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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">United States of America</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">1120 20th Street, N.W., Ninth Floor</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">Washington, D</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">C</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>20036-3457</span></p>
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							<p style="text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">SECRETARY OF LABOR,</span></p>
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							<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:2.985cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">v.</span></p>
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						<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_Heading2 style_Heading2 " style="text-align:justify; outline-width:2; " xmlns:text="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:text:1.0" text:is-list-header="true"><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-weight:bold; font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; "> OSHRC Docket No. 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-weight:bold; font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; ">7</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-weight:bold; font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; ">-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-weight:bold; font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; ">0734</span></p>
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							<p><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ASALE CONSTRUCTION SERVICES, INC.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
									</span>d/b/a CASALE</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
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							<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:94.8px; text-indent:.635cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent.</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText " style="line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; ">Appearances:</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; ">Kate S. O’Scannlain</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; ">Solicitor of Labor</span></p>
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						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; ">Regional Solicitor<span>
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						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; ">M.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; ">Sullivan, Senior Trial Attorney</span></p>
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						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; ">Regional<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; ">Solicitor,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; ">New York, New York<span>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText " style="line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; ">Charles Casale</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText " style="line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; ">Casale Construction Services, Inc.</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText " style="line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; ">Averill Park</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; ">, New<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; ">Y</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; ">ork</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText " style="line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For the Respondent</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText " style="line-height:1; "> </p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText " style="line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; ">Before:</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; ">Dennis L. Phillips</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText " style="line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Administrative Law Judge</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">DECISION AND ORDER</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">On<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">February 23, 2017,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">in Champlain, New York,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">O</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ccupational<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">afety and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">H</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ealth Administration (OSHA)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Compliance Officer (CO) Andrew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">M.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Reed and CO Daniel Corvalan noticed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Casale Construction Services, Inc., d/b/a Casale’s (Casale or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">open<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">trench</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s they drove by it while on their way</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>down Elm Street</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">headed to a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">nother<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">pre-assigned<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">worksite</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“just down the street from the Casale Worksite.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 25-26).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The trench was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">unsupported, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">CO Corvalan</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>noticed a worker</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, James W. Bow</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">n,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>inside it</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref1" href="#ftn1">1</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 71</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">-72</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">; J. Ex. II</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. 8 at 2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">onsistent with OSHA’s national emphasis program on trenching, O</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">SHA performed an on-the-spot inspection of the trench.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">As a result of th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>investigation,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA issued</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">March 31, 2017,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">a citation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">alleging<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">repeat<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">violation of 29 C.F.R.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">§<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">26</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">651(j)(2)</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref2" href="#ftn2">2</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">with a proposed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">$1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">0</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">140</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>penalty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">a repeat violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.652(a)(1)</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref3" href="#ftn3">3</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">with a proposed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">$12,676 penalty.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">filed a timely<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">N</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">otice of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ontest</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(NOC)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, bringing this matter before the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Commission)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>pursuant to section</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s 2-33</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 29 U.S.C. §§ 651-678 (OSH Act). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In its Answer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the Secretary’s Complaint,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“disagreed” with the citations and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“deemed this employee misconduct. We cannot stand by each employee ever</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">y</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>hour of every day. We direct the employees to the best of our ability.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Answer at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">trial</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">held on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">June 12, 2018 in Syracuse, New York.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref4" href="#ftn4">4</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> Both parties filed post-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">trial</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>briefs.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref5" href="#ftn5">5</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">For the reasons</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>set forth below,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ourt<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">affirms</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>both</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>repeat<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">repeat Citation 1, Item 2.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">STIPULATIONS</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span>OF FACTS</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The following statements were stipulated to by the parties before trial and entered into<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the record at the request of the parties at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">trial:</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">O</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">n February 23, 2017, Casale</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Construction Services, Inc., (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Casale</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>or<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">),</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">was constructing a pipeline<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">for</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">own of Champlain</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">the C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">ontract</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">) in front of 37 Elm Street. As part of the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">contract, Respondent was digging a trench in front of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">37 Elm Street (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">“[ ]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>Wo</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">rksite</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Adam Bielawa</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">a foreman and competent person at the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">W</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">orksite on</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">February 23, 2017.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">3)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">James Bowen</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">was a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">L</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">aborer at the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">W</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">orksite on February 23, 2017.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">4)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Foreman Bielawa</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">supervised and gave instructions to Mr. Bowen on</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">February 23, 2017.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">5)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">E</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">mployees at the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">W</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">orksite were</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">operating construction equipment that included a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Bobcat S850 skid-steer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">loader</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">, a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>Caterpillar 321C LCR<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">xcavator, a Caterpillar 307</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">excavator, and a<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">W</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">acker</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Neuson WP</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">1550 vibratory compactor.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">6)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">W</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">acker Neuson WP</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">1550</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">requires manual operation inside<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">of<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">the excavation.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">7)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">he Caterpillar 321C LCR</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">excavator was digging the trench.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">8)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">he Caterpillar 307 excavator was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">back</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">filling<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">the trench.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">9)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">W</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">orksite was located within 15</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">feet of<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">an active<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">roadway.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Joint Pre-H</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">earing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Statement<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Jt. Pre-Hr’g St</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">at 6-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">7</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">15-16</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">; Stipulation(s)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Stip</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">JURISDICTION</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText " style="line-height:2; text-align:left; "><span style="font-size:12pt; width: 105;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">filed a timely<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">NOC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">admits that, as of the date of the alleged violations, it was an employer engaged in business affecting commerce within the meaning o</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">f<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">section</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>3(5) of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">OSH<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Act. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Answer at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">1-2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; letter-spacing:.014cm; width: 105;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Jt. Pre-Hr’g St</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 7-8;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>16-17)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; letter-spacing:.014cm; width: 105;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Based upon the record, the Court finds that at all relevant times<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was engaged in a business affecting commerce and was an employer within the meaning of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">sections</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>3(3) and 3(5) of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">OSH<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Act. The Court<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">conclude</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that the Commission has jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter in this case</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">, and Respondent is covered under the OSH Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">OSHA C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ITATION</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>allege</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">repeat<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">violation of 29 C.F.R.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">§<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">26</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">651(j)(2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and propos</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">es<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">a $1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">0</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">140</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>penalty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary claims that Respondent violated the cited standard because:<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Protection was not provided by placing and keeping excavated or other materials or equipment at least 2 feet (.61 m) from the edge of excavations, or by the use of retaining devices that were sufficient to prevent materials or equipment from falling or rolling into excavations, or by a combination of both if necessary.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:42px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:84px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">(a)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">37 Elm Street, during installation of an 8” water main: Employee(s) were working in a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">n</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>unprotected excavation approximately 6 to 7 feet<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">deep; spoil banks were not kept back at least two feet from the edge of the excavation and/or a shie</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">l</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">d system was not used, exposing employees to struck by and collapse hazards. [C]asale<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Construction</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">ervices, Inc. was previously cited for a violation of this occupational safety and health standard or its equivalent<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>1926.651(j)(2), which was cont</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">ined in OSHA inspection n</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">u</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">mber 1052453, citation number 1, item number 1 and was affirmed as final order on 5/21/15, with respect to a workplace located at New Salem South and Route 85,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Voo</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">r</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">heeesville, NY 12186.<span>
					</span></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Citation at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">6</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Section 19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">26.651(j)(2)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">requ</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ires<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">em</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ployees be protected from excavated material</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">or equipment that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into excavations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">placing and keeping such materials or equipment at least 2 feet<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">[]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>from the edge of excavations, or by the use of retaining devices that are sufficient to prevent materials or equipment from falling or rolling into excavations or by a combination of both if necessary</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">...</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">” 29 C.F.R. § 19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">26</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">651(j)(2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>alleges a repeat violation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.652(a)(1) and proposes a $12,676 penalty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. The Secretary claims that Respondent violated the cited standard because:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Each employee in an excavation was not protected from cave-ins by an adequate protective system designed in accordance with 29 CFR 1926.652(c).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "> </p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:84px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">(a)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">37 Elm Street, during installation of an 8” water main: Employee(s) were working in an unprotected trench approximately 6 to 7 feet deep, 3 to 4 feet wide, and 30 to 40 feet long; no sloping/benching and/or a shi</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">ld system was used, exposing emplo</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">y</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">ees to struck by and collapse hazards. [C]asale Construction<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">ervices, Inc. was previously cited for a violation of this occupational safety and health<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>or its equivalent standard 1926.652(a)(1), which was contained in OSHA inspection number 1052453,<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">citation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "> number 1, item number 3 and was affirmed as a final order on 5/21/15, with re</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">pect to a workplace located at New Salem South and Route 85, Voo</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">r</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">heesville, NY 12186.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Citation at 7</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> Section 1926.652(a)(1)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">requires that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">employee</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in an excavation be protected from cave-ins by an adequate protective system<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">except when: (i) excavations are made<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">entirely in stable rock; or (ii) excavations are less than 5 feet in depth and examination of the ground by a competent person provides no indication of a potential cave-in....” 29 C.F.R. §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">1926.65</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">P</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">REVIOUS<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">OSHA C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ITATIONS</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">pproximately 2<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">years prior to the OSHA inspection in this case,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">at another one of its worksites in Voorheesville, New York,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent was cited by OSHA for alleged violations of the same two standards involved in this matter. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>60-61;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Exs. 2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">4</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The citation resulted in a May 21, 2015 informal settlement agreement between Respondent and OSHA wherein Respondent waived its right to contest the citation of those same standards and agreed to correct the violations of those same standards at its worksite in Voorheesville, New York. (Ex</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. 2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">-4</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 67, at 2, ¶ 17</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The alleged violation description for the violation of section 1926.651(j)(2) was:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“On or about April 8, 2015 – Employees were exposed to cave-in and struck by hazards from a spoil p</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">le that was at the edge of an excavation.” (Ex. 3 at 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> The alleged violation description for the violation of section 1926.652(a)(1)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">w</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">as:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“On or about April 8, 2015 – Employees were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">exposed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to cave-in hazards while in an unprotected excavation that was 7 feet 2 inches to 8 feet in depth.” (Ex. 4 at 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">BACKGROUND</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Beginning at 7</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">:00<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">M</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>o</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">n the day of the inspection, Respondent was engaged in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">construction work<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">installing pipe at the bottom of a trench alongside Elm Street<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">pursuant to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">own of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Champlain,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Clinton County,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">New York</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">’s Shared Water Improvement Project</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>No. 2013-040</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Stip. 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>135</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. 31</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 58</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The trench was estimated to be 3-4 feet wide, 30-40 feet long, and 6-7 feet deep where equipment used by Respondent’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>laborer,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Bowen,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">located. (Citation at 7;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>12, 46-48, 55, 72-73, 76-78</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 125</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. 54 at “C”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> The walls of the trench were vertical. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>52-53</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">R</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">emnants of soil were sluffing from the wall of the excavation into the trench. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>43-44; Ex. 19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">CO Reed saw a crew of four or five employees when he first arrived at the Worksite.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref6" href="#ftn6">6</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> (Tr. 28). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The spoil piles that had been removed from the trench were “a couple feet high” and located right next to the trench edge.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref7" href="#ftn7">7</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>32;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Joint<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Ex</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">hibit</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(J. Ex.) I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">10</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> The trench was not benched or shored, and a trench shield was not being used. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>54; 137-138</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> The trench itself was approximately 15 feet from the active roadway of Elm Street. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>42</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 139</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">; Stip. 9</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, Ex. 67, at 2,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">¶ 16</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">CO Reed testified that these sp</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">oi</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">l piles that were too close to the edge of the excavation presented two hazards. He said, “One is that the material can fall or roll into the trench, striking an employee working inside. And the second hazard is that it increases the surcharge load along the edge of the excavation, which can contribute to instability of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">excavation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>wall.” (Tr. 32). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The heavy equipment that Respondent used in or near the trench included a Bobcat loader, a Caterpillar 321C<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">LCR<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">excavator, a Caterpillar 307 excavator and a vibratory compactor (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">also referred to herein as a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">plate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">tamper”).</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref8" href="#ftn8">8</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> (Stip. 5;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>15-16, 46, 126, 129-13</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">J.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">I,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at “C” (vibratory compactor);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">22 at “G” and “H”;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">54 at “A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">”).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> Mr. Bowen said<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Caterpillar 321C LCR excavator was located as shown in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the photograph at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Ex</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">hibit</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>22 at point “A” when he was working in the trench. (Tr. 131-32; Ex. 22 at “A”).</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The task of installing the pipeline was described by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Mr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Casale at the hearing.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref9" href="#ftn9">9</a></span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q In your own words, can you tell us the procedure?</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">A The guys are told you get your first pipe in, it's a 6 foot bury. The 6 foot buried varies. That is a guideline. It's for frost protection. If it's a little high, if it's a little low, it's not a sewer line. It doesn't have to go in a straight line, so it can go with the road. So at maximum, we only have to be as a 6 foot bury. You put your pipe in. You put a 2 foot lift of sand on top of it.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Now, everybody can say the specifications say to put a 1 lift foot lift or a half a foot lift or whatever. You run that small tamper over it after a 2 foot lift is put in and that whole pack right in back of it. The whole pack is what compacts it to a difference. You're making it possible not to only put it in, in a 1 foot lift. So you use this different type -- it's a different mechanical way to compact the dirt. And it also saves a man from going into the hole because a guy can go in with the hoe.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Well, once that pipe is in, that 2 foot of sand is supposed to go on it. The man is -- he's told to stand on the 2 foot of sand, like this, for the next pipe. And all he's got to do is grab a hold of it. Then go over and put it in. That's his job. That's the -- there's -- he's got no more to his job then to just do that, guide it home. The guy in the machine will put it down and push it home. You can't do it by hand. All right? Once it's pushed home, 2 foot of sand and you keep walking down the trench with your plate tamper. And it's done. It's not rocket science. I'm doing it. It's not hard.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-right:84px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>156-57</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">That morning,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Mr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Bowen had to bend or crouch down at the bottom of the trench every half hour to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“bag” or sheath pipe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">115,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">13</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">3-3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">5</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">J. Ex.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at “west of letter F”;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">22 at “E</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">”).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">When installing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>pipe, a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ccording to Bowen, “[y]ou kind of straddle the pipe and fold the bag over. And once you fold the bag over, you get your tape, wrap it completely around the bag,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">c</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ut it and seal it.” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>13</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">3-3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">5</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. 56</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> Bowen testified that it was “not really” possible<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">for him<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">to look out for falling soil or other materials during his time in the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">trench that morning because he was focused on running the plate tamper and installing pipe. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>135</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> From the location where he worked, Bowen estimated that the walls of the trench were “between 5 foot 8 and 6 feet,” using his own height of 6 feet as a measuring tool. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>136</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">; J. Ex. I, at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“F”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> He also testified that the trench was deeper<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">than 5 foot 8 inches<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">where the plate tamper was located</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>136-37;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">J. Ex.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1 at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“C” (where<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">plate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">tamper located) and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“G”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(deepest spot of trench)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Bowen testified that the spoil piles were at the edge of the trench while he worked in the trench before OSHA arrived. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>129;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">J. Ex.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>I spoil piles at “Points D” while Bowen worked at “Point F”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Bowen was in the trench</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">having worked on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the pipe and just finis</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">hing compacting a layer of soil u</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">sing the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">vibratory plate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">tamper</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>when OSHA arrived.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>He had worked in the trench beginning at 7:00 A.M. through<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the time the OSHA C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">O</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s showed up at the Worksite.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref10" href="#ftn10">10</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>127-1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">5</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">J. Ex.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>I at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“C” and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“F”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. 8 at 2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">-3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">). According to Bowen, Respondent’s foreman<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and competent person<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the Worksite,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Adam Bielawa</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>directed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Bowen</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to leave the trench immediately after OSHA arrived at the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">W</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">orksite. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 29-30, 128; Stip. 2; Ex. 67, at 1, ¶¶5a, 11). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">CO Corvalan took<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">photographs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">W</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">orksite when he arrived. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">26-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">30;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">J. Ex.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. 10</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> Th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">e photograph at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">E</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">xhibit 10</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>depicts what the trench looked like when OSHA<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">first<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">arrived. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 29;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Ex.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">10</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The photograph at Joint<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">E</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">xhibit<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">also shows<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">what the trench looked like when OSHA first arrived. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">30</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">J.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Footprints and equipment in Joint Exhibit I indicate that someone had been standing in the trench before OSHA arrived.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref11" href="#ftn11">11</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>30-31; J</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Ex. I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at “A”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(footprint),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“B”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(shovel),</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and “C”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(plate tamper))</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> Spoil banks two feet high are piled on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">both<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">edge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the trench. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>31-32;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">J. Ex.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>I at “D”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">When the compliance officers first arrived at the Worksite, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">larger<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Caterpillar 321C LCR<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">excavator was located “within<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">one</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>foot</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> of the west side of the trench.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">A smaller excavator used for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">backfilling</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with a vibratory compactor attachment was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>located and being operated about one to two feet from the east side of the trench.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 36-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">42</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 126</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. 22, at “A”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Caterpillar 321C LCR<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">excavator), at “G” (the smaller excavator</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">; J. Ex. I (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Caterpillar 321C LCR excavator</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Mr. Bowen was in the trench<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">standing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“to the right of the plate tamper, right next to where<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">[he] had actually placed the shovel.” He was “plate tamping the sand that covers the pipe.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr, 127-28</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 132</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 136</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">; J. Ex. I, at “F”; Ex. 8, at 2). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Mr. Bowen testified that the so</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">l piles were located as shown in Joint Exhibit I, at “D”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>when he was working inside the trench. (Tr. 129; J. Ex. I, at “D”). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The spoil piles consisted of a “clay type soil, partially frozen as well. It had clumps of soil.”</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref12" href="#ftn12">12</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>32</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">CO Reed testified that he saw seeping water and pieces of soil beginning to fall from the north wall of the excavation because it was a warm day in February with a temperature at about 50 degrees. He said melting or thawing frost can decrease the stability of the soil. (Tr. 43-44; Ex. 19). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">CO Reed testified that OSHA regulations require spoil piles to be moved back two feet from the edge of an excavation that was six</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">o seven<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and a half<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">feet deep. He saw that this was not done at the Worksite. He said that the presence of heavy equipment, vibratory compacting equipment and nearby truck traffic<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">increased the risk. (Tr. 46-47</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 55</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">During OSHA’s investigation, CO Reed watched as Respondent moved the spoil piles back from the edge of the trench.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref13" href="#ftn13">13</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>51-52</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">CO Reed interviewed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Adam Bielewa</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, Gino Bielewa (Adam’s brother)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">James Bowen</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(who worked out of a union hall)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref14" href="#ftn14">14</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">105,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">140,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">155</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. 8 at 2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">CO Reed testified that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Adam<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Bielewa<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">explained the condition of the trench that morning as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“there was about four feet of frost in the ground and he thought that they were okay.”</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref15" href="#ftn15">15</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>55-56</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Casale testified that Adam Bielewa and his brother Gino both “emphasized to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Casale after they got off the phone with OSHA, prior to our hearing, that t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">h</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ey were working in a safe trench.”</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref16" href="#ftn16">16</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>156</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Casale questioned<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Bowen</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at the hearing. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">He</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>asked:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:66px; text-indent:-.476cm; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">[] So you went in to a 6 foot deep trench, not forcibly. Nobody forced you, I mean, no – you got a stick or something and said, get in there?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:66px; text-indent:-.476cm; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">A:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>No </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:66px; text-indent:-.476cm; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Okay,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">y</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ou knew enough not to do it because you had the OSHA 10 card, you had the training not to do it?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:66px; text-indent:-.476cm; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">A:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Absolutely.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:66px; text-indent:-.476cm; margin-right:84px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>142-43</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">M</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">r. Casale<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">n</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">questioned Bowen as to why he entered the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">unprotected<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">trench</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that morning</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In response, Mr. Bowen said:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">A: </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">My foreman instructed me to go in there. And, yes, I am trained. But we also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">know how it works on jobsites. What do we do?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Q: What do we do?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>A: We get laid off.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Q: Okay.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>A: It works –</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Q: Let me ask you a question.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">A: -- with everybody and I’ve seen this many a times. I’ve seen it<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">n my<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">history. People<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">g</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">o down in the hole. We</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">l</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">l, no, I ain’t going to go down</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">there. You won’t give me a trench box to work in. Two days later, laid off. Next day later, oh, work’s slowing down. You’re laid off. I have kids to feed, bills to pay.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 143-44).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Bowen<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">further<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">testified,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Adam<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">[Bielewa]<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">told me to go down in the hole, which</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">is my -- basically my boss.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">He's my foreman on the jobsite.” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>14</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">3-4</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">4</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“What Adam tells me to do, I do.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">He's my boss. You guys sign my paycheck.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">You tell me to get in that hole, I get in the hole.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">I don't get in the hole</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>I'll probably be getting laid off within a day or two.” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>14</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">3-4</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">6</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> Bowen</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">testified:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">A I've seen it almost happen on your jobsite.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">BY MR. CASALE:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q On my job because of me?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">A Yes. Not because of you. Really, this don't deal with you. Adam is in charge of us.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Adam was going to lay off Todd because Todd was going back to inspectors and the word used was ratting out.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">So he was going to lay Todd off.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">That's how it works. That's how it works.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">And then I don't have a paycheck.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">I cannot pay my bills. I cannot feed my children.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>I've seen other things happen on jobsites too.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">And you wonder, how do we live?<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">No health insurance.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "> </p>
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				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>146-47</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Mr. Bowen also said that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">inspecting engineer<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Brad Duquette mentioned to Foreman Adam Bielewa<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">at different times<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">during the project<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the need to get a trench box in the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ground</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 144-45).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Based upon the Court’s direct observation of Mr. Bowen’s demeanor while testifying, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he Court f</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">inds<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Mr. Bowen’s testimony to be</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>forthright and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>entirely credible.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">DISCUSSION</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In the Second Circuit, to which this case could be appealed, the Secretary has the following burden to establish his<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">prima facie</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>case of a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">violation of a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">n OSHA<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">standard under the Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">:<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the Secretary must prove that (1) the cited standard applies; (2) the requirements of the standard were not met; (3) employees were exposed to, or had access to, the violative condition; (4) the employer knew or, through the exercise of reasonable diligence, could have known of the violative condition</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">[</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">]<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and (5) “there is a substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result” from the violative condition</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">D.A. Collins Const. Co. v. Sec</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">y of Labor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 117 F.3d 691, 694 (2d Cir. 1997)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(citations omitted);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Kerns Bros. Tree Serv.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 2064, 2067 (No. 96-1719, 2000) (Commission generally applies<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">law</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">circuit</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>where it is probable a case will be appealed).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Citation 1, Item 1:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Protection from Excavated Materials</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">alleges<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that Respondent violated 29<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">C.F.R.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">§ </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">26</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">651(j)(2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">by exposing its employees to struck-by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and collapse<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">hazard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s due to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">spoil piles located along the edges of the Elm Street trench. The cited provision states:<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84.467px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Employees shall be protected from excavated or other materials or equipment that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into excavations. Protection shall be provided by placing and keeping such materials or equipment at least 2 feet (.61 m) from the edge of excavations, or by the use of retaining devices that are sufficient to prevent materials or equipment from falling or rolling into excavations or by a combination of both if necessary.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.651(j)(2).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The construction standards set forth in 29 C.F.R. Part 1926 apply to Respondent’s construction work at the Elm Street trench. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Stip. 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA defines a trench as a type of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">excavation that falls under th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>cited provision. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 C.F.R. § 1926.650(b) (defining “excavation” to mean “any man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression in an earth surface formed by earth removal” and “trench” to mean “a narrow<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">excavation (in relation to its length) made below the surface of the ground</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> Here, the depth of the trench (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">at least<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">6 feet) was twice as great as its width (3 feet), and the width was less than 15 feet, satisfying OSHA’s requirements for the definition of a trench. 29 C.F.R. § 1926.650(b) (“Trench”). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">From the trench on Elm Street,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent excavated soil and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">then<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">deposited and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>piled up the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>excavated</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>soil next to the trench. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Court finds that the cited standard applies in this case. </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary has also shown that Respondent failed to comply with the terms of the standard. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">t is undisputed that Respondent’s spoil piles were located along the edge of the trench</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(i.e., within 2 feet of the edge of the excavation)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, piled at least 2 feet high, when OSHA arrived at the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">W</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">orksite</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>46</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> The record does not show that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent provided<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">any<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">retaining devices at all to prevent the spoil piles from falling or rolling into the trench. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">CO Reed tes</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">tified that since the soil was type B, it had clumpy and heavy characteristics, and the clumps could fall from the spoil pile and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">strike and injure<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">a worker in the trench below. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>46-47</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> Indeed, in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Fla</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Gas Contractors, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">No. 14-0948,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">2019 WL 995716,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(O.S.H.R.C. Feb. 21,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">2019), the Commission held that “[n]othing in the cited provision requires the Secretary to prove that material had fallen into the excavation to establish noncompliance,” and that even “the potential that the spoil pile will fall into the excavation as a result of a collapse of the excavation’s wall beneath it” poses a hazard covered by this standard. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">at *5 (citing Excavations Final Rule, 54 Fed. Reg. 45,894, 45,925 (Oct. 31, 1989) (“[M]aterial such as excavated soil ... also place a superimposed load on the edge of the excavation. Such loads can be the cause of cave-ins and must be considered when determining what protection is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">necessary to safeguard employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">). The Court finds that Respondent did not comply with the cited standard.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">established</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>exposure for this citation item. Respondent’s worker, James Bowen, testified that he was in the trench, working, while the spoil piles were located at the edge of the trench above him. He testified that Respondent did no</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>move the spoil piles while he was working in the trench. He also testified that it was impossible<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">for him<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">to look out for falling soil or other materials while he work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">in the trench that morning because he had to stay focused on running the plate tamper and installing the pipe. CO Reed testified that he saw the spoil piles<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">on the edge of the trench when he arrived to inspect the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">W</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">orksite. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Court finds that Respondent e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">xpos</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ed its employee to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">struck-by and collapse<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">hazard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">in violation of the cited standard. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Secretary has also established that Respondent had actual knowledge of the violative conditions on its<span>
					</span>Worksite. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Phoenix Roofing, Inc.</span>, 17 BNA OSHC 1076, 1079 (No. 90-2148, 1995) (“Employer knowledge is established by a showing of employer awareness of the physical conditions constituting the violation”),<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff'd,<span>
						</span></span>79 F.3d 1146 (5th Cir. 1996) (unpublished). Respondent’s<span><span></span>
					</span>Foreman,<span><span></span>
					</span>Adam Bielewa,<span><span></span>
					</span>knew that<span>
					</span>Mr.<span><span></span>
					</span>Bowen worked in the trench while the spoil piles were located at the trench edges. It is well-settled that the<span><span></span>
					</span>supervisory<span><span></span>
					</span>knowledge of violative conditions on a worksite<span>
					</span>is imputed to the employer. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Am. Eng</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">’</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">g & Dev. Corp.</span>, 23 BNA OSHC 2093, 2095-96 (No. 10-0359, 2012) (knowledge is imputed to the employer “through its supervisory employee”);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Dover Elevator Co.</span>, 16 BNA OSHC 1281, 1286 (No. 91-862, 1993) (“[A]n employee . . . empowered to direct that corrective measures be taken is a supervisor[]”);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Access Equip</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Sys</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.</span>, 18 BNA OSHC 1718, 1726 (No. 95-1449, 1999)<span><span></span>
					</span>(imputing knowledge of even a temporary<span>
					</span>employee who has been delegated authority<span>
					</span>over other employees).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent argues th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>it did not have knowledge<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">of the violative conditions on its<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">W</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">orksite</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Respondent claims:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Question:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Did the Respondent (Employer) have knowledge that the cited standard was being ignored by the employees onsite?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The answer to this question is “No”. During Mr. Bowen’s testimony, Mr. Bowen stated that Mr. Casale did not threaten nor encourage employees to enter an unsafe trench. Without being personally onsite, Mr. Casale would not have expected for any of his employees to violate the rules and standards of the “Act”. Mr. Casale would have relied on the training and expertise of the onsite staff to perform the work pursuant to the plans, specifications and OSHA guidelines, and not perform “illegal or unallowed” actions during the construction of this project.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Resp’t Br. at 4-5</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> The parties have stipulated that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Adam Bielawa was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">foreman and competent person at the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">W</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">orksite on February 23, 2017</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, where and when<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Adam</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Bielewa supervised<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Mr. Bowen</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, Respondent’s laborer.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref17" href="#ftn17">17</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Stip</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">2-4</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. 10</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 67 at 1, ¶¶ 5a, c</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 11</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">; Tr. 26</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 126</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> Bowen testified that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Adam<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Bielewa directed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">him to get in the trench, starting at 7</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">:00<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">M</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that morning, and directed him to get out of the trench only when OSHA arrived. And only then, during OSHA’s investigation, did Respondent remove the spoil piles from the edge of the trench. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Actual knowledge of the violative conditions is established. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Am. Eng’g & Dev. Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">2095-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">2096</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">imputing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">knowledge to the employer “through its supervisory employee”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">A violation is classified as serious under the Act if “there is substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result.” 29 U.S.C. § 666(k). Commission precedent requires a finding that “a serious injury is the likely result if an accident does occur.” <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Mosser<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Constr., Inc.</span>, 23 BNA OSHC 1044, 1046 (No. 08-0631, 2010) (citation omitted);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">also</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Omaha Paper Stock Co. v. Sec’y of Labor</span>, 304 F.3d 779, 784 (8th Cir. 2002). Complainant does not need to show there was a substantial probability that an accident would occur; he need only show<span>
					</span>that if an accident did occur, serious physical harm could result. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Trinity Ind</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">us.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.</span>, 504 F.3d 397, 401 (3d Cir. 2007).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">CO Reed testified that OSHA considered<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that the level of severity of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">injury that would occur due to material falling from the spoil pile was “medium,” in that the worker would be injured but would likely recover from that particular injury. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>62-63</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">; J. Ex. II</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, at 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> The Court also notes that the preamble to this specific standard contemplates the potential hazard of a cave-in caused by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">increased load on the trench wall by spoil piles</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref18" href="#ftn18">18</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> CO Reed also testified that nearby vibration can increase the possibility of cave-ins. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>46-47</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">It is undisputed that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Mr. Bowen</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>used a vibratory compactor inside the trench, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">CO Reed testified that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">there was active<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“truck<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">traffic</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>10-15 feet away on Elm Street</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>causing vibrations that increased the risk of a cave-in</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">CO Reed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">testified that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">cave-ins can be very serious. People can be killed or severely injured if a trench wall collapses.” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">26,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">65</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. 10</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Court finds that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“there is a substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result” from the violative condition</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of spoil piles located on the edge of the Elm Street trench.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">D.A. Collins Const. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 117 F.3d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">694</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>This<span>
					</span>Court affirms Citation 1, Item 1. <span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Citation 1, Item<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Protecti</span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">ve Systems Requirements; Cave-In Protection</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary alleges that Respondent violated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.652(a)(1)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">by exposing its employees to struck-by and collapse hazards associated with the unprotected Elm Street<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">trench. Section 1926.652(a)(1)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">requires that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">employee</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in an excavation be protected from cave-ins by an adequate protective system<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">except when: (i) excavations are made entirely in stable rock; or (ii) excavations are less than 5 feet in depth and examination of the ground by a competent person provides no indication of a potential cave-in....”</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Court finds that the Secretary has established that the cited standard is applicable here. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">As found for the prior citation item, Respondent’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">W</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">orksite on Elm Street falls under OSHA’s construction standards and consisted of a trench, a type of excavation. The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">trench was dug into type B soil, not stable rock, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">was estimated to be 6 – 7 feet deep</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref19" href="#ftn19">19</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>32</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 48; Ex. 54, at “C”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> The cited standard applies.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Secretary has also established non-compliance with the cited standard. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The record establishes that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the trench had no adequate protective system, like</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">sloping,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">benching,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">trench box,</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref20" href="#ftn20">20</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">shoring or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">utilizing a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">trench shield</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, and the walls were vertical</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">30, 52-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">55</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 108</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">-10</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 137</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">-42</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> The trench was not made entirely in stable rock, and, even if a competent person examined the ground and determin</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ed that the ground provided no i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ndicat</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ion of a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">potential cave-in, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">trench</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was greater than 5 feet in depth</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref21" href="#ftn21">21</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">therefore</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>an adequate protective system was required here. Respondent violated the cited standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">As discussed with the previous citation item, Respondent’s laborer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, Mr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Bowen</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>worked at the bottom of the unprotected trench during the morning of the investigation before OSHA arrived. Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">therefore<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">exposed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Bowen t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">o the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>struck-by and collapse hazards in violation of the cited standard.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> Similarly, Respondent had actual knowledge, imputed from foreman<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Adam<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Bielewa, that Bowen worked in the unprotected trench because he directed Bowen to enter the trench<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that morning.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Even though<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Adam<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Bielewa might have<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">incorrectly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">thought that frost provided adequate protection,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">awareness of the unprotected<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">6-7-foot-deep</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>trench in soil (not stable rock) is all that is required to established knowledge.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref22" href="#ftn22">22</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Phoenix Roofing, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">1079 (“Employer knowledge is established by a showing of employer awareness of the physical conditions constituting the violation”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Actual knowledge is established. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Am. Eng’g & Dev. Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>2095-96 (knowledge is imputed to the employer “through its supervisory employee”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">CO Reed testified that OSHA considered the severity of injury associated with a cave-in was “h</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">igh,” because trench cave-ins can be very serious. People can be killed or severely injured if a trench wall collapses.” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>65</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Court finds that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“there is a substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result” from the violative condition</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the unprotected Elm Street trench. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">D.A. Collins Const. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 117 F.3d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">694</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Court affirms Citation 1, Item 2.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Unpreventable Employee Misconduct Defense</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Only after the Secretary has established his<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">prima facie</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>case of a violation of an OSHA standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>does the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">burden then shift to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the employer to establish the affirmative defense of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">unpreventable employee misconduct. </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-size:12pt; ">N.Y. State Elec. & Gas Corp. v. Sec</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-size:12pt; ">y of Labor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 88 F.3d 98, 108 (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">2nd Cir.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">1996)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">To establish the affirmative defense of “unforeseeable employee misconduct,” an employer must prove that (1) it established work rules to prevent the violation; (2) these rules were adequately communicated to the employees; (3) it took steps to discover violations;</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">[]<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and (4) it effectively enforced the rules when infractions were discovered</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">D.A. Collins Const. Co. v. Sec</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">y of Labor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 117 F.3d 691, 695 (2d Cir. 1997).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">[A]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">n employer may defend the citation on the ground that, due to the existence of a thorough and adequate safety program which is communicated and enforced as written, the conduct of its employee(s) in violating that policy was idiosyncratic and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">unforeseeable</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. By its nature, information with respect to the implementation of its written safety program will be in the hands of the employer, and it is not unduly burdensome to require it to come forward with such evidence.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Brock v. L.E. Myers Co., High Voltage Div.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 818 F.2d 1270, 1277 (6th Cir. 1987)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. If<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the sufficiency of an employer's safety program is at issue, the burden is on the Secretary to establish that the program was not adequate. </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-size:12pt; ">N.Y. State Elec. & Gas Corp. v. Sec</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-size:12pt; ">y of Labor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 88 F.3d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>108</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In cases involving negligent behavior by a supervisor or foreman which results in dangerous risks to employees under his or her supervision, such fact raises an inference of lax enforcement and/or communication of the employer's safety policy.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Brock</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">v. L.E. Myers Co., High Voltage Div</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">818 F.2d<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">1277</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Nat</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">l Realty and Constr</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Co., Inc. v. OSHRC,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>489 F.2d 1257, 1267 n. 38 (DC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Cir.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">1973).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Respondent raised the UEM defense from the very beginning</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of this proceeding</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in its Answer to the Secretary’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">omplaint</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and at the hearing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">149-50,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">165-68). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent again raises</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the defense</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in its post-hearing brief. The entirety of its argument</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>regarding its UEM defense</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">its<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">post-hearing brief is replicated here:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Question:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>In the employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">[</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">sic</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">]<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">disregard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">[</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">sic</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">]<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">safety</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>pre-cautions, was there “Employee Misconduct”?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The answer is “Yes”. As Mr. Bowen stated during his testimony, he was in possession of his OSHA 10 card which meant that he did go through the OSHA training course with regards to what and unsafe trench was. Mr. Bowen through his testimony stated that he willingly entered the trench even though he knew it was unsafe. Mr. Bowen entered the trench under the supervision of Mr. Adam B</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">lawa</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>[</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">sic</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, site foreman, and not under the direction of Mr. Casale. Mr. B</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">lawa<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">[</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">sic</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a member of IUOE Local 158 at the time of the incident, where he also received his training.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Resp’t Br. at 5</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary suggests that Respondent had no rules addressing trench protection or spoil piles, pointing out that Mr. Casale failed to mention any rules during his testimony at the hearing. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Sec’y Br. at 30</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Court, however, notes that an exhibit in the record</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">indicate</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">had</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a safety rule addressing the hazards at the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">W</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">orksite here. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s Safety Plan</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>has a section that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">addresses “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">E</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">xcavations, Trenching, Shoring.” (Ex. 5 at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">1-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">afety<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Plan<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">states that all “CEI</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref23" href="#ftn23">23</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>staff must comply with Health</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Safety Regu</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">l</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ations in effect at the construction site,” and that “CEI employees involving ex</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">cav</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ations, trenching, and shoring shall be conducted in accordance with the Occupation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">al</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Safety and Health Admin</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">stration’s (OSHA) regu</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">l</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">tions</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 29 CFR 1926, Subpart<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">P.” (Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">5</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> The Secretary does not address th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">e Safety Plan</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in his brief.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Court, however, agrees with the Secretary’s remaining arguments</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent has<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">set forth<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">adequate</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>evidence of communication of work rules to its employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref24" href="#ftn24">24</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> Respondent has also not presented any evidence that it took adequate</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>steps to discover violations of these<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">work<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">rules, or enforce<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>rules once it discovered<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">any<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">violations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of them</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Sec’y Br. at 30-31</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent primarily blames Laborer Bowen for its receipt of the citation. Mr. Casale testified: “And just after the last testimony [of Mr. Bowen], it solidifies the position I’m in as a contractor that a guy can go and do anything at any time and get the contractor in a whole heap of crap.” (Tr. 149-50). Respondent’s focus is misplaced. Respondent’s management representative, Foreman Bielewa, ordered Bowen to work at the bottom of the unprotected trench for up to three hours.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref25" href="#ftn25">25</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> Mr. Bowen worked there in unsafe conditions for fear of losing his job.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span><span></span>
						</span>This credible fear was grounded in Respondent’s long-term culture, as evident by a repeat citation, that did not prioritize worker safety. (Tr. 143-47; Ex. 8, at 2; Ex. 67, at 1, ¶ 5c). Respondent failed to adequately monitor Foreman Bielewa</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at the Worksite.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Instead, Respondent relies on “faith” that its workers will work safely. In response to the question, “How do you personally make sure it is being installed safely?”, Mr. Casale testified, as a general matter:</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">So how do I assure it?<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">How do I assure it?<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">How do I assure it because I've got to -- they go to the hole</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">I get the best guy I could get and, you know what, I've got to have faith that he does it.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">That's all there is to it.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">I mean, I can't stand there or else I'll go do it myself.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">I just got to do it alone.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>I mean, there'd just be me.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">And you know what, I don't even want to go through the whole thing.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">So we're good.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>16</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">-64</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Court therefore finds that Respondent has not satisfied the remaining factors of the UEM defense. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">D.A. Collins Const. Co. v. Sec</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">y of Labor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 117 F.3d<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">695</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">illuminates</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">how it views its role with regard to its employees at the conclusion of its post-hearing brief:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Furthermore, construction companies that hire union employees from local unions are at the mercy of the quality of the employee provided by the Union.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Owners cannot be onsite monitoring the means and methods of construction personnel 24/7, which is why they look for local unions to provide trained and experience<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">[</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">sic</span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">]<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Resp’t Br. at 6)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(emphasis added).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">his argument contradicts<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the very purpose of the Act. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Responsibility</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>under the Act for ensuring that employees do not put themselves into any unsafe position rests ultimately upon each employer, not the employees, and employers may not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">shift</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>their<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">responsibility</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>onto their employees.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">V.I.P. Structures, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 16<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">BNA<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">OSHC 1873, 1875 (No. 91-1167, 1994) (“Employers may not gamble with the safety of their employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Respondent’s UEM<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">defense<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">is rejected. Both citation items are affirmed.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">CHARACTERIZATION</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">To establish a repeat<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">characterization of a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">violation, the Secretary must show that “at the time of the alleged repeated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">violation, there was a Commission final order ... for a substantially similar violation.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-size:12pt; ">Potlatch Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 7 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">1061,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">1063</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 16183, 1979)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. “[P]roof that an employer has committed a prior violation of the same standard constitutes a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">prima facie</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>showing by the Secretary of substantially similar violations.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-size:12pt; ">FMC Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 7 BNA OSHC 1419, 1421 (No. 12311</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 1979).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> A previous violation enshrined in an informal settlement agreement</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with OSHA,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>wherein an employer withdraws it</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">NOC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, is deem</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">d a final order of the Commission under the Act. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 U.S.C. § 659(a);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span><a href="https://1.next.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?findType=Y&serNum=2002806750&pubNum=0003227&originatingDoc=I6b98afdb27a711e8ab20b3103407982a&refType=CA&fi=co_pp_sp_3227_1062&originationContext=document&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Search)#co_pp_sp_3227_1062"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_cosearchterm style_cosearchterm " style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Potlatch</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Hyperlink style_Hyperlink " style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span class="IDMJLV3KYKWA3SHWFZ1P1XKYBBQDDLPMKPTYQX2MXN34NNFE23XNM">,</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Hyperlink style_Hyperlink " style="font-size:12pt; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-size:12pt; "><span class="IDT33AQNTSOVPLMHGHBLIHPI54NHJMYOYMUSDHJ2L2VTCF13LMHQQO"><span><span></span>
								</span>7 BNA OSHC at 1062</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">n.3.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary has established<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">his<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">prima facie</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>case<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that the two affirmed citation items in this case are characterized as repeat. Respondent violated both cited standards just two years prior to the inspection of the violative<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">W</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">orksite in this case. In the prior circumstance, Respondent also allowed spoil piles to sit on the edge of a trench</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and also did not properly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">protect the side</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>trench</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Ex</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. 3 at 1, 4 at 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> Respondent initially filed a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">NOC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for the prior citation, but then withdrew its<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">NOC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of contest to that citation in furtherance of an informal settlement agreement with OSHA</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>dated May 21, 2015. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">As a result, the prior citation became a final order of the Commission before the inspection of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">W</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">orksite at issue here. </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent does not address the issue of characterization in his brief. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">L</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">&</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">L Painting Co.,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>23 BNA OSHC 1986, 1989 n.5 (No. 05-0055, 2012) (item not addressed in post-hearing briefs deemed abandoned)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Court therefore finds that the two citation items in this matter are properly characterized as repeat.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">P</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ENALTY</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In determining the appropriate penalty for affirmed violations, section 17(j) of the Act requires the Court to give due consideration to four criteria:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(1) the size of the employer’s business, (2) the gravity of the violation, (3) the good faith of the employer, and (4) the employer’s prior history of violations. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 U.S.C. § 666(j)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Gravity is the primary consideration and is determined by the number of employees exposed, the duration of the exposure, the precautions taken against injury, and the likelihood of an actual injury. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">J.A. Jones Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 2201, 2214 (No. 87-2059, 1993). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">CO Reed testified to the proposed penalties in this matter. For Citation 1, Item 1, the spoil piles violation, OSHA proposed a $</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">10,140</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>penalty. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>64</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> CO Reed testified that OSHA</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">considered</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a medium severity</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>gravity</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">lesser probability</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of occurrence of the injury</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">30 percent reduction to Respondent’s small size</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. H</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">owever, OSHA used a multiplier for the penalty due to the repeat violation. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">63-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">64</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">; J. Ex. II</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> For Citation 1, Item 2, the unprotected trench violation, OSHA proposed a $12,676 penalty. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>66-67</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. 8</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> CO Reed testified that OSHA<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">considered</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a high severity</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>gravity</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, lesser probability</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of occurrence of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">injury</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, and 30 percent reduction for Respondent’s small size, and the multiplier for the repeat violation. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>66-67</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. 8</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent has not addressed the amount of the proposed penalties in its brief. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">After consideration of the statutory factors with regard to the penalties for the affirmed violations, the undersigned agrees with the penalty amounts proposed by the Secretary for each citation item. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Calang Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 14 BNA OSHC 1789, 1794 (No. 85-0319, 1990) (substantial penalties typically warranted for cave-in protection violations because “the incidence of cave-ins is high, and the likelihood of death or severe injury to employees in a collapsing trench is .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>. high”).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">proposed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">penalt</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">y amounts are assessed for each affirmed citation item. </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">All findings of fact and conclusions of law relevant and necessary to a determination of the contested issues have been made above. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a). All proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law inconsistent with this decision are denied.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ORDER</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Based on these findings of fact and conclusions of law, it is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ORDERED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that:</span></p>
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				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1,<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Item 1,<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">alleging a<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">repeat<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">violation of<span>
					</span></span>29 C.F.R. § 1926.651(j)(2)<span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">, is<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">FFIRMED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>and a penalty of $10,140 is<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ASSESSED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">, and</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:24px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item 2, alleging a repeat violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.652(a)(1), is<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">AFFIRMED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>and a penalty of $12,676 is<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ASSESSED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">SO ORDERED.</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:240px; text-indent:1.27cm; ">__<span style="font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/</span>_________________________<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="margin-left:240px; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Honorable<span>
					</span>Dennis L. Phillips<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="margin-left:240px; text-indent:1.27cm; "> U.S. OSHRC Judge</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Date:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">_</span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">October 21, 2019</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">_____________</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Washington, D.C.</span></p>
			</div>
			<hr/>"
      <div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn-1" href="#ftnref-1"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn0" href="#ftnref0"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn1" href="#ftnref1"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; ">1 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>CO Reed did not see anyone working in the trench. (Tr. 71). When he and CO Corvalan arrived at the Worksite, workers were backfilling at the east end of the trench. (Tr. 78-79, 87; Ex. 11). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; ">
					<a name="ftn2" href="#ftnref2"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; ">2 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Section 1926.651(j)(2)<span><span></span>
					</span>states:<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; ">Employees shall be protected from excavated or other materials or equipment that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into excavations. Protection shall be provided by placing and keeping such materials or equipment at least 2 feet (.61 m) from the edge of excavations, or by the use of retaining devices that are sufficient to prevent materials or equipment from falling or rolling into excavations or by a combination of both if necessary.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.651(j)(2).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; ">
					<a name="ftn3" href="#ftnref3"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; ">3 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Section 1926.652(a)(1)<span><span></span>
					</span>states:<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; "><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; ">Each employee in an excavation shall be protected from cave-ins by an adequate protective system designed in accordance with paragraph (b) or (c) of this section except when: (i) excavations are made entirely in stable rock; or (ii) excavations are less than 5 feet (1.52 m) in depth and examination of the ground by a competent person provides no indication of a potential cave-in.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.652(a)(1).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; ">
					<a name="ftn4" href="#ftnref4"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; ">4 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Charles Casale, appearing without counsel, testified on behalf of Respondent. At Mr. Casale’s request, and as agreed to by both parties, Mr. Casale was questioned under direct examination by the Court using questions<span>
					</span>previously supplied<span>
					</span>to the Court<span>
					</span>by Mr. Casale. (Tr.<span><span></span>
					</span>151-152). The Secretary was then given the opportunity to cross-examine the witness. (Tr.<span><span></span>
					</span>164). Mr. Casale<span>
					</span>was then provided<span>
					</span>the opportunity<span>
					</span>to testify on<span>
					</span>redirect examination but declined. (Tr.<span><span></span>
					</span>170). <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span>29 C.F.R. § 2200.67(j)(Commission judges have duty and authority to “call and examine witnesses” in order “to conduct a fair and impartial hearing,” and “to assure that the facts are fully elicited”). <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See also S.C. Stevedoring Corp</span>., No. 77-161, 1977 WL 6476, at *5 (O.S.H.R.C.A.L.J., Oct. 19, 1977) ( “When a witness appears Pro Se, he cannot question himself .... Questions from the bench must be asked ....).  </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; ">
					<a name="ftn5" href="#ftnref5"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; ">5 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>In its brief, Respondent states the following:<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:84px; ">It’s unfortunate, but the Respondent prepared this brief without the benefit of having the transcript to be used as a reference. With the cost of the transcript being $997.00, the purchase the transcript was not a possible by the Respondent. As the Court is aware, the Respondent has represented themselves to present this case before the Court, with the intention being to conserve funds but at the same time proving its position that Casale Construction Services, Inc. should not be liable for violations outside their control.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; ">(Resp’t Br. at 1-2).<span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Arial; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span>The Court<span>
					</span>notified<span>
					</span>Respondent<span><span></span>
					</span>three weeks before briefs were due<span>
					</span>that<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>Commission<span>
					</span>mandates that “Each party is responsible for securing and paying for its copy of the transcript.” 29 C.F.R. § 2200.66(b);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span>Order Re: Due Date for Submission of Post Hearing Briefs<span><span></span>
					</span>at 2 n. 3 (Jul. 31, 2018). Respondent did not respond to the Court’s July 31st Order regarding Respondent’s responsibility to secure and pay for a copy of the transcript in this matter.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn6" href="#ftnref6"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; ">6 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>CO Reed has been employed at OSHA for twenty-one years. He has a degree in Environmental Health and Occupational Safety from Indiana University of Pennsylvania. His primary duties at OSHA are to conduct inspections of general industry construction worksites to determine whether or not employers are in compliance with federal safety and health regulations. He has conducted about 150 – 200 OSHA inspections involving excavations. (Tr. 22-24). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; ">
					<a name="ftn7" href="#ftnref7"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; ">7 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>CO Reed testified that he watched, later during his investigation, Respondent move the spoil piles back using the larger CAT excavator, knocking some material into the trench. (Tr. 48-52; Ex. 37, at “D”).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn8" href="#ftnref8"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; ">8 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>A plate tamper “vibrates the sand to compaction.” (Tr. 132).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn9" href="#ftnref9"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; ">9 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Mr. Casale was not present at the Worksite on February 23, 2017. (Tr. 164-65).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn10" href="#ftnref10"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; ">10 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>OSHA’s Violation Worksheet indicates that Mr. Bowen had been exposed to the hazard for three hours. (Ex. 8, at 2; Ex. 67, at 1, ¶ 5c).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn11" href="#ftnref11"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; ">11 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>CO Reed testified that it was not possible to operate the plate tamper without having a person inside of the trench at the location shown at Joint Exhibit I, at “C”). (Tr. 41, 115; J. Ex. I, at “C”).<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn12" href="#ftnref12"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; ">12 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Soil analysis performed by OSHA’s Salt Lake Technical Center laboratory of a soil sample taken from Respondent’s spoil bank indicated that the soil was “a sandy clay, it was structurally cohesive, and it was soil type B.” (Tr. 44-45; Ex. 1). According to CO Reed, the significance of a type B soil means that “the material tends to be heavier. It has [] an intermediate type of stability, but you have cohesive, ... clumps of material that can ... fall or roll, and if they were to strike somebody working in a trench, they could be injured.” (Tr. 45-46).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; ">
					<a name="ftn13" href="#ftnref13"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; ">13 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>CO Reed<span><span></span>
					</span>took a picture of the trench after Respondent moved the spoil piles back from the edge of the trench. (Tr.<span><span></span>
					</span>48-52);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">compare</span><span><span></span>
					</span>J. Ex.<span><span></span>
					</span>I at “D” to Ex. 37 at “E” (pictures of same location taken “sometime later, after the spoil banks had been moved back”). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; ">
					<a name="ftn14" href="#ftnref14"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; ">14 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>CO Reed also interviewed Brad Duquette who, according to CO Reed and Mr. Casale, was the inspector on the project for the Town of Champlain. (Tr. 27, 105, 108, 153-54). Mr. Casale testified that Duquette was employed by the inspecting engineer firm, Bernier, Carr & Associates, Engineers, Architects and Land Surveyors, P.C. and that he told Mr. Casale that “he would shut the job down if proper safety protocol was not followed.” (Tr. 153; Ex. C, at 1, Ex. 58). Bowen testified that Duquette “might have mentioned [using a trench box] that day [February 23, 2017]. I don’t recall it because I’m in the hole.” (Tr. 145). Later, Mr. Casale testified that Duquette “would always want a trench box, always. He would always force a trench box.” (Tr. 169).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; ">
					<a name="ftn15" href="#ftnref15"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; ">15 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>CO Reed testified at the hearing that the cited regulation does not recognize frost “as a method of protecting a trench from a cave-in.” (Tr. 55-56).<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; ">
					<a name="ftn16" href="#ftnref16"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; ">16 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Mr. Casale also testified that Adam Bielewa told him [Mr. Casale] that Duquette did not insist on using a trench box that morning. (Tr. 155). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn17" href="#ftnref17"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; ">17 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>As a laborer, Mr. Bowen installed pipeline. He was employed by Respondent for about a year and a half. (Tr. 126). When he testified, Respondent no longer employed him. (Tr. 147). Adam Bielawa was employed intermittently by Respondent from October 2014 to September 2017. (Ex. 69, at 1, ¶ 8).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn18" href="#ftnref18"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; ">18 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Respondent’s own “Health & Safety Plan for Construction Services”<span>
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span>Safety Plan) recognizes that death and “[b]roken bones and internal injuries are also likely” in the event of a trench collapse. (Ex. 5, at 2, ¶ B2). </p>
			</div>
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					</span>CO Reed testified that the photograph at Exhibit 54 shows CO Corvalan holding a grade rod that is in the trench about six feet deep. (Tr. 104-05, 116, 122; Ex. 54, at “C”). CO Reed also testified that: 1) the project specifications showed that the covered depth on the eight-inch water line was six feet to the top of the pipe, 2) the Town’s Worksite inspector told him that the trench was about seven to seven-and-a-half feet deep, and 3) one of Respondent’s operators told him that the top of the pipe was at six feet. (Tr. 105; Ex. C, at 3 (“6’O” MIN. BURY DEPTH”)). The Site Details drawing also states at TRENCH AND PIPE BEDDING DETAIL: “NOTE: CONTRACTOR IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MEETING ALL APPLICABLE SAFETY STANDARDS FOR PROVIDING SAFE WORKING CONDITIONS.” The TRENCH SHORING DETAIL further states: Excavated material is as restricted by OSHA requirements. (Ex. C, at 3; Ex. 60). Respondent has admitted that it was required to comply with the contract drawings, specifications, and Notes found at Exhibits C and 60. (Ex. 67, at ¶¶ 7-9). </p>
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					</span>CO Reed testified that a trench box was later brought to the Worksite. (Tr. 111-14; Ex. 8, at 2, Ex. 23).</p>
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					</span>CO Reed testified that OSHA issued Citation 1, Item 2 to Respondent because its “employees were working in an unprotected trench that was deeper than five feet.” (Tr. 96-101, 116).<span>
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					</span>Respondent’s Safety Plan recognizes that “Trench and Excavation protection meeting OSHA requirements must be in place before nay [<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">sic</span>]<span>
					</span>[any] CEI employees can enter trenches or excavations deeper than 5 ft. even for short periods.” (Ex. 5, at 3, ¶ B4). </p>
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					</span>Respondent’s Safety Plan does not indicate what “CEI” stands for. The Safety Plan was not discussed at all in the hearing or in post-hearing briefs. </p>
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					</span>The final page of the Safety Plan contains the following statement: “I have been given a copy of Casale Construction Service’s Health and Safety Plan. I have read it and understand it is imperative to always keep my safety and the safety of others number one priority. I agree to work in a safe and competent way.” (Ex. 5, at 7). There is no evidence that any of Respondent’s employees signed any such statement.</p>
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					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">L.E. Myers Co.</span>, 16 BNA OSHC 1037, 1041 (No. 90-945, 1993) (concluding “where a supervisory employee is involved, the proof of [UEM] is more rigorous and the defense is more difficult to establish”). </p>
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