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		<TITLE> CAPITOL Concrete Contractors,Inc., Docket No. 15-1823</TITLE>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="color:#00B050; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">Some personal identifiers have been redacted for privacy purposes.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">United States of America</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION<span>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SECRETARY OF LABOR</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
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								</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainan</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t,</span></p>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> v. </span></p>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CAPITOL CONCRETE CONTRACTORS, INC.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span></p>
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								</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHRC Docket No</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">5-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1823</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span> </p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Appearances:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Richard M.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Moyed</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, Esq., U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Dallas, Texas</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">For Complainant</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Kevin S. Mullen, Esq., Littler Mendelson, PC, Austin, Texas</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">F</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">or Respondent</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Be</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">fore: Administrativ</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">e Law Judge<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Peggy S. Ball</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">DECISION AND ORDER</span></p>
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				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">I.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Procedural History</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>This proceeding is before the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (“the Commission”)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pursuant to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ection 10(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 29 U.S.C. §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">659(c) (“the Act”).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In response to a report that one of Respondent’s employees was admitted to a hospital due to a work-related injury,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) conducted<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an inspection</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of Respondent’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">worksite</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on August 31, 2015</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">16</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">observations and investigation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Compliance Safety and Health Officer (CSHO)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Mark<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA issued a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Citation and Notification of Pena</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">lty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(“Citation”)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to Respond</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>alleging</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">one</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>serious</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>violation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and one other-than-serious violation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the Act,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">with</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">total<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">proposed penalty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of $</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">10,800</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.00</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Specifically</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Complainant alleges Respondent’s on-the-job training procedures for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">skid-steer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>operators placed trainers in harm’s way, in violation of section 5(a)(1) of the Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Complainant also alleges Respondent failed to contact OSHA within 24 hours of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the hospitalization of one of its employees.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>timely conte</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sted the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">trial took place on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">July 13, 2016</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Austin, Texas</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The only witness to testify was CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> At the close of Respondent’s cross-examination of CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Complainant rested its case. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">65</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Respondent moved for a directed verdict, which was denied by the Court, and ultimately rested without presenting additional evidence or testimony. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">65–66</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Both parties timely submitted post-trial briefs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">After reviewing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sparse<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">record</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>produced in this case</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the Court<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">finds Complainant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>failed to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">establish</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">either of the violations alleged in the Citation and Notification of Penalty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">II.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Jurisdiction</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he parties<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">submitted<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a Joint Stipulation Statement. The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stipulation states that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent is “an employer engaged in business affecting commerce within the meaning of section 3(5) of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">” and that the “Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission has jurisdiction<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of this proceeding under Section 10(c) of the Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.” (Ex. J-1). </span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">III.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Factual Background</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he facts of this case come entirely from the testimony of CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent did not present evidence but instead chose to rest its case on Complainant’s failure to meet his burden of proof. Thus, the Court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law hinge entirely on its assessment of the sufficiency of Complainant’s evidence. As noted above, the Court finds Complainant failed to meet its burden of proof.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">According to CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Respondent notified OSHA of the hospitalization of one of its employees on August 28, 2015. (Tr. 15). When he reached out to Respondent, CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was told they were no longer working in Bastrop, so the parties arranged to meet on August 31, 2015, at Respondent’s Liberty Hill Office. (Tr. 16). Respondent agreed to have the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">skid-steer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the operator, the injured<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">trainer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and the superintendent available. On Sunday, Jordan Moore, Respondent’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">vice-president</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, informed CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">skid-steer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had been moved to a worksite in Georgetown, so the parties agreed to change the location and time of the meeting. (Tr. 16). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">relayed the following facts about the incident, which occurred on August 26, 2015.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>D</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">uring<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">skid-steer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>operator training, the trainer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">R</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">edacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>noticed the trainee<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">lifted</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the bucket of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">skid-steer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>an elevated position, which was unusual because there was nothing in the bucket at the time. (Tr. 17–18). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>walked over to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">skid-steer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">reached into the cab while the loader bucket was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>still</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in a raised position</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and tried to point out the controls. (Tr. 18</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> As he was doing so, the bucket arms came down and fractured his wrist. (Tr. 18). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">According to CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’ testimony, Carlos Sanchez, the worksite superintendent, took<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to a Concentra clinic and eventually to St. David’s hospital.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">With respect to the trainer’s hospitalization, CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified regarding what Sanchez told him. Sanchez purportedly told<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>he had taken<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>first to a Concentra clinic, which, in turn, referred Sanchez and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to St. David’s hospital. (Tr. 32). According to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Sanchez stated he helped<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>get admitted to St. David’s and waited around until<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was given a prognosis and started receiving treatment. (Tr. 33). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>could not say, however, when<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was admitted to the hospital</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, but</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, based on his conversations with Sanchez,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>he believed it occurred around noon on August 26, 2015. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">53)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Although</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified about paperwork that would reflect the exact time of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>admission to the hospital, as well as the time of the report to OSHA, no such documents were introduced into evidence.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In response to the foregoing facts</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Complainant issued a two-item Citation and Notification of Penalty.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">IV.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Discussion</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
				</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As noted above, Complainant’s presentation of this case could most generously be characterized as perfunctory.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>In support of a $10,800 fine</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and two violations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Complainant’s case-in-chief comprised<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">25 pages of direct testimony from CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref2" href="#ftn2">1</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent only introduced one exhibit during its cross-examination of CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, but otherwise called no witnesses. Thus, the Court is presented with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a fairly simple question: Is Complainant’s evidence, standing alone, sufficient to meet his burden of proof with respect to two separate violations of the Act? The Court finds that it is not.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Applicable Law</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:6px; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To prove a violation of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">general</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">duty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">clause</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the Secretary must show that: (1) a condition or activity in the workplace presented a hazard; (2) the employer or its industry recognized the hazard; (3) the hazard was likely to cause death or serious physical harm; and (4) a feasible means existed to eliminate or materially reduce the hazard.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pegasus Tower</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 21 BNA OSHC 1190, 1191 (No. 01-0547, 2005).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:6px; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To establish a violation of an OSHA standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>pursuant to 5(a)(2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">must establish: (1) the standard applies to the facts; (2) the employer failed to comply with the terms of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>standard; (3) employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were exposed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the hazard covered by the standard, and (4) the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employer had actual or constructive knowledge of the violation (i.e.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the employer knew</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with the exercise of reasonable diligence</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>could have known of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">violative</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>condition).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Atlantic Battery Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">16 BNA OSHC 2131, 2138 (No. 90-1747, 1994).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:6px; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In both cases, Complainant’s burden is the same: he has the burden of establishing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>each element by a preponderance of the evidence.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Hartford Roofing Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1361 (No. 92-3855, 1995). “Preponderance of the evidence” has been defined as:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:53.733px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The greater weight of the evidence, not necessarily established by the greater number of witnesses testifying to a fact<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">but by evidence that has the most convincing force</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; superior evidentiary weight that, though not sufficient to free the mind wholly from all reasonable doubt, is still sufficient to incline a fair and impartial mind to one side of the issue rather than the other. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Black’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s Law Dictionary, “Preponderance of the Evidence” (10th ed. 2014)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(emphasis added)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">B.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 1</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:96px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:28.8px; text-indent:.508cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant alleged a serious violation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Act in Citation 1, Item 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as follows:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSH ACT of 1970 Section (5)(a)(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> The employer did not furnish employment and a place of employment which were free from recognized hazards that were causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees where employees were exposed to a struck by hazard from heavy equipment.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On or about 26 August 2015, and at times prior thereto, an employee engaged in training operations for a new<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Skid-steer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Loader operator would routinely approach the operational Loader at the construction jobsite and was exposed to a struck by hazard from the equipment.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Feasible means of abatement for this hazard, among others, includes the following measure(s): 1) Follow the Manufacturer’s Operation & Maintenance Manual for the Caterpillar Ski Steer Loader that explicitly warns in the safety section to keep bystanders away when operating. 2) Ensure clearance from the machine is maintained during operation. 3) Lower all mechanisms before approaching. 4) Power down the equipment before approaching. 5) Utilize brace for the Loader’s lift arms when approaching while the bucket and arm are raised. 6) Conduct more yard training of new operators that covers the various controls, and provide a practical evaluation prior to allowing the operation of the Loader at any jobsite.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation and Notification of Penalty at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">6</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:144px; text-indent:-.318cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; margin-left:144.933px; text-indent:-.318cm; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">i.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Complainant Failed to Prove the Existence of a Hazard</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In order to determine whether Complainant established the existence of a hazard, it is important to clarify what conduct, exactly, Complainant contends is hazardous.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Otis Elevator Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 21 BNA OSHC 2204, 2206 (No. 03-1344, 2007)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“As part of her burden, the Secretary must<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">define</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the cited hazard in a manner that gives the employer fair notice o</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">f its obligations under the Act . . . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Although<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was injured while reaching inside of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">skid-steer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>cab, Complainant did not cite Respondent for that act; rather, Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">expanded the scope of the citation to allege</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a more general hazard—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">approaching an operational<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">skid-steer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>during the training process</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 42).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">So far as the Court can tell, this activity<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>characterized as</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>hazardous</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">because</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the trainer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>could presumably be struck by the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">skid-steer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>loader or its implements</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Indeed, CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>stated, “It’s the fact that the trainer is next to a running fully functional<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">skid-steer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>loader when the manual clearly states that there is no clearance for a person to be there and NIOSH also says bystanders are to be kept away from the machine.” (Tr. 29).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Presumably,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>would have avoided<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">breaking his wrist</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had he not approached the running<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">skid-steer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; however,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">extrapolating outward from avoiding<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">his particular</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>injury to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a general prohibition against “approaching” a running<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">skid-steer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at all requires<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">more</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>than evidence<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was injured when he reached into the cab</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Arcadian Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC 2001 (No. 93-0628, 2004) (“[T]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Commission has held that it is the hazard, not the specific incident that resulted in injury or might have resulted in injury, that is the relevant consideration in determining the e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">xistence of a recognized hazard.”).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> The problem, though, is Complainant provided very little<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">persuasive</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>evidence with respect to the purported hazard.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>In support of his argument that approaching an operational<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">skid-steer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was hazardous, Complainant relies upon three sources: (1) a NIOSH Alert entitled, “Preventing Injuries and Deaths from Skid-Steer Loaders”; (2) selected portions of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">skid-steer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>operation manual; and (3)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the warning labels affixed to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">skid-steer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref3" href="#ftn3">2</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>As discussed below, however, none of these documents either clarifies Complainant’s allegation or substantiates the existence of the hazard as alleged. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>With respect to the NIOSH<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">lert, Complainant places significant emphasis on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">following warning at the beginning of the Alert: “WARNING! Workers who operate or work near skid-steer loaders may be crushed or caught by the machine or its parts.” (Ex. C-2). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Put simply</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(and unsurprisingly)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, there are hazards associated with working in or near skid-steer loaders. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">However, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Alert also recognizes that employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">must</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>work in or near skid-steers, and therefore states, “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">If you operate or work near<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">skid-steer loaders, take these steps to protect yourself.” (Ex. C-2) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">emphasis</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>added). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">For the most part, the Alert addresses</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the specific hazards of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>operating, entering, and exiting</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a skid-steer, which are not germane to the present analysis; however, the Alert also states that operators should “[k]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">eep</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>bystanders away from the work area.” (Ex. C-2). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Notwithstanding the cited passage,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">there is no general prohibition against approaching an operational skid-steer. Right before the list of safe operating procedures, the Alert recognizes that employees work near skid-steer loaders. (Ex. C-2). Although the Alert’s procedures state that “bystanders” must be kept away from the “work area”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>those terms are left undefined, and Complainant provided no clarity as to how those terms should be interpreted other than to say that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">approaching<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a running</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>skid-steer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>during training</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, as a general rule, is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazardous. Under this set of facts, it is not clear to the Court that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(or any trainer) was a bystander, nor is it clear as to what constitutes the “work area”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. To clarify this problem, the Court<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">highlights one of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Complainant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s proposed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>abatement method</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">: “Ensure clearance from the machine is maintained during operation.” Citation and Notification of Penalty at 6. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As with the term “work area”,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>failed to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>clarify what constitutes adequate “clearance”,</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref4" href="#ftn4">3</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and he failed to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">provide evidence indicating</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the specific manner in which Respondent’s training procedures “routinely” failed to account for it.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Indeed,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">admitted</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>he did not ask<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>whether he was following company policy or his training when he approached the skid-steer. (Tr. 45). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">While the NIOSH Alert is explicit in its<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">description</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of safe operating procedures and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the proper methods for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">exiting</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">entering the cab of a skid-steer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, it does not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">clarify Complainant’s allegation that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>approaching a running skid-steer during training</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is hazardous. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In fact, the Alert even accounts for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a similar</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>situation:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:60.467px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Never work on the machine with the engine running unless directed to do so by the operator’s manual. Follow the manufacturer’s safety recommendations to complete the task.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">If the adjustments require that the engine be in operation, use an additional person and work as a 2-person team with a trained operator positioned in the operator’s station who can effectively communicate with the worker making the adjustment.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Ex. C-2 at 9) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">emphasis</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>added). Further, as regards training, which is the subject of this citation item, the Alert directs users to the manufacturer’s operator and service manuals, as well as the equipment<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">dealer’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or manufacturer’s “manuals, instructional videos, and operator or service training courses”. (Ex. C-2 at 10). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">No additional evidence regarding these sources was introduced at trial.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The skid-steer operation manual</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and warning labels provide</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>no additional clarity. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The warnings identified by Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">are described in the manual and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>specifically</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>deal</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with the hazards presented by the loader arms of the skid-steer. Specifically, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">‘</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Crush Hazard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>states, “This warning is located on both of the loader<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">arms</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the machines that are equipped with extended reach.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>. . . No clearance for person in this area during operation. Severe injury or death<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">from crushing could occur. Stay away from the work tool while it is in operation.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Ex. C-3).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>These warnings are<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">specifically<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">tailored to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">crushing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazards associated with the loader arms</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>confirmed this when he testified that “no clearance for person in this area” means “keeping clear of the loader arms.” (Tr. 22).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> As stated previously, Complainant improperly attempts to expand these specific hazards into a more general prohibition against “approaching” an operational skid-steer.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref5" href="#ftn5">4</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> This expansion is unwarranted by any of the foregoing warnings, which are specific to a particular hazard.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">contends</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the manner in which Respondent trains its employees is hazardous notwithstanding the fact that the Court has been presented with precious little evidence of how training is, in fact, carried out. Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">asserts, without proof, Respondent’s trainers<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">routinely</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>approach operational skid-steers during on-the-job training</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and that this activity is hazardous.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref6" href="#ftn6">5</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> In this case, however,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was not injured because he approached an operational skid-steer; he was injured when he stuck his hand into the cabin beneath the raised loader arms, a hazard which is repeatedly identified in the literature submitted by Complainant.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Ex. C-2, C-3).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant’s attempt to expand upon these specific hazards to identify a more general hazard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>must fail. There is simply no proof that standing next to an op</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">erational and, by all accounts, idle skid-steer<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in order to give training instruction</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>exposed Respondent’s employees to a hazard. </span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:144px; text-indent:-.318cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; margin-left:144.933px; text-indent:-.318cm; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">ii.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Hazard was not Recognized</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A hazard is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>‘recognized’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>within the meaning of the general duty clause if the hazard is known either by the employer or its industry.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Oberdorfer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Indus., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC 1321 (No.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">97-0469<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">et al.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 2003). In that regard, “[m]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">anufacturers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’ instructions and voluntary industry standards that contain explicit safety warnings regarding compliance may be probative evidence in establishing a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">general</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">duty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">clause</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>violation.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">K.E.R. Enters., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC 2241 (No. 08-1225, 2013).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>As discussed above, the documents introduced by Complainant do not contain explicit safety warnings about approaching the cab of a skid-steer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; instead, the Alert, safety manual, and warnings all target hazards specifically associated with the loader arms during entry, exit, while performing maintenance, or during regular work. Nor, for that matter,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was there any evidence</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, such as previous injuries or citations,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to suggest Respondent was specifically aware of a hazard.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Furthermore, CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified he was unaware of any industry standard that says how close to an operational skid-steer an employee may stand.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 46).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Ultimately</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Complainant’s failure is one of specificity and context. Surely, there are instances when approaching an operational skid-steer may be hazardous, such as when the bucket is raised or when it is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“in operation”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">but</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>those hazards are</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>already</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>addressed by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">industry documents introduced by Complainant.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Ex. C-2, C-3).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hose are not situations addressed by Complainant’s citation item. Instead, Complainant specifically identified approaching<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an operational</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>skid-steer in the context of training as being hazardous.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref7" href="#ftn7">6</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The distinction between “in operation” and “operational” may be slight, but it is important to the context of this alleged violation. “In operation” implies that the skid-steer is in the process of doing something; whereas “operational” implies that it is capable of carrying out that process, i.e., running, but not necessarily working. Those two contexts present entirely different hazards</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which Complainant attempts to conflate without illustrating their similarity. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Accordingly, the Court finds that Complainant failed to prove the existence of a recognized hazard.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:144px; text-indent:-.318cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:144.933px; text-indent:-.318cm; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">iii.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Complainant Failed to Establish a Feasible Means to Abate the Hazard</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">E</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ven if the Court were to conclude that Complainant established the existence of a recognized hazard (it does not), the Court finds Complainant failed to establish a feasible means to abate the hazard.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Phillips Petroleum Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 11 BNA OSHC 1776 (No. 78-1816, 1984) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“A violation of the general duty clause cannot be sustained unless the Secretary is able (1) to establish the type of employer conduct necessary to avoid citation under similar circumstances and (2) to demonstrate the feasibility and likely utility of such conduct.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(quoting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Cargill, Inc.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Nutrena</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Feed Division</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 10 BNA OSHC 1398 (No. 78–5707, 1982)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)).<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">There was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">virtually no testimony</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>regarding what constituted a feasible means of abatement</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; indeed, the words “abatement” and “feasible” do not appear in the transcript</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. The only<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">discussion of preventative conduct</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>occurred when the CSHO testified that a brace bar would have prevented t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he injury suffered by the trainer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">in this instance</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 26).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The problem, however, is the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazard alleged in the citation item</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">specifically targeted</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the positioning of the trainer<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">relative to the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>cab during<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">training</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">While t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he brace bar prevents the loader arms from descending<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">unexpectedly,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">does not address</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—at least not completely—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>more general hazard alleged in the C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">itation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Otherwise, there was no discussion whatsoever of what would constitute a safe distance from the skid-steer or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">any other proposed abatement measures identified in the Citation and Complainant’s post-trial brief. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Aside from the brief mention of the brace bar, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">here was simply no evidence as to how this purported hazard should be abated, nor was there evidence to suggest that any of the proposed methods would be feasible or effective</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in addressing the hazard identified in the Citation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The D.C. Circuit addressed the Secretary’s burden in the context of abatement in a case similar to the one at bar (insofar as Complainant did not meet its evidentiary burden). It stated:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Only by requiring the Secretary, at the hearing, to formulate and defend his own theory of what a cited defendant should have done can the Commission and the courts assure evenhanded enforcement of the general duty<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">clause.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Because employers have a general duty to do virtually everything possible to prevent and repress hazardous conduct by employees, violations exist almost everywhere, and the Secretary has an awesomely broad discretion in selecting defendants and in proposing penalties. To assure that citations issue only upon careful deliberation, the Secretary must be constrained to specify the particular steps a cited employer should have taken to avoid citation, and to demonstrate the feasibility and likely utility of those measures.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">National Realty & Constr. Co., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 489 F.2d 1257, 1268 (D.C. Cir. 1973). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">It is not enough for Complainant to merely list the things that Respondent should have done to prevent this vague and undefined hazard. To meet his burden, Complainant must provide evidence of how those steps will abate the identified hazard and whether implementing them will be feasible. Complainant failed on both counts.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:144px; text-indent:-.318cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:144.933px; text-indent:-.318cm; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">iv.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Respondent<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">did not Have Knowledge of the Hazard</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In addition to proving the four primary elements of a general duty clause violation, it is also incumbent upon Complainant to prove Respondent “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">knew or, with the exercise of reasonable diligence, could have known of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">violative</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>condition</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Regina Constr. Co</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 1044 (No. 87-1309, 1991);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also S.J. Louis Constr. of Texas</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 25 BNA OSHC 1892 (No. 12-1045, 2016). “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In assessing reasonable diligence, the Commission considers several factors, including an employer’s obligations to implement adequate work rules and training programs, adequately supervise employees, anticipate hazards, and take measures to prevent violations from occurring.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(citations omitted). This case occurred in the jurisdiction of the Fifth Circuit, to which this case could be appealed. In both the Fifth Circuit and before the Commission, the actual or constructive knowledge of a supervisor can be imputed to the employer.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Rawson Contractors Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC 1078, 1080</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">–</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">81 (No. 99-0018, 2003);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">W.G. Yates & Sons Constr. Co. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 459 F.3d 604, 608 n.6 (5th Cir. 2006)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. If, however, Complainant seeks to impute the supervisor’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">knowledge of his own misconduct, the Fifth Circuit requires that such misconduct was foreseeable by “showing that the employer’s safety, training, and discipline are inadequate.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">W.G. Yates</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 456 F.3d at 608–609.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Complainant did not address the issue of knowledge either in its presentation of the evidence or in his post-trial brief.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref8" href="#ftn8">7</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> It is not clear whether Complainant claims knowledge should be imputed through<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Sanchez, or Moore. This “who”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is important because it<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">determines what standard should be applied<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to establish actual or constructive knowledge. In either case, however, Complainant did not meet its burden of proof.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>If Complainant sought to prove knowledge though<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the trainer whose misconduct led to the citation, it would need to establish that his misconduct was foreseeable.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> In order to prove foreseeability, Complainant must show that Respondent’s training, safety, and discipline are inadequate.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Complainant did not introduce any evidence regarding Respondent’s training, safety, or disciplinary regimes, and therefore cannot prove that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s actions were foreseeable. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, based on these facts,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s knowledge cannot be imputed to Respondent.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">While there is “more” evidence with respect to knowledge on behalf of Sanchez and Moore, the Court still finds it is insufficient to meet Complainant’s burden.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In response to leading questions from Complainant’s counsel, CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that it was “normal policy” for Respondent’s trainers to walk up to an operational skid-steer during on-the-job training. (Tr. 18). The problem, however, is there is no indication in the record as to how he learned this was part of the training routine. CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that he spoke to Moore, Sanchez,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, but there is no indication as to who told him about this routine</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, instead stating that his inspection<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“revealed” that it was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a “normal process”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Indeed, in response to cross-examination, CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>admitted: (1) other than<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, he did not speak to other employees engaged in skid-steer training operations;</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(2)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">neither Moore nor Sanchez told him</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>about any other employees that conduct training, other than<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">) he did not ask<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>whether he was following company policy, rules, or training when he approached the skid-steer and reached inside the cab. (Tr. 40</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">–</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">45).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>What is missing is competent, credible evidence illustrating that either Moore or Sanchez was aware of how<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was carrying out training or that Respondent’s training procedures specifically call for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to act in the manner that he did. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Based on the evidence, and Complainant’s failure to even address the issue, the Court finds that Complainant failed to prove Respondent had constructive or actual knowledge of the purported violation.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Accordingly, based on the foregoing discussion, Citation 1, Item 1 is VACATED.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">C.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 2, Item 1</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:28.8px; text-indent:.508cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>alleged</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a serious violation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the Act in Citation 2, Item 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as follows</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 CFR 19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">04.39(a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> The employer did not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">report an in-patient hospitalization, amputation, or loss of an eye as a result of a work-related incident to OSHA within twenty-four hours.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On or about 26 August 2015, the employer failed to report to OSHA a work-related in-patient hospitalization of one or more employees within 24 hours.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation and Notification of Penalty at 9.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The cited standard provides:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Within twenty-four (24) hours after the in-patient hospitalization of one or more employees or an employee’s amputation or an employee’s loss of an eye, as a result of a work-related incident, you must report the in-patient hospitalization, amputation, or loss of an eye to OSHA.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">04.39(a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As noted above in Section III,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Complainant failed to introduce documentary evidence indicating when<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was admitted to the hospital and when the call was received by OSHA. Even if the Court were to accept CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’ testimony that Sanchez told him<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was admitted to St. David’s hospital “around noon” on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">August 26, 2015</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, that only helps the Court determine when the 24-hour clock began.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">15,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">53–54).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At trial, CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>said he learned about the hospital admission from the company’s report to OSHA; however, no documents were introduced to confirm that fact. (Tr. 54). Instead, CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that Sherry<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Lascowski</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>called the office and reported the hospitalization. (Tr. 55). The Court overruled an objection from Respondent’s counsel regarding this testimony</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to allow some latitude to establish foundation. However, evaluating the complete submission,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the Court agrees that this testimony is double hearsay.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">F.R.E.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">805</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. While Ms.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Lascowski’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>statements could be excepted from the hearsay rule as an admission of a party opponent under F.R.E. 801(d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">there are two major problems with accepting this testimony. First, there was no foundation laid to establish that Ms.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Lascowski</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was, in fact, an employee of Respondent. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>did not speak with Ms.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Lascowski</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and, thus, he did not have direct knowledge of who she was or whether she was authorized to speak on behalf of Respondent. (Tr. 55). Second, even if the Court were to accept that Ms.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Lascowski</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was an employee of Respondent,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant cannot overcome the hearsay problem<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">how</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">learned<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">about the call from Ms.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Lascowski</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Presumably, this call was logged and documented by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">one of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s employees, and the information was eventually provided to CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> What is unknown is how CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>received that information. Had Complainant introduced the records upon which CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moravits</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’ knowledge was based, such records would have cured the second part of the double<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hearsay problem because they likely would have qualified under the business records exception.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref9" href="#ftn9">8</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">F.R.E. 803(6)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.422cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Without competent evidence to ascertain the time at which Respondent made the call to Complainant, the Court cannot find that Respondent violated the standard. Accordingly, Citation 2, Item 1 is VACATED.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">ORDER</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The foregoing Decision constitutes the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law in accordance with Rule 52(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based upon the foregoing Findings of Fact and Conclus</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ions of Law, it is ORDERED that:</span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is VACATED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">2.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 2, Item 1 is VACATED.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SO ORDERED</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/</span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Peggy S. Ball</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Judge, OSHRC</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Date:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>February 27, 2017</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Denver, Colorado</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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			<hr/>"
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				<p>
					<a name="ftn-1" href="#ftnref-1"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn0" href="#ftnref0"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn1" href="#ftnref1"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn2" href="#ftnref2"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">1 </span></a>. This page count reflects only the periods of time during which CSHO<span>
					</span>Moravits<span><span></span>
					</span>was under direct or redirect examination and does not include interludes for objections and rulings. As such, the total page count is likely lower.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn3" href="#ftnref3"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">2 </span></a>. Complainant also relies upon these sources to establish that the hazard was recognized.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn4" href="#ftnref4"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">3 </span></a>. The terms “clearance”, as stated by Complainant in the Citation, and “work area”, as indicated in the NIOSH Alert, appear to be interchangeable, but neither provides additional clarity to Complainant’s allegation.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn5" href="#ftnref5"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">4 </span></a>. This point is illustrated by Complainant’s counsel, who, in response to CSHO<span>
					</span>Moravits’ statement that “no clearance” means “keeping clear of the loader arms”, asked, “So, essentially it’s saying, ‘Stay clear of the skid steer when it’s fully functional?’”<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 22).<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn6" href="#ftnref6"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">5 </span></a>. The only evidence that this behavior was “routine” are the conclusory statements by CSHO<span>
					</span>Moravits<span><span></span>
					</span>that his investigation “revealed” the nature of Respondent’s training procedures. None of these revelations are supported by statements from Respondent’s employees or documented training procedures. (Tr. 17–18). </p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn7" href="#ftnref7"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">6 </span></a>. CSHO<span>
					</span>Moravits<span><span></span>
					</span>stated that he did not inquire into whether employees approached skid-steers during regular work activities, outside of the training context. (Tr. 42).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn8" href="#ftnref8"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">7 </span></a>. Though the Court<span>
					</span>does<span><span></span>
					</span>not rely on it, the Notice of the Filing of Trial Transcript clearly states, “Issues not briefed will be deemed abandoned.”<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See Georgia-Pacific Corp.</span>, 15 BNA OSHC 1127, 1136 (No. 89-2713, 1991).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn9" href="#ftnref9"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">8 </span></a>. The fact that the Court relied upon this testimony to establish<span>
					</span>what precipitated<span><span></span>
					</span>the inspection, however, does not implicate hearsay. The statement was not used for the truth of the<span>
					</span>matter asserted; rather,<span>
					</span>the phone call was used to ascertain its effect on the mind of the listener.<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">United States v.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">DeVincent</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">,</span><span><span></span>
					</span>632 F.2d 147, 151 (1st Cir.<span><span></span>
					</span>1980) (holding certain out-of-court statements were<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">not</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">hearsay</span><span><span></span>
					</span>because they were admissible “for their<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">effect</span><span><span></span>
					</span>on the hearer”),<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">cert. denied,</span><span><span></span>
					</span>449 U.S. 986 (1980).</p>
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