of this<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">itation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">tem, the question becomes whether the scaffold at issue here was designed by someone who has demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">in the subject scaffold</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by either (1) possession of a recognized degree, certificate or professional standing, or (2) extensive knowledge, training and experience.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref25" href="#ftn25">25</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Here</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the Court finds to satisfy the qualified person requirements, the evidence must show<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">qualified person who designed the subject scaffold, whoever that may be,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">must be qualified in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">scaffolding design. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">It is undisputed the record does not contain any evidence of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a previous journeyman’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“recognized degree, certificate or professional standing” in scaffold design</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>demonstrating the ability to solve or resolve problems in the subject scaffold</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 C.F.R. § 1926.450(b)(“qualified”); (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Resp’t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br. at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">31</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.) Therefore, in order to satisfy the requirements of the cited standard, Respondent must<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">establish<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">its qualified person who designed the subject scaffold had “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">extensive knowledge, training and experience” that demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems in the subject scaffold. 29 C.F.R. § 1926.450(b)(“qualified”). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At a minimum, the Court finds<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the qualified person must demonstrate<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">knowledge and training and work experience of the OSHA scaffolding regulations found at 29 C.F.R. § 1926.454.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref26" href="#ftn26">26</a></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> A review of those<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">regulations</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>reveal</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">qualified person must have demonstrated knowledge that includes h</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">orizontal and vertical loading, load-carrying capacities, structural integrity, and scaffolding hazards</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, of the subject scaffold</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. §§ 1926.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">454.(</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a)(4), (</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">b)(1),<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(b)(3).</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> The record does not contain such evidence</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for any of the previous journeymen or decedent himself.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_p1 style_p1 " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">For example,<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in contrast to<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the expert</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s post-mortem analysis,<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">re<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">no evidence of<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pre-construction<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">knowledge o</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">f maximum horizontal and vertical loading</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>calculations</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">load<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">placement, structural integrity, placement of the welder and front end scaffold design</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by anyone</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, including the decedent</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Similarly, there is no evidence of<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">knowledge of<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">anyone’s<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ability to recognize<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazard that might present itself when the scaffold is constru</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">cted</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, including the decedent</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. There is</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also no evidence anyone<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">knew the calculations of the<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">angle iron<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">arms, the placement of boards to prevent slippage</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or the placement of the pitch to avoid tripping</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on the subject scaffold</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, including the decedent</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> <span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Additionally, o</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ne with knowledge of the regulations and hazard recognition</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">trained in OSHA reg</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ulation</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s which require damaged equipment to be taken out of production</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">would not<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">have<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">put damaged equipment into use.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref27" href="#ftn27">27</a></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. at 354-356.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_p1 style_p1 " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">While the<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">qualified<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">person does not need to be an engineer to design it<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">–</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the qualifications<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the qualified person<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">must</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>demonstrate more knowledge than what was imparted to<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Court a</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t the trial.<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Merely giving<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Court<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">training records</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and relaying bullet points of a toolbox talk,<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">does not<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">demonstrate</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>what<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">someone<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">learned and<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">knowledge<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the person<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">p</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ossessed.<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Additionally,<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">telling<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Court<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the courses<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">someone took<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">without<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">detailing<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the content of the courses does<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">not provide much</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in the way of demonstration</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of that person’s abilities</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref28" href="#ftn28">28</a></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Finally,<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the expert</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s analysis</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, completed post incident,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">does not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">establish compliance<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">since</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>his analysis<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the scaffold<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was limited to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">assessing load capacity, focusing on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the loading at the weld that attached the scaffold to the column on which decedent was working. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>770</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. R-18</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The expert’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s testimony<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">report did not analyze any other aspect of the subject<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">scaffold,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>such as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the pitch point of the planks,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or other scaffolding requirements, such as the minimum gap requirement between the planks of the scaffold. (Tr. at 780.)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The expert<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">also testified the boards were loose and could move in the forward direction, which could destabilize the person working on it</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref29" href="#ftn29">29</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. at 700-701</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">) </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_p1 style_p1 " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">While<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s qualified person may<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">have been an experienced welder and ironman<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">–</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the subject matter at issue here is scaffold<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">design.<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">M</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">erely reproducing a platform that had been developed by someone in the past and havi</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ng no accidents</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, until now,</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>does not make the<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">person who constructed the scaffold<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a qualified<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">person as defined by</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>OSHA’s regulations. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Mineral Industries & Heavy Constr. Group v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 639<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">F.2d 1289, 1294 (5th Cir. 1981) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“The goal of the Act is to prevent the first accident, not to serve as a source of consolation for the first victim or his survivors.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_p1 style_p1 " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To the extent Respondent claims there was no hazard because the platform was adequately designed based on prior generations of qualified journeymen, the Court rejects this argument. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Bunge Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 638 F.2d 831, 834 (5th Cir. 1981) (“Unless the general standard incorporates a hazard as a violative element, the proscribed condition or practice is all that the Secretary must show; hazard is presumed and is relevant only to whether the violation constitutes a ‘serious’ one.”). Respondent’s<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">expert indicated, due to the opening in front of the elevated platform, it was possible that a worker could lose his balance.<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. at 700-701.) </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In losing his balance, the worker could fall or sustain a serious injury</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. at</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>701</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On the drawing the expert prepared, there appears to be a 10-12 inch gap</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Ex. R-18 at 3);<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Exs</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">19 at<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">7-</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">8</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(picture shows the gaps and the decedent’s attempts to fill the gap with a smaller board).<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">St. Clair also testified<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pivot</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">point<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">caused by the clamp was<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">located at a place on the platform that could cause a worker backing up to trip. </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. at 932.) </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, while after the fact testing by the expert reveals it was structurally sound from an engineering standpoint, therefore eliminating a collapse hazard, the design did not take into consideration the probability of the board moving forward and the<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pivot<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">point being a tripping<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or fall<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazard. The<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pivot<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">point prevented the back board from moving, but nothing prevented the front one from moving and the possibility of tripping over the pinch point.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_p1 style_p1 " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court finds Respondent has not shown a qualified person, as defined by OSHA’s regulations, designed the scaffold at issue here. The terms of the standard have been violated.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>3. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Decedent Was Exposed to the Violative Condition</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Complainant claims decedent was exposed to a fall hazard by working on a temporary working platform that was not designed by a qualified person. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Sec’y Br. at 34.) Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">has made no<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">claims</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in this regard.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Commission</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">does not require definitive proof of actual exposure to the hazard; rather, the question is whether employees have access to the hazard. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Gilles &<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Cotting</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 3 BNA OSHC 2002 (No. 504, 1976).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Access to a hazardous condition exists “if there is a ‘reasonable predictability’ that employees ‘will be, are, or have been in’ the ‘zone of danger.’” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Kokosing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1869 (citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Capform</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC 2040 (No. 91-1613, 1994)).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Here, it is undisputed decedent was working on the scaffold at issue, for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hours, on the day of the incident. (Tr. at 235.)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>established exposure for this<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">itation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">tem.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>4. R</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">espondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Knew or, with the Exercise of Reasonable Diligence, Could Have<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Known of the Violative Condition</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant must establish the employer had knowledge of the violative condition. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">W.G. Yates & Sons Const. Co. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 459 F.3d 604, 607 (5th Cir. 2006);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also Horne</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Plumbing & Heating Co. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 528 F.2d 564, 568 (5th Cir. 1976). “To establish knowledge, Complainant must prove the employer knew or, with the exercise of reasonable diligence, should have known of the conditions constituting the violation.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Jacobs Field<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Svcs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">N.A.,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>25 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1216</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">No. 10-2659, 2015) (citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Contour Erection & Sliding Sys., Inc</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 22 BNA OSHC 1072, 1073 (No. 06-0792, 2007)).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant claims<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Responden</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t had knowledge decedent worked on a temporary working platform was not designed by a qualified person. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Sec’y Br. at 34-35.) Respondent has not made any express argument in this regard, other than claiming it believes the temporary working platform was not a scaffold, and that even so, decedent was a qualified person. The Court rejects Respondent’s arguments, and finds that, under Commission precedent, Respondent had knowledge it knew of the violative conditions related to the temporary working platform.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Despite Respondent’s witnesses claiming they did not consider the temporary work platform as a scaffold,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent is responsible for knowing OSHA’s requirements. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ee<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">&G P</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ackaging Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>BNA OSHC 1504,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1507 n.12</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 98-1107, 2001) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">h</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">olding that even though<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">no one else in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">industry takes the precaution that OSHA prescribes</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>lack of knowledge or lack of notice<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is not established<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">essentially</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">because a standard that prescribes a particular precaution gives notice that it is required without regard to what industry thinks</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. As discussed above,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Gruno</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>knew well the characteristics of the platform: that it was elevated, in this instance 33 feet above the floor below; and it was used to support<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">decedent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as he worked.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Gruno</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also knew the decedent’s qualifications, and lack<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">there</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">scaffolding certification and training. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Phoenix<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Roofing, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1076, 1079 (No. 90-2148, 1995) (“Employer knowledge is established by a showing of employer awareness of the physical conditions constituting the violation”),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff'd,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">79 F.3d 1146 (5th Cir. 1996) (unpublished).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Gruno’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>knowledge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, as supervisors,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is imputed to Respondent.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Access Equip. Sys., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 1718, 1726 (No. 95-1449, 1999) (“[K]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">nowledge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>can be imputed to the cited employer through its supervisory employee.”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">has established knowledge of this violation for this<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">itation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">te</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">m. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>5. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Violation was Serious</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A violation is classified as serious under the Act if “there is substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result.” 29 U.S.C. § 666(k). Commission precedent requires a finding “a serious injury is the likely result if an accident does occur.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Mosser Constr., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC 1044, 1046 (No. 08-0631, 2010) (citation omitted);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Omaha Paper Stock Co. v. Sec’y of Labor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 304 F.3d 779, 784 (8th Cir. 2002). Complainant does not need to show there was a substantial probability an accident would occur; he need only<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">show if</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>an accident did occur, serious physical harm could result. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Trinity Industries, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 504 F.3d 397, 401 (3d Cir. 2007).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The facts of this case show the violation of this standard resulted in decedent falling from a height of 33 feet, and died as a result. The violation here is properly classified as serious.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Based on the foregoing, the Court finds Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">has<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">established a serious violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.451(a)(6). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Accordingly, Citation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1, Item 2 shall be AFFIRMED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as a serious citation.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">E. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 3a – The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">lleged<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">caffold<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">nspection</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">V</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">iolation</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant alleged a violation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as follows:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. 1926.451(f)(3): Scaffolds and scaffold compo</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">n</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ents were not inspected for visible defects by a competent person before each work shift, and after any occurrence which could affect a scaffold’s integrity:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On February 24, 2015, the employer did not ensure site built scaffolds were inspected by a competent person before each shift. This condition exposed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employees to fal</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">l hazards greater than 10 feet.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation at 8. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Section 1926.451(f)(3) provides in</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>pertinent part:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(f) Use. (3)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Scaffolds and scaffold components shall be inspected for visible defects by a competent person before each work shift, and after an occurrence which could affect a s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">caffold’s structural integrity.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.451(f)(3).</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Standard Applies<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As noted above, the temporary work platform has been found to be a scaffold, as defined by the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">requirements</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. The cited standard applies.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">2.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Standard Was Violated</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The issue here is whether the decedent was a competent person, as defined in OSHA’s regulations.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref30" href="#ftn30">30</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> The relevant regulation provides that a:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Competent person</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.450(b)(“Definitions”). Regarding section 1926.451(f)(3), the preamble provides:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[T]”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Agency notes that the criteria for a “competent person” depend on the situation in which the competent person is working. For example, a “competent person” for the purposes of this provision must have had specific training in and be knowledgeable about the structural integrity of scaffolds and the degree of maintenance needed to maintain them. The competent person must also be able to evaluate the effects of occurrences such as a dropped load, or a truck backing into a support leg that could damage a scaffold. In addition, the competent person must be knowledgeable about the requirements of this standard. A competent person must have training or knowledge in these areas in order to identify and correct hazards encountered in scaffold work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Final Rule, “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Safety Standards for Scaffolds Used in the Construction Industry,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>61 F</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">R</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">eg.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">46026-01</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Aug. 30, 1996). OSHA has also issued a letter of interpretation regarding the requirements of a competent person:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, successful completion of a course does not, alone, necessarily establish an individual as a<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">‘</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">competent person</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for a number of reasons. By its terms, the definition of a<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">‘</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">competent person</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>compels the employer to select an employee based upon his or her<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">capability</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to identify hazards. The course may not be sufficiently comprehensive with respect to the information needed to meet the knowledge requirement in the definition. Remember that the type and extent of the knowledge will vary with what is necessary to successfully perform the task required of the competent person in the standard. Also, the course may not adequately test the employee's understanding of the course material.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><br/></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><br/></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Finally, the definition of a competent person requires the individual to have the authority to take prompt corrective action. No course can provide that authority, since it can only be provided by the employer.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_p1 style_p1 " style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA Interpretation Letter (“Re: Requirements for being designated a competent person under Part 1926 Subpart L (Scaffolds)”, June 17, 2005</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">emphasis in original). </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Simply stated a competent person is one:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SF UI Text; font-size:13pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Who knows the hazards existing and likely to exist;</span></p>
			<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">2.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Knows how to control or eliminate the hazards; and</span></p>
			<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">3.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Has been given the authority to promptly correct the hazards and does.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Court determines, at a minimum, the competent person must</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, for the purpose of the scaffold regulations,<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">satisfy requirements with regard to what is included in the training regulations for scaffolds found at 29 C.F.R. § 454. </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A person cannot be deemed a competent person under the<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">scaffolding<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">regulation unless he<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">possess</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at least knowledge of the scaffolding requirements. </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As discussed below</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the record indicates<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">decedent</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was not a competent person because his training records and work experience do not demonstrate this capability. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Respondent claims</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">decedent was a competent person because he was trained in constructing the work platform, and had the authority to correct any hazard he saw associated with it. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Resp’t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br. at 8, 37.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">argues this arrangement was insufficient to meet the requirements of the standard because Respondent did not designate in writing the decedent was a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">competent person, as required in Respondent’s safety policy. (Sec’y Br. at 3, 25, 38.) The Court is unpersuaded by this particular argument by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. While Respondent may have violated its own rules as to written verification of who it has designated as a competent person, there is no regulatory requirement the competent person designation be in writing.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Court finds more persuasive the dearth of evidence in the record regarding decedent’s capability to identify hazards associated with the work platform and how to control or eliminate them. It is undisputed decedent did not receive scaffolding training</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>complainant with 29 C.F.R. § 1926.454</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; therefore, the Court looks to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">decedent’s work experience to see if<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">h</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ad the capability to identify hazards associated with the work platform. Respondent claims<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">decedent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>erected fourteen of the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">m<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at this worksite.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Resp’t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br. at 12; Tr. at 545-546.) However, this statement is insufficient evidence. There is no<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">evidence<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to demonstrate decedent’s capability with the work platform or with OSHA’s scaffolding regulations at 29 C.F.R.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">§ </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926.454. </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">R. Williams Construction Company v. OSHRC and Chao</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 464 F.2d 1060 (9th Cir.<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2006)</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">holding that “</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">we disagree the Company discharged its OSHA duties merely by relying</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on the general work experience ...</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">‘</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or common sense.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_s1 style_s1 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:.SFUIText-Semibold; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’”). </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, decedent’s direct supervisor, also testified that he did not consider decedent to be a competent person with respect to scaffolding because he was not aware of decedent’s background, education, or training in scaffolding. (Tr. at 158.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Finally, the evidence fails to establish whether decedent had the ability to promptly correct any hazard he found. Respondent claims it considered every worker, including the decedent, on its worksite a competent person</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref31" href="#ftn31">31</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>who had the ability to stop work and correct a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazard. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Resp’t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br. at 11-12.) While decedent had the ability to correct his own work, the evidence has not established decedent, or any other non-supervisory ironworker, had the right to stop the work of others and demand its immediate correction. In fact, in response to questioning from the Court,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Gruno</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified while a non-supervisory worker has the right to stop his work and then locate his supervisor who would then access the situation and determine the correct course of action, he could not recall an instance where a non-supervisory worker has stopped the work of the entire gang. (Tr. at 465-466.)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Also, this scenario does not vest in the employee the immediate authority to stop unsafe work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of others</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court finds this ability is not equivalent to immediate authority to correct a hazard. A competent person must have the right to immediately correct the work of others and not just his own work. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">There is also no evidence regarding whether decedent knew and understood Respondent’s safety policies so as to know</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>whether they were violated and how to enforce them. The Court<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">finds<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the decedent was not a competent person in the subject work platform as defined in OSHA’s regulations.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Respondent also argues<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, decedent’s supervisor, was a competent person in the subject work platform as defined by OSHA’s regulations. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Resp’t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br. at 37.) However, at trial,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was adamant the subject work platform was not a scaffold. (Tr. at 241-242.) He testified about his training in other types of scaffolds, but did not agree the decedent constructed, worked on, and fell from one. This testimony convinces the Court that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>cannot be a competent person, as defined by OSHA standards, with regard to the subject work platform, which has been found to be a scaffold.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In addition, there is no proof<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">scaffold<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">training including training<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">me</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the requirements of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.454.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Therefore, no competent person inspected decedent’s scaffold. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">has established Respondent violated the cited standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Decedent Was Exposed to the Violative Condition</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As discussed in Item 2, decedent worked from the subject scaffold for hours, and fell from it. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">has established exposure to the violative condition for this<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">itation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">tem. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "> 4. Re</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">spondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Knew or, with the Exercise of Reasonable Diligence, Could Have Known of the Violative Condition</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Complainant claims<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">had knowledge decedent worked on a temporary working platform<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">which</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">inspected<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">by a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">competent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">person. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Sec’y Br. at 38.) As discussed with Item 2, k</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">nowledge of violating the terms of a standard is not required</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; all that is required is knowledge of the violative conditions. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Jacobs Field<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Svcs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">. N.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 25<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BNA OSHC 1216, 2015 WL 1022393 at * 3. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>knew decedent did not have the qualifications of a competent person to inspect the subject platform. (Tr. at 158.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also testified Respondent did not have a scaffold inspection policy for the subject platform as it did for other scaffolds on the worksite. (Tr. at 158-159.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also testified he considered himself a competent person for certain types of scaffolds,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">but did not consider the subject platform a scaffold. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">241-242, 251; Ex. C-33</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>knew of the violative conditions with respect to inspecting the subject work platform. </span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; font-style:italic; ">Phoenix<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; font-style:italic; ">Roofing, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">1079</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>knowledge is imputed to Respondent. </span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; font-style:italic; ">Access Equip. Sys., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">1726.</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; "> Complainant has established Respondent’s knowledge.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; font-weight:bold; ">5.</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Violation was Serious</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A violation is classified as serious under the Act if “there is substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result.” 29 U.S.C. § 666(k). Commission precedent requires a finding that “a serious injury is the likely result if an accident does occur.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Mosser<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Constr., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC 1044, 1046 (No. 08-0631, 2010) (citation omitted);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Omaha Paper Stock Co. v. Sec’y of Labor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 304 F.3d 779, 784 (8th Cir. 2002). Complainant does not need to show there was a substantial probability that an accident would occur; he need only show that if an accident did occur, serious physical harm could result. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Trinity Industries, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 504 F.3d 397, 401 (3d Cir. 2007).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The facts of this case show the violation of this standard resulted in decedent falling from a height of 33 feet, and died as a result. The violation here is properly classified as serious.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">B</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ased on the foregoing, the Court<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">finds<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">has<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">established a serious violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.451(f)(3). Accordingly, Citation 1, Item 3a shall be AFFIRMED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as a serious citation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">F. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">b<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span>–</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">lleged<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">caffold<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">E</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">rection</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">V</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">iolation</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant alleged a violation of the Act as follows:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 CFR 1926.451(f)(7): Scaffolds were not erected, moved, dismantled, or altered, by trained and experienced employees under the supervision and direction of a competent person qualified in scaffold erection, moving, dismantling or alteration; Activities were not performed only by experienced and trained employees selected for such work by the competent person.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On February 24, 2015, the employer did not ensure site built scaffolds were erected under the direction of a competent person. This condition exposed employees to fall hazards greater than 10 feet.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation at 9. Section 1926.451(f)(7) provides in pertinent part: </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Scaffolds shall be erected, moved, dismantled or altered only under the supervision and direction of a competent person qualified in scaffold erection, moving dismantling or alteration. Such activities shall be performed only by experienced and trained employees selected for such work by the competent person.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.F.R. § 1926.451(f)(7)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Regarding this section, the preamble states:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Agency has also clarified that the actual work be performed by experienced and trained employees, selected by the competent person</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">..</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.In particular, a member of the Advisory Committee stated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">‘</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it needs to be employees that are properly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">trained and experienced being the only ones allowed to do this kind of work.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>OSHA agrees with this recommendation because, unlike other individuals on a finished scaffold, erectors and disassemblers are exposed to the hazards of working on a partially completed structure, and a competent person is needed to select the proper individuals to do this work.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">” </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Final Rule, “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Safety Standards for Scaffolds Used in the Construction Industry,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>61 F</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">R</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">eg.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">46026-01</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Aug. 30, 1996). </span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Standard Applies<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As noted above, the temporary work platform has been found to be a scaffold, as defined by the OSHA’s requirements. The cited standard applies.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">2.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Standard Was Violated</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">D</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ecedent erected the subject scaffold, under the direction of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. As found<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">above, decedent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>do not have the qualifications to b</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>considered a competent person as defined by OSHA’s regulations. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>has established the standard was violated.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Decedent Was Exposed to the Violative Condition</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As discussed in Item 2, decedent worked from the subject scaffold for hours, and fell from it. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">has established exposure to the violative condition for this citation item.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">4.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
					</span>Knew or</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">, with the Exercise of Reasonable Diligence,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ould Have Known of the Violative Condition</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Complainant claims<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">had knowledge decedent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>did not erect the subject scaffold under the supervision of a competent person. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Sec’y Br. at 38.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As discussed with Item 2, knowledge of violating the terms of a standard is not required; all that is required is knowledge of the violative conditions. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Jacobs Field<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Svcs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">. N.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 25<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BNA OSHC 1216, 2015 WL 1022393 at * 3. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As discussed above,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Gruno</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>knew they, and the decedent, did not have the qualifications of a competent person for the erection of the subject scaffold.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> (Tr. at 157-158, 172, 241, 453, 476.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Younk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>knew of the violative conditions with respect to inspecting the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">subject work platform. </span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; font-style:italic; ">Phoenix<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; font-style:italic; ">Roofing, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">1079</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">Younk’s</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">Gruno’s</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">knowledge is imputed to Respondent</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; font-style:italic; ">Access Equip. Sys., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 1726. </span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">has established knowledge of this violation for this citation item.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">5.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Violation was<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Serious</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A violation is classified as serious under the Act if “there is substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result.” 29 U.S.C. § 666(k). Commission precedent requires a finding that “a serious injury is the likely result if an accident does occur.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Mosser Constr., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC 1044, 1046 (No. 08-0631, 2010) (citation omitted);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Omaha Paper Stock Co. v. Sec’y of Labor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 304 F.3d 779, 784 (8th Cir. 2002). Complainant does not need to show there was a substantial probability that an accident would occur; he need only show that if an accident did occur, serious physical harm could result. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Trinity Industries, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 504 F.3d 397, 401 (3d Cir. 2007).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The facts of this case show the violation of this standard resulted in the decedent falling from a height of 33 feet, and died as a result. The violation here is properly classified as serious.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Based on the foregoing, the Court finds Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">has<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">established a serious violation of 29 C.F.R. § 19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">26.451(f)(7</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Accordingly, Citation 1, Item<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3b</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>shall be AFFIRMED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as a serious citation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">VI.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Penalty</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In determining the appropriate penalty for affirmed violations,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ection 17(j) of the Act requires the Co</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">urt<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to give due consideration to four criteria:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(1) the size of the employer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s business, (2) the gravity of the violation, (3) the good faith of the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employer, and (4) the employer’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s prior history of violations. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 U.S.C. § 666(j)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Gravity is the primary consideration and is determined by the number of employees exposed, the duration of the exposure, the precautions taken against injury, and the likelihood of an actual injury. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">J.A. Jones Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">15 BNA OSHC 2201, 2214 (No. 87-2059, 1993).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">It is well established that the Commission and its judges conduct<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">de novo</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>penalty determinations and have full discretion to assess penalties based on the facts of each case and the applicable statutory criteria. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">E.g.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Allied Structural Steel Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 2 BNA OSHC 1457, 1458 (No. 1681, 1975);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Valdak</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 17 BNA OSHC 1135, 1138 (No. 93-0239, 1995),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>73 F.3d 1466 (8</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Cir. 1995). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant proposed the maximum penalties for each the affirmed violations, with a 10% deduction due to Respondent’s size.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref32" href="#ftn32">32</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. at 827-830.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employs approximately 200 workers nationwide, but had less than 200 workers on the Fort Bliss worksite. (Tr. at 828-829; Ex. C-3.) As for gravity,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant considers the violations<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“high gravity” with “greater probability.” (Tr. at 827.) According</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to CSHO St. Clair,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“several individuals were exposed on this stand.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. at 827.) According to CSHO St. Clair, the duration of exposure was “all day</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, many days” for as long as the workers<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">performed their exterior column splice work. (Tr. at 827.) Respondent has not disputed CSHO St. Clair’s claims with regard to the Complainant’s proposed penalty assessments.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant did not propose a reduction in penalty due to good faith or history because the violations here were “high gravity” and resulted in a fatality. (Tr. at 829.)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based on this assessment, Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">proposed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a penalty of $6,300 for each of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">itation items. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Citation at 7-9.)</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court agrees with Complainant’s assessment. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The record shows the gravity of the violations was high<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as illustrated by</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the grave consequences<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in this case</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent directed ironworkers with no documented scaffold training to build a pre-designed, but undocumented, structure. It was this structure the ironworker depended on to keep him safe while he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">concentrated on the task that he was actually trained in, welding; a task that utilized tools, such a as a weed-burner, to which he was trained to use cautiously due to their dangerous high-heat nature. While the record shows<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent does not have a documented history of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>OSHA</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>violations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the Court agrees with Complain</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t no reduction for history or good faith should be applied here</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>due to the high gravity of the violations. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Accordingly, the Court shall assess</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the penalties as proposed for each affirmed citation item.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">ORDER</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The foregoing Decision constitutes the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law in accordance with Rule 52(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based upon the foregoing Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, it is ORDERED that:</span></p>
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			<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1, Item 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>as originally</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pleaded</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pleaded</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>in the alternative</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>is<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">VACATED.</span></p>
			<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">2.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1, Item 2 is AFFIRMED as SERIOUS, and a penalty of $6</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">00.00 is ASSESSED.</span></p>
			<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">3.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>3a<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and 3b are<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">AFFIRMED as SERIOUS, and a<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">group</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">penalty of $6</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">00.00 is ASSESSED.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SO</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>ORDERED.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:20pt; font-family:Freestyle Script; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Freestyle Script; font-size:20pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:20pt; font-family:Freestyle Script; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Freestyle Script; font-size:20pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:20pt; font-family:Freestyle Script; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Freestyle Script; font-size:20pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:20pt; font-family:Freestyle Script; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Freestyle Script; font-size:20pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:20pt; font-family:Freestyle Script; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Freestyle Script; font-size:20pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:20pt; font-family:Freestyle Script; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Freestyle Script; font-size:20pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:20pt; font-family:Freestyle Script; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Freestyle Script; font-size:20pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">/s/</span></p>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
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						<div>
							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Date:<span>
									</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">September 13, 2017</span></p>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Denver, Colorado</span></p>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Patrick B. Augustine</span></p>
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						<div>
							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Judge, OSHRC</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span> </p>
			</div>
			<hr/>"
      <div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn-1" href="#ftnref-1"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn0" href="#ftnref0"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn1" href="#ftnref1"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">1 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Section 5(a)(1) of the Act, the general duty clause, requires each employer “furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees.” 29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn2" href="#ftnref2"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">2 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>As to this procedure, the Commission has established guidance in<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">McWilliams Forge Co., Inc.</span>, 11 BNA 2128 (No. 80-5868, 1984).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn3" href="#ftnref3"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">3 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>For personal privacy reasons, the name of the decedent has been removed from this Decision.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span>29 C.F.R. § 2200.8 and<span>
					</span>Fed.R.Civ.P. 5.2(a).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn4" href="#ftnref4"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">4 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>The record suggests<span>
					</span>decedent<span><span></span>
					</span>had worked as a journeyman ironworker in non-union positions for<span>
					</span>eight<span><span></span>
					</span>years prior to 2005. (Tr. at 326-327.) During his 10 year time after 2005 with Local 263,<span>
					</span>decedent<span><span></span>
					</span>did a “brief stint” in Local Ironworkers Union 495 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and returned to Texas in November,<span>
					</span>2013. (Tr. at 289-290.) </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn5" href="#ftnref5"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">5 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>The supervisory ironworkers who testified at trial referred to these two pieces of wood as “OSHA planks” or “OSHA boards.” (Tr. at 379 (Younk), 445-447 (Gruno), 599-600 (Gruno), 806-807 (Marmolejo). The record suggests the Corps similarly referred to these pieces of wood. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Ex. C-47 at 2 (referring to temporary work platform as “elevated OSHA planking.”) CSHO St. Clair testified that he “didn’t know that there’s an OSHA planking.” (Tr. at 929.)<span>
					</span> This testimony is consistent with OSHA’s 2004 interpretation letter regarding similar terminology: </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:96px; "><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Subpart L does not require that scaffold planks be graded and stamped by a qualified grading agency, nor does it require OSHA to approve any planking material. OSHA does not ‘approve’ any particular type of plywood to be used in forming a scaffold deck, just as it does not approve any other material. It is the responsibility of the employer to ensure that whatever material is used meets the requirements of Subpart L.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; text-align:justify; "><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">OSHA Interpretation Lette</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">r</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Re: “Whether plywood may be used to make platform decking for scaffolds under Part 1926 Subpart L (Scaffolds)...”</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Jun 21, 2004). CSHO St. Clair further testified<span>
						</span></span>the planking he inspected was “scaffold-grade planking,” and<span>
					</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_blueten1 style_blueten1 " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">he did not notice any defects in the platform’s planking, “other than the way it was clamped.” (Tr. at 930.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn6" href="#ftnref6"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">6 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>The “splice work” in terms of the facts of this case means the connection of the ends of two vertical steel columns using a wire welding technique. (Tr. at 235, 708, 799.) </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn7" href="#ftnref7"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">7 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>A “weed burner” is a two-foot long tool used to preheat a “hot zone” of 225-250 degrees on the exterior column in preparation for welding work. (Tr. at 97-98, 144, 375; Ex. C-19 at 9.) The record establishes that the ambient temperature on the worksite was below 60 degrees in February, 2015. (Tr. at 261-262.)</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; ">
					<a name="ftn8" href="#ftnref8"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">8 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">CSHO St. Clair has a two-year degree in criminal justice from Western New Mexic</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">o</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>University, and a bachelor</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">’</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">s degree in criminal justice from New Mexico State</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>University</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">. He has taken OSHA courses through the OSHA Training Institute and the University of Texas at Arlington. He joined OSHA in June 2010. (Tr. at 822-823.) Before joining OSHA, he had an Army career. (Tr. at 823.) CSHO St. Clair has never been a welder or a steel erector. (Tr. at 823.) He has performed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">ten</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>steel erection investigations, “two to three” where he was the lead. (Tr. at 832-833.) This case was his first injury/fatality involving fall protection arising out of welding on a steel erection investigation. (Tr. at 833-834.) CSHO Villegas did not testify at the trial.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn9" href="#ftnref9"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">9 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>They were delayed upon their arrival by two hours because the Army Criminal Investigation Command had secured the worksite to conduct their investigation. (Tr. at 842; Ex. C-6.)</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn10" href="#ftnref10"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">10 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Younk<span><span></span>
					</span>directly reported to general foreman Erickson. (Tr. at 107.) Erickson did not testify at trial. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn11" href="#ftnref11"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">11 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>The record is unclear to whom<span>
					</span>Marmolejo<span><span></span>
					</span>reported. He testified he has been a union ironworker for his entire 35 year career and is currently part of the Local 75 from Phoenix, Arizona. (Tr. at 787-788.) He has his OSHA 10, OSHA 30, “pretty much every one of my classes for my welding certificates... training for foreman, training for supervisor or superintendent,” scaffold training, and he is certified by the American Welding Society. (Tr. at 791.)</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn12" href="#ftnref12"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">12 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>In his post-trial brief, Complainant reversed the order in which he alleged these two violations, without an express motion to amend the Complaint. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Complainant’s Amended Unopposed Motion for Leave to Amend the Complaint and Citations</span><span><span></span>
					</span>at ¶ 2;<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">compare<span>
						</span></span>Tr. at 72, 76, 950-951 (Counsel for<span>
					</span>Complainant first<span><span></span>
					</span>arguing, at trial, the alleged general duty clause violation before the alleged section 1926.95(c) violation during opening statement and response to request for directed verdict)<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">with</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Sec’y Br. at 26-27 (“In the event that the Court finds that the synthetic lanyard selected by Midwest was ‘of safe design and construction,’ (and therefore the terms of 1926.95(c) were not violated) Complainant argues in the alternative the PPE selected by Midwest was not suitable for the workplace conditions and therefore violated the general duty<span>
					</span>clause.”);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">see also</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Tower<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Maint</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">. Corp</span>., 25 BNA OSHC 2146, 2147 (No. 13-0777, 2016)<span><span></span>
					</span>(remanding for judge to rule on unclear procedural posture of alternative allegations in the Complaint). Upon consideration of the record and Commission case law, the Court finds the proper course of analysis here is via a primary alleged violation of the general duty clause, and then through the alternative alleged violation of section 1926.95(c). <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Tower<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Maint</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">. Corp.</span>, 25 BNA OSHC at 2147. Here, while Complainant switched the order of the alleged violations in his brief, Respondent did not. (Resp’t<span><span></span>
					</span>Br. at 16-27.) Respondent pursued the same course of analysis it began within its Answer: raising the affirmative preemption defense to the alleged general duty clause violation. Indeed, Respondent claims section 1926.95(c) actually applies in this case and it complied with that standard. (Resp’t<span><span></span>
					</span>Br. at 23-27.) </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn13" href="#ftnref13"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">13 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Notably, neither party brought up the similar OSHA standards, “Criteria for fall protection equipment,” for steel erection activities found in<span>
					</span>Subpart R at 29 C.F.R. § 1926.760(d)(2), incorporating by reference OSHA’s Fall Protection standards in Subpart M found in section 1926.502. 29 C.F.R. § 1926.760(d)(2). Additionally, neither party<span>
					</span>identified<span><span></span>
					</span>any of<span>
					</span>the long line of Commission and circuit court<span><span></span>
					</span>cases addressing the issue of when OSHA’s steel erection standards apply versus when OSHA’s general standards apply<span><span></span>
					</span>for steel erection activities. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See., e.g.</span>,<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Safeway, Inc. v. Occupational Safety & Health<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Review Comm’n</span>, 382 F.3d 1189 (10th Cir. 2004);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Peterson Bros. Steel Erection Co. v. Reich</span>, 26 F.3d 573 (5th Cir. 1994);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Brock v. Williams Enterprises of Georgia, Inc.</span>, 832 F.2d 567 (11th Cir. 1987);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">L. R.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Willson</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>& Sons, Inc. v. Donovan</span>, 685 F.2d 664 (D.C. Cir. 1982);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Bristol Steel & Iron Works, Inc. v. Occupational Safety and Health Review Comm’n,</span><span><span></span>
					</span>601 F.2d 717 (4th Cir.1979). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Overall, the circuits agree the more specific steel erection standards do not preempt the general construction standards “where the steel erection standards provide no protection.”<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Peterson Bros. Steel Erection Co. v. Reich</span>, 26 F.3d at 577;<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">see also</span><span><span></span>
					</span>29 C.F.R. §§ 1926.20(d)(1)(“If a particular standard is specifically applicable to a condition, practice, means, method, operation or process, it shall prevail over any different general standard which might otherwise be applicable to the same condition, practice, means, method, operation or process”); (d)(2)(“On the other hand, any standard shall apply according to its terms to any employment and place of employment in any industry even though particular standards are also prescribed for the industry to the extent that none of such particular standards apply.”). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Here,<span><span></span>
					</span>however,<span><span></span>
					</span>the Court has found two standards that appear to be relevant to the facts of this case: (1) 29 C.F.R. § 1926.502(d)(11)(“Lifelines shall be protected against being cut or abraded.”) and (2) 29 C.F.R. § 1926.502(d)(14)(“Ropes and straps (webbing) made in lanyards, lifelines, and strength components of body belts, and body harnesses shall be made from synthetic fibers.”) It is undisputed the project at issue was a steel erection project, and the activity decedent was doing, exterior column splicing/welding, was a covered steel erection activity. 29 C.F.R. §§ 1926.750(a), (b)(1), & (b)(2). The fact these two steel erection standards appear to contradict Complainant’s arguments in this case confounds the Court. However, both parties, who presumably know the steel erection industry and their associated OSHA standards far better than this trier of fact, failed to address this issue throughout this proceeding. Because of this, the Court does not vacate Item 1 on preemption or applicability alone, as to assuage any notice issue. Indeed, it is unnecessary as Complainant failed to carry his burden independently of these steel erection standards. The Court, however, makes note of these steel erection standards here to inform the reader of this potential pitfall the Court has considered in determining the outcome of this case.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn14" href="#ftnref14"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">14 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Respondent’s expert, David Ruby, has a<span>
					</span>bachelor’s degree in structural engineering from<span>
					</span>Rennsalear<span><span></span>
					</span>Polytech, and became a<span>
					</span>licensed professional engineer and structural engineer in Illinois in 1968. He has<span><span></span>
					</span>reciprocity in 32 other states,<span><span></span>
					</span>including Texas. Ruby has lectured at Purdue University, Michigan Tech University of Michigan, and Lawrence Technological University; he has<span>
					</span>authored American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Design Manual, Design Guide No. 23 “Constructability for Steel Buildings,”<span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>published several articles in “Modern Steel Construction” and “Structure.” (Tr. at 633.) Ruby is a member of<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>American Welding Society, American Institute of Steel Construction, National Society of Profession Engineers, Structural Engineers Association of Michigan and National Council of Structural Engineer’s Association. (Tr. at 633.) Graduating in 1960, he worked for many different structural engineering businesses and organizations, beginning with bridge design and then structural steel facility design. (Tr. at 635.) Projects<span>
					</span>he has worked on<span>
					</span>include Chicago’s John Hancock Building, the Sear’s Tower and Standard Oil Tower, Atlanta’s Renaissance Center, the Peach Tree Center, the Bonaventure Hotel in Los Angeles, the Brussels World Trade Center, and other structures. (Tr. at 636-637.) Over the course of many years, he saw “a lack of structural engineers that understand construction, that understand what it takes to hug a beam, what the problems are and the issues are and certain bolts and how those things need to be – if they can be engineered correctly.” (Tr. at 638.) Ruby formed Ruby and Associates in 1984, with clientele that are “contractors, erectors, construction managers, fabricators and owners.” (Tr. at 638.)</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn15" href="#ftnref15"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">15 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Complainant also argues a Standard Operating Procedure of Guardian which designs, constructs and distributes harnesses, body belts, lanyards and other types of personal protective equipment (“PPE”) used on the worksite contained a 180 degree temperature restriction. (Tr. at 141-142.) This argument is not persuasive. First, decedent was not wearing a Guardian type lanyard on the day of the incident. Second, Complainant offered no proof what Guardian’s PPE was comprised of and whether such composite makeup was equal to or made exactly with the same composite materials as the Ultra Safe lanyard. It is possible the Ultra Safe lanyard is made of entirely different materials which would render a 180 degree restriction reasonable for it and render it unfit for other PPE. (Sec’y Br. at 29.) Finally, Guardian lanyard equipment was not used during the time of the Inspection. (Tr. at 407.)<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn16" href="#ftnref16"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">16 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>It is disingenuous for Complainant to argue if Respondent had read the Most Recent Version before the incident it would have recognized the hazardous condition when CSHO St. Clair himself did not have the Most Recent Version until after the Citation was issued (Tr. at 889-890). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn17" href="#ftnref17"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">17 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>At trial CSHO St. Clair was asked which version of the Manufacturer’s SOP he had in his investigation file. CSHO St. Clair testified he had the Most Recent Version. (Tr. at 898-901). The testimony of CSHO St. Clair is not found credible on this point. The Court finds by inference CSHO St. Clair did not have the Most Recent Version at the time the Citation was issued. One would expect, Complainant to clearly state the 180 degree limitation – the major issue in this case - clearly in the Citation work papers as a further basis for the issuance of the Citation just as he did Sections 7 and 9 of the Second Version. Exhibit C-3 (CX 0006) comes from CSHO St. Clair’s file. The two sections in the Second Version (Nos. 7 and 9) are referenced clearly by CSHO ST. Clair as the basis for Respondent violating the general duty clause. Sections 7 and 9 are also in the Most Recent Version. If CSHO St. Clair did indeed have the Most Recent Version the Court is perplexed as to why he did not set out this critical element in his file? The evidence also clearly demonstrates CSHO St. Clair did not have the Most Recent Version at the time of the Citation was issued because the Court was informed the Most Recent Version was pulled from the Internet after the Citation was issued. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Okland</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Construction Co</span>., 3 BNA OSHC 2023, 2024 (No. 3395, 1976) (reasonable inferences can be drawn from circumstantial<span>
					</span>evidence)(“[T]he Commission may draw reasonable inferences from the evidence[.]”<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Fluor Daniel</span>, 19 BNA OSHC 1529, 1531 (Nos. 96-1729 & 96- 1730, 2001) (citing<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Atlantic Battery Co</span>., 16 BNA OSHC 2131, 2159 (No. 90-1747, 1994)). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn18" href="#ftnref18"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">18 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Respondent testified it did not have the Second Version. Respondent testified to possessing the Third Version.<span>
					</span>(Ex. C-11 at 602-604.) It is not necessary Complainant establish Respondent recognized the Second Version. The case law is clear that recognition of a hazardous condition can either be established through industry recognition or recognition by Respondent.<span>
					</span>See<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">S&G Packaging Co.</span>, 19 BNA OSHC 1504, 1507 n.12 (No. 98-1107, 2001) (holding lack of knowledge<span>
					</span>of what the regulations require is not a defense.)<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn19" href="#ftnref19"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">19 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Testimony was presented the<span><span></span>
					</span>lanyards were regularly inspected. Decedent had,<span><span></span>
					</span>prior to the date of the incident,<span><span></span>
					</span>turned in a damaged lanyard and was issued a new one. (Tr. 103,410, 998). This supports employees were trained to inspect their equipment for damage and to take it out of production in addition to the inspection done by the worksite supervisors. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn20" href="#ftnref20"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">20 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Section 1926.95(c) provides: All personal protective equipment shall be of safe design and construction for the work to be performed.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn21" href="#ftnref21"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">21 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>The Court notes Respondent states this standard “should apply to [Respondent] unless a more specific provision is applicable to the alleged conduct.” (Resp’t<span><span></span>
					</span>Br. at 25.) However, Respondent did not identify any other possible specific provision, like the fall protection standards in Subpart R as specified<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">supra</span>.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn22" href="#ftnref22"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">22 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>The Court specifically relies on its analysis and findings relating to hazardous condition recognition and Respondent being in compliance with the Second Version of the Manufacturer’s SOP. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn23" href="#ftnref23"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">23 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>As the Court vacates this Citation Item as originally pleaded and in the alternative, Respondent’s affirmative defenses need not be addressed as they have been rendered moot. (Resp’t<span><span></span>
					</span>Br. at 40-43.) </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn24" href="#ftnref24"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">24 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>While<span>
					</span>Younk<span><span></span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>Gruno<span><span></span>
					</span>testified they did not consider the platform to be a scaffold, they were asked whether the platform met the components of the OSHA definition of a scaffold. Both of them agreed the platform was elevated and served to support a worker while performing a task. It is undisputed the platform was moved to a new location when the worker finished his splicing task. (Tr. at<span>
					</span>156.) </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn25" href="#ftnref25"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">25 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Respondent gleams over the clear interpretation of the definition which requires “training, experience and knowledge.”<span><span></span>
					</span>Respondent argues long term experience from being on the job meets the requirement all three. The Court interprets the person must be qualified by extensive experience and training and experience.<span>
					</span>The use of the word “and” as opposed to “or” is a clear indication a person must possess all three to be a qualified person.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g., United States v. Wong Kim Bo</span>, 472 F.2d 720, 722 (5th Cir. 1972) (“[W]ords<span><span></span>
					</span>in statutes should not be discarded as ‘meaningless' and ‘surplusage’ when Congress specifically and expressly included them....”);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">accord<span>
						</span></span>[<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">AKM LLC dba]<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Volks</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>[Constructors v. Secretary of Labor</span>], 675 F.3d [752,] 756 [(D.C. Cir. 2012)] (“[W]e must be ‘hesitant to adopt an interpretation of a congressional enactment which renders superfluous another portion of that same law.’ ” (quoting<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">United States v. Jicarilla Apache Nation</span>, 564 U.S. 162, 185 (2011))).”<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Delek</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Ref., Ltd. v. Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm'n</span>, 845 F.3d 170, 177–78 (5th Cir. 2016). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
				</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn26" href="#ftnref26"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">26 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>The training requirements for scaffold erection, disassembly, moving, operating, repairing or maintaining or inspecting a scaffold state as follows:</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">1926.454(b) The employer shall have each employee who is involved in erecting, disassembling, moving, operating, repairing, maintaining, or inspecting a scaffold trained by a competent person to recognize any hazards associated with the work in question. The training shall include the following topics, as applicable:</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
				</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">1926.454(b)(1)</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">The nature of scaffold hazards;</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
				</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">1926.454(b)(2)</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">The correct procedures for erecting, disassembling, moving, operating, repairing, inspecting, and maintaining the type of scaffold in question;</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
				</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">1926.454(b)(3)</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">The design criteria, maximum intended load-carrying capacity and intended use of the scaffold;</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
				</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">1926.454(b)(4)</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">Any other pertinent requirements of this subpart.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
				</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn27" href="#ftnref27"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">27 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>29 CFR 1926.451(f)(4). Evidence indicates the side bar is missing about a 1.2 inch of length. (Ex. C-10 at 29).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn28" href="#ftnref28"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">28 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>The testimony indicates decedent had basic scaffold training. The training would not have dealt with the design of the scaffold. (Tr. at 292-294; Ex. C-57.) </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn29" href="#ftnref29"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">29 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>He testified that it was “likely”<span><span></span>
					</span>the worker would be restrained from falling in that instance because he would be wearing a retractable lanyard. (Tr. at 701.) However, the issue for this<span>
					</span>Citation<span>
					</span>Item is not the lanyard, but demonstration of the knowledge of the requirements of a scaffold, which includes a stable platform. 29 C.F.R. § 1926.454. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn30" href="#ftnref30"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">30 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>The requirements of a qualified person, as discussed above regarding Item 2, are slightly different than the requirements of a competent person at issue for this Citation item, Items 3a and 3b.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn31" href="#ftnref31"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">31 </span></a> The authority to correct is very broad. The competent person has to have the final word in the operation of the work. Thus, a foreman, superintendent or even a project manager has no authority to overrule the decision of the competent person. Reading the regulations as a whole contemplates the employer will designate certain persons as competent versus making a global designation as argued by Respondent in this case. This set up ensures accountability and oversight. The Court understands many employers train their entire staff and then call them competent persons and establish company policy to state anyone who is a competent person can stop work due to a safety concern. This course of action, while not to be discredited as it gives the employees the ownership to take safety into their own hands, is perilous because when many employees work together only one person can be the competent person. Even though everyone may be capable, only one can have the requisite authority to make the final decision. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn32" href="#ftnref32"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">32 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>The court notes that OSHA’s statutory maximum penalties were increased pursuant to the Inflation Adjustment Act of 2015, Pub. Law 114-74<span><span></span>
					</span>§ 701, 129 Stat. 559-602 (2015), but for violations<span>
					</span>occurring after November 2, 2015. 81 Fed. Reg. 43430 (July 1, 2016). Here, the violations occurred before<span><span></span>
					</span>November 2, 2015,<span><span></span>
					</span>so<span><span></span>
					</span>the statutory maximum<span>
					</span>for a serious violation<span>
					</span>of $7,000<span>
					</span>applies. </p>
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