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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:13.333px; line-height:1.15; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><br/></span> </p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:center; margin-right:24px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">United States of America</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:center; margin-right:24px; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:center; margin-right:24px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">100 Alabama St. S.W</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:center; margin-right:24px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Building 1924 Room 2R90</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:center; margin-right:24px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Atlanta, GA 30303-31</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">0</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">4</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">SECRETARY OF LABOR,</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Complainant,</span></p>
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							<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">v.</span></p>
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							<p style="text-align:center; "> </p>
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							<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
								</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">OSHRC Docket No.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
									</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">16-1163</span></p>
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							<p><span style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">PAYTON ROOFING, INC.</span><span style="text-transform:uppercase;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span></p>
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							<p style="text-align:center; "> </p>
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							<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Respondent.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; margin-left:72px; margin-right:24px; "><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "><br/></span><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">DECISION AND ORDER</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">COUNSEL:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Patricia J. Craft</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, Attorney, U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Atlanta, GA</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, for Complainant.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Timothy</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>D.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Payton</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Pro se,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Coral Springs, FL</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, for Respondent.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">JUDGE: John B. Gatto, United States Administrative Law Judge.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">I. INTRODUCTION</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Payton Roofing, Inc.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">was cited by the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">United States Department of Labor’s</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref1" href="#ftn1">1</a></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">on July 1, 2016</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">for<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">an<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">alleged</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>serious</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref2" href="#ftn2">2</a></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">violati</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">on of<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (Act</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref3" href="#ftn3">3</a></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">and the</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_ptext-18 style_ptext-18 " style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>standards</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>promulgated thereunder.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref4" href="#ftn4">4</a></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Specifically, OSHA assert</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ed</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Payton</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Roofing</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">’s employees were</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>engaged in<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">roofing<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">repair</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>work on January 19, 2016,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>without complying with<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">OSHA’s fall protection standard applicable to safety monitoring systems</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref5" href="#ftn5">5</a></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The citation proposed<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">penalt</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">y of $2,400.00</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, which<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Payton</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Roofing<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">timely<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">contested</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Co</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">urt finds the Co</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">mmission has jurisdiction of this action under section 10(c)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 659(c)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and that<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Payton</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Roofing</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is an employer within the meaning of section (5) of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 652(5</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span>Although<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Timothy</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Payton</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">served as the registered agent of<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Payton Roofing</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, was one of its corporate officers, and filed<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Payton Roofing</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>notice of contest</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>contesting the “fine</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>he failed to appear at the pretrial conference and failed to appear at trial, both after having been properly noticed at his mailing address of record and at his email address of record. At trial, the Secretary</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">of Labor</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>moved for a default judgment, which the Court denied, since the Secretary ha</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the burden of proof. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Pursuant to Rule 52(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, after carefully considering all the evidence<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">and the arguments of counsel</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, the Court issues this Decision and Order as its findings of fact and conclusions of law.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref6" href="#ftn6">6</a></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> If any finding is in truth a conclusion of law, or if any stated conclusion is in truth a finding of fact, it shall be deemed so.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">For the reasons indicated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">infra</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the citation<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">AFFIRMED</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Payton</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Roofing</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is assessed a civil penalty of $</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">2,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">8</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">00.00</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">II.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">BACKGROUND</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">On January 19, 2016, on his way to work,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Eduardo Vivas-Vendrell</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Vivas</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">an<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">OSHA<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Compliance Safety and Health Officer</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">passed<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">a</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>commercial roofing project<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">in<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Pembroke Pines, Florida</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">and<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">observed<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">employees</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">working<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">on top of<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">a ro</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">of</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">about 9 feet<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">off the ground</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. </span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Vivas</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>noticed the employees appeared to be working</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">without any fall protection.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">After<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Vivas opened an inspection of the worksite</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Vivas initially noticed the workers on the front side of the roof, and upon walking around the building, also noticed employees working on the backside of the roof, which he was unable to see<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">while he was<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">standing in front of the building. Vivas<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">personally observed that none of<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">employees had any fall protection</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Timothy</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Payton,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">an officer of the</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>company,</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref7" href="#ftn7">7</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was on the ground<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the front</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>side<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">of the</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">building<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">when Vivas arrived on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the work</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">site.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Timothy</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Payton admitted to Vivas</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that the employees on the roof were Payton Roofing employees</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. When asked by Vivas why none of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">workers had any fall protection, Timothy Payton stated</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, “I’m<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the monitor.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">”</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Sometime in June,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Vivas call</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ed</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Timothy<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Payton</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to obtain information about Payton<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Roofing</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">’s safety program. Payton could not talk and told Vivas to call him later, which Vivas did. Vivas “</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">called and called and he never</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">returned the call back again.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">” Thus, Payton Roofing<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">did not provide any information to Vivas regarding any</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>company</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>safety p</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">rogram it had in effect</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">III. ANALYSIS</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The fundamental objective of the Act is to prevent occupational deaths and serious injuries.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Whirlpool Corp. v. Marshall</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 445 U.S. 1, 11 (1980). To achieve this purpose, the Act imposes two duties on an employer: a “general duty” to provide to “each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees,” 29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1); and a specific duty to comply with all applicable occupational safety and health standards promulgated under the Act.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 654(a)(2). Pursuant to that authority the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">standard at issue in this case</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was promulgated</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref8" href="#ftn8">8</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">In the Eleventh Circuit, the jurisdiction in which this case arose,</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref9" href="#ftn9">9</a></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the Secretary will make out a prima facie case for the violation of an OSHA standard by showing (1) that the regulation applied; (2) that it was violated; (3) that an employee was exposed to the hazard that was created; and importantly, (4) that the employer “knowingly disregarded” the Act's requirements.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">ComTran Grp., Inc. v. U.S. Dep't of Labor</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 722 F.3d 1304, 1307 (11th Cir.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">2013).</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> “If the Secretary establishes a prima facie case with respect to all four elements, the employer may then come forward and assert the affirmative defense of unpreventable or unforeseeable employee misconduct.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">ComTran</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 722 F.3d<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">at 1308</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">Alleged Violation</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:.847cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The citation alleges Payton<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Roofing<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">committed a serious violation of the Secretary’s fall protection standard related to fall protection systems cr</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">iteria and practices</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, when the</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“safety monitor was not on the same walking/working surface and within visual sighting distance of the employee being monitored.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">” Th</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">e Secretary’s fall protection<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">standard<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">specifically<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">mandates that</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">employer<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">shall designate a competent person to monitor the safety of other employees and the employer shall ensure that the safety monitor<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>. . .<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">shall be on the same walking/working surface and within visual sighting distance of the employee being monitored</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">[.]”<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.502(h)(1)(iii).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">Applicability of Standard</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Secretary’s fall protection standard<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">applies to “each employee engaged in roofing work on low-slope roofs, with unprotected sides and edges 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above a lower level.”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref10" href="#ftn10">10</a></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 C.F.R. § 1926.501(b)(10). “Roofing work” is defined as “the hoisting, storage, application, and removal of roofing materials and equipment, including related insulation, sheet metal, and vapor barrier work, but not including the construction of the roof deck.” 29 C.F.R. § 1926.500(b).</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>A “l</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ow-slope roof</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">” </span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">means “a roof having a slope less than or equal to 4 in 12 (vertical to horizontal).”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Here, Payton Roofing’s employees were engaged in roofing work since they were involved in the application and removal of roofing materials. Payton Roofing’s employees were working on a roof with unprotected sides and edges approximately 9 feet above the lower level. </span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Vivas measured the roof and determined it was a “low slope” roof since<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">it<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">measured 3<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">in 12</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. </span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Therefore, the Secretary’s fall protection standard was applicable to the cited condition.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">Standard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">Violation</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Timothy</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Payton admitted to Vivas<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">that he was the company’s safety monitor on site. </span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">As indicated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, under the Secretary’s cited standard, Payton Roofing was required to</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“ensure that the safety monitor . . . shall be on the same walking/working surface and within visual sighting distance of the employee being monitored[.]”<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.502(h)(1)(iii). Here, w</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">hen Vivas arrived on the worksite and observed<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Payton Roofing’s employees working on the roof without fall protection,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Timothy</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Payton</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">was on the ground</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">and therefore was not<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">same walking/working surface of the employee</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">he was monitoring</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Further, since<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Vivas</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>observed employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">work</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">on both the fro</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">nt side and</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>back</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">side</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the roof</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and when he arrived<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Timothy</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Payton</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">was on the ground in the front of the building,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Timothy</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Payton</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">was not within<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">visual sighting distance of the employee</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">he was monitoring that were<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">working on the backside of the roof. </span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Thus, the Secretary has established that Payton<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Roofing violated the cited standard.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">Exposure to Hazard</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“The Secretary always bears the burden of proving employee exposure to the violative conditions.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Fabricated Metal Products, Inc.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 1072, 1074 (No. 93-1853, 1997) (citations and footnotes omitted). </span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The Commission’s longstanding “reasonably predictable” test for</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>hazard exposure requires the</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Secretary<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">to “</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">show that it is reasonably predictable either by operational necessity or otherwise (including inadvertence), that employees have been, are, or will be in the zone of danger.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Delek Ref., Ltd</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">., 25 BNA OSHC 1365, 1376 (No. 08-1386, 2015) (</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">citing Fabricated Metal Prods., Inc.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 1072, 1074 (No. 93-1853, 1997)).</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> See also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Rockwell Intl. Corp.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 9 BNA</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1092 (</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">No. 12470, 1980</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Gilles & Cotting</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 3 BNA<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">OSHC 2002 (No. 504, 1976).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> The zone of danger is the “area surrounding the violative condition that presents the danger to employees.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Boh Bros. Constr. Co., LLC</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 24 BNA OSHC 1067, 1085 (No. 09-1072, 2013) (</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">citing RGM Constr. Co.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1229, 1234 (No. 91-2107, 1995)). As the Commission noted in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Gilles & Cotting</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 3 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">at<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">2003, the scope of the zone of danger is relative to the wording of the standard and the nature of the hazard at issue. Here, the zone of danger presented was the unprotected sides and edges of the roof. “Our inquiry then is whether the employees' proximity” to the unprotected sides and edges of the roof “makes it reasonably predictable that they will enter these zones of danger by slipping or falling.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Fabricated Metal</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC at 1076. </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The photographs taken by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Vivas</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, and corroborated by his tes</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">timo</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ny, clearly establish<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the proximity of some of Payton<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Roofing’s employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">to the unprotected sides and edges of the roof, which “makes it reasonably predictable that they will enter these zones of danger by slipping or falling.” Thus, the Court concludes the Secretary has shown “that it is reasonably predictable either by operational necessity or otherwise (including inadvertence), that employees have been, are, or will be in the zone of danger” without proper fall protection.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Delek Ref., Ltd</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">., 25 BNA OSHC at 1376. Therefore, the Secretary has established employee exposure to the cited conditions.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">Knowledge of Violation</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The knowledge element of the prima facie case can be shown in one of two ways.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Eller-Ito Stevedoring Co.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">, LLC v. Sec'y of Labor</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 567 F. App'x 801, 803</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(11th Cir. 2014)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">ComTran</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 1307</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“First, where the Secretary shows that a supervisor had either actual or constructive knowledge of the violation, such knowledge is generally imputed to the employer.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">ComTran</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 1307–08</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. “In the alternative, the Secretary can show knowledge based upon the employer's failure to implement an adequate safety program, with the rationale being that—in the absence of such a program—the misconduct was reasonably foreseeable.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 803</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">-04 (citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">ComTran</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">at 1308</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">However,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">in the Eleventh Circuit,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">a</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“supervisor's ‘</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">rogue conduct</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">’</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>cannot be imputed to the employer in that situation.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Rather,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">‘</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">employer knowledge must be established, not vicariously through the violator's knowledge, but by either the employer's actual knowledge, or by its constructive knowledge based on the fact that the employer could, under the circumstances of the case, foresee the unsafe conduct of the supervisor [that is, with evidence of lax safety standards].</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">’</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">ComTran</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1316</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(citation omitted). </span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Here,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Timothy</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Payton</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was not just a supervisor; he was a</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>corporate<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">officer of Payton Roofing. </span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Therefore,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">not only did<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Timothy</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Payton</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">have actual knowledge<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">of his violative conduct but so did<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Payton Roofing</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">since<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">a corporation<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">cannot act other than through its officers, employees, and agents.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">”</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">United Techs. Corp. v. Mazer</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 556 F.3d 1260, 127</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(11th Cir. 2009)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Palazzo v. Gulf Oil Corp.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 764 F.2d 1381, 1385 (11th Cir.1985)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Therefore, the Secretary has established Payton Roofing’s actual knowledge.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">Classification</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">A “</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">serious violation shall be deemed to exist in a place of employment if there is a substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result from a condition which exists, or from one or more practices, means, methods, operations, or processes which have been adopted or are in use, in such place of employment unless the employer did not, and could not with the exercise of reasonable diligence, know of the presence of the violation.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">” 29 U.S.C. § 666(k).</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Thus,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">[w]</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">hether the employer intended to violate an OSHA standard is irrelevant. The only question relevant to the employer's state of</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>mind is<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">whether he knew or with the exercise of reasonable diligence could have known of the violation.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">”</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Georgia Elec. Co. v. Marshall</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 595<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">F.2d 309, 318–19</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(5th Cir. 1979).</span><span style="color:#000000; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref11" href="#ftn11">11</a></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Here, the employees were exposed to a fall of approximately 9</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>feet<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">to the ground. Such falls “could result in death or serious physical harm.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Therefore, the Court concludes the violation was a serious</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>violation</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">IV. PENALTY DETERMINATION</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The Secretary proposed<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">a penalty of<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">$2,400.00<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">for the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">violation</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Under the Act</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">an employer who<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">commit</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">serious</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">” violat</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ion<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">may be assessed a civil penalty<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">of up to<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">$7,000 for each<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">such<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">violation.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref12" href="#ftn12">12</a></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 U.S.C. § 666(</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">b</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">). The Commission is empowered to “assess all civil penalties” provided in this section, “giving due consideration to the appropriateness of the penalty with respect to the size of the business of the employer being charged, the gravity of the violation, the good faith of the employer, and the history of previous violations.” 29 U.S.C. § 666(j). “These factors are not necessarily accorded equal weight; generally speaking, the gravity of a violation is the primary element in the penalty assessment.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">J.A. Jones Constr.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 2201, 2216 (No. 87-2059, 1993) (</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">citing Trinity Indus., Inc.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 1481, 1483 (No. 88-2691, 1992)). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The gravity of the violation includes the number of exposed employees, the duration of exposure, the precautions taken to prevent injury, and the degree of probability that an injury would occur.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Merchant's Masonry, Inc.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHA 1005, 1006-07 (No. 92-424, 1994).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">With respect to the gravity of th</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">is</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>violation, the Court finds<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the severity of the violation was high<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">since a<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">9-</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">foot fall from the roof would likely<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">result in death or serious physical harm</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>probability<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">was<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">greater since there were 9 or 10 employees working</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">on the roof</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">With respect to the size of the business,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Payton Roofing was small</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with only 9 or 10 employees. </span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">OSHA gave<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Payton<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Roofing a<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">60%<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">penalty<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">adjustment for its size</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, which the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Court finds appropriate. </span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">As to history, s</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ince there is no evidence Payton Roofing has<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">been previously<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">inspected, the Court concludes</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Payton Roofing<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">should<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">receive neither a reduction, nor an<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">increase based on their OSHA inspection history.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Payton<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">is<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">also<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">not entitled to a reduction for good faith</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">since<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">there is no evidence in the record establishing<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Payton Roofing’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">effort to implement an effective workplace safety and health management system.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> </span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Therefore</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, giving due consideration to the size of the business, the gravity of the violation, good faith, and history, the Court finds the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">appropriate</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>civil penalty is<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">$2,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">8</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">00.00</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref13" href="#ftn13">13</a></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> Accordingly,<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">V. ORDER</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the citation is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">AFFIRMED</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Payton Roofing is assessed and directed to pay to the Secretary a civil penalty of<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">$2,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">8</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">00.00</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">SO ORDERED.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">                                                                       </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/ John B. Gatto </span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">                                                                       </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span> John B. Gatto</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">                                                                       </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span> Administrative Law Judge </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Dated:</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>December 2, 2016</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Atlanta, GA</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:13.333px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<hr/>"
      <div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn-1" href="#ftnref-1"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn0" href="#ftnref0"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.15; text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn1" href="#ftnref1"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">1 </span></a><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">OSHA’s Area Directors have the authority to issue citations and proposed penalties to enforce the Act.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 C.F.R. §§ 1903.14(a) and 1903.15(a).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:1.15; text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn2" href="#ftnref2"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">2 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">infra</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">, the “Classification” section for the definition and analysis of a “serious” violation.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.15; text-align:justify; text-indent:.33cm; ">
					<a name="ftn3" href="#ftnref3"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">3 </span></a><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 U.S.C. §§ 651–678. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:1.15; text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn4" href="#ftnref4"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">4 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span><span></span>
					</span>29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(2) (each employer<span>
					</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_ptext-18 style_ptext-18 " style="color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">shall comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under the Act).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:1.15; text-align:justify; text-indent:.33cm; ">
					<a name="ftn5" href="#ftnref5"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">5 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.502(h)(1)(iii).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:1.15; text-align:justify; text-indent:.33cm; ">
					<a name="ftn6" href="#ftnref6"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">6 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>This case was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">designated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">for Simplified Proceedings where the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">complaint and answer requirements were suspended,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">the Federal Rules of Evidence are inapplicable, and w</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">ithin 45 days of the hearing a written decision must be issued</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">29 C.F.R. §§ 2200.200-211.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:1.15; text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn7" href="#ftnref7"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">7 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>It is not clear whether Timothy Payton is the company’s President or its Secretary. On February 8, 2010, Timothy Payton filed an amendment with the Florida Secretary of State’s Division of Corporations removing himself as President and installing himself as Secretary. However, since then Timothy Payton has continued to file the company’s annual reports listing himself as President.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span><span></span>
					</span>the online corporate records of the Florida Secretary of State’s Division of Corporations at<span>
					</span><a href="http://dos.myflorida.com/sunbiz/search/"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Hyperlink style_Hyperlink " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; text-decoration:underline ;">http://dos.myflorida.com/sunbiz/search/</span></a>. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:1.15; text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn8" href="#ftnref8"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">8 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">The Secretary of Labor<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">delegated his authority under the Act to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, who heads OSHA, and assigned responsibility for enforcement of the Act to OSHA.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">65 Fed.Reg. 50017 (2000). The Assistant Secretary has promulgated occupational safety and health standards,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">see e.g.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">, 29 C.F.R. Parts 1910 and 1926</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.15; text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn9" href="#ftnref9"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">9 </span></a><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">The worksite was in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">Pembroke Pines, Florida</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">, and the</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#0B0B0B; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#0B0B0B; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">Florida Secretary of State’s online<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#0B0B0B; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">record</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#0B0B0B; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">s indicate Payton Roofing’s principal address is in Coral Springs, Florida.</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#0B0B0B; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "> Therefore, both part</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#0B0B0B; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">ies</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#0B0B0B; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>may appeal the final order in this case to the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, and</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in addition,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#0B0B0B; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">Payton Roofing</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>may also appeal to the District of Columbia Circuit.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 U.S.C. §660(a) & (b). The Commission has held that “[w]here it is highly probable that a case will be appealed to a particular circuit, the Commission generally has applied the precedent of that circuit in deciding the case</span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">—</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>even though it may differ from the Commission's precedent.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Kerns Bros. Tree Serv.</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 2064, 2067 (No. 96-1719, 2000).</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "> Here, the Court applies the precedent of the Eleventh Circuit<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">in deciding the case</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>w</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">here it is highly probable that a</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">ny appeal in this ca</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">se will be<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">taken.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:1.15; text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn10" href="#ftnref10"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">10 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">“</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Lower levels</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; "> </span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">means those areas or surfaces to which an employee can fall. Such areas or surfaces include, but are not limited to, ground levels, floors, platforms, ramps, runways, excavations, pits, tanks, material, water, equipment, structures, or portions thereof.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">”</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.500(b).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.15; text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn11" href="#ftnref11"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">11 </span></a><span style="position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">Eleventh</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">Circuit</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was created when the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">Fifth</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">Circuit</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>split on October 1, 1981. Immediately after the split, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">Eleventh</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">Circuit</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>stated in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Bonner v. City of Prichard, Alabama</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">, 661 F. 2d 1206 (</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">11th</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">Cir</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">. 1981), that any<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">opinion</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>issued by the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">Fifth</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">Circuit</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>before the close of business on September 30, 1981 is binding precedent on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">Eleventh</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">Circuit</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_NormalWeb style_NormalWeb " style="background-color:#FFFFFF; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.15; text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn12" href="#ftnref12"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">12 </span></a><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>In 2015, Congress passed the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act Improvements Act, directs agencies to adjust their penalties for inflation each year and requires agencies to publish “catch up” rules to make up for lost time since the last adjustments. </span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">As a result</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of OSHA’s “catch up” rules</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">OSHA’s maximum penalties, which ha</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>not been raised since 1990, increase</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by 78</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">%. Thus,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">an employer who commits a serious violation after Nov</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">ember</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>2, 2015</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">may be assessed a civil penalty of up to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">$12,471<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">for each such<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">penalty<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">assessed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">after August 1, 2016</span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:1.15; text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn13" href="#ftnref13"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">13 </span></a><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>It appears OSHA provided its 60% penalty reduction for size to a<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">gravity-based penalty determination</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_apple-converted-space style_apple-converted-space " style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; "> of $6,000, which is a<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">severity level of “medium” rather</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>than “high.” However,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">as indicated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">, the Court found the severity<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">was high.</span></p>
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