United States of America

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION

SECRETARY OF LABOR,

COMPLAINTANT, 

v. Docket No. 18-0702 

GAVILON GRAIN, LLC, AND ITS 

SUCCESSORS, 

 RESPONDENT.

 

DECISION AND ORDER

Attorneys and Law firms

Danielle L. Jaberg, Esq., Attorney, Office of the Solicitor, U.S. Department of Labor, San Francisco, CA, for 

Complainant. 

Patrick J. Barrett. Esq., Attorney, Fraser Stryker LLC, Omaha, NE, for Respondent.

 

JUDGE: Patrick B. Augustine, United States Administrative Law Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

Pursuant to a local emphasis program (“LEP”) targeting grain handling facilities, 

Complainant initiated a programmed inspection of Respondent’s corn mill in Burley, Idaho. 

During her inspection, Compliance Safety and Health Officer (“CSHO”) Joan Behrend observed 

an unguarded shaft bushing on a gear box and accumulations of grain dust around the exterior of 

the facility. (Ex. C-2, C-5, C-11 to C-19). Based on her observations, CSHO Behrend 

recommended, and Complainant issued under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (the 

“Act”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 651-678, a two-item Citation and Notification of Penalty (“Citation”), which 

alleged a serious violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.212(a)(1) and an other-than-serious violation of 29 

C.F.R. § 1910.272(j)(1). Complainant proposed a penalty of $4712.00 for the guarding violation 

alleged in Citation 1, Item 1. Complainant did not propose a penalty for Citation 2, Item 1. 
2 

Respondent submitted a timely notice of contest, bringing the matter before the Occupational 

Safety and Health Review Commission (“Commission”). 

This case was designated to proceeding under the Simplified Proceeding Rules of the 

Commission. The Commission has adopted Rules for Simplified Proceedings, which apply in this 

case. See Subpart M of 29 C.F.R. Part 2200 (29 C.F.R. §§ 2200.200 - 2200.211). In Simplified 

Proceedings hearsay is admissible, “[p]rovided it is relevant and material,” and under certain 

circumstances, “can constitute substantial evidence.” Bobo v. United States Dept. of Agriculture, 

52 F.3d 1406, 1414 (6th Cir.1995) (citation omitted) and the “Judge will receive oral, physical, or 

documentary evidence that is not irrelevant, unduly repetitious or unreliable. Testimony will be 

given under oath or affirmation.” 29 29 C.F.R. § 2200.209(c). 

A trial was held in Boise, Idaho. Only two witnesses testified at trial: (1) CSHO Joan 

Behrend; and (2) Respondent’s Superintendent, Tarent Tevis. Though the rules for Simplified 

Proceedings allow for closing on the record, the parties filed post-trial briefs.1

 Pursuant to Commission Rule 90, after hearing and carefully considering all the evidence 

and the arguments of counsel, the Court issues this Decision and Order as its findings of fact and 

conclusions of law. The Court finds Complainant failed to prove a violation of the guarding 

standard alleged in Citation 1, Item 1. The Court does find, however, Complainant established a 

violation of the housekeeping standard alleged in Citation 2, Item 1. 

II. JURISDICTION

The parties stipulated to the Court’s jurisdiction over this matter, and Respondent conceded 

it is an employer engaged in interstate commerce within the meaning of sections 3(3) and 3(5) of 

the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 652(5). (Tr. 12). See Slingluff v. OSHRC, 425 F.3d 861, 866–67 (10th Cir. 

1

 Issues not briefed by the parties are deemed abandoned. Georgia-Pacific Corp., 15 BNA OSHC 1127, 1130 (No. 

89-2713, 1991). 
3 

2005). In addition to those jurisdictional matters, Respondent also agreed to withdraw affirmative 

defenses two and three from its Answer and conceded if the conditions existed as alleged in the 

Citation, it had actual knowledge of both citations. (Tr. 12, 15). 

III. THE ACT, REGUL:ATIONS AND JUDICIAL PRECEDENT 

The Act is meant “to assure so far as possible every working man and woman in the Nation 

safe and healthful working conditions.” 29 U.S.C. § 651(b). The Act imposes a general duty on 

employers to furnish employees a workplace “free from recognized hazards that are causing or are 

likely to cause death or serious physical harm.” Id. § 654(a)(1). It also authorizes the Secretary of 

Labor to promulgate occupational safety and health standards. Id. § 655(a). The Act assigns 

enforcement and rulemaking authority to the Secretary, while assigning adjudicative authority to 

the Commission, an independent agency. Martin v. O.S.H.R.C., 499 U.S. 144, 151 (1991). 2

The Act did not create a strict liability regime. Under the Act, the employer is not made 

into “an insurer” of its employees. Horne Plumbing & Heating Co. v. O.S.H.R.C., 528 F.2d 564, 

570 (5th Cir. 1976). Rather, “the Act seeks to require employers to protect against preventable and 

foreseeable dangers to employees in the workplace.” W.G. Yates & Sons Constr. Co. v. O.S.H.R.C., 

459 F.3d 604, 607 (5th Cir. 2006). 

To implement its statutory purpose, “Congress imposed dual obligations on employers. 

Employers must first comply with the ‘general duty’ to free the workplace of all recognized 

hazards. 29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1). They also have a ‘special duty’ to comply with all mandatory 

health and safety standards. Id. at § 654(a)(2).” ComTran Grp., Inc. v. U.S. Dep't of Labor, 722 

2

 The Commission serves as a “neutral arbiter” between the Secretary and cited employers. Cuyahoga Valley Ry. Co. 

v. United Transp. Union, 474 U.S. 3, 7 (1985). Thus, Congress vested the Commission with the “adjudicatory powers 

typically exercised by a court in the agency-review context.” Martin, 499 U.S. at 151, 154 (emphasis in original). 

 
4 

F.3d 1304, 1307 (11th Cir. 2013). The Secretary must establish his prima facie case by 

preponderance of the evidence. See Hartford Roofing Co., 17 BNA OSHC 1361 (No. 92-3855, 

1995). 

“Preponderance of the evidence” has been defined as:

The greater weight of the evidence, not necessarily established by the greater 

number of witnesses testifying to a fact but by evidence that has the most

convincing force; superior evidentiary weight that, though not sufficient to free 

the mind wholly from all reasonable doubt, is still sufficient to incline a fair and 

impartial mind to one side of the issue rather than the other. 

Black’s Law Dictionary, “Preponderance of the Evidence” (10th ed. 2014). 

If the Secretary establishes all the elements of his prima facie case, the employer may then 

come forward and assert affirmative defenses. Respondent bears the burden of proving any 

affirmative defense by preponderance of the evidence. Hamilton Fixture, 16 BNA OSHC 1073, 

1077 (No. 88-1720, 1993) aff’d, 28 F.3d 1213 (6th Cir. 1994). 

A violation may be characterized as “willful,” “repeat,” “serious,” or “other than serious,” 

which shapes the penalty possibilities. See 29 U.S.C. § 666.3

3 A violation is considered “other than serious” when “there is a direct and immediate relationship between the 

violative condition and occupational safety and health, but not of such relationship that a resultant injury or illness is 

death or serious physical harm.” Crescent Wharf and Warehouse Co., 1 BNA OSHC 1219, 1222 (No. 1, 1973). A 

“serious” violation exists “if there is a substantial probability death or serious physical harm could result” from a 

condition or practice, “unless the employer did not, and could not with the exercise of reasonable diligence, know of 

the presence of the violation.” 29 U.S.C. § 666(k). The Secretary need not show there is a substantial probability that 

an accident will occur; he need only show that if an accident occurred, serious physical harm would result. If the 

possible injury addressed by the regulation is death or serious physical harm, a violation of the regulation is serious. 

Phelps Dodge Corp. v. OSHRC, 725 F.2d 1237, 1240 (9th Cir. 1984); Dec-Tam Corp., 15 BNA OSHC 2072 (No. 88-

0523, 1993). Section 17(a) of the Act provides that a repeat violation may be predicated upon violations of “...the 

requirements of section 5 of the Act, any standard or rule promulgated under section 6 of the Act, or regulations 

prescribed pursuant to the Act. A section 5(a)(2) violation may therefore be repeated on the basis of either a section 

5(a)(1) or section 5(a)(2) violation. Potlatch Corp., 7 BNA OSHC 1061, 1063 (No. 16183, 1979). The Commission 

has stated there are two ways in which Complainant can establish willfulness. First, the employer “knows of the legal 

duty to act,” and, knowingly an employee is exposed to a hazard, nonetheless “fails to correct or eliminate the 

hazardous exposure.” Second, the employer’s state of mind was “such that, if informed of the duty to act, it would 

not have cared.” Branham Sign Co., 18 BNA OSHC 2132, 2134 (No. 98-0752, 2000). A willful violation is one 

committed voluntarily with either an intentional disregard for the requirements of the Act or with plain indifference 

to employee safety. A.C. Dellovade, Inc. 13 BNA OSHC 1017, 1019 (No. 83-1189, 1987). A willful violation is 

differentiated from a non-willful violation by a heightened awareness that can be considered as conscious disregard 
5 

IV. THE OSHA INSPECTION

Respondent’s grain handling facility in Burley, Idaho is a small component of a fairly large 

company. According to CSHO Behrend, although the Burley facility only has 12 full-time 

employees, Respondent employs 1700 people nationwide (Tr. 39). Those 12 full-time employees 

are responsible for processing approximately 36,000 bushels of corn each day at a facility that has 

a one-million-bushel capacity. (Tr. 39). The corn is delivered to the facility by truck or by rail and 

is stored in seven large bins. (Tr. 184; Ex. R-18). The whole grain corn is transferred from these 

bins to the grinding building, where the corn is processed or “milled” into cattle feed. (Tr. 183; 

Ex. R-18). From there, the milled corn is transferred to overhead tanks, where local dairy farmers 

and cattlemen fill their trucks, drive across a scale, and pay based upon the weight of the milled 

corn. (Tr. 183; Ex. R-18). 

A. The Unguarded Gear Box Bushing

 During her inspection of the facility, CSHO Behrend came to a platform near the grinding 

building where she observed a gear box with a shaft bushing that was not guarded. (Tr. 60; Ex. C5, C-9). The bushing, as illustrated in the photos and video was an exposed disc with protruding 

bolt heads that rotated at approximately 49 revolutions per minute. (Tr. 60, 61, 213; Ex. C-2, C-5, 

R-10). The rotating bushing is located roughly 8 inches above the ground and is partially blocked 

by an enclosed piece of machinery, which, in the photographs, is the large gray oval to the left of 

the bushing. (Tr. 84, 199; Ex. C-2, C-5, R-6, R-10). According to Tevis, the bushing was part of 

the gear box that drives a drag chain. The drag chain delivers whole grain corn to the leg that, 

of or plain indifference to the standard. General Motors Corp. Electro-Motive Div., 14 BNA OSHC 2064, 2068 (No. 

82-630, 1991). This test describes misconduct that is more than negligent but less than malicious or committed with 

specific intent to violate the Act or a standard. Georgia Electric Co., 595 F.2d at 318-19; Ensign-Bickford Co. v. 

OSHRC, 717 F.2d 1419, 1422-23 (D.C.Cir. 1983). The Commission has identified the employer’s state of mind as 

the “focal point” for finding a violation willful. 
6 

ultimately, takes the whole grains to the grinder. (Tr. 194). This drag chain is operated remotely 

from the MCC room, which is located on the opposite side of grain holding bins 2 and 3. (Tr. 192–

93; Ex. R-18). 

According to CSHO Behrend’s interviews, as well as Tevis’ testimony, the only time an 

employee accesses the platform upon which the bushing is located is to perform maintenance on 

the drag and leg inside the boot pit, which occurs once every three months, or to pump out 

rainwater, which happens infrequently. (Tr. 194–98). Otherwise, employees walk in the areas 

surrounding the platform that houses the gear box to enter the grinder room and break room, but 

there was no indication any employee walks over, or even near, the platform as part of their line 

of travel. (Tr. 198). In order to perform the required maintenance, an employee lifts up the yellow 

hatch shown in Exhibit R-8, which is located roughly five feet away from the bushing, and climbs 

down the ladder to enter into the boot pit to grease various pieces of the machinery located below. 

(Tr. 194–99; Ex. R-7, R-6). According to Tevis, this procedure requires locking out both the drag 

and the leg, which is done from the MCC room and the grinder building, respectively. (Tr. 196–

97). Gustavo Guzman, whom CSHO Behrend interviewed during her walkaround inspection, told 

her he locks out the equipment when he performs maintenance in the boot pit.4

B. Grain Dust Accumulations

On the other side of the whole grain holding bins are the ground corn tanks and the 

previously mentioned MCC room. Located between tanks A and B is what Tevis referred to as the 

North Green Leg, which presumably feeds the tanks with ground corn.5

 During her walkaround 

4

. Another employee, Jose Guzman, told CSHO Behrend he did not perform lock out; however, as will be discussed 

later in this opinion, it is unclear whether he understood what CSHO Behrend was asking both because he did not 

speak/understand English well and because CSHO Behrend did not specify which equipment she believed should have 

been locked out. (Tr. 139–40, 164–65, 167, 173–74). 5

. This was not clearly specified at trial; however, given its location and the product the leg was carrying, the Court 

infers this was part of the process. “[T]he Commission may draw reasonable inferences from the evidence[.]” Fluor 
7 

of the facility’s exterior, CSHO Behrend observed a build-up of material on and around the 

surfaces of appliances and boxes near the North Green Leg, which she identified as grain dust. (Tr. 

90–91). These accumulations measured 1⁄4 inch to 4 inches in depth and ranged in texture from 

hard caked to fine ground dust. (Tr. 88–91). She first observed these accumulations on the first 

day of her inspection, January 31, 2018, and again when she returned to the worksite the following 

day. (Tr. 92–94). When CSHO Behrend returned to the site, she gathered samples from four 

separate locations and sent them to the lab at OSHA’s Technical Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. 

(Tr. 93–96). The lab’s analysis showed 72% of the sample passed through a 40-mesh sieve after 

the sample was dried. (Ex. C-21). Respondent did not perform an independent analysis of the 

sample, nor did it have any basis to dispute the conclusions found in the report. (Tr. 206, 209). 

According to Tevis, the accumulations observed by CSHO Behrend were not accumulated 

grain dust, but were the result of a spill coming from the North Green Leg, which he testified 

occurred the morning CSHO Behrend arrived. (Tr. 186-188). As Tevis described it, the drag line 

that feeds the North Green Leg became plugged because too much ground corn was in the system, 

which prevented the North Green Leg from taking the ground corn away fast enough. (Tr. 187). 

This caused the line to back up and the and expel the excess ground corn through a hatch at the 

end of the drag line and onto the ground. (Tr. 187). Tevis testified when the system backs up and 

expels excess grain through the hatch, a sensor trips and the drag line automatically shuts down. 

(Tr. 187). 

Tevis testified the North Green Leg had backed up a few times before. (Tr. 189). When 

spills occur, Tevis testified the company housekeeping policy requires them to be cleaned within 

Daniel, 19 BNA OSHC 1529, 1531 (Nos. 96-1729 & 96- 1730, 2001) (citing Atlantic Battery Co., 16 BNA OSHC 

2131, 2159 (No. 90-1747, 1994)). That said, the particulars of where the North Green Leg delivers ground corn is of 

little consequence to the outcome of this case. 
8 

48 to 72 hours. (Tr. 189; Ex. R-4). After a spill occurs, Tevis testified the company will assess 

whether to discard the spilled material or reintroduce it into the system. (Tr. 189). In this case, 

Tevis testified they were able to reintroduce most of the material identified by CSHO Behrend as 

fugitive grain dust. (Tr. 189). According to Tevis, the subject accumulations must have been the 

result of a spill because the area in question was cleaned the night before the inspection, which 

means all of the material, including the hard cake and dust, accumulated prior to CSHO Behrend’s 

arrival at 11:30 a.m. on January 31, 2018 (Tr. 216).6 As to the consistency of the material, Tevis 

testified it had rained in the area that morning, though local report submitted into evidence

indicates otherwise. (Tr. 188; Ex. R-5).

V. LEGAL AND FACTUAL ANALYSIS

A. Citation 1

To establish a prima facie violation of a specific standard promulgated under section 

5(a)(2) of the Act7

, the Secretary must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1) the 

standard applies to the cited condition; (2) the terms of the standard were violated; (3) one or more 

6 Such explanation may clarify the accumulation of dust at the North Green Leg, however, it does not explain the 

accumulation of dust on appliances and other areas tested nor that some of the dust appeared caked. 

7 The Act contemplates performance standards, specification standards, and standards which combine both 

approaches. Am. Iron & Steel Inst. v. OSHA, 577 F.2d 825, 837 (3d Cir. 1978). Unlike a specification standard, which 

details precise requirements an employer must meet, a performance standard indicates the degree of safety and health 

protection required, but leaves the method of achieving the protection to the employer. Compliance with a 

performance standard is determined by whether the employer acted as a reasonably prudent employer would: [T]he 

employer is required to assess only those hazards that a “reasonably prudent employer” would recognize. See W.G. 

Fairfield Co., 19 BNA OSHC 1233, 1235 (No. 09-0344, 2000), aff'd, 285 F.3d 499 (6th Cir. 2002); see also, Thomas 

Indus. Coatings, Inc., 21 BNA OSHC 2283, 2287 (No. 97-1073, 2007) (“[P]erformance standards ... are interpreted 

in light of what is reasonable.”). A reasonably prudent employer is a reasonable person familiar with the situation, 

including any facts unique to the particular industry. W.G. Fairfield Co., 19 BNA OSHC at 1235; Farrens Tree 

Surgeons, Inc., 15 BNA OSHC 1793, 1794 (No. 90- 998, 1992); see also Brennan v. Smoke-Craft, Inc., 530 F.2d 843, 

845 (9th Cir. 1976). Under Commission precedent, industry practice is relevant to this analysis, but it is not 

dispositive. W.G. Fairfield, 19 BNA OSHC at 1235-36; Farrens Tree Surgeons, 15 BNA OSHC at 1794; see also 

Smoke-Craft, 530 F.2d at 845 (noting that in absence of any industry custom the need to protect against an alleged 

hazard “may often be made by reference to” what a reasonably prudent employer “familiar with the industry would 

find necessary to protect against this hazard”). Associated Underwater Servs., 24 BNA OSHC 1248, 1250 (No. 07-

1851, 2012).
9 

of the employer’s employees had access to the cited conditions; and (4) the employer knew, or 

with the exercise of reasonable diligence could have known, of the violative conditions. Ormet 

Corporation, 14 BNA OSHC 2134 (No. 85-0531, 1991). 

Complainant alleged a serious violation of the Act in Citation 1, Item 1 as follows: 

29 CFR 1910.212(a)(1): One or more methods of machine guarding was not 

provided to protect the operator and other employees in the machine area from 

hazards such as those created by rotating parts: 

a) West of grinder shed: On January 31, 2018 and at times prior thereto employees 

working in the area of the small gray leg were exposed to a rotating shaft 

bushing on an electric motor gearbox. The rotating shaft bushing was not fully 

guarded. 

See Citation and Notification of Penalty at 6. 

 The cited standard provides: 

On or more methods of machine guarding shall be provided to protect the operator 

and other employees in the machine area from hazards such as those created by 

point of operation, ingoing nip points, rotating parts, flying chips and sparks. 

Examples of guarding methods are—barrier guards, two-hand tripping devices, 

electronic safety devices, etc.

29 C.F.R. § 1910.212(a)(1). 

1. Cited Standard Applies 

Under Commission precedent, “the focus of the Secretary's burden of proving that the cited 

standard applies pertains to the cited conditions, not the particular cited employer.” Ryder Transp. 

Servs., 24 BNA OSHC 2061, 2064 (No. 10-0551, 2014)(concluding “that the Secretary has failed 

to establish that the cited general industry standard applies to the working conditions here”); KS 

Energy Servs., Inc., 22 BNA OSHC 1261, 1267 (No. 06-1416, 2008)(finding “the cited ... 

provision was applicable to the conditions in KS Energy's traffic control zone”), aff'd, 701 F.3d 

367 (7th Cir. 2012); Active Oil Serv., Inc., 21 BNA OSHC 1092, 1094 (No. 00-0482, 2005)(finding 
10

“that the confined space standard applies to the cited conditions” because “the vault was a confined 

space”); Arcon, Inc., 20 BNA OSHC 1760, 1763 (No. 99-1707, 2004)(“In order to establish a 

violation, the Secretary must show that the standards applied to the cited conditions.” 

At trial, Respondent argued the gear box and associated shaft bushing were not “machines” 

under the terms of the standard. (Tr. 192). Tevis testified the gear box and shaft bushing were not 

a “machine” under the standard because they did not require an operator at the point of operation. 

(Tr. 215). Though Respondent appears to have abandoned that argument in its post-trial brief, the 

Court will briefly address the issue to remove any doubt as to the applicability of the standard. 

Subpart O, which governs machinery and machine guarding, does not specifically define 

the term “machine”. See generally 29 C.F.R. § 1910.211 (providing definitions for Subpart O). 

The title of § 1910.212, however, indicates the broad application of its terms: “General 

requirements for all machines.” Id. § 1910.212 (emphasis added). Neither the plain language of 

the title nor any reference coming before or after it indicate an intent to limit the scope of the 

general guarding standard to a particular type of machine. Instead, the standard targets the hazards 

associated with working on or near machines, including “nip points, rotating parts, flying chips 

and sparks.” Id. § 1910.212(a). The Commission has rejected similar attempts by employers that 

denied the standard applies to machines. See Ladish Co., 10 BNA OSHC 1235 (No. 78-1384, 

1981) (“The language of the cited standard, as well as the heading of section 1910.212, ‘General 

requirements for all machines,’ clearly indicates that the cited standard is generally applicable 

according to its terms to the hazards presented by the moving parts of all types of industrial 

machinery unless a more specific machine guarding standard applies.”); Ormet Corp., 9 BNA 

OSHC 1055 (No. 76-530, 1980) (finding standard applied to conveyor belts as “an integral part of 

the manufacturing process”). 
11

The gear box and associated shaft bushing are clearly integral parts of the machine and 

manufacturing process under the standard and Commission precedent. Further, the shaft bushing 

is a “rotating part” and, when viewed in isolation, presents the type of hazard contemplated by the 

standard. Accordingly, the Court finds the standard applies.

2. Employee Exposure to Hazard 

“The Secretary always bears the burden of proving employee exposure to the violative 

conditions.” Fabricated Metal Products, Inc., 18 BNA OSHC 1072, 1074 (No. 93-1853, 1997) 

(citations and footnotes omitted). The Commission’s longstanding “reasonably predictable” test 

for hazard exposure requires the Secretary to “show that it is reasonably predictable either by 

operational necessity or otherwise (including inadvertence), that employees have been, are, or will 

be in the zone of danger.” Delek Ref., Ltd., 25 BNA OSHC 1365, 1376 (No. 08-1386, 2015) (citing 

id.). See also Rockwell Intl. Corp., 9 BNA OSHC 1092 (No. 12470, 1980); Gilles & Cotting, 3 

BNA OSHC 2002 (No. 504, 1976).8

The zone of danger is the “area surrounding the violative condition that presents the danger 

to employees.” Boh Bros. Constr. Co., LLC, 24 BNA OSHC 1067, 1085 (No. 09-1072, 

2013)(citing RGM Constr. Co., 17 BNA OSHC 1229, 1234 (No. 91-2107, 1995)). The zone of 

danger is determined by the hazard presented by the violative condition, and is normally that area 

surrounding the violative condition that presents the danger to employees which the standard is 

intended to prevent. RGM Construction, Co., 17 BNA OSHC at 1234; Gilles & Cotting, Inc., 3

BNA OSHC at 2003. 

8 In Gilles & Cotting, Inc., the Commission rejected the “actual exposure” test, which required evidence that someone 

observed the violative conduct, in favor of the concept of “access”, which focuses on the possibility of exposure under 

the conditions. See Gilles & Cotting, Inc., 3 BNA OSHC at 2002 (holding “that a rule of access based on reasonable 

predictability is more likely to further the purposes of the Act than is a rule requiring proof of actual exposure”). 
12

Merely because the shaft bushing rotates and is not fully enclosed, however, does not mean 

Complainant established a violation of the standard. In order to do that, Complainant “must do 

more than show it may be physically possible for an employee to come into contact with the 

unguarded machinery in question. Rather, Complainant must establish employees are exposed to 

a hazard as a result of the manner in which the machine functions and the way it is operated.” 

Jefferson Smurfit Corp., 15 BNA OSHC 1419 (No. 89-553, 1991) (citing Armour Food Co., 14 

BNA OSHC 1817, 1821 (No. 86-247, 1990); Rockwell Int’l Corp., 9 BNA OSHC 1092, 1097–98 

(No. 12470, 1980)). 

The shaft bushing at issue is not a point of operation; indeed, as discussed earlier, the 

machine is remotely operated from the MCC room on the opposite side of the storage bins. Thus, 

Complainant’s case is predicated on inadvertent contact with the rotating wheel. Complainant 

contends there are two scenarios under which such contact could occur, both based on the 

possibility of a slip and fall. First, Complainant argues the employees who perform preventative 

maintenance on the drag and leg are exposed to the hazard posed by the recessed bushing each 

time they enter the hatch adjacent to the gear box because the handles on the hatch present a 

tripping hazard. (Tr. 66, 74). Second, Complainant contends employees were exposed to a hazard 

by virtue of traveling through the area adjacent to the unguarded shaft bushing in order to get to 

the break room and other areas around the plant. (Tr. 68, 73, 77). In response, Respondent 

contends both scenarios only present a remote possibility of exposure but do not rise to the level 

of a hazard requiring the installation of a guard. Based on the location of the bushing and the 

infrequency of work performed in its vicinity, the Court agrees. 

Of the two scenarios posited by Complainant, the one that presents the most likely case for 

exposure involves the employees who perform preventative maintenance below the platform. In 
13

order to get below the platform, the employees must lift the yellow hatch illustrated in Exhibit R7. (Ex. R-7). This hatch, according to Tevis, is approximately 5 feet away from the rotating 

bushing, which is roughly 8 inches above the ground. (Tr. 199). Looking at the bushing from the 

vantage point of the hatch itself, it is tucked behind and mostly covered by a gray pill-shaped box. 

(Ex. C-2, C-5, R-6).9

 According to CSHO Behrend, the handles on the yellow hatch presented a 

tripping hazard that could cause the maintenance employees to stumble into the rotating bushing, 

which, in turn could grab a sleeve or pant leg and cause injury. 

This assessment was not based on an observation of Respondent’s work practices but was 

based on CSHO Behrend’s interviews with Respondent’s employees. (Tr. 68). According to one 

of those employees, Gustavo Guzman,10 the machinery in that area is locked out when he 

performed preventative maintenance in the boot pit below the hatch. (Tr. 164–66). Though Tevis 

testified Gustavo did not have full command of the English language, CSHO Behrend stated she 

was satisfied she and Guzman were able to communicate clearly about locking out the machinery, 

as they spoke about it at length. (Tr. 164–67). For some reason, however, CSHO Behrend placed 

little stock in her purportedly extensive conversation with Gustavo. Instead CSHO Behrend 

concluded the equipment was not locked out during maintenance because Jose Guzman, with 

whom she had a much shorter conversation, told her he did not lock out equipment.11 (Tr. 169–

70). Under cross-examination, however, CSHO Behrend admitted she did not specify which 

equipment she was referring to when she asked either Jose or Gustavo about locking out 

9

. For the purposes of clearly identifying the parts at issue, the Court will occasionally refer to the photographs 

submitted by Respondent. Though most of Respondent’s photographs show the bushing after Respondent installed a 

guard, the pictures submitted by Respondent are still shots from a video, which resulted in blurry, hard-to-identify 

photos. 

10. CSHO Behrend interviewed two employees with the last name Guzman—Gustavo and Jose. For ease of reference, 

the Court shall refer to them by their first names. 11. CSHO Behrend testified she also interviewed a Milton Hernandez; however, she could not remember whether he 

told her that he worked in the area around the platform. (Tr. 78). She concluded he was exposed to the hazard based 

primarily on her understanding of his job duties, which she found to be similar to those of the Guzmans. (Tr. 78–79). 
14

equipment. (Tr. 175–76). Thus, the Court finds her conclusion on the issue of whether the bushing 

is locked out during maintenance carries little weight. 

On the other hand, Tevis testified, consistent with Gustavo’s statement to CSHO Behrend, 

both the drag line and leg are locked out during preventative maintenance. (Tr. 196). According 

to Tevis, the drag line, which is connected to the bushing at issue, must be shut down during 

preventative maintenance on the leg, because the leg would become backfilled with product if the 

drag continued to run. (Tr. 196–97). This is because the drag’s job is to transport whole corn to 

the leg; thus, when the leg is shut down, so must the drag and its shaft bushing. (Tr. 197). Thus, 

in addition to safety-related reasons for locking out, there are practical ones as well. Based on his 

intimate knowledge of the process, along with its consistency with Gustavo Guzman’s statements 

to CSHO Behrends, the Court credits Tevis’ testimony over CSHO Behrends that the bushing is 

locked out during maintenance. The locking out of the drag line and leg during maintenance 

eliminates the hazard and employees coming into contact with or being exposed to it. In that 

regard, CSHO Behrend’s finding of exposure incidental to maintenance is even more tenuous. 

Equally tenuous is CSHO Behrend’s conclusion that employees passing through the area 

surrounding the platform would be exposed to the rotating shaft bushing. According to the 

testimony, employees walk in the area surrounding the platform in order to access various 

buildings, including the break room and the grinding room. (Tr. 68, 77, 198). According to her 

testimony, however, the break room is roughly a one- to two-minute walk from the platform, and 

she did not indicate why or how employees would travel through this area to get to there. (Tr. 62). 

For that matter, it is unclear if the area in question is used as a regular path of travel through the 

plant or simply a place where employees might walk through on occasion; in fact, Tevis testified 

he could not think of a reason why anyone would be in the area immediately surrounding the 
15

platform. (Tr. 198). CSHO Behrend testified she did not observe any employees in the area during 

the inspection; her only evidence of potential exposure came from her interviews with the 

Guzmans and Hernandez. CSHO Behrend testified Tevis told her people would “walk by” the 

area, but it does not appear any clarification was given as to how close employees would, or even 

could, get to the platform while walking by it, nor was there any evidence to suggest that it was a 

well-traveled area. 

The Court finds CSHO Behrend’s conclusions regarding the employees’ exposure to a 

hazard were largely speculative. See Ormet Corp., 9 BNA OSHC 1055 (“The only evidence of a 

hazard to employees [was] the compliance officer’s opinion that the ‘nip points’ presented a 

danger.”). The employees who performed preventative maintenance used a hatch that was roughly 

five feet from the partially obscured and low-to-the-ground rotating bushing. See JeffersonSmurfit, 15 BNA OSHC 1419 (No. 89-553) (equipment operators not exposed to hazard when 

work duties placed them no closer than 16 inches to 2 feet away from nip points); Fabricated 

Metal Prods., Inc., 18 BNA OSHC 1072 (No. 93-1853, 1997) (finding no exposure where work 

area in front of machine presses were “large enough to allow employees to travel between assigned 

machines and maintain a distance of at least two feet from any point of operation”). Given the 

distance of the hatch from the bushing and its location, the Court finds, as the Commission did in 

the cited cases, it is highly unlikely Respondent’s maintenance employees would slip and fall into 

the zone of danger. See Jefferson-Smurfit, 15 BNA OSHC 1419 (“[E]xposure to a hazard is not 

established where employees have sufficient space to walk past unguarded machinery such that 

contact with the hazardous nip points, while possible, is unlikely.”). Such a scenario is even less 

likely considering the equipment is locked out during the once-per-quarter preventative 

maintenance and occasional water removal. 
16

Likewise, the Court finds Complainant failed to show mere passers-by would be exposed 

to the purported hazard. There is simply no evidence to suggest this is a well-traveled area, nor 

was there any evidence or suggestion employees walked anywhere near the platform on their way 

through the area. See, e.g., Fabricated Metal Prods., Inc., 18 BNA OSHC 1072 (finding no 

exposure where employees walking by machine presses were at least two feet away from partially 

exposed camshafts, which were “two feet above the floor and somewhat recessed from the outer 

edge”). Given the layout of the platform, employees walking by it would be at least the same 

distance, if not more, as the employees performing maintenance under the hatch. Instead, the Court 

agrees with Tevis that any potential exposure would most likely be the result of an intentional act. 

See Armour Food Co., 14 BNA OSHC 1817 (“While it was physically possible for Armour’s 

employees to reach into the mixer and touch the blades, the mere fact that it was not impossible 

for an employee to get his hands into the mixer blades does not demonstrate that the employee was 

exposed to a hazard.”). 

Because there is no evidence Respondent’s employees were exposed to a hazard posed by 

the rotating bushing, the Court finds Complainant failed to establish a violation of 29 C.F.R. § 

1910.212(a)(1). Accordingly, Citation 1, Item 1 shall be VACATED. 

B. Citation 2

Complainant alleged an other-than-serious violation of the Act in Citation 2, Item 1 as 

follows: 

29 CFR 1910.272(j)(1): The employer did not develop and implement a written 

housekeeping program that established the frequency and method(s) determined 

best to reduce accumulations of fugitive grain dust on ledges, floors, equipment, 

and other expose [sic] surfaces:
17

a) North Green Leg: On January 31, 2018 and at times prior thereto the frequency 

and housekeeping methods established by the employer were not robust enough 

to keep up to 4 inches of fugitive, combustible dust from accumulating on and 

around the north green leg area. 

See Citation and Notification of Penalty at 7. 

 The cited standard provides: 

The employer shall develop and implement a written housekeeping program that 

establishes the frequency and method(s) determined best to reduce accumulations 

of fugitive grain dust on ledges, floors, equipment, and other exposed surfaces. 

29 C.F.R. § 1910.272(j)(1). 

1. Cited Standard Applies 

According to 29 C.F.R. § 1910.272(b)(1), the cited standard applies to “grain elevators, 

feed mills, flour mills, rice mills, dust pelletizing plants, dry corn mills, soybean flaking operations, 

and the dry grinding operations of soycake.” Respondent’s facility grinds corn into feed for 

livestock. (Tr. 183). Thus, the standard applies. 

2. Cited Standard Was Violated 

Respondent has a written housekeeping program. The issue in this case is whether the 

frequency and methods of housekeeping laid out in Respondent’s program were sufficient for the 

purposes of addressing the accumulations observed by CSHO Behrend in the North Green Leg 

area of the plant. Complainant contends the amount of accumulations observed—up to 4 inches in 

one location—show the program was insufficient or, at the least, insufficiently implemented to 

comply with the terms of the standard. Respondent contends the accumulations observed by 

CSHO Behrend were not fugitive grain dust but the result of an overflow of spilled grain from a 

hatch on the leg, which was in need of repair. Additionally, Respondent argues its program 

adequately accounts for both spilled grain and fugitive grain dust. The Court disagrees. 
18

Under Subpart R, fugitive grain dust “means combustible dust particles, emitted from the 

stock handling system, of such size as will pass through a U.S. Standard 40 mesh sieve (425 

microns or less).” 29 C.F.R. § 1910.272(c). The standard for cleaning up fugitive grain dust 

depends on the location where it is found. If fugitive dust accumulations are found in a “priority” 

area, then such accumulations must be cleaned up once they exceed 1/8 of an inch. Id. § 

1910.272(j)(2)(ii). The North Green Leg of Respondent’s facility is located outdoors, which 

means it is not a priority area under the standard. See Id. § 1910.272(j)(2)(i). Spilled grain, on the 

other hand, is exempt from the definition of fugitive dust accumulation under § 1910.272(j)(4); 

however, Respondent’s housekeeping program must still address procedures for cleaning up grain 

spills. Id. § 1910.272(j)(4). 

CSHO Behrend took measurements of the accumulations around the North Green Leg, 

which were extensive, and found they ranged in depth from as little as one-quarter-of-an-inch to 

as much as four inches deep. (Tr. 102; Ex. C-2). She first observed these accumulations on the 

first day of her inspection and saw them again when she returned the following day when she 

returned to take samples. (Tr. 92–93). The accumulations ranged in consistency from powdery 

dust to hard caked material, which led CSHO Behrend to believe the accumulated material had 

been present for a while. (Tr. 91). She gathered samples from four separate locations, which she 

sent to the lab at OSHA’s Salt Lake Technical Center. As noted above, 72% of the sample passed 

through a 40-mesh sieve and was determined to be combustible. (Ex. C-21). This qualifies the 

accumulations as fugitive grain dust under the definition supplied by the standard. Further, the 

dust was present on nearly every surface in the surrounding area, including elevated ledges, outlets, 

and equipment, just like the language in the cited standard. (Ex. C-2, C-11 to C-20). This was not 
19

just a pile of spilled material, as Respondent has characterized it, as such a spill would mostly 

effect the floor area. As such, the Court finds the accumulations were fugitive grain dust. 

While Respondent has a program that accounts for grain spills and fugitive grain dust in 

priority areas, it does not account for fugitive grain dust in places like the outside area of the North 

Green Leg. (Ex. R-4). Thus, while Respondent has a housekeeping program, it is incomplete. The 

grain dust was not found in a priority area, which requires it to be cleaned up once it meets the 

required 1/8-inch threshold. See 29 C.F.R. § 1910.272(j)(2)(ii). Nevertheless, the Court agrees 

with Complainant a combustible substance, especially one found adjacent to electric installations, 

should represent a higher priority than mere spills. Accordingly, the Court finds the standard was 

violated. 

3. Employee Exposure to Hazard 

Through her interviews, CSHO Behrend presented evidence Respondent’s employees 

worked in the area around the North Green Leg. (Tr. 111–112). Respondent did not present any 

evidence to the contrary. Accordingly, the Court finds Respondent’s employees were exposed to 

the hazard posed by the fugitive grain dust. 

 

4. Employer Knowledge 

 At trial, Respondent stipulated that, if the conditions were shown to be a violation of the 

hazard, it had actual knowledge of those conditions. (Tr. 15). Indeed, Tevis testified the North 

Green Leg had a history of such accumulations. (Tr. 189). Accordingly, the Court finds 

Respondent had actual knowledge of the condition. 

5. Classification
20

A violation is considered “other than serious” when “there is a direct and immediate 

relationship between the violative condition and occupational safety and health, but not of such 

relationship that a resultant injury or illness is death or serious physical harm.” Crescent Wharf 

and Warehouse Co., 1 BNA OSHC 1219, 1222 (No. 1, 1973). The Court agrees with the 

classification of Complainant as no evidence was put forth that the violative condition would result 

in serious injury or illness or death. 

IV. PENALTY DETERMINATION

When a citation is issued, it may include a penalty amount. See 29 U.S.C. § 659(a). The 

penalty amounts proposed in a citation become advisory when an employer timely contests the 

matter. Brennan v. OSHRC, 487 F.2d 438, 441-42 (8th Cir. 1973); Revoli Constr. Co., 19 BNA 

OSHC 1682, 1686 n. 5 (No. 00-0315, 2001). The Secretary’s proposed penalties are not accorded 

the same deference the Commission gives his reasonable interpretations of an ambiguous standard. 

See Hern Iron Works, 16 BNA OSHC 1619, 1621 (No. 88-1962, 1994)(rejecting Secretary's 

contention that his penalty proposals are entitled to “substantial weight”); Nacirema Operating 

Co., 1 BNA OSHC 1001, 1003 (No. 4, 1972) (declining to agree with the with the result or 

methodology the Secretary used to calculate the penalties).

 Complainant did not propose a penalty for Citation 2, Item 1, because it was characterized 

as other-than-serious. The possibility of a hazard coming to fruition under the circumstances 

described above was remote. In fact, CSHO Behrend testified the accumulations would probably 

not start a fire or explode on its own but only contribute to the continuation of a fire if one were to 

occur. (Tr. 108). As such, the Court sees no reason to depart from Complainant’s recommendation. 

Accordingly, Citation 2, Item 1 shall be affirmed as am other-than-serious citation with no penalty 

to be assessed.
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V. ORDER

The foregoing Decision constitutes the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law in 

accordance with Rule 52(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Based upon the foregoing 

Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, it is ORDERED: 

1. Citation 1, Item 1 is VACATED.

2. Citation 2, Item 1 is AFFIRMED as other-than-serious, and no penalty is assessed. 

SO ORDERED

 /s/

 Patrick B. Augustine 

 Judge, OSHRC 

Date: October 21, 2019 

Denver, Colorado