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				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "></span>United States of America</p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; ">1924 Building - Room 2R90, 100 Alabama Street, S.W.</p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; ">Atlanta, Georgia 30303-3104</p>
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							<p style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Secretary of Labor,</span></p>
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							<p style="line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "> Complainant</span></p>
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							<p style="line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "> v.</span></p>
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							<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">OSHRC Docket No</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">.:<span>
									</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">17-0777 & 17-0784</span></p>
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							<p><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
									</span>Logistics, Inc., and Wal</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">M</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">art Stores East, L.P. d/b/a Distribution Center 7019,</span></p>
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							<p style="line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "> Respondent.</span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Appearances:</span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Jeremy K. Fisher</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Esq.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Office of the Solicitor</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">U.S. Department of Labor,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Atlanta, Georgia</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>F</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or Complainant</span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Eric E. Hobbs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Esq.</span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ogletree, Deakins, Nash, Smoak & Stewart, P.C., Milwaukee, Wisconsin<span>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>F</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or Respondent</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>–<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Logistics, P.C.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ronald W. Taylor</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Esq.</span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Venable, LLP., Baltimore, Maryland<span>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>F</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or Respondent</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>– Walmart Stores East, LP. d/b/a Distribution Center 7019, Inc.</span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Before: Administrative Law Judge<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Sharon D. Calhoun</span></p>
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			<p class="style_Heading1 style_Heading1 " style="outline-width:1; " xmlns:text="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:text:1.0" text:is-list-header="true"><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">DECISION AND ORDER</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; margin-left:.267px; text-indent:1.304cm; margin-right:5.4px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">On October 18, 2016, an employee of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Logistics, Inc., (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">) sustained a serious leg injury when he was struck by an automated trolley while working at a facility owned and operated by Wal-Mart Stores East, L.P. d/b/a Distribution Center 7019 (Wal-Mart).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>A compliance safety and health officer (CSHO) of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration investigated the incident and recommended citations be issued to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>On April 13, 2017, the Secretary issued Citations and Notifications of Penalty to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Secretary charged each employer with a willful violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.147(c)(4)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">) of the Lockout/Tagout (LOTO) standard, for failing to utilize documented procedures for the control of potential hazardous energy.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref1" href="#ftn1">1</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Secretary proposes a penalty of $126,749.00 for each respondent.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; margin-left:.267px; text-indent:1.304cm; margin-right:5.4px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart timely contested the Citations.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The cases were consolidated for hearing, which the Court held March 21 and 22, 2018, in Montgomery, Alabama.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The parties have filed briefs (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart's brief is consolidated).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart argue the cited standard does not apply to the cited condition, and the standard was not violated in any event. They also dispute the characterization of the violation, if affirmed, as willful.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8.733px; line-height:1.5; margin-left:.933px; text-indent:1.245cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">For the reasons discussed below, the Court<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">VACATES</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Item 1 of the relevant Citations issued to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart. </span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Heading1 style_Heading1 " style="outline-width:1; " xmlns:text="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:text:1.0" text:is-list-header="true"><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">JURISDICTION AND COVERAGE</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; margin-left:.267px; text-indent:1.296cm; margin-right:5.733px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart timely contested the Citations on May 3 and May 4, 2017, respectively.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The parties stipulate the Commission has jurisdiction over this action and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart are covered businesses under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 29</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">U.S.C. §§ 651-678 (Act)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">(Joint Prehearing Statement</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">, ¶¶<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">V.a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">, &<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">V.b</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">; Tr. 26).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Based on the stipulations and the record evidence, the Court finds the Commission has jurisdiction over this proceeding under § 10(c) of the Act and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart are covered employers<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">under 3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">(5) of the Act.</span></p>
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			<p class="style_Heading1 style_Heading1 " style="outline-width:1; " xmlns:text="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:text:1.0" text:is-list-header="true"><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">STIPUATIONS</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:19.133px; margin-left:50.867px; text-indent:-.025cm; margin-right:5.733px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">In their<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Joint Prehearing Statement</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">, the parties stipulated the following:</span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:52.2px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:19.133px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:19.133px; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; color:#000000; background-color:; padding-right:20px;">a.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Beginning on or around July 2016, employees of Respondent<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>Logistics, Inc. began a project to upgrade components of an Electrified Monorail System ("EMS") in use at Respondent Wal-Mart Stores East, LP's worksite in Brundidge, Alabama.</span></p>
			<p style="margin-left:52.2px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16.867px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16.867px; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; color:#000000; background-color:; padding-right:20px;">b.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">On October 18, 2016, an employee of Respondent<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>Logistics, Inc. suffered an injury involving one of the automated trolleys within the EMS.</span></p>
			<p style="margin-left:52.2px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:19.067px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:19.067px; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; color:#000000; background-color:; padding-right:20px;">c.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Following the accident, Respondent<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>Logistics, Inc. conducted an audit of the EMS.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:7.533px; margin-left:.933px; margin-right:6.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Joint Prehearing Statement</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">, ¶ IV)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:7.267px; margin-left:52.533px; margin-right:6.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">At the hearing, the parties also stipulated to the following, read into the record by the</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8.533px; margin-left:.933px; margin-right:6.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Secretary's counsel:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:51.867px; margin-right:52.8px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The parties have stipulated that on October 18, 2016, Mr. Thomas Fowler, maintenance operations manager for Respondent Walmart Stores, provided a statement in response to an injury to [Employee #1] in which Mr. Fowler stated: "When I arrived [Employee #1] called me over and said you have to get rid of that reset."<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">And that Mr. Fowler further stated: "I went to go into the loop and saw it was not in access speed.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>I accessed the loop and found what appeared to be the accident area."<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The parties further stipulate that on December 8, 2016, Mr. Fowler provided a statement to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Compliance Officer that in response to a question regarding what happened during [Employee #1 's] injury, Mr. Fowler stated: "I found light curtains muted. The loop was in full speed."</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8.8px; margin-left:.933px; margin-right:6.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 475-76)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; margin-left:.667px; text-indent:-.018cm; margin-right:2.533px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">BACKGROUND</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; text-indent:-.025cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Overview</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.295cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Wal-Mart's Distribution Center in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Brundige</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">, Alabama, supplies grocery items to Wal-Mart stores in the region.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The three-level facility receives full pallets of merchandise from manufacturers.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Wal-Mart employees break down the full pallets into smaller quantities to ship to individual stores.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The third floor of the facility houses the Electrified Monorail System (EMS), at issue here.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>designs, develops, and installs automated logistics systems.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>It installed the EMS at Wal-Mart's<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Brundige</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>facility in 2002.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The EMS became operational in 2003.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>As a contractor to Wal-Mart,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>maintains and updates the EMS as needed (Tr. 59, 314-15).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The EMS consists in part of an automated trolley system operated on a monorail.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Three loops, called Loop l,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Loop</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>2, and Loop 3, span approximately 100 yards.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The trolleys do not maintain a continuous position in any one loop but may move from one loop to another. Trolleys exit via "switch points" or “switches" in the track.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">A computer system monitors the movement of the trolleys (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Exhs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">. J-8 & R-8; Tr. 59-65).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.321cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">In addition to the EMS, the third floor of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Brundige</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>facility contains storage and retrieval machines (referred to as "cranes") and conveyors.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The facility receives pallets on the first floor.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Wal-Mart employees move the pallets by forklift to the conveyor system, which raises them to the third floor on vertical lifts.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Once on the third floor, the conveyor system comes to a dead-end position called a "pick-up point."<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">One of the EMS's thirty trolleys will receive an assignment to retrieve the pallet.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The number of trolleys running in the system varies depending on several factors, including whether any trolleys are sidelined for maintenance.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The trolleys are approximately 4 or 5 feet wide and can carry pallets weighing up to 3,000 pounds. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The track they run on is 3 to 4 inches wide. The EMS is run seven days a week, twenty-four hours a day (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Exh</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">. J-9: Tr. 61-65, 72, 88).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The trolleys operate at two different speeds: full-speed and access speed.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Employee witnesses testified they would have to jog to keep up with a trolley moving at full-speed but could walk to keep up with a trolley moving at access speed.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The weight of a pallet could slow the speed of the trolley.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Before the upgrade project, each trolley was equipped with a mechanical safety bumper mounted to the front of the car.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The bumpers were tensioned with two cables connected to a contact block that allowed electricity to flow through.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>If anything<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">came in contact with</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the bumper, it pushed it in, releasing the tension on the cables and breaking the connection.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The trolley was then in fault mode (Tr. 85-86, 438, 100).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; margin-left:.933px; text-indent:-.025cm; margin-right:7.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Access to the EMS</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The EMS was surrounded by a fence with gaps to accommodate conveyor entry points. The conveyor entry points were equipped with safety guards in the form of light curtains designed to allow 48-inch by 40-inch pallets to enter the system without tripping the light curtains.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Light curtains were also installed at the switch points between the trolley loops and were designed to allow entry by trolleys without tripping the light curtains.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>If a person attempted to cross through a light curtain, the curtain would trip.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tripping a light curtain in this manner would stop the trolleys in that section (Tr. 75-77).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The EMS was also equipped with access doors designed to be opened with a key.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Once the key was turned, a light on the door would turn green and the trolleys in the associated loop would slow to access speed (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Exhs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">. J-5 & C-23; Tr. 105, 112-113).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.295cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Wal-Mart's written procedure required employees to use the access doors to the EMS. Exhibit J-5 is titled<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Monorail Access Procedure (Type I MDC)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>It lists sixteen steps for employees to follow when entering the monorail access area "[t]o<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">make</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>sure the material handling equipment (MHE) in the monorail access area is placed in a Stop or Manual Mode to allow Maintenance personnel to perform routine housekeeping and respond to system errors."<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">. The Monorail Access Procedure was posted on the access doors on the third level (Tr. 100, 200, 275).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.295cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The first step of the procedure is "Request permission form the SPOC [Single Point of Control] operator to enter the Monorail Access Area." (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Exh</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">. J-5) The SPOC operator is responsible for monitoring the system and sits in an office overlooking the third floor (Tr. 112).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The SPOC operator monitors the "movement of the cranes, conveyor belts, the monorail system, the moving of the induct stations" and other functions, typically by observing a computer monitor (Tr. 268).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The succeeding steps require an employee seeking access to the EMS to insert the monorail request key into the access request switch located on the control panel; turn the key switch to the on position and release it; verify that the ok for access green light turns solid green and the MHE in the loop is operating at the access speed (slow); remove the key; unlock the access door to the monorail access area using the door key; open the access door and enter the area; remove the key from the doors and hold onto it while accessing the monorail access area and post name badge in the designated posting area; close the door within 10 seconds; perform required work in monorail access area; verify that all personnel have exited the monorail access area; open the access door and exit from the monorail access area; close the door within 10 seconds; insert the monorail request key into the reset switch, turn the key and release; verify the monorail loop resumes operation at normal (high) speed; and notify the SPOC operator that there are no personnel in the monorail access area and the MHE is returned to normal operation (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Exh</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">. J-5).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.321cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Wal-Mart and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees entering the EMS did not, however, comply with Wal-Mart's rigorous procedure.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Employees for both companies entered the EMS by crossing over fixed conveyors at various points (Tr. 81).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The light curtains in the area had been disabled, so employees crossing through them had no effect on system operation (Tr. 85).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Employees had placed pieces of cardboard over the light curtains between Loops 1 and 2 and in the entry to Loop 3, resulting in the light curtains being "in a muted state." (Tr. 135) Employees could walk from one loop to another without tripping a light curtain, even though the different loops might have trolleys running at either access or full-speed mode (Tr. at 135).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Employee #1 stated that "in Loop 3, you could mute those photocells by placing cardboard over them.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">That would allow you to go through the gate without shutting off.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Like if there [were] parts that had to be toted in through that gate, then the Wal-Mart guys would mute those light curtains, so we could use the gate.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">But as soon as that was over with, they would un-mute them and then we couldn't use the gate again." (Tr. 114-15) This method of entry was a daily occurrence for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart employees (Tr. 91-92).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Supervisory employees for both<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart were aware their employees were entering the EMS through the disabled light curtains (and entered<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">that way themselves) and were aware trolleys continued to run at full speed when the EMS was accessed in this manner (Tr. 253-254).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; margin-left:.933px; text-indent:-.025cm; margin-right:7.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Resets</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Brundidge facility had been outfitted with multiple reset switches for the EMS system (Tr. 121).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Aside from the main control panel, reset buttons had been installed inside the SPOC office, under the desk, and at Crane 11, which was located on the first level and had no visual overview of the EMS (Tr. 121).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">These reset buttons were not included in the original system design (Tr. 122).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Pressing a reset button would clear all soft faults in all loops of the system.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Once a trolley's soft fault had been reset, it would resume movement at the same speed at which it was previously engaged (Tr. 289).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">When the EMS was operational, trolleys would often experience faults that would stop the movement of the trolley (Tr. 99).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Faults occurred frequently within the system, every few minutes, with faults occurring with more frequency as a side effect of the upgrade project (Tr. 362).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">A pallet extending wider than a trolley carrying it would create an "overhang" error, and plastic wrap that had loosened and covered a trolley's photocell could cause a fault (Tr. 92).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>A bumper release - meaning that one of the trolley's safety bumpers had been actuated - would also trigger a fault (Tr. 92).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">A "soft fault" could be remedied by a "soft reset," which could be performed in one of two ways (Tr. 92).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>An employee could either enter the loop where the affected trolley was located and press a trolley-mounted reset button or access a main panel outside of Loop 2 and reset the fault using a key switch (Tr. 92-93).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>This second method attempted to clear whatever soft fault had occurred within the system (Tr. 94).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">A successful reset would result in the trolley moving once again (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 99). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Unless the fault required a "long period of work," faults were reset on the actual loop in order to not "hinder the entire operation."(Tr. 96)<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.295cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Trolleys could also experience "hard faults."</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>These faults would require the trolley to be disconnected from power and de-energized using a control panel on the trolley (Tr. 95).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">If a fault could not be cleared remotely, an employee would enter the system and attempt to correct it and would utilize LOTO if the problem required it (Tr. 347-48).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Each loop featured a cabinet that would allow lockout, and Loop 2 featured a control panel that would allow lockout for all three loops (Tr. 119).</span></p>
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			<p class="style_Heading2 style_Heading2 " style="outline-width:2; " xmlns:text="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:text:1.0" text:is-list-header="true"><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
					</span>'s Upgrade of the EMS</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.295cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">In July of 2016,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees "began a project to upgrade components of" the EMS at the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Brundige</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>facility (Tr. 25).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">"[T]he actual components on the trolley were being one-hundred percent replaced.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">And then all the mechanical components were being removed and replaced." (Tr. 83)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees performed the retrofitting on a separate spur of the rail system while the trolleys were powered down.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The employees used LOTO procedures for this work.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Ten to fifteen<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees worked on the project.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>At any given time during the upgrade, one to eight employees could be onsite at the facility (Tr. 119-120, 340, 347).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The upgrade included replacing the mechanical bumpers on the trolleys with new technology involving non-mechanical presence-sensing bumpers.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Each trolley had a control package on it that controlled the movement of that trolley. An overall control system coordinated the movement of all thirty trolleys and the switches (Tr. 313-15).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; margin-left:.933px; text-indent:-.025cm; margin-right:4.8px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">October<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">18, 2016, Accident</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.295cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">On October 18, 2016,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees were reprogramming trolleys that had been placed on a spur coming out of the tray building, near a switch that would allow the reprogrammed trolleys to enter Loop 3 (Tr. 122-23).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Employee #1, the injured employee, explained that the plan, which "was based on non-hindrance to production, was to program the trolleys, release one at a time, make sure the trolley performed the way it needed to be before we would proceed to another trolley." (Tr. 123</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Employee</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>#1 was testing a trolley that had been assigned to pick up a pallet inside of Loop 3.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">He had used a control panel to isolate the trolley's movement to the loop.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">While it was in motion, Employee #1 noticed that Trolley #9, which had not yet been reprogrammed, was flashing the error code "07," which indicates a communication fault.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">He walked over to observe the rail underneath the trolley (Tr. 125-26).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">He explained what next occurred.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">So</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as I was trying to get a visual on that, the trolley reset. I heard the motor release the brake. So once a trolley stops, a brake holds it closed. Once it gives the command signal to run, the brake opens. At this point, my reaction was to hit the bumper on the front of that trolley to stop it. But as I hit the bumper, the trolley wasn't stopping. There was a fixed conveyor right there and my instinct was to turn and not only hit the bumper but try to get out of the way. And I couldn't get out of the way. It caught my left leg in the conveyor section between the trolley and the conveyor. The inside thigh of my left leg was blown open and something penetrated my calf muscle.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:.933px; margin-right:6.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 126-27)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.295cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Employee #1 extricated himself and retreated behind the EMS fence. As he was sitting outside the fence, the SPOC operator came over and told Employee #1 he had reset the system remotely and apologized to him (Tr. 127). The SPOC operator explained the resetting.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">I was watching the monorail and calling out errors to the maintenance guys.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">And I had one maintenance guy going to Loop 2.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>And at the time when he was clearing the error there, I had another error came up in Loop 1. And at that time, I hit the reset button to try to clear the error in Loop l.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>And when I hit the reset button and then a little bit<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">afterwards</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>I heard somebody just yell.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">And they said [Employee #1] had got hurt.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:21.6px; margin-left:.933px; margin-right:6.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 271-72)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO David Tisdale conducted an inspection of the EMS at the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Brundige</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>facility following the accident.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Upon his recommendations, the Secretary issued the Citations to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart now at issue.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.8px; line-height:1.0791666666666666; text-align:center; margin-left:.667px; text-indent:-.018cm; margin-right:5.733px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ANALYSIS</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:129.6px; margin-right:6.733px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Item 1: Alleged Willful Violation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">§ 1910.147(c)(4)(i)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The alleged violation descriptions for Item 1 issued to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and to Wal-Mart are identical.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Item 1 of the Citations at issue alleges:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Electrified Monorail System; On or about October 18, 2016</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and at all times prior thereto, where documented procedures were not utilized for the control of potential hazardous energy, employees were exposed to caught-between, struck-by, and crush hazards, in that; the employees were required to enter the electrified monorail system with energized operating trolleys to perform servicing and maintenance activities, such as but not limited to, equipment and to reset machinery.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; margin-left:49.933px; margin-right:6.733px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Section 1910.147(c)(4)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">) provides:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Procedures shall be developed, documented and utilized for the control of potentially hazardous energy when employees are engaged in the activities covered by this section.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Note:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Exception</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">: The employer need not document the required procedure for a particular machine or equipment, when all of the following elements exist: (l ) The machine or equipment has no potential for stored or residual energy or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">reaccumulation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of stored energy after shut down which could endanger employees; (2) the machine or equipment has a single energy source which can be readily identified and isolated; (3) the isolation and locking out of that energy source will completely deenergize and deactivate the machine or equipment; (4) the machine or equipment is isolated from that energy source and locked out during servicing or maintenance; (5) a single lockout device will achieve a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">locked-out condition; (6) the lockout device is under the exclusive control of the authorized employee performing the servicing or maintenance; (7) the servicing or maintenance does not create hazards for other employees; and (8) the employer, in utilizing this exception, has had no accidents involving the unexpected activation or reenergization of the machine or equipment during servicing or maintenance.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:center; margin-right:.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">The Secretary 's Burden of Proof</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">To establish a violation, "the Secretary must show by a preponderance of the evidence that: (l) the cited standard applies; (2) there was a failure to comply with the cited standard; (3) employees had access to the violative condition; and (4) the cited employer either knew or could have known of the condition with the exercise of reasonable diligence."<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Astra Pharma. Prods</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">., 9 BNA OSHC 2126, 2129 (No. 78-6247, 1981),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff'd</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">in relevant part</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 681 F.2d 169 (1st Cir. 1982).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.295cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">In their consolidated brief,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart do not dispute the Secretary established employee access to or employer knowledge of the alleged violative condition.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The most contentious issue is that of applicability of the standard.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:5.667px; line-height:1.0791666666666666; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Application of LOTO standard</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; margin-left:.933px; text-indent:-.025cm; margin-right:1.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">LOTO Scope</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:9.133px; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-right:6.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Section 1910.147(a)(l)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">) establishes the scope of the LOTO standard:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:18.667px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">This standard covers the servicing and maintenance of machines and equipment in which the unexpected energization or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">start up</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the machines or equipment, or release of stored energy, could harm employees. This standard establishes minimum performance requirements for the control of such hazardous energy.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:17.8px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Commission has described the core principles of the LOTO standard,</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The LOTO standard, which became effective January 2, 1990, was promulgated to prevent industrial accidents during servicing of machines that remain in an operational mode, are turned off but connected to a power source, retain stored energy, or are reactivated by another worker unaware that servicing is in progress. Control of Hazardous Energy Sources (Lockout/Tagout): Final Rule ("Lockout/Tagout I"), 54 Fed. Reg. 36,644 (Sept. l, 1989); Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout): Final Rule; Suspension of Effective Date ("Lockout/Tagout Il"), 54 Fed. Reg. 46,610, (Nov. 6, 1989).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>In general, the LOTO standard requires an employer to establish a program that includes employee training, use of energy control procedures, and periodic inspections designed to prevent employee exposure to the unexpected energization of equipment during servicing and maintenance operations, and dovetails with the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">requirements for the safe operation of machines during production, as prescribed by 29 C.F.R. Part 1910, subpart O.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; margin-left:.933px; margin-right:6.733px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Gen. Motors Corp</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">., 22 BNA OSHC 1019, 1022 (No. 91-2843E, 2007) (consolidated).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Unexpected Start Up</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The LOTO applies to "the servicing and maintenance of machines and equipment in which the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">unexpected</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>energization or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">start up</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the machines or equipment, or release of stored energy, could harm employees."<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary concedes the clearing of most trolley faults on the EMS required the system and the individual trolleys to be energized; therefore, no<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">unexpected<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">energization could occur.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>He argues, however, that the second alternative, the unexpected<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">start up</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of machines or equipment, describes the hazard posed by the trolleys.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>"The evidence in the record establishes conclusively that the trolleys were subject to unexpected movement as a matter of their normal functionality, and that this movement could occur when employees were physically attempting to clear faults on that trolley." (Secretary's brief, p. 18) The Secretary contends Wal-Mart exacerbated the hazard of unexpected trolley<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">start ups</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by installing several extra reset buttons in the facility.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Pressing a reset button would clear all soft faults in all loops of the system.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Once a trolley's soft fault had been reset, it would resume at the same speed at which it was previously engaged (Tr. 289). Respondents contend employees working near the EMS knew the trolleys were energized and could start up at any time, either to perform an assignment or in response to activation of one of the reset buttons.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">There is an inherent contradiction in the Secretary's assertion the trolleys "were subject to unexpected movement as a matter of their normal functionality."</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>It is undisputed the trolleys started and stopped throughout the day as they transported pallets--that is their purpose, the reason for their existence (Tr. 532).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Employee #1 testified he was able to predict when a trolley would start and stop.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:1.312cm; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The trolleys can go into a sleep mode.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>That means that there are no pallets in transit in the system.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>They will come to a designated point on the rail and they would just go into sleep mode.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>That doesn't mean that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">they</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>power down or—it just means they are just stopping.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>They are waiting on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">some kind of pallet</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to come in transit.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:48px; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">You know, if you're in the system and you understand how it works and you see a pallet comes out on a crane, you know, two aisles over, you know that a trolley is going to pick that assignment up within the next few minutes to go and get that pallet.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">When it's got a pallet on it, you know it's going to go to a conveyor and stop and unload the pallet.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>And once it unloads it, it will take back off.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; margin-left:5.733px; margin-right:6.733px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 153-54)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; margin-left:5.733px; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-right:6.733px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">A SPOC operator testified that when a trolley's brakes release, they make "a metallic click-click" that provides a warning to employees in the area that the trolley is about to start up (Tr. 264).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Employee #1 testified he "heard the motor release the brake" on the trolley that injured him (Tr. 126).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit emphasized the word<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">unexpected<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">was significant in determining whether the LOTO standard applies to a given condition.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:53.733px; margin-right:24px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">An interpretation that ignores the import of the word is plainly unreasonable when one considers that the rule repeats the word "unexpected" throughout the standard and twice emphasizes it by placing it in italics. [T]he plain language of' the lockout standard unambiguously renders the rule inapplicable where an employee is alerted or warned that the machine being serviced is about to activate.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>In such a situation, "energization" of the machine cannot be said to be "unexpected" since the employee knows in advance that machine startup is imminent and can safely evacuate the area. The standard is meant to apply where a service employee is endangered by a machine that can start up without the employee's foreknowledge.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>In the context of the regulation, use of the word "unexpected" connotes an element of surprise, and there can be no surprise when a machine is designed and constructed so that it cannot start up without giving a servicing employee notice of what is about to happen.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:5.733px; margin-right:6.733px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Reich v. Gen. Motors Corp</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">., 89 F.3d 313, 315-16 (6th Cir. 1996).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Here, the employees working in the EMS area were aware the trolleys stopped and started throughout the day on a regular basis.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">They heard a metallic click when the brake released, indicating the trolley was about to start up.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Secretary's conclusion that employees in the EMS area "were exposed to unexpected<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">start up</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of equipment, both as a natural function of the trolleys and as a consequence of the facility's installation of 'extra' reset buttons" is not supported by the evidence (Secretary's brief, pp. 20-21). Starting up numerous times daily is the “natural function” of the trolleys and is, therefore, not unexpected.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary contends the metallic click that sounded before the trolleys started up was insufficient to give notice to employees working in the area. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Not only does Respondent’s theory [that the sound of the brake release alerted employees the trolley was starting up] base itself around the presumption that employees within the EMS, conducting other duties in the midst of a production environment, are always capable of hearing and reacting to a brake release, but its efficacy as a safety measure is not supported by the evidence. Specifically, [Employee #1] informed OSHA that prior to his accident “I heard the brake release on the old trolley,” and yet he was still unable to escape injury (C-7).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Secretary’s brief, p. 18, n. 3)<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Court rejects this argument. It is the Secretary who is making a presumption without supporting evidence. Employee witnesses testified without contradiction they heard the metallic click of the brake release prior to a trolley starting up. There is no evidence in the record employees were incapable of hearing the sound while “conducting other duties in the midst of a production environment.” </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary finds it significant Employee #1 stated he heard the brake release “and yet was still unable to escape injury.” But the LOTO standard is not applicable to situations where the energization or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">start up</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of equipment is expected, yet an employee is injured anyway. Employee #1 was not injured because he was taken unawares by the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">start up</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of Trolley #9. He approached the trolley because it was flashing an error code. As he was looking at the trolley, he heard the motor release the brake. Employee #1 expected the trolley to start up and chose not to step away from the trolley, but to interact with it. “At this point, my reaction was to hit the bumper on the front of that trolley to stop it. But as I hit the bumper, the trolley wasn’t stopping.” (Tr. 126) What was unexpected by Employee #1 was not the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">start up</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the trolley, but its failure to stop when he hit the bumper. The failure of the bumper to function properly was the immediate cause of the accident, not the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">start up</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the trolley. “[T]here can be no surprise when a machine is designed and constructed so that it cannot start up without giving a servicing employee notice of what is about to happen.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Gen. Motors Corp</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">., 89 F.3d at 316. If the energization or start up is not unexpected, the standard does not apply. Such is the case here. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary’s argument the installation of the extra reset buttons increased the likelihood of unexpected<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">start ups</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the trolleys does not advance his case.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref2" href="#ftn2">2</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "> The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">start up</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of a trolley is either unexpected or it is not. Here,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart employees knew the trolleys were energized and could start up at any moment, in response either to a work assignment or to the activation of one of the reset buttons. The fact the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">start ups</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>may have been more frequent because of the reset buttons does not transform the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">start ups</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>from expected (the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">“natural function of the trolleys”) to unexpected. If anything, the increased instances of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">start ups</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>because of activation of reset buttons would make trolley<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">start ups</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>less surprising.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Court finds the Secretary failed to establish § 1910.147(c)(4)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">) applies to the cited condition. The LOTO standard applies to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">unexpected</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>energization or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">start up</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of machines and equipment. The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">start up</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the trolleys was expected for two reasons: (1) The trolleys in the EMS routinely started up and stopped twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, in performance of the tasks they were designed to do. Employees working in and around the EMS were aware this was the way the trolleys functioned; and (2) prior to starting up, the brakes of the trolleys released, resulting in a metallic click that alerted nearby employees the trolley was about to start up. The Secretary has failed to establish the cited standard applies to the cited condition, and thus cannot prove<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart violated § 1910.147(c)(4)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Bypassing Guards</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The parties made additional arguments regarding the applicability of § 1910.147(c)(4)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">). Assuming the Secretary had established the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">start up</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the trolleys was unexpected, the Court would find he failed to establish applicability under the exceptions to the LOTO standard. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">If, contrary to the Court’s conclusion above, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">start up</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the trolleys were found to be unexpected,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart contend the LOTO standard is still inapplicable because it does not apply to normal production operations unless the work presents a hazard not encountered as part of normal production.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Section 1910.147(a)(2) provides:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">This standard applies to the control of energy during servicing and/or maintenance of machines and equipment.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.102cm; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">(ii) Normal production operations are not covered by this standard (See Subpart O of this Part). Servicing and/or maintenance which takes place during normal production operations is covered by this standard only if:</span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:51.4px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.102cm; margin-right:48px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; color:#000000; background-color:; padding-right:20px;">(A)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">An employee is required to remove or bypass a guard or other safety device; or</span></p>
			<p style="margin-left:51.4px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:13.333px; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.102cm; margin-right:48px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:13.333px; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; color:#000000; background-color:; padding-right:20px;">(B)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">An employee is required to place any part of his or her body into an area on a machine or piece of equipment where work is<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">actually performed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>upon the material being processed (point of operation) or where an associated danger zone exists during a machine operating cycle.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Section 1910.147(b) provides these relevant definitions:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Normal production operations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">. The utilization of a machine or equipment to perform its intended production function.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Servicing and/or maintenance.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Workplace activities such as constructing, installing, setting up, adjusting, inspecting, modifying, and maintaining and/or servicing machines or equipment. These activities include lubrication, cleaning or unjamming of machines or equipment and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">making adjustments</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or tool changes, where the employee may be exposed to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">unexpected</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>energization or startup of the equipment or release of hazardous energy.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:.102cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Secretary does not dispute the work being performed by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart employees was done during normal production operations, as CSHO Tisdale conceded (Tr. 531). The Secretary argues, however, the employees were required to bypass a guard, bringing the work activity within the exception specified in § 1910.147(a)(2)(ii)(A) (“Servicing and/or maintenance which takes place during normal production operations is covered by this standard only if . . . [a]n employee is required to remove or bypass a guard or other safety device[.]”). The Secretary’s theory is “the fencing around the EMS system can be logically classified as a ‘guard or other safety device,’” and since employees had to pass through the fence to access the EMS, they were bypassing a guard (Secretary’s brief, p. 21). The Court disagrees with the Secretary’s theory.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; text-indent:.102cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Commission has noted the LOTO standard “dovetails with the requirements for the safe operation of machines during production, as prescribed by 29 C.F.R. Part 1910, subpart O.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Gen. Motors Corp</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">., 22 BNA OSHC at 1022. Section 1910.212 of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Subpart O—Machinery and Machine Guarding,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">addresses general requirements for all machines. Section § 1910.212(a)(1) addresses types of guarding. Sections 1910.212(a)(1) and (2) provide:</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; background-color:#FFFFFF; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:48px; background-color:#FFFFFF; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">One or more methods of machine guarding shall be provided to protect the operator and other employees in the machine area from hazards such as those created by point of operation, ingoing nip points, rotating parts, flying chips and sparks. Examples of guarding methods are-barrier guards, two-hand tripping devices, electronic safety devices, etc.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="background-color:#FFFFFF; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:10px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; background-color:#FFFFFF; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:48px; background-color:#FFFFFF; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">(2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Guards shall be affixed to the machine where possible and secured elsewhere if for any reason attachment to the machine is not possible. The guard shall be such that it does not offer an accident<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">hazard in itself</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; text-indent:.635cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The examples of types of guarding listed in § 1910.212(a) and the requirement the guards “shall be affixed to the machine where possible” demonstrate the guards contemplated by Subpart O (and therefore, the LOTO standard, with which<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">it</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“dovetails”) are of a different order<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">than that of the fence enclosing the EMS. The witnesses testifying at the hearing understood the type of guard contemplated by § 1910.147(a)(ii)(2)(A) was more localized than a fence enclosing the general area and were specific to each individual machine. Employee witnesses testified they were not required to remove guards to work on the trolleys (Tr. 152, 234). CSHO Tisdale agreed the employees were not required to bypass a guard to perform their duties.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q. You agree with me that no employee of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or Walmart who was doing maintenance or servicing activities within the EMS had to remove a guard; would you not?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO Tisdale: Not that I am aware of.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 513)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Court determines<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart employees were not bypassing a guard when they passed through the fence enclosing the EMS.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref3" href="#ftn3">3</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Danger Zone</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary also argues the entire EMS was a danger zone within the meaning of § 1910.147(a)(2)(B) (“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Servicing and/or maintenance which takes place during normal production operations is covered by this standard only if . . . [a]n employee is required to place any part of his or her body into an area on a machine or piece of equipment where work is actually performed upon the material being processed (point of operation) or where an associated danger zone exists during a machine operating cycle.”). The Secretary contends the entire EMS inside the fence is an associated danger zone, so that the LOTO standard applies when an employee crosses from the outside of the fence to the EMS. Once an employee is inside the fence, he is exposed to the dangers associated with the moving trolleys. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The AVDs of Item 1 of the Citations at issue allege employees of each company were exposed to “caught-between, struck-by, and crush hazards” because they “were required to enter the [EMS] with energized operating trolleys to perform servicing and maintenance activities.” The definition of the zone of danger found in § 1910.147(a)(2)(B) is, however, more narrow than generalized zone of danger posited by the Secretary. The first half of § 1910.147(a)(2)(B) does<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">not apply to the condition at issue—no “area on a machine or piece of equipment where work is actually performed upon the material being processed (point of operation)” existed regarding the trolleys. Trolley #9 had been at rest and then started up when the SPOC operator activated the reset button. There was no work “actually performed upon the material being processed.” The Secretary relies on the second half of the sentence: “or where an associated danger zone exists during a machine operating cycle” to define the zone of danger. The Secretary contends the entire EMS is a danger zone when trolleys are in operation (and they operate continuously). But<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">associated</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>must have some meaning within the context of the standard. Otherwise the second half of the sentence logically would read: “or where a danger zone exists during a machine operating cycle.” The disjunction in the standard is not between the zone of danger of a point of operation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">or</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a generalized danger zone, but between the zone of danger of a point of operation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">or</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>where a zone of danger<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">associated with the previously referenced point of operation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>exists during a machine operating cycle.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Here, the Secretary has not identified an area on a trolley “where work is actually performed upon the material being processed (point of operation)” and where an employee “is required to place any part of his or her body.” Therefore, he cannot identify a zone of danger associated with the point of operation required in the first part of the sentence. Section 1910.147(a)(2)(B) brings the LOTO standard to bear only in narrowly defined circumstances. Those circumstances are not present in the case at issue. The Secretary has failed to establish the EMS is a danger zone within the meaning of § 1910.147(a)(2)(B).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Minor Servicing Exception</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart contend they meet the minor servicing exception to the LOTO standard.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:10px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Note:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Exception to paragraph (a)(2)(ii)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">: Minor tool changes and adjustments, and other minor servicing activities, which take place during normal production operations, are not covered by this standard if they are routine, repetitive, and integral to the use of the equipment for production, provided that the work is performed using alternative measures which provide effective protection (See Subpart O of this Part).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">As the parties claiming the exception,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart bear the burden of proving they qualify for it. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Kaspar</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Wire Works,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">18 BNA OSHC 2178, 2194 (No. 90- 2775, 2000). The Secretary concedes the work activity at issue meets the first half of the exception (Secretary’s brief, p. 24) (“The clearing of faults would seem to be ‘routine, repetitive, and integral to the use<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">of the equipment for production,’ and thus the minor servicing exception would apply.”). He<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">disputes,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>however, Respondents’ claims their employees cleared faults using alternative measures which provided effective protection.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart argue they provided alternative measures to provide effective protection by equipping the trolleys with safety bumpers and e-stops, painting a yellow line around the loops indicating where employees should not step, and training employees in how to work safely around the EMS (Respondent’s brief, p. 20). The Secretary claims the alternative measures provided by the employers were inadequate because Wal-Mart’s access procedure was routinely violated and the safety bumpers on the trolleys could malfunction.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Court agrees with the Secretary that, if the LOTO standard were applicable,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart could not avail themselves of the minor servicing exception because they could not establish the work was performed using alternative measures which provided effective protection. It is undisputed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart employees routinely muted the photocells of the light curtains so they could enter the EMS without using the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Monorail Access Procedure.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Employees stopped using the prescribed safety procedure because it slowed production to do so.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.: </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">So</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is it fair to say that at a certain point in this project, you stopped using this procedure; is that right?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Employee #1: Yes, sir.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.: And someone from Walmart asked you to stop using this procedure?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Employee #1: Yes, sir. The recovery time from when you lose power was tremendous to the operation.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 115)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Accessing the EMS by disabling the light curtains resulted in trolleys continuing at full speed instead of access speed. The purpose of reducing the speed of the trolleys when employees were inside the EMS was to allow more time for the employees to react if they were in the path of a moving trolley (Tr. 212-213).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.: You also testified that the response time to a trolley moving towards you is going to be longer if it's moving at access speed than if it's moving at full speed. Do you remember that?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Employee #1: Yes, sir.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 164-65)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Although the speed of the trolley that struck Employee #1 was not a factor in the occurrence of his injury (because he approached Trolley #9 in response to its flashing fault code), his injury is evidence the mechanical bumpers can malfunction. Respondents fault Employee #1 for standing on the yellow line that purportedly employees were trained not to step one. Employee #1 testified, however, he needed to stand there to perform the testing on the trolley he had reprogrammed (Tr. 184). Supervisory employees for both<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart were aware their employees were entering the EMS through the disabled light curtains (and entered that way themselves) and were aware trolleys continued to run at full speed when the EMS was accessed in this manner (Tr. 253-254). Because the alternative measures implemented by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart were routinely ignored by their employees, they did not provide effective protection. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">CONCLUSION</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>It is apparent something went wrong at Wal-Mart’s facility on October 18, 2016, when a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employee was seriously injured. The fact of the injury is not enough, however, to establish<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart violated the cited standard. For a section of the LOTO standard to apply, the Secretary must establish the fundamental fact that the energization or start up at issue was unexpected. He failed to do so here. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Wal-Mart also established their employees were engaged in normal production operations not covered by the LOTO standard. For these reasons, the Court<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">VACATES<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">the respective Items 1 of the Citations issued to them by the Secretary.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">The foregoing decision constitutes the findings of fact and conclusions of law in accordance with Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a).<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ORDER</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Based on the foregoing decision, it is hereby<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ORDERED:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Item 1 of Citation No. 1 issued to<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Swisslog</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>and Item 1 of Citation No. 2 issued to Wal-Mart, alleging willful violations of § 1910.147(c)(4)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">), are<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">VACATED<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">and no penalty is assessed, and<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:52.8px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">2.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Item 1 of Citation No. 1 issued to Wal-Mart, alleging a serious violation of § 5(a)(l), is<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">WITHDRAWN,<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">as set forth in the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Order Approving Partial Settlement Agreement,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>dated July 5, 2018.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; margin-right:52.8px; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.0291666666666665; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-right:52.8px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">SO</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>ORDERED.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.0291666666666665; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-right:52.8px; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.0291666666666665; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-right:52.8px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/</span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">
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				<p style="widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Date: December 13, 2018</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">SHARO</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">N D. CALHOUN</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Administrative Law</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">Judge</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:0; orphans:0; "> </p>
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			<hr/>"
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				<p>
					<a name="ftn-1" href="#ftnref-1"></a> </p>
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				<p>
					<a name="ftn0" href="#ftnref0"></a> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.0375; margin-left:.333px; text-indent:.203cm; margin-right:5.467px; ">
					<a name="ftn1" href="#ftnref1"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1 </span></a>The Secretary issued two one-item Citations to Wal-Mart. Item 1 of Citation No. 1 alleged a serious violation of <span><span></span>
					</span>§ 5(a)(l). After the hearing, the Secretary and Wal-Mart filed a joint notice with the Court stating the Secretary was withdrawing Item 1 of Citation No. l.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Order Approving Partial Settlement<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">A</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">greement</span>, dated July 5, 2018. The Secretary cites respondents for willfully violating the standard at issue, 29 C.F.R. § 1910.147(c)(4)(i), in Item 1 of Citation No. 1 issued to<span>
					</span>Swisslog<span><span></span>
					</span>and in Item 1 of Citation No. 2 issued to Wal-Mart.</p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "> </p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn2" href="#ftnref2"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">2 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>At the hearing, the Secretary’s counsel tried to establish a reset might result in multiple trolleys starting up at the same time. Employee #1 responded that was not the case.<span>
					</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Q.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">: </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">And does that mean that you<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">have to</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>keep</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">track of every trolley's movement while you're</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">working within the system?</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Employee #1: </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">No, sir. The lead trolley is the one</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that, I mean, if it set still then everything</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">behind it is going to back up. Other trolleys</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">can't travel around it.</span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 178)</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn3" href="#ftnref3"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">3 </span></a>The Secretary also asserts, “[R]equiring<span><span></span>
					</span>employees to enter the system by entering through the muted light curtains frustrated a key component of the system’s security measures and resulted in employees necessarily ‘bypassing’ a safety device.” (Secretary’s brief, p. 23) This misstates the record. Neither<span>
					</span>Swisslog<span><span></span>
					</span>nor Wal-Mart “required” its employees to mute the photocells that controlled the light curtains. The employees undertook this action to save time. Because neither employer required its employees to bypass the light curtains, the exception to the LOTO standard does not apply.</p>
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