California Urban Water Agencies 

455 Capitol Mall  Suite 705  Sacramento, CA 95814 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Project Report 

April 2011 

Report Prepared By: 

Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. 

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Suite 400 

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Table of Contents

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

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Contents 

Executive Summary 1

1. Introduction and Project Background 1-1

1.1. Project Motivation and Background .............................................................................. 1-1

1.2. Water Treatment Evaluation Project Objective ............................................................. 1-2

1.3. Project Progress and Schedule .................................................................................... 1-3

1.4. Technical Memorandum Organization .......................................................................... 1-3

2. Regulatory Scenarios 2-1

2.1. Disinfection Byproducts ................................................................................................ 2-3

2.2. Nitrogenous Organic Compounds ................................................................................ 2-5

2.3. Disinfection Practices and Views .................................................................................. 2-6

2.3.1. Dissolved Minerals ........................................................................................ 2-6

2.4. Nutrients ........................................................................................................................ 2-6

2.4.1. Algal Toxins ................................................................................................... 2-7

2.4.2. Pathogens and Indicators.............................................................................. 2-7

3. Historical and Projected Future Water Quality 3-1

3.1. Areas of Similar Source Water Quality ......................................................................... 3-1

3.2. Historical Water Quality ................................................................................................ 3-3

3.3. Predicted Future Water Quality Scenarios ................................................................... 3-4

4. Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development 4-1

4.1. Approach ....................................................................................................................... 4-1

4.2. Summary of Source Water Area VWTPs ...................................................................... 4-9

4.3. VWTP Baseline Modeling Conditions ......................................................................... 4-10

4.3.1. Treatment Guidelines and Design Assumptions ......................................... 4-11

4.3.2. Baseline VWTPs ......................................................................................... 4-12

5. Identification of Treatment Triggers 5-1

5.1. Methods for Developing a Treatment Trigger ............................................................... 5-1

5.2. THMs, HAAs, Bromate, and Chlorite ............................................................................ 5-1

5.3. Chlorate ....................................................................................................................... 5-12

5.4. Nitrosamines ............................................................................................................... 5-13

5.5. Nutrients ...................................................................................................................... 5-16

5.6. Microcystin .................................................................................................................. 5-17

5.7. Other Pathogens ......................................................................................................... 5-19

5.8. Treatment Trigger Summary ....................................................................................... 5-19
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6. Evaluation of Future Regulatory Compliance and Recommended VWTP 

Upgrades 6-1

6.1. VWTP Performance with Current Regulations ............................................................. 6-1

6.2. VWTP Performance with Future Regulations ............................................................... 6-1

6.2.1. Plausible Future Regulatory Scenario ........................................................... 6-1

6.2.2. Outer Boundary Future Regulatory Scenario ................................................ 6-2

6.3. Treatment Upgrades Needed to Comply with Future Regulations ............................... 6-2

6.3.1. Plausible Future Regulatory Scenario ........................................................... 6-2

6.3.2. Outer Boundary Future Regulatory Scenario ................................................ 6-4

6.3.3. Summary of VWTP Upgrades ....................................................................... 6-4

6.4. Constituents of Concern that Could Not be Modeled ................................................. 6-10

6.4.1. Chlorate ....................................................................................................... 6-10

6.4.2. Nitrosamines ............................................................................................... 6-10

6.4.3. Microcystin .................................................................................................. 6-10

6.4.4. Nutrients and Algal Growth ......................................................................... 6-11

6.4.5. Pathogens ................................................................................................... 6-11

6.4.6. Taste and Odor ........................................................................................... 6-11

7. Sensitivity Analysis of Water Quality Inputs and VWTP Modeling 7-1

8. Estimation of Costs Associated with Future VWTP Upgrades 8-1

8.1. Methodology and Assumptions ..................................................................................... 8-1

8.2. Baseline VWTP Costs ................................................................................................... 8-2

8.3. Costs of Upgrades for Plausible Future Scenario......................................................... 8-4

8.4. Costs of Upgrades for Outer Boundary Future Scenario .............................................. 8-6

8.5. Extrapolation of VWTP Costs to Regional Level .......................................................... 8-8

9. Summary 9-1

10. References 10-1

List of Tables 

Table 1-1. Priority Constituents of Concern for Central Valley Drinking Water Policy ................. 1-2

Table 2-1: Regulatory Scenarios .................................................................................................. 2-1

Table 2-2. Consumer Acceptance Contaminant Level ................................................................. 2-6

Table 2-3: Treatment of Pathogens .............................................................................................. 2-8

Table 3-1. Representative Water Quality Monitoring Locations ................................................... 3-3

Table 3-2: Historical Water Quality ............................................................................................... 3-4

Table 3-3: Future Water Quality Scenarios .................................................................................. 3-5

Table 3-4: Adjustment of Modeled Future Water Quality for Consistency with Historical Data ... 3-6

Table 4-1: WTPs Considered for CAA VWTP Development ........................................................ 4-3

Table 4-2: Step 1- Consider CAA WTPs that Treat More Than 70% Delta Water ....................... 4-4

Table 4-3: Step 2- Consider CAA Treatment Trains that are Greater than 10% of the Total CAA 

Source Water Area Treatment Capacity OR CAA WTPs Greater than 20 mgd .......................... 4-6
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Table 4-4: Step 3- Consider the unit treatment processes that are used at least twice in the CAA 

source water area ......................................................................................................................... 4-7

Table 4-5: Step 4- Consolidate Remaining CAA Treatment Trains ............................................. 4-8

Table 4-6. Initial VWTPs ............................................................................................................... 4-9

Table 4-7: Selected VWTPs ....................................................................................................... 4-10

Table 4-8: UW-1 Baseline VWTP Inputs and Outputs ............................................................... 4-13

Table 4-9: CD-1 Baseline VWTP Inputs and Outputs ................................................................ 4-14

Table 4-10: CAA-1 Baseline VWTP Inputs and Outputs ............................................................ 4-15

Table 4-11: CAA-2 Baseline VWTP Inputs and Outputs ............................................................ 4-16

Table 4-12: CAAW-1 Baseline VWTP Inputs and Outputs ....................................................... 4-17

Table 5-1: Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix Legend .............................................................. 5-2

Table 5-2: UW-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Current Regulations) ............................. 5-3

Table 5-3: UW-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Plausible Future Regulations) ............... 5-4

Table 5-4: CD-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Current Regulations) .............................. 5-5

Table 5-5: CD-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Plausible Future Regulations) ................ 5-6

Table 5-6: CAA-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Current Regulations) ........................... 5-7

Table 5-7: CAA-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Plausible Future Regulations) ............. 5-8

Table 5-8: CAA-2 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Current Regulations) ........................... 5-9

Table 5-9: CAA-2 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Plausible Future Regulations) ........... 5-10

Table 5-10: CAAW-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Current Regulation) ...................... 5-11

Table 5-11: CAAW-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Plausible Future Regulations) ...... 5-12

Table 5-12: Reduction of NDMA Formation with Free Chlorine Contact Time .......................... 5-15

Table 5-13: Reduction of NDMA Formation with Ozonation ...................................................... 5-16

Table 5-14: Chlorine CT Values for Reducing Microcystin Concentration to 1 g/L ................. 5-18

Table 5-15: Chlorine CT Values Achieved in Baseline VWTPs ................................................. 5-18

Table 5-16: Summary of Treatment Triggers for VWTPs (Current Regulations) ....................... 5-19

Table 5-17: Summary of Treatment Triggers for VWTPs (Plausible Future Regulations) ......... 5-20

Table 6-1: VWTP Performance under Plausible Future Regulatory Scenario ............................. 6-2

Table 6-2: VWTP Upgrades Needed to Meet Future Regulations ............................................... 6-4

List of Figures 

Figure ES-1-1: 5-Step Approach to VWTP Development ............. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 3-1: Source Water Areas and Associated WTPs ............................................................. 3-2

Figure 4-1: 5-Step Approach to VWTP Development ................................................................ 4-2

Figure 4-2: Step 5- Select Treatment Capacities Representative of Remaining CAA Treatment 

Trains ............................................................................................................................................ 4-9

Figure 4-3: EPAWTPM Process Train Screen Shot ................................................................. 4-11

Figure 4-4: UW-1 Baseline VWTP ............................................................................................ 4-13

Figure 4-5: CD-1 Baseline VWTP ............................................................................................. 4-14

Figure 4-6: CAA-1 Baseline VWTP .......................................................................................... 4-15

Figure 4-7: CAA-2 Baseline VWTP .......................................................................................... 4-16

Figure 4-8: CAAW-1 Baseline VWTP ....................................................................................... 4-17

Figure 6-1: Process Schematic of UW-1 Future Treatment Upgrades Needed .......................... 6-5

Figure 6-2: Process Schematic of CD-1 Future Treatment Upgrades Needed .......................... 6-6

Figure 6-3: Process Schematic of CAA-1 Future Treatment Upgrades Needed ........................ 6-7

Figure 6-4: Process Schematic of CAA-2 Future Treatment Upgrades Needed ........................ 6-8

Figure 6-5: Process Schematic of CAAW-1 Future Treatment Upgrades Needed ..................... 6-9
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Appendices 

A. Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation Project History 

B. Technical Memorandum 1: Definition of Study Boundaries 

C. Future Water Quality Scenarios Provided by the Work Group 

D. Virtual Water Treatment Plant Selection 

E. Baseline Virtual Water Treatment Plants in EPAWTPM 

F. EPAWTM Inputs for VWTP Treatment Trigger Analysis 

G. Cost Estimates for Future VWTP Upgrades 
Acronyms

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

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Acronyms Used in the Report 

CAA California Aqueduct Source Water Area 

CAAW California Aqueduct West Branch Source Water Area 

CCI Construction Cost Index 

CD Central Delta Source Water Area 

CDPH California Department of Public Health 

Central Valley Water Board Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board 

CHAB Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Bloom 

CCL3 Contaminant Candidate List 3 

CUWA California Urban Water Agencies 

Delta Sacramento- San Joaquin Delta 

DOC Dissolved Organic Carbon 

DON Dissolved Organic Carbon 

DS Distribution System 

EC Electrical Conductivity 

EPAWTPM EPA Water Treatment Plant Model 

EPDS Entry Point to the Distribution System 

ENR Engineering News Record 

FC Fecal Coliform 

GAC Granular Activated Carbon 

HAA Haloacetic Acids 

LRAA Locational Running Annual Average 

LT2ESWTR Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule 

MCL Maximum Contaminant Level 

MGD Million gallons per day 

NBA North Bay Aqueduct Source Water Area 

NDMA N-nitrosodimethylamine 

O&M Operation and Maintenance 

PHG Public Health Goal 

SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act 

SWTR Surface Water Treatment Rule 

TC Total Coliform 

TDS Total Dissolved Solids 

THM Total Trihalomethanes 

TOC Total Organic Carbon 

UCMR Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule 

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency 

UW Upper Watersheds Source Water Area 

VWTP Virtual Water Treatment Plant 

WHO World Health Organization 

Work Group Central Valley Drinking Water Policy Work Group 

WTP Water Treatment Plant 

WRF Water Reclamation Facility 
California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

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Executive Summary 

The Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation project objective was to determine the effects 

of changing regulatory environment under future water quality conditions at treatment 

plants that utilize surface water from the Central Valley of California. 

Study boundaries were defined by identifying areas of similar source water quality and 

outlining existing water treatment practices in each source water area. Four source water 

areas were identified: 

 Upper Sacramento and Upper-Eastern San Joaquin Watersheds (Upper Watersheds) 

 Central Delta including the South Bay Aqueduct (Central Delta) 

 California Aqueduct – Coastal and East Branches (CAA) 

 California Aqueduct – West Branch (CAA-West) 

Projections of future water quality for two of the four source water areas were reviewed. 

It was found that the historical data (generally available from 1998 to 2008) did not 

exactly match the projected future total organic carbon (TOC), bromide, and temperature 

from a modeled sixteen year data set. To best interpret the modeled future water quality 

results, the relative differences between various future scenarios were used. It was found 

that although the water quality slightly improved with respect to TOC in more 

conservative future scenarios, a meaningful change to disinfection by-product (DBP) 

modeling results was not observed (i.e. modeled DBPs using historical water quality and 

current virtual representative plants did not significantly differ from modeled DBPs using 

projected future water quality and current virtual representative plants). For this reason, 

historical water quality was used for the four source water areas for the remainder of the 

evaluation to analyze the effect of the projected future regulatory environment. 

To represent existing treatment practices in each source water area, representative virtual 

water treatment plants (VWTPs) were developed. The VWTPs do not exactly represent 

any one WTP in the source water area but are a general representation of the treatment 

plants in the source water area. Five VWTPs were developed to represent the four source 

water areas. In general, three common treatment trains emerged: 

 Conventional particulate removal with chlorine disinfection (primary and secondary) 

 Conventional particulate removal with ozone pre-oxidation, chlorine primary 

disinfection, and secondary disinfection with chloramines. 

 Conventional particulate removal with chlorine primary disinfection and secondary 

disinfection with chloramines. 
 Executive Summary

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

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Regulatory scenarios for the year 2030 were developed from a group consensus of 

technical experts and advisors, based on the team’s experience with the United States 

Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and California Department of Public Health 

(CDPH), and on best professional judgment. Scenarios were divided into three 

categories: 

 Current - includes contaminants that are currently regulated. Cost estimates were 

developed for this scenario and it was used as a baseline. 

 Plausible - includes contaminants that are considered likely to be regulated in some 

form. 

 Outer Boundary- includes the same contaminants; however, the requirements could 

be more stringent. This scenario was provided to bracket the regulatory possibilities. 

The regulatory scenarios evaluation determined that it is plausible for the regulations 

about chlorate, bromate, total trihalomethane (THM4), haloacetic acids (HAA5 and 

HAA9), N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), nitrite, nitrate, algal toxins, and some 

emerging pathogens could be modified or newly developed in the future: 

 In an effort to reduce the cancer risk to 1×10-4 or lower, the bromate maximum 

contaminant level (MCL) could be reduced to 10 g/L, or 5 μg/L (plausible), or lower 

(1 to 4 μg/L) (outer boundary). 

 To limit variability and reduce possible reproductive and acute human health effects, 

it is plausible that the monitoring for THM regulation will change to single sample 

not to exceed; however, the numerical target could remain at 80 g/L. This could 

include multiple samples collected instantaneously at a given location to average 

results and avoid an unrepresentative sample or could include re-sampling in the case 

of an outlier result. Intention is to obtain a sample that is representative of the quality 

of the water in a particular location at a unique point in time. As an increasing 

amount of health effects data become available, regulations may be directed to 

individual THM and HAA species to reduce associated health risks (outer boundary). 

 To limit variability and reduce acute human health effects, it is plausible that the 

monitoring for HAA5 regulation will change to single sample not to exceed; 

however, the numerical target could remain at 60 g/L (plausible). As additional 

human health effect data become available, regulations may be directed to individual 

species (outer boundary). 

 HAA9 is not currently regulated. Future regulation is plausible at a level of 80 g/L 

on a locational running annual average (LRAA) basis. Although it is less likely, 

HAA9 regulation may be changed to 80 g/L single sample not to exceed or 

depending on available human health effects data on an individual species basis 

(outer boundary). 
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California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

3

 Iodinated DBPs (I-DBPs), including I-THMs and I-HAAs, were included in the outer 

boundary. Despite some of the noted health effects of I-DBPs, it is anticipated that 

THMs and HAAs will remain a surrogate for halogenated DBPs. More occurrence 

and toxicology data are needed to justify a plausible regulation. 

 It is plausible that the future regulation of NDMA will be in the 3 to 10 ng/L range as 

a LRAA (plausible). Although less likely, regulations requiring treatment for 

dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) as a precursor similar to the TOC removal 

requirements set forth in the Stage 1 DBP Rule could be established (outer boundary). 

If the health effect data and occurrences justify individual regulations of various 

nitrosamines species, regulation of individual compounds could result (outer 

boundary). 

 Hydrazine regulation not plausible. Although it is unlikely, future regulation of 

hydrazine at 10 ng/L single sample not to exceed could occur to reduce the cancer 

risk level (outer boundary). 

 Due to the increasing concern over nitrogenous DBP formation, it is plausible that 

chloramination may become a less preferred disinfection method. As an increasing 

number of studies indicate the adverse health effects associated with US disinfection 

practices, chloramination may be prohibited in the future (outer boundary). 

 It is likely total dissolved solids (TDS) will be monitored in the future, and the 

regulation likely will not change (plausible). With the increasing importance of water 

recycling, TDS reductions may be necessary (outer boundary); however, it is unlikely 

that a Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) regulation would require this. 

 Chlorite and chlorate were included in the regulatory scenarios. It is not expected 

that the chlorite regulation will change. Due to the toxicological effects of chlorate 

similar to those of perchlorate, chlorate regulation is plausible at 700 g/L. 

 Nitrite and nitrate were included in the regulatory scenarios. It is not expected for the 

regulated concentration of these contaminates to change. It is plausible that the 

monitoring location will be moved from the Entry Point to the Distribution System 

(EPDS) to the distribution system (DS) to account increases in these contaminants 

from ammonia nitrification. 

 With increasing awareness and measurement of algal toxins worldwide, cyanotoxins 

were included in the USEPA unregulated contaminant monitoring rule (UCMR) 3. 

With potential data from the UCMR 3 and a growing body of toxicological data, 

microcystin could be regulated at the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking 

water guideline value of 1 g/L (plausible scenario). 

 The third USEPA Contaminant Candidate List (CCL3) is evaluating several emerging 

pathogens; however, none of these pathogens are more difficult to remove, oxidize, or 

inactivate compared to the current microbial standards for Giardia, virus, and 

Cryptosporidium. 
 Executive Summary

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

4

Following the development of the future regulatory scenarios and VWTPS, threshold 

levels (i.e., treatment triggers) where the plausible regulatory scenario creates the need 

for capital or operational modifications to a treatment process, were determined. These 

treatment triggers, were developed for current and plausible future regulations for each 

VWTP. The treatment triggers can be used to determine the costs associated with 

varying levels of water quality in the future. 

All baseline VWTPs met current regulations at the 90th percentile water quality 

conditions. Some general observations regarding the treatment triggers for the plausible 

regulatory scenario with the VWTPs include: 

 Bromide and TOC concentrations dictate the ability of VWTPs to comply with 

current and plausible future THM and HAA regulations. A matrix of varying 

bromide and TOC concentrations was developed for each VWTP for the purpose of 

this evaluation. 

 Chlorate is a common contaminant associated with hypochlorite solutions. WTPs 

utilizing hypochlorite (on-site generation or bulk) should consider: diluting the 

solution upon delivery, storing the solution at lower temperatures, controlling the pH 

of the stored solution between 11 and 13, and using fresh solution when possible. 

 All VWTPs have sufficient chlorine contact time to oxidize 10 g/L of microcystins 

and some NDMA precursors. 

 VWTPs utilizing pre-ozonation will also oxidize microcystins and NDMA precursors. 

 It is uncertain whether NDMA treatment will be necessary because of the complexity 

of NDMA formation and low plausible regulatory levels, even though oxidation of 

NDMA precursor will occur. 

 Nitrification will not likely form nitrate at levels approaching the MCL at the 

representative VWTPs considered in this study. VWTPs utilizing chloramines dose 

ammonia at 0.6 mg/L, in which case ammonia will not be present at levels above the 

0.8 mg/L as N treatment trigger and will not trigger the nitrite MCL violation. 

 The CCL3 is evaluating several emerging pathogens; however, none of these 

pathogens are more difficult to remove, oxidize, or inactivate compared to the current 

microbial standards for Giardia, virus, and Cryptosporidium. For this reason, no 

treatment triggers were developed for emerging pathogens. 

The assumption that future water quality will remain equivalent to historical water quality 

resulted in treatment upgrades being based on the ability of a VWTP to meet treatment 

targets (80 percent of the MCL) in the plausible regulatory scenario, not changes in water 

quality. Recommended treatment upgrades included: 

 UW-1 had two options: 

 A- Utilize chloramines as secondary disinfectant, or 
 Executive Summary

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

5

 B- Install GAC contactors and continue to use free chlorine as a secondary 

disinfectant. 

 CD-1: include a reduction in ozone dose and addition of UV disinfection. 

 CAA-2: include a reduction in ozone dose and addition of UV disinfection. 

For the outer boundary future regulatory scenario, upgrades will be needed for all 

VWTPs. As the regulatory scenario for the outer boundary could not be defined more 

specifically, an assumption is made that all plants will move away from ozone and 

chloramines to avoid bromate and nitrogenous DBPs. As a result it is assumed that in the 

outer boundary all plants will implement the addition of GAC contactors and UV 

disinfection. 

The added cost of treatment upgrades to a VWTP was expanded to represent each source 

water area by taking into account the area’s total regional treatment capacity. The 

fraction of the total regional treatment capacity that was represented by the VWTP was 

calculated, and this fraction was then applied to the VWTP costs. For example, CD-1 has 

40 mgd capacity in a source water area with a total treatment capacity of 284 mgd. 

Dividing 284 mgd by 40 mgd gives a fraction of 7.1 to be applied to the cost estimate. 

Multiplying 7.1 by the added capital cost of CD-1, results in a total regional capital cost 

to meet the plausible future scenario. A summary of the added costs for each source 

water area is presented in Table ES-1. These costs are based on current treatment 

capacity. Future treatment capacity is likely to increase with increasing population, so 

2030 costs are likely to be higher. 
 Executive Summary

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

6

Table ES-1: 

Regional Added Costs for Upgrades 

VWTP 

VWTP 

Design 

Capacity 

(mgd) 

Representative 

Regional 

Treatment 

Capacity/ 

VWTP 

Capacity 

Scenario 

Added Capital 

Cost 

Added Annual 

O&M Cost 

($) ($/yr) 

Upper Watersheds- 818 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity 

UW-1 100 8.18 

Plausible 

$10 - $21M $0.3 - $0.6M 

or 

$883 - $1893M $35.3 - $118.5M 

Outer Boundary $1581 - $3387M $55.3 – 118.5M 

Central Delta- 284 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity 

CD-1 40 7.1 

Plausible $270 - $579M $6.2 - $13.4M 

Outer Boundary $634 - $1359M $20.8 - $44.5M 

CAA- 2201 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity 

CAA-1 40 3.86 

Plausible* - - 

Outer Boundary $345 - $739M $11.3 – $24.2M 

CAA-2 500 6.78 

Plausible $2699 - $5783M $110.0 - $235.8M 

Outer Boundary $5226 – $11198M $286.2 - $613.3M 

CAA-West - 836 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity 

CAAW-1 800 1.04 

Plausible* - - 

Outer Boundary $1288 - $2760M $76.3 – $163.5M 

TOTAL 

Plausible 

$2978 - $6382M $116.6 - $249.8M 

Or

$3852 – $8254M $151.6 - $324.8M 

Outer Boundary $9074 - $19443M $449.8 - $963.9M 

*No upgrades needed, baseline costs remain. 

All costs in December 2010 dollars, CCI = 8952. 

Costs are representative of AACE Class 5 estimates. AACE Class 5 estimates are planning level costs prepared based 

on 0 to 2% of full project definition with accuracy ranges of -20% to -50% on the low side and +30% to +100% on the high 

side. Accuracy range for cost estimates presented in this project are -30% to +50%. 
California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

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1. Introduction and Project Background 

This section provides a brief project background and outlines the purpose and contents of 

this report. Please refer to Appendix A for a detailed project history and timeline. 

1.1. Project Motivation and Background 

The surface water in the Central Valley has the potential to impact the water treatment 

costs for more than 25 million Californians who receive a portion of their water from the 

Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Delta) and the tributaries to the Delta (CALFED Water 

Quality Program, 2008). The tributaries to the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers that 

originate in the Sierra Nevada Mountains generally have high quality water; however, 

pollutants from a variety of sources (urban, industrial, agricultural, and natural) can 

degrade the quality of water as it flows to and downstream of the Delta, creating a 

number of drinking water treatment challenges. 

Currently, water quality regulations applicable to the Central Valley include MCLs issued 

by the CDPH and a Water Quality Control Plan (Basin Plan) for the Sacramento-San 

Joaquin River Basins. The Basin Plan was developed by the Central Valley Regional 

Water Quality Control Board (Central Valley Water Board) and designated beneficial 

uses, including municipal and domestic water supply, for the Sacramento and San 

Joaquin rivers and Delta. The Basin Plan also specifies numeric and narrative water 

quality objectives and implementation strategies to protect designated beneficial uses. 

Current plans and policies for Central Valley surface waters do not contain numeric 

quality objectives for several key drinking water constituents of concern, including DBP 

precursors and pathogens. For this reason, the Central Valley Water Board is working 

with stakeholders to develop a comprehensive Central Valley Drinking Water Policy. 

The Drinking Water Policy may be considered as a Basin Plan amendment in the future. 

To provide the technical information needed for the development of the Drinking Water 

Policy, a Central Valley Drinking Water Policy Workgroup (Work Group), comprised of 

interested stakeholders and technical experts (listed below), was formed to develop and 

implement a work plan. 

 California Bay-Delta Authority 

 CDPH 

 Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board 

 Central Valley Clean Water Association 

 State Water Resources Control Board 
Section 1

Introduction and Project Background

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Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

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 Sacramento Regional County Sanitation District 

 Northern California Water Association 

 California Urban Water Agencies (CUWA) 

 California Rice Commission 

 USEPA 

 California Department of Water Resources 

 Sacramento Stormwater Quality Partnership 

The work plan includes: 

 An assessment of the ability to control sources of key drinking water constituents in 

the Delta and is tributaries (source water protection approach). 

 An assessment of the ability to remove key drinking water constituents in water 

treatment plants (water treatment approach). 

 An analysis of the feasibility, costs, and risks associated with both approaches to 

managing key drinking water constituents (source water protection and water 

treatment). 

This project addresses the water treatment approach for priority constituents. The 

drinking water constituents considered to have the highest priority by the Work Group 

include DBP precursors, dissolved minerals, nutrients, pathogens, and pathogen indicator 

organisms (Table 1-1). 

Table 1-1. 

Priority Constituents of Concern for Central Valley Drinking Water Policy 

Constituent Class Source Water Constituents Treated Water Constituents

Disinfection 

Byproduct Precursors TOC, DOC, bromide, alkalinity DBPs, THMs, HAAs, bromate 

Dissolved Minerals TDS, electrical conductivity (EC), and 

chloride TDS, EC, and chloride 

Nutrients 

Nitrogen species (total, total Kjeldahl, 

organic, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia) 

Phosphorus species (total, dissolved) 

Impacts of algal growth: 

taste and odor, algal toxins, 

treatment challenges 

Pathogens and 

Indicator Organisms 

Giardia, Cryptosporidium, total coliform, 

fecal coliform, Enterococcus, E.coli 

Giardia, Cryptosporidium, total 

coliform, fecal coliform, 

Enterococcus, E.coli 

Source: Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation Scope of Work 

1.2. Water Treatment Evaluation Project Objective 

The Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation project objective was to determine the effects 

of future water quality changes at treatment plants that utilize surface water from the 

Central Valley of California. Current, plausible future, and outer boundary regulations 

were considered. 
Section 1

Introduction and Project Background

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

1-3

1.3. Project Progress and Schedule 

Task work was completed in two project phases: 

Phase I 

 Define Study Boundaries 

 Develop and Describe a Representative VWTP for each Source Water Area 

 Identify Threshold Values that Trigger Treatment Changes 

Phase II 

 Evaluate VWTP Performance using Future Water Quality Scenarios 

 Estimate VWTP Upgrades Needed to Meet Future Regulations 

 Estimate Costs Associated with VWTP Upgrades 

1.4. Technical Memorandum Organization 

The purpose of this technical memorandum is to capture revisions to previously 

completed work (Phase I) and to summarize the work completed as part of Phase II of the 

project. This memorandum is organized into five sections: 

 Section 1 provides an introduction to the project, reviews the project objectives and 

work completed, and outlines of the technical memorandum organization. 

 Section 2 describes the regulatory scenarios. 

 Section 3 summarizes historical water quality and describes the future water quality 

scenarios used for the analysis. 

 Section 4 provides the approach used to develop VWTPs, an example VWTP 

development for a source water area, and a summary of the selected VWTPs. 

 Section 5 provides a description of the threshold values that trigger the need for 

treatment change. 

 Section 6 models VWTP performance with future water quality and identifies the 

upgrades needed to meet future regulatory scenarios. 

 Section 7 provides a sensitivity analysis of the water quality data and WTP modeling. 

 Section 8 provides cost estimates for the recommended future VWTP upgrades and 

extrapolates costs to the regional level. 

 Section 9 provides a summary of the evaluation and major findings. 

 Section 10 summarizes references used in the report. 
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1 

2. Regulatory Scenarios 

Regulatory scenarios for the year 2030 were developed in Phase I project work from a 

group consensus of technical experts and advisors, based on the team’s experience with 

the USEPA and CDPH, and on best professional judgment (Table 2-1). Scenarios were 

divided into three categories: 

 Current - includes contaminants that are currently regulated. 

 Plausible - includes contaminants that are considered likely to be regulated in some 

form; this is regulatory scenario that will be used to evaluate potential WTP 

modifications to estimate treatment costs. 

 Outer Boundary- includes the same contaminants; however, the requirements could 

be more stringent. This scenario will only be considered qualitatively in future 

evaluations and are provided to bracket the regulatory possibilities. 

Table 2-1: 

Regulatory Scenarios 

Constituent 

Regulatory Scenarios 

Current Plausible1 Outer Boundary2

Disinfection Byproduct Precursors 

Organic Carbon 

and Organic 

Nitrogen 

Enhanced Coagulation Treatment 

Technique under the Stage 1 

D/DBP Rule 

Same as current Control TOC as a precursor 

Control DON as a precursor 

Disinfection Byproducts 

Chlorite 1 mg/L (daily at EPDS, monthly in 

DS) Same as current Same as current 

Chlorate - 700 g/L (daily at EPDS, 

monthly in DS) Same as plausible 

Bromate 10 g/L(RAA) 5 or 10 g/L* 1 to 4 g/L* 

THMs 

THM4 80 g/L(LRAA) 80 g/L* Regulate individual species* 

Iodinated 

THMs - - Regulate iodinated THMs as a group* 

HAAs

HAA5 60 g/L(LRAA) 60 g/L* Individual levels for selected 

species 

HAA9 - 

80 g/L(LRAA), additional 

species to current 

regulations 

1. 80 g/L* 

2. Individual levels for 

selected species* 
Section 2

Updated Regulatory Scenarios 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

2-2

Constituent 

Regulatory Scenarios 

Current Plausible1 Outer Boundary2

Iodinated 

HAAs - - Regulate as a group or 

individual species* 

Nitrogenous Organic Compounds 

Nitrosamines 3 ng/L3 Public Health Goal (PHG), 

10 ng/L3 Notification Level (NDMA) 

NDMA at 3 to 10 

ng/L(LRAA)4 Regulate select compounds* 

Hydrazine - - 10 ng/L* 

Disinfection Practices and Views 

Chloramination Accepted technology Other technologies 

preferred Technology prohibited 

View of low to no 

use of 

disinfectants 

View generally not accepted in U.S Same as current View begins to be accepted 

in U.S. 

Dissolved Minerals 

TDS 500 mg/L secondary MCL Same as current 

Reduction required to reduce 

salinity load and recycled 

water 

Nutrients 

Nitrite 1 mg/L (as N) at EPDS 1 mg/L(as N) in DS Same as plausible 

Nitrate 10 mg/L(as N) at EPDS 10 mg/L (as N) in DS Regulation pending heath 

data 

Algal Toxins 

Microcystin - 1 g/L WHO guideline Same as plausible

Anatoxin-a - - 3 g/L (suggested, Australia) 

Saxitoxin - - 3 g/L (suggested, Australia) 

Pathogens and Indicators

Total coliform 

(TC), Fecal 

coliform (FC), 

and E. coli

Monitoring based upon population. 

TC triggers assessment and 

corrective action. Failure to take 

corrective action is considered a 

treatment technique violation. A 

violation of E. Coli MCL occurs 

when routine and repeat TC 

samples are positive and one is 

also E. Coli positive. Failure to 

take repeat sample after E. Coli 

positive is also considered E. Coli 

violation. A violation triggers public 

notice. 

Same as current Same as current

Cryptosporidium 

2-log removal credit (IESWTR6

); 

Additional inactivation needed 

based on source water 

concentration (LT2ESWTR) 

Same as current Additional 1-log 

Giardia and 

enteric viruses 

3-log inactivation and/or removal of 

Giardia cysts and 4-log inactivation 

and/or removal of enteric viruses. 

Same as current Same as current 
Section 2

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California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

2-3

Constituent 

Regulatory Scenarios 

Current Plausible1 Outer Boundary2

CCL3 Pathogens - 

Regulated, but less 

challenging to 

remove/inactivate than 

SWTR and LT2ESWTR 

standards 

Same as plausible

1

Scenario will be used in treatment selection and future costing. 

2

Scenario will be discussed qualitatively, but not included in future costing. 

3

CDPH regulation. 

4

NDMA is considered by the regulatory agency as an indicator of other nitrosamines’ levels 5

Current regulation represents the proposed revisions to the Total Coliform Rule based on the 2008 Total Coliform 

Rule/Distribution System Advisory Committee Agreement in Principle. 

6

Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR)

*Single sample not to exceed. This could include multiple samples collected instantaneously a given location to average 

results and avoid an unrepresentative sample or could include re-sampling in the case of an outlier result. Intention is to 

obtain a sample that is representative of the quality of the water in a particular location at a unique point in time. 

2.1. Disinfection Byproducts 

Currently regulated DBPs include chlorite, bromate, THM4, and HAA5. There are a 

number of reasons that the USEPA may consider modifying the current regulations for 

these DBPs as well as regulating other DBPs: 

 Cancer is not the only health endpoint being detected in epidemiology studies; there 

are new concerns about potential adverse reproduction and developmental effects 

(Richardson 2005). 

 New human exposure studies are including inhalation and dermal absorption routes of 

exposure to DBPs in addition to ingestion, which is revealing increased cancer risks 

(Richardson 2007). 

 Brominated DBPs may be more carcinogenic than their chlorinated analogs 

(Richardson 2005, WHO 2000, Woo et al. 2002). 

 Iodinated DBPs may be more carcinogenic than their brominated analogs (Richardson 

2005, Plewa et al. 2004, Woo et al. 2002) 

Chlorite is currently regulated DBP of chlorine dioxide and has an MCL of 1 mg/L. 

Chlorite can also be formed as an intermediate between hypochlorite and chlorate during 

hypochlorite decomposition. The California public health goal (PHG) for chlorite is 

much lower than the MCL at 0.050 mg/L (OEHHA 2009). PHGs are developed based on 

the latest toxicological information and reference the concentration at which no potential 

adverse health effect will occur. PHGs, along with economic and technology factors, are 

considered by CDPH in the development of MCLs. In general, MCLs are set as close to 

the PHG as economically feasible. Despite the relatively low PHG for chlorite, economic 

and technology factors make it unlikely that the current MCL regulation will change by 

2030 but was added to include all currently regulated DBPs. 
Section 2

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California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

2-4

Chlorate is a contaminant produced during on-site generations of hypochlorite solutions, 

the decomposition of hypochlorite, and as a chlorine dioxide DBP. There is not currently 

a CDPH or USEPA MCL for chlorate. The state of California currently has set a 

notification level of 0.8 mg/L for chlorate (CDPH 2007). The World Health 

Organization (WHO) has set a provisional guideline value of 700 g/L for chlorate 

(WHO 2008). Chlorate exhibits the same mechanism of action on the thyroid as 

perchlorate, albeit with lower potency (Synder 2009, USEPA 1999). Despite the lower 

potency relative to perchlorate, chlorate occurrence in drinking waters is much higher 

than perchlorate in drinking water. As increasing health effect information becomes 

available, chlorate could be regulated at the WHO guideline of 700 g/L (plausible). 

Bromate is currently regulated at 10 g/L, which corresponds to a cancer risk factor of 

2×10-4 (typically, the basis for MCLs is 10-4 to 10-6). It is anticipated that this MCL 

could be reduced to 5 g/L (plausible) or lower (outer boundary) in an effort to reduce 

the cancer risk to 1×10-4 or lower. This risk has to be balanced with the fact that bromate 

could be present in the common disinfectant chemical, sodium hypochlorite. 

THMs are regulated as a group (THM4) on a LRAA basis at 80 g/L under the Stage 2 

DBP Rule (effective from 2012). Epidemiological evidence has produced uncertain and 

sometimes conflicting conclusions on the reproductive effects of exposure to DBPs. For 

example, an extensive literature review by Reif et al. 2000 found that evidence for an 

increased risk of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth exists but is uncertain (Health 

Canada 2006). A more recent study by American Water Works Research Foundation 

(AwwaRF) found no association between THM exposure and pregnancy loss (Savitz et 

al. 2005). More research is needed; however, due to the fact that contaminant levels can 

significantly vary with the LRAA calculation method, it is possible that the THM 

regulation will change to single sample not to exceed 80 g/L to reduce variability and 

limit acute or reproductive health effects (plausible). A single sample not to exceed 

requirement could include the collection of multiple samples instantaneously at a given 

location to average results and avoid an unrepresentative sample. In the case of an outlier 

result, the regulation could include a requirement for re-sampling. The intention of a 

single sample not to exceed condition is to obtain a sample that is representative of the 

quality of the water in a particular location at a unique point in time. As an increasing 

amount of health effects data becomes available, regulations may be directed to 

individual species to reduce associated health risks (outer boundary). 

Similar to THMs, HAAs are regulated under the Stage 2 DBP Rule as a group (HAA5) at 

60 g/L on an LRAA basis. To limit variability and reduce acute human health effects, 

HAA5 regulation will possibly change to a single sample not to exceed (plausible). 

Further, as additional human health effect data becomes available, regulations may be 

directed to individual species (outer boundary). It is recognized that additional regulation 

may be necessary to represent the entire group of HAAs that can be formed (HAA9). 
Section 2

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2-5

HAA9 is not currently regulated; however, it is possible that HAA9 will be regulated in 

the future and could be regulated as a group at a level of 80 g/L LRAA (plausible). 

Although it is less likely, HAA9 regulation may be directed to 80 g/L single sample not 

to exceed or depending on available human health affect data on an individual species 

basis (outer boundary). 

 Iodinated DBPs including I-THMs and I-HAAs are not currently regulated. I-DBPs are 

of increasing concern due to their occurrence in finished water systems that use 

chloramines (Krasner et al. 2006) and increased human health risks relative to chlorinated 

and brominated DBPs (Richardson 2005). Despite the increased health risks relative to 

chlorinated and brominated DBPs, more occurrence and toxicology data are needed for ITHMs and I-HAAs. In addition, THMs and HAAs are surrogates for halogenated DBPs, 

including I-DBPs. If additional data become available, regulation of I-DBPs may be 

possible as a group or as individual species, which was designated as the outer boundary 

condition. 

2.2. Nitrogenous Organic Compounds 

Nitrogenous organic compounds, including nitrosamines, have been hypothesized to 

account for the bladder cancer incidence noted in epidemiological studies of chlorinated 

water (Walse 2008, Mostafa 1999). NDMA is one nitrosamine that is both a DBP and 

can be an industrial pollutant (independent of disinfection). It is possible that the future 

regulation of NDMA will be in the 3 to 10 ng/L range as a LRAA (plausible). Although 

less likely, regulations requiring treatment for dissolved organic nitrogen (as a precursor) 

similar to the TOC removal requirements set forth in the Stage 1 DBP Rule could be 

established (outer boundary). If the health effect data and occurrences justify individual 

regulations of various nitrosamines species, regulation of individual compounds could 

result (outer boundary). 

Hydrazine is a probable human carcinogen that can be formed through the reaction of 

monochloramine and ammonia. Hydrazine is formed as a result of the addition of these 

chemicals, not due to source water quality. Additionally, hydrazine formation is not 

detectable in drinking waters with pH lower than 9.0 (Najm 2007). For this reason, 

regulation of hydrazine is not likely (plausible). However, the cancer risk level for 

hydrazine at 10 ng/L is 10-6, and this risk level is within the range typically captured by 

an MCL. Although it is unlikely, plants using lime softening or distribution system 

conditions that result in pH excursions may create the need for future regulation of 

hydrazine at 10 ng/L single sample not to exceed (outer boundary). 
Section 2

Updated Regulatory Scenarios 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

2-6

2.3. Disinfection Practices and Views 

With the increasing concern over DBPs, disinfection practices are increasingly 

scrutinized. The benefits of the inactivation of pathogens must continuously be balanced 

with the formation of compounds that adversely affect human health. For this reason, it 

is likely that chloramination may become the less preferred disinfection method, 

specifically because of potential nitrogenous DBP formation (plausible). In some 

countries outside of the United States, the practice of maintaining minimal or no residual 

in the distribution is common. This viewpoint is not likely to be accepted in the United 

States; however, as an increasing number of studies indicate the adverse health effects 

associated with US disinfection practices, chloramination may be prohibited in the future 

(outer boundary). 

2.3.1. Dissolved Minerals 

Dissolved minerals are becoming an increasingly important issue in drinking water 

treatment. Currently, USEPA and CDPH have established secondary MCLs for TDS. 

The USEPA secondary MCL is 500 mg/L and is an unenforceable guideline. CDPH has 

established a secondary maximum contaminant level range for TDS. Secondary MCLs in 

California are enforceable limits based on a consumer acceptance contaminant level; 

however, the consumer acceptance contaminant level for TDS is not fixed (Table 2-2). 

As salinity continues to increase, adverse affects on the treatment process and the ability 

to recycle water may be experienced. It is likely TDS will be monitored in the future, 

and the regulation likely will not change (plausible). With the increasing importance of 

water recycling, TDS reductions may be necessary (outer boundary); however, it is 

unlikely that a SDWA regulation would require this. 

Table 2-2. 

Consumer Acceptance Contaminant Level 

Constituent, Units Recommended1 Upper

2 Short Term3

Total Dissolved Solids, mg/L 500 1,000 1,500

Or 

Specific Conductance, μS/cm 900 1,600 2,200 

Chloride, mg/L 250 500 600 

Sulfate, mg/L 250 500 600 

Source: CDPH, 2008. 

Notes: 

(1) Constituent concentrations lower than the recommended contaminant level are desirable for a higher degree of 

consumer acceptance. 

(2) Constituent concentrations ranging to the Upper contaminant level are acceptable if it is neither reasonable nor 

feasible to provide more suitable waters. 

(3) Constituent concentrations ranging to the short term contaminant level are acceptable only for existing 

community water systems on a temporary basis pending construction of treatment facilities or development of 

acceptable new water sources. 

2.4. Nutrients 

Nitrite and nitrate are currently regulated at MCLs of 1 and 10 mg/L as N, respectively. 

These regulations could be revised as a part of EPA’s six-year review process in the next 
Section 2

Updated Regulatory Scenarios 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

2-7

few years. Although it was postulated that the MCLs will remain the same, it is plausible 

that the regulation may move the monitoring location from EPDS to DS locations, to 

account for contribution from nitrification (plausible). Although it is less likely, there is a 

chance that the nitrate MCL could be lowered if toxicological data emerges showing 

health effects similar to perchlorate (outer boundary). 

2.4.1. Algal Toxins 

Algal toxins are toxins formed by cyanobacteria that dominate the freshwater 

phytoplankton communities during periods of calm, stratified conditions (AwwaRF 

2008). Algal toxins are of increasing interest in the US and in other countries around the 

worldbecause it has been observed that increased discharges of nutrients can lead to 

increased algal blooms (and their toxins), which have been associated with an increased 

incidence of fish kills, deaths of livestock and wildlife, and human illness and death 

(Richardson 2007). The most common algal toxins are microcystins, anatoxins, and 

saxitoxins. Others have recognized the need to regulate these toxins, and it is possible 

that the US will follow. The World Health Organization (WHO) has a guideline value 

for microcystin of 1 g/L, and it is possible that this could become an MCL by 2030 

(plausible). Anatoxin-a and saxitoxin do not have WHO guidelines; however, Australia 

has a suggested limit for these toxins of 3 g/L. Although it is not likely, there is a 

possibility that an MCL for anatoxin and saxitoxin could be established at the Australia 

suggested limit of 3 g/L (outer boundary). 

2.4.2. Pathogens and Indicators 

Currently, 2-log removal of Cryptosporidium is required by the IESWTR with additional 

inactivation required based on the bin classification outlined in the LT2ESWTR. These 

requirements are not likely to change by 2030, so the plausible scenario for 

Cryptosporidium inactivation will not require additional inactivation. However, future 

changes in source water quality could change bin classifications, triggering additional 

inactivation requirements. In the unlikely event that the requirements for 

Cryptosporidium removal/inactivation are increased to protect human health, it is 

predicted that an additional 1-log removal/inactivation will be required (outer boundary). 

It is predicted that although pathogens other than Cryptosporidium will be regulated; 

none will be more challenging to remove or inactivate than Cryptosporidium. Table 2-3 

summarizes a number of pathogens that could possibly be regulated by 2030 based on the 

recommendations of expert panels from American Water Works Association (AWWA) 

and USEPA. Many are pathogens on the CCL3. Also summarized in Table 2-3 are the 

treatment requirements that may be necessary to remove or inactive these pathogens. 

Based on this summary, it appears that the other pathogens that are likely to be regulated 

will not be more difficult to remove or inactivate compared to Cryptosporidium. 
Section 2

Updated Regulatory Scenarios 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

2-8

Table 2-3: 

Treatment of Pathogens 

Organism Free Chlorine Ozone UV 

Caliciviruses 

Aggregated calicicivirus required CTs 

greater than EPA Guidance Manual CT 

values. Disspersed calicicivirus 

required CTs less than EPA Guidance 

Manual CT values.2

<0.01 to 0.03 mg/L*min for 4-

log inactivation at a pH of 7 

and 5° C. 28

29 to 36 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation3

Campylobacter 

jejuni Suseptible at doses effective for E. coli4

 NA1 4.6 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation5

Entamoeba 

histolytica 

Similar resistance to chlorine as Giardia 

lamblia.6 

Normal water treatment practices are 

able to remove Entamoeba cysts. 7

 

NA1

 NA1

Escherichia coli

(0157) 

4 log inactivation at CTs of 

approximately 1.1 to 1.2 mg/L*min8

. 2-

log inactivation at a CT of 0.119 mg/L* 

min9

0.09 mg/L*min for 2-log 

inactivation9

6 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation10

Helicobacter 

pylori 2-log CT of 0.299 mg/L*min9 0.24 mg/L*min for 2-log 

inactivation9 NR1

Hepatitis A virus CT table for SWTR are based on 

Hepatitis A NR1 21 mJ/cm2 for 4-log inactivation 

11

Legionella 

pneumophila 

2 to 13.5 mg/L*min for 2-log inactivation 

12

.5 to 1.5 mg/L*min for 2-log 

inactivation at a pH of 7.2 and 

25° C.12

9.4 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation 13

Naegleria fowleri 

2-log CT of 6 and 31 mg/L*min at a pH 

of 7.5 and 23°C for trophozoite and cyst 

form, respectively.29 

NA1 63 mJ/cm2 for 2-log 

inactivation29

Salmonella 

enterica 

Salmonella spp. are sensitive to chlorine 

and do not pose a risk when 

conventional drinking water treatment is 

applied. 14

NA1 7 to 10 mJ/cm2 for 4-log of 

Salmonella spp. 10,15

Shigella sonnei 

Shigella spp. are sensitive to chlorine 

and do not pose a risk when 

conventional drinking water treatment is 

applied. 14

0.9 to 1.4 mg/L*min for 1-log 

inactivation at a pH of 7.2 and 

25° C. 30

8.2 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation16

Vibrio cholerae 

Vegetative bacterium is widely known to 

be sensitive to chlorination and does not 

pose a risk when drinking water is 

properly disinfected.14 

Can be inactivated by Ozone. 

17

2.9 to 21 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation18

Mycobacterium 

avium

51 to 204 mg/L*min for 3-log inactivation 

at 23°C and a pH of 7. 19

0.1 to 0.17 mg/L*min for 3-log 

inactivation at a pH of 7 and 

23° C. 19

NA1

Rotavirus 1.6 to 6.0 for 3-log inactivation at 4°C 

with pHs from 6 to 8.20

0.6 to 3.2 mg/L*min for 3-log 

inactivation with pHs from 6 to 

8 at 4° C.21

36 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation.5

Enteroviruses 

(Coxsackieviruses 

and Echoviruses) 

0.14 to 33.66 mg/L*min for 2-log 

inactivation for Coxsackieviruses and 

0.24 to 49.0 for Echoviruses at pHs from 

6 to 10 at 5°C. 22

0.1 mg/L*min for 3-log 

inactivation of unassociated 

coxsackievirus. 1.5 mg/L*min 

for 3-log inactivation of cell 

associated coxsackievirus at 

5 NTU. 23

32.5 to 36 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation of 

Coxsackieviruses. 

28 to 33 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation of Echoviruses.24

Adenovirus 

0.16 to 0.75 mg/L*min for 4-log 

inactivation at pHs from 6 to 8 and at 5° 

C. 36.09 mg/L*min for 4-log inactivation 

at pH of 8 and 15° C.2

0.07 to 0.6 mg/L*min for 4-log 

inactivation at a pH of 7 and 

5° C. 25

100 to 124 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation with low pressure 

UV lamps. 26,27

Approximately 40 mJ/cm2 for 4-

log inactivation with medium 

pressure UV lamps. 28

Giardia 

24 to 389 mg/L*min for 3-log inactivation 

depending on temperature, chlorine 

concentration, and pH.32

0.48 to 2.9 mg/L*min for 3-log 

inactivation depending on 

temperature.32

22 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation.31

Cryptosporidium Free chlorine is ineffective at 

inactivating Cryptosporidium. 33

4.7 to 72 mg/L*min for 3-log 

inactivation depending on 

temperature. 31 

22 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation.31
Section 2

Updated Regulatory Scenarios 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

2-9

1. NA = Not Available, results were not found during literature search. 2. Thurston-Enriquez et al. 2003a., 3. Thurston-Enriquez et al. 

2003b., 4. Blaser et al. 1986, 5. Wilson et al. 1992, 6. Jarroll et al. 1981, 7. Karanis 2006, 8. Rice et al. 2008, 9. Baker et al. 2002 , 10. Tosa 

and Hirata 1999, 11. Wiedenmann et al. 1993, 12 Domingue et al 1998, 13 Oguma et al. 2004, 14 AWWA 2008., 15 Yaun et al 2003, 16 

Chang et al. 1985 , 17. Burlson et al. 1975, 18. Hoyer 1998, 19. Taylor et al. 2000, 20. Vaughn et al. 1986, 21. Vaughn et al. 1987, 22. 

Engelbrecht et al. 1980, 23. Emerson et al. 1982, 24. Gerba et al. 2002, 25. Thurston-Enriquez et al. 2005, 26. Meng and Gerba 1996, 27. 

Ballester and Malley 2004, 28. Linden et al. 2007. 29. CAP 2008. 30. Lezcano et al. 1999. 31. USEPA 2006. 32. USEPA 1991. 33. Venczel 

et al. 1997 
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3. Historical and Projected Future Water Quality 

Understanding the source water quality for the existing Central Valley WTPs is 

paramount when evaluating whether existing WTPs will meet potential future regulations 

and determining what treatment changes (if any) may be necessary. Accordingly, 

identifying areas that use Central Valley surface water that have similar water quality will 

simplify the necessary analyses. This section presents the source water areas and the 

associated water quality that was used in the analysis. 

3.1. Areas of Similar Source Water Quality 

The Work Group identified four geographical areas that utilize water from the Delta and 

its tributaries, and have similar source water quality (similar levels of constituents of 

concern): 

 Upper Sacramento and Upper-Eastern San Joaquin Watersheds (Upper Watersheds) 

 Central Delta including the South Bay Aqueduct (Central Delta) 

 California Aqueduct – Coastal and East Branches (CAA) 

 California Aqueduct – West Branch (CAA-West) 

Initially, the North Bay Aqueduct was also included as a source water area in the 

evaluation; however, the Work Group decided to remove it from the analysis with the 

assumption that WTPs in this area would likely not be affected by the development of a 

comprehensive Central Valley Drinking Water Policy. 

Geographical area boundaries were not designated; the source water areas were bounded 

by the WTPs in each region with similar intake water quality (Figure 3-1). A total of 49 

WTPs that use Delta water as a major source were considered. 
Section 3

Historical and Projected Future Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

3-2

Figure 3-1: Source Water Areas and Associated WTPs 

San Jose 

Legend 

A NBA 

• Central Delta'SBA 

• 

f 

* CAA(Coa<rtal and Ea;t Brmche~) 

• CAA(West 6'1lnch) 

/'_/ MllJOr F·t!--d)' 

/'v NBAAquooucr 

/"./ S8AAqJedlct 

CAA AQ.leduc.t 

/"./ CAA West AQ.Jedu't 

- ItA ARCADIS The Wlter Dlvls/an rJt ARCADIS 

• 

... 

\ • Fr .. no 

·~\ . ., 

Santa Ana 

Long Beach 

San Diego 

N 

Riverside 

JO 100 1)0 lOO 

D 
Section 3

Historical and Projected Future Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

3-3

3.2. Historical Water Quality 

To characterize the water quality for each source water area, a review of available water 

quality data and reports was performed during Phase I of the project. This section 

provides a summary of the data review; the detailed analysis is included in Appendix B. 

The Work Group identified water quality monitoring locations that are representative of 

each source water area (Table 3-1). These monitoring locations were used to summarize 

the water quality trends of key contaminants of concern (Table 3-2). With the exception 

of Upper Watershed, one monitoring location was used to represent each source water 

area. In the Upper Watershed, the Sacramento River at W. Sac Intake Structure 

monitoring station was used to represent dissolved ammonia, while the Sacramento River 

at Hood monitoring station was used to represent all other water quality parameters. 

Table 3-1. 

Representative Water Quality Monitoring Locations 

Source Water Area Monitoring Location DWR Monitoring 

Station Number 

Upper Watersheds Sacramento River at Hood B9D82211312 

Sacramento River at W. Sac Intake Structure A02104511

Central Delta Banks Pumping Plant KA000331 

CAA Check 13 KA007089 

CAA- West Branch Castaic Lake Tower CA002000 

Source: Representative monitoring locations provided by Work Group. 

1

During Phase II of the Evaluation, the Work Group determined that dissolved ammonia levels at the Sacramento River at 

Hood monitoring location were not representative of the Upper Watersheds source water area. To obtain more 

representative ammonia data, the Sacramento River at West Sac Intake Structure monitoring station was used. 

Organic carbon and bromide are the primary DBP precursors for THMs and HAAs. 

Bromide can also react with ozone to form bromate, another regulated DBP. The 

regulatory scenarios projected for 2030 contain regulations for a number of DBPs, of 

which TTHM, HAA5, HAA9, and bromate can be estimated using a computer model. 

This project utilized the EPA Water Treatment Plant Model (EPAWTPM) Version 2.0 to 

evaluate the affect of changing source water quality on DBP formation. The EPAWTPM 

is an empirical model that simulates DBP formation (TTHM, HAA5, HAA9, Total 

Organic Halides, bromate, and chlorite) under given treatment conditions. 
Section 3

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3-4

Table 3-2: 

Historical Water Quality 

Parameter Upper 

Watersheds Central Delta CAA CAA-West 

(monitoring station) (Hood) (Banks) (Check 13) (Castaic Lake)

TOC, mg/L Median 1.8 3.2 3.2 2.9 

90th Percentile 3.0 4.8 5.2 3.8 

DOC, mg/L Median 1.7 3.3 3.1 2.9 

90th Percentile 2.7 4.7 5.0 3.6 

Bromide, mg/L Median 0.01 0.18 0.19 0.19 

90th Percentile 0.02 0.48 0.38 0.26 

Temperature, °C Median 16.7 17.6 14.7 16.4 

90th Percentile 22.4 25.3 23.3 18.4 

99th Percentile 24.0 28.5 25.7 21.9 

Notes: A detailed summary of water quality is provided in Appendix B. Historical data were generally available from 1998 

and updated to include data up to 2008. 

3.3. Predicted Future Water Quality Scenarios 

The Work Group provided future water quality scenarios based on hydrodynamic 

modeling work completed under another project. Three scenarios for future conditions 

(2030) were compiled: the Planned scenario reflects changes required in existing waste 

discharge permits for wastewater treatment plants and urban runoff discharges, and a 

hypothetical 2 percent reduction in loading from agricultural land. Plausible represents 

more aggressive treatment of wastewater and urban runoff and a hypothetical 6 percent 

reduction in loading from agricultural land. The Outer Boundary scenario demonstrates 

the limits of what can be achieved with current technology for wastewater discharges, 

aggressive treatment of urban runoff, and a hypothetical 10 percent reduction in loading 

from agricultural land. These scenarios were modeled in the WARMF model for the 

Sacramento and San Joaquin basins. It should be noted, that within the Delta it was not 

possible to incorporate the urban runoff and agricultural load reductions due to budget 

and schedule constraints so only the wastewater future scenarios were modeled. 

Outputs from two primary computer models were used to simulate future water quality 

conditions: 

 DSM2 outputs represented water at Clifton Court Forebay, which is representative of 

the Central Delta source water area. 

 WARMF outputs represented water at I-Street from the watersheds feeding the Delta, 

which is applicable to the Upper Watersheds source water area. 

The modeling results provided simulations of monthly average DOC, bromide, and 

temperature for current, planned future, plausible future, and outer boundary future 

conditions (Appendix C). TOC was calculated based on the historical relationship 
Section 3

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Final Project Report 

3-5

between DOC and TOC at Clifton Forebay, where DOC typically accounts for 92 percent 

of TOC. From these data, a 90th percentile was calculated (Table 3-3). Based on the 

input from the modelers, the model results are more reliable to demonstrate differences 

between various scenarios compared to the specific values predicted for any given time 

period. For example, based on the model results one can say that the TOC value in the 

outer boundary condition to be 95% of the current value (5.42/5.72) more confidently 

than saying that the exact value of TOC is 5.42 mg/L in the future outer boundary. 

Table 3-3: 

Future Water Quality Scenarios 

Central Delta Source Water Area 

Parameter 

DSM2 Outputs- Clifton Court Forebay 

(Monthly Averaged Data) 

Current 

(2010) 

Future 

Planned 

Future 

Plausible 

Future 

Outer 

Boundary 

90th Percentile TOC, mg/L1 5.72 5.61 5.52 5.42 

90th Percentile DOC, mg/L 5.26 5.16 5.08 4.99 

90th Percentile Bromide, mg/L 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.39 

99th Percentile Temperature, °C 24 24 24 24 

Average Temperature, °C 17 17 17 17 

Upper Watersheds Source Water Area 

Parameter

WARMF I-Street (Daily Data) 

Current 

(2010) 

Future 

Planned 

Future 

Plausible 

Future 

Outer 

Boundary 

90th Percentile TOC, mg/L1

2.57 2.54 2.47 2.50 

90th Percentile DOC, mg/L 2.36 2.34 2.27 2.30 

90th Percentile Bromide, mg/L2

 - - - - 

99th Percentile Temperature, °C 23 23 23 23 

Average Temperature, °C 15 15 15 15 

1

TOC was calculation using the relationship DOC = 0.92 TOC. 

2

 WARMF model did not provide bromide results; however, historically minimal bromide was present in Upper 

Watersheds. 
Section 3

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California Urban Water Agencies 

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Final Project Report 

3-6

Table 3-4 presents the TOC and bromide values that were used for modeling DBP 

formation. As shown in the table, the 10-year historical data and modeled results, which 

were based upon a longer historical data set, did not exactly match. For this evaluation, 

in order to resolve the difference between the historical and modeled results, the model 

parameter values were adjusted as shown in Table 3-4. 

Table 3-4: 

Adjustment of Modeled Future Water Quality for Consistency with 

Historical Data 

Central Delta Source Water Area

Parameter Historical Modeled 

Current 

Historical to 

Modeled 

Ratio 

(Ratio) * (Future Modeled Scenario)

Future 

Planned 

Future 

Plausible 

Future Outer 

Boundary 

TOC, mg/L 4.79 5.72 0.84 4.70 4.63 4.54 

Bromide, mg/L 0.48 0.41 1.17 0.48 0.48 0.46 

Upper Watersheds Source Water Area

Parameter Historical Modeled 

Current 

Historical to 

Modeled 

Ratio 

(Ratio) * (Future Modeled Scenario)

Future 

Planned 

Future 

Plausible 

Future Outer 

Boundary 

TOC, mg/L 3.00 2.57 1.17 2.97 2.89 2.92 

Note: WARMF model did not provide bromide results; however, historically minimal bromide was present in Upper 

Watersheds. 

All future scenarios show an improvement in water quality (in terms of organic carbon) 

in both the Central Delta and Upper Watersheds. However, the reduction in TOC is not 

large enough to translate to a significant reduction in DBP formation. For example, if the 

TOC is reduced from 4.79 mg/L to 4.54 mg/L in the Central Delta source water area, the 

modeled TTHM are reduced from 49 to 43 μg/L (Table 3-5). Similarly, in the Upper 

Watersheds, if the TOC is reduced from 3.00 to 2.92 mg/L, the TTHM are reduced from 

66 to 65 μg/L. Reductions in TTHM in the 2 to 6 μg/L range are well within the noise of 

the EPAWTPM and are not considered significant changes. This demonstrates that the 

source control measures, even in the most aggressive outer boundary scenario, does not 

result in TOC or bromide water quality improvements large enough to be discernable by 

the EPAWTPM (i.e., the changes are smaller than the overall accuracy of the 

EPAWTPM). 
Section 3

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3-7

Table 3-5: 

EPAWTPM Results for Future Water Quality Scenarios 

Parameter Historical 

Data 

Future Water Quality Scenarios 

Future 

Planned 

Future 

Plausible 

Future Outer 

Boundary 

Central Delta (CD-1)

Input TOC, mg/L 4.79 4.70 4.63 4.54 

3-day TTHM, μg/L 49 45 44 43 

3-day HAA5, μg/L 14 13 13 13 

3-Day HAA9, μg/L 29 26 26 26 

Bromate, μg/L 8 8 7 7 

Upper Watersheds (UW-1)

Input TOC, mg/L 3.0 2.97 2.89 2.92 

3-day TTHM, μg/L 66 66 64 65 

3-day HAA5, μg/L 48 48 47 47 

3-Day HAA9, μg/L 55 55 54 54 

Bromate, μg/L 0 0 0 0 

Because modeling indicates water quality improvements for future water quality 

scenarios for the Central Delta and Upper Watersheds source water areas, it was 

determined that although a slight improvement in future TOC is projected, it is not 

significant enough to reveal meaningful changes DBP modeling results. These findings 

were presented to the Work Group and it was decided that the DBP modeling completed 

during Phase I of the project that used historical water quality could be used in Phase II 

project work, including the determination of treatment upgrades and estimation of costs. 
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 
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4-1

2 

4. Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development 

VWTPs were developed to represent the central tendencies of treatment in each source 

water area that were described in Technical Memorandum 1: Definition of Study 

Boundaries (Appendix B). These VWTPs were then used to evaluate compliance with 

future regulatory scenarios. This section describes the approach used to select VWTPs 

and the baseline conditions used to model VWTPs performance. 

4.1. Approach 

To accurately represent each source water area, a review of current WTP practices was 

performed. Common water treatment processes that were considered are summarized in 

Table 4-1. The WTPs considered were outlined previously in Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries, and the treatment processes for each plant were reviewed 

for accuracy by the Work Group and CUWA Water Quality Committee. The majority of 

plants utilize similar treatment processes; however, not all plants could be represented 

equally due to variations in source water utilization, treatment capacity, and relative 

contribution to total source water area treatment capacity. To account for these 

variations, selection criteria were included in the approach to developing the VWTPs 

(Figure 4-1). The step-wise approach is described below using the CAA source water 

area as an example. The development of all VWTPs is described in detail in Appendix 

D. 

Table 4-1. 

Water Treatment Processes 

Treatment Process Description/Purpose

Particulate 

Removal 

Pre-pH Adjustment Acid addition for enhanced coagulation 

Rapid Mix Mixing during coagulant addition 

Conventional Flocculation and sedimentation 

Direct Filtration Coagulant addition followed directly by filtration 

Slow Sand Slow sand filtration 

Rapid Sand, Multi-media Rapid sand or multi-media filtration 

Pressure Sand Pressure sand filtration vessels 

Membranes Membrane filtration 

Disinfection 

Pre - Chlorination Chlorine as primary disinfectant 

Pre-Ozonation Ozone for taste and odor control and some disinfection credit 

Post-Ozonation Ozone for primary disinfection 

Post-chlorination Chlorine as secondary disinfectant 

Chloramines Chlormamines as secondary disinfectant 

MIOX MIOX for secondary disinfection 

DBP 

Control 

GAC GAC contactors for DBP precursor removal and taste and odor 

PAC PAC addition for DBP precursor removal and taste and odor 
Section 4

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

4-2

Figure 4-1: 

5-Step Approach to VWTP Development

Step 1

Considerthe

WTPsthat

treat > 70%

Delta water.

Step 2

Considerthe

treatment

trainsthat are

> 10% of the

region's

treatment

capacityor

WTPsthat are

greaterthan

20mgd.

Step 3

Considerthe

treatment

processesthat

are used at

leasttwice in

theWTPs

selectedin

Step 2.

Step 4

Consolidate

treatment

trains.

Step 5

Selectflows

representative

of remaining

treatment

trains.
Section 4

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4-3

Step 1- Consider WTPs that Treat More Than 70 Percent Delta Water

Many WTPs have access to water sources other than Delta water (groundwater, Colorado 

River, etc.). As water quality in the Delta changes or as regulations become more 

stringent, these facilities could potentially incorporate blending as a treatment option. 

Blending is beyond the scope of this analysis, so plants that utilize this option (i.e., use 

less than 70% Delta and blend other sources) were no longer considered in the VWTP 

development. 

Eighteen WTPs totaling approximately 2200 mgd of capacity were evaluated in the 

development of CAA VWTPs (Table 4-2). Of the facilities considered, only one WTP 

(Plant R) used less than 70 percent Delta water and could be eliminated from VWTP 

development (Table 4-3). 

Table 4-2: 

WTPs Considered for CAA VWTP Development 

 Plant 

ID 

Size 

(MGD) 

% Regional 

Treatment 

Capacity 

% Delta 

Water 

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP Control

Pre-pH Adjustment 

Rapid Mix 

Conventional 

Direct Filtration 

Filtration: Slow Sand 

Filtration: Rapid Sand, 

Multi-media 

Filtration: Pressure Sand 

Membranes 

Pre - Chlorination 

Pre-Ozonation 

Post-Ozonation 

Post-chlorination 

Chloramines 

MIOX 

GAC 

PAC 

A - - * x x x x 

B 2.2 0.1% * x x x 

C 3 0.1% * x x x x 

D 3.1 0.1% * x x x x 

E 4 0.2% 100* x x x 

F 5 0.2% * x x x x 

G 10 0.5% 100* x x x 

H 12 0.5% * x x x x x 

I 14 0.6% 100* x x x 

J 30 1.4% 80-100* x x x x 

K 43 2.0% 80-100* x x x x x x x 

L 65 3.0% 100* x x x 

M 80 3.6% 0-100 x x x x x x 

N 100 4.5% 0-100 x x x x x x 

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x 

P 520 23.6% 45-86 x x x x x x x 

Q 520 23.6% 39-75 x x x x x x x 

R 630 28.6% 32-55 x x x x x x x x 

 2201 Total Regional Treatment Capacity 

Source: WTP data were provided by the Work Group. 

*Approximate value 
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Table 4-3: 

Step 1- Consider CAA WTPs that Treat More Than 70% Delta Water 

 Plant 

ID 

Size 

(MGD) 

% Regional 

Treatment 

Capacity 

% Delta 

Water1

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP Control

Pre-pH Adjustment 

Rapid Mix 

Conventional 

Direct Filtration 

Filtration: Slow Sand 

Filtration: Rapid Sand, 

Multi-media 

Filtration: Pressure Sand 

Membranes 

Pre - Chlorination 

Pre-Ozonation 

Post-Ozonation 

Post-chlorination 

Chloramines 

MIOX 

GAC 

PAC 

A - - - x x x x 

B 2.2 0.1% - x x x 

C 3 0.1% - x x x x 

D 3.1 0.1% - x x x x 

E 4 0.2% 100 x x x 

F 5 0.2% - x x x x 

G 10 0.5% 100 x x x 

H 12 0.5% - x x x x x 

I 14 0.6% 100 x x x 

J 30 1.4% 80-100 x x x x 

K 43 2.0% 80-100 x x x x x x x 

L 65 3.0% 100 x x x 

M 80 3.6% 0-100 x x x x x x 

N 100 4.5% 0-100 x x x x x x 

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x 

P 520 23.6% 45-86 x x x x x x x 

Q 520 23.6% 39-75 x x x x x x x 

R2 630 28.6% 32-55 x x x x x x x x 

 2201 Total Regional Treatment Capacity 

Source: WTP data were provided by the Work Group. 

Notes: 

1

Approximate value 

2

Highlighted italicized WTPs were removed from table and no longer used in VWTP development. 
Section 4

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Step 2- Consider Treatment Trains that are Greater than 10 percent of the Total 

Source Water Area’s Treatment Capacity or WTPs Greater than 20 Million Gallons 

per Day (MGD) 

Each source water area varies in total treatment capacity and number of WTPs. Many of 

the WTPs within a given source water area utilize a similar treatment train; however, 

some incorporate treatment processes that are unique. It would not be appropriate to 

represent an entire source water area with a unique treatment train that is used at one 

relatively small facility. For this reason, the total treatment capacity of the source water 

area was calculated, and if a treatment train (from one or the sum of many WTPs) was 

not at least 10 percent of the total source water area treatment capacity, it was no longer 

considered in the VWTP development. 

It is equally important to consider the cases when the majority of the total source water 

area treatment capacity is the result of one or two large WTPs. However, it is not 

appropriate to eliminate a WTP from consideration because it shares a source water area 

with a very large plant. This is captured in the second part of Step 2: plants greater than 

20 mgd (that would have been previously eliminated for being less than 10 percent of the 

total source water area treatment capacity) are still considered for VWTP development. 

The CAA source water area has the largest treatment capacity of all of the source water 

areas. The CAA WTPs considered range in size from 2.2 to 520 mgd (Table 4-4). It 

would not be appropriate to represent an entire source water area with a unique treatment 

train that is used at one relatively small facility (Plants A through I). However, due to 

the presence of a few relatively large WTPs in this source water area, it was important to 

capture the second part of these step; plants less than 10% of the total CAA capacity, but 

greater than 20 mgd are still considered (Plants J, K, L, M, N, O). 

 
Section 4

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Table 4-4: 

Step 2- Consider CAA Treatment Trains that are Greater than 10% of the 

Total CAA Source Water Area Treatment Capacity OR CAA WTPs Greater 

than 20 mgd 

 Plant ID 

Size 

(MGD) 

% Regional 

Treatment 

Capacity 

% Delta 

Water1

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP Control

Pre-pH Adjustment 

Rapid Mix 

Conventional 

Direct Filtration 

Filtration: Slow Sand 

Filtration: Rapid Sand, 

Multi-media 

Filtration: Pressure Sand 

Membranes 

Pre - Chlorination 

Pre-Ozonation 

Post-Ozonation 

Post-chlorination 

Chloramines 

MIOX 

GAC 

PAC 

A2 - - - x x x x 

B2 2.2 0.1% - x x x 

C2 3 0.1% - x x x x 

D2 3.1 0.1% - x x x x 

E2 4 0.2% 100 x x x 

F2 5 0.2% - x x x x 

G2 10 0.5% 100 x x x 

H2 12 0.5% - x x x x x 

I

2

 14 0.6% 100 x x x 

J 30 1.4% 80-100 x x x x 

K 43 2.0% 80-100 x x x x x x x 

L 65 3.0% 100 x x x 

M 80 3.6% 0-100 x x x x x x 

N 100 4.5% 0-100 x x x x x x 

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x 

P 520 23.6% 45-86 x x x x x x x 

Q 520 23.6% 39-75 x x x x x x x 

 2201 Total Regional Treatment Capacity 

Source: WTP data were provided by the Work Group.

Notes: 

1

Approximate value 

2

Highlighted italicized WTPs were removed from table and no longer used in VWTP development.
Section 4

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4-7

Step 3- Consider the Unit Treatment Processes that are Used at Least Twice in the 

Source Water Area

Of the remaining WTPs being considered for VWTP development, it is important to 

consider the treatment processes most commonly used. This step eliminates individual 

unit processes that are not used by the majority of WTPs in a source water area. In the 

CAA source water area example, only one of the remaining WTPs uses chlorine for 

secondary disinfection (Table 4-5). It would not be appropriate to represent the entire 

region with a plant that uses chlorine for secondary disinfection, so this WTP was 

removed from VWTP development. 

Table 4-5: 

Step 3- Consider the unit treatment processes that are used at least twice 

in the CAA source water area 

 Plant ID 

Size 

(MGD) 

% Regional 

Treatment 

Capacity 

% Delta 

Water1

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP Control

Pre-pH Adjustment 

Rapid Mix 

Conventional 

Direct Filtration 

Filtration: Slow Sand 

Filtration: Rapid Sand, 

Multi-media 

Filtration: Pressure Sand 

Membranes 

Pre - Chlorination 

Pre-Ozonation 

Post-Ozonation 

Post-chlorination 

Chloramines 

MIOX 

GAC 

PAC 

J

2

 30 1.4% 80-100 x x x x 

K 43 2.0% 80-100 x x x x x x x 

L 65 3.0% 100 x x x 

M 80 3.6% 0-100 x x x x x x 

N 100 4.5% 0-100 x x x x x x 

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x 

P 520 23.6% 45-86 x x x x x x x 

Q 520 23.6% 39-75 x x x x x x x 

Source: WTP data were provided by the Work Group. 

Notes: 

1

Approximate value 

2

Highlighted italicized WTPs were removed from table and no longer used in VWTP development.
Section 4

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Step 4- Consolidate Remaining Treatment Trains 

This step builds the VWTPs by consolidating the remaining treatment processes. Plants 

K, L, and M are all conventional facilities with chloramines (Table 4-6) and plants N, O, 

P, and Q are conventional facilities with ozone, chloramines, and pH adjustment. For this 

reason, these two treatment trains were selected for the VWTPS. It is also important to 

note that the predominant treatment trains may not be the same process sequence as the 

virtual treatment process. 

Table 4-6: 

Step 4- Consolidate Remaining CAA Treatment Trains 

 Plant 

ID 

Size 

(MGD) 

% Regional 

Treatment 

Capacity 

% Delta 

Water1

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP Control

Pre-pH Adjustment 

Rapid Mix 

Conventional 

Direct Filtration 

Filtration: Slow Sand 

Filtration: Rapid Sand, 

Multi-media 

Filtration: Pressure Sand 

Membranes 

Pre - Chlorination 

Pre-Ozonation 

Post-Ozonation 

Post-chlorination 

Chloramines 

MIOX 

GAC 

PAC 

K 43 2.0% 80-100 x x x x x x x 

L 65 3.0% 100 x x x 

M 80 3.6% 0-100 x x x x x x 

N 100 4.5% 0-100 x x x x x x 

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x 

P 520 23.6% 45-86 x x x x x x x 

Q 520 23.6% 39-75 x x x x x x x 

Source: WTP data were provided by the Work Group. 

Notes: 

1

Approximate value 

Step 5- Select Treatment Capacities Representative of Remaining Treatment 

Trains 

The focus up to this point has been on the treatment process. This step selects a 

representative treatment capacity for each VWTP treatment train based on the relative 

sizes of WTPs in the source water area. In the CAA source water area, the conventional 

process with chloramines represented the smaller facilities (<100 mgd) in the area, 

whereas the process with ozone was representative of the larger plants (Figure 4-2). The 

economy of scale for costs could be significant between 40 and 80 mgd. To be 

conservative, the lower end of the range, 40 mgd, was selected for CAA-1. The same is 

not true in the 100 to 500 mgd range. To represent the larger plants, 500 mgd was 

selected for CAA-2. 
Section 4

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Figure 4-2: 

Step 5- Select Treatment Capacities Representative of Remaining CAA 

Treatment Trains 

4.2. Summary of Source Water Area VWTPs 

Using the approach described in Section 4.1, VWTPs were developed for each source 

water area. In some source water areas two or three VWTPs were necessary to represent 

the variety of treatment processes and range of treatment capacities. The development of 

all VWTPs is summarized in detail in Appendix D. A summary of the initial selection of 

representative VWTPs is presented in Table 4-7 below. 

Table 4-7. 

Initial VWTPs 

Source Water 

Area 

VWTP 

Identifier 

Size 

(MGD) 

Particulate 

Removal 

Primary 

Disinfection 

Secondary 

Disinfection 

pH 

Adjustment 

Upper 

Watersheds 

UW-1 100 Conventional* Chlorine Chlorine Yes 

UW-2 100 Direct 

Filtration Chlorine Chloramines No 

Central Delta CD-1 40 Conventional* Ozone + 

Chlorine Chloramines Yes 

CAA 

CAA-1 40 Conventional* Chlorine Chloramines No 

CAA-2 500 Conventional* Ozone + 

Chlorine Chloramines Yes 

CAA- West 

Branch CAAW-1 800 Conventional* Ozone + Chlorine Chloramines Yes 

 *Convention particulate removal includes alum coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and multi-media filtration. 

CAA‐1 (40 mgd)

CAA‐2 (500 mgd)

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Alum or Ferric

Influent

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

Ammonia

Fluoride

Chlorine

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Alum or Ferric

Influent

O3

Ozone

Contactor Sedimentation Reservoir

Basin

Rapid

Mix

Chlorine

Ammonia

Caustic

Fluoride

WTPs K, L, M:  

Conventional + chloramines

(43, 65, 80 mgd)

WTPsN, O, P, Q:

Conventional + ozone +

chloramines +pH adjustment

(100, 160, 520, 520  mgd)
Section 4

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4-10

The VWTPs initially selected were presented to a group of CUWA members on August 

19, 2008. The CUWA members reviewed the treatment processes used in the analysis for 

accuracy, and the analysis was then presented to the Work Group on September 3, 2008. 

Upon review from the Work Group, it was determined that the direct filtration WTPs in 

the Upper Watersheds source water area (similar to the elimination of the North Bay 

Aqueduct source water area) would not be affected by the development of the Drinking 

Water Policy. Upon direction from the Work Group, UW-2 was eliminated from the 

analysis. 

Table 4-8: 

Selected VWTPs 

Source Water 

Area 

VWTP 

Identifier 

Size 

(MGD) 

Particulate 

Removal 

Primary 

Disinfection 

Secondary 

Disinfection 

pH 

Adjustment 

Upper 

Watersheds UW-1 100 Conventional* Chlorine Chlorine Yes 

Central Delta CD-1 40 Conventional* Ozone + 

Chlorine Chloramines Yes 

CAA 

CAA-1 40 Conventional* Chlorine Chloramines No 

CAA-2 500 Conventional* Ozone + 

Chlorine Chloramines Yes 

CAA- West 

Branch CAAW-1 800 Conventional* Ozone + Chlorine Chloramines Yes 

 *Conventional particulate removal includes alum coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and multi-media filtration. 

4.3. VWTP Baseline Modeling Conditions 

The EPAWTPM was used to evaluate the affect of changing source water quality on 

VWTPs. The EPAWTPM is an empirical model that simulates DBP formation (THM4, 

HAA5, HAA9, Total Organic Halides, bromate, and chlorite) under given treatment 

conditions. The EPAWTPM can evaluate a variety of treatment processes and 

disinfectant options. Examples of some of the unit processes, chemical feeds, and 

sampling locations that can be used to build a treatment train are captured in a screen shot 

of the model in Figure 4-3. 
Section 4

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Figure 4-3: 

EPAWTPM Process Train Screen Shot 

Each VWTP was entered into the EPAWTPM to develop baseline treatment conditions. 

By varying the treatment scenarios or water quality conditions, the model provided an 

understanding of how the input variables affect disinfection and DBP formation. In all 

baseline evaluations, 90th percentile historical water quality values were used to develop 

conservative estimates of treatment capabilities and to outline baseline VWTP conditions. 

4.3.1. Treatment Guidelines and Design Assumptions 

The treatment processes included in each VWTP represent the central tendencies of 

treatment within a specific source water area. VWTP treatment and design guidelines 

were developed that are consistent with traditional treatment practices and generally 

representative of the treatment strategies used throughout the source water areas. The 

general treatment guidelines used for each treatment process utilized by the VWTPs are 

summarized below. 
Section 4

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development 

California Urban Water Agencies 

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Final Project Report 

4-12

Pre-Oxidation (Ozone) Guidelines 

 Adjust pH to 6.6 prior to ozone treatment 

 Set ozone dose as 0.5 mg ozone/ mg influent TOC 

 Ozone Contactor detention time– 12 minutes

Coagulation Guidelines 

 Use alum as coagulant 

 Meet Step 1 Enhanced Coagulation TOC removal requirements 

 Define upper bound alum dose 

 10 mg alum/ mg TOC when influent TOC is less than 5 mg/L 

 8 mg alum/ mg TOC when influent TOC is greater than 5 but less than 8 mg/L 

 7 mg alum/ mg TOC when influent TOC is greater than 8 but less than 10 mg/L 

 5 mg alum/ mg TOC when influent TOC is greater than 10 mg/L 

Disinfection Guidelines 

 Achieve Giardia inactivation CTachieved/CTrequired ratio of 1.5 at 5 °C with chlorine 

 If chlorine is used for secondary disinfection, target a residual of 0.5 mg/L at 3 days 

water age in the distribution system 

 If chloramines are used for secondary disinfection, generate 3 mg/L at the WTP 

effluent 

 Target a finished water pH of 7.8 to 8.1 

Unit Process Design Guidelines 

 Rapid Mix detention time – 30 seconds 

 Flocculation detention time - 30 minutes 

 Sedimentation surface overflow rate- 1500 gpd/ft2

 

 Filtration rate- 6 gpm/ft2 

4.3.2. Baseline VWTPs 

Once a process train was outlined in the model, the treatment guidelines and design 

assumptions described in Section 4.3.1 were used along with 90th percentile historical 

source water quality data to develop model inputs. Key model inputs and outputs for all 

of the VWTPs are displayed in the figures and tables below. Detailed baseline VWTP 

EPAWTPM inputs are included in Appendix E. 
Section 4

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

4-13

Figure 4-4: 

UW-1 Baseline VWTP 

* Source water ammonia levels at the Sacramento River at Hood monitoring station were 0.63 mg/L (90th percentile), 

which would require the use of breakpoint chlorination in order to maintain a free chlorine residual. Based on direction 

from the Work Group, it was determined that Hood ammonia levels were not representative of the Upper Watersheds 

source water area and that ammonia levels (0.03 mg/L 90th percentile) from the monitoring station at Sacramento River at 

West Sac. Intake Structure should be used instead. 

Table 4-9: 

UW-1 Baseline VWTP Inputs and Outputs 

Inputs Outputs

Size, mgd 100 TOC Removal, % 32 

Influent TOC, mg/L 3.0 3-Day* THM, g/L 65 

Influent UV254, 1/cm 0.091 3-Day* HAA5, g/L 46 

Influent Bromide, g/L 20 Bromate, g/L 0 

*3-Day indicates the EPAWTPM modeled DBP formation in the distribution system at a water age of three days. 

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Alum‐ 38 mg/L

Sulfuric Acid‐ 5.8 mg/L

*Chlorine – 0.0 mg/L

Influent

Chlorine – 1.1 mg/L

Sedimentation Reservoir

Basin

Rapid

Mix

Chlorine‐ 2.1 mg/L

Sodium Hydroxide‐ 22 mg/L
Section 4

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Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

4-14

Figure 4-5: 

CD-1 Baseline VWTP 

Table 4-10: 

CD-1 Baseline VWTP Inputs and Outputs 

Inputs Outputs

Size, mgd 40 TOC Removal, % 30 

Influent TOC, mg/L 4.8 3-Day* THM, g/L 64 

Influent UV254, 1/cm 0.193 3-Day* HAA5, g/L 18 

Influent Bromide, g/L 480 Bromate, g/L 8 

*3-Day indicates the EPAWTPM modeled DBP formation in the distribution system at a water age of three days. 

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Alum‐ 29 mg/L

Influent

O3‐ 2.5 mg/L

Ozone

Contactor

Sodium Hypochlorite‐ 1.9 mg/L

Sedimentation Reservoir

Basin

Rapid

Mix

Sulfuric Acid‐ 25 mg/L

Sodium Hypochlorite‐ 2.7 mg/L

Ammonia‐ 0.6 mg/L

Sodium Hydroxide‐ 24 mg/L
Section 4

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Final Project Report 

4-15

Figure 4-6: 

CAA-1 Baseline VWTP 

 

Table 4-11: 

CAA-1 Baseline VWTP Inputs and Outputs 

Inputs Outputs

Size, mgd 40 TOC Removal, % 25 

Influent TOC, mg/L 5.2 3-Day* THM, g/L 64 

Influent UV254, 1/cm 0.172 3-Day* HAA5, g/L 17 

Influent Bromide, g/L 379 Bromate, g/L 0 

*3-Day indicates the EPAWTPM modeled DBP formation in the distribution system at a water age of three days. 

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Chlorine‐ 0.5 mg/L

Influent

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

Chlorine (gas) – 2.6 mg/L

Ammonia‐ 0.6 mg/L

Alum‐ 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide‐ 17 mg/L

Chlorine (gas)‐ 1.1 mg/L

Rapid

Mix
Section 4

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

4-16

Figure 4-7: 

CAA-2 Baseline VWTP 

Table 4-12: 

CAA-2 Baseline VWTP Inputs and Outputs 

Inputs Outputs

Size, mgd 500 TOC Removal, % 35 

Influent TOC, mg/L 5.2 3-Day* THM, g/L 60 

Influent UV254, 1/cm 0.172 3-Day *HAA5, g/L 18 

Influent Bromide, g/L 379 Bromate, g/L 7 

*3-Day indicates the EPAWTPM modeled DBP formation in the distribution system at a water age of three days. 

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Alum‐ 23 mg/L

Influent

O3‐ 2.5 mg/L

Ozone

Contactor

Sedimentation Reservoir

Basin

Rapid

Mix

Chlorine ‐ 2.7 mg/L

Ammonia‐ 0.6 mg/L

Sodium Hydroxide‐ 36 mg/L

Chlorine ‐ 1.5 mg/L

Sulfuric Acid‐ 30 mg/L
Section 4

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development 

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Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

4-17

Figure 4-8: 

CAAW-1 Baseline VWTP 

Table 4-13: 

CAAW-1 Baseline VWTP Inputs and Outputs

Inputs Outputs

Size, mgd 800 TOC Removal, % 25 

Influent TOC, mg/L 3.8 3-Day* THM, g/L 47 

Influent UV254, 1/cm 0.100 3-Day* HAA5, g/L 15 

Influent Bromide, g/L 260 Bromate, g/L 5 

*3-Day indicates the EPAWTPM modeled DBP formation in the distribution system at a water age of three days. 

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Alum‐ 12 mg/L

Influent

O3‐ 1.8 mg/L

Ozone

Contactor

Sedimentation Reservoir

Basin

Rapid

Mix

Sodium Hypochlorite‐ 2.6 mg/L

Ammonia‐ 0.6 mg/L

Sodium Hydroxide‐ 21 mg/L

Sodium Hypochlorite‐ 1.3 mg/L

Sulfuric Acid‐ 30 mg/L
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 
California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

5-1

3 

5. Identification of Treatment Triggers 

Phase I of the project defined the boundaries of this evaluation by developing future 

regulatory scenarios (Section 2), identifying areas of similar source water quality, and 

outlining existing water treatment practices in each source water area. VWTPs that are 

representative of each source water area were then developed based on existing treatment 

practices (Section 4). This section combines that work and presents the threshold source 

water quality levels (i.e., treatment triggers) where the plausible regulatory scenario 

would exceed treatment targets (greater than 80 percent of the MCL) and create the need 

for capital or operational modifications to a VWTP. These treatment triggers were 

developed for current and plausible future regulations for each VWTP. 

5.1. Methods for Developing a Treatment Trigger 

To identify and select a treatment trigger, many contaminant properties were considered: 

 Occurrence 

 Formation/destruction mechanisms and rates 

 Water quality conditions that affect formation/destruction 

These properties are well understood for THM4, HAA5, chlorite, and bromate and were 

modeled by the EPAWTPM to determine the treatment trigger. For other contaminants, 

such as nitrosamines and algal toxins, recent literature was examined to determine 

treatment triggers. 

5.2. THMs, HAAs, Bromate, and Chlorite 

Treatment triggers for THM4, HAA5, HAA9, and bromate were developed for each 

VWTP using the EPAWTPM. Chlorite can also be modeled; however, formation is 

estimated based on the use of chlorine dioxide and none of the VWTPs utilize chlorine 

dioxide. 

First, the baseline treatment conditions (90th percentile historical water quality for each 

VWTP) were used as inputs to the EPAWTPM. Next, TOC, UV254, and bromide were 

varied until a THM, HAA, or bromate target was exceeded. Adjustments were made to 

the chemical doses with each model iteration to meet the treatment guidelines (Section 

4.3.1). This process was completed for both the current and plausible regulatory 

scenarios. Detailed model inputs are included in Appendix F. 
Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

5-2

The treatment target used in this evaluation was 80 percent of the MCL. This is a 

common practice in water treatment engineering both with respect to design and 

operation of water treatment facilities. 

The “influent temperature” input to the model was used to account for the different 

averaging periods associated with DBP compliance. For example, to evaluate the current 

regulatory scenario, the annual average temperature was used as the influent temperature 

input in the EPAWTPM because the current compliance basis is the locational running 

annual average. When considering the plausible future regulatory scenario, the 99th

percentile temperature was used as the influent temperature input because this 

temperature would form the highest bromate, TTHM4, and HAA5 levels and represent 

the single sample not to exceed condition. However, HAA9 modeling used the annual 

average temperature as the influent temperature input to the model because the plausible 

regulatory scenario was compliance on an LRAA basis. 

The tables below summarize the results from the treatment trigger evaluation matrix for 

each VWTP. Regions of the table are shaded to represent how many treatment targets 

were exceeded (Table 5-1). 

Table 5-1: 

Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix Legend 

= 90th percentile water quality 

= 2 or more treatment targets exceeded* 

= 1 treatment target exceeded * 

= no treatment targets exceeded 

Treatment target equals 80% of the MCL. 

*B= Bromate exceeded, T= THM4 exceeded, H5= HAA5 

exceeded, H9= HAA9 exceeded. 
Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

5-3

In the Upper Watersheds source water area, the VWTP UW-1 utilizes conventional 

particulate removal and chlorine for primary and secondary disinfection. The source 

water in the area has historically been high quality, with low 90th percentile TOC and 

bromide at approximately 3.0 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L, respectively. UW-1 meets current 

regulations under 90th percentile historical water quality conditions; however, as TOC 

and bromide concentrations increase, THM and HAA5 treatment targets are exceeded 

(Table 5-2). Under the plausible regulatory scenario, the increase in temperature 

(representing the shift to single sample not to exceed), causes THM, HAA5, and HAA9 

targets to be exceeded (Table 5-3). A more detailed matrix of model inputs using a finer 

resolution bromide and TOC range is included in Appendix F. 

 

Table 5-2: 

UW-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Current Regulations) 

Bromide 

(mg/L) 

0.20 T T T T T 

0.16 T T T T T 

0.12 T T T T T 

0.06 T T T, H5 T 

0.02 T, H5 T, H5 

Influent Temp: 

16 °C (average) 

Min Temp: 5 °C 

2 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 

TOC (mg/L) 

= 90th percentile water quality

 = 2 or more treatment targets exceeded* 

 = 1 treatment target exceeded * 

 = no treatment targets exceeded 

Treatment target equals 80% of the MCL. 

*B= Bromate exceeded, T= THM4 exceeded, H5= HAA5 exceeded, H9= HAA9 exceeded. 
Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

5-4

Table 5-3: 

UW-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Plausible Future Regulations) 

Bromide 

(mg/L) 

0.20 T T T, H5, H9 T, H5, H9 T, H5, H9 

0.16 T T T, H5, H9 T, H5, H9 T, H5, H9 

0.12 T T T, H5, H9 T, H5, H9 T, H5, H9 

0.06 T T, H5 T, H5, H9 T, H5, H9 

0.02 T T, H5 T, H5 T, H5 

Influent Temp: 

24 °C (99th

percentile) 

Min Temp: 5 °C 

2 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 

TOC (mg/L) 

= 90th percentile water quality

= 2 or more treatment targets exceeded* 

= 1 treatment target exceeded * 

= no treatment targets exceeded 

Treatment target equals 80% of the MCL. 

*B= Bromate exceeded, T= THM4 exceeded, H5= HAA5 exceeded, H9= HAA9 exceeded. 
Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

5-5

The Central Delta source water area is represented by a VWTP that utilizes preozonation, conventional particulate removal, chlorine for primary disinfection, and 

chloramines for secondary disinfection (CD-1). Under historical 90th percentile water 

quality (approximately 5 mg/L TOC and 0.6 mg/L bromide), all treatment targets are met. 

As TOC and bromide concentrations increase, the ozone dose also increases to meet the 

0.5 mg ozone/mg TOC target, and bromate formation becomes a concern (Table 5-4). As 

the temperature is increased to evaluate the plausible regulatory scenario, THM formation 

also becomes a concern (Table 5-5). 

Table 5-4: 

CD-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Current Regulations) 

Bromide (mg/L) 

0.8 B B B, T B, T 

0.6 B B, T B, T 

0.5 B, T B, T 

0.4 T B, T 

0.2 T 

Influent Temp: 18 °C 

(average) 

Min Temp: 5 °C 

2 3.5 5 6.5 8 

TOC (mg/L) 

= 90th percentile water quality

= 2 or more treatment targets exceeded* 

= 1 treatment target exceeded * 

= no treatment targets exceeded 

Treatment target equals 80% of the MCL. 

*B= Bromate exceeded, T= THM4 exceeded, H5= HAA5 exceeded, H9= HAA9 exceeded. 
Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

5-6

Table 5-5: 

CD-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Plausible Future Regulations) 

Bromide (mg/L) 

0.8 B B B, T B, T B, T 

0.6 B B B B, T B, T 

0.5 B B B, T B, T 

0.4 B B, T B, T 

0.2 T T 

Influent Temp: 28 °C 

(99th percentile) 

Min Temp: 5 °C 

2 3.5 5 6.5 8 

TOC (mg/L) 

= 90th percentile water quality

= 2 or more treatment targets exceeded* 

= 1 treatment target exceeded * 

= no treatment targets exceeded 

Treatment target equals 80% of the MCL. 

*B= Bromate exceeded, T= THM4 exceeded, H5= HAA5 exceeded, H9= HAA9 exceeded. 
Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

5-7

The California Aqueduct source water area was represented by two VWTPs. The first 

VWTP, CAA-1, utilizes conventional particulate removal, chlorine for primary 

disinfection, and chloramines for secondary disinfection. Under current conditions, all 

treatment targets are achieved; however, as the TOC increases, TTHM formation 

becomes a concern (Table 5-6). As the influent temperature is increased from 15 to 26°C 

to evaluate the plausible future regulatory scenario, TTHM formation becomes a concern 

at lower TOC values, although treatment targets can still be met under historical 90th

percentile water quality conditions (Table 5-7). 

Table 5-6: 

CAA-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Current Regulations) 

Bromide 

(mg/L) 

1.0 T T T 

0.8 T T T 

0.6 T T T 

0.4 T T T 

0.2 T T 

Influent Temp: 15 °C 

(average) 

Min Temp: 5 °C 

2 3.5 5 6.5 8 9.5 

TOC (mg/L) 

= 90th percentile water quality

= 2 or more treatment targets exceeded* 

= 1 treatment target exceeded * 

= no treatment targets exceeded 

Treatment target equals 80% of the MCL. 

*B= Bromate exceeded, T= THM4 exceeded, H5= HAA5 exceeded, H9= HAA9 exceeded. 
Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

5-8

Table 5-7: 

CAA-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Plausible Future Regulations) 

Bromide 

(mg/L) 

1.0 T T T T 

0.8 T T T T 

0.6 T T T T 

0.4 T T T 

0.2 T T T 

Influent Temp: 26 °C 

(99th percentile) 

Min Temp: 5 °C 

2 3.5 5 6.5 8 9.5 

TOC (mg/L) 

= 90th percentile water quality

= 2 or more treatment targets exceeded* 

= 1 treatment target exceeded * 

= no treatment targets exceeded 

Treatment target equals 80% of the MCL. 

*B= Bromate exceeded, T= THM4 exceeded, H5= HAA5 exceeded, H9= HAA9 exceeded. 
Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

5-9

The second representative VWTP for the CAA source water area, CAA-2, is similar to 

CD-1. CAA-2 utilizes pre-ozonation, conventional particulate removal, chlorine for 

primary disinfection, and chloramines for secondary disinfection. Under historical 90th

percentile water quality, current regulations are met. As the TOC and bromide increase, 

the ozone dose also increases to meet the 0.5 mg ozone/mg TOC target, and bromate 

formation becomes a concern (Table 5-8). TTHM formation also becomes a concern at 

higher TOC concentrations. As the influent temperature is increased to evaluate 

plausible future regulations, bromate and TTHM formation become a concern at lower 

bromide and TOC levels (Table 5-9). The target for bromate is exceeded at the historical 

90th percentile water quality. 

Table 5-8: 

CAA-2 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Current Regulations) 

Bromide 

(mg/L) 

1.0 B B B B, T B, T B, T 

0.8 B B B B, T B, T 

0.6 B B B, T B, T 

0.4 B B, T 

0.2 

Influent Temp: 15 °C 

(average) 

Min Temp: 5 °C 

2 3.5 5 6.5 8 9.5 

TOC (mg/L) 

= 90th percentile water quality

= 2 or more treatment targets exceeded* 

= 1 treatment target exceeded * 

= no treatment targets exceeded 

Treatment target equals 80% of the MCL. 

*B= Bromate exceeded, T= THM4 exceeded, H5= HAA5 exceeded, H9= HAA9 exceeded. 
Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

5-10

Table 5-9: 

CAA-2 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Plausible Future Regulations) 

Bromide 

(mg/L) 

1.0 B B B B, T B, T B, T 

0.8 B B B B, T B, T B, T 

0.6 B B B, T B, T B, T 

0.4 B B, T B, T B, T 

0.2 T T T 

Influent Temp: 26 °C 

(99th percentile) 

Min Temp: 5 °C 

2 3.5 5 6.5 8 9.5 

TOC (mg/L) 

= 90th percentile water quality

= 2 or more treatment targets exceeded* 

= 1 treatment target exceeded * 

= no treatment targets exceeded 

Treatment target equals 80% of the MCL. 

*B= Bromate exceeded, T= THM4 exceeded, H5= HAA5 exceeded, H9= HAA9 exceeded. 
Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

5-11

In the California Aqueduct West Branch source water area, the VWTP CAAW-1 utilizes 

pre-ozonation, conventional particulate removal, chlorine for primary disinfection, and 

chloramines for secondary disinfection. Although some of the water quality conditions 

differ between CAA-2 and CAAW-1, due to the fact that they utilize the same treatment 

process, the results are similar. Under historical 90th percentile water quality, current 

regulations are met. As the TOC and bromide increase, the ozone dose also increases to 

meet the 0.5 mg ozone/mg TOC target, and bromate formation becomes a concern (Table 

5-10). TTHM formation also becomes a concern at higher TOC concentrations. As the 

influent temperature is increased to evaluate plausible future regulations, bromate and 

TTHM formation become a concern at lower bromide and TOC levels (Table 5-11); 

however, treatment targets are met at the historical 90th percentile water quality. 

Table 5-10: 

CAAW-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Current Regulation) 

Bromide 

(mg/L) 

0.60 B B B B B, T B, T 

0.45 B B B, T B, T 

0.30 T 

0.15 

0.05 

Influent Temp: 16 °C 

(average) 

Min Temp: 5 °C 

2.5 4.0 5.5 7.0 8.5 10 

TOC (mg/L) 

= 90th percentile water quality

= 2 or more treatment targets exceeded* 

= 1 treatment target exceeded * 

= no treatment targets exceeded 

Treatment target equals 80% of the MCL. 

*B= Bromate exceeded, T= THM4 exceeded, H5= HAA5 exceeded, H9= HAA9 exceeded. 
Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

5-12

Table 5-11: 

CAAW-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Plausible Future 

Regulations) 

Bromide 

(mg/L) 

0.60 B B B B, T B, T B, T 

0.45 B B B B, T B, T B, T 

0.30 T B, T B, T 

0.15 T T 

0.05 

Influent Temp: 22 °C 

(99th percentile) 

Min Temp: 5 °C 

2.5 4.0 5.5 7.0 8.5 10 

TOC (mg/L) 

= 90th percentile water quality

= 2 or more treatment targets exceeded* 

= 1 treatment target exceeded * 

= no treatment targets exceeded 

Treatment target equals 80% of the MCL. 

*B= Bromate exceeded, T= THM4 exceeded, H5= HAA5 exceeded, H9= HAA9 exceeded. 

5.3. Chlorate 

The plausible chlorate MCL was estimated to be 700 μg/L or 0.7 mg/L. Chlorate is a 

contaminant produced during on-site generations of hypochlorite solutions, the 

decomposition of hypochlorite, and as a chlorine dioxide DBP. Snyder (2009) 

investigated the occurrence of contaminants in bulk, on-site generated, and calcium 

hypochlorite solutions used at eight different utilities. Chlorate contamination from the 

hypochlorite solutions appeared to impact all of the utilities tested. Chlorate 

concentrations in the finished water ranged from 0.019 to 1.5 mg/L. 

Chlorate can also be formed in drinking water as a chlorine dioxide byproduct. 

Generally, chlorate formation is approximately 20% of the original chlorine dioxide dose 

(Gates 2009, Miltner 1976, Thompson 1992). Doses of chlorine dioxide typically used in 

water treatment range from 0.5 to 1.5 mg/L. During the USEPA Information Collection 

Rule effort from 1997 to 1998, the median chlorate concentration at WTPs utilizing 

chlorine dioxide for disinfection was 0.12 mg/L. A recent full-scale study of chlorine 

dioxide at a dose of 3 mg/L found that chlorate levels did not occur above 0.3 mg/L in 

distribution system samples (Malcolm Pirnie, unpublished). 
Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

5-13

In addition to being formed as a DBP, chlorate can also be present because of inefficient 

chlorine dioxide generation. A typical level for chlorate carryover to the finished water 

from chlorate feedstock contamination is about 0.050 mg/L for a 1 mg/L dose of chlorine 

dioxide (Gates 2009, Gates 1998). 

Therefore, the use of chlorine dioxide should not generate chlorate levels above the 

plausible future regulation of 0.7 mg/L, whereas chlorate contamination from 

hypochlorite solutions could be a concern based on levels reported in Snyder (2009). 

However, it was not possible to define a numerical treatment trigger of water quality 

conditions that would cause chlorate to exceed 0.7 mg/L. For this reason, the impact of 

potential future regulation of chlorate will be evaluated based on documented 

hypochlorite contamination minimization strategies. 

In a study conducted by Snyder, Gordon, and Asami in 2009, recommended strategies to 

minimize chlorate contamination in hypochlorite solutions included: 

 Dilute stored hypochlorite solutions upon delivery: The decomposition of 

hypochlorite and subsequent formation of chlorate is dependent upon hypochlorite 

concentration and ionic strength. Higher ionic strength and hypochlorite 

concentration will drive the reaction towards a greater production of chlorate. 

 Store hypochlorite solutions at lower temperatures: Higher temperatures speed up the 

chemical decomposition of hypochlorite and the formation of chlorate. 

 Control the pH of stored hypochlorite solutions at pH 11 to 13, even after dilution: 

pH values lower than 11 are not recommended due to rapid decomposition of 

hypochlorite ion/hypochlorous acid and the consequent formation of chlorate. When 

pH is great than 13, chlorate formation is enhanced due to the ionic strength effect. 

Utilities should continue to insist that manufacturer specifications include pH control 

in the range of 11 to 13. On-site generated hypochlorite typically ranges in pH from 

9 to 10, such solutions should be used as soon as possible and should not be stored 

more than one to two days. 

 Use fresh hypochlorite solutions when possible: Over time, hypochlorite will 

naturally decompose to produce oxygen, chlorate, and perchlorate. Less storage time 

will minimize the formation of these contaminants. 

5.4. Nitrosamines 

Nitrosamines are probable human carcinogens formed during disinfection of drinking 

water and wastewater. These compounds are of increasing interest and concern due to 

the cancer risk associated with concentrations in the low ng/L range. NDMA is detected 

more frequently and in higher concentrations compared to other nitrosamines, suggesting 

that NDMA may serve as a surrogate for nitrosamine exposure (Zhao 2008). The 

plausible regulatory scenario includes NDMA regulation at 3 to 10 ng/L (LRAA). 
Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

5-14

NDMA is one of six nitrosamines included in the UCMR 2. NDMA has been detected in 

WTP effluents from 3 to 16 ng/L and in distribution systems from 10 to 88 ng/L for some 

of the WTPs considered in this evaluation (UCMR 2 Database). UCMR 2 data collection 

and analysis effort is on-going at this time; however, some initial observations can be 

drawn: 

 Detection of NDMA primarily occurred in drinking water plants utilizing 

chloramination. In the cases where NDMA was detected at a WTP utilizing chlorine, 

ammonia was often present in the source water, which could have caused the 

formation of chloramines and subsequently NDMA. 

 Of the chloramination WTPs that detected NDMA, over two-thirds of the samples 

were from the maximum residence time distribution system location (not the EPDS), 

indicating that NDMA formation continues to occur in the DS. 

NDMA formation chemistry is complex and not completely understood. There are a 

number of nitrogen-containing compounds that could form NDMA. An extensive review 

of nitrosamine formation literature by Sacher et al. 2008 indicated: 

 Laboratory chloramination experiments indicated that the concentration of NDMA 

formed from natural organic matter (NOM) precursors will be less than 7.4 ng/L; 

therefore, NOM is not a major precursor for nitrosamine formation during 

chloramination. 

 Some polyelectrolytes (DADMAC and epiDMA polymers) and anion exchange 

resins commonly used in water treatment have been documented to cause significant 

NDMA formation. 

 A strong correlation between boron concentration (an indicator of anthropogenic 

pollution) and NDMA formation potential in laboratory studies implied that water 

utilities using surface water under the influence of wastewater are at a higher risk for 

nitrosamine formation during chloramination than those using non-impacted source 

waters. 

Due to the complex nature of NDMA formation, a numerical treatment trigger could not 

be developed. However, there are a number of documented treatment strategies that can 

be implemented to reduce NDMA formation. In lieu of a treatment trigger, VWTPs will 

be evaluated based on the demonstrated NDMA reduction strategies described below. 

Depending on the relative percent of municipal or industrial wastewater influence on the 

source water, consider additional treatment techniques: 

 Avoidance of DADMAC polymeric materials during the flocculation process 

 Optimization of operational parameters of the chloraminantion process (e.g., 

minimize dichloramine levels) 
Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

5-15

 Removal of NDMA precursors by processes such as slow sand filtration, artificial 

groundwater recharge, riverbank filtration, pre-chlorination, or pre-ozonation. 

Studies have shown that NDMA formation can be reduced by greater than 90% with 

ozonation or chlorination prior to the formation of chloramines (Sacher 2008); however, 

this strategy must be balanced with the formation of other disinfection byproducts. Table 

5-12 presents reductions in NDMA formation that can be achieved with free chlorine 

contact time. Table 5-13 presents reductions in NDMA formation that can be achieved 

with ozonation. 

Table 5-12: 

Reduction of NDMA Formation with Free Chlorine Contact Time 

Chlorine 

Dose 

(mg/L) 

Contact 

Time 

(hrs) 

pH Reduction in 

NDMA Formation1

(%) 

Notes Reference

2 to 4 2 7.8 69 to 94 0.8 to 1 chlorine to ammonia 

molar ratio. 

Charrois 2007 

5.7 0.17 7.0 50 120 hrs of reaction with 

chloramines. 0.7 to 1 chlorine to 

ammonia molar ratio. 

Chen 2008 

2 1.8 9 50 5 days of reaction with 

chloramines. 1 to 1 chlorine to 

ammonia molar ratio. 

Chen 2008 

2.3 0.08 7.2 > 80 WRF Effluent2 Cotton 2009 

3.4 1 7.2 >90 WRF Effluent2 Cotton 2009 

5 to 10 2 - 46 to 74 Mannich polymer was used. Huitric 2006 

2 to 7 0.33 8 97 3:1 to 4:1 chlorine to ammonia 

mass ratio. 

AwwaRF 

2008 

10 1 - 70 WRF Effluent2 PehlivanogluMantas 2006 

1

Reduction compares the use of chloramines without free chlorine contact time to the use of chloramines with free chlorine 

contact time. 

2

Water Reclamation Facility (WRF) Effluent defined as tertiary treated wastewater.
Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

5-16

Table 5-13: 

Reduction of NDMA Formation with Ozonation 

Ozone Dose 

(7 mg/L) 

Contact 

Time (hrs) 

pH Reduction in NDMA 

Formation1

 (%) 

Notes Reference 

7 1 7.0 75 40 min of reaction 

time with preformed 

monochloramine. 

Chen 2008 

1 to 2 1.7 n/a 32 to 92 Reduction of NDMA 

FP in natural waters. 

Sacher 2008 

1

Reduction compares the use of chloramines without ozone contact time to the use of chloramines with ozone contact time. 

5.5. Nutrients 

It is plausible that nitrite and nitrate regulations could be revised to move the monitoring 

location from the EPDS to DS locations to account for contribution from nitrification. 

Nitrification can have adverse effects on water quality including a loss of total chlorine 

residual, release of free ammonia, buildup of nitrite, possible conversion to nitrite and 

nitrate, decrease in pH, and increase in microbiological activity (McGuire 2009). 

Nitrification has the potential to affect WTPs utilizing chloramines or WTPs utilizing 

chlorine where ammonia is present in the source water. During nitrification, ammonia is 

released and converted to nitrite (1:1 ratio as mg/L N). If more than 0.8 mg/L (as N) 

ammonia is added to generate chloramines, or if greater than 0.8 mg/L (as N) ammonia is 

present in the surface water, nitrite formation could potentially reach or exceed the target 

of 80 percent of the MCL (0.8 mg/L as N). As nitrite levels increase, conversion to 

nitrate might occur if nitrite oxidizing bacteria are present, but distribution systems do not 

commonly experience this full conversion of nitrite to nitrate. Further, typical levels of 

ammonia available for nitrification will not increase nitrate levels above the nitrate MCL 

(10 mg/L as N), unless the utility is already serving water very close to the MCL. 

Although, some WTPs in California have been affected by nitrification, successful 

prevention strategies (chlorite addition or breakpoint chlorination) have been 

implemented. For example, the City of Glendale, California experienced nitrification in 

its reservoirs and DS that at times generated nitrite as high as 0.25 mg/L as N. With 

chlorite addition to a clean system (i.e., one not currently experiencing nitrification or one 

that is breakpoint chlorinated to eliminate nitrification before chlorite addition), 

nitrification (and the formation of nitrite) was eliminated (McGuire 2009). 

Nitrification will not likely form nitrate at levels approaching the MCL at the 

representative VWTPs considered in this study. VWTPs utilizing chloramines (CD-1, 

CAA-1, CAA-2, and CAAW-1) dose ammonia at 0.6 mg/L and the VWTPs with 

ammonia present in the source water (UW-1) utilize breakpoint chlorination. In both 

cases, ammonia will not be present at levels above the 0.8 mg/L as N treatment trigger. 
Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers 

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Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

5-17

5.6. Microcystin 

Algal toxins are toxins formed by cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that dominate the 

freshwater phytoplankton communities during periods of calm, stratified conditions 

(AwwaRF 2008). It has been observed that increased discharges of nutrients can lead to 

increased algal blooms (and their toxins), which have been associated with an increased 

incidence of fish kills, deaths of livestock and wildlife, and human illness and death 

(Richardson 2007). With increasing awareness and measurement of algal toxins 

worldwide, it is likely that algal toxins will be included in the UCMR 3. With potential 

data from the UCMR 3 and a growing body of toxicological data, microcystin could be 

regulated at the WHO drinking water guideline value of 1 g/L (plausible scenario). 

Formulating a treatment trigger to prevent cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms 

(CHABs), and therefore Microcystin formation, is not feasible because CHABs are 

affected by a number of factors including: hydrology, nutrients, sunlight, temperature, 

and ecosystem disturbance. Due to the complex interactions between physical and 

ecological processes, it is difficult to point to any single, definitive cause for the 

development and proliferation of cyanobacteria blooms (ISOC-HAB 2005). For this 

reason, the impact of potential future regulation of Microcystin was evaluated based on 

available treatment technologies to remove or oxidize it, not on a threshold water quality 

value. Demonstrated Microcystin removal strategies are discussed below. 

Microcystin can be present as an intracellular (inside of the cell), extracellular (outside 

the cell) toxin. Conventional water treatment practices (flocculation, coagulation, 

sedimentation, and filtration) effectively remove intracellular toxins but do not remove 

extracellular toxins. Extracellular toxins can be oxidized through disinfection processes. 

Ideally, intact cyanobacterial cells (and therefore intracellular microcystin) would be 

removed through physical processes (flocculation, coagulation, sedimentation, and 

filtration), and remaining extracellular cells would be oxidized during disinfection. 

Chloramines and chlorine dioxide are not effective at oxidizing microcystin. In one 

study, chloramine doses as high as 20 mg/L with 2-day exposures did not degrade 

microcystin (ISOC-HAB 2005, Nicholson 1994). UV disinfection is also not an 

economically viable option for degradation of Microcystin. UV doses required for 

degradation of algal toxins range from 1,530 to 20,000 mJ/cm2

 (ISOC-HAB 2005), 

several orders of magnitude higher than those required for Cryptosporidium inactivation. 

Ozone can effectively degrade microcystins at levels typically used in drinking water 

treatment. Ozone doses as low as 0.22 mg/L have been found to completely oxidize 

extracellular microcystins in as little as 15 seconds (Svrcek 2004, Rositano 1998). The 

only complication with ozonation of microcystins is the competitive reactions with DOC 

and alkalinity. Shawwa and Smith (2001) showed a distinct lag before the degradation of 

microcystins began as the DOC concentration increased. This lag time signified that 
Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

5-18

ozone only had an effect on extracellular microcystin after the DOC demand was 

satisfied – incomplete oxidation of toxins could occur if no residual ozone concentration 

remained (Svrcek 2004). For the VWTPs utilizing ozone in this evaluation, ozone 

treatment guidelines included an ozone dose of 0.5 mg ozone per mg TOC and a contact 

time of 12 minutes. These conditions should be sufficient to cause cell lysis and 

oxidation of extracelluar microcystins. 

Chlorine also effectively oxidizes microcystins at levels typically used in drinking water 

treatment. Acero et al. 2005 performed chlorination experiments with influent 

microcystin-LR of 10 and 50 μg/L at various pH and temperature (Table 5-14). At a pH 

less than 8, the CT achieved for baseline conditions is sufficient to oxidize 10 g/L of 

microcystins at all VWTPs (Table 5-14 and Table 5-15). 

Table 5-14: 

Chlorine CT Values for Reducing Microcystin Concentration to 1 g/L 

pH Initial 

MicrocystinLR (g/L) 

CT values (mg-min/L)

10°C 15°C 20°C 25°C 

6 

50 46.6 40.2 34.8 30.3 

10 27.4 23.6 20.5 17.8 

7 

50 67.7 58.4 50.6 44 

10 39.8 34.4 29.8 25.9 

8 

50 187.1 161.3 139.8 121.8 

10 110.3 94.9 82.3 71.7 

9 

50 617.2 526.0 458.6 399.1 

10 363.3 309.6 269.8 234.9 

Source: Acero 2005.

Table 5-15: 

Chlorine CT Values Achieved in Baseline VWTPs 

VWTP CT (mg-min/L)

UW-1 36 

CD-1 33 

CAA-1 37 

CAA-2 32 

CAAW-1 38 
Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers 

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Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

5-19

5.7. Other Pathogens 

The CCL3 includes several emerging pathogens; however none of these pathogens are 

more difficult to remove or inactivate compared to the current microbial standards for 

Giardia, virus, and Cryptosporidium. Table 2-3 in Section 2.4.2 summarized the 

treatment requirements that may be necessary to remove or inactive these pathogens. For 

this reason, no treatment triggers were developed for emerging pathogens. 

5.8. Treatment Trigger Summary 

The levels at which water quality parameters (singly or in combination) create the need 

for capital or operational modifications to a treatment process (treatment triggers), were 

developed for current and plausible future regulations for each VWTP. These treatment 

triggers can be used by CUWA members to estimate the costs associated with varying 

levels of water quality in the future. 

All current VWTPs were able to comply with current regulations (evaluated with the 

average temperature and 90th percentile water quality). A range of water quality 

conditions beyond the 90th percentile were also evaluated and were discussed in Section 

5.2). 

Table 5-16 summarizes some of the findings from the treatment trigger evaluation for the 

plausible regulatory scenario, where the 99th percentile temperature and 90th percentile 

water quality were used. For chlorate, NDMA, and microcystins, numeric treatment 

triggers were not defined; however a treatment approach could be used to address these 

contaminants. 
Section 5

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Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

5-20

Table 5-16: 

Summary of Treatment Triggers for VWTPs (Plausible Future Regulations) 

 UW-1 CD-1 CAA-1 CAA-2 CAAW-1

Summary 

Table in 

Section 5.2 

Table 5-3 Table 5-5 Table 5-7 Table 5-9 Table 5-11 

Bromate     

THM4     

HAA5     

HAA9     

Chlorate 

? 

Chlorate is a common contaminant associated with hypochlorite solutions. WTPs utilizing hypochlorite (on-site 

generation or bulk) should consider: diluting the solution upon delivery, storing the solution at lower 

temperatures, controlling the pH of the stored solution between 11 and 13, and using fresh solution when 

possible. If such practices are employed, chlorate should likely remain below the 0.7 mg/L plausible future 

regulation. 

NDMA 

?

All VWTPs can oxidize NDMA precursors due to the utilization of free contact time prior to formation of 

chloramines. For plants using pre-ozonation, additional oxidation of NDMA precursors can be achieved. 

However, NDMA formation is complex and the plausible regulatory scenario levels are very low. Therefore, it 

is not currently possible to accurately determine whether the VWTP will have NDMA formation above the 

plausible 3 to 10 ng/L and if treatment is triggered; however, due to the low level of possible NDMA 

regulations, it is likely that some treatment change will be triggered for systems utilizing chloramines as their 

secondary disinfectant.

Nitrate/Nitrite 



To reduce the 

ammonia present in 

the source water and 

to prevent nitrification, 

breakpoint chlorination 

is utilized. With this 

strategy, nitrite and 

nitrate levels are not 

likely to increase 

above the MCL.



Although nitrification could occur, ammonia doses used in the formation of 

chloramines are less than 0.8 mg/L. At this level, nitrite and nitrate levels are not 

likely to increase above the MCL. 

Microcystin 



CT values achieved with chlorine at all VWTPs may sufficient (some minor adjustments may be needed) to 

oxidize 10 g/L microcystin. VWTPs utilizing pre-ozonation will also oxidize Microcystin.

Other 

Pathogens 



Of the several emerging pathogens considered, none are more difficult to remove, oxidize, or inactivate 

compared to the current microbial standards for Giardia, virus, and Cryptosporidium. For this reason, no 

treatment triggers were developed for emerging pathogens.

Able to achieve target with existing treatment practices, 99th percentile temperature, and 90th percentile water quality.

Not able to achieve target with existing treatment practices, 99th percentile temperature and 90th percentile water quality. 

? Not able to determine treatment trigger. 
California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

6-1

6. Evaluation of Future Regulatory Compliance 

and Recommended VWTP Upgrades 

Phase I project work focused on developing future regulatory scenarios, creating VWTPs 

representative of each source water area, and defining water quality threshold values that 

would trigger the need for treatment upgrades. Phase II of the project assessed future 

regulatory compliance, determined needed VWTP upgrades, and developed cost 

estimates. This section summarizes VWTP performance under future regulatory 

scenarios and recommends treatment upgrades necessary to stay in compliance. 

6.1. VWTP Performance with Current Regulations 

VWTP performance was assessed based on the ability of the treatment process to meet 

treatment targets for modeled DBP formation, which were defined as 80 percent of the 

MCL (a typical conservative practice in the water industry). As discussed in Section 4 

and 5, all baseline VWTPs were able to meet treatment targets with historical 90th

percentile water quality. 

6.2. VWTP Performance with Future Regulations 

Future regulatory scenarios were more stringent for DBPs and as a result many VWTPs 

that were able to meet treatment targets for current regulations began to exceed treatment 

targets for the future, despite the fact that there was not a change in water quality. The 

following sections discuss VWTP performance under the plausible and outer boundary 

future regulatory scenarios. 

6.2.1. Plausible Future Regulatory Scenario 

To simulate the stricter DBP regulations of single sample not to exceed included in the 

plausible regulatory scenario, the influent temperature input to the WTPM was increased 

from an annual average temperature (used to model current regulatory scenario for 

LRAA) to the 99th percentile temperature. HAA9 was an exception, the plausible future 

regulatory scenario remained on an LRAA basis, and therefore the annual average 

temperature was used. Table 6-1 presents a summary of the EPAWTPM results. CAA-1 

and CAA-W were able to meet treatment targets for TTHM, HAA5, HAA9, and bromate 

under the plausible future regulatory scenario. UW-1, CD-1, and CAA-2 exceed 

treatment targets (bold cells in Table 6-1) and would require upgrades to maintain future 

compliance. 
Section 6

Evaluation of VWTP Future Regulatory Compliance

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

6-2

Table 6-1: 

VWTP Performance under Plausible Future Regulatory Scenario 

Parameter UW-1 CD-1 CAA-1 CAA-2 CAAW-1

Influent Temperature, °C 24 28 26 26 22 

Influent TOC, mg/L 3.0 4.7 5.2 5.2 3.8 

Influent Bromide, mg/L 0.02 0.48 0.38 0.38 0.26 

TOC Removal, % 25 42 37 50 43 

TTHM, μg/L 80 60 58 50 35 

HAA5, μg/L 57 17 16 15 12 

HAA9, μg/L 55 28 34 25 22 

Bromate, μg/L 0 11 0 9 5 

Notes: Detailed EPAWTPM runs for a matrix of TOC and bromide values are presented in Appendix F. Historical water 

quality data were used to determine influent water quality inputs. 

6.2.2. Outer Boundary Future Regulatory Scenario 

As the outer boundary scenario cannot be specifically defined and also the fact that the 

current EPAWPM is not capable of predicting water quality parameters under 

consideration in the outer boundary scenario, this scenario was not assessed through 

modeling with the EPAWTPM. The outer boundary scenario includes greater degree of 

removal of DBP precursors (TOC and DON), regulating individual TTHM and HAA 

species, regulating new compounds (iodinated DBPs, select nitrosamines, algal toxins), 

increasing Cryptosporidium inactivation, and discontinuing the use of chloramines for 

secondary disinfection. UW-1, CD-1, and CAA-2 exceeded treatment targets under the 

plausible scenario and would continue to have compliance problems in the outer 

boundary. In the case of CAA-1 and CAAW-1, individual species DBP regulations 

would likely become a concern. The additional Cryptosporidium inactivation may pose a 

challenge for all WTPs and with the discontinuation of chloramination, VWTPs will have 

to rely on other disinfection alternatives to meet disinfection and DBP goals. 

6.3. Treatment Upgrades Needed to Comply with Future 

Regulations 

Some VWTPs are not able to meet treatment goals under the plausible future regulatory 

scenario and all VWTPs will be challenged with the outer boundary future regulatory 

scenario. This section presents recommended treatment upgrades for the VWTPs that 

will ensure future regulatory compliance. 

6.3.1. Plausible Future Regulatory Scenario 

No treatment upgrades were needed to VWTPs CAA-1 and CAAW-1, as these plants 

were able to meet treatment goals under plausible regulations. CD-1 and CAA-2 are 
Section 6

Evaluation of VWTP Future Regulatory Compliance

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

6-3

VWTPS that both utilize pre-ozonation and exceed bromate treatment goals. The ozone 

dose was set to achieve adequate pre-oxidation and was determined based on the influent 

TOC level. The treatment guideline called for the use of 0.5 mg/L of ozone for every 1 

mg/L of TOC. By lowering the ozone to TOC ratio used to determine the ozone dose 

from 0.5 to 0.25, bromate formation would be reduced. However, there are additional 

implications to lowering the ozone dose. Lowering the ozone dose will result in less 

oxidation of DBP precursors, which could result in increased formation of TTHM, HAA, 

and nitrosamines. Also, there is an opportunity to achieve some disinfection contact time 

with ozonation (although this was not modeled for the VWTPs), which would be reduced 

with the reduction ozone. To offset the negative effects of reducing the ozone dose, the 

installation of UV disinfection is also recommended for CD-1 and CAA-2. When UV 

disinfection is included, free chlorine contact time in the reservoir is no longer needed; 

however, a free chlorine contact basin ahead of the reservoir should be added to achieve a 

short (10 minute) contact time prior to the formation of chloramines. This will help 

oxidation of precursors to DBPs associated with chloramination (nitrosamines). 

UW-1 is a conventional plant that is the only VWTP to utilize free chlorine for secondary 

disinfection, resulting in it being the only VWTP to exceed TTHM and HAA treatment 

targets under the plausible regulatory scenario. The most simple and cost effective 

upgrade to achieve compliance would be to convert to chloramines for secondary 

disinfection. However, if chloramines are not an option for the Upper Watersheds source 

water area, granular activated carbon (GAC) contactors will need to be included to reduce 

TOC and prevent the formation of TTHMs and HAAs with free chlorine. 

The EPAWTPM was run with the upgraded VWTPs to demonstrate that treatment goals 

can be met with the recommended upgrades (Table 6-3). Bold cells in the table indicate 

that a treatment goal was exceeded. 

Table 6-2: 

VWTP Performance under Plausible Future Regulatory Scenario 

Parameter UW-1 Upgraded 

UW-1 A* 

Upgraded 

UW-1 B* 

CD-1 Upgraded 

CD-1* 

CAA-1 CAA-2 Upgraded 

CAA-2* 

CAAW-1

TTHM, μg/L 80 31 <10 60 31 58 No 

Upgrades 

Needed 

50 40 35 No 

Upgrades 

Needed HAA5, μg/L 57 22 <10 17 12 16 15 13 12 

HAA9, μg/L 55 26 <10 28 22 34 25 24 22 

Bromate, μg/L 0 0 0 11 1 0 9 3 5 

Notes: Historical water quality data were used to determine influent water quality inputs. *A summary of VWTP upgrades 

is discussed in Section 6.3.1 above and in Table 6-3 below. 
Section 6

Evaluation of VWTP Future Regulatory Compliance

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

6-4

6.3.2. Outer Boundary Future Regulatory Scenario 

In the outer boundary regulatory scenario, all VWTPs will need to be upgraded. As 

chloramination becomes an unacceptable treatment technology, VWTPs will have to 

convert back to using free chlorine as a secondary disinfectant. To meet increasingly 

strict and new DBP regulations, GAC contactors will be needed. To achieve increased 

Cryptosporidium inactivation (as well as the inactivation of other pathogens), UV 

disinfection will also need to be included. 

6.3.3. Summary of VWTP Upgrades 

A summary of all recommended VWTP upgrades is presented in Table 6-3 and Figure 

6-1 to Figure 6-5. 

Table 6-3: 

VWTP Upgrades Needed to Meet Future Regulations 

VWTP Scenario Description 

UW-1 

Current Conventional particulate removal, free chlorine disinfection 

Plausible Convert to chloramines or 

Add GAC, free chlorine disinfection remains 

Outer Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection, free chlorine disinfection remains 

CD-1 

Current Pre-ozonation, conventional particulate removal, chloramines 

Plausible Reduce ozone dose and add UV disinfection 

Outer Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection, eliminate chloramines and use free chlorine 

CAA-1 

Current Conventional particulate removal, chloramines 

Plausible* No upgrades 

Outer Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection, eliminate chloramines and use free chlorine 

CAA-2 

Current Pre-ozonation, conventional particulate removal, chloramines 

Plausible Reduce ozone dose and add UV disinfection 

Outer Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection, eliminate chloramines and use free chlorine 

CAAW-1 

Current Pre-ozonation, conventional particulate removal, chloramines 

Plausible* No upgrades 

Outer Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection, eliminate chloramines and use free chlorine 

*No upgrades needed, baseline costs remain. 
Section 6

Evaluation of VWTP Future Regulatory Compliance

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

6-5

Figure 6-1: Process Schematic of UW-1 Future Treatment Upgrades Needed 

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Alum

Sulfuric Acid

Influent

Chlorine

Sedimentation Reservoir

Basin

Rapid

Mix

Chlorine

Sodium Hydroxide

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Alum

Sulfuric Acid

Influent

Chlorine

Sedimentation Reservoir

Basin

Rapid

Mix

Chlorine

Sodium Hydroxide

Ammonia

GAC

Contactors

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Alum

Sulfuric Acid

Influent

Chlorine

Sedimentation Reservoir

Basin

Rapid

Mix

Chlorine

Sodium Hydroxide

GAC

Contactors

UV

Disinfection

Baseline VWTP

Current

Upgraded VWTP

Plausible

Upgraded VWTP

Outer Boundary

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Alum

Sulfuric Acid

Influent

Chlorine

Sedimentation Reservoir

Basin

Rapid

Mix

Chlorine

Sodium Hydroxide

Ammonia

OPTION A

OPTION B
Section 6

Evaluation of VWTP Future Regulatory Compliance

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

6-6

Figure 6-2: Process Schematic of CD-1 Future Treatment Upgrades Needed 

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

Ozone

Contactor

Sodium Hypochlorite

Rapid Reservoir

Mix

Sulfuric

Acid

Sodium Hypochlorite

Ammonia

Sodium Hydroxide

Sedimentation

Basin

Distribution

System

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

Ozone

Contactor

Sodium

Hypochlorite

Reservoir Rapid

Mix

Sulfuric

Acid Sodium Hydroxide

UV

Disinfection

Contact

Basin

Sodium

Hypochlorite

Ammonia

Sedimentation

Basin

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

Ozone

Contactor

Rapid Reservoir

Mix

Sulfuric

Acid

Sodium Hypochlorite

Sodium Hydroxide

UV

Disinfection

Sodium

Hypochlorite

GAC

Contactors

Sedimentation

Basin

Baseline VWTP

Current

Upgraded VWTP

Plausible

Upgraded VWTP

Outer Boundary
Section 6

Evaluation of VWTP Future Regulatory Compliance

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

6-7

Figure 6-3: Process Schematic of CAA-1 Future Treatment Upgrades Needed 

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Chlorine

Influent

Reservoir

Chlorine (gas)

Ammonia

Sodium Hydroxide Alum Chlorine (gas)

Rapid

Mix

Sedimentation

Basin

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Chlorine

Influent

Reservoir

Chlorine (gas)

Sodium Hydroxide Alum Chlorine (gas)

Rapid

Mix

UV

Disinfection

GAC

Contactors

Sedimentation

Basin

Baseline VWTP

Current

Upgraded VWTP

Plausible

Upgraded VWTP

Outer Boundary

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Chlorine

Influent

Reservoir

Chlorine (gas)

Ammonia

Sodium Hydroxide Alum Chlorine (gas)

Rapid

Mix

Sedimentation

Basin
Section 6

Evaluation of VWTP Future Regulatory Compliance

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

6-8

Figure 6-4: Process Schematic of CAA-2 Future Treatment Upgrades Needed 

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

Ozone

Contactor

Rapid Reservoir

Mix

Chlorine

Ammonia

Sulfuric Acid Chlorine Sodium Hydroxide

Sedimentation

Basin

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

Ozone

Contactor

Sodium Hypochlorite

Rapid Reservoir

Mix

Sulfuric Acid Sodium Hydroxide

UV

Disinfection

Contact

Basin

Sodium Hypochlorite

Ammonia

Sedimentation

Basin

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

Ozone

Contactor

Rapid Reservoir

Mix

Sulfuric Acid

Sodium Hypochlorite

Sodium Hydroxide

UV

Disinfection

Sodium Hypochlorite

GAC

Contactors

Sedimentation

Basin

Distribution

System

Baseline VWTP

Current

Upgraded VWTP

Plausible

Upgraded VWTP

Outer Boundary
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Figure 6-5: Process Schematic of CAAW-1 Future Treatment Upgrades Needed 

 

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

Ozone

Contactor Reservoir Rapid

Mix

Sodium Hypochlorite

Ammonia

Sodium Hydroxide Sulfuric Acid Sodium Hypochlorite

Sedimentation

Basin

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

Ozone

Contactor Reservoir Rapid

Mix

Sodium Hypochlorite

Ammonia

Sodium Hydroxide Sulfuric Acid Sodium Hypochlorite

Sedimentation

Basin

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

Ozone

Contactor

Rapid Reservoir

Mix

Sodium Hypochlorite

Sodium Hydroxide

Sodium

Hypochlorite

Sulfuric

Acid

GAC

Contactors

UV

Disinfection

Sedimentation

Basin

Baseline VWTP

Current

Upgraded VWTP

Plausible

Upgraded VWTP

Outer Boundary
Section 6

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6-10

6.4. Constituents of Concern that Could Not be Modeled 

VWTPs were evaluated and treatment upgrades recommended based on the ability to 

meet treatment targets with respect to TTHM, HAA, and bromate, as these contaminants 

could be predicted using the EPAWTPM. Treatment upgrades will also address other 

constituents of concern, as discussed in this section. 

6.4.1. Chlorite and Chlorate 

Chlorite and chlorate are disinfection byproducts from chlorine dioxide use. As none of 

the VWTPs utilize chlorine dioxide, nor was it included as a treatment upgrade, so these 

DBPs were considered in the analysis. If plants were to install chlorine dioxide, the 

formation of chlorite and chlorate from its use is well-defined and can be modeled to 

ensure future compliance. Chlorate is also a common contaminant associated with 

hypochlorite solutions. Based on the treatment trigger analysis, WTPs utilizing 

hypochlorite (on-site generation or bulk) should also consider: diluting the solution upon 

delivery, storing the solution at lower temperatures, controlling the pH of the stored 

solution between 11 and 13, and using fresh solution when possible. 

6.4.2. Nitrosamines 

Nitrosamine formation is complex and not completely understood. Based on the 

treatment trigger analysis, VWTPs utilizing pre-ozonation will also oxidize some NDMA 

precursors. Also, studies have shown that if sufficient free chlorine contact time is 

provided prior to ammonia addition (as simulated in the VWTPs), formation of NDMA is 

reduced. However, even though oxidation of NDMA precursor will occur, it is still 

uncertain whether additional upgrades for NDMA treatment will be necessary. In the 

plausible scenario, some VWTPs convert to chloramines or reduce the pre-ozonation 

dose; these changes will not reduce the formation NDMA. In the outer boundary 

scenario, plants eliminate the use of chloramines and return to free chlorine for primary 

disinfection, which will reduce or eliminate NDMA formation at the VWTPs. 

6.4.3. Nutrients and Taste and Odor 

Nitrification has the potential to affect WTPs utilizing chloramines or WTPs utilizing 

chlorine where ammonia is present in the source water. It is plausible that nitrite and 

nitrate regulations could be revised to move the monitoring location from the EPDS to 

DS locations to account for contribution from nitrification. Nitrification can have 

adverse effects on water quality including a loss of total chlorine residual, release of free 

ammonia, buildup of nitrite, possible conversion to nitrite and nitrate, decrease in pH, and 

increase in microbiological activity (McGuire 2009). 

Nutrient concentrations for the future water quality scenarios were not provided, though 

nitrification will not likely form nitrate at levels approaching the MCL at the 

representative VWTPs considered in this study. VWTPs utilizing chloramines dose 
Section 6

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6-11

ammonia at 0.6 mg/L, in which case ammonia will not be present at levels above the 0.8 

mg/L as N treatment trigger and will not trigger the nitrite MCL violation. In the outer 

boundary scenario, chloramination is discontinued, further reducing the potential for 

nitrification challenges. 

Aside from nitrification, increased levels of nutrients can also lead to algal and vascular 

plant growth. Associated treatment concerns include taste and odor problems, increased 

levels of organic carbon, filtration impacts, and potentially higher levels of nitrogenous 

DBPs (e.g., NDMA) and algal toxins. The USEPA established nitrogen and phosphorus 

reference conditions in a 2001 Ambient Water Quality Criteria Recommendations Report 

to assist states in developing nutrient water quality standards for receiving waters. These 

values are guidelines and are not enforceable. The nitrogen and phosphorus reference 

conditions generally represent nutrient levels that protect against the adverse effects of 

nutrient over enrichment and generally apply to the source water areas in this analysis. 

The reference concentration for total nitrogen is 0.31 mg/L and total phosphorus is 0.047 

mg/L (USEPA 2001). Total nitrogen includes nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and organic 

nitrogen. Total phosphorus includes particulate and dissolved phosphorus. The 

particulate phosphorus includes organic phosphorus incorporated in planktonic 

organisms, inorganic mineral phosphorus in suspended sediments, and phosphate 

adsorbed to inorganic particles. The dissolved phosphorus includes dissolved organic 

phosphorus, orthophosphate, and polyphosphates. 

Data from approximately 1998 to 2008 showed that total nitrogen and total phosphorus 

concentrations in the Delta and its tributaries are significantly higher than USEPA’s total 

nitrogen and total phosphorus reference concentrations (USEPA 2001), which indicates 

that VWTPs could be subject to increased algal blooms and experience taste and odor 

challenges. In this evaluation, it was understood that current WTPs are able to manage 

taste and odor challenges. If future nutrient levels were to remain at historical levels, 

future VWTPs should be able to manage algal blooms and taste and odor events. 

Additionally, taste and odor compounds can be removed through many of the proposed 

future upgrades. 

6.4.4. Microcystin 

As discussed in Section 6.4.3, nutrients in the source waters can lead to algal gowth 

resulting in the production of algal toxins. Similar to taste and odor, it was determined 

that in the current, plausible, and outer boundary scenarios, all VWTPs have sufficient 

pre-ozone and/or free chlorine contact time to manage algal blooms and oxidize 

microcystin. 

6.4.5. Pathogens 

The CCL3 is evaluating several emerging pathogens; however, none of these pathogens 

are more difficult to remove, oxidize, or inactivate compared to the current microbial 
Section 6

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standards for Giardia, virus, and Cryptosporidium. In the outer boundary scenario where 

other pathogens could remotely play a role, UV disinfection is included and additional 

Cryptosporidium inactivation is achieved. 

Pathogen levels were not provided for the predicted future scenarios. This evaluation 

assumed that future levels of pathogens in the source waters are consistent with historical 

levels. Increasing levels of pathogens in future source waters would result in an 

increased treatment cost that was not captured in this analysis. 

6.4.6. Compounds of Emerging Concern (CECs) 

Compounds of emerging concern including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and 

endocrine disruptors can be present in treated drinking water. Future water quality 

scenarios and treatment plant upgrades this evaluation did not consider CECs and 

drinking water treatment of CECs could result in significant additional treatment costs. 

However, with adequate source water protection and a multiple barrier concept, CECs 

entering the environment through anthropogenic sources could be reduced, therefore 

reducing the risk of increased future water treatment costs. 
California Urban Water Agencies 

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7-1

7. Sensitivity Analysis of Water Quality Inputs and 

VWTP Modeling 

DBP formation is a function of multiple parameters including water temperature, TOC, 

bromide, pH, chlorine dose, and water age. These parameters are used as inputs (along 

with other water quality and treatment parameters) in the EPAWTPM, which predicts 

TTHM, HAA, and bromate formation based on empirical relationships. This section 

presents a sensitivity analysis performed on the water temperature, TOC, and bromide 

inputs to the EPAWTPM. 

7.1. Interpreting Historical Data 

Historical data can be used in many ways. In this evaluation, data were generally 

available from 1998 to 2008. 90th percentile water quality values of the entire data set 

were calculated and used as EPAWTPM inputs. This method is a conservative approach 

to the analysis; it assumes that 90th percentile water quality conditions occur 

simultaneously. In reality, they may occur at different times of year and vary seasonally. 

To account for seasonal variations in water quality, monthly data sets can be used. 

Taking the 90th percentile water quality of paired data for each month and using the 

EPAWTPM to model DBP formation would allow for a more representative picture of 

DBP formation on a seasonal basis. 

To understand how the differences in water quality inputs to the EPAWTPM and the 

resulting affect on modeling DBPs, a sensitivity analysis was performed for the Central 

Delta source water area: 

1. Data were organized by month and a box and whisker plot (Figure 7-1, Figure 7-3, 

and Figure 7-5, for temperature, TOC, and bromide, respectively) showing the 

distribution of data was created. The seasonal variation of each water quality 

parameter is shown in this plot. 

2. A percentile plot (Figure 7-2, Figure 7-4, and Figure 7-6) was created to understand 

the range of data and how data were distributed. 

3. The median and 90th percentile of paired water quality data was calculated for each 

month and used as inputs to the EPAWTPM. 

4. DBP results from the paired data sets were compared to results obtained for the 

current and plausible future regulatory scenario analysis, where 90th percentiles of the 

unmatched data set were used (Table 7-1 to Table 7-5). 

 
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Figure 7-1: Central Delta Water Temperature by Month 

Figure 7-2: Central Delta Water Temperature Percentile Plot 

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Water Temperature (C)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

n=155 n=142 n=155 n=148 n=155 n=148 n=155 n=155 n=148 n=152 n=155 n=147

0

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15

20

25

30

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Water Temperature (°C)

Cumulative Probability

PercentileAnalysis 2004 to 2008 T (°C)

n=1815
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Figure 7-3: Central Delta TOC by Month 

Figure 7-4: Central Delta TOC Percentile Plot 

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

TOC(mg/L)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

n=11 n=10 n=12 n=17 n=15 n=10 n=15 n=17 n=21 n=19 n=12 n=18

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3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

TOC (mg/L)

Cumulative Probability

PercentileAnalysis 2000 to 2008

n=177
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Figure 7-5: Central Delta Bromide by Month 

Figure 7-6: Central Delta Bromide Percentile Plot 

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Bromide (mg/L)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

N=22 n=19 n=18 n=18 n=16 n=19 n=21 n=20 n=22 n=22 n=17 n=16

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0.50

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0.70

0.80

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Bromide (mg/L)

Cumulative Probability

PercentileAnalysis 1990 to 2008 n=230
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Table 7-1: 

EPAWTPM DBP Modeling Using Central Delta Paired Monthly Data for 

Quarter 1 

Parameters January February March 

Median 90th 

Percentile Median 90th Percentile Median 90th Percentile 

Temperature(°C) 9.0 10.8 11.7 13.2 15.1 17.8 

TOC (mg/L) 4.5 8.4 4.85 6.67 4.85 6.49 

UV254 0.151 0.301 0.165 0.234 0.165 0.227 

Bromide (mg/L) 0.22 0.50 0.16 0.41 0.13 0.27 

TOC Removal 39 40 41 35 41 35 

3-day TTHM 32 64 35 59 37 61 

3-day HAA5 12 20 14 18 15 21 

3-day HAA9 24 37 27 36 29 41 

Bromate 3 9 2 7 2 5 

Table 7-2: 

EPAWTPM DBP Modeling Using Central Delta Paired Monthly Data for 

Quarter 2 

Parameters 

June April May 

Median 90th 

Percentile Median 90th 

Percentile Median 90th 

Percentile 

Temperature(°C) 22.1 24.8 16.6 19.3 19.7 22.2 

TOC (mg/L) 3.35 4.17 4 4.64 3.5 4.2 

UV254 0.107 0.139 0.132 0.157 0.113 0.140 

Bromide (mg/L) 0.14 0.36 0.12 0.22 0.13 0.19 

TOC Removal 33 39 37 41 34 39 

3-day TTHM 36 49 34 43 34 42 

3-day HAA5 14 15 14 15 14 15 

3-day HAA9 28 31 26 32 27 31 

Bromate 2 7 2 4 2 3 
Section 7

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Table 7-3: 

EPAWTPM DBP Modeling Using Central Delta Paired Monthly Data for 

Quarter 3 

Parameters July August September 

Median 90th Percentile Median 90th Percentile Median 90th Percentile 

Temperature(°C) 25.4 28.6 25.0 26.5 22.6 25.2 

TOC (mg/L) 2.6 3.12 2.9 3.1 2.8 3.2 

UV254 0.078 0.098 0.090 0.098 0.086 0.101 

Bromide (mg/L) 0.1 0.38 0.28 0.41 0.235 0.47 

TOC Removal 28 33 31 32 30 33 

3-day TTHM 31 46 38 45 35 45 

3-day HAA5 13 14 12 13 11 13 

3-day HAA9 25 29 26 28 25 27 

Bromate 2 7 4 7 3 7 

Table 7-4: 

EPAWTPM DBP Modeling Using Central Delta Paired Monthly Data for 

Quarter 4 

Parameters October November December 

Median 90th Percentile Median 90th Percentile Median 90th Percentile 

Temperature(°C) 18.3 20.8 15.0 16.6 9.8 11.7 

TOC (mg/L) 2.8 3.4 2.65 4.03 3.1 3.89 

UV254 0.086 0.109 0.080 0.133 0.098 0.128 

Bromide (mg/L) 0.295 0.50 0.295 0.53 0.32 0.52 

TOC Removal 29 34 28 37 30 36 

3-day TTHM 32 42 28 42 29 37 

3-day HAA5 10 12 9 12 9 10 

3-day HAA9 22 25 20 24 20 21 

Bromate 4 7 3 7 3 6 
Section 7

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Table 7-5: 

Comparison of Current and Plausible DBP Results to Paired Monthly Data 

DBP Results 

Parameters 

Unpaired Data Used 

in Treatment 

Evaluation 

Monthly Paired Data 

Current 

Scenario1 Plausible 

Scenario2 Maximum Month (Median) 

Maximum Month 

(90th Percentile) 

3-day TTHM, μg/L 48 61 38 64 

3-day HAA5, μg/L 14 17 15 21 

3-day HAA9, μg/L 29 29 29 41 

Bromate, μg/L 8 11 4 9 

1

Current scenario utilized 90th percentile of entire (unpaired) water quality data set with annual average water temperature 

in the EPAWTPM to model DBP formation. 

2

Plausible Scenario utilized 90th percentile of entire (unpaired) water quality data set with 99th percentile water temperature 

in the EPAWTPM to model DBP formation. 

The approach utilized in this treatment evaluation assumed that the 90th percentile water 

temperature, TOC, and bromide occur simultaneously. In reality, these parameters peak 

at different times of year. However, the 90th percentile of an individual parameter can be 

higher in a given month than was calculated across a year, resulting in higher DBP 

formation, despite lower levels of other contaminants. For example, the peak TOC 

occurs in December-January-February timeframe and the peak temperature occurs in the 

summer months. When monthly 90th percentiles are calculated, the input TOC in January 

is much higher than the 90th percentile of the entire data set; therefore, despite the 

relatively low temperature in January, higher DBP formation results. 

With the assumption that the 90th percentile water temperature, TOC, and bromide occur 

simultaneously, DBP formation was predicted for the current and plausible scenarios. 

The current scenario utilized the 90th percentile of entire (unpaired) water quality data set 

with annual average water temperature in the EPAWTPM to model DBP formation. The 

plausible scenario utilized the 90th percentile of entire (unpaired) water quality data set 

with 99th percentile water temperature in the EPAWTPM to model DBP formation. 

Comparing the resulting TTHM, HAA, and bromate values to the set of monthly DBP 

prediction results from the paired water quality data, it can be concluded that despite the 

assumption that the 90th percentiles occur simultaneously; finished water quality results 

are similar (Figure 7-7). 
Section 7

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Figure 7-7: TTHM, HAA5, HAA9, and Bromate in the Central Delta 

Notes: Current scenario utilized 90th percentile of entire water quality data set with annual average water temperature in 

the EPAWTPM to model DBP formation. Plausible Scenario utilized 90th percentile of entire (unpaired) water quality data 

set with 99th percentile water temperature in the EPAWTPM to model DBP formation. 

7.2. Sensitivity Analysis of Water Quality Inputs 

One method used to understand how sensitive the DBP modeling results are to changes in 

water quality inputs is to determine the maximum levels of these inputs that can be used 

while still meeting DBP targets. For this method, one variable is changed while the 

others are held constant. This type of sensitivity analysis was performed on the Central 

Delta VWTP CD-1 to answer the following questions: 

 At what water temperature are DBP targets exceeded using the 90th percentile TOC? 

 At what water temperature are DBP targets exceeded using the 90th percentile TOC? 

By answering these types of questions, an understanding will be developed of when and 

how frequently problems occur at different combinations of input variables (water 

temperature and TOC in this example). To perform this analysis, 90th percentiles of the 

entire (unpaired) available data were used. It was found that: 

3‐Day TTHM (ug/L)

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30

40

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60

70

3‐Day HAA5 (ug/L)

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Bromate (ug/L)

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CurrentPlausible

Paired

Median

Paired

90th Percentile

CurrentPlausible

Paired

Median

Paired

90th Percentile

CurrentPlausible

Paired

Median

Paired

90th Percentile

CurrentPlausible

Paired

Median

Paired

90th Percentile
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 Using the 90th percentile TOC of 4.7 mg/L (other water quality at 90th percentile as 

well), the maximum temperature input that met treatment goals was 20 °C. Above 

this temperature bromate targets were exceeded. A water temperature of 20 °C is 

equivalent to the 60th percentile temperature (water temperature remains below 20 °C 

sixty percent of the time). 

 Using the 50th percentile TOC of 3.2 mg/L (other water quality at 90th percentile), the 

maximum temperature input that met treatment goals was 28 °C. Above this 

temperature bromate targets were exceeded. A water temperature of 28 °C is 

equivalent to the 99th percentile temperature (water temperature remains below 28 °C 

ninety-nine percent of the time). 
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 
California Urban Water Agencies 

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8-1

8. Estimation of Costs Associated with Future 

VWTP Upgrades 

A number of treatment upgrades were recommended to help the VWTPs meet treatment 

goals in the plausible and outer boundary future scenarios. This section provides an 

estimation of the costs associated with performing these upgrades at each VWTP. 

8.1. Methodology and Assumptions 

8.1.1. Range of Accuracy for Cost Estimates 

The cost estimates presented in this report are representative of Class 5 estimates as 

defined by the Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering International 

(AACE, 2005): 

“Class 5 estimates are generally prepared based on very limited information, 

and subsequently have wide accuracy ranges....Often, little more than 

proposed plant type, location, and capacity are known at the time of estimate 

preparation...The level of project definition required for a Class 5 estimate is 

0% to 2% of full project definition...Class 5 estimates are prepared for any 

number of strategic business planning purposes, such as but not limited to 

market studies, assessment of initial viability, evaluation of alternate 

schemes, project screening, project location studies, evaluation of resource 

needs and budgeting, long-range capital planning, etc...Typical accuracy 

ranges for Class 5 estimates are -20 percent to -50 percent on the low side, 

and +30 percent to +100 percent on the high side, depending on the 

technological complexity of the project, appropriate reference information, 

and the inclusion of an appropriate contingency determination. Ranges could 

exceed those shown in unusual circumstances.” 

Class 5 estimates rely on stochastic estimating methods including cost/capacity curves 

and factors, and scaling factors. Scaling factors have been applied to selected estimates or 

historical construction costs for actual example projects, and to summary studies and 

published literature characterizing the cost of constructing and operating the identified 

treatment processes. For developing a range of costs for the estimates developed in this 

project, a range of -30% to +50% was used. 

8.1.2. ENR CCI 

Each source of cost information is based on a date and location of the project and must be 

adjusted to reflect current local conditions. The 20-City average construction cost index 
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8-2

(CCI) is published monthly by Engineering News Record (ENR) and the index can be 

used to adjust the cost of construction for one location and point in time to different 

location and time. To be consistent with other cost estimates developed by CUWA, this 

analysis used an ENR CCI of 8952 (the 20-Cities Average ENR CCI for December 2010) 

8.1.3. References Used during Unit Cost Development 

Multiple references were used to develop design assumptions and estimate treatment unit 

costs: 

 CWC Engineering Software W/WW Cost Model Version 3.0 

 December 2005 LT2ESWTR Technology & Cost Document 

 October 2006 Final Ground Water Rule Technology & Cost Document 

 McGivney and Kawamura 2008. Cost Estimating Manual for Water Treatment 

Facilities. John Wiley & Sons. 

8.1.4. Cost Multipliers and Contingency 

Cost multipliers and contingencies are included in the cost estimates to account for 

portions of the project that are not adequately defined due uncertainties about sitespecific constraints and bidding climate variability (Table 8-1). 

Table 8-1: 

Capital Cost Multipliers and Contingency 

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems 

Site Work 5% 

Electrical 12% 

Instrumentation and Controls 12% 

Subtotal 

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% 

Sales Tax 3.64% 

Subtotal 

Engineering Fee 25% 

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% 

Subtotal 

Contingency 50% 

 
Section 8

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8.2. Baseline VWTP Costs 

Low range and high range baseline costs were developed for each VWTP to give a 

perspective to the added costs of treatment upgrades (Table 8-2 and Table 8-3). Detailed 

cost summaries for each VWTP are provided in Appendix G. 

Table 8-2: 

Low Range Cost Estimates for Baseline VWTPs 

VWTP 

Capital Cost Annual O&M Cost 

Present 

Worth of 

Annual O&M 

Total 

Present 

Worth 

Annualized 

Capital 

Cost 

Total 

Equivalent 

Annual 

Cost 

($) $/gal 

capacity ($/yr) $/kgal ($) ($) ($/yr) ($/yr) 

UW-1 $93M $0.93 $3.3M $0.18 $38M $132M $8M $11M 

CD-1 $72M $1.80 $2.6M $0.36 $30M $102M $6M $9M 

CAA-1 $46M $1.14 $1.0M $0.13 $11M $57M $4M $5M 

CAA-2 $577M $1.15 $32.1M $0.27 $368M $945M $50M $82M 

CAAW-1 $923M $1.15 $59.2M $0.27 $679M $1,602M $80M $140M 

Assumptions: Years (n) = 20, Rate (i) = 6%. All costs in December 2010 dollars, CCI = 8952. 

Table 8-3: 

High Range Cost Estimates for Baseline VWTPs 

VWTP 

Capital Cost Annual O&M Cost 

Present 

Worth of 

Annual O&M 

Total 

Present 

Worth 

Annualized 

Capital 

Cost 

Total 

Equivalent 

Annual 

Cost 

($) $/gal 

capacity ($/yr) $/kgal ($) ($) ($/yr) ($/yr) 

UW-1 $200M $2.00 $7.2M $0.39 $82M $282M $17M $25M 

CD-1 $154M $3.86 $5.7M $0.78 $65M $219M $13M $19M 

CAA-1 $98M $2.45 $2.1M $0.29 $24M $122M $9M $11M 

CAA-2 $1,237M $2.47 $68.7M $0.58 $788M $2,024M $108M $176M 

CAAW-1 $1,978M $2.47 $126.8M $0.58 $1,454M $3,433M $172M $299M 

Assumptions: Years (n) = 20, Rate (i) = 6%. All costs in December 2010 dollars, CCI = 8952. 
Section 8

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8.3. Cost Estimates for the Plausible Future Scenario 

In the plausible future scenario, VWTPs UW-1, CD-1, and CAA-2 needed upgrades to 

meet treatment targets: 

 UW-1 had two options: 

 A- Utilize chloramines as secondary disinfectant, or 

 B- Install GAC contactors and continued to use free chlorine as a secondary 

disinfectant. 

 CD-1: include a reduction in ozone dose and addition of UV disinfection. 

 CAA-2: include a reduction in ozone dose and addition of UV disinfection. 

VWTPs CAA-1 and CAAW-1 met plausible treatment targets; therefore, costs presented 

for the plausible scenario are equal to baseline VWTP costs. All costs are presented for 

the entire VWTP (Table 8-4); added costs of a treatment upgrades are presented in 

Section 8.6. 

Table 8-4: 

Low Range Cost Estimates for VWTPs in the Plausible Regulatory Scenario 

VWTP 

Capital Cost Annual O&M Cost 

Present 

Worth of 

Annual 

O&M 

Total 

Present 

Worth 

Annualized 

Construction 

Cost 

Total 

Equivalent 

Annual Cost 

($) $/gal 

capacity ($/yr) $/k gal ($) ($) ($/yr) ($/yr) 

UW-1 A $94 $0.94 $3.4 $0.18 $39 $133 $8 $12 

UW-1 B $201 $2.01 $7.7 $0.42 $88 $289 $18 $25 

CD-1 $110 $2.75 $3.5 $0.48 $40 $151 $10 $13 

CAA-1* $46 $1.14 $1.0 $0.13 $11 $57 $4 $5 

CAA-2 $975 $1.95 $48.3 $0.41 $554 $1,529 $85 $133 

CAAW-1* $923 $1.15 $59.2 $0.27 $679 $1,602 $80 $140 

*No upgrades needed, baseline costs remain. 

Assumptions: Years (n) = 20, Rate (i) = 6%. All costs in December 2010 dollars, CCI = 8952. 
Section 8

Estimation of Costs Associated with Future VWTP Upgrades

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

8-5

Table 8-5: 

High Range Cost Estimates for VWTPs in the Plausible Regulatory 

Scenario 

VWTP 

Capital Cost Annual O&M Cost 

Present 

Worth of 

Annual 

O&M 

Total 

Present 

Worth 

Annualized 

Construction 

Cost 

Total 

Equivalent 

Annual Cost 

($) $/gal 

capacity ($/yr) $/k gal ($) ($) ($/yr) ($/yr) 

UW-1 A $202M $2.02 $7.2M $0.40 $83M $285M $18M $25M 

UW-1 B $431M $4.31 $16.4M $0.90 $188M $619M $38M $54M 

CD-1 $236M $5.90 $7.6M $1.03 $87M $323M $21M $28M 

CAA-1* $98M $2.45 $2.1M $0.29 $24M $122M $9M $11M 

CAA-2 $2,089M $4.18 $103.5M $0.87 $1,187M $3,276M $182M $286M 

CAAW-1* $1,978M $2.47 $126.8M $0.58 $1,454M $3,433M $172M $299M 

*No upgrades needed, baseline costs remain. 

Assumptions: Years (n) = 20, Rate (i) = 6%. All costs in December 2010 dollars, CCI = 8952. 
Section 8

Estimation of Costs Associated with Future VWTP Upgrades

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

8-6

8.4. Cost Estimates for the Outer Boundary Future Scenario 

In the outer boundary future regulatory scenario upgrades at all VWTPs were 

recommended to include GAC contactors and UV disinfection. Additionally, the 

scenario included utilizing free chlorine for disinfection and discontinuing the use of the 

ammonia feed to form chloramines. Costs are presented for the entire outer boundary 

VWTP in Table 8-6 below. 

Table 8-6: 

Low Range Cost Estimates for VWTPs in the Outer Boundary Regulatory 

Scenario 

VWTP 

Capital Cost Annual O&M Cost 

Present 

Worth of 

Annual 

O&M 

Total 

Present 

Worth 

Annualized 

Construction 

Cost 

Total 

Equivalent 

Annual 

Cost 

($) $/gal 

capacity ($/yr) $/k gal ($) ($) ($/yr) ($/yr) 

UW-1 $287M $2.87 $10.1M $0.55 $116M $402M $25M $35M 

CD-1 $161M $4.03 $5.6M $0.76 $64M $225M $14M $20M 

CAA-1 $135M $3.38 $3.9M $0.53 $45M $180M $12M $16M 

CAA-2 $1,348M $2.70 $74.3M $0.63 $852M $2,200M $118M $192M 

CAAW-1 $2,162M $2.70 $132.5M $0.61 $1,520M $3,682M $188M $321M 

Assumptions: Years (n) = 20, Rate (i) = 6%. All costs in December 2010 dollars, CCI = 8952. 

Table 8-7: 

High Range Cost Estimates for VWTPs in the Outer Boundary Regulatory 

Scenario 

VWTP 

Capital Cost Annual O&M Cost 

Present 

Worth of 

Annual 

O&M 

Total 

Present 

Worth 

Annualized 

Construction 

Cost 

Total 

Equivalent 

Annual 

Cost 

($) $/gal 

capacity ($/yr) $/k gal ($) ($) ($/yr) ($/yr) 

UW-1 $614M $6.14 $21.6M $1.19 $248M $862M $54M $75M 

CD-1 $346M $8.65 $11.9M $1.64 $137M $483M $30M $42M 

CAA-1 $289M $7.23 $8.4M $1.15 $96M $385M $25M $34M 

CAA-2 $2,888M $5.78 $159.1M $1.34 $1,825M $4,713M $252M $411M 

CAAW-1 $4,633M $5.79 $284.0M $1.30 $3,257M $7,890M $404M $688M 

Assumptions: Years (n) = 20, Rate (i) = 6%. All costs in December 2010 dollars, CCI = 8952. 
Section 8

Estimation of Costs Associated with Future VWTP Upgrades

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

8-7

8.5. Summary of VWTP Costs 

A summary of the complete VWTPs in the baseline, plausible, and outer boundary 

scenarios is presented in Table 8-8. 

Table 8-8: 

Cost of VWTPs (Baseline, Plausible, and Outer Boundary) 

VWTP Scenario Description 

Capital Cost Annual O&M Cost 

($) $/gal 

capacity ($/yr) $/kgal 

UW-1 

Baseline Conventional particulate removal, 

free chlorine disinfection $93 -$200M $0.93 -$2.00 $3.3 -$7.2M $0.18 -$0.39 

Plausible 

A- Convert to chloramines $94 -$202M $0.94 -$2.02 $3.4 -$7.2M $0.18 -$0.40 

or 

B- Add GAC, free chlorine 

disinfection remains $201 -$431M $2.01 -$4.31 $7.7 -$16.4M $0.42 -$0.9 

Outer 

Boundary 

Add GAC and UV disinfection, free 

chlorine disinfection remains $287 -$614M $2.87 -$6.14 $10.1 -$21.6M $0.55 -$1.19 

CD-1 

Baseline Pre-ozonation, conventional 

particulate removal, chloramines $14 -$30M $1.80 -$3.86 $2.6 -$5.7M $0.36 -$0.78 

Plausible Reduce ozone dose and add UV 

disinfection $110 -$236M $2.75 -$5.90 $3.5 -$7.6M $0.48 -$1.03 

Outer 

Boundary 

Add GAC and UV disinfection, 

eliminate chloramines and use free 

chlorine 

$161 -$346M $4.03 -$8.65 $5.6 -$11.9M $0.76 -$1.64 

CAA-1 

Baseline Conventional particulate removal, 

chloramines $46 -$98M $1.14 -$2.45 $1 -$2.1M $0.13 -$0.29 

Plausible* No upgrades $46 -$98M $1.14 -$2.45 $1 -$2.1M $0.13 -$0.29 

Outer 

Boundary 

Add GAC and UV disinfection, 

eliminate chloramines and use free 

chlorine 

$135 -$289M $3.38 -$7.23 $3.9 -$8.4M $0.53 -$1.15 

CAA-2 

Baseline Pre-ozonation, conventional 

particulate removal, chloramines $577 -$1237M $1.15 -$2.47 $32.1 -$68.7M $0.27 -$0.58 

Plausible Reduce ozone dose and add UV 

disinfection $975 -$2089M $1.95 -$4.18 $48.3 -$103.5M $0.41 -$0.87 

Outer 

Boundary 

Add GAC and UV disinfection, 

eliminate chloramines and use free 

chlorine 

$1348 -$2888M $2.7 -$5.78 $74.3 -$159.1M $0.63 -$1.34 

CAAW-1 

Baseline Pre-ozonation, conventional 

particulate removal, chloramines $923 -$1978M $1.15 -$2.47 $59.2 -$126.8M $0.27 -$0.58 

Plausible* No upgrades $923 -$1978M $1.15 -$2.47 $59.2 -$126.8M $0.27 -$0.58 

Outer 

Boundary 

Add GAC and UV disinfection, 

eliminate chloramines and use free 

chlorine 

$2162 -$4633M $2.70 -$5.79 $132.5 -$284M $0.61 -$1.30 

*No upgrades needed, baseline costs remain. All costs in December 2010 dollars, CCI = 8952.

Costs are representative of AACE Class 5 estimates. AACE Class 5 estimates are planning level costs prepared based 

on 0 to 2% of full project definition with accuracy ranges of -20% to -50% on the low side and +30% to +100% on the high 

side. Accuracy range for cost estimates presented in this project are -30% to +50%. 
Section 8

Estimation of Costs Associated with Future VWTP Upgrades

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

8-8

8.6. Extrapolation of VWTP Costs to Regional Level 

VWTPs were developed to represent water treatment in each of four source water areas. 

Costs were estimated for each VWTP for the baseline, plausible, and outer boundary 

scenario. In order to expand the costs to the regional level, the added cost of each 

scenario was first calculated (baseline cost was subtracted from the future scenario cost) 

(Table 8-9). 

Table 8-9: 

Added Costs for VWTP Upgrades 

VWTP Scenario Description 

Added Capital Cost Added Annual O&M Cost 

($) $/gal 

capacity ($/yr) $/kgal 

UW-1 

Plausible 

A- Convert to chloramines $1 -$3M $0.01 -$0.03 $0 -$0.1M $0.0 -$0.0 

or 

B- Add GAC, free chlorine 

disinfection remains $108 -$231M $1.08 -$2.31 $4.3 -$9.3M $0.24 -$0.51 

Outer 

Boundary 

Add GAC and UV disinfection, 

free chlorine disinfection remains $193 -$414M $1.93 -$4.14 $6.8 -$14.5M $0.37 -$0.79 

CD-1 

Plausible Reduce ozone dose and add UV 

disinfection $38 -$82M $0.95 -$2.04 $0.9 -$1.9M $0.12 -$0.26 

Outer 

Boundary 

Add GAC and UV disinfection, 

eliminate chloramines and use 

free chlorine 

$89 -$191M $2.23 -$4.79 $2.9 -$6.3M $0.4 -$0.86 

CAA-1 

Plausible* No upgrades - - - - 

Outer 

Boundary 

Add GAC and UV disinfection, 

eliminate chloramines and use 

free chlorine 

$89 -$191M $2.23 -$4.79 $2.9 -$6.3M $0.4 -$0.86 

CAA-2 

Plausible Reduce ozone dose and add UV 

disinfection $398 -$853M $0.80 -$1.71 $16.2 -$34.8M $0.14 -$0.29 

Outer 

Boundary 

Add GAC and UV disinfection, 

eliminate chloramines and use 

free chlorine 

$771 -$1652M $1.54 -$3.30 $42.2 -$90.5M $0.36 -$0.76 

CAAW-1 

Plausible* No upgrades - - - - 

Outer 

Boundary 

Add GAC and UV disinfection, 

eliminate chloramines and use 

free chlorine 

$1239 -$2654M $1.55 -$3.32 $73.3 -$157.2M $0.33 -$0.72 

*No upgrades needed, baseline costs remain. All costs in December 2010 dollars, CCI = 8952.

The added cost of treatment upgrades to a VWTP was expanded to represent each source 

water area by taking into account the area’s total regional treatment capacity. The 

fraction of the total regional treatment capacity that was represented by the VWTP was 

calculated, and this factor was then applied to the VWTP costs. For example, CD-1 has 

40 mgd capacity in a source water area with a total treatment capacity of 284 mgd. 

Dividing 284 mgd by 40 mgd gives a factor of 7.1 to be applied to the cost estimate. 
Section 8

Estimation of Costs Associated with Future VWTP Upgrades

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

8-9

Multiplying 7.1 by the added capital cost of CD-1, $142M, results in a total regional 

capital cost of $1012M to meet the plausible future scenario. A summary of the added 

costs for each source water area is presented in Table 8-10. These costs are based on 

current treatment capacity. Future treatment capacity is likely to increase with increasing 

population, so 2030 costs are likely to be higher. 

Table 8-10: 

Regional Added Costs for Upgrades 

VWTP 

VWTP 

Design 

Capacit

y (mgd) 

Representati

ve Regional 

Treatment 

Capacity/ 

VWTP 

Capacity 

Scenario 

Added Capital Cost Added Annual 

O&M Cost 

($) ($/yr) 

Upper Watersheds- 818 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity 

UW-1 100 8.18 

Plausible 

$10 - $21M $0.3 - $0.6M 

or 

$883 - $1893M $35.3 - $118.5M 

Outer 

Boundary $1581 - $3387M $55.3 – 118.5M 

Central Delta- 284 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity 

CD-1 40 7.1 

Plausible $270 - $579M $6.2 - $13.4M 

Outer 

Boundary $634 - $1359M $20.8 - $44.5M 

CAA- 2201 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity 

CAA-1 40 3.86 

Plausible* - - 

Outer 

Boundary $345 - $739M $11.3 – $24.2M 

CAA-2 500 6.78 

Plausible $2699 - $5783M $110.0 - $235.8M 

Outer 

Boundary $5226 – $11198M $286.2 - $613.3M 

CAA-West - 836 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity 

CAAW1 800 1.04 

Plausible* - - 

Outer 

Boundary $1288 - $2760M $76.3 – $163.5M 

TOTAL 

Plausible 

$2978 - $6382M $116.6 - $249.8M 

Or

$3852 – $8254M $151.6 - $324.8M 

Outer 

Boundary $9074 - $19443M $449.8 - $963.9M 

*No upgrades needed, baseline costs remain. 

All costs in December 2010 dollars, CCI = 8952. 

Costs are representative of AACE Class 5 estimates. AACE Class 5 estimates are planning level costs prepared based 

on 0 to 2% of full project definition with accuracy ranges of -20% to -50% on the low side and +30% to +100% on the high 

side. Accuracy range for cost estimates presented in this project are -30% to +50%. 
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 
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Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

9-1

4 

9. Summary 

The objective of the Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation project was to determine the 

effects of future water quality changes at treatment plants that utilize surface water from 

the Central Valley of California while taking into consideration current and future 

regulations. This section summarizes the project findings. 

9.1. Source Water Areas and Representative VWTPs 

Phase I of the Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation defined the boundaries of the study 

by identifying areas of similar source water quality, outlining existing water treatment 

practices in each source water area, and defining representative VWTPs. 

Four source water areas were identified: 

 Upper Sacramento and Upper-Eastern San Joaquin Watersheds (Upper Watersheds) 

 Central Delta including the South Bay Aqueduct (Central Delta) 

 California Aqueduct – Coastal and East Branches (CAA) 

 California Aqueduct – West Branch (CAA-West) 

Projections of future water quality for two of the four source water areas were reviewed. 

It was found that the TOC, bromide, and temperature did not differ enough from 

historical data to result in meaningful changes to DBP modeling results. For this reason, 

historical water quality was used for the four source water areas for the remainder of the 

evaluation. 

Five VWTPs were developed to represent the four source water areas. In general, three 

common treatment trains emerged: 

 Conventional particulate removal with chlorine disinfection (primary and secondary) 

 Conventional particulate removal with ozone pre-oxidation, chlorine primary 

disinfection, and secondary disinfection with chloramines. 

 Conventional particulate removal with chlorine primary disinfection and secondary 

disinfection with chloramines. 

9.2. Future Regulatory Scenarios 

Regulatory scenarios for the year 2030 were developed based on the team’s experience 

with the USEPA and on best professional judgment. Scenarios were divided into three 

categories: 
Section 9

Summary 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

9-2

 Current - includes contaminants that are currently regulated. Cost estimates were 

developed for this scenario and it was used as a baseline. 

 Plausible - includes contaminants that are considered likely to be regulated in some 

form. 

 Outer Boundary- includes the same contaminants; however, the requirements could 

be more stringent. This scenario was provided to bracket the regulatory possibilities. 

9.3. Treatment Triggers 

Once VWTPs and future regulatory scenarios were defined, the threshold levels (i.e., 

treatment triggers) where the plausible regulatory scenario creates the need for capital or 

operational modifications to a treatment process were developed. These threshold values, 

or treatment triggers, were developed for current and plausible future regulations for each 

VWTP. All baseline VWTPs met current regulations at the 90th percentile water quality 

conditions. Some general observations regarding the treatment triggers for the VWTPs 

include: 

 Bromide and TOC concentrations dictate the ability of VWTPs to comply with 

current and plausible future THM and HAA regulations. The plausible regulatory 

assumption of a single sample not to exceed is a significant driver behind bromide 

and TOC controlling future compliance. A matrix of varying bromide and TOC 

concentrations was developed for each VWTP for the purpose of this evaluation. 

 Chlorate is a common contaminant associated with hypochlorite solutions. WTPs 

utilizing hypochlorite (on-site generation or bulk) should consider: diluting the 

solution upon delivery, storing the solution at lower temperatures, controlling the pH 

of the stored solution between 11 and 13, and using fresh solution when possible. 

 All VWTPs have sufficient chlorine contact time to oxidize 10 g/L of microcystins 

and some NDMA precursors. 

 VWTPs utilizing pre-ozonation will also oxidize microcystins and NDMA precursors. 

 It is uncertain whether additional NDMA treatment will be necessary because of the 

complexity of NDMA formation and low plausible regulatory levels, even though 

oxidation of NDMA precursor will occur. 

 Nitrification will not likely form nitrate at levels approaching the MCL at the 

representative VWTPs considered in this study. VWTPs utilizing chloramines dose 

ammonia at 0.6 mg/L. At this dose, ammonia will not be present at levels above the 

0.8 mg/L as N treatment trigger. 

 The CCL3 is evaluating several emerging pathogens; however, none of these 

pathogens are more difficult to remove, oxidize, or inactivate compared to the current 

microbial standards for Giardia, virus, and Cryptosporidium. For this reason, no 

treatment triggers were developed for emerging pathogens. 
Section 9

Summary 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

9-3

9.4. Future VWTP Treatment Upgrades 

Based on the ability of a VWTP to meet treatment goals (80 percent of the MCL) in the 

plausible regulatory scenario in combination with the treatment trigger analysis, 

treatment upgrades were recommended: 

 UW-1 had two options: 

 A- Utilize chloramines as secondary disinfectant, or 

 B- Install GAC contactors and continued to use free chlorine as a secondary 

disinfectant. 

 CD-1: include a reduction in ozone dose and add of UV disinfection. 

 CAA-2: include a reduction in ozone dose and add of UV disinfection. 

For the outer boundary future regulatory scenario, upgrades were recommended for all 

VWTPs, including the addition of GAC contactors and UV disinfection. A summary of 

VWTPs and the recommended upgrades is presented in Table 9-1. 

Table 9-1: 

VWTP Upgrades Needed to Meet Future Regulations 

VWTP Scenario Description 

UW-1 

Current Conventional particulate removal, free chlorine disinfection 

Plausible Convert to chloramines or 

Add GAC, free chlorine disinfection remains 

Outer Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection, free chlorine disinfection remains 

CD-1 

Current Pre-ozonation, conventional particulate removal, chloramines 

Plausible Reduce ozone dose and add UV disinfection 

Outer Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection, eliminate chloramines and use free chlorine 

CAA-1 

Current Conventional particulate removal, chloramines 

Plausible* No upgrades 

Outer Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection, eliminate chloramines and use free chlorine 

CAA-2 

Current Pre-ozonation, conventional particulate removal, chloramines 

Plausible Reduce ozone dose and add UV disinfection 

Outer Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection, eliminate chloramines and use free chlorine 

CAAW-1 

Current Pre-ozonation, conventional particulate removal, chloramines 

Plausible* No upgrades 

Outer Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection, eliminate chloramines and use free chlorine 

*No upgrades needed, baseline costs remain. 
Section 9

Summary 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

9-4

9.5. Cost Estimates for Future VWTP Upgrades 

The added cost of treatment upgrades to a VWTP was expanded to represent each source 

water area by taking into account the area’s total regional treatment capacity. The 

fraction of the total regional treatment capacity that was represented by the VWTP was 

calculated, and this fraction was then applied to the VWTP costs. For example, CD-1 has 

40 mgd capacity in a source water area with a total treatment capacity of 284 mgd. 

Dividing 284 mgd by 40 mgd gives a fraction of 7.1 to be applied to the cost estimate. 

Multiplying 7.1 by the added capital cost of CD-1, $142M, results in a total regional 

capital cost of $1012M to meet the plausible future scenario. A summary of the added 

costs for each source water area is presented in Table 8-10. These costs are based on 

current treatment capacity. Future treatment capacity is likely to increase with increasing 

population, so 2030 costs are likely to be higher. 
Section 9

Summary 

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

9-5

Table 9-2: 

Regional Added Costs for Upgrades 

VWTP 

VWTP 

Design 

Capacity 

(mgd) 

Representative 

Regional 

Treatment 

Capacity/ 

VWTP 

Capacity 

Scenario 

Added Capital 

Cost 

Added Annual 

O&M Cost 

($) ($/yr) 

Upper Watersheds- 818 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity 

UW-1 100 8.18 

Plausible 

$10 - $21M $0.3 - $0.6M 

or 

$883 - $1893M $35.3 - $118.5M 

Outer Boundary $1581 - $3387M $55.3 – 118.5M 

Central Delta- 284 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity 

CD-1 40 7.1 

Plausible $270 - $579M $6.2 - $13.4M 

Outer Boundary $634 - $1359M $20.8 - $44.5M 

CAA- 2201 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity 

CAA-1 40 3.86 

Plausible* - - 

Outer Boundary $345 - $739M $11.3 – $24.2M 

CAA-2 500 6.78 

Plausible $2699 - $5783M $110.0 - $235.8M 

Outer Boundary $5226 – $11198M $286.2 - $613.3M 

CAA-West - 836 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity 

CAAW-1 800 1.04 

Plausible* - - 

Outer Boundary $1288 - $2760M $76.3 – $163.5M 

TOTAL 

Plausible 

$2978 - $6382M $116.6 - $249.8M 

Or

$3852 – $8254M $151.6 - $324.8M 

Outer Boundary $9074 - $19443M $449.8 - $963.9M 

*No upgrades needed, baseline costs remain. 

All costs in December 2010 dollars, CCI = 8952. 

Costs are representative of AACE Class 5 estimates. AACE Class 5 estimates are planning level costs prepared based 

on 0 to 2% of full project definition with accuracy ranges of -20% to -50% on the low side and +30% to +100% on the high 

side. Accuracy range for cost estimates presented in this project are -30% to +50%. 
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 
California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

10-1

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Gates, D. 1998. The Chlorine Dioxide Handbook. Denver, Colo.: AWWA. 

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Section 6

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Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Final Project Report 

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Hudnell, H., Back, N., Cohen, I., Lajtha, A., Lambris, J., and Paoletti, R. Monograph of 

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Karanis, P. 2006. A Review of an Emerging Waterborne Medical Important Parasitic 

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Krasner, S., Weinberg, H., Richardson, S., Pastor, J., Sclimenti, M., Onstad, G., and 

Thruston, A. 2006. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (23):7175-7185 

Lezcano, I., Pérez Rey, R., Baluja, C. and Sánchez, E. 1999. Ozone Inactivation of 

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei and Salmonella 

typhimurium in Water. Ozone Science & Engineering (21):293-300. 

Linden, K., Thurston, J., Schaefer, R. and Malley, J. 2007. Enhanced UV Inactivation of 

Adenovirus under Polychromatic UV Lamps. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 

73 (23): 7571-7574 

McGuire, M., Wu, X., Blute, N., Askenaizer, D., and Qin, G. 2009. Prevention of 

nitrification using chlorite ion: Results of a demonstration project in Glendale, Calif. J. 

AWWA. 101 (10): 47-59 

Meng, Q and Gerba, C. 1996. Comparative Inactivation of Enteric Adenoviruses, 

Polioviruses and Coliphages by Ultraviolet Irradiation. Water Research 30(11):2665-

2668 

Miltner, R. 1976. The Effect of Chlorine Dioxide on Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water. 

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Mostafa, M., Sheweita, S., and O’Conner, P. 1999. Relationship between Schistosomiasis 

and bladder cancer. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12 (1): 97-111 

Najm, I. 2007. Formation of Hydrazine as a Chloramine By-Product. American Water 

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heptatotoxins by chlorine and chloramines. Water Research. (28): 1297-1303 

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June 2008]. Available from: 

http://www.oehha.ca.gov/water/phg/pdf/122206NDMAphg.pdf 
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Oguma, K., Katayama, H. and Ohgaki, S. 2004. Photoreactivation of Legionella 

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Pehlivanoglu-Mantas, E., Hawley, E., Deeb, R., and Sedlak, D. 2006. Formation of 

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Chemical and biological characterization of newly discovered iodoacid drinking water 

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Coliphage MS-2 as a UV Water Disinfection Efficacy Test Surrogate for Bacterial and 

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mechanism-based structure-activity relationships analysis in carcinogenic potential 

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O157:H7 to UV Energy. J. Food Protection, 66(6): 1071-1073 

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Formation of N-Nitrosamines from Eleven Disinfection Treatments of Seven Different 

Surface Waters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008. (42): 4857-4862 
California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Technical Memorandum 2 

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Appendix A 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation Project History 
California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Technical Memorandum 2 

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A-2

Water Treatment Evaluation Project Objective and Scope 

The project objective was to identify and evaluate, at a conceptual planning level, the 

capital and operational costs (or cost savings) and intangible benefits (or detriments) that 

were projected to occur as a result of future changes in intake water quality at treatment 

plants that utilize surface water from the Central Valley of California. Current and 

projected future regulations were considered. 

Project Timeline 

Malcolm Pirnie initiated work on the Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation Project in 

March 2008, finalized the first technical memorandum that summarized the regulatory 

scenario, and began work on Tasks two and three. In December 2008, Malcolm Pirnie 

was instructed to stop work due to funding restrictions. Upon receiving a notice to 

proceed in January 2010, work on the Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation resumed. 

There have been several relevant publications completed during this time that could 

affect the regulatory scenarios and treatment trigger findings completed in 2008; 

therefore, these items were revisited to determine whether changes to the 2008 approach 

were justified. 

The Future regulatory scenarios were described in Technical Memorandum 1, which was 

submitted, reviewed, and revised based on comments from the Work Group in 2008 

(Appendix B). Since that time, additional research has become available on the 

formation, occurrence, health effects, and treatment of many priority constituents of 

concern. Malcolm Pirnie and the technical experts revisited, reviewed, and revised the 

previously developed regulatory scenarios. Any necessary updates or revisions to the 

previous analysis were captured in a revised Technical Memorandum 2 and in this Final 

Project Report. 

The notice to proceed in January 2010 included project funding through the first quarter 

of 2010. On March 31, 2010 the decision was made to not renew project funding. As 

such, only initial tasks (Phase I) of the Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation were 

completed. 

In December 2010, more funding became available through the first quarter of 2011 to 

complete the Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation. This Final Project Report documents 

the Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation in its entirety. Table A1 describes the project 

work completed throughout the timeline of the project. 
California Urban Water Agencies 

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Technical Memorandum 2 

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A-3

TableA-1: 

Project Work Completed 

Task Description of Work Completed 

Phase I - March 2008 to December 2008 and January 2010 to March 2010 

Task 1- Define Study 

Boundaries 

 Identified emerging drinking water quality issues. 

 Developed plausible and outer boundary future regulatory 

scenarios. 

 Defined areas of similar water quality and reviewed historical 

water quality data. 

 Identified WTPs in each source water area and outlined existing 

treatment practices at each WTP. 

Task 2- Develop and Describe 

a Representative Virtual Water 

Treatment Plant (VWTP) for 

each Source Water Area 

 Verified unit processes and design flowrates at each WTP. 

 Selected representative VWTPs and flowrates. 

 Began developing costs associated with baseline VWTPs. 

Task 3- Identify Threshold 

Values that Trigger Treatment 

Changes 

 Performed detail literature reviews 

 Identified occurrence information and formation/destruction 

mechanisms of contaminants. 

 Captured current contaminant information and treatment 

techniques. 

 Modeled DBP formation using the EPAWTPM. 

 Developed treatment triggers. 

Phase II – January 2011 to March 2011 

Task A- Estimate Required 

Future Drinking Water 

Treatment Process and 

Operational Changes 

 Identified many treatment strategies that could be employed. 

 Evaluated water quality scenarios provided by Work Group. 

 Determined future WTP upgrades. 

 Performed sensitivity analysis on water quality data 

 Ran upgraded VWTPs in EPAWTPM to verify treatment 

performance 

Task B- Estimate Water 

Treatment Costs Associated 

with Different Intake Water 

Quality Scenarios in Each 

Source Water Area 

 Refined initially developed costs for baseline VWTPs 

 Used results from Task A to estimate costs associated with 

WTP upgrades. 

Task E- Address Additional 

Comments on Technical 

Memorandum 2 

 Received and resolved additional comments on previously 

finalized Technical Memorandum 2 and incorporated all 

revisions into the Final Project Report. 

Task D- Task Coordination, 

Meetings, and Project Report 

 Developed Final Project Report 
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 
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Technical Memorandum 2 

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Appendix B 

Technical Memorandum 1: Definition of Study Boundaries 
California Urban Water Agencies 

455 Capitol Mall  Suite 705  Sacramento, CA 95814 

Drinking Water Treatment 

Evaluation 

Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries 

September 2008 

Report Prepared By: 

Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. 

4646 East Van Buren Street 

Suite 400 

Phoenix, AZ 

602-241-1770 

3054008 

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Table of Contents

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries 

3054008

i

Contents 

1. Introduction and Project Background 1-1

1.1. Central Valley Drinking Water Policy Development ...................................................... 1-2

1.2. Project Objective ........................................................................................................... 1-3

1.3. Technical Memorandum Organization .......................................................................... 1-4

2. Current and Future Drinking Water Regulations 2-1

2.1. Current Drinking Water Regulations Summary ............................................................. 2-1

2.2. Future Regulatory Scenarios ........................................................................................ 2-2

2.2.1. DBPs ............................................................................................................. 2-3

2.2.2. Disinfection Practices and Views .................................................................. 2-6

2.2.3. Dissolved Minerals ........................................................................................ 2-6

2.2.4. Algal Toxins ................................................................................................... 2-7

2.2.5. Pathogens ..................................................................................................... 2-7

2.2.6. Other Contaminants of Concern ................................................................. 2-10

3. Areas of Similar Source Water Quality 3-1

3.1. Determination of Source Water Areas .......................................................................... 3-1

3.2. Current Water Quality by Source Water Area ............................................................... 3-1

3.2.1. Parameters Affecting Disinfection Byproduct Formation .............................. 3-4

3.2.2. Dissolved Minerals ........................................................................................ 3-9

3.2.3. Nutrients ...................................................................................................... 3-11

3.2.4. Algal Toxins ................................................................................................. 3-13

3.2.5. Pathogens and Indicator Organisms ........................................................... 3-13

4. Current Water Treatment Practices 4-1

4.1. Water Treatment Plants in Each Source Water Area ................................................... 4-1

4.2. Current Water Treatment Practices in Each Source Water Area ................................ 4-3

4.2.1. Upper Watersheds Source Water Area ......................................................... 4-4

4.2.2. North Bay Aqueduct Source Water Area ...................................................... 4-5

4.2.3. Central Delta Source Water Area .................................................................. 4-6

4.2.4. California Aqueduct Source Water Area ....................................................... 4-7

4.2.5. California Aqueduct West Branch Source Water Area ................................. 4-8

5. Summary and Next Steps 5-1

5.1. Summary of Task 1: Definition of Study Boundaries ................................................... 5-1

5.2. Next Steps: Virtual Water Treatment Plants (Task 2) .................................................. 5-1

5.3. Next Steps: Threshold Values Development (Task 3) ................................................. 5-2

6. References 6-1

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List of Tables 

Table 1-1. Central Valley Water Quality Challenges .................................................................... 1-1

Table 1-2. Priority Constituents of Concern for Central Valley Drinking Water Policy ................. 1-3

Table 2-1. Selected Current Drinking Water Regulations ............................................................ 2-1

Table 2-2. Potential Future Regulatory Scenarios ....................................................................... 2-2

Table 2-3. Consumer Acceptance Contaminant Level ................................................................. 2-6

Table 2-4. Recommended Pathogens for Regulation .................................................................. 2-8

Table 2-5. Treatment of Pathogens .............................................................................................. 2-9

Table 3-1. Representative Water Quality Monitoring Locations ................................................... 3-4

Table 3-2. Summary of DBP Precursor Levels by Source Water Area..................................3-9 

Table 3-3. Source Water Giardia and Cryptosporidium Detections ........................................... 3-14

Table 4-1. Water Treatment Plants in each Source Water Area .................................................. 4-1

Table 4-2. Water Treatment Unit Processes ................................................................................ 4-3

List of Figures 

Figure 3-1: Source Water Areas1 ................................................................................................ 3-3

Figure 3-2: TOC Concentrations ................................................................................................. 3-5

Figure 3-3: DOC Concentrations ................................................................................................. 3-5

Figure 3-4: Alkalinity Concentrations ........................................................................................... 3-6

Figure 3-5: SUVA Levels ............................................................................................................. 3-7

Figure 3-6: Bromide Concentrations............................................................................................ 3-8

Figure 3-7. Conductivity.............................................................................................3-9 

Figure 3-8: Total Dissolved Solids ............................................................................................. 3-10

Figure 3-9. Total Nitrogen........................................................................................3-12 

Figure 3-10: Total Phosphorus .................................................................................................. 3-12

Figure 3-11: Estimated DON Levels1 ........................................................................................ 3-13

Figure 4-1: Water Treatment Plant Unit Processes in the Upper Watersheds ........................... 4-4

Figure 4-2: Water Treatment Plant Unit Processes in the NBA Source Water Area .................. 4-5

Figure 4-3: Water Treatment Plant Unit Processes in the Central Delta Source Water Area ..... 4-6

Figure 4-4: Water Treatment Plant Unit Processes in the CAA Source Water Area .................. 4-7

Figure 4-5: Water Treatment Plant Unit Processes in CAA West Branch Source Water Area ... 4-8

Appendices 

A. Summary of Current Drinking Water Regulations 

B. List of Relevant Disinfection By-Products 

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List of Abbreviations 

AWWA American Water Works Association 

AwwaRF American Water Works Association Research Foundation 

Basin Plan Water Quality Control Plan 

Central Valley Water Board Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board 

CBDA California Bay-Delta Authority 

CCL3 Contaminant Candidate List 

CDPH California Department of Public Health 

CUWA California Urban Water Agencies 

DBP Disinfection By-product 

Delta Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta 

DOC Dissolved Organic Carbon 

DON Dissolved Organic Nitrogen 

DWR Department of Water Resources 

EDC Endocrine Disrupting Compounds 

GAC Granulated Activated Carbon 

HAA Haloacetic Acid 

IESWTR Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule 

LT2ESWTR Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule 

LRAA Locational Running Annual Average 

MCL Maximum Contaminant Level 

MCLG Maximum Contaminant Level Goal 

MGD Million Gallons per Day 

MIOX Mixed oxidants 

NBA North Bay Aqueduct 

NCWA Northern California Water Association 

NDMA N-Nitrosodimethylamine 

OEHHA Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment 

PAC Powdered Activated Carbon 

PPCP Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products 

PHG Public Health Goal 

SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act 

SRCSD Sacramento Regional County Sanitation District 

SWP State Water Project 

SUVA Specific Ultraviolet Absorbance 

SWRCB State Water Resources Control Board 

SWTR Surface Water Treatment Rule 

TOC Total Organic Carbon 

TDS Total Dissolved Solids 

THM Trihalomethane 

THM4 Sum of four trihalomethanes 

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency 

UV Ultra Violet 

WHO World Health Organization 

Work Group Central Valley Drinking Water Policy Work Group 

WDL Water Data Library 

WTP Water Treatment Plant 

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1. Introduction and Project Background 

The surface water in the Central Valley has the potential to impact more than 25 million 

Californians who receive a portion of their water from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta 

(Delta) and the tributaries to the Delta (CALFED Water Quality Program, 2008). The 

tributaries to the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers that originate in the Sierra Nevada 

Mountains generally have high quality water; however, pollutants from a variety of 

sources (urban, industrial, agricultural, and natural) degrade the quality of water as it 

flows to and downstream of the Delta, creating a number of drinking water treatment 

challenges. A number of constituents potentially impact the water quality in the Central 

Valley. Table 1-1 highlights those most likely to impact present and future drinking 

water treatment. 

Table 1-1. 

Central Valley Water Quality Challenges 

Water Quality Challenge Potential Treatment Impact

High Organic Carbon and Bromide 

Concentrations 

Treatment must balance the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) with the removal and inactivation of 

pathogens and indicator organisms. 

Pathogens and Indicator Organisms 

Removal and inactivation of pathogens and indicator 

organisms must be balanced with the formation of DBPs while 

achieving adequately protective disinfection of pathogens. If 

additional pathogens are regulated, additional treatment 

options may need to be considered. 

High Nutrient Concentrations 

High nutrient concentrations may lead to algal blooms, create 

taste and odor problems, and impact plant operations. If and 

when nitrogenous DBPs are regulated, additional treatment 

options may need to be considered. 

High levels of Total Dissolved Solids 

(TDS) 

High TDS levels create aesthetic problems and challenges for 

blending, groundwater storage, and water recycling. 

Pharmaceuticals and personal care 

products (PPCPs) and endocrine 

disrupting compounds (EDCs) 

(Emerging Contaminants) 

Potential future regulation of emerging contaminants may lead 

to increased monitoring and the need for additional treatment 

processes or process modifications. 

 

Currently, water quality regulations applicable to the Central Valley include maximum 

contaminant levels (MCLs) issued by the California Department of Public Health 

(CDPH) and a Water Quality Control Plan (Basin Plan) for the Sacramento-San Joaquin 

River Basins. The Basin Plan was developed by the Central Valley Regional Water 

Quality Control Board (Central Valley Water Board) and designates beneficial uses, 

including municipal and domestic water supply, for the Sacramento and San Joaquin 

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rivers and Delta. The Basin Plan also specifies numeric and narrative water quality 

objectives and implementation strategies to protect designated beneficial uses. 

Current plans and policies for Central Valley surface waters do not contain numeric 

quality objectives for several key drinking water constituents of concern, including DBP 

precursors and pathogens. Additionally, the current implementation strategies do not 

provide source water protection at a level desired by water supply agencies. For this 

reason, the Central Valley Water Board is working with stakeholders to develop a 

comprehensive Central Valley Drinking Water Policy, as described below. 

1.1. Central Valley Drinking Water Policy Development 

The Drinking Water Policy will be considered as a Basin Plan amendment in 2009 or 

2010. To provide the technical information needed for the development of the Drinking 

Water Policy, a Central Valley Drinking Water Policy Workgroup (Work Group), 

comprised of interested stakeholders and technical experts (listed below), was formed to 

develop and implement a work plan. 

 California Bay-Delta Authority (CBDA) 

 CDPH 

 Central Valley Water Board 

 State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) 

 Sacramento Regional County Sanitation District (SRCSD) 

 Northern California Water Association (NCWA) 

 California Urban Water Agencies (CUWA) with representatives from Contra Costa 

Water District, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, and East Bay 

Municipal Utility District. 

 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 

 Clean Water Action 

 Sacramento City Stormwater 

The work plan includes: 

 An assessment of the ability to control sources of key drinking water constituents in 

the Delta and is tributaries (source water protection approach). 

 An assessment of the ability to remove key drinking water constituents in water

treatment plants (water treatment approach). 

 An analysis of the feasibility, costs, and risks associated with both approaches to 

managing key drinking water constituents (source water protection and water 

treatment). 

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Section 1

Introduction and Project Background

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1: 

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1-3

This project addresses the water treatment approach for priority constituents. The 

drinking water constituents considered to have the highest priority by the Work Group 

include DBP precursors, dissolved minerals, nutrients, pathogens, and pathogen indicator 

organisms (Table 1-2). 

Table 1-2. 

Priority Constituents of Concern for Central Valley Drinking Water Policy 

Constituent Class Source Water Constituents Treated Water Constituents

Disinfection 

Byproduct Precursors 

Total organic carbon, dissolved organic 

carbon, bromide, alkalinity 

Disinfection byproducts, 

Trihalomethanes (THMs), 

Haloacetic Acids (HAAs), 

bromate 

Dissolved Minerals Total dissolved solids, electrical 

conductivity (EC), and chloride 

Total dissolved solids, EC, and 

chloride 

Nutrients 

Nitrogen species (total, total Kjeldahl, 

organic, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia) 

Phosphorus species (total, dissolved) 

Impacts of algal growth: 

taste and odor, algal toxins, 

treatment challenges 

Pathogens and 

Indicator Organisms 

Giardia, Cryptosporidium, total coliform, 

fecal coliform, Enterococcus, E.coli 

Giardia, Cryptosporidium, total 

coliform, fecal coliform, 

Enterococcus, E.coli 

Source: Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation Scope of Work 

1.2. Project Objective 

The objective of this project is to identify and evaluate, at a conceptual planning level, 

the capital and operational costs (or cost savings) and intangible benefits (or detriments) 

that are projected to occur as a result of future changes in intake water quality at 

treatment plants that utilize surface water from the Central Valley of California. Current, 

improved, and degraded water quality will be evaluated. In addition, current and 

projected future regulations will be considered. The objective of this project will be 

accomplished in seven tasks: 

 Task 1- Define Study Boundaries 

 Task 2- Develop and Describe a Representative (Virtual) Water Treatment Plant 

(WTP) for each Source Water Area 

 Task 3- Identify Threshold Values that Trigger Treatment Changes 

 Task 4- Estimate Required Future Dinking Water Treatment Process and Operational 

Changes 

 Task 5- Estimate Water Treatment Costs Associated with Different Intake Water 

Quality Scenarios in Each Source Water Area 

 Task 6- Evaluate Intangible Factors in the Assessment of the Costs and Benefits of

Different Raw Water Quality Scenarios 

 Task 7- Task Coordination, Meetings, and Project Report 

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Section 1

Introduction and Project Background

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries 

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1.3. Technical Memorandum Organization 

The purpose of this technical memorandum is to summarize the work completed as part 

of Task 1- Define Study Boundaries. This memorandum is organized into five sections: 

 Section 1 provides a brief description of key water quality concerns in the Central 

Valley, the development of a Central Valley Drinking Water Policy, project 

objectives, and technical memorandum organization. 

 Section 2 provides a summary of current regulations and a potential future regulatory

scenario for 2030. 

 Section 3 provides definitions of areas with similar source water quality and a

summary of current water quality conditions for each source water area. 

 Section 4 provides a description of existing water treatment practices for each source 

water area. 

Section 5 summarizes the results from Task 1 and provides a description of and 

recommended approach to upcoming tasks. 

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2. Current and Future Drinking Water Regulations 

The current drinking water regulations set contaminant limits and treatment techniques 

that need to be considered in subsequent tasks, and the future regulation predictions will 

be used to evaluate what water treatment trends may occur in the future. This section 

discusses the current and future regulations that are of particular interest to this project. 

2.1. Current Drinking Water Regulations Summary 

This section summarizes the three major categories of primary drinking water regulations 

that have been implemented under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) and are of 

interest from the perspective of this project. More detailed descriptions are provided in 

Appendix A. Table 2-1 summarizes selected current regulations. 

Table 2-1. 

Selected Current Drinking Water Regulations 

Contaminant MCL 

(mg/L) 

Secondary MCL1

(mg/L) 

CDPH Public 

Health Goal 

(mg/L) 

Removal/Inactivation 

Requirement 

Disinfection Byproducts

Total Trihalomethanes 

(THM) 0.080 - - - 

Sum of five Haloacetic 

acids (HAA5) 0.060 - - - 

Bromate 0.010 - - - 

Chlorite 1.0 - - - 

N-Nitrosodimethylamine 

(NDMA) - - 0.000003 - 

Dissolved Minerals

Total Dissolved Solids 

(TDS) - 

500 (CDPH 

recommended 

level) 

- - 

Pathogens and Indicator Organisms

Giardia - - - 3-log 2

Cryptosporidium - - - 2.0-log + Bin Classification 3

1CDPH Secondary MCLs are enforceable.

2Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) 

3

Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR) 

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2.2. Future Regulatory Scenarios 

The consultant team developed possible regulatory scenarios for the year 2030. These 

are predictions based on our team’s experience with USEPA and on best professional 

judgment. Federal and State regulations are continuously evolving, and the exact 

scenarios in the year 2030 are unknown. 

The regulatory scenarios focused on the priority constituents of concern for the Central 

Valley Drinking Water Policy, including DBP precursors, dissolved minerals, algal 

toxins, and pathogens and pathogen indicators (Table 1-2). The project team also 

reviewed the most recent Draft of the USEPA Contaminant Candidate Lists (CCL3) to 

determine additional contaminants of concern that may potentially be regulated by 2030. 

Ultimately, a plausible and an outer boundary regulatory scenario were developed (Table 

2-2). The plausible regulatory scenario in 2030 includes contaminants that are likely to 

be regulated in some form; this is the regulatory scenario that will be used to evaluate 

potential WTP modifications and cost evaluations in subsequent tasks. The outer 

boundary regulatory scenario includes the same contaminants; however, the regulated 

levels are more stringent. The outer boundary scenarios will only be evaluated 

qualitatively. This section describes the basis for the regulatory scenarios. Appendix B 

identifies the specific contaminants that could be regulated under a group of contaminants 

(e.g., iodinated THMs), and includes available regulatory and health risk information. 

Table 2-2 

Potential Future Regulatory Scenarios 

Constituent 

Regulatory Scenarios 

Current Plausible1 Outer Boundary2

Disinfection Byproduct Precursors 

Organic Carbon 

and Organic 

Nitrogen 

DBPR Enhanced 

Coagulation Requirements 

DBPR Enhanced 

Coagulation Requirements 

Control total organic carbon 

(TOC) as a precursor 

Control dissolved organic 

nitrogen (DON) as a 

precursor 

Disinfection Byproducts 

Bromate 10 μg/L* 5 or 10 μg/L* 1 to 4 μg/L* 

THMs 

THM4 80 μg/L (LRAA) 80 μg/* Regulate individual species* 

Iodinated 

THMs - 

Regulate iodinated THMs as 

a group* Regulate individual species* 

HAAs

HAA5 60 μg/L (LRAA) 60 μg/L* Individual levels for selected 

species 

HAA9 - 

80 μg/L (LRAA5), additional 

species to current 

regulations 

1. 80 μg/L* 

2. Individual levels for 

selected species* 

Iodinated 

HAAs - - Regulate individual species* 

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Constituent 

Regulatory Scenarios 

Current Plausible1 Outer Boundary2

Nitrogenous Organic Compounds 

Nitrosamines PHG 3 ng/L3

, Notification 

Level 10 ng/L3 (NDMA) NDMA at 3 or 10 ng/L* 4,

(1) Control DON as a 

precursor 

(2) Regulate select 

compounds* 

Hydrazine - - 10 ng/L* 

Disinfection Practices and Views 

Chloramination Accepted technology Other technologies preferred Technology not accepted 

View of low to no 

use of 

disinfectants 

View generally not 

accepted in U.S 

View generally not accepted 

in U.S. 

View begins to be accepted in 

U.S. 

Dissolved Minerals 

TDS 500 mg/L secondary MCL 500 mg/L secondary MCL 

Indirect reduction 

requirements for recycle 

water TDS 

Algal Toxins 

Microcystin - 1 μg/L (WHO guideline) - 

Anatoxin-a - - 3 μg/L (suggested, Australia) 

Saxitoxin - - 3 μg/L (suggested, Australia) 

Pathogens and Indicators

Total coliform 

(TC), Fecal 

coliform (FC), 

and E. coli

Monitoring based upon 

population. Non-acute MCL 

for > 5% TC positive, acute 

MCL for FC or E.coli with 

confirmation in repeat 

sample. 

Monitoring based upon 

population. Non-acute MCL 

for > 5% TC positive, acute 

MCL for E.coli with 

confirmation in repeat 

sample. 

- 

Cryptosporidium 

2-log removal credit 

(IESWTR6); Additional 

inactivation needed based 

on source water 

concentration (LT2ESWTR) 

2-log removal credit 

(IESWTR); Additional 

inactivation needed based 

on source water 

concentration (LT2ESWTR) 

Additional 1-log 

Other Pathogens - 

Regulated, but less 

challenging to remove than 

SWTR and LT2ESWTR 

standards 

- 

1Scenario will be used in treatment selection and costing. 

2Scenario will be discussed qualitatively, but not included in costing. 

3CDPH regulation. 

4NDMA is considered by the regulatory agency as an indicator of other nitrosamines’ levels 

5

Locational Running Annual Average (LRAA) 

6 Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR)

*Single sample not to exceed. 

2.2.1. DBPs 

Currently regulated DBPs include THM4, HAA5, bromate, and chlorite. There are a 

number of reasons that the USEPA may consider modifying the current regulations for 

these DBPs as well as regulating other DBPs: 

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 Cancer is not the only health endpoint being detected in epidemiology studies; there 

are new concerns about potential adverse reproduction and developmental effects 

(Richardson 2005). 

 New human exposure studies are including inhalation and dermal absorption routes of 

exposure to DBPs in addition to ingestion, which is revealing increased cancer risks 

(Richardson 2007). 

 Brominated DBPs may be more carcinogenic than their chlorinated analogs 

(Richardson 2005, WHO 2000, Woo et al. 2002). 

 Iodinated DBPs may be more carcinogenic than their brominated analogs (Richardson 

2005, Plewa et al. 2004, Woo et al. 2002) 

Bromate is currently regulated at 10 μg/L, which corresponds to a cancer risk factor of 

2×10-4 (typically, the basis for MCLs is 10-4 to 10-6). It is anticipated that this MCL 

could be reduced to 5 μg/L (plausible) or lower (outer boundary) in an effort to reduce 

the cancer risk to 1×10-4 or lower. This risk has to be balanced with the fact that bromate 

could be present in the common disinfectant chemical, sodium hypochlorite. 

THMs are regulated as a group (THM4) on a LRAA basis at 80 μg/L under the Stage 2 

DBP Rule (effective from 2012). Epidemiological evidence has produced uncertain and 

sometimes conflicting conclusions on the reproductive effects of exposure to DBPs. For 

example, an extensive literature review by Reif et al. 2000 found that evidence for an 

increased risk of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth exists but is uncertain (Health 

Canada 2006). A more recent study by American Water Works Research Foundation 

(AwwaRF) found no association between THM exposure and pregnancy loss (Savitz et 

al. 2005). More research is needed; however, due to the fact that contaminant levels can 

significantly vary with the LRAA calculation method, it is possible that the THM 

regulation will change to single sample not to exceed 80 μg/L to reduce variability and 

limit acute or reproductive health effects (plausible). As an increasing amount of health 

effects data becomes available, regulations may be directed to individual species to 

reduce associated health risks (outer boundary). 

Despite the fact that occurrence of iodinated THMs is low relative to THM4 (Krasner et 

al. 2006), iodinated THMs are becoming increasingly important because recent research 

has shown increased human health risk levels compared to chlorinated and brominated 

DBPs (Woo et al. 2002). Currently iodinated THMs are not regulated; however, it is 

possible that they will be regulated (at least as a group) on a single sample not to exceed 

basis (plausible). It is not possible to predict a level for regulation at this time; more 

human health effect research is needed. Once more data becomes available, the iodinated 

species may even be regulated as individual species on a single sample not to exceed 

basis to reduce human health risks (outer boundary). 

Similar to THMs, HAAs are regulated under the Stage 2 DBP Rule as a group (HAA5) at 

60 μg/L on an LRAA basis. To limit variability and reduce acute human health effects, 

HAA5 regulation will possibly change to a single sample not to exceed (plausible). 

Further, as additional human health effect data becomes available, regulations may be 

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directed to individual species (outer boundary). It is recognized that additional regulation 

may be necessary to represent the entire group of HAAs that can be formed (HAA9). 

HAA9 is not currently regulated; however, it is possible that HAA9 will be regulated in 

the future and could be regulated as a group at a level of 80 μg/L LRAA (plausible). 

Although it is less likely, HAA9 regulation may be directed to 80 μg/L single sample not 

to exceed or depending on available human health affect data on an individual species 

basis (outer boundary). 

Similar to iodinated THMs, iodinated HAAs are receiving more attention as further 

studies are demonstrating occurrence in finished water systems that use chloramines 

(Krasner et al. 2006) and increased human health risks relative to chlorinated and 

brominated DBPs (Richardson 2005). At this time, more occurrence and human health 

effect research is needed, and it is unlikely that iodinated HAAs will be regulated by 

2030 (plausible). If additional data becomes available, regulation of iodinated HAAs 

may be directed towards individual species (outer boundary). 

Another class of DBPs that may experience a change or addition to regulations are 

nitrogenous DBPs. NDMA, a carcinogen, has a CDPH public health goal (PHG) of 3 

ng/L and a notification level of 10 ng/L. Essentially equivalent to the federal Maximum 

Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG), PHGs are set by California’s Office of Environmental 

Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) and are based solely on scientific and public health 

considerations without regard to economic cost considerations. In California, PHGs are 

used in establishing the state’s primary drinking water standards (MCLs). MCLs adopted 

by CDPH consider economic factors and technical feasibility, but must be set at a level 

that is as close as feasible to the corresponding PHG (OEHHA 2006). Currently, there is 

no MCL for NDMA. 

It is predicted that NDMA (assuming it is representative of all nitrogenous DBPs) will 

pave the way for regulation of other nitrogenous DBPs. It is possible that the future 

regulation of NDMA will be at 3 or 10 ng/L single sample not to exceed (plausible). 

Although it is less likely, regulations requiring treatment for dissolved organic nitrogen 

(as a precursor) similar to the TOC removal requirements set forth in the Stage 1 DBP 

Rule could be established (outer boundary). Alternatively, if NDMA is determined to not 

be representative of nitrogenous DBPs, regulation of individual compounds could result 

(outer boundary). 

Hydrazine is a probable human carcinogen that can be formed through the reaction of 

monochloramine and ammonia. Hydrazine is formed as a result of the addition of these 

chemicals, not due to source water quality. Additionally, hydrazine formation is not 

detectable in drinking waters with pH lower than 9.0 (Najm 2007). For this reason, 

regulation of hydrazine is not likely (plausible). However, the cancer risk level for 

hydrazine at 10 ng/L is 10-6, and this risk level is within the range typically captured by 

an MCL. Although it is unlikely, plants using lime softening or distribution system 

conditions that result in pH excursions may create the need for future regulation of 

hydrazine at 10 ng/L single sample not to exceed (outer boundary). 

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2.2.2. Disinfection Practices and Views 

With the increasing concern over DBPs, disinfection practices are increasingly 

scrutinized. The benefits of the inactivation of pathogens must continuously be balanced 

with the formation of compounds that adversely affect human health. For this reason, it 

is likely that chloramination may become the less preferred disinfection method, 

specifically because of potential nitrogenous DBP formation (plausible). Outside of the 

United States, the opinion is prevalent that residual disinfectants should minimally be 

used or not used at all. This viewpoint is not likely to be accepted in the United States; 

however, as an increasing number of studies indicate the adverse health effects associated 

with US disinfection practices, this view may become more accepted in the future (outer 

boundary). 

2.2.3. Dissolved Minerals 

Dissolved minerals are becoming an increasingly important issue in drinking water 

treatment. Currently, USEPA and CDPH have established secondary MCLs for TDS. 

The USEPA secondary MCL is 500 mg/L and is an unenforceable guideline. CDPH has 

established a secondary maximum contaminant level range for TDS. Secondary MCLs in 

California are enforceable limits based on a consumer acceptance contaminant level; 

however, the consumer acceptance contaminant level for TDS is not fixed (Table 2-3). 

As salinity continues to increase, adverse affects on the treatment process and the ability 

to recycle water may be experienced. It is likely TDS will be monitored in the future, 

and the regulation likely will not change (plausible). With the increasing importance of 

water recycling, TDS reductions may be necessary (outer boundary); however, it is 

unlikely that a SDWA regulation would require this. 

Table 2-3. 

Consumer Acceptance Contaminant Level 

Constituent, Units Recommended1 Upper2 Short Term3

Total Dissolved Solids, mg/L 500 1,000 1,500

Or 

Specific Conductance, μS/cm 900 1,600 2,200 

Chloride, mg/L 250 500 600 

Sulfate, mg/L 250 500 600 

Source: CDPH, 2008. 

Notes: 

(1) Constituent concentrations lower than the recommended contaminant level are desirable for a higher degree of 

consumer acceptance. 

(2) Constituent concentrations ranging to the Upper contaminant level are acceptable if it is neither reasonable nor 

feasible to provide more suitable waters. 

(3) Constituent concentrations ranging to the short term contaminant level are acceptable only for existing 

community water systems on a temporary basis pending construction of treatment facilities or development of 

acceptable new water sources. 

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2.2.4. Algal Toxins 

Algal toxins are toxins formed by cyanobacteria that dominate the freshwater 

phytoplankton communities during periods of calm, stratified conditions (AwwaRF 

2008). Algal toxins are of increasing interest in the US and in other countries around the 

worldbecause it has been observed that increased discharges of nutrients can lead to 

increased algal blooms (and their toxins), which have been associated with an increased 

incidence of fish kills, deaths of livestock and wildlife, and human illness and death 

(Richardson 2007). The most common algal toxins are microcystins, anatoxins, and 

saxitoxins. Others have recognized the need to regulate these toxins, and it is possible 

that the US will follow. The World Health Organization (WHO) has a guideline value 

for microcystin of 1 μg/L, and it is possible that this could become an MCL by 2030 

(plausible). Anatoxin-a and saxitoxin do not have WHO guidelines; however, Australia 

has a suggested limit for these toxins of 3 μg/L. Although it is not likely, there is a 

possibility that an MCL for anatoxin and saxitoxin could be established at the Australia 

suggested limit of 3 μg/L (outer boundary). 

2.2.5. Pathogens 

Currently, 2-log removal of Cryptosporidium is required by the IESWTR with additional 

inactivation required based on the bin classification outlined in the LT2ESWTR. These 

requirements are not likely to change by 2030, so the plausible scenario for 

Cryptosporidium inactivation will not require additional inactivation. However, future 

changes in source water quality could change bin classifications, triggering additional 

inactivation requirements. In the unlikely event that the requirements for 

Cryptosporidium removal/inactivation are increased to protect human health, it is 

predicted that an additional 1-log removal/inactivation will be required (outer boundary). 

It is predicted that although pathogens other than Cryptosporidium will be regulated; 

none will be more challenging to remove or inactivate than Cryptosporidium. 

summarizes a number of pathogens that could possibly be regulated by 2030 based on the 

recommendations of expert panels from American Water Works Association (AWWA) 

and USEPA. Many are pathogens on the CCL3. Table 2-5 summarizes the treatment 

requirements that may be necessary to remove or inactive these pathogens. Based on this 

summary, it appears that the other pathogens that are likely to be regulated will not be 

more difficult to remove or inactivate compared to Cryptosporidium. 

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Table 2-4. 

Recommended Pathogens for Regulation

Organism CCL3 List EPA Expert Recommended AWWA Recommended 

Caliciviruses (Noro Virus) X X X 

Campylobacter jejuni X X X 

Entamoeba histolytica X X Exclude1

Escherichia coli (0157) X X X 

Helicobacter pylori X X Exclude1

Hepatitis A virus X X X 

Legionella pneumophila X X X 

Naegleria fowleri X X Exclude1

Salmonella enterica X X 

Shigella sonnei X X 

Vibrio cholerae X X 

Mycobacterium avium Exclude1 X 

Rotavirus X X 

Enteroviruses (Coxsackieviruses 

and Echoviruses) X X 

Adenovirus X 

1Should not be regulated 

Source: AWWA, 2008 

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Table 2-5. 

Treatment of Pathogens 

Organism Free Chlorine Ozone UV 

Caliciviruses 

Aggregated calicicivirus required CTs 

greater than EPA Guidance Manual CT 

values. Disspersed calicicivirus 

required CTs less than EPA Guidance 

Manual CT values.2

<0.01 to 0.03 mg/L*min for 4-

log inactivation at a pH of 7 

and 5° C. 28

29 to 36 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation3

Campylobacter 

jejuni Suseptible at doses effective for E. coli4

 NA1 4.6 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation5

Entamoeba 

histolytica 

Similar resistance to chlorine as Giardia 

lamblia.6 

Normal water treatment practices are 

able to remove Entamoeba cysts. 7 

NA1 NA1

Escherichia coli

(0157) 

4 log inactivation at CTs of 

approximately 1.1 to 1.2 mg/L*min8. 2-

log inactivation at a CT of 0.119 mg/L* 

min9

0.09 mg/L*min for 2-log 

inactivation9

6 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation10

Helicobacter 

pylori 2-log CT of 0.299 mg/L*min9 0.24 mg/L*min for 2-log inactivation9 NR1

Hepatitis A virus CT table for SWTR are based on 

Hepatitis A NR1 21 mJ/cm2 for 4-log inactivation 

11

Legionella 

pneumophila 

2 to 13.5 mg/L*min for 2-log inactivation 

12

.5 to 1.5 mg/L*min for 2-log 

inactivation at a pH of 7.2 and 

25° C.12

9.4 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation 13

Naegleria fowleri 

2-log CT of 6 and 31 mg/L*min at a pH 

of 7.5 and 23°C for trophozoite and cyst 

form, respectively.29 

NA1 63 mJ/cm2 for 2-log 

inactivation29

Salmonella 

enterica 

Salmonella spp. are sensitive to chlorine 

and do not pose a risk when 

conventional drinking water treatment is 

applied. 14

NA1 7 to 10 mJ/cm2 for 4-log of 

Salmonella spp. 10,15

Shigella sonnei 

Shigella spp. are sensitive to chlorine 

and do not pose a risk when 

conventional drinking water treatment is 

applied. 14

0.9 to 1.4 mg/L*min for 1-log 

inactivation at a pH of 7.2 and 

25° C. 30

8.2 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation16

Vibrio cholerae 

Vegetative bacterium is widely known to 

be sensitive to chlorination and does not 

pose a risk when drinking water is 

properly disinfected.14  

Can be inactivated by Ozone. 

17

2.9 to 21 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation18

Mycobacterium 

avium

51 to 204 mg/L*min for 3-log inactivation 

at 23°C and a pH of 7. 19

0.1 to 0.17 mg/L*min for 3-log 

inactivation at a pH of 7 and 

23° C. 19

NA1

Rotavirus 1.6 to 6.0 for 3-log inactivation at 4°C 

with pHs from 6 to 8.20

0.6 to 3.2 mg/L*min for 3-log 

inactivation with pHs from 6 to 

8 at 4° C.21

36 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation.5

Enteroviruses 

(Coxsackieviruses 

and Echoviruses) 

0.14 to 33.66 mg/L*min for 2-log 

inactivation for Coxsackieviruses and 

0.24 to 49.0 for Echoviruses at pHs from 

6 to 10 at 5°C. 22

0.1 mg/L*min for 3-log 

inactivation of unassociated 

coxsackievirus. 1.5 mg/L*min 

for 3-log inactivation of cell 

associated coxsackievirus at 

5 NTU. 23

32.5 to 36 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation of 

Coxsackieviruses. 

28 to 33 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation of Echoviruses.24

Adenovirus 

0.16 to 0.75 mg/L*min for 4-log 

inactivation at pHs from 6 to 8 and at 5° 

C. 36.09 mg/L*min for 4-log inactivation 

at pH of 8 and 15° C.2

0.07 to 0.6 mg/L*min for 4-log 

inactivation at a pH of 7 and 

5° C. 25

100 to 124 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation with low pressure 

UV lamps. 26,27

Approximately 40 mJ/cm2 for 4-

log inactivation with medium 

pressure UV lamps. 28

Giardia 

24 to 389 mg/L*min for 3-log inactivation 

depending on temperature, chlorine 

concentration, and pH.32

0.48 to 2.9 mg/L*min for 3-log 

inactivation depending on 

temperature.32

22 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation.31

Cryptosporidium Free chlorine is ineffective at 

inactivating Cryptosporidium. 33

4.7 to 72 mg/L*min for 3-log 

inactivation depending on 

temperature. 31 

22 mJ/cm2 for 4-log 

inactivation.31

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1

 NA = Not Available, results were not found during literature search. 2. Thurston-Enriquez et al. 2003a., 3. Thurston-Enriquez et al. 2003b., 

4. Blaser et al. 1986, 5. Wilson et al. 1992, 6. Jarroll et al. 1981, 7. Karanis 2006, 8. Rice et al. 2008, 9. Baker et al. 2002 , 10. Tosa and 

Hirata 1999, 11. Wiedenmann et al. 1993, 12 Domingue et al 1998, 13 Oguma et al. 2004, 14 AWWA 2008., 15 Yaun et al 2003, 16 Chang 

et al. 1985 , 17. Burlson et al. 1975, 18. Hoyer 1998, 19. Taylor et al. 2000, 20. Vaughn et al. 1986, 21. Vaughn et al. 1987, 22. Engelbrecht 

et al. 1980, 23. Emerson et al. 1982, 24. Gerba et al. 2002, 25. Thurston-Enriquez et al. 2005, 26. Meng and Gerba 1996, 27. Ballester and 

Malley 2004, 28. Linden et al. 2007. 29. CAP 2008. 30. Lezcano et al. 1999. 31. USEPA 2006. 32. USEPA 1991. 33. Venczel et al. 1997 

2.2.6. Other Contaminants of Concern 

There are many contaminants of increasing concern that now are being detected in water 

supplies due to advances in analytical capabilities allowing for detection at the ng/L level. 

These contaminants include PPCPs such as antibiotics, pain killers, detergents, perfumes, 

disinfectants, steroids, and synthetic hormones and EDCs such as pesticides, surfactants, 

plasticizers, synthetic hormones, and organohalogens. Many PPCPs and EDCs are not 

yet regulated in the US. New regulations could be based on a common mechanism for 

toxicity (e.g., endocrine disruption) instead of by individual compound. Alternatively, 

regulations could require a specific treatment technology (e.g., granular activated carbon) 

for an array of chemicals, instead of setting standards for specific MCLs (Archibald 

Consulting, 2007; AWWARF, 2005). 

The regulatory scenarios developed in this project focused primarily on the priority 

constituents of concern for the Central Valley Drinking Water Policy and did not address 

PPCPs or EDCs. These contaminants will not be considered during the treatment process 

selection; however, a qualitative discussion will be included as part of an intangible 

benefits analysis (Task 6). 

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3. Areas of Similar Source Water Quality 

Understanding the source water quality for the existing WTPs is paramount when 

evaluating whether existing WTPs will meet potential future regulations and determining 

what treatment changes (if any) may be necessary. Accordingly, identifying areas that 

use Central Valley surface water that have similar water quality will simplify the 

necessary analyses. This section identifies the source water areas and its associated water 

quality that will be used in this analysis. 

3.1. Determination of Source Water Areas 

The Work Group identified five geographical areas that utilize water from the Delta and 

its tributaries, and have similar source water quality (similar levels of constituents of 

concern): 

 Upper Sacramento and Upper-Eastern San Joaquin Watersheds (Upper Watersheds) 

 North Bay Aqueduct (NBA) 

 Central Delta including the South Bay Aqueduct (Central Delta) 

 California Aqueduct- Coastal and East Branches (CAA) 

 California Aqueduct- West Branch (CAA-West Branch) 

Geographical area boundaries were not designated; the source water areas were bounded 

by the WTPs in each region with similar intake water quality (Figure 3-1). A total of 49 

WTPs that use Delta water as a major source were considered. 

3.2. Current Water Quality by Source Water Area 

To characterize the water quality for each source water area, a review of available water 

quality data and reports was performed. Key sources of information included: 

 Raw data provided by the Work Group 

 Raw data from California Department of Water Resources (DWR) Water Data 

Library (WDL) 

 California State Water Project 2006 Watershed Sanitary Survey Update (Archibald 

Consulting, June 2007) 

 Conceptual Model for Pathogens and Pathogen Indicators in the Central Valley and 

Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Tetra Tech, August 2007) 

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The Work Group identified five water monitoring locations that are representative of 

each source water area (Table 3-1). These monitoring locations were used to summarize 

the water quality trends of key contaminants of concern that are discussed in the 

following sections. Please note that observations of water quality trends are not 

described in this section because additional information on current and projected source 

water quality will be provided by the Work Group; therefore, it is possible that any 

current trends shown by the data in the section below will change. 

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Figure 3-1: Source Water Areas1

1WTPs used to designate source water areas are described further in Section 4 and Table 4-1. 

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Table 3-1. 

Representative Water Quality Monitoring Locations 

Source Water Area Monitoring Location DWR Monitoring Station Number

Upper Watersheds Sacramento River at Hood B9D82211312 

NBA Barker Slough Pumping Plant B9D81651476, KG000000, B9D81661478 

Central Delta Banks Pumping Plant KA000331 

CAA Check 13 KA007089 

CAA- West Branch Castaic Lake Tower CA002000 

 Source: Representative monitoring locations provided by Work Group. 

3.2.1. Parameters Affecting Disinfection Byproduct Formation 

Organic carbon and bromide are known as DBP precursors because they interact with 

chlorine during disinfection to form THMs and HAAs. Bromide can also react with 

ozone to form bromate, another regulated DBP. This section discusses the occurrence of 

organic carbon and bromide in the Delta and its tributaries and the concentrations 

typically found in each source water area. 

Total Organic Carbon 

Increased TOC concentrations can affect DBP formation in two ways: by increasing the 

amount of disinfectant required to achieve sufficient disinfection and by increasing DBP 

formation potential. TOC consists of particulate organic carbon and dissolved organic 

carbon (DOC). 

TOC and DOC data were generally available from 1998 to 2007. These data were 

analyzed according to the oxidation method of analysis. The median TOC levels in the 

five source water areas ranged from 1.8 to 5.9 mg/L with an average of approximately 3.4 

mg/L (Figure 3-2). The median DOC levels in the source water areas ranged from 1.7 to 

4.2 mg/L with an average of approximately 3.6 mg/L (Figure 3-3). 

Alkalinity 

TOC removal can become more challenging as the alkalinity of the water increases, 

especially as the TOC decreases. As discussed in Appendix A, the TOC and alkalinity 

levels in the source water dictate treatment requirements. Based on the available data 

(approximately 1998 to 2007) median alkalinity values in the five source water areas 

ranged from 61 to 92 mg/L and had an average of approximately 78 mg/L (Figure 3-4). 

With these alkalinity levels, the Stage 1 DBP Rule requires the areas to remove at least 

25 to 35 percent of their source water TOC (unless they meet alternative compliance 

criteria). 

B-23
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Definition of Study Boundaries 

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3-5

Figure 3-2: TOC Concentrations 

 (Number of Data Points Shown in Parenthesis) 

Figure 3-3: DOC Concentrations 

Data obtained from California Department of Water Resources Water Quality Data Library. 

Region

Watersheds (508) NBA (299) Central Delta (163) CAA (168) CAA- West (108)

TOC (mg/L)

0

5

10

15

20

95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile

Region

Watersheds (580) NBA (333) Central Delta (255) CAA (149) CAA- West (97)

DOC (mg/L)

0

5

10

15

20

95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile

B-24
Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries 

3054008

3-6

Figure 3-4: Alkalinity Concentrations 

Data obtained from California Department of Water Resources Water Quality Data Library. 

Specific Ultraviolet Absorbance (SUVA) 

SUVA can be used to characterize the DOC, which is composed of humic and nonhumic 

substances. SUVA is calculated by dividing the ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV254 measured in units of cm-1 and converted to m-1) by the DOC concentration (mg/L), 

resulting in units of L/mg-m (see equation below). 

SUVA values less than approximately 3 L/mg-m are typical of waters containing 

primarily nonhumic substances. SUVA values of 4 to 5 L/mg-m are typical of waters 

containing primarily humic substances. SUVA can also be predictive of the organic 

removal capacity of water treatment practices. For instance, waters with a high SUVA 

result in greater reductions of TOC, and waters with low SUVA result in relatively low 

reductions of TOC (USEPA, 1999). 

If the SUVA level is less than 2.0 L/mg-m, compliance with the TOC removal treatment 

technique requirements in the Stage 1 DBPR is challenging and can be achieved through 

the alternative compliance criteria. SUVA for four of the five source water areas was 

Region

Watersheds (368) NBA (228) Central Delta (223) CAA (129) CAA- West (45)

Alkalinity (mg/L)

0

50

100

150

200

95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile

























×











=















⋅

L

mg DOC

m

cm

cm

UV

mmg

L

SUVA

100 1

B-25
Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries 

3054008

3-7

calculated (there was insufficient data to calculate values for the CAA-West source water 

area), and it was found that the median SUVA values ranged from 2.7 to 3.3 L/mg-m and 

averaged of 3.1 L/mg-m. This indicates that the water in these source water areas is 

composed of primarily nonhumic substances. SUVA values in this range are not 

particularly low, which indicates that conventional treatment processes should be able 

reduce TOC concentrations in accordance with Stage 1 DBPR. 

Figure 3-5: SUVA Levels 

*CAA-West SUVA levels were calculated from MWD provided Jensen WTP Influent data (2000 to 2007). Castaic Lake 

Monitoring Station data from the WDL were not available. 

Region

Watersheds (363) NBA (276) Central Delta (253) CAA (268) CAA- West (259)*

SUVA (L/mg-m)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile

B-26
Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries 

3054008

3-8

Bromide 

Three of the four regulated THMs and two of the five regulated HAAs contain bromide. 

Bromide can also react with ozone to form bromate, another regulated DBP. Median 

bromide levels in the Delta and its tributaries ranged from 0.01 to 0.19 mg/L with an 

average of 0.14 mg/L (Figure 3-6). 

Figure 3-6: Bromide Concentrations 

The regulatory scenarios projected for 2030 contain regulations for a number of DBPs 

including THMs, iodinated THMs, HAAs, iodinated HAAs, NDMA, and hydrazine. DBP 

formation will affect whether additional treatment may be necessary at existing WTPs in 

each source water area. Table 3-2 summarizes the key water quality parameters that 

affect DBP formation. 

Region

Watersheds (363) NBA (214) Central Delta (230) CAA (132) CAA- West (101)

Bromide (mg/L)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile

B-27
Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries 

3054008

3-9

Table 3-2. 

Summary of DBP Precursor Levels by Source Water Area 

Upper 

Watersheds NBA Central Delta CAA CAA-West 

TOC (mg/L) 

Median 1.8 5.9 3.2 3.2 2.9 

95 Percentile 3.67 16.2 5.3 6.3 4.0 

DOC (mg/L) 

Median 1.7 4.2 3.3 3.1 2.9 

95 Percentile 3.2 13.9 6.3 5.5 3.8 

Alkalinity (mg/L) 

Median 61 92 68 75 88 

95 Percentile 82 145 84 88 111 

Stage 1 DBPR TOC 

Removal 

Requirement 

(percent)1

25 35 35 25 25 

SUVA (L/mg-m) 

Median 2.6 3.2 3.3 3.1 2.7 

95 Percentile 3.7 4.5 4.0 3.7 3.0 

Bromide (mg/L) 

Median 0.01 0.04 0.18 0.19 0.19 

95 Percentile 0.03 0.09 0.53 0.43 0.28 

1

If alternative compliance criteria are not met. 

3.2.2. Dissolved Minerals 

Dissolved minerals can be measured as either TDS or electrical conductivity 

(conductivity). The USEPA has established a secondary MCL (non-enforceable) of 500 

mg/L for TDS and CDPH has secondary MCLs (enforceable) of 500 mg/L for TDS and 

900 μS/cm for conductivity (CDPH 2008). The salinity in the tributaries to the Delta is 

influenced by natural, urban, and agricultural sources. As the tributaries flow through the 

Delta, they (along with urban discharges and seawater intrusion) contribute to the Delta 

salinity. Ultimately, the salinity in the Delta is variable and is affected by the hydraulic 

conditions and releases from upstream reservoirs, which influence seawater intrusion. 

A review of conductivity and TDS data from approximately 1998 to 2007 revealed that 

salinity in the source water area are variable. Median conductivity ranged from 156 to 

483 μS/cm, with an average of 383 μS/cm (Figure 3-7). Median TDS ranged from 97 to 

283 mg/L, with an average of 202 mg/L. 

B-28
Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries 

3054008

3-10

 

Figure 3-7: Conductivity 

Data obtained from California Department of Water Resources Water Quality Data Library. 

Figure 3-8: Total Dissolved Solids 

Data obtained from California Department of Water Resources Water Quality Data Library. 

Region

Watersheds (405) NBA (193) Central Delta (380) CAA (136) CAA- West (48)

Conductivity (

μS/cm)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile

Region

Watersheds (336) NBA (148) Central Delta (137) CAA (134) CAA- West (49)

TDS (mg/L)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile

B-29
Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

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Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries 

3054008

3-11

3.2.3. Nutrients 

Increased levels of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus can lead to algal and 

vascular plant growth. Associated treatment concerns include taste and odor problems, 

increased levels of organic carbon, filtration impacts, and potentially higher levels of 

nitrogenous DBPs (e.g., NDMA) and algal toxins. The USEPA established nitrogen and 

phosphorus reference conditions in a 2001 Ambient Water Quality Criteria 

Recommendations Report to assist states in developing nutrient water quality standards 

for receiving waters. These values are guidelines and are not enforceable. The state of 

California is considering the adoption of nutrient water quality standards, but has not 

released an official proposal to date. The nitrogen and phosphorus reference conditions 

generally represent nutrient levels that protect against the adverse effects of nutrient over 

enrichment and generally apply to the source water areas in this analysis. The reference 

concentration for total nitrogen is 0.31 mg/L and total phosphorus is 0.047 mg/L (USEPA 

2001a). Total nitrogen includes nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and organic nitrogen. Total 

phosphorus includes particulate and dissolved phosphorus. The particulate phosphorus 

includes organic phosphorus incorporated in planktonic organisms, inorganic mineral 

phosphorus in suspended sediments, and phosphate adsorbed to inorganic particles. The 

dissolved phosphorus includes dissolved organic phosphorus, orthophosphate, and 

polyphosphates. 

Data from approximately 1998 to 2007 indicated that total nitrogen and total phosphorus 

concentrations in the Delta and its tributaries are significantly higher than USEPA’s total 

nitrogen and total phosphorus reference concentrations (USEPA 2001a). Median total 

nitrogen concentrations ranged from 0.67 to 0.96 mg/L and averaged 0.87 mg/L (Figure 

3-9). Median total phosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.04 to 0.19 mg/L and 

averaged 0.12 mg/L (Figure 3-10). 

B-30
Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries 

3054008

3-12

Figure 3-9: Total Nitrogen 

Data obtained from California Department of Water Resources Water Quality Data Library. 

Figure 3-10: Total Phosphorus 

Data obtained from California Department of Water Resources Water Quality Data Library. 

Region

Watersheds (64) NBA (155) Central Delta (230) CAA (45) CAA- West (123)

Total Phosphorus (mg/L)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile

Region

Watersheds (65) NBA (106) Central Delta (109) CAA (45) CAA- West (122)

Total Nitrogen (mg/L)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile

95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile

95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile

B-31
Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries 

3054008

3-13

In addition to considering total nitrogen levels, DON was estimated. DON is a precursor 

to nitrogenous DBP formation and could be used to assess the potential for increased 

NDMA formation. DON was not directly measured for each source water area; instead, 

DON was estimated as the difference between Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) and 

ammonia value, assuming that the TKN sample was filtered and represents DON instead 

of total organic nitrogen. DON was calculated from TKN and ammonia data from 

approximately 1998 to 2007. Median DON values ranged from 0.22 to 0.57 mg/L and 

averaged 0.34 mg/L (Figure 3-10). 

Figure 3-11: Estimated DON Levels1

1DON estimated as TKN minus ammonia. TKN and ammonia data obtained from California Department of Water 

Resources Water Quality Data Library. 

3.2.4. Algal Toxins 

With the emergence of toxic algal blooms and cyanobacteria, California DWR has 

recognized the importance of monitoring for algal toxins such as microcystins. 

California DWR monitors for microcystins from June to October, which is the time of 

year that the toxin is most likely to occur. Data from 2004 to 2007 in various locations 

throughout the Delta and the State Water Project (SWP) show that microcystins are 

present but at concentrations less than 1 μg/l. 

3.2.5. Pathogens and Indicator Organisms 

The SWTR, IESWTR, and LT2ESWTR (discussed in detail in Appendix A) set treatment 

requirements to protect the public from pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and protozoans. 

Region

Watersheds (65) NBA (106) Central Delta (109) CAA (45) CAA- West (122)

DON (mg/L)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile

B-32
Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries 

3054008

3-14

Monitoring for all pathogens is impossible, so most monitoring is directed towards 

Giardia and Cryptosporidium (pathogenic protozoan). Additionally, fecal coliform, total 

coliform, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) are used as indicators of the microbiological 

quality of water. To assess the microbiological profile of the five source water areas, 

data from the 2006 Watershed Sanitary Survey Update, the Conceptual Model for 

Pathogens and Pathogen Indicators in the Central Valley and Sacramento-San Joaquin 

Delta (Tetra Tech 2007), and the Sacramento River Water Treatment Plant were 

reviewed. The data that were available were variable (varying sampling frequencies, 

different methods for determining bacteria densities, different periods of record) and as 

noted did not always correlate with the monitoring locations used previously in this water 

quality analysis. Table 3-3 summarizes the number and range of Giardia and 

Cryptosporidium detects, and Table 3-4 summarizes the fecal coliform, total coliform, 

and E. coli ranges for the source water areas (data sources and monitoring locations noted 

on tables). 

 

Table 3-3. 

Source Water Giardia and Cryptosporidium Detections 

Source Water Area Data Period Number of 

Giardia

Detections 

Range of 

Giardia

Detections 

(cysts/L) 

Number of 

Crypto

Detections 

Range of 

Crypto 

Detections 

(oocysts/L) 

Upper Watersheds1 2001 to 2004 1 0.09 0 - 

NBA22000 to 2005 8 0.1 to < 0.4 5 0.1 to 0.8 

Central Delta3 2005 to 2005 1 0.1 0 - 

CAA42003 to 2005 1 0.6 0 - 

CAA- West Branch5 2000 to 2005 0 - 1 0.1 

Source: 1Sacramento River Water Treatment Plant Presumed Crypto and Giardia detects (raw data provided to project 

team by Work Group). 

2

2006 Watershed Sanitary Survey Update- DWR data at Barker Slough 

3

2006 Watershed Sanitary Survey Update- Patterson Pass, Del Valle, and Penitencia WTP data 

4

2006 Watershed Sanitary Survey Update- Central Coast Water Authority Polonio Pass WTP data 

5

2006 Watershed Sanitary Survey Update- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Jensen WTP data 

B-33
Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries 

3054008

3-15

Table 3-4. 

Source Water Fecal Coliform, Total Coliform, and E. coli Detections 

Source Water Area Data Period Range of Fecal 

Coliforms 

(MPN/100 mL) 

Range of Total 

Coliforms 

(MPN/100 mL) 

Range of E. coli 

(MPN/100 mL) 

Upper Watersheds1 2000 to 2004 - 80 to > 16000 2 to 16000 

NBA22000 to 2005 25 to 230a 200 to 2400 30 to 3000b

Central Delta32005 to 2005 - 2 to 11000 2 to 240 

CAA42005 to 2006 - 10 to 320 2 to 26 

CAA- West Branch5 2000 to 2005 2 to 300 2 to 510 - 

Source: 1Sacramento River Water Treatment Plant total coliform and E.coli data(raw data provided to project team by 

Work Group). 

2

2006 Watershed Sanitary Survey Update- monthly median total and fecal coliforms at the North Bay Regional 

WTP Intake. 

aData period was 2003 to 2005. 

bE.coli counts associated with pathogen and indicator bacteria detection at Barker Slough (see Table 3-3) 

3

2006 Watershed Sanitary Survey Update- Patterson Pass, Del Valle, and Penitencia WTP data 

4

2006 Watershed Sanitary Survey Update- Central Coast Water Authority Polonio Pass WTP data 

5

2006 Watershed Sanitary Survey Update- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Jensen WTP data 

B-34
California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries 

3054008

4-1

4. Current Water Treatment Practices 

The current WTPs in each source water area are evaluated to determine the effect of the 

future source water quality changes and the 2030 regulatory scenario. This section 

summarizes the WTPs and identifies water treatment trends in each source water area. 

4.1. Water Treatment Plants in Each Source Water Area 

Existing WTPs in each of the five source water areas were identified. The number, size, 

and treatment processes of the WTPs vary within and across each source water area. 

Table 4-1 summarizes the WTPs that are included in each source water area and the size 

of each plant. 

Table 4-1. 

Water Treatment Plants in each Source Water Area 

Source Water Area System Name Facility Size (mgd) 

Upper Watersheds 

City of Sacramento American River WTP (Fairbairn) 200 

Carmichael Water District Bajamont SWTP 17 

City of Redding Sacramento River @ Foothill WTP 28 

Yuba County WTP 24 

City of West Sacramento Bryte Bend WTP 160 

City of Sacramento Sacramento River WTP 160 

East Bay MUD 

Layfayette WTP 25 

Orinda WTP 175 

Walnut Creek WTP 91 

Modesto Irrigation District Modesto Reservoir 45 

Stockton East Water District WTP 45 

Calaveras County Water District 

West Point WTP 1 

Bear Creek * 

Mokelumne River * 

NBA 

City of Fairfield and Vacaville North Bay Regional WTP 40 

City of Fairfield Waterman WTP 22.5 

City of Benicia Benicia WTP 12 

City of Vallejo Fleming Hill WTP 42 

*Data not available 

B-35
Section 4

Current Water Treatment Practices

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries 

3054008

4-2

Table 4-1 Continued.

Source Water Area System Name Facility Size (mgd)

NBA 

City of Vallejo Travis WTP 7.5 

City of American Canyon 

American Canyon WTP (2 plants 

w/matching flow systems, 1 

conventional and 1 membrane) 

2.2 

Central Delta 

Contra Costa Water District Bollman WTP 75 

Contra Costa Water District Randall Bold WTP 40 

City of Antioch Antioch WTP 26 

Zone 7 Water Agency 

Del Valle 44 

Patterson Pass 21 

Alameda County Water 

District 

WTP #2 28 

Mission San Jose WTP 8 

Santa Clara Water District Penitencia WTP 42 

CAA 

Santa Clara Water District 

Santa Teresa WTP 100 

Rinconada WTP 80 

City of Dos Palos Dos Palos WTP 3 

City of Coalinga Coalinga WTP 12 

City of Huron Huron WTP #2 * 

City of Avenal 

Avenal WTP #2 3.1 

Avenal WTP #1 2.2 

Central Coast Water 

Authority Polonio Pass WTP 43 

Antelope Valley East Kern 

Water Agency 

Rosamund WTP 14 

Quartz Hill WTP 65 

Acton WTP 4 

Eastside WTP 10 

Palmdale Palmdale Filter Plant 30 

CLAWA Lake Silverwood WTP 5 

Metropolitan Water Dist. Of 

So. Cal 

Mills WTP 160 

Diemer WTP 520 

Skinner WTP 630 

Weymouth WTP 520 

CAA-West Branch 

Metropolitan Water District 

of So. Cal Jensen WTP 750 

Castaic Lake Water Agency Earl Schmidt WTP 56 

Castaic Lake Water Agency Rio Vista WTP 30 

 *Data not available 

B-36
Section 4

Current Water Treatment Practices

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries 

3054008

4-3

4.2. Current Water Treatment Practices in Each Source Water 

Area 

The treatment processes used in each source water area were evaluated to determine 

trends in water treatment practices. Conventional coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation 

is a common treatment in all source water areas. However, the filtration, disinfection, 

and additional treatment processes vary in each source water area. Table 4-2 describes 

the types of water treatment unit processes that were considered. The following sections 

summarize the water treatment practices in each source water area. 

Table 4-2. 

Water Treatment Unit Processes 

Item Purpose

Coagulation/Flocculation/Sedimentation

Rapid Mix Uniform coagulant dispersion 

Coagulation Particle destabilization 

Flocculation Particle agglomeration 

Sedimentation Particulate removal 

Filtration

Multi-Media/Rapid Sand/Pressure Sand* Particulate removal 

Pressure Sand Particulate removal 

Slow Sand Particulate removal 

Membranes Particulate removal 

Primary Disinfection

Chlorine Disinfection credit 

Mixed oxidants (MIOX) Disinfection credit 

Ozone Disinfection credit 

Secondary Disinfection

Chlorine Maintain residual chlorine in distribution system 

Chloramines Maintain residual chlorine in distribution system 

Other

Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) (T&O) Taste and Odor (T&O) control 

Fluoridation Public dental health 

Lime-Soda Ash Corrosion control or softening 

Permanganate T&O control, iron and manganese oxidation 

GAC (DBP) DBP control 

Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) T&O control 

Aeration T&O control, iron and manganese oxidation 

Pre- pH Adj. Enhanced coagulation for DBP control or 

Post- pH Adj. Corrosion control 

Orthophosphate Corrosion control 

*Displayed in figures as “Multi-Media” 

B-37
Section 4

Current Water Treatment Practices

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries 

3054008

4-4

4.2.1. Upper Watersheds Source Water Area 

The Upper Watersheds source water area contains 14 WTPs with flow rates ranging from 

1 million gallons per day (MGD) to 200 MGD. Approximately 93 percent of the WTPs 

in the Upper Watersheds source water area have media filtration with the majority also 

having coagulation/ flocculation/ sedimentation (Figure 4-1). This source water area also 

has a membrane filtration plant. The majority of the WTPs use free chlorine for primary 

disinfection; however, one WTP uses ozone. The WTPs use both free chlorine (79 

percent) and chloramines (21 percent) for secondary disinfection. Additional treatment 

processes include PAC/ GAC, softening, aeration, and pH adjustment. However, the 

number of plants that use these technologies is limited. 

Figure 4-1: Water Treatment Plant Unit Processes in the Upper Watersheds Source Water 

Area 

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Rapid Mix

Coagulation

Flocculation

Sedimentation

Multi-Media

Slow Sand

Membranes

Primary- Chlorine

Primary- MIOX

Primary- Ozone

Secondary- Chlorine

Secondary- Chloramines 

GAC (T&O)

Fluoridation

Lime-Soda Ash 

Permanganate

GAC (DBP)

PAC

Aeration

Pre - pH Adj.

Post - pH Adj.

Orthophosphate

Coagulation/ 

Flocculation/ 

Sedimentation

Filtration Disinfection Other

Number of Plants

Total of 14 WTPs

B-38
Section 4

Current Water Treatment Practices

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries 

3054008

4-5

4.2.2. North Bay Aqueduct Source Water Area 

The North Bay Aqueduct source water area contains 6 WTPs with flow rates ranging 

from 3 MGD to 40 MGD. The majority of the WTPs use coagulation/ flocculation/ 

sedimentation followed by media filtration (Figure 4-2). The majority of the WTPs use 

free chlorine for primary disinfection; only one WTP utilizes ozone. All of the WTPs use 

free chlorine for secondary disinfection. 

Figure 4-2: Water Treatment Plant Unit Processes in the NBA Source Water Area 

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Rapid Mix

Coagulation

Flocculation

Sedimentation

Multi-Media

Slow Sand

Membranes

Primary- Chlorine

Primary- MIOX

Primary- Ozone

Secondary- Chlorine

Secondary- Chloramines 

GAC (T&O)

Fluoridation

Lime-Soda Ash 

Permanganate

GAC (DBP)

PAC

Aeration

Pre - pH Adj.

Post - pH Adj.

Orthophosphate

Coagulation/ 

Flocculation/ 

Sedimentation

Filtration Disinfection Other

Number of Plants

Total of 6 WTPs

B-39
Section 4

Current Water Treatment Practices

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries 

3054008

4-6

4.2.3. Central Delta Source Water Area 

The Central Delta source water area contains 8 WTPs with flow rates ranging from 8 

MGD to 75 MGD. The majority of the WTPs in this source water area utilize media 

filtration (Figure 4-3). The source water area also has two slow sand filtration plants and 

two membrane filtration plants. One of the membrane filtration plants includes slow sand 

filtration as pretreatment. All WTPs use free chlorine for primary disinfection with half 

of the WTPs also using ozone in addition to free chlorine. The majority of the WTPs use 

chloramines for secondary disinfection; only one WTP uses free chlorine. Corrosion 

control is accomplished with pH adjustments at 5 of the 8 WTPs. 

Figure 4-3: Water Treatment Plant Unit Processes in the Central Delta Source Water Area 

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Rapid Mix

Coagulation

Flocculation

Sedimentation

Multi-Media

Slow Sand

Membranes

Primary- Chlorine

Primary- MIOX

Primary-Ozone

Secondary- Chlorine

Secondary- Chloramines 

GAC (T&O)

Fluoridation

Lime-Soda Ash 

Permanganate

GAC (DBP)

PAC

Aeration

Pre - pH Adj.

Post - pH Adj.

Orthophosphate

Coagulation/ 

Flocculation/ 

Sedimentation

Filtration Disinfection Other

Number of Plants

Total of 8 WTPs

B-40
Section 4

Current Water Treatment Practices

California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries 

3054008

4-7

4.2.4. California Aqueduct Source Water Area 

The California Aqueduct source water area contains 18 WTPs with flow rates ranging 

from 3 MGD to 630 MGD. The majority of the WTPs use coagulation/ flocculation/ 

sedimentation followed by media filtration (Figure 4-4). Approximately 89 percent of 

the WTPs use free chlorine for primary disinfection, although some WTPs use MIOX (1 

WTP) and ozone (2 WTPs). Approximately half of the water treatment plants use free 

chlorine and half utilize chloramines for secondary disinfection. Approximately 22 

percent of the WTPs in this source water area also use GAC for disinfection byproduct 

control. 

Figure 4-4: Water Treatment Plant Unit Processes in the CAA Source Water Area 

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Rapid Mix

Coagulation

Flocculation

Sedimentation

Multi-Media

Slow Sand

Membranes

Primary- Chlorine

Primary- MIOX

Primary- Ozone

Secondary- Chlorine

Secondary- Chloramines 

GAC (T&O)

Fluoridation

Lime-Soda Ash 

Permanganate

GAC (DBP)

PAC

Aeration

Pre - pH Adj.

Post - pH Adj.

Orthophosphate

Coagulation/ 

Flocculation/ 

Sedimentation

Filtration Disinfection Other

Number of Plants

Total of 18 WTPs

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4.2.5. California Aqueduct West Branch Source Water Area 

The California Aqueduct West Branch source water area contains 3 WTPs with flow 

rates ranging from 30 MGD to 750 MGD. All of the WTPs in this source water area 

utilize the same treatment train that includes conventional coagulation/ flocculation/ 

sedimentation followed by media filtration with ozone for primary disinfection and 

chloramines for secondary disinfection (Figure 4-5) 

Figure 4-5: Water Treatment Plant Unit Processes in CAA West Branch Source Water Area 

0

1

2

3

4

Rapid Mix

Coagulation

Flocculation

Sedimentation

Multi-Media

Slow Sand

Membranes

Primary- Chlorine

Primary- MIOX

Primary-Ozone

Secondary- Chlorine

Secondary- Chloramines 

GAC (T&O)

Fluoridation

Lime-Soda Ash 

Permanganate

GAC (DBP)

PAC

Aeration

Pre - pH Adj.

Post - pH Adj.

Orthophosphate

Coagulation/ 

Flocculation/ 

Sedimentation

Filtration Disinfection Other

Number of Plants

Total of 3 WTPs

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5. Summary and Next Steps 

The purpose of the Water Treatment Plant Evaluation’s Task 1 was to determine the 

study boundaries with respect to future regulations, source water area and associated 

water quality data, and water treatment technologies used in each source water area. This 

section summarizes the study boundary evaluation and next steps for the project. 

5.1. Summary of Task 1: Definition of Study Boundaries 

The Water Treatment Plant Evaluation Study boundaries were developed as summarized 

below. 

 Malcolm Pirnie staff and technical advisors identified emerging drinking water 

quality issues and developed two regulatory scenarios for 2030: “plausible” and 

“outside boundary.” The 2030 plausible regulatory scenario includes a reduction or 

modification to the current regulations for bromate, THM4, and HAA5. In addition, 

the plausible scenario identified possible regulation of iodinated THMs, HAA9, 

iodinated HAAs, nitrogenous DBPs (e.g., NDMA), other pathogens (not as 

challenging as currently regulated pathogens), and algal toxins (specifically 

microcystins). The plausible regulatory scenario will be used to evaluate the WTPs in 

each source water area to determine treatment upgrades and associated costs. The 

outside boundary 2030 regulatory scenario is more stringent than the plausible 

scenario and is provided to bracket the range of possible regulations. 

 Five geographical areas of similar source water quality were identified by the Work 

Group: Upper Watersheds, NBA, Central Delta, CAA, and CAA-West. Source water 

quality for each region was compared with respect to DBP precursors, dissolved 

minerals, nutrients, and pathogens and indicator organisms to confirm these five 

source water areas were appropriate for the Study. 

 The WTPs in each source water area were identified and evaluated to determine the

existing water treatment practices. The results from the water treatment practice 

evaluation will be used in the development of virtual WTPs and threshold values. 

5.2. Next Steps: Virtual Water Treatment Plants (Task 2) 

The evaluation process to be used for developing the virtual WTPs is as follows: 

 Identify WTPs in each source water area. 

 Identify unit processes and design flowrates at each WTP. 

 Identify trends is each source water area based on similar combination of unit 

processes. 

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 Select representative virtual WTPs for each source water area. 

 Select representative flowrates for each virtual WTP. 

 Develop conceptual level capital and O&M costs for each virtual WTP. 

5.3. Next Steps: Threshold Values Development (Task 3) 

The virtual water treatment plants developed in Task 2 will be used to develop threshold 

values for the water quality parameters identified in the plausible future regulatory 

summary (Table 2-2). The threshold values will be the WTP influent concentration that 

triggers an evaluation of adding additional treatment. Each virtual WTP will be entered 

into the Water Treatment Plant Model (USEPA, 2001b) to determine the removal 

efficiencies of each unit process. The influent threshold value will be determined based 

on the removal efficiencies of each virtual WTP and the target effluent concentration 

based on the plausible future regulatory scenarios. The effluent concentration will be set 

at 80 percent of the regulatory limit to prevent regulatory violations. 

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6. References 

Archibald Consulting. 2007. California State Water Project Watershed Sanitary Survey 

2006 Update. 

 

AWWA. 2008. Comments by the American Water Works Association on the Draft 

Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 3 (CCL3) [cited June 2008]. Available from: 

http://www.awwa.org/files/GovtPublicAffairs/PDF/CCL3Comments52108JAR.pdf. 

AwwaRF. 2005. AwwaRF Featured Topic: EDCs, PhACs, and PCPs [cited June 2008]. 

Available from: 

www.awwarf.org/research/TopicsAndProjects/topicSnapshot.aspx?topic=EDCS. 

AwwaRF. 2008. Reservoir Management Strategies for Control and Degradation of Algal 

Toxins. Awwa Research Foundation: Denver, CO. 

Baker, K., Hegarty, J., Redmond, B., Reed, N. and Herson, D. 2002. Effect of Oxidizing 

Disinfectants (Chlorine, Monochloramine, and Ozone) on Helicobacter pylori. Applied 

and Environmental Microbiology. 68(2): 981-984 

Ballester, N and Malley, J. 2004. Sequential Disinfection of Adenovirus Type 2 with UVChlorine-Chloramines. Journal of American Water Works Association 96(10):97-102 

Blaser, M., Smith, P., Wang, W. and Hoff, J. 1986. Inactivation of Campylobacter jejuni

by Chlorine and Monochloramine. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 51(2): 307-

311 

Burlson, G., Murray, T.M. and Pollard, M. 1975. Inactivation of Viruses and Bacteria by 

Ozone, With and Without Sonication. Applied Microbiology. 29( 3): 340-344 

CDPH. 2008. California Regulations Related to Drinking Water [cited June 2008]. 

Available from: 

http://www.cdph.ca.gov/certlic/drinkingwater/Documents/Lawbook/DWRegBook2008_0

3_09a.pdf. 

CALFED Bay-Delta Program. 2008. Water quality program goals [cited June 2008]. 

Available from: http://calwater.ca.gov/calfed/objectives/objectives_wq.html. 

Chang, J., Osoff, S., Lobe, D., Dorfman, M., Dumais, C., Qualls, R. and Johnson, J. 

1985. UV Inactivation of Pathogenic and Indicator Microorganisms. Applied and 

Environmental Microbiology 49(6): 1361-1365 

B-45
Section 6

References

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Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries 

3054008

6-2

Domingue, E., Tyndall, R., Mayberry, W. and Pancorbo, O. 1998. Effects of Three 

Oxidizing Biocides on Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1. Applied and Environmental 

Microbiology 54(3): 741-747 

Emerson, M., Sproul, O. and Buck, C. 1982. Ozone Inactivation of Cell-Associated 

Viruses. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 43 (3): 603-608 

Engelbrecht, R., Weber, M., Salter, B. and Schmidt, C. 1980. Comparative Inactivation 

of Viruses by Chlorine. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 40 (2): 249-256 

Fram, MS, R Fujii, JL Weishaar, B Bergamaschi, and GR Aiken. 1999. How DOC 

composition may explain the poor correlation between specific trihalomethane 

formation potential and specific UV absorbance. US Geological Society toxic 

substances hydrology program, vol. 2: contamination of hydrologic systems and 

related ecosystems. Paper read at Technical Meeting, May 8 to 12, 1999, at 

Charleston, South Carolina. 

Fujii, R, JA Ranalli, GR Aiken, and B Bergamaschi. 1998. Dissolved Organic Carbon 

Concentrations and Compositions, and Trihalomethane Formation Potentials in 

Waters from Agricultural Peat Soils, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California: 

Implications for Drinking-Water Quality. Sacramento, California: US Geological 

Survey. 

Gerba, C., Gramos, D. and Nwachuku, N. 2002. Comparative Inactivation of 

Enteroviruses and Adenovirus 2 by UV light. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 

68(10):5167-5169 

Health Canada. 2006. Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline 

Technical Document — Trihalomethanes. Water Quality and Health Bureau, Healthy 

Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. 

Hoyer, O. 1998. Testing Performance and Monitoring of UV Systems for Drinking Water 

Disinfection. Water Supply 16 (1/2):419–424. 

Jarroll, E., Bingham, A. and Meyer, E. 1981. Effect of Chlorine on Giardia lamblia Cyst 

Viability. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 41 (2): 483-487 

Karanis, P. 2006. A Review of an Emerging Waterborne Medical Important Parasitic 

Protozoan. Japanese Journal of Protozoology 39(1): 5- 19 

Krasner, S., Weinberg, H., Richardson, S., Pastor, J., Sclimenti, M., Onstad, G., and 

Thruston, A. 2006. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (23):7175-7185. 

Lezcano, I., Pérez Rey, R., Baluja, C. and Sánchez, E. 1999. Ozone Inactivation of 

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Section 6

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Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries 

3054008

6-3

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei and Salmonella 

typhimurium in Water. Ozone Science & Engineering 21:293-300. 

Linden, K., Thurston, J., Schaefer, R. and Malley, J. 2007. Enhanced UV Inactivation of 

Adenovirus under Polychromatic UV Lamps. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 

73 (23): 7571-7574 

Meng, Q and Gerba, C. 1996. Comparative Inactivation of Enteric Adenoviruses, 

Polioviruses and Coliphages by Ultraviolet Irradiation. Water Research 30(11):2665-

2668 

Najm, I. 2007. Formation of Hydrazine as a Chloramine By-Product. American Water 

Works Annual Conference Proceedings, Toronto, Canada. 

OEHHA. 2006. Public Health Goal for N-Nitrosodimethylamine in Drinking Water [cited 

June 2008]. Available from: 

http://www.oehha.ca.gov/water/phg/pdf/122206NDMAphg.pdf 

Oguma, K., Katayama, H. and Ohgaki, S. 2004. Photoreactivation of Legionella 

pneumophila after Inactivation by Low- or Medium-Pressure Ultraviolet Lamps. Water 

Research 38 (11): 2757-2763 

Plewa, M., Wagner, E.Richardson, S., Thruston, A., Woo, Y., McKague, A. 2004. 

Chemical and biological characterization of newly discovered iodoacid drinking water 

disinfection byproducts. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (18): 4713-4722. 

 

Reif, J.S., A. Bachand and M. Andersen. 2000. Reproductive and Developmental Effects 

of Disinfection By-Products. Bureau of Reproductive and Child Health, Health Canada, 

Ottowa, Ontario, Canada. 

Rice, E., Clark, R. and Johnson, C. 2008. Chlorine Inactivation of Escherichia coli

O157:H7. Emerging Infectious Disease 5 (3) 

Richardson, S. 2005. New Disinfection By-product Issues: Emerging DBPs and 

Alternative Routes of Exposure. Global Nest 7(1):43-60. 

Richardson, S. 2007. Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. 

Analytical Chemistry 79 (12): 4295-4324. 

Roy, S., Heidel, K., Creager, C., Chung, C. and Grieb, T. 2006. Organic Carbon in the 

Central Valley and Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Tetra Tech, Lafayette, CA. 

 

Savitz, D.A., Singer, P.C., Hartmann, K.E., Herring, A.H., Weinberg, H.S., Makarushka, 

C., Hoffman, C., Chan, R., and Maclehose, R. 2005. Drinking water disinfection byproducts and pregnancy outcomes. Awwa Research Foundation, Denver, CO. 

B-47
Section 6

References

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Definition of Study Boundaries 

3054008

6-4

Taylor, R., Falkinham III, J., Norton, C. and LeChevallier, M. 2000. Chlorine, 

Chloramine, Chlorine Dioxide, and Ozone Susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium. . 

Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66(4): 1702-1705 

Tetra Tech. 2007. Pathogens and Pathogen Indicators in the Cetnral Valley and 

Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Final Report. Lafayette, CA. 

Thurston-Enriguez, J., Hass, C., Jacangelo, J. and Gerba, C. 2003a. Chlorine Inactivation 

of Adenovirus Type 40 and Feline Calicivirus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 

69(7): 3979-3985 

Thurston-Enriguez, J., Hass, C., Jacangelo, J., Riley, K. and Gerba, C. 2003b. 

Inactivation of Feline Calicivirus and Adenovirus Type 40 by UV Radiation. Applied and 

Environmental Microbiology 69(1): 557-582 

Thurston-Enriguez, J. Hass, C., Jacangelo, J. and Gerba, C. 2005. Inactivation of Enteric 

Adenovirus and Feline Calicivirus by Ozone. Water Research 39(15): 3650-3656 

Tosa, K. and Hirata, T. 1999. Photoreactivation of Enterohemorrhagic E.coli following 

UV Disinfection. Water Research 33(2): 361-366 

USEPA. 1991. Guidance Manual for Compliance With the Filtration and Disinfection 

Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources. ERIC Clearing 

House for Science, Mathematics, and Environmental Education. Columbus, OH. 

USEPA. 1999. Enhanced Coagulation and Enhanced Precipitative Softening Guidence 

Manual. Office of Water. EPA 815-R-99-012. May. 

USEPA. 2001a. Ambient Water Quality Criteria Recommendations-Rivers and Streams 

in Nutrient Ecoregion I. Office of Water. EPA 822-B-01-012. December. 

USEPA. 2001b. Water Treatment Plant Model, Version 2.0. Center for Drinking Water 

Optimization, Boulder, CO, and Malcolm Pirnie, INC, Phoenix, AZ 

USEPA. 2006. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Long Term 2 Enhanced 

Surface Water Treatment Rule; Final Rule. Federal Register. Vol. 71, No.3 p 654 - 786, 

January 5, 2006 

USEPA. 2008. Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 3-Draft; Notice. Federal 

Register. Vol. 73, No. 35, p. 9628, February 21, 2008. 

 

Vaughn, J., Chen, Y. and Thomas, M. 1986. Inactivation of human and Simian 

Rotaviruses by Chlorine. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 51(2): 391-394 

B-48
Section 6

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Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1: 

Definition of Study Boundaries 

3054008

6-5

Vaughn, J., Chen, Y., Lindburg, K. and Morales, D. 1987. Inactivation of Human and 

Simian Rotaviruses by Ozone. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 53(9): 2218-

2221 

Venczel, L., Arrowood, M., Hurd, M., Sobsey, M. 1997. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium 

parvum Oocysts and Clostridium perfringens Spores by a Mixed-Oxidant Disinfectant 

and by Free Chlorine. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 63(4): 1598-1601 

Weishaar, JL, GR Aiken, B Bergamaschi, MS Fram, R Fujii, and Kenneth Mopper. 

2003. Evaluation of specific ultraviolet absorbance as an indicator of the chemical 

composition and reactivity of dissolved organic carbon. Environmental Science & 

Technology. 

Wiedenmann, A., Fischer, B., Straub, U., Wang, C.-H., Flehmig, B. and Schoenen, D. 

1993. Disinfection of Hepatitis A Virus and MS-2 Coliphage in Water by Ultraviolet 

Irradiation: Comparison of UV-susceptibility. Water Science and Technology 27(3-4): 

335-338 

Wilson, B., Roessler, P., Van Dellen, E., Abbaszadegan, M. and Gerba, C. 1992. 

Coliphage MS-2 as a UV Water Disinfection Efficacy Test Surrogate for Bacterial and 

Viral Pathogens. Proceedings, Water Quality and Technology Conference, Nov. 15-19, 

Toronto, Canada, pp. 219-235. Amer. Wat. Works Assoc., Denver, CO 

Woo, Y.-T., Lai, D., McLain, J.L., Manibusan, M.K. and Dellarco, V. 2002. Use of 

mechanism-based structure-activity relationships analysis in carcinogenic potential 

ranking for drinking water disinfection by-products, Environ. Health Perspec., 110, 75-

87. 

World Health Organization. 2000. Disinfectants and Disinfectant By-products, 

Environmental Health Criteria 216, International Programme on Chemical Safety. 

World Health Organization. 2006. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Available 

from: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/guidelines/en/. 

Yaun, B., Sumner, S., Eifert, J. and Marcy, J. 2003. Response of Salmonella and E. coli

O157:H7 to UV Energy. J. Food Protection, 66(6): 1071-1073 

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Appendix A 

Summary of Current Drinking Water Regulations 

This appendix contains information on several of the primary drinking water regulations 

that have been proposed or implemented under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). 

Current federal regulations include: 

 Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) 

 Total Coliform Rule (TCR) 

 Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) 

 Regulations for Inorganic Chemicals (IOCs), Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs), 

and Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) (Phases I, IIA, II, and V) 

 Radionuclides Rule 

 Filter Backwash Recycle Rule (FBWR) 

 Stage 1 Disinfectant/Disinfection By-Products Rule (D/DBPR) 

 Stage 2 Disinfectant/Disinfection By-Products Rule (D/DBPR) 

 Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR) 

 Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR) 

 Arsenic Rule 

Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) 

The SWTR requires that surface water and groundwater under the direct influence of 

surface water (GWUDI) be treated to achieve at least 3-log (99.9 percent) inactivation 

and/or removal of Giardia cysts and 4-log (99.99 percent) inactivation and/or removal of 

enteric viruses. Filtered water turbidity must never exceed 5 Nephelometric Turbidity 

Units (NTU), and 95 percent of the measurements taken must not exceed 0.5 NTU. If 

utilities did not meet the filtration avoidance criteria set in the SWTR, they were required 

to implement filtration treatment. The SWTR also requires that the secondary 

disinfectant residual entering the distribution system cannot be less than 0.2 mg/L for 

more than four consecutive hours, as demonstrated by continuous monitoring. 

Total Coliform Rule (TCR) 

Similar to the SWTR, the primary goal of the TCR is also to maintain microbiological 

quality in finished and distributed drinking water supplies. The TCR specifies a 

maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) for total coliforms of zero (including both 

fecal coliforms and E. coli). Compliance is based upon the presence or absence of total 

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coliforms rather than coliform densities. The TCR requires 95 percent of the samples in a 

month to be negative. 

Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) 

The intent of the LCR is to minimize exposure to lead and copper from drinking water. If 

lead or copper exceeds a specified trigger value at the consumer tap (action level), 

treatment is required. The action levels for lead and copper are 15 and 1,300 μg/L, 

respectively. This rule includes extensive requirements for sampling and, if necessary, 

demonstration studies. In general, systems that comply with the lead action level will 

also comply with the copper action level. 

Compliance is based on implementation of optimal corrosion control treatment. EPA's 

intent was to require all systems to install optimal corrosion control regardless of the lead 

and copper concentrations at consumers' taps. Optimal corrosion control treatment is 

defined as the technology that minimizes lead and copper levels at consumers’ taps. It 

must be demonstrated on the basis of data from distribution system monitoring as well as 

results of corrosion control studies. Currently, the State is responsible for conducting all 

lead and copper enforcement actions and reviews of corrosion control studies. 

Inorganic Chemicals (IOCs), Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs), 

and Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) 

The majority of the drinking water contaminants regulated under the SDWA amendments 

fall into the categories of inorganic chemicals (IOCs), synthetic organic chemicals 

(SOCs), and volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). In total, there are 135 contaminants 

regulated by this rule. The rules regulating these groups of contaminants include: 

 Phase I -VOCs; 

 Phase IIA – Fluoride; 

 Phase II - SOCs and IOCs; and 

 Phase V - Additional SOCs and IOCs. 

The names "Phase III" and Phase IV" were not used in the rulemaking process. 

Radionuclides Rule 

Radionuclides are radiological material that can enter the water supply naturally from soil 

or from leakage of radioactive wastes. Previously radionuclides were regulated by a rule 

from 1976. Of all of the changes to the old rule, the most significant is probably the 

sample location. According to the 1976 Rule, samples could be taken within the 

distribution system, which provided the "average customer" with water meeting the 

requirements. With the 2000 Rule, all samples must be taken at each entry point to the 

distribution system. Radium 226/228, gross alpha, and uranium should be monitored 

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four times a year. Only vulnerable utilities (i.e., water contaminated by nuclear facilities) 

are required to monitor for beta emitters. 

After community water systems (CWSs) have determined a baseline through the four 

consecutive quarterly samples or have been approved by the State based on grandfathered 

data, they may proceed with reduced monitoring based on their initial baseline. 

Filter Backwash Recycling Rule (FBWR) 

The FBRR requires public water systems to review their backwash water recycling 

practices to ensure that they do not compromise microbial control. Under the FBRR, 

recycled filter backwash water, sludge thickener supernatant, and liquids from dewatering 

processes must be returned to a location such that the recycled water is subject to all the 

processes in a system’s conventional or direct filtration treatment train including 

coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation (conventional filtration only) and filtration. 

Systems may apply to the State for approval to recycle at an alternate location. 

Stage 1 Disinfectant/Disinfection Byproducts Rule (D/DBPR) 

The D/DBPR has been implemented in two stages. EPA promulgated the Stage 1 

D/DBPR to reduce the levels of disinfectants and disinfection byproducts in drinking 

water supplies. The Stage 1 D/DBPR revised the MCLs for total trihalomethanes 

(TTHMs), reducing it from 0.10 to 0.08 mg/L, and included a new MCL of 0.06 mg/L for 

the sum of five haloacetic acids (HAA5). Additionally, MCLs for chlorite (1.0 mg/L) 

and bromate (0.010 mg/L) were established. 

The rule designated monitoring requirements and best available technologies (BATs) for 

compliance and specified treatment techniques to reduce DBP precursors. This requires 

systems using surface water to remove specific amounts of total organic carbon (TOC) 

prior to adding disinfectants by implementing a treatment technique, either enhanced 

coagulation or enhanced softening. The percent removal required depends on the source 

water TOC and alkalinity (Table A-1). TOC removal compliance is based on the running 

annual average (RAA) of quarterly averages of monthly removal ratios. The removal 

ratio is the ratio of the removal achieved divided by the removal required. The RAA of 

the removal ratios needs to equal or exceed 1.0. 

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Table A-1. 

TOC Removal Requirements

Source Water 

TOC (mg/L) 

Source Water Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3)

0 to 60 >60 to 120 >120

>2.0 to 4.0 35.0% 25.0% 15.0% 

>4.0 to 8.0 45.0% 35.0% 25.0% 

>8.0 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 

Source: USEPA 1999. 

The USEPA also established alternative compliance criteria. If any of the conditions 

summarized below are met, the system is not required to achieve the specified TOC 

removal. 

 Source water TOC is less than 2.0 mg/L. 

 Treated water TOC is less than 2.0 mg/L. 

 Source water TOC is less than 4.0 mg/L, source water alkalinity is greater than 60 

mg/L, and distribution system TTHM is less than 0.04 mg/L and HAA5 is less than 

0.03 mg/L. 

 Distribution system TTHM is less than 0.04 mg/L and HAA5 is less than 0.03 mg/L 

and only chlorine is used for primary disinfection and distribution system residual. 

 Source water specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA), prior to any treatment, is less 

than or equal to 2.0 L/mg-m. 

 Treated water SUVA is less than or equal to 2.0 L/mg-m. 

Stage 2 D/DBPR 

The Stage 2 D/DBPR does not change the MCL for any of the DBPs; however, it changes 

how the compliance levels for TTHMs and HAA5 are calculated. Rather than 

determining compliance by averaging DBP concentrations throughout the distribution 

system, the Stage 2 D/DBPR requires each sampling point in the distribution system to 

comply on an average annual basis, which is referred to as a Locational Running Annual 

Average (LRAA). 

The Stage 2 D/DBPR applies to public water systems that are community water systems 

or non-transient non-community water systems that add a primary or residual disinfectant 

other than ultraviolet light or deliver water that has been treated with a primary or 

residual disinfectant other than ultraviolet light. 

Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR) 

The IESWTR and the LT2ESWTR (discussed below in Section 0) build on the 

requirements of the SWTR in relation to improving control of microbial pathogens, 

specifically Cryptosporidium, in drinking water. To assist with the development of these 

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rules, the Information Collection Rule (ICR) was implemented. The ICR gathered data 

from over 400 utilities to assess microbial risk and DBP formation. The IESWTR was 

finalized in December 1998 and implemented in conjunction with the Stage 1 D/DBPR. 

An important element of the IESWTR was to safeguard against significant increases in 

microbial risk that might occur when systems implement the Stage 1 

Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule. 

The IESWTR applies to public water systems that use surface water or GWUDI of 

surface water, and serve more than 10,000 people. The IESWTR sets the MCLG for 

Cryptosporidium oocysts in water at zero. The IESWTR also has the following 

requirements, which are revisions to the SWTR: 

 Inclusion of Cryptosporidium in list of microbial contaminants that determine 

whether or not a particular ground water source is under the direct influence of 

surface water. 

 Extension of watershed control requirements to include the control of 

Cryptosporidium in the source water in a manner analogous to the existing 

requirements for Giardia cysts and viruses. 

 All systems that use surface water and GWUDI have a periodic sanitary survey, 

regardless of whether or not they filter their supplies. 

 All surface water and GWUDI systems serving 10,000 or more people cover all new 

treated water reservoirs for which construction began after February 1999. 

 Monitoring of individual filter turbidities and lowering the combined filtered water 

turbidity MCL from 0.5 to 0.3 NTU. 

 Cross-connection control “in the context of a broad range of issues.” Issues include 

system pressure requirements, backflow prevention programs, categorizing service 

connections with respect to potential backflow, periodic review of backflow 

prevention devices, and the utility backflow prevention program. 

 Requirement for filter backwash and other waste streams to be regulated. 

Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LTSESWTR)

The LT2ESWTR building on the IESWTR and requires systems to provide addition 

protection against Cryptosporidium based on monitoring results. Systems must monitor 

for Cryptosporidium for 2 years following finalization of the LT2ESWTR with the 

exception of systems that already provide 2.5-log removal/inactivation of 

Cryptosporidium. Based on the levels of Cryptosporidium in the source water, a WTP is 

given a bin classification (Table A-2). Based on the bin classification, a WTP may be 

required to implement additional treatment to achieve a certain level of 

removal/inactivation of Cryptosporidium using the components from the Microbial 

Toolbox. Systems currently using ozone, chlorine dioxide, UV disinfection, or 

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membranes in addition to conventional treatment may receive credit for those 

technologies toward bin requirements. 

Table A-2. 

Bin Classification and Action Requirements 

Bin Classification Maximum Running Annual 

Average (oocysts/L) Action Required (log) 

1 < 0.075 none 

2 0.075 to < 1.0 1 

3 1.0 to < 3.0 2 

4 ≥ 3.0 2.5 

Depending on the Cryptosporidium concentration in the source water and the resulting 

removal/inactivation requirements (i.e., bin classification), the utility can use the 

treatment technique(s) listed in the microbial toolbox to achieve the required 

Cryptosporidium removal/inactivation. Meeting the removal/inactivation treatment 

requirements identified for each “Action Bin” may necessitate one or more actions from 

an array of management strategies which include watershed control, reducing influent 

Cryptosporidium concentrations, improved system performance, and additional treatment 

barriers. 

Arsenic Rule 

An MCL of 50 μg/L for arsenic was established by EPA in 1975 based on the standard 

set by the Public Health Service in 1943. The 1996 SDWA Amendments required EPA 

to revise the arsenic MCL and take into consideration peer-reviewed health effects 

research, treatment studies, analytical methods, occurrence, cost-benefit tradeoffs, and 

affordable small-system treatment technologies. The Arsenic Rule was finalized at an 

MCL of 10 μg/L. Surface water supplies are required to monitor and report arsenic 

levels once every year, and groundwater supplies are required to monitor and report 

arsenic levels once every three years. If the arsenic level is above the MCL, then the 

utility will need to monitor that location quarterly until the location is reliably and 

consistently below the MCL. If quarterly monitoring is performed, compliance is based 

on the running annual average of the quarterly samples. 

B-55
California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1 3054008

List of Relevant Disinfectio

Appendix B lists disinfection by-products (DBPs) that are currently regulated or could potentially regulated in the DBPs include trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), iodinated DBPs, brominated DBPs, and nitrogenstate (California Department of Public Health, CDPH) and federal (USEPA) regulations are listed, as well as any ainformation. Abbreviations, notes, and references are summarized at the end of the appendix. 

All concentrations are μg/L. 

Constituent 

CDPH 

Primary 

MCL 

USEPA 

Primary 

MCL 

USEPA 

MCLG 

CDPH 

PHG 

CDPH Notification 

Level/ Response 

Level 

One in a Million Cancer Risk for 

DW USEPA IRIS 

US

SN

THMs

Bromodichloromethane (BDCM) 80 [1] 80 [1] 0 - - 0.6 Bromoform (CHBr3) 80 [1] 80 [1] 0 - - 4 Chloroform (CHCl3) 80 [1] 80 [1] 70 - - - Dibromochloromethane (DBCM) 80 [1] 80 [1] 60 - - 0.4 

HAA5s

Dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) 60 [2] 60 [2] - - - - Dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) 60 [2] 60 [2] 0 - - 0.7 Monobromoacetic acid (MBAA) 60 [2] 60 [2] - - - - Monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) 60 [2] 60 [2] 30 - - - Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) 60 [2] 60 [2] 20 - - - 

HAA9

Includes all HAA5s - - - - - - Bromochloroacetic acid (BCAA) - - - - - - 
California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1 3054008

Constituent 

CDPH 

Primary 

MCL 

USEPA 

Primary 

MCL 

USEPA 

MCLG 

CDPH 

PHG 

CDPH Notification 

Level/ Response 

Level 

One in a Million Cancer Risk for 

DW USEPA IRIS 

- - - - - - 

Chlorodibromoacetic acid (CDBAA) - - - - - - Tribromoacetic acid (TBAA) - - - - - - 

Iodinated DBPs

Iodate (IO3-) - - - - - - Iodo acids - - - - - - 

Bromoiodoacetic acid - - - - - - (Z)-3-bromo-3-iodopropenoic acid - - - - - - (E)-3-bromo-3-iodopropenoic acid - - - - - - (E)-2-iodo-3-methylbutenedioic acid - - - - - - 

Iodinated THMs 

Halonitromethanes - - - - - - Bromochloroiodomethane - - - - - - Dichloroiodomethane - - - - - - 

Iodinated HAAs 

Iodoacetic acid - - - - - - Bromoioacetic acid - - - - - - 

Iodated haloaldehydes - - - - - - Iodated haloamides - - - - - - 

Brominated DBPs

Bromate 10 10 0 0.1 - 0.05 Bromoform 80 80 0 - - 4 Dibromoacetic Acid - - - - - - Bromonitromethanes - - - - - - 

Dibromonitromethane - - - - - - 

All concentrations are μg/L. 
California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1 3054008

Constituent 

CDPH 

Primary 

MCL 

USEPA 

Primary 

MCL 

USEPA 

MCLG 

CDPH 

PHG 

CDPH Notification 

Level/ Response 

Level 

One in a Million Cancer Risk for 

DW USEPA IRIS 

Tribromonitromethane - - - - - - Bromonitromethane - - - - - - 

Brominated forms of MX (3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone) 

- - - - - - 

Bromonated haloaldehydes - - - - - - Bromonated haloamides - - - - - - Monobromoacetic acid - - - - - - 

Nitrogenous DBPs

Halogenated N-DBPs - - - - - - 

Halonitromethanes (HNMs) - - - - - - 

Chloronitromethane - - - - - - Bromonitromethane - - - - - - Dichloronitromethane - - - - - - Bromochloronitromethane - - - - - - Dibromononitromethane - - - - - - DHNMs - - - - - - TCNM - - - - - - Bromodichloronitromethane - - - - - - Dibromochloronitromethane - - - - - - Bromopicrin - - - - - - THMs - - - - - - 

Haloacetamides - - - - - - 

Non-Halogenated N-DBPs - - - - - - 

Nitrosamines - - - - - - 

All concentrations are μg/L. 
California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1 3054008

Constituent 

CDPH 

Primary 

MCL 

USEPA 

Primary 

MCL 

USEPA 

MCLG 

CDPH 

PHG 

CDPH Notification 

Level/ Response 

Level 

One in a Million Cancer Risk for 

DW USEPA IRIS 

N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) - - - 0.003 0.01/0.3 0.0007 N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) - - - - 0.01/0.1 0.0002 N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA) - - - - 0.01/0.5 0.005 N-Nitrosodiphenylamine - - - - - 7 N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) - - - - - 0.02 N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine (NDBA) - - - - - 0.006 N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA) - - - - - 0.002 

Hydrazine - - - - - 0.01 

Abbreviations: CDPH California Department of Public Health DBP Disinfection By-products DW Drinking Water HAA Haloacetic Acid IRIS Integrated Risk Information System MCL Maximum Contaminant Level MCLG Maximum Contaminant Level Goal PHG Public Health Goal SNARL Suggested No-Adverse-Response Levels (from toxicity other than cancer risk) THM Trihalomethane USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency 

Notes: 

[1] For total trihalomethanes (sum of bromoform, bromodichloromethane, chlororform, and dibromochlorometha

technology and economics. 

[2] For five haloacetic acids (sum of monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromo

dibromoacetic acid. 

All concentrations are μg/L. 
California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1 3054008

References: 

1. California Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Valley Region. 2008. A Compilation of Water Qu

Cordova, CA. 

2. Richardson, S. 2007. Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. Analytical Chemistry 79 (3. Amy, Gary. 2008. Disinfection By-Products (DBPs): Formation, Occurrence, and Control. Presentation to Ma

May, 2008. 

4. USEPA. 2008. Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 3-Draft; Notice. Federal Register. Vol. 73, No. 3

21, 2008. 
California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Technical Memorandum 2 

3054008

 C-1

Appendix C 

Future Water Quality Scenarios Provided by the Work Group 
Scenario Current Condition Future Condition Planned Future Condition Plausible Future Condition Outer Boundary

Output Location CLIFTON_COURT CLIFTON_COURT CLIFTON_COURT CLIFTON_COURT

Constituent DOC DOC DOC DOC

Model_Output Type EXISTING_CUWA+FROM-ALL EXISTING_CUWA+FROM-ALL EXISTING_CUWA+FROM-ALL EXISTING_CUWA+FROM-ALL

Unit of measurement MG/L MG/L MG/L MG/L

Type - Average or Instantaneous PER-AVER PER-AVER PER-AVER PER-AVER

Average 3.59 3.51 3.46 3.43

90th Percentile 5.26 5.16 5.13 5.09

Oct-75 2.38 2.34 2.33 2.32

Nov-75 2.43 2.37 2.34 2.32

Dec-75 2.32 2.24 2.19 2.16

Jan-76 2.70 2.61 2.56 2.53

Feb-76 3.61 3.50 3.44 3.40

Mar-76 3.83 3.71 3.65 3.62

Apr-76 3.75 3.66 3.60 3.55

May-76 3.75 3.69 3.64 3.58

Jun-76 4.24 4.18 4.12 4.08

Jul-76 3.22 3.10 3.04 3.03

Aug-76 2.45 2.36 2.31 2.30

Sep-76 2.36 2.23 2.17 2.16

Oct-76 2.53 2.40 2.34 2.32

Nov-76 2.68 2.57 2.50 2.48

Dec-76 2.67 2.51 2.43 2.40

Jan-77 2.93 2.77 2.69 2.65

Feb-77 4.48 4.35 4.27 4.22

Mar-77 5.07 4.94 4.87 4.82

Apr-77 5.21 5.07 5.00 4.95

May-77 4.83 4.70 4.63 4.58

Jun-77 4.56 4.42 4.34 4.31

Jul-77 4.25 4.09 4.01 3.99

Aug-77 3.87 3.70 3.62 3.61

Sep-77 3.20 3.02 2.95 2.94

Oct-77 2.82 2.68 2.59 2.58

Nov-77 2.96 2.82 2.74 2.72

Dec-77 2.87 2.69 2.60 2.56

Jan-78 4.96 4.83 4.76 4.74

Feb-78 7.28 7.20 7.19 7.19

Mar-78 7.17 7.12 7.18 7.09

Apr-78 5.96 5.93 5.93 5.84

May-78 4.80 4.78 4.75 4.71

Jun-78 4.24 4.23 4.20 4.17

Jul-78 3.05 3.02 2.99 2.99

Aug-78 2.51 2.45 2.42 2.42

Sep-78 2.30 2.24 2.20 2.19

Oct-78 2.47 2.41 2.37 2.35

Nov-78 2.62 2.55 2.50 2.47

Dec-78 2.35 2.24 2.18 2.15

Jan-79 3.60 3.49 3.43 3.40

Feb-79 5.25 5.16 5.13 5.11

Mar-79 5.26 5.19 5.22 5.15

Apr-79 4.32 4.28 4.25 4.18

May-79 3.07 3.06 3.03 2.97

Jun-79 3.39 3.38 3.35 3.31

Jul-79 2.86 2.82 2.78 2.78

Aug-79 2.40 2.34 2.30 2.30

Sep-79 2.31 2.23 2.18 2.18

Oct-79 2.48 2.39 2.33 2.32

Nov-79 2.28 2.16 2.10 2.08

Dec-79 2.28 2.18 2.12 2.10

Jan-80 4.11 4.06 4.03 4.00

Feb-80 4.60 4.58 4.56 4.52

Mar-80 5.07 5.05 5.03 4.99

Apr-80 4.47 4.45 4.41 4.35

May-80 3.42 3.40 3.36 3.30

Jun-80 3.42 3.40 3.38 3.34

Jul-80 3.02 2.98 2.95 2.95

Aug-80 2.64 2.57 2.53 2.53

Sep-80 2.57 2.49 2.45 2.44

Oct-80 2.83 2.77 2.72 2.70

Nov-80 2.78 2.70 2.65 2.63

Dec-80 2.33 2.22 2.16 2.14

Jan-81 2.85 2.76 2.69 2.67

Feb-81 4.19 4.11 4.05 4.04

Mar-81 4.78 4.70 4.64 4.62

Apr-81 4.49 4.42 4.36 4.29

May-81 3.39 3.35 3.30 3.21

Jun-81 3.82 3.78 3.73 3.68

Jul-81 2.86 2.76 2.72 2.72

Aug-81 2.35 2.27 2.23 2.23

Sep-81 2.22 2.13 2.08 2.08

Oct-81 2.37 2.27 2.21 2.20

Nov-81 2.27 2.16 2.11 2.08

Dec-81 3.15 3.08 3.05 3.06

Jan-82 5.81 5.76 5.81 5.78

Feb-82 5.14 5.12 5.17 5.09

Mar-82 4.49 4.45 4.43 4.37

Apr-82 4.45 4.42 4.41 4.35

May-82 3.63 3.62 3.60 3.58

Jun-82 3.53 3.52 3.50 3.49

Jul-82 3.12 3.09 3.07 3.06

Aug-82 2.75 2.68 2.64 2.64

Sep-82 2.47 2.42 2.38 2.37

Oct-82 2.54 2.51 2.49 2.47

Nov-82 2.97 2.94 2.92 2.90

Dec-82 3.22 3.20 3.18 3.14

Jan-83 4.02 4.00 3.99 3.95

Feb-83 4.87 4.86 4.84 4.82

Mar-83 4.84 4.81 4.80 4.77

Apr-83 4.85 4.84 4.82 4.78

May-83 4.10 4.09 4.07 4.03

Jun-83 3.57 3.57 3.56 3.55

Jul-83 3.14 3.14 3.13 3.12

Aug-83 3.18 3.17 3.15 3.14

C-2
Sep-83 2.76 2.75 2.73 2.71

Oct-83 2.73 2.71 2.68 2.67

Nov-83 2.74 2.71 2.69 2.66

Dec-83 2.83 2.81 2.79 2.76

Jan-84 3.70 3.68 3.66 3.63

Feb-84 4.19 4.17 4.15 4.11

Mar-84 3.93 3.90 3.87 3.84

Apr-84 3.54 3.51 3.47 3.43

May-84 2.92 2.91 2.87 2.82

Jun-84 3.41 3.39 3.35 3.32

Jul-84 2.86 2.79 2.76 2.76

Aug-84 2.37 2.30 2.27 2.27

Sep-84 2.29 2.23 2.19 2.18

Oct-84 2.65 2.61 2.57 2.56

Nov-84 2.66 2.57 2.50 2.49

Dec-84 3.11 3.01 2.94 2.98

Jan-85 3.80 3.72 3.66 3.67

Feb-85 4.40 4.31 4.24 4.23

Mar-85 4.73 4.63 4.57 4.55

Apr-85 4.46 4.39 4.33 4.24

May-85 3.50 3.48 3.43 3.31

Jun-85 3.96 3.92 3.88 3.81

Jul-85 2.93 2.83 2.79 2.78

Aug-85 2.39 2.31 2.26 2.26

Sep-85 2.23 2.14 2.09 2.08

Oct-85 2.39 2.30 2.24 2.22

Nov-85 2.45 2.32 2.26 2.23

Dec-85 2.55 2.39 2.32 2.29

Jan-86 3.54 3.45 3.38 3.36

Feb-86 6.16 6.11 6.19 6.04

Mar-86 5.18 5.15 5.14 5.10

Apr-86 4.62 4.60 4.57 4.51

May-86 4.11 4.10 4.06 4.00

Jun-86 3.88 3.87 3.84 3.80

Jul-86 3.01 2.95 2.92 2.91

Aug-86 2.60 2.53 2.49 2.48

Sep-86 2.80 2.74 2.69 2.67

Oct-86 3.01 2.97 2.92 2.89

Nov-86 3.12 3.06 3.02 2.98

Dec-86 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.40

Jan-87 3.01 2.90 2.84 2.81

Feb-87 4.20 4.10 4.03 3.99

Mar-87 5.27 5.17 5.10 5.05

Apr-87 4.75 4.68 4.62 4.55

May-87 3.23 3.20 3.16 3.08

Jun-87 3.78 3.73 3.69 3.65

Jul-87 2.79 2.69 2.64 2.65

Aug-87 2.36 2.27 2.23 2.23

Sep-87 2.41 2.32 2.27 2.26

Oct-87 2.77 2.66 2.59 2.57

Nov-87 2.91 2.78 2.70 2.67

Dec-87 2.71 2.53 2.45 2.41

Jan-88 3.82 3.68 3.59 3.60

Feb-88 5.86 5.75 5.67 5.68

Mar-88 5.80 5.69 5.61 5.59

Apr-88 5.84 5.73 5.66 5.60

May-88 5.49 5.40 5.33 5.26

Jun-88 4.84 4.74 4.67 4.63

Jul-88 3.19 3.07 3.01 3.02

Aug-88 2.70 2.60 2.55 2.56

Sep-88 2.92 2.81 2.75 2.75

Oct-88 2.91 2.77 2.70 2.68

Nov-88 2.88 2.73 2.64 2.61

Dec-88 2.55 2.38 2.28 2.24

Jan-89 2.95 2.78 2.69 2.67

Feb-89 3.82 3.67 3.58 3.56

Mar-89 5.26 5.13 5.04 4.99

Apr-89 6.39 6.27 6.21 6.17

May-89 5.87 5.79 5.74 5.76

Jun-89 4.24 4.17 4.12 4.15

Jul-89 2.82 2.73 2.69 2.71

Aug-89 2.36 2.29 2.25 2.25

Sep-89 2.31 2.23 2.18 2.17

Oct-89 2.41 2.28 2.20 2.19

Nov-89 2.43 2.29 2.21 2.18

Dec-89 2.46 2.32 2.24 2.21

Jan-90 3.05 2.91 2.84 2.82

Feb-90 4.26 4.13 4.05 4.05

Mar-90 5.41 5.28 5.20 5.18

Apr-90 5.87 5.75 5.68 5.66

May-90 5.44 5.34 5.27 5.25

Jun-90 4.75 4.65 4.58 4.56

Jul-90 3.37 3.23 3.17 3.18

Aug-90 2.59 2.50 2.45 2.46

Sep-90 2.55 2.46 2.41 2.40

Oct-90 2.79 2.64 2.57 2.55

Nov-90 3.02 2.86 2.79 2.76

Dec-90 3.18 3.02 2.94 2.89

Jan-91 3.21 3.03 2.94 2.90

Feb-91 4.44 4.26 4.17 4.12

Mar-91 5.36 5.17 5.08 5.02

Apr-91 6.36 6.20 6.13 6.07

May-91 6.25 6.10 6.05 6.04

Jun-91 4.95 4.78 4.71 4.75

Jul-91 3.01 2.87 2.80 2.82

Aug-91 2.56 2.48 2.43 2.44

C-3
Scenario Current Condition Future Condition Planned Future Condition Plausible Future Condition Outer Boundary

Output Location CLIFTON_COURT CLIFTON_COURT CLIFTON_COURT CLIFTON_COURT

Constituent Bromide Bromide Bromide Bromide

Model_Output Type CALCULATED CALCULATED CALCULATED CALCULATED

Unit of measurement MG/L MG/L MG/L MG/L

Type - Average or Instantaneous PER-AVER PER-AVER PER-AVER PER-AVER

Average 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.25

90th Percentile 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41

Oct-75 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

Nov-75 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.08

Dec-75 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08

Jan-76 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.24

Feb-76 0.28 0.30 0.30 0.29

Mar-76 0.21 0.24 0.24 0.24

Apr-76 0.13 0.18 0.18 0.17

May-76 0.14 0.20 0.20 0.19

Jun-76 0.15 0.19 0.19 0.18

Jul-76 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28

Aug-76 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39

Sep-76 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.34

Oct-76 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.37

Nov-76 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.33

Dec-76 0.32 0.34 0.34 0.33

Jan-77 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.46

Feb-77 0.41 0.45 0.45 0.44

Mar-77 0.31 0.36 0.36 0.35

Apr-77 0.20 0.24 0.24 0.23

May-77 0.18 0.22 0.22 0.21

Jun-77 0.17 0.21 0.21 0.20

Jul-77 0.27 0.30 0.30 0.30

Aug-77 0.29 0.30 0.30 0.30

Sep-77 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28

Oct-77 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.33

Nov-77 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.36

Dec-77 0.36 0.35 0.36 0.35

Jan-78 0.43 0.45 0.45 0.45

Feb-78 0.36 0.42 0.42 0.41

Mar-78 0.38 0.45 0.44 0.43

Apr-78 0.43 0.50 0.50 0.50

May-78 0.41 0.49 0.48 0.48

Jun-78 0.26 0.32 0.32 0.31

Jul-78 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.11

Aug-78 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.14

Sep-78 0.18 0.21 0.21 0.20

Oct-78 0.07 0.10 0.10 0.09

Nov-78 0.08 0.11 0.12 0.11

Dec-78 0.08 0.11 0.11 0.10

Jan-79 0.33 0.35 0.35 0.35

Feb-79 0.20 0.24 0.24 0.23

Mar-79 0.22 0.26 0.26 0.25

Apr-79 0.23 0.29 0.29 0.28

May-79 0.15 0.20 0.20 0.19

Jun-79 0.12 0.15 0.15 0.15

Jul-79 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08

Aug-79 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.19

Sep-79 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33

Oct-79 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.39

Nov-79 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.41

Dec-79 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43

Jan-80 0.37 0.39 0.39 0.38

Feb-80 0.23 0.25 0.25 0.25

Mar-80 0.30 0.33 0.33 0.33

Apr-80 0.29 0.33 0.33 0.32

May-80 0.22 0.26 0.26 0.25

Jun-80 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.17

Jul-80 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.09

Aug-80 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07

Sep-80 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17

Oct-80 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.10

Nov-80 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.09

Dec-80 0.15 0.17 0.17 0.16

Jan-81 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.33

Feb-81 0.24 0.26 0.26 0.26

Mar-81 0.17 0.19 0.19 0.19

Apr-81 0.24 0.27 0.27 0.26

May-81 0.21 0.23 0.23 0.22

Jun-81 0.17 0.19 0.19 0.18

Jul-81 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17

Aug-81 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.30

Sep-81 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.39

Oct-81 0.39 0.38 0.39 0.38

Nov-81 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28

Dec-81 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.09

Jan-82 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.21

Feb-82 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.25

Mar-82 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25

Apr-82 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.24

May-82 0.22 0.24 0.24 0.24

Jun-82 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.19

Jul-82 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.11

Aug-82 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

Sep-82 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09

Oct-82 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06

Nov-82 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15

Dec-82 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.31

Jan-83 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27

Feb-83 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.27

Mar-83 0.21 0.23 0.22 0.22

Apr-83 0.29 0.31 0.31 0.31

May-83 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.28

Jun-83 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.20

Jul-83 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18

Aug-83 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15

C-4
Sep-83 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09

Oct-83 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08

Nov-83 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17

Dec-83 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22

Jan-84 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26

Feb-84 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19

Mar-84 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.14

Apr-84 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.14

May-84 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12

Jun-84 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12

Jul-84 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

Aug-84 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09

Sep-84 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21

Oct-84 0.12 0.09 0.09 0.09

Nov-84 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.07

Dec-84 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

Jan-85 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.11

Feb-85 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15

Mar-85 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16

Apr-85 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.20

May-85 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.17

Jun-85 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.15

Jul-85 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15

Aug-85 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28

Sep-85 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.37

Oct-85 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.35

Nov-85 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.31

Dec-85 0.48 0.46 0.46 0.46

Jan-86 0.46 0.45 0.45 0.44

Feb-86 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.25

Mar-86 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.12

Apr-86 0.14 0.16 0.15 0.15

May-86 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.15

Jun-86 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15

Jul-86 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

Aug-86 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13

Sep-86 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22

Oct-86 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12

Nov-86 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11

Dec-86 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11

Jan-87 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28

Feb-87 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28

Mar-87 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20

Apr-87 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23

May-87 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.15

Jun-87 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14

Jul-87 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14

Aug-87 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28

Sep-87 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.35

Oct-87 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.37

Nov-87 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.35

Dec-87 0.40 0.38 0.38 0.38

Jan-88 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.34

Feb-88 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.22

Mar-88 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

Apr-88 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29

May-88 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.28

Jun-88 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.23

Jul-88 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18

Aug-88 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.30

Sep-88 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33

Oct-88 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.35

Nov-88 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.38

Dec-88 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.33

Jan-89 0.63 0.61 0.61 0.61

Feb-89 0.61 0.59 0.59 0.58

Mar-89 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.57

Apr-89 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.50

May-89 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.25

Jun-89 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13

Jul-89 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15

Aug-89 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.33

Sep-89 0.38 0.36 0.37 0.37

Oct-89 0.38 0.36 0.36 0.36

Nov-89 0.38 0.36 0.36 0.35

Dec-89 0.48 0.46 0.45 0.45

Jan-90 0.47 0.45 0.45 0.45

Feb-90 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.33

Mar-90 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

Apr-90 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.26

May-90 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.25

Jun-90 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.21

Jul-90 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27

Aug-90 0.42 0.40 0.40 0.40

Sep-90 0.37 0.35 0.35 0.35

Oct-90 0.42 0.41 0.41 0.41

Nov-90 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.41

Dec-90 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34

Jan-91 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.33

Feb-91 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.39

Mar-91 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.43

Apr-91 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.34

May-91 0.32 0.32 0.33 0.31

Jun-91 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.23

Jul-91 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.30

Aug-91 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.40

C-5
Scenario Current Condition Future Condition

Output Location CLIFTON_COURT CLIFTON_COURT

Constituent TEMP TEMP

Model_Output Type EXISTING_CUWA+FROM-ALL EXISTING_CUWA+FROM-ALL

Unit of measurement DEG C DEG C

Type - Average or Instantaneous PER-AVER PER-AVER

Average 16.58 16.58

99th Percentile 23.97 23.97

Oct-75 18.68 18.69

Nov-75 14.24 14.25

Dec-75 10.08 10.09

Jan-76 8.99 9.01

Feb-76 12.04 12.05

Mar-76 15.42 15.42

Apr-76 15.42 15.42

May-76 20.39 20.39

Jun-76 21.30 21.30

Jul-76 23.48 23.48

Aug-76 22.11 22.11

Sep-76 21.23 21.24

Oct-76 18.42 18.42

Nov-76 15.57 15.58

Dec-76 9.80 9.80

Jan-77 8.01 8.03

Feb-77 11.96 11.97

Mar-77 14.21 14.21

Apr-77 16.50 16.50

May-77 16.58 16.59

Jun-77 21.25 21.25

Jul-77 22.85 22.85

Aug-77 22.30 22.30

Sep-77 20.45 20.46

Oct-77 17.18 17.18

Nov-77 14.02 14.03

Dec-77 11.11 11.12

Jan-78 11.72 11.73

Feb-78 12.33 12.34

Mar-78 16.08 16.09

Apr-78 15.27 15.27

May-78 19.65 19.65

Jun-78 21.04 21.04

Jul-78 22.29 22.29

Aug-78 22.61 22.61

Sep-78 19.54 19.55

Oct-78 18.63 18.64

Nov-78 12.96 12.97

Dec-78 8.29 8.30

Jan-79 9.05 9.06

Feb-79 11.30 11.31

Mar-79 14.69 14.69

Apr-79 14.55 14.55

May-79 18.67 18.67

Jun-79 20.95 20.95

Jul-79 22.52 22.53

Aug-79 22.23 22.23

Sep-79 21.30 21.30

Oct-79 17.75 17.76

Nov-79 12.88 12.89

Dec-79 10.12 10.13

Jan-80 10.23 10.24

Feb-80 12.14 12.14

Mar-80 14.42 14.42

Apr-80 16.18 16.18

May-80 18.02 18.02

Jun-80 19.39 19.39

Jul-80 22.35 22.35

Aug-80 21.86 21.87

Sep-80 19.73 19.74

C-6
Oct-80 18.09 18.10

Nov-80 13.72 13.73

Dec-80 9.71 9.72

Jan-81 9.33 9.34

Feb-81 11.52 11.54

Mar-81 14.04 14.04

Apr-81 14.53 14.53

May-81 18.12 18.12

Jun-81 21.91 21.92

Jul-81 22.96 22.96

Aug-81 22.23 22.23

Sep-81 20.49 20.49

Oct-81 17.45 17.45

Nov-81 15.60 15.61

Dec-81 10.43 10.44

Jan-82 8.83 8.84

Feb-82 11.40 11.41

Mar-82 13.95 13.95

Apr-82 15.17 15.17

May-82 18.75 18.75

Jun-82 19.09 19.10

Jul-82 21.69 21.69

Aug-82 21.73 21.73

Sep-82 20.06 20.07

Oct-82 16.39 16.40

Nov-82 12.31 12.32

Dec-82 9.16 9.17

Jan-83 9.13 9.13

Feb-83 11.96 11.96

Mar-83 14.49 14.49

Apr-83 15.02 15.02

May-83 18.13 18.13

Jun-83 21.36 21.36

Jul-83 22.51 22.51

Aug-83 23.31 23.31

Sep-83 21.90 21.90

Oct-83 18.80 18.80

Nov-83 13.94 13.95

Dec-83 10.38 10.39

Jan-84 10.03 10.04

Feb-84 11.88 11.89

Mar-84 15.33 15.33

Apr-84 15.09 15.09

May-84 19.66 19.66

Jun-84 21.61 21.61

Jul-84 24.03 24.03

Aug-84 22.87 22.87

Sep-84 22.28 22.29

Oct-84 17.69 17.70

Nov-84 13.96 13.97

Dec-84 9.62 9.63

Jan-85 7.60 7.62

Feb-85 10.65 10.67

Mar-85 14.33 14.33

Apr-85 16.86 16.86

May-85 17.79 17.79

Jun-85 21.16 21.16

Jul-85 23.96 23.96

Aug-85 21.50 21.50

Sep-85 20.23 20.23

Oct-85 17.21 17.22

Nov-85 13.23 13.25

Dec-85 8.23 8.25

Jan-86 10.47 10.48

Feb-86 13.37 13.38

Mar-86 15.53 15.53

Apr-86 15.52 15.52

May-86 18.26 18.26

C-7
Jun-86 20.99 20.99

Jul-86 22.50 22.50

Aug-86 22.64 22.64

Sep-86 19.49 19.50

Oct-86 17.50 17.51

Nov-86 15.40 15.41

Dec-86 10.21 10.22

Jan-87 8.67 8.68

Feb-87 12.29 12.31

Mar-87 14.82 14.82

Apr-87 17.05 17.05

May-87 19.69 19.69

Jun-87 21.04 21.05

Jul-87 21.55 21.55

Aug-87 22.14 22.14

Sep-87 20.98 20.98

Oct-87 19.08 19.09

Nov-87 15.05 15.05

Dec-87 10.71 10.72

Jan-88 9.40 9.41

Feb-88 12.56 12.57

Mar-88 16.57 16.57

Apr-88 17.37 17.37

May-88 18.35 18.35

Jun-88 21.32 21.32

Jul-88 24.17 24.17

Aug-88 22.77 22.77

Sep-88 21.71 21.71

Oct-88 18.55 18.55

Nov-88 14.84 14.85

Dec-88 10.05 10.06

Jan-89 7.90 7.92

Feb-89 10.79 10.81

Mar-89 15.52 15.52

Apr-89 17.60 17.60

May-89 18.46 18.46

Jun-89 20.93 20.93

Jul-89 22.99 22.99

Aug-89 22.50 22.51

Sep-89 20.55 20.56

Oct-89 17.83 17.83

Nov-89 13.67 13.69

Dec-89 9.26 9.27

Jan-90 9.95 9.97

Feb-90 10.46 10.47

Mar-90 14.82 14.82

Apr-90 16.64 16.64

May-90 18.63 18.63

Jun-90 20.87 20.88

Jul-90 23.55 23.55

Aug-90 23.08 23.08

Sep-90 21.48 21.48

Oct-90 18.47 18.48

Nov-90 13.93 13.93

Dec-90 8.42 8.43

Jan-91 8.78 8.79

Feb-91 12.84 12.85

Mar-91 14.33 14.34

Apr-91 15.22 15.22

May-91 17.97 17.97

Jun-91 20.89 20.89

Jul-91 23.06 23.06

Aug-91 21.84 21.84

C-8
California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Technical Memorandum 2 

3054008

 D-1

Appendix D 

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Selection 
California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Drinking Water Treatment

Evaluation

APPENDIX D

Development of Virtual Water

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

1

Development of Virtual Water

Treatment Plants (VWTPs)

49 WTPs Were Used to Define 5 WQ Regions

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

2

D-2
Context for VWTP Development

 VWTPs are being developed to represent the 

central tendencies of treatment in each region. 

 To accomplish project objectives the project To accomplish project objectives, the project

needs to be a high level planning effort; therefore, 

some VWTP design details are difficult to include.

 Important to come to consensus on VWTP

approach and resulting VWTPs

 VWTPs are a vital piece of the project that needs

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

3

are a vital piece of the project that needs

to be established and not changed subsequent to 

Work Group agreement

Approach for Developing VWTPs

1 Consider the WTPs that treat > 70% Delta water.

2 Consider the treatment trains that are > 10% of the region's treatment capacity or

WTPs th t a are greater than 20 mgd.

3 Consider the treatment processes that are used at least twice in the remaining

WTPs in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of remaining treatment trains.

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

4

D-3
CAA-West Branch Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

ment

al

on

Sand

Multi‐media

re Sand

s

tion

on

on

tion

s

Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Pre‐pH Adjustm

Rapid Mix

Conventiona

Direct Filtratio

Filtration: Slow

Filtration: Rapid Sand, M

Filtration: Pressur

Membranes

Pre ‐ Chlorinat

Pre‐Ozonatio

Post‐Ozonatio

Post‐chlorinat

Chloramine

MIOX

GAC

PAC

A 30 3.6% 80–100* x x x x x

B 56 6.7% 80–100* x x x x x

C 750 89.7% 100 x x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

5

C 750 89.7% 100 x x x x x x

836 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

1Treat >70% Delta water. 2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

*Temporary Approximate Value

CAA-West Branch Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

ment

al

on

Sand

Multi‐media

e Sand

s

ion

on

on

ion

s

Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Pre‐pH Adjustm

Rapid Mix

Conventiona

Direct Filtratio

Filtration: Slow S

Filtration: Rapid Sand, M

Filtration: Pressur

Membranes

Pre ‐ Chlorinat

Pre‐Ozonatio

Post‐Ozonatio

Post‐chlorinat

Chloramines

MIOX

GAC

PAC

A 30 3.6% 80–100* x x x x x

B 56 6.7% 80–100* x x x x x

C 750 89 7% 100 x x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

6

C 750 89.7% 100 x x x x x x

836 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

*Temporary Approximate Value

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity. 3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

D-4
CAA-West Branch Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

ment

al

on

Sand

Multi‐media

re Sand

s

tion

on

on

tion

s

Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Pre‐pH Adjustm

Rapid Mix

Conventiona

Direct Filtratio

Filtration: Slow

Filtration: Rapid Sand, M

Filtration: Pressur

Membranes

Pre ‐ Chlorinat

Pre‐Ozonatio

Post‐Ozonatio

Post‐chlorinat

Chloramine

MIOX

GAC

PAC

A 30 3.6% 80–100* x x x x x

B 56 6.7% 80–100* x x x x x

C 750 89.7% 100 x x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

7

C 750 89.7% 100 x x x x x x

836 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

Step 3 is not applicable to this region

(there are only a total of 3 WTPs).

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region. 4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

CAA-West Branch Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

ment

al

on

Sand

Multi‐media

re Sand

s

tion

on

on

tion

s

Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Pre‐pH Adjustm

Rapid Mix

Conventiona

Direct Filtratio

Filtration: Slow

Filtration: Rapid Sand, M

Filtration: Pressur

Membranes

Pre ‐ Chlorinat

Pre‐Ozonatio

Post‐Ozonatio

Post‐chlorinat

Chloramine

MIOX

GAC

PAC

A 30 3.6% 80–100* x x x x x

B 56 6.7% 80–100* x x x x x

C 750 89.7% 100 x x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

8

C 750 89.7% 100 x x x x x x

836 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

A, B, C 4 A, B, C: Conventional + Pre-ozonation 

+ Chloramines +pH adjustment (56, 

30, 750 mgd)

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4Consolidate treatment trains. 5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

D-5
CAA-West Branch

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

ent

n

and

Multi‐media

e Sand

on

n

n

on

Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Pre‐pH Adjustme

Rapid Mix

Conventional

Direct Filtratio

Filtration: Slow S

Filtration: Rapid Sand, M

Filtration: Pressure

Membranes

Pre ‐ Chlorinatio

Pre‐Ozonation

Post‐Ozonatio

Post‐chlorinatio

Chloramines

MIOX

GAC

PAC

A 30 3.6% 80–100* x x x x x

B 56 6.7% 80–100* x x x x x

C 750 89 7% 100

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

9

C 750 89.7% 100 xx x x x x

836 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

A, B, C: Conventional + Preozonation + Chloramines + pH 

adjustment (56, 30, 720 mgd) 5

CAAW-1: 800 mgd Conventional 

+ Pre-ozonation + Chloramines+ 

pH adjustment 1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

CAAW-1

O3 Alum or Ferric

Chlorine

Ammonia

Caustic

Sulfuric

Acid

 Size- 800 mgd

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Influent

Ozone

Contactor Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

Rapid

Mix

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

10

g

 Particulate Removal- conventional + multi-media filtration

 Primary Disinfection- ozone

 Secondary Disinfection- chloramines

 pH adjustment

D-6
Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

justment

Mix

tional

tration

Slow Sand

apid Sand,

media

Pressure

nd

ranes

rination

nation

onation

rination

mines

OX

C

C

Central Delta

Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Pre‐pH Adj

Rapid

Conven

Direct Fil

Filtration: S

Filtration: Ra

Multi‐m

Filtration:

San

Membr

Pre ‐ Chlo

Pre‐Ozo

Post‐Ozo

Post‐chlo

Chloram

MIO

GA

PAC

A 8 2.8% 0‐100 x x x x x x

B 21 7.4% 100 x x x x

C 26 9.2% 100* x x x

D 28 9.9% 0‐100 x x x x x x x

E 40 14.1% 100 x x x x x x x x

F 42 14.8% 0‐100 x x x x x x x

G 44 15.5% 0‐100 x x x

H 75 26.4% 100 x x x x

284 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

11

284 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

*Temporary Approximate Value

1Treat >70% Delta water. 2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

justment

Mix

ntional

ltration

Slow Sand

apid Sand,

media

Pressure

nd

ranes

orination

nation

onation

rination

mines

OX

AC

C

Central Delta

Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Pre‐pH Adj

Rapid

Conven

Direct Fil

Filtration: S

Filtration: R

Multi‐m

Filtration:

San

Memb

Pre ‐ Chlo

Pre‐Ozo

Post‐Ozo

Post‐chlo

Chloram

MIO

GA

PA

A 8 2.8% 0‐100 x x x x x x

B 21 7.4% 100 x x x x

C 26 9.2% 100* x x x

D 28 9.9% 0‐100 x x x x x x x

E 40 14.1% 100 x x x x x x x x

F 42 14.8% 0‐100 x x x x x x x

G 44 15.5% 0‐100 x x x

H 75 26.4% 100 x x x x

284 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

12

284 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

*Temporary Approximate Value

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity. 3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

D-7
Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

Adjustment

pid Mix

ventional

t Filtration

n: Slow Sand

n: Rapid Sand,

lti‐media

on: Pressure

Sand

mbranes

Chlorination

Ozonation

Ozonation

hlorination

oramines

MIOX

GAC

PAC

Central Delta

Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Pre‐pH

Ra

Conv

Direct

Filtratio

Filtration

Mul

Filtratio

Mem

Pre ‐ C

Pre‐O

Post‐O

Post‐c

Chlo

M

A 8 2.8% 0‐100 x x x x x x

B 21 7.4% 100 x x x x

C 26 9.2% 100* x x x

D 28 9.9% 0‐100 x x x x x x x

E 40 14.1% 100 x x x x x x x x

F 42 14.8% 0‐100 x x x x x x x

G 44 15.5% 0‐100 x x x

H 75 26.4% 100 x x x x

284 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

13

*Temporary Approximate Value

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region. 4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

Adjustment

id Mix

entional

Filtration

: Slow Sand

Rapid Sand,

i‐media

n: Pressure

and

mbranes

hlorination

zonation

Ozonation

lorination

ramines

MIOX

GAC

PAC

Central Delta

Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Pre‐pH A

Rap

Conve

Direct

Filtration

Filtration:

Mult

Filtration

Sa

Mem

Pre ‐ Ch

Pre‐Oz

Post‐O

Post‐ch

Chlor

M

G

P

A 8 2.8% 0‐100 x x x x x x

B 21 7.4% 100 x x x x

C 26 9.2% 100* x x x

D 28 9.9% 0‐100 x x x x x x x

E 40 14.1% 100 x x x x x x x x

F 42 14.8% 0‐100 x x x x x x x

G 44 15.5% 0‐100 x x x

H 75 26.4% 100 x x x x

284 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

14

*Temporary Approximate Value

C, D, E, F 4

Conventional + ozone + chlorine+ 

chloramines + pH adjustment (26, 

28, 40, 42 mgd)

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4Consolidate treatment trains. 5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

D-8
Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

djustment

id Mix

entional

Filtration

: Slow Sand

Rapid Sand,

‐media

n: Pressure

and

branes

lorination

zonation

zonation

orination

amines

IOX

AC

PAC

Central Delta

x

Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Pre‐pH A

Rapi

Conve

Direct F

Filtration:

Filtration:

Multi

Filtration

Sa

Mem

Pre ‐ Chl

Pre‐Oz

Post‐Oz

Post‐chl

Chlora

M

G

PA

A 8 2.8% 0‐100 x x x x x x

B 21 7.4% 100 x x x x

C 26 9.2% 100* x x x

D 28 9.9% 0‐100 x x x x x x x

E 40 14.1% 100 x x x x x x x x

F 42 14.8% 0‐100 x x x x x x x

G 44 15.5% 0‐100 x x x

H 75 26.4% 100 x x x x

284 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

15

*Temporary Approximate Value

Conventional + ozone + 

chlorine+ chloramines + pH 

adjustment (26, 28, 40, 42 mgd)

5

CD-1: 40 mgd

Conventional + ozone + 

chlorine+ chloramines + 

pH adjustment

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

CD-1

O3 Alum Chlorine

Caustic Ammonia Sulfuric

Acid

 Size- 40 mgd

Partic late Remo al con entional + m lti media filtration

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Influent

Ozone

Contactor Reservoir SedimentationBasin

Rapid

Mix

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

16

 Particulate Removal- conventional + multi-media filtration

 Primary Disinfection- ozone + chlorine 

 Secondary Disinfection- chloramines

 pH adjustment

D-9
NBA

Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment % Delta

W t

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

ustment

Mix

ional

ration

ow Sand

pid Sand,

edia

ressure

d

anes

ination

ation

nation

nation

mines

X

(MGD) C

Capacity Water

Pre‐pH Adju

Rapid M

Conventi

Direct Filt

Filtration: Slo

Filtration: Rap

Multi‐m

Filtration: P

Sand

Membra

Pre ‐ Chlori

Pre‐Ozon

Post‐Ozon

Post‐chlori

Chloram

MIOX

GAC

PAC

A 5.2 4.0% 40* x x x x

B 7.5 5.8% 80‐100* x x x

C 12 9.3% 80‐100* x x x x

D 22.5 17.4% 70* x x x x x

E 40 31.0% 50‐80* x x x x x

F 42 32.5% 25‐50* x x x

122 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

17

*Temporary Approximate Value

1Treat >70% Delta water. 2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

Size % Regional

Treatment % Delta

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

stment

Mix

onal

ation

ow Sand

pid Sand,

edia

ressure

nes

nation

ation

ation

nation

nes

X

NBA

(MGD) Treatment

Capacity Water

Pre‐pH Adjus

Rapid M

Conventio

Direct Filtr

Filtration: Slo

Filtration: Rap

Multi‐me

Filtration: Pr

Sand

Membra

Pre ‐ Chlorin

Pre‐Ozona

Post‐Ozona

Post‐chlorin

Chlorami

MIOX

GAC

PAC

A 5.2 4.0% 40* x x x x

B 7.5 5.8% 80‐100* x x x

C 12 9.3% 80‐100* x x x x

D 22.5 17.4% 70* x x x x x

E 40 31.0% 50‐80* x x x x x

F 42 32.5% 25‐50* x x x

122 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

18

*Temporary Approximate Value 1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region. 4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

D-10
Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment % Delta

W t

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

ustment

Mix

ional

ration

ow Sand

pid Sand,

edia

ressure

d

anes

ination

ation

nation

nation

ines

X

C

NBA

(MGD) Capacity Water

Pre‐pH Adju

Rapid M

Conventi

Direct Filtr

Filtration: Slo

Filtration: Rap

Multi‐m

Filtration: P

Sand

Membra

Pre ‐ Chlori

Pre‐Ozon

Post‐Ozon

Post‐chlori

Chloram

MIOX

GAC

PAC

A 5.2 4.0% 40* x x x x

B 7.5 5.8% 80‐100* x x x

C 12 9.3% 80‐100* x x x x

D 22.5 17.4% 70* x x x x x

E 40 31.0% 50‐80* x x x x x

F 42 32.5% 25‐50* x x x

122 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

*Temporary Approximate Value

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

19

B & C 4 Conventional + chlorine (7.5 

and 12 mgd)

Temporary Approximate Value

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4Consolidate treatment trains. 5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment % Delta

Water

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

ustment

Mix

tional

tration

ow Sand

apid Sand,

media

Pressure

d

anes

rination

nation

nation

ination

mines

X

C

C

NBA

(MGD) Capacity Water

Pre‐pH Adju

Rapid M

Convent

Direct Filt

Filtration: Sl

Filtration: Ra

Multi‐m

Filtration: P

Sand

Membra

Pre ‐ Chlor

Pre‐Ozon

Post‐Ozon

Post‐chlor

Chloram

MIO

GAC

PAC

A 5.2 4.0% 40* x x x x

B 7.5 5.8% 80‐100* x x x

C 12 9.3% 80‐100* x x x x

D 22.5 17.4% 70* x x x x x

E 40 31.0% 50‐80* x x x x x

F 42 32.5% 25‐50* x x x

122 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

*Temporary Approximate Value

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

20

D & E 4 Conventional + ozone + 

chlorine (22.5 and 40 mgd)

*Temporary Approximate Value

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4Consolidate treatment trains. 5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

D-11
Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment % Delta

Water

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

ustment

Mix

tional

tration

low Sand

apid Sand,

media

Pressure

d

ranes

rination

nation

nation

rination

mines

OX

C

C

NBA

(MGD) Capacity Water

Pre‐pH Adj

Rapid

Convent

Direct Filt

Filtration: S

Filtration: Ra

Multi‐m

Filtration: P

Sand

Membr

Pre ‐ Chlor

Pre‐Ozon

Post‐Ozo

Post‐chlor

Chloram

MIO

GAC

PAC

A 5.2 4.0% 40* x x x x

B 7.5 5.8% 80‐100* x x x

C 12 9.3% 80‐100* x x x x

D 22.5 17.4% 70* x x x x x

E 40 31.0% 50‐80* x x x x x

F 42 32.5% 25‐50* x x x

122 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

*Temporary Approximate Value

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

21

B & C

D & E

4

B&C: Conventional + chlorine 

(7.5 and 12 mgd)

D&E: Conventional + ozone + 

chlorine (22.5 and 40 mgd)

*Temporary Approximate Value

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4Consolidate treatment trains. 5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

djustment

d Mix

ntional

iltration

Slow Sand

Rapid Sand,

media

: Pressure

nd

branes

orination

onation

onation

orination

amines

OX

AC

AC

NBA

Capacity

Pre‐pH Ad

Rapid

Conven

Direct F

Filtration:

Filtration: R

Multi‐

Filtration:

Sa

Memb

Pre ‐ Chlo

Pre‐Ozo

Post‐Oz

Post‐chlo

Chlora

MI

GA

PA

A 5.2 4.0% 40* x x x x

B 7.5 5.8% 80‐100* x x x

C 12 9.3% 80‐100* x x x x

D 22.5 17.4% 70* x x x x x

E 40 31.0% 50‐80* x x x x x

F 42 32.5% 25‐50* x x x

122 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

*Temporary Approximate Value

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

22

Conventional + chlorine (7.5 

and 12 mgd) 5 NBA-1: 10 mgd Conventional + chlorine

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

D-12
Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment % Delta

Water

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

ustment

Mix

ional

ration

ow Sand

pid Sand,

edia

Pressure

d

anes

ination

nation

nation

ination

mines

X

C

C

NBA

(MGD) Capacity Water

Pre‐pH Adju

Rapid M

Convent

Direct Filt

Filtration: Sl

Filtration: Ra

Multi‐m

Filtration: P

Sand

Membra

Pre ‐ Chlor

Pre‐Ozon

Post‐Ozon

Post‐chlori

Chloram

MIOX

GAC

PAC

A 5.2 4.0% 40* x x x x

B 7.5 5.8% 80‐100* x x x

C 12 9.3% 80‐100* x x x x

D 22.5 17.4% 70* x x x x x

E 40 31.0% 50‐80* x x x x x

F 42 32.5% 25‐50* x x x

122 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

*T A i V l

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

23

emporary Approximate Value

Conventional + ozone + 

chlorine (22.5 and 40 mgd) 5 NBA-2: 20 mgd Conventional + ozone + chlorine

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

djustment

d Mix

ntional

iltration

Slow Sand

Rapid Sand,

media

: Pressure

nd

branes

orination

onation

onation

orination

amines

OX

AC

AC

NBA

Capacity

Pre‐pH Ad

Rapid

Conven

Direct F

Filtration:

Filtration: R

Multi‐

Filtration:

Sa

Memb

Pre ‐ Chlo

Pre‐Ozo

Post‐Oz

Post‐chlo

Chlora

MI

GA

PA

A 5.2 4.0% 40* x x x x

B 7.5 5.8% 80‐100* x x x

C 12 9.3% 80‐100* x x x x

D 22.5 17.4% 70* x x x x x

E 40 31.0% 50‐80* x x x x x

F 42 32.5% 25‐50* x x x

122 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

*Temporary Approximate Value

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

24

Conventional + chlorine (7.5 

and 12 mgd)

Conventional + ozone + 

chlorine (22.5 and 40 mgd)

5

NBA-1: 10 mgd Conventional + 

chlorine

NBA-2: 20 mgd Conventional + 

ozone + chlorine

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

D-13
NBA-1

Alum or Ferric Chlorine Chlorine

 Size- 10 mgd

P ti l t R l ti l lti di filt ti

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Influent

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

25

 Particulate Removal- conventional + multi-media filtration

 Primary Disinfection- chlorine 

 Secondary Disinfection- chlorine

NBA-2

O3 Alum or Ferric O3 Chlorine

 Size- 20 mgd

P ti l t R l ti l lti di filt ti

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Influent

Ozone

Contactor Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin Ozone

Contactor

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

26

 Particulate Removal- conventional + multi-media filtration

 Primary Disinfection- ozone 

 Secondary Disinfection- chlorine

D-14
Upper Watersheds

%

i l

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

H Adjustment

Rapid Mix

nventional

ect Filtration

ion: Slow Sand

on: Rapid Sand,

ulti‐media

tion: Pressure

Sand

embranes

Chlorination

‐Ozonation

t‐Ozonation

‐chlorination

hloramines

MIOX

GAC

PAC

Size

(MGD)

Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Pre‐p

R

Co

Dire

Filtrati

Filtratio

M

Filtrat

M

Pre ‐

Pre

Post

Post‐

Ch

A ‐ ‐ xx x x x

B ‐ ‐ xx x x x

C 1 0.1% x x x x x

D 7 0.9% x x

E 17 2.1% x x

F 24 2.9% x x x x

G 25 3.1% x x x

H 28 3.4% x x x x

I 45 5.5% x x x x x

J 45 5.5% x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

27

J 45 5.5% x x x x x

K 91 11.1% x x x

L 160 19.6% x x x x x x

M 175 21.4% x x x

N 200 24.4% x x x x x x

818 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

1Treat >70% Delta water. 2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

%

Regional

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

pH Adjustment

Rapid Mix

onventional

rect Filtration

tion: Slow Sand

ion: Rapid Sand,

Multi‐media

ation: Pressure

Sand

Membranes

‐ Chlorination

re‐Ozonation

st‐Ozonation

t‐chlorination

Chloramines

MIOX

GAC

PAC

Upper Watersheds

Size

(MGD)

Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Pre‐p

Co

Dir

Filtra

Filtrat

M

Filtra

M

Pre

Pr

Po

Pos

C

A ‐ ‐ xx x x x

B ‐ ‐ xx x x x

C 1 0.1% x x x x x

D 7 0.9% x x

E 17 2.1% x x

F 24 2.9% x x x x

G 25 3.1% x x x

H 28 3.4% x x x x

I 45 5.5% x x x x x

J 45 5.5% x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

28

K 91 11.1% x x x

L 160 19.6% x x x x x x

M 175 21.4% x x x

N 200 24.4% x x x x x x

818 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity. 3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

D-15
%

Ri l

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

H Adjustment

Rapid Mix

onventional

ect Filtration

ion: Slow Sand

on: Rapid Sand,

ulti‐media

tion: Pressure

Sand

Membranes

Chlorination

e‐Ozonation

t‐Ozonation

‐chlorination

hloramines

MIOX

GAC

PAC

Upper Watersheds

Size

(MGD)

Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Pre‐p

R

Co

Dire

Filtrat

Filtratio

M

Filtrat

M

Pre ‐

Pre

Pos

Post

Ch

A ‐ ‐ xx x x x

B ‐ ‐ xx x x x

C 1 0.1% x x x x x

D 7 0.9% x x

E 17 2.1% x x

F 24 2.9% x x x x

G 25 3.1% x x x

H 28 3.4% x x x x

I 45 5.5% x x x x x

J 45 5.5% x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

29

K 91 11.1% x x x

L 160 19.6% x x x x x x

M 175 21.4% x x x

N 200 24.4% x x x x x x

818 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region. 4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

%

Regional

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

pH Adjustment

Rapid Mix

onventional

rect Filtration

tion: Slow Sand

ion: Rapid Sand,

Multi‐media

ation: Pressure

Sand

Membranes

‐ Chlorination

e‐Ozonation

st‐Ozonation

t‐chlorination

hloramines

MIOX

GAC

PAC

Upper Watersheds

Size

(MGD)

Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Pre‐p

Co

Dir

Filtrat

Filtrati

M

Filtra

M

Pre

Pre

Pos

Post

C

A ‐ ‐ xx x x x

B ‐ ‐ xx x x x

C 1 0.1% x x x x x

D 7 0.9% x x

E 17 2.1% x x

F 24 2.9% x x x x

G 25 3.1% x x x

H 28 3.4% x x x x

I 45 5.5% x x x x x

J 45 5.5% x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

30

K 91 11.1% x x x

L 160 19.6% x x x x x x

M 175 21.4% x x x

N 200 24.4% x x x x x x

818 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

A, B, C, D, 

F, H, L, N 4 Conventional + Chlorine + pH adjustment (1, 7, 24, 28, 160, 200 mgd)

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4Consolidate treatment trains. 5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

D-16
%

Regional

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

pH Adjustment

Rapid Mix

Conventional

rect Filtration

ation: Slow Sand

tion: Rapid Sand,

Multi‐media

ation: Pressure

Sand

Membranes

‐ Chlorination

re‐Ozonation

ost‐Ozonation

st‐chlorination

Chloramines

MIOX

GAC

PAC

Upper Watersheds

Size

(MGD)

Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Pre‐

C

Dir

Filtra

Filtrat

M

Filtra

M

Pre

Pr

Po

Pos

C

A ‐ ‐ xx x x x

B ‐ ‐ xx x x x

C 1 0.1% x x x x x

D 7 0.9% x x

E 17 2.1% x x

F 24 2.9% x x x x

G 25 3.1% x x x

H 28 3.4% x x x x

I 45 5.5% x x x x x

J 45 5.5% x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

31

K 91 11.1% x x x

L 160 19.6% x x x x x x

M 175 21.4% x x x

N 200 24.4% x x x x x x

818 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

G, K, M 4 Direct Filtration + Chloramines 

(25, 91, 175 mgd)

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4Consolidate treatment trains. 5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

%

Regional

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

pH Adjustment

Rapid Mix

onventional

rect Filtration

tion: Slow Sand

ion: Rapid Sand,

Multi‐media

ation: Pressure

Sand

Membranes

‐ Chlorination

e‐Ozonation

st‐Ozonation

t‐chlorination

hloramines

MIOX

GAC

PAC

Upper Watersheds

Size

(MGD)

Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Pre‐p

Co

Dir

Filtrat

Filtrati

M

Filtra

M

Pre

Pre

Pos

Post

C

A ‐ ‐ xx x x x

B ‐ ‐ xx x x x

C 1 0.1% x x x x x

D 7 0.9% x x

E 17 2.1% x x

F 24 2.9% x x x x

G 25 3.1% x x x

H 28 3.4% x x x x

I 45 5.5% x x x x x

J 45 5.5% x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

32

K 91 11.1% x x x

L 160 19.6% x x x x x x

M 175 21.4% x x x

N 200 24.4% x x x x x x

818 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

A, B, C, D, 

F, H, L, N

G, K, M

4

A, B, C, D, F, H, L, N: Conventional + 

Chlorine + pH adjustment (1, 7, 24, 

28, 160, 200 mgd)

G, K, M: Direct Filtration + 

Chloramines (25, 91, 175 mgd)

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4Consolidate treatment trains. 5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

D-17
%

Regional

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

‐pH Adjustment

Rapid Mix

Conventional

rect Filtration

ation: Slow Sand

tion: Rapid Sand,

Multi‐media

ration: Pressure

Sand

Membranes

e ‐ Chlorination

re‐Ozonation

ost‐Ozonation

st‐chlorination

Chloramines

MIOX

GAC

PAC

Upper Watersheds

Size

(MGD)

g

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Pre‐

C

Di

Filtra

Filtrat

M

Filtr

M

Pre

Pr

Po

Pos

C

A ‐ ‐ xx x x x

B ‐ ‐ xx x x x

C 1 0.1% x x x x x

D 7 0.9% x x

E 17 2.1% x x

F 24 2.9% x x x x

G 25 3.1% x x x

H 28 3.4% x x x x

I 45 5.5% x x x x x

J 45 5.5% x x x x x

K 91 11 1%

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

33

A, B, C, D, F, H, L, N: Conventional 

+ Chlorine + pH adjustment (1, 7, 

24, 28, 160, 200 mgd)

5

UW-1: 100 mgd

Conventional + Chlorine 

+ pH adjustment 

K 91 11.1% x x x

L 160 19.6% x x x x x x

M 175 21.4% x x x

N 200 24.4% x x x x x x

818 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

%

Regional

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

pH Adjustment

Rapid Mix

Conventional

rect Filtration

ation: Slow Sand

tion: Rapid Sand,

Multi‐media

ation: Pressure

Sand

Membranes

‐ Chlorination

re‐Ozonation

ost‐Ozonation

st‐chlorination

Chloramines

MIOX

GAC

PAC

Upper Watersheds

Size

(MGD)

Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Pre‐

C

Dir

Filtra

Filtrat

M

Filtra

M

Pre

Pr

Po

Pos

C

A ‐ ‐ xx x x x

B ‐ ‐ xx x x x

C 1 0.1% x x x x x

D 7 0.9% x x

E 17 2.1% x x

F 24 2.9% x x x x

G 25 3.1% x x x

H 28 3.4% x x x x

I 45 5.5% x x x x x

J 45 5.5% x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

34

G, K, M: Direct Filtration + 

Chloramines (25, 91, 175 mgd) 5 UW-2: 100 mgd Direct Filtration + Chloramines 

K 91 11.1% x x x

L 160 19.6% x x x x x x

M 175 21.4% x x x

N 200 24.4% x x x x x x

818 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

D-18
%

Regional

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

pH Adjustment

Rapid Mix

onventional

rect Filtration

tion: Slow Sand

ion: Rapid Sand,

Multi‐media

ation: Pressure

Sand

Membranes

‐ Chlorination

re‐Ozonation

st‐Ozonation

t‐chlorination

Chloramines

MIOX

GAC

PAC

Upper Watersheds

Size

(MGD)

Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Pre‐p

Co

Dir

Filtra

Filtrat

M

Filtra

M

Pre

Pr

Po

Pos

C

A ‐ ‐ xx x x x

B ‐ ‐ xx x x x

C 1 0.1% x x x x x

D 7 0.9% x x

E 17 2.1% x x

F 24 2.9% x x x x

G 25 3.1% x x x

H 28 3.4% x x x x

I 45 5.5% x x x x x

J 45 5.5% x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

35

A, B, C, D, F, H, L, N: Conventional + 

Chlorine + pH adjustment (1, 7, 24, 28, 

160, 200 mgd)

G, K, M: Direct Filtration + Chloramines 

(25, 91, 175 mgd)

5

UW-1: 100 mgd

Conventional + Chlorine + 

pH adjustment 

UW-2: 100 mgd Direct 

Filtration + Chloramines 

K 91 11.1% x x x

L 160 19.6% x x x x x x

M 175 21.4% x x x

N 200 24.4% x x x x x x

818 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

UW-1

Alum or Ferric

Sulfuric Acid Chlorine Chlorine Lime

 Size- 100 mgd

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Influent

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

Rapid

Mix

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

36

 Particulate Removal- conventional + multi-media filtration

 Primary Disinfection- chlorine

 Secondary Disinfection- chlorine

 pH adjustment

D-19
UW-2

Alum or Ferric Chlorine Ammonia

 Size- 100 mgd

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Influent

Reservoir Floc.

Basin

Rapid

Mix

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

37

 Particulate Removal- direct filtration (multi-media)

 Primary Disinfection- chlorine

 Secondary Disinfection- chloramines

Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

Pre‐pH Adjustment

Rapid Mix

Conventional

Direct Filtration

Filtration: Slow Sand

Filtration: Rapid Sand,

Multi‐media

Filtration: Pressure

Sand

Membranes

Pre ‐ Chlorination

Pre‐Ozonation

Post‐Ozonation

Post‐chlorination

Chloramines

MIOX

GAC

PAC

CAA

(MGD) Capacity Water F

A ‐ ‐ * xx x x

B 2.2 0.1% * x x x

C 3 0.1% * x x x x

D 3.1 0.1% * x x x x

E 4 0.2% 100* x x x

F 5 0.2% * x x x x

G 10 0.5% 100* x x x

H 12 0.5% * x x x x x

I 14 0.6% 100* x x x

J 30 1.4% 80‐100* x x x x

K 43 2.0% 80‐100* x x x x x x x

L 65 3.0% 100* x x x

M 80 3.6% 0‐100 x x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

38

N 100 4.5% 0‐100 x x x x x x

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x

P 520 23.6% 45‐86 x x x x x x x

Q 520 23.6% 39‐75 x x x x x x x

R 630 28.6% 32‐55 x x x x x x x x

2201 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

*Temporary Approximate Value 1Treat >70% Delta water. 2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

D-20
Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

Pre‐pH Adjustment

Rapid Mix

Conventional

Direct Filtration

Filtration: Slow Sand

Filtration: Rapid Sand,

Multi‐media

Filtration: Pressure

Sand

Membranes

Pre ‐ Chlorination

Pre‐Ozonation

Post‐Ozonation

Post‐chlorination

Chloramines

MIOX

GAC

PAC

CAA

(MGD) Capacity Water F

A ‐ ‐ * xx x x

B 2.2 0.1% * x x x

C 3 0.1% * x x x x

D 3.1 0.1% * x x x x

E 4 0.2% 100* x x x

F 5 0.2% * x x x x

G 10 0.5% 100* x x x

H 12 0.5% * x x x x x

I 14 0.6% 100* x x x

J 30 1.4% 80‐100* x x x x

K 43 2.0% 80‐100* x x x x x x x

L 65 3.0% 100* x x x

M 80 3.6% 0‐100 x x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

39

N 100 4.5% 0‐100 x x x x x x

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x

P 520 23.6% 45‐86 x x x x x x x

Q 520 23.6% 39‐75 x x x x x x x

R 630 28.6% 32‐55 x x x x x x x x

2201 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

*Temporary Approximate Value 1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity. 3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

Pre‐pH Adjustment

Rapid Mix

Conventional

Direct Filtration

Filtration: Slow Sand

Filtration: Rapid Sand,

Multi‐media

Filtration: Pressure

Sand

Membranes

Pre ‐ Chlorination

Pre‐Ozonation

Post‐Ozonation

Post‐chlorination

Chloramines

MIOX

GAC

PAC

CAA

( ) p y

A ‐ ‐ * xx x x

B 2.2 0.1% * x x x

C 3 0.1% * x x x x

D 3.1 0.1% * x x x x

E 4 0.2% 100* x x x

F 5 0.2% * x x x x

G 10 0.5% 100* x x x

H 12 0.5% * x x x x x

I 14 0.6% 100* x x x

J 30 1.4% 80‐100* x x x x

K 43 2.0% 80‐100* x x x x x x x

L 65 3.0% 100* x x x

M 80 3.6% 0‐100 x x x x x x

N 100 4 5% 0 100 x x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

40

N 100 4.5% 0‐100 x x x x x x

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x

P 520 23.6% 45‐86 x x x x x x x

Q 520 23.6% 39‐75 x x x x x x x

R 630 28.6% 32‐55 x x x x x x

2201 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

*Temporary Approximate Value 1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region. 4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

D-21
Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

Pre‐pH Adjustment

Rapid Mix

Conventional

Direct Filtration

Filtration: Slow Sand

Filtration: Rapid Sand,

Multi‐media

Filtration: Pressure

Sand

Membranes

Pre ‐ Chlorination

Pre‐Ozonation

Post‐Ozonation

Post‐chlorination

Chloramines

MIOX

GAC

PAC

CAA

(MGD) Capacity Water F

A ‐ ‐ * xx x x

B 2.2 0.1% * x x x

C 3 0.1% * x x x x

D 3.1 0.1% * x x x x

E 4 0.2% 100* x x x

F 5 0.2% * x x x x

G 10 0.5% 100* x x x

H 12 0.5% * x x x x x

I 14 0.6% 100* x x x

J 30 1.4% 80‐100* x x x

K 43 2.0% 80‐100* x x x x x x x

L 65 3.0% 100* x x x

M 80 3.6% 0‐100 x x x x x x

N 100 4 5% 0 100

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

41

N 100 4.5% 0‐100 x x xx x x

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x

P 520 23.6% 45‐86 x x x x x x

Q 520 23.6% 39‐75 x x x x x x

R 630 28.6% 32‐55 x x x x x x

2201 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

K, L, M 4 Conventional + chloramines (43, 65, 

80 mgd)

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4Consolidate treatment trains. 5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

Pre‐pH Adjustment

Rapid Mix

Conventional

Direct Filtration

Filtration: Slow Sand

Filtration: Rapid Sand,

Multi‐media

Filtration: Pressure

Sand

Membranes

Pre ‐ Chlorination

Pre‐Ozonation

Post‐Ozonation

Post‐chlorination

Chloramines

MIOX

GAC

PAC

CAA

(MGD) Capacity Water F

A ‐ ‐ * xx x x

B 2.2 0.1% * x x x

C 3 0.1% * x x x x

D 3.1 0.1% * x x x x

E 4 0.2% 100* x x x

F 5 0.2% * x x x x

G 10 0.5% 100* x x x

H 12 0.5% * x x x x x

I 14 0.6% 100* x x x

J 30 1.4% 80‐100* x x x

K 43 2.0% 80‐100* x x x x x x x

L 65 3.0% 100* x x x

M 80 3.6% 0‐100 x x x x x

N 100 4 5% 0 100

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

42

N 100 4.5% 0‐100 xx x x x x

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x

P 520 23.6% 45‐86 x x x x x x x

Q 520 23.6% 39‐75 x x x x x x x

R 630 28.6% 32‐55 x x x x x x

2201 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

N, O, P, Q 4

Conventional + ozone + chloramines + 

pH adjustment (100, 160, 520, 520 

mgd)

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4Consolidate treatment trains. 5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

D-22
CAA

Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

Pre‐pH Adjustment

Rapid Mix

Conventional

Direct Filtration

Filtration: Slow Sand

Filtration: Rapid Sand,

Multi‐media

Filtration: Pressure

Sand

Membranes

Pre ‐ Chlorination

Pre‐Ozonation

Post‐Ozonation

Post‐chlorination

Chloramines

MIOX

GAC

PAC

A ‐ ‐ * xx x x

B 2.2 0.1% * x x x

C 3 0.1% * x x x x

D 3.1 0.1% * x x x x

E 4 0.2% 100* x x x

F 5 0.2% * x x x x

G 10 0.5% 100* x x x

H 12 0.5% * x x x x x

I 14 0.6% 100* x x x

J 30 1.4% 80‐100* x x x x

K 43 2.0% 80‐100* x x x x x x x

L 65 3.0% 100* x x x

M 80 3.6% 0‐100 x x x x x x

N 100 4.5% 0‐100 x x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

43

K, L, M

N, O, P, Q

4

K, L, M: Conventional + chloramines (43, 

65, 80,mgd)

N, O, P, Q: Conventional + ozone + 

chloramines +pH adjustment (100, 160, 

520, 520 mgd)

N 100 4.5% 0 100 x x x x x x

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x

P 520 23.6% 45‐86 x x x x x x x

Q 520 23.6% 39‐75 x x x x x x x

R 630 28.6% 32‐55 x x x x x x x

2201 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4Consolidate treatment trains. 5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

Pre‐pH Adjustment

Rapid Mix

Conventional

Direct Filtration

Filtration: Slow Sand

Filtration: Rapid Sand,

Multi‐media

Filtration: Pressure

Sand

Membranes

Pre ‐ Chlorination

Pre‐Ozonation

Post‐Ozonation

Post‐chlorination

Chloramines

MIOX

GAC

PAC

CAA

( ) p y

A ‐ ‐ * xx x x

B 2.2 0.1% * x x x

C 3 0.1% * x x x x

D 3.1 0.1% * x x x x

E 4 0.2% 100* x x x

F 5 0.2% * x x x x

G 10 0.5% 100* x x x

H 12 0.5% * x x x x x

I 14 0.6% 100* x x x

J 30 1.4% 80‐100* x x x x

K 43 2.0% 80‐100* x x x x x x x

L 65 3.0% 100* x x x

M 80 3.6% 0‐100 x x x x x x

N 100 4 5% 0 100 x x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

44

N 100 4.5% 0‐100 x x x x x x

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x

P 520 23.6% 45‐86 x x x x x x x

Q 520 23.6% 39‐75 x x x x x x x

R 630 28.6% 32‐55 x x x x x x x

2201 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

K, L, M: Conventional + 

chloramines (43, 65, 80 

mgd)

5 CA-1: 40 mgd Conventional + 

chloramines

D-23
Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

Pre‐pH Adjustment

Rapid Mix

Conventional

Direct Filtration

Filtration: Slow Sand

Filtration: Rapid Sand,

Multi‐media

Filtration: Pressure

Sand

Membranes

Pre ‐ Chlorination

Pre‐Ozonation

Post‐Ozonation

Post‐chlorination

Chloramines

MIOX

GAC

PAC

CAA

(MGD) Capacity Water F

A ‐ ‐ * xx x x

B 2.2 0.1% * x x x

C 3 0.1% * x x x x

D 3.1 0.1% * x x x x

E 4 0.2% 100* x x x

F 5 0.2% * x x x x

G 10 0.5% 100* x x x

H 12 0.5% * x x x x x

I 14 0.6% 100* x x x

J 30 1.4% 80‐100* x x x x

K 43 2.0% 80‐100* x x x x x x x

L 65 3.0% 100* x x x

M 80 3.6% 0‐100 x x x x x x

N 100 4 5% 0 100

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

45

N 100 4.5% 0‐100 xx x x x x

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x

P 520 23.6% 45‐86 x x x x x x x

Q 520 23.6% 39‐75 x x x x x x x

R 630 28.6% 32‐55 x x x x x x x

2201 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

N, O, P, Q: Conventional + 

ozone + chloramines+ pH 

adjustment (100, 160, 520, 

520 mgd)

5

CA-2: 500 mgd Conventional + 

ozone + chloramines + pH 

adjustment

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

CAA

Size

(MGD)

% Regional

Treatment

Capacity

% Delta

Water

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

Pre‐pH Adjustment

Rapid Mix

Conventional

Direct Filtration

Filtration: Slow Sand

Filtration: Rapid Sand,

Multi‐media

Filtration: Pressure

Sand

Membranes

Pre ‐ Chlorination

Pre‐Ozonation

Post‐Ozonation

Post‐chlorination

Chloramines

MIOX

GAC

PAC

A ‐ ‐ * xx x x

B 2.2 0.1% * x x x

C 3 0.1% * x x x x

D 3.1 0.1% * x x x x

E 4 0.2% 100* x x x

F 5 0.2% * x x x x

G 10 0.5% 100* x x x

H 12 0.5% * x x x x x

I 14 0.6% 100* x x x

J 30 1.4% 80‐100* x x x x

K 43 2.0% 80‐100* x x x x x x x

L 65 3.0% 100* x x x

M 80 3.6% 0‐100 x x x x x x

N 100 4.5% 0‐100 x x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

46

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

K, M: Conventional + chloramines (43, 

80, mgd)

N, O, P, Q: Conventional + ozone + 

chloramines (100, 160, 520, 520 mgd)

5

CA-1: 40 mgd Conventional + 

chloramines

CA-2: 500 mgd Conventional + ozone 

+ chloramines + pH adjustment 

N 100 4.5% 0 100 x x x x x x

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x

P 520 23.6% 45‐86 x x x x x x x

Q 520 23.6% 39‐75 x x x x x x x

R 630 28.6% 32‐55 x x x x x x x

2201 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

D-24
CAA-1

Alum or Ferric

Ammonia

Chlorine Fluoride

 Size- 40 mgd

 Particulate Removal conventional + multi media filtration

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Influent

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

47

 Particulate Removal- conventional + multi-media filtration

 Primary Disinfection- chlorine 

 Secondary Disinfection- chloramines

CAA-2

O3 Alum or Ferric

Chlorine

Ammonia

Caustic

Fluoride

Sulfuric

Acid

 Size- 500 mgd

 Particulate Removal conventional + multi media filtration

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Influent

Ozone

Contactor Reservoir SedimentationBasin

Rapid

Mix

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

48

 Particulate Removal- conventional + multi-media filtration

 Primary Disinfection- ozone

 Secondary Disinfection- chloramines

 pH adjustment

 Fluoridation

D-25
Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control

tment

x

nal

tion

w Sand

d Sand,

dia

ure Sand

es

ation

ion

tion

ation

es

VWTP Summary

Region Identifier

Size

(MGD)

Pre‐pH Adjust

Rapid Mix

Convention

Direct Filtrat

Filtration: Slo

w

Filtration: Rapid

Multi‐med

Filtration: Pressu

Membrane

Pre ‐ Chlorina

Pre‐Ozonat

Post‐Ozonat

Post‐chlorina

Chloramin

MIOX

GAC

PAC

Upper Watersheds UW‐1 100 x x x x x x

UW‐2 100 x x x

NBA NBA‐1 20 x x xxx

NBA‐2 10 x x x

Central Delta CD 1 40

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

49

Central Delta CD‐1 40 xxx x x x x

CAA CAA‐1 40 x x x x

CAA‐2 500 x x x x x x

CAA‐ West Branch CAAW‐1 800 x x x x x x

VWTP Summary UW-1

 Size- 100 mgd

 Particulate Removalconventional + multi-media 

filtration

 Primary Disinfection- chlorine

 Secondary Disinfection- chlorine

 pH adjustment

CD-1

 Size- 40 mgd

 Particulate Removal- conventional + 

multi-media filtration

 Primary Disinfection- ozone + 

chlorine 

 Secondary Disinfection- chloramines

 pH adjustment

UW-2

 Size- 100 mgd

 Particulate Removal- direct 

filtration (multi-media)

 Primary Disinfection- chlorine

 Secondary Disinfectionchloramines

NBA-1

 Size- 20 mgd

 Particulate Removal- conventional + 

multi-media filtration

 Primary Disinfection ozone

CAA-2

 Size- 500 mgd

 Particulate Removal- conventional + 

multi-media filtration 

 Primary Disinfection- ozone

CAA-1

 Size- 40 mgd

 Particulate Removal- conventional + 

multi-media filtration 

 Primary Disinfection- chlorine

 Secondary Disinfection- chloramines

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

50

CAAW-1

 Size- 800 mgd

 Particulate Removal- conventional + multimedia filtration

 Primary Disinfection- ozone

 Secondary Disinfection- chloramines

 pH adjustment

 Primary Disinfection- ozone

 Secondary Disinfection- chlorine

 Secondary Disinfection- chloramines

 pH adjustment

NBA-1

 Size- 10 mgd

 Particulate Removal- conventional 

+ multi-media filtration

 Primary Disinfection- chlorine 

 Secondary Disinfection- chlorine

D-26
Region

Total

Regional

Treatment Identifier Size

(MGD) Predominant Process Trains/ VWTPs

Regional Treatment Summary

Capacity

(MGD)

(MGD)

Upper Watersheds 818

UW‐1 100 Conventional + chlorine + pH adjustment

UW‐2 100 Direct Filtration + chlorine + chloramines

NBA 122

NBA‐1 20 Conventional + ozone + chlorine

NBA‐2 10 Conventional + chlorine

Central Delta 284 CD‐1 40 Conventional + ozone + chlorine + chloramines + pH

adjustment

CAA‐1 40 Conventional + chlorine + chloramines

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

51

CAA 2201

CAA 40 Conventional chlorine chloramines

CAA‐2 500 Conventional + ozone + chloramines + pH adjustment

CAA‐ West Branch 836 CAAW‐1 800 Conventional + ozone + chloramines + pH adjustment

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Drinking Water Treatment

Evaluation

END APPENDIX D

Development of Virtual Water

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

52

Development of Virtual Water

Treatment Plants (VWTPs)

D-27
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 
California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Technical Memorandum 2 

3054008

 E-1

Appendix E 

Baseline Virtual Water Treatment Plants in EPAWTPM
WTPM_v.2.0 Inputs

Baseline  Inputs

Input Parameter Value Units Basis Source

Influent (median to 90th percentile)

pH 7.7 pH 7.1 to 7.7 WDL

Influent Temperature 20 °C 20 default

Minimum Temperature 5 °C 5 default

TOC 3 mg/L 1.8 to 3.0 TM1/WDL

UV254 0.091 1/cm 0.046 to 0.091 WDL

Bromide 0.02 mg/L 0.01 to 0.02 TM1/WDL

Alkalinity 78 mg/L as CaCO3 61 to 78 WDL

Calcium Hardness 35 mg/L as CaCO3 30 to 35 WDL

Total Hardness 68 mg/L as CaCO3 55 to 68 WDL

Ammonia 0.63 mg/L as N 0.3 to 0.63 WDL

Turbidity 31 NTU 11 to 31 WDL

Crypto Removal + Inactivation 3 logs default

Multiplier for Crypto CT by ClO2 7.5 default

Peak Flow 100 mgd VWTP Development Task 2

Alum

Dose 35 mg/L as Al2(SO4)3∙14H2O

Sulfuric Acid

Dose 5.8 mg/L as H2SO4

Chlorine (Gas)

Dose 4.9 mg/L as Cl2

Rapid Mix

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Alum

Sulfuric Acid

Chlroine (gas)

Influent

Chlorine (gas)

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

Rapid

Mix

Sodium Hydroxide UW‐1

Volume 0.035 MG 30‐sec detention time

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.1 ratio

Flocculation

Volume 2.08 MG 30‐min detention time

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.1 ratio

Sedimentation

Volume 5.98 MG 1500 gpd/ft2 overflow rate, 12 ft depth

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.5 ratio

Filtration

Liquid Volume 1.39 MG 6 gpm/ft2, 16 ft total depth, media depth 2‐3 ft

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.7 ratio

Chlorinated Backwash Water FALSE true/false

Filter Media (Antracite/Sand or GAC) S S or G

Crypto Log Removal by Filters 2 logs

Chlorine (Gas)

Dose 0.8 mg/L as Cl2

Reservoir

Volume of Basin 15 MG 15% of Design Flow rate Kawamura 2000

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.5 ratio

Chlorine (Gas)

Dose 2 mg/L as Cl2

Sodium Hydroxide

Dose 20 mg/L as NaOH

WTP Effluent

‐

Additional Point

Residence Time for Avg. Flow 3 days

WDL = Water Data Library

E-2
WTPM_v.2.0 Inputs

Baseline Inputs

Input Parameter Value Units Basis Source

Influent (median to 90th percentile)

pH 7.9 pH 7.4 to 7.9 WDL

Influent Temperature 20 °C 20

Minimum Temperature 5 °C 5

TOC 4.8 mg/L 3.2 to 4.8 TM1/WDL

UV254 0.193 1/cm 0.108 to 0.1934 WDL

Bromide 0.48 mg/L 0.18 to 0.48 TM1/WDL

Alkalinity 82 mg/L as CaCO3 68 to 82 WDL

Calcium Hardness 55 mg/L as CaCO3 43 to 55 WDL

Total Hardness 113 mg/L as CaCO3 86 to 113 WDL

Ammonia 0.11 mg/L as N 0.05 to 0.11 WDL

Turbidity 23 NTU 11 to 23 WDL

Crypto Removal + Inactivation 3 logs default

Multiplier for Crypto CT by ClO2 7.5 default

Peak Flow 40 mgd VWTP Development Task 2

Sulfuric Acid

Dose 25 mg/L as H2SO4 Bromate control

Ozone

Dose 2.5 mg/L as O3

Ozone Chamber

Volume 0.333 MG 12 minute detention time LT2ESWTR T&C Doc

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.6 ratio

Alum

Dose 29 mg/L as Al2(SO4)3∙14H2O Step 1 Enhanced Coag. Rmvl Rqmts

Rapid Mix

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Alum‐ 29 mg/L

Influent

TOC‐ 4.8 mg/L

O3‐ 2.5 mg/L

Ozone

Contactor

Sodium Hypochlorite‐ 1.9 mg/L

Sedimentation Reservoir

Basin

Rapid

Mix

Sulfuric Acid‐ 25 mg/L Sodium Hypochlorite‐ 2.7 mg/L

Ammonia‐ 0.6 mg/L

Sodium Hydroxide‐ 24 mg/L

CD‐1

p

Volume 0.014 MG 30‐sec detention time

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.1 ratio

Flocculation

Volume 0.833 MG 30‐min detention time

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.1 ratio

Sedimentation

Volume 2 MG 1500 gpd/ft2 overflow rate, 12 ft depth

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.5 ratio

Filtration

Liquid Volume 0.554 MG 6 gpm/ft2, 16 ft total depth, media depth 2‐3 ft

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.7 ratio

Chlorinated Backwash Water true/false

Filter Media (Antracite/Sand or GAC) S S or G

Crypto Log Removal by Filters 2 logs

Sodium Hypochlorite

Dose 1.9 mg/L as Cl2 1.5 CT Ratio at 5 degrees Celcius

Reservoir

Volume of Basin 6 MG 15% of Design Flow rate Kawamura 2000

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.5 ratio

Sodium Hypochlorite

Dose 2.7 mg/L as Cl2 3 mg/L finished water chloramine residual

Ammonia

Dose 0.6 mg/L as N 3 mg/L finished water chloramine residual

Sodium Hydroxide

Dose 24 mg/L as NaOH Finished water pH 8.1

WTP Effluent

‐

Additional Point

Residence Time for Avg. Flow 3 days

WDL = Water Data Library

E-3
WTPM_v.2.0 Inputs

Baseline Inputs

Input Parameter Value Units Basis Source

Influent (median to 90th percentile)

pH 8 pH 7.6 to 8.0 WDL

Influent Temperature 20 °C

Minimum Temperature 5 °C

TOC 5.2 mg/L 3.2 to 5.2 TM1/WDL

UV254 0.1722 1/cm 0.103 to 0.1722 WDL

Bromide 0.38 mg/L 0.19 to 0.38 TM1/WDL

Alkalinity 84 mg/L as CaCO3 75 to 84 WDL

Calcium Hardness 60 mg/L as CaCO3 48 to 60 WDL

Total Hardness 118 mg/L as CaCO3 99 to 118 WDL

Ammonia 0.06 mg/L as N 0.02 to 0.06 WDL

Turbidity 16 NTU 6 to 16 WDL

Crypto Removal + Inactivation 3 logs

Multiplier for Crypto CT by ClO2 7.8

Peak Flow 40 mgd VWTP Development Task 2

Chlorine (gas)

Dose 0.5 mg/L as Cl2

Alum

Dose 37 mg/L as Al2(SO4)3∙14H2O

Rapid Mix

Volume 0.014 MG 30‐sec detention time

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

R ti f T10/D t ti Ti 0 1 ti

CAA‐1

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Chlorine

Influent

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

Chlorine

Ammonia

Sodium Hydroxide

Alum Chlorine

Rapid

Mix

CAA‐1

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.1 ratio

Flocculation

Volume 0.83 MG 30‐min detention time

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.1 ratio

Sedimentation

Volume 2.39 MG 1500 gpd/ft2 overflow rate, 12 ft depth

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.5 ratio

Filtration

Liquid Volume 0.55 MG 6 gpm/ft2, 16 ft total depth, media depth 2‐3 ft

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.7 ratio

Chlorinated Backwash Water true/false

Filter Media (Antracite/Sand or GAC) S S or G

Crypto Log Removal by Filters logs

Chlorine (Gas)

Dose 1 mg/L as Cl2

Reservoir

Volume of Basin 6 MG 15% of Design Flow rate Kawamura 2000

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.5 ratio

Chlorine (Gas)

Dose 2.7 mg/L as Cl2

Ammonia

Dose 0.6 mg/L as N

Sodium Hydroxide

Dose 17 mg/l as NaOH

WTP Effluent

‐

Additional Point

Residence Time for Avg. Flow 3 days

WDL = Water Data Library

E-4
Distribution

S stem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

B i

Alum‐ 23 mg/L

Influent

TOC‐ 5.2 mg/L

O3‐ 2.5 mg/L

Ozone

Contactor Sedimentation Reservoir

B i

Rapid

Mi

Chlorine (gas)‐ 2.7 mg/L

Ammonia‐ 0.6 mg/L

Sodium Hydroxide‐ 36 mg/L

Chlorine (gas)‐ 1.5 mg/L

Sulfuric Acid‐ 30 mg/L

CAA‐2

WTPM_v.2.0 Inputs

Baseline Inputs

Input Parameter Value Units Basis Source

Influent (median to 90th percentile)

pH 8 pH 7.6 to 8.0 WDL

Influent Temperature 20 °C

Minimum Temperature 5 °C

TOC 5.2 mg/L 3.2 to 5.2 TM1/WDL

UV254 0.1722 1/cm 0.103 to 0.1722 WDL

Bromide 0 38 mg/L 0 19 0 38 TM1/WDL

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Alum‐ 23 mg/L

Influent

TOC‐ 5.2 mg/L

O3‐ 2.5 mg/L

Ozone

Contactor Sedimentation Reservoir

Basin

Rapid

Mix

Chlorine (gas)‐ 2.7 mg/L

Ammonia‐ 0.6 mg/L

Sodium Hydroxide‐ 36 mg/L

Chlorine (gas)‐ 1.5 mg/L

Sulfuric Acid‐ 30 mg/L

CAA‐2

Bromide 0.38 mg/L 0.19 to 0.38 TM1/WDL

Alkalinity 84 mg/L as CaCO3 75 to 84 WDL

Calcium Hardness 60 mg/L as CaCO3 48 to 60 WDL

Total Hardness 118 mg/L as CaCO3 99 to 118 WDL

Ammonia 0.06 mg/L as N 0.02 to 0.06 WDL

Turbidity 16 NTU 6 to 16 WDL

Crypto Removal + Inactivation 3 logs

Multiplier for Crypto CT by ClO2 7.5

Peak Flow 500 mgd VWTP Development Task 2

Sulfuric Acid

Dose 30 mg/L as H2SO4

Ozone

Dose 2.5 mg/L as O3

Ozone Chamber

Volume 4.167 MG 12 minute detention time LT2ESWTR T&C Doc

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.6 ratio

Alum

Dose 23 mg/L as Al2(SO4)3∙14H2O

Rapid Mix

Volume 0.174 MG 30‐sec detention time

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

R tiao of T10/D t ti Ti T10/Detention Time 0.1 ratio 0 1 ti

Flocculation

Volume 10.42 MG 30‐min detention time

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.1 ratio

Sedimentation

Volume 29.92 MG 1500 gpd/ft2 overflow rate, 12 ft depth

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.5 ratio

Chlorine (Gas)

Dose 1.5 mg/L as Cl2

Filtration

Liquid Volume 6.93 MG 6 gpm/ft2, 16 ft total depth, media depth 2‐3 ft

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.7 ratio

Chlorinated Backwash Water true/false

Filter Media (Antracite/Sand or GAC) S S or G

Crypto Log Removal by Filters logs

Chlorine (Gas)

Dose 2.7 mg/L as Cl2

Ammonia

Dose 0.6 mg/L as N

Reservoir

V loume of B iasn 75 MG 15% of Design Flow rate Kawamura 2000

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.5 ratio

Sodium Hydroxide

Dose 36 mg/L as NaOH

WTP Effluent

‐

Additional Point

Residence Time for Avg. Flow 3 days

WDL = Water Data Library

E-5
WTPM_v.2.0 Inputs

Baseline Inputs

Input Parameter Value Units Basis Source

Influent (median to 90th percentile)

pH 8.8 pH 8 to 8.8   WDL

Influent Temperature 20 °C

Minimum Temperature 5 °C

TOC 3.8 mg/L 2.9 to 3.8 TM1/WDL

UV254 0.1 1/cm 0.077 to 0.10 WDL

Bromide 0.26 mg/L 0.19 to 0.26 TM1/WDL

Alkalinity 106 mg/L as CaCO3 88 to 106 WDL

Calcium Hardness 94 mg/L as CaCO3 65 to 94 WDL

Total Hardness 158 mg/L as CaCO3 120 to 158 WDL

Ammonia 0.041 mg/L as N 0.02 to 0.041 WDL

Turbidity 3 NTU 2 to 3.0 WDL

Crypto Removal + Inactivation 3 logs

Multiplier for Crypto CT by ClO2 7.5

Peak Flow 800 mgd VWTP Development Task 2

Sulfuric Acid

Dose 30 mg/L as H2SO4

Ozone

Dose 1.8 mg/L as O3

Ozone Chamber

Volume 6.667 MG 12 minute detention time LT2ESWTR T&C Doc

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.6 ratio

Alum

Dose 12 mg/L as Al2(SO4)3∙14H2O

Rapid Mix

Distribution

System

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.

Basin

Alum‐ 12 mg/L

Influent

O3‐ 1.8 mg/L

Ozone

Contactor

Sedimentation Reservoir

Basin

Rapid

Mix

Sodium Hypochlorite‐ 2.6 mg/L

Ammonia‐ 0.6 mg/L

Sodium Hydroxide‐ 21 mg/L

Sodium Hypochlorite‐ 1.3 mg/L

Sulfuric Acid‐ 30 mg/L

CAAW‐1

p

Volume 0.278 MG 30‐sec detention time

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.1 ratio

Flocculation

Volume 17 MG 30‐min detention time

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.1 ratio

Sedimentation

Volume 48 MG 1500 gpd/ft2 overflow rate, 12 ft depth

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.5 ratio

Filtration

Liquid Volume 11.082 MG 6 gpm/ft2, 16 ft total depth, media depth 2‐3 ft

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.7 ratio

Chlorinated Backwash Water FALSE true/false

Filter Media (Antracite/Sand or GAC) S S or G

Crypto Log Removal by Filters 2 logs

Sodium Hypochlorite

Dose 1.3 mg/L as Cl2

Reservoir

Volume of Basin 120 MG 15% of Design Flow rate Kawamura 2000

Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.5 ratio

Sodium Hypochlorite

Dose 2.6 mg/L as Cl2

Ammonia

Dose 0.6 mg/L as N

Sodium Hydroxide

Dose 21 mg/L as NaOH

WTP Effluent

‐

Additional Point

Residence Time for Avg. Flow 3 days

WDL = Water Data Library

E-6
References

Water Data Library (WDL)‐  http://www.water.ca.gov/waterdatalibrary/waterquality/station_county/index.cfm

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1‐ Definition of Study Boundaries

Kawamura, S. Integrated Design and Operation of Water Treatment Facilities. 2000

E-7
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 
California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Technical Memorandum 2 

3054008

 G-1

Appendix F 

EPAWTPM Inputs for VWTP Treatment Trigger Analysis 
UW‐1 Current Regulatory Scenario

Input Parameter Value Units 

pH 7.7 pH 

Influent Temperature 16 °C 

Minimum Temperature 5 °C 

TOC mg/L 

UV254 =0.0296*TOC+0.0033 1/cmBromide mg/LAlkalinity 78 mg/L as CaCO3

Calcium Hardness 35 mg/L as CaCO3Total Hardness 68 mg/L as CaCO3Ammonia 0.02 mg/L as NTurbidity 31 NTUAlum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 31 mg/L A

Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L S

90th Percentil e Water Quality

DistributionSystem

Multi‐mediaFilters

Floc.Basin

AlumSulfuric Acid

Influent

Chlorine (gas)

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

RapidMix

Sodium HydroChlroine (gas)

UW‐1

Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L SPrimary Chlorine Dose 0.9 mg/L Primary Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Primary Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L P

Secondary Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.1 mg/L S

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 20 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 20 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 21 mg/L S

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 25 % T

3‐day TTHM 65 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 78 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 92 ug/L 3

3‐day HAA5 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 30 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 36 ug/L 3

3‐day HAA9 55 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 64 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 74 ug/L 3

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3

Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 31 mg/L ASulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L S

Primary Chlorine Dose 0.9 mg/L Primary Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Primary Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L P

Secondary Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.1 mg/L S

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 20 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 20 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 21 mg/L S

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 25 % T

3‐day TTHM 62 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 75 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 89 ug/L 33‐day HAA5 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 37 ug/L 3

3‐day HAA9 54 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 63 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 73 ug/L 3

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3

Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 31 mg/L A

B

r

0.2

0.16

DistributionSystem

Multi‐mediaFilters

Floc.Basin

AlumSulfuric Acid

Influent

Chlorine (gas)

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

RapidMix

Sodium HydroChlroine (gas)

UW‐1

Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 31 mg/L ASulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L S

Primary Chlorine Dose 0.9 mg/L Primary Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Primary Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L P

Secondary Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.1 mg/L S

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 20 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 20 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 21 mg/L S

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 25 % T

3‐day TTHM 60 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 72 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 85 ug/L 3

3‐day HAA5 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 32 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 38 ug/L 3

3‐day HAA9 53 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 61 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 70 ug/L 3

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3

Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 31 mg/L A

Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L S

Primary Chlorine Dose 0.9 mg/L Primary Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Primary Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L P

Secondary Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.1 mg/L S

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 20 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 20 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 21 mg/L S

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 25 % T

3‐day TTHM 54 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 65 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 77 ug/L 33‐day HAA5 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 35 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 42 ug/L 3

3‐day HAA9 47 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 55 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 63 ug/L 3

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3

r

o

m

i

d

e

0.120.06

DistributionSystem

Multi‐mediaFilters

Floc.Basin

AlumSulfuric Acid

Influent

Chlorine (gas)

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

RapidMix

Sodium HydroChlroine (gas)

UW‐1

Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 31 mg/L ASulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L S

Primary Chlorine Dose 0.9 mg/L Primary Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Primary Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L P

Secondary Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.1 mg/L S

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 20 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 20 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 21 mg/L S

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 25 % T

3‐day TTHM 46 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 56 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 66 ug/L 3

3‐day HAA5 33 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 40 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 48 ug/L 3

3‐day HAA9 41 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 47 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 55 ug/L 3

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3

TOC 2 TOC 2.5 TOC 3 T

UV254 0.063 UV254 0.077 UV254 0.092 U

TOC and UV254

0.02

DistributionSystem

Multi‐mediaFilters

Floc.Basin

AlumSulfuric Acid

Influent

Chlorine (gas)

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

RapidMix

Sodium HydroChlroine (gas)

UW‐1
UW‐1 Plausible Regulatory Scenario

Input Parameter Value Units 

pH 7.7 pH 

Influent Temperature 24 °C 

Minimum Temperature 5 °C 

TOC mg/L 

UV254 =0.0296*TOC+0.0033 1/cm 

Bromide mg/LAlkalinity 78 mg/L as CaCO3

Calcium Hardness 35 mg/L as CaCO3Total Hardness 68 mg/L as CaCO3Ammonia 0.02 mg/L as N

Turbidity 31 NTUAlum Dose 29 mg/L Alum Dose 29 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Water Quality

DistributionSystem

Multi‐mediaFilters

Floc.Basin

AlumSulfuric Acid

Influent

Chlorine (gas)

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

RapidMix

Sodium HydroxideChlroine (gas)

UW‐1

Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose Primary Chlorine Dose 0.9 mg/L Primary Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Primary Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Primary Chlorine Do

Secondary Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.1 mg/L Secondary Chlorine 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 19 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 20 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 20 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide D

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 78 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 96 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 112 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 35 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 43 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 55 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 64 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 74 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Alum Dose 29 mg/L Alum Dose 29 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Primary Chlorine Dose 0.9 mg/L Primary Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Primary Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Primary Chlorine Do

Secondary Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.1 mg/L Secondary Chlorine 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 19 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 20 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 20 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide D

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 3‐day TTHM 75 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 93 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 108 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 30 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 36 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 44 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 3‐day HAA9 54 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 63 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 73 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Alum Dose 29 mg/L Alum Dose 29 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 

B

r

0.16

0.2

DistributionSystem

Multi‐mediaFilters

Floc.Basin

AlumSulfuric Acid

Influent

Chlorine (gas)

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

RapidMix

Sodium HydroxideChlroine (gas)

UW‐1

Alum Dose 29 mg/L Alum Dose 29 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Primary Chlorine Dose 0.9 mg/L Primary Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Primary Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Primary Chlorine Do

Secondary Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.1 mg/L Secondary Chlorine 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 19 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 20 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 20 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide D

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 72 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 89 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 103 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 38 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 46 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 53 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 61 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 70 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Alum Dose 29 mg/L Alum Dose 29 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Primary Chlorine Dose 0.9 mg/L Primary Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Primary Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Primary Chlorine Do

Secondary Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.1 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Sodium Hydroxide Dose 19 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 20 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 20 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide D

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 3‐day TTHM 65 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 80 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 93 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 34 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 41 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 50 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 3‐day HAA9 47 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 55 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 63 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

r

o

m

i

d

e

0.060.12

DistributionSystem

Multi‐mediaFilters

Floc.Basin

AlumSulfuric Acid

Influent

Chlorine (gas)

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

RapidMix

Sodium HydroxideChlroine (gas)

UW‐1

Alum Dose 29 mg/L Alum Dose 29 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5.8 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Primary Chlorine Dose 0.9 mg/L Primary Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Primary Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Primary Chlorine Do

Secondary Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.1 mg/L Secondary Chlorine 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 19 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 20 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 20 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide D

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 55 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 69 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 80 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 38 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 47 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 57 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 41 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 47 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 55 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

TOC 2 TOC 2.5 TOC 3 TOC 

UV254 0.063 UV254 0.077 UV254 0.092 UV254 

TOC and UV254

0.02

DistributionSystem

Multi‐mediaFilters

Floc.Basin

AlumSulfuric Acid

Influent

Chlorine (gas)

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

RapidMix

Sodium HydroxideChlroine (gas)

UW‐1
CD‐1 Current Regulatory Scenario

Input Parameter Value Units NOTES:

Treatment targets equal 80% of current MCL values.

pH 7.9 pH = 90th percentile water quality

Influent Temperature 18 °C = 2 or more treatment targets exceeded*Minimum Temperature 5 °C = 1 treatment target exceeded *

TOC mg/L = no treatment targets exceededUV254 = 0.0383x ‐ 0.0211 1/cm

Bromide mg/LAlkalinity 82 mg/L as CaCO3

Calcium Hardness 55 mg/L as CaCO3Total Hardness 113 mg/L as CaCO3Ammonia 0.11 mg/L as NTurbidity 23 NTU

0.80 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 

Alum Dose 22 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 38 mg/L Alum Dose 38 

Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 27 % TOC Removal 31 % TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 

3‐day TTHM 28 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 34 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 39 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 43 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 46 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 48 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 51 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 62 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 67 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 

3‐day HAA9 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 27 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 

3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 14 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 14 

0.75 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 

Alum Dose 22 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 38 mg/L Alum Dose 38 

Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 27 % TOC Removal 31 % TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 

3‐day TTHM 28 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 34 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 39 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 42 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 45 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 48 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 51 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 62 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 66 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 27 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 

3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 

0.70 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 

90th Percentile Water Quality

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Sodium Hypochlorite

Sedimentation ReservoirBasin

RapidMix

SulfuricAcid

Sodium Hypochlorite‐AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

CD‐1

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 Alum Dose 22 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 38 mg/L Alum Dose 38 

Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 27 % TOC Removal 31 % TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 

3‐day TTHM 28 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 34 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 38 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 42 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 45 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 47 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 51 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 61 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 65 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 27 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 

3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 

0.65 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 

Alum Dose 22 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 38 mg/L Alum Dose 38 

Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 27 % TOC Removal 31 % TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 

3‐day TTHM 28 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 33 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 38 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 41 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 44 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 47 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 50 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 60 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 65 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 27 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 

3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 

0.60 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 

Alum Dose 22 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 38 mg/L Alum Dose 38 

Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 27 % TOC Removal 31 % TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 

3‐day TTHM 27 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 33 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 38 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 41 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 44 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 46 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 49 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 60 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 64 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 28 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 

3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 

0.55 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 

Alum Dose 22 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 38 mg/L Alum Dose 38 

Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 27 % TOC Removal 31 % TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 

3‐day TTHM 27 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 32 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 37 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 40 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 43 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 46 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 49 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 59 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 63 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 28 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 

3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 

0.50 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 

Alum Dose 22 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 38 mg/L Alum Dose 38 

B

r

o

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Sodium Hypochlorite

Sedimentation ReservoirBasin

RapidMix

SulfuricAcid

Sodium Hypochlorite‐AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

CD‐1

Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 27 % TOC Removal 31 % TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 

3‐day TTHM 27 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 32 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 37 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 40 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 43 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 45 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 48 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 58 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 62 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 

3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 

3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 

0.45 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 

Alum Dose 22 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 38 mg/L Alum Dose 38 

Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 27 % TOC Removal 31 % TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 

3‐day TTHM 26 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 32 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 36 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 39 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 42 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 44 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 47 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 57 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 61 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 

3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 27 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 36 

3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 

0.40 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 

Alum Dose 22 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 38 mg/L Alum Dose 38 

Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 27 % TOC Removal 31 % TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 

3‐day TTHM 26 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 31 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 35 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 39 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 41 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 44 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 47 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 56 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 60 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 

3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 27 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 30 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 36 

3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 

0.35 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 

Alum Dose 22 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 38 mg/L Alum Dose 38 

Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 27 % TOC Removal 31 % TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 

3‐day TTHM 25 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 30 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 35 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 38 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 41 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 43 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 46 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 55 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 59 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 

3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 27 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 28 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 37 

3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 

0.30 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 

Alum Dose 22 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 38 mg/L Alum Dose 38 

Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 

S d Chl i D 2 7 /L S d Chl i D 2 7 /L S d Chl i D 2 7 /L S d Chl i D 2 7 /L S d Chl i D 2 7 /L S d Chl i D 2 7 /L S d Chl i D 2 7 /L S d Chl i D 2 7 /L S d Chl i D 2 7 

m

i

d

e

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Sodium Hypochlorite

Sedimentation ReservoirBasin

RapidMix

SulfuricAcid

Sodium Hypochlorite‐AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

CD‐1

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 27 % TOC Removal 31 % TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 

3‐day TTHM 25 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 30 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 34 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 37 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 40 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 42 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 45 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 54 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 58 

3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 

3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 27 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 28 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 36 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 38 

3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 

0.25 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 

Alum Dose 22 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 38 mg/L Alum Dose 38 

Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 27 % TOC Removal 31 % TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 

3‐day TTHM 24 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 29 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 33 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 36 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 39 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 41 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 44 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 52 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 56 

3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 

3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 28 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 36 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 38 

3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 

0.20 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 

Alum Dose 22 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 38 mg/L Alum Dose 38 

Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 27 % TOC Removal 31 % TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 

3‐day TTHM 23 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 28 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 32 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 35 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 37 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 39 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 42 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 51 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 55 

3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 20 

3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 28 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 36 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 38 

3‐day Bromate 2 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 2 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 

TOC 2.0 TOC 2.5 TOC 3.0 TOC 3.5 TOC 4.0 TOC 4.5 TOC 5.0 TOC 5.5 TOC 6.0 

UV254 0.056 UV254 0.075 UV254 0.094 UV254 0.113 UV254 0.132 UV254 0.151 UV254 0.170 UV254 0.190 UV254 0.209 

TOC and UV254

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Sodium Hypochlorite

Sedimentation ReservoirBasin

RapidMix

SulfuricAcid

Sodium Hypochlorite‐AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

CD‐1
CD‐1 Plausible Future Regulations

Input Parameter Value Units NOTES:

HAA9 Plausible scenario is on LRAA basis (use avg temp = 18 C results from 'current' runs to determine exceed)

pH 7.9 pH Treatment targets equal 80% of current MCL values.

Influent Temperature 28 °C = 90th percentile water quality

Minimum Temperature 5 °C = 2 or more treatment targets exceeded*

TOC mg/L = 1 treatment target exceeded *UV254 = 0.0383x ‐ 0.0211 1/cm = no treatment targets exceeded

Bromide mg/LAlkalinity 82 mg/L as CaCO3

Calcium Hardness 55 mg/L as CaCO3Total Hardness 113 mg/L as CaCO3Ammonia 0.11 mg/L as N

Turbidity 23 NTU

0.80 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg

Alum Dose 21 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg

Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 2 mg

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 29 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 28 % TOC Removal 32 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 % 

3‐day TTHM 38 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 44 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 50 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 54 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 58 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 63 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 65 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 80 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 87 ug/

3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 22 ug/

3‐day HAA9 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 27 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/

3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 14 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 15 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 16 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 17 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 18 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 19 ug/

0.75 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg

Alum Dose 21 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg

Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 2 mg

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 29 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 28 % TOC Removal 32 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 % 

3‐day TTHM 37 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 44 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 49 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 54 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 58 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 61 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 65 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 79 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 86 ug/

3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 22 ug/

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 27 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/

3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 14 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 15 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 16 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 17 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 18 ug/

0.70 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg

90th Percentile Water Quality

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Sodium Hypochlorite

Sedimentation ReservoirBasin

RapidMix

SulfuricAcid

Sodium Hypochlorite‐AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

CD‐1

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mgAlum Dose 21 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg

Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 2 mg

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 29 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 28 % TOC Removal 32 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 % 

3‐day TTHM 37 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 43 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 49 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 53 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 57 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 60 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 64 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 78 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 86 ug/

3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 22 ug/

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 27 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/

3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 14 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 15 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 16 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 17 ug/

0.65 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg

Alum Dose 21 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg

Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 2 mg

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 29 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 28 % TOC Removal 32 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 % 

3‐day TTHM 37 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 43 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 48 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 53 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 56 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 60 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 64 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 78 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 85 ug/

3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 22 ug/

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 27 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 ug/

3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 14 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 15 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 16 ug/

0.60 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg

Alum Dose 21 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg

Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 2 mg

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 29 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 28 % TOC Removal 32 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 % 

3‐day TTHM 36 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 42 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 48 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 52 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 56 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 59 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 63 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 77 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 84 ug/

3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 22 ug/

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 28 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 ug/

3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 14 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 15 ug/

0.55 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg

Alum Dose 21 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg

Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 2 mg

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 29 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 28 % TOC Removal 32 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 % 

3‐day TTHM 36 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 42 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 47 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 51 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 55 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 58 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 62 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 76 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 83 ug/

3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 23 ug/

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 28 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 ug/

3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/

0.50 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg

Alum Dose 21 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg

B

r

o

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Sodium Hypochlorite

Sedimentation ReservoirBasin

RapidMix

SulfuricAcid

Sodium Hypochlorite‐AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

CD‐1

Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 2 mg

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 29 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 28 % TOC Removal 32 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 % 

3‐day TTHM 35 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 41 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 47 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 51 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 54 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 57 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 61 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 75 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 81 ug/

3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 23 ug/

3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 ug/

3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 ug/

0.45 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg

Alum Dose 21 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg

Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 2 mg

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 29 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 28 % TOC Removal 32 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 % 

3‐day TTHM 35 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 41 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 46 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 50 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 54 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 56 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 60 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 74 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 80 ug/

3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 23 ug/

3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 27 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 36 ug/

3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/

0.40 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg

Alum Dose 21 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg

Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 2 mg

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 29 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 28 % TOC Removal 32 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 % 

3‐day TTHM 34 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 40 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 45 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 49 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 53 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 56 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 59 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 72 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 79 ug/

3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 24 ug/

3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 27 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 30 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 36 ug/

3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/

0.35 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg

Alum Dose 21 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg

Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 2 mg

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 29 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 28 % TOC Removal 32 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 % 

3‐day TTHM 33 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 39 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 44 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 48 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 52 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 54 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 58 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 71 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 77 ug/

3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 24 ug/

3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 27 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 28 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 37 ug/

3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/

0.30 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg

Alum Dose 21 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg

Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 2 mg

S d Chl i D 2 7 /L S d Chl i D 2 7 /L S d Chl i D 2 7 /L S d Chl i D 2 7 /L S d Chl i D 2 7 /L S d Chl i D 2 7 /L S d Chl i D 2 7 /L S d Chl i D 2 7 /L S d Chl i D 2 7 

m

i

d

e

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Sodium Hypochlorite

Sedimentation ReservoirBasin

RapidMix

SulfuricAcid

Sodium Hypochlorite‐AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

CD‐1

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 29 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 28 % TOC Removal 32 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 % 

3‐day TTHM 33 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 38 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 43 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 47 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 50 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 53 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 57 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 69 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 76 ug/

3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 24 ug/

3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 27 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 28 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 36 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 38 ug/

3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/

0.25 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg

Alum Dose 21 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg

Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 2 mg

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 29 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 28 % TOC Removal 32 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 % 

3‐day TTHM 32 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 37 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 42 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 46 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 49 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 52 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 55 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 67 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 74 ug/

3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 25 ug/

3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 28 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 36 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 38 ug/

3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/

0.20 Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 28 mg

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg

Alum Dose 21 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg/L Alum Dose 37 mg

Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.8 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 2 mg

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 29 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 28 % TOC Removal 32 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 35 % 

3‐day TTHM 31 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 36 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 42 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 44 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 48 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 50 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 53 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 65 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 71 ug/

3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 26 ug/

3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 28 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 36 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 38 ug/

3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/

TOC 2.0 TOC 2.5 TOC 3.0 TOC 3.5 TOC 4.0 TOC 4.5 TOC 5.0 TOC 5.5 TOC 6.0 

UV254 0.056 UV254 0.075 UV254 0.094 UV254 0.113 UV254 0.132 UV254 0.151 UV254 0.170 UV254 0.190 UV254 0.209 

TOC and UV254

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Sodium Hypochlorite

Sedimentation ReservoirBasin

RapidMix

SulfuricAcid

Sodium Hypochlorite‐AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

CD‐1
CAA‐1 Current Regulatory Scenario

NOTES:

Input Parameter Value Units Treatment targets equal 80% of current MCL values.

= 90th percentile water quality

pH 8 pH = 2 or more treatment targets exceeded*

Influent Temperature 15 °C = 1 treatment target exceeded *

Minimum Temperature 5 °C = no treatment targets exceeded

TOC mg/LUV254 =0.0359*TOC‐0.0261 1/cm

Bromide mg/L

Alkalinity 84 mg/L as CaCO3

Calcium Hardness 60 mg/L as CaCO3Total Hardness 118 mg/L as CaCO3Ammonia 0.06 mg/L as N

Turbidity 16 NTU

Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/

Sulfuric Acid Dose 20 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 0 mg/

Alum Dose 24 mg/L Alum Dose 52 mg/L Alum Dose 56 mg/L Alum Dose 60 mg/L Alum Dose 64 mg/

Chlorine Dose 0.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 31 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 38 % 

3‐day TTHM 27 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 63 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 65 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 68 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 73 ug/L 

3‐day HAA5 6 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 

3‐day HAA9 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 28 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 

Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/

Sulfuric Acid Dose 20 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 0 mg/

Alum Dose 24 mg/L Alum Dose 52 mg/L Alum Dose 56 mg/L Alum Dose 60 mg/L Alum Dose 64 mg/

Chlorine Dose 0.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/

Water Quality

1

0.95

DistributionSystem

Multi‐mediaFilters

Floc.Basin

Chlorine

Influent

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

Chlorine (gas)AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

Sulfuric AcidAlum

Chlorine (gas)

Rapid Mix

CAA‐1

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 31 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 38 % 

3‐day TTHM 27 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 62 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 64 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 68 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 72 ug/L 

3‐day HAA5 6 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 

3‐day HAA9 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 28 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 30 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/L 

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 

Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/

Sulfuric Acid Dose 20 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 0 mg/

Alum Dose 24 mg/L Alum Dose 52 mg/L Alum Dose 56 mg/L Alum Dose 60 mg/L Alum Dose 64 mg/

Chlorine Dose 0.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 31 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 38 % 

3‐day TTHM 26 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 60 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 61 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 65 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 69 ug/L 

3‐day HAA5 6 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 

3‐day HAA9 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 30 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/L 

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 

Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/

Sulfuric Acid Dose 20 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 0 mg/

Alum Dose 24 mg/L Alum Dose 52 mg/L Alum Dose 56 mg/L Alum Dose 60 mg/L Alum Dose 64 mg/

Chlorine Dose 0.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 31 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 38 % 

3‐day TTHM 26 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 59 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 61 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 64 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 69 ug/L 

3‐day HAA5 6 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 

3‐day HAA9 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 30 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 30 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 ug/L 

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 

Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/

Sulfuric Acid Dose 20 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 0 mg/

Alum Dose 24 mg/L Alum Dose 52 mg/L Alum Dose 56 mg/L Alum Dose 60 mg/L Alum Dose 64 mg/

Chlorine Dose 0.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2 7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2 7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2 7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2 7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2 7 mg/

B

r

o

0.65

0.50.7

DistributionSystem

Multi‐mediaFilters

Floc.Basin

Chlorine

Influent

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

Chlorine (gas)AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

Sulfuric AcidAlum

Chlorine (gas)

Rapid Mix

CAA‐1

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 31 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 38 % 

3‐day TTHM 25 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 57 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 59 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 62 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 66 ug/L 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 

3‐day HAA9 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 ug/L 

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 

Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/

Sulfuric Acid Dose 20 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 0 mg/

Alum Dose 24 mg/L Alum Dose 52 mg/L Alum Dose 56 mg/L Alum Dose 60 mg/L Alum Dose 64 mg/

Chlorine Dose 0.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 31 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 38 % 

3‐day TTHM 25 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 56 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 58 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 61 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 65 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 36 ug/L 

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 

Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/

Sulfuric Acid Dose 20 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 0 mg/

Alum Dose 24 mg/L Alum Dose 52 mg/L Alum Dose 56 mg/L Alum Dose 60 mg/L Alum Dose 64 mg/

Chlorine Dose 0.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 31 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 38 % 

3‐day TTHM 24 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 55 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 57 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 60 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 64 ug/L 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 ug/L 

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 36 ug/L 

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 

Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/

Sulfuric Acid Dose 20 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 0 mg/

Alum Dose 24 mg/L Alum Dose 52 mg/L Alum Dose 56 mg/L Alum Dose 60 mg/L Alum Dose 64 mg/

0 25

m

i

d

e 0.45

0.4

DistributionSystem

Multi‐mediaFilters

Floc.Basin

Chlorine

Influent

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

Chlorine (gas)AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

Sulfuric AcidAlum

Chlorine (gas)

Rapid Mix

CAA‐1

Alum Dose 24 mg/L Alum Dose 52 mg/L Alum Dose 56 mg/L Alum Dose 60 mg/L Alum Dose 64 mg/Chlorine Dose 0.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 31 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 38 % 

3‐day TTHM 23 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 51 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 53 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 56 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 60 ug/L 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 20 ug/L 

3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 36 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 38 ug/L 

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 

Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/

Sulfuric Acid Dose 20 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 5 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 0 mg/

Alum Dose 24 mg/L Alum Dose 52 mg/L Alum Dose 56 mg/L Alum Dose 60 mg/L Alum Dose 64 mg/

Chlorine Dose 0.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 31 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 33 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 38 % 

3‐day TTHM 22 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 50 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 51 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 54 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 58 ug/L 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 20 ug/L 

3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 36 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 38 ug/L 

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 

TOC 2 TOC 6.5 TOC 7 TOC 7.5 TOC 8 

UV254 0.063 UV254 0.196 UV254 0.211 UV254 0.225 UV254 0.240 

TOC and UV254

0.25

0.2

DistributionSystem

Multi‐mediaFilters

Floc.Basin

Chlorine

Influent

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

Chlorine (gas)AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

Sulfuric AcidAlum

Chlorine (gas)

Rapid Mix

CAA‐1
CAA‐1 Plausible Future Regulatory Scenario

NOTES:

Input Parameter Value Units HAA9 Plausible scenario is on LRAA 

Treatment targets equal 80% of cu

pH 8 pH = 90t

Influent Temperature 26 °C = 2 o

Minimum Temperature 5 °C = 1 tr

TOC mg/L = no 

UV254 =0.0359*TOC‐0.0261 1/cmBromide mg/LAlkalinity 84 mg/L as CaCO3

Calcium Hardness 60 mg/L as CaCO3Total Hardness 118 mg/L as CaCO3Ammonia 0.06 mg/L as N

Turbidity 16 NTUChlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 20 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 15 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Alum Dose 23 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 44 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 0.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 36 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 62 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 66 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 73 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 20 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 15 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Alum Dose 23 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 44 mg/L Alum Dose 

Water Quality

1

0 85

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Chlorine

Influent

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

Chlorine (gas)AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

Sulfuric Acid

Alum

Chlorine (gas)

Rapid Mix

CAA‐1

Alum Dose 23 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 44 mg/L Alum Dose Chlorine Dose 0.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 35 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 61 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 65 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 71 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 20 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 15 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Alum Dose 23 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 44 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 0.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 35 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 60 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 64 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 71 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 20 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 15 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Alum Dose 23 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 44 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 0.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 32 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 56 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 59 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 65 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

B

r

o

0.45

0.85

0.8

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Chlorine

Influent

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

Chlorine (gas)AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

Sulfuric Acid

Alum

Chlorine (gas)

Rapid Mix

CAA‐1

3 day HAA9 15 ug/L 3 day HAA9 ug/L 3 day HAA9 26 ug/L 3 day HAA9 ug/L 3 day HAA9 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 20 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 15 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Alum Dose 23 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 44 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 0.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 32 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 55 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 58 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 64 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 27 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 20 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 15 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Alum Dose 23 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 44 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 0.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 30 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 52 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 56 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 61 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 28 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 20 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 15 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Alum Dose 23 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 44 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 0.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 

0.3

0.25

m

i

d

e

0.4

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Chlorine

Influent

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

Chlorine (gas)AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

Sulfuric Acid

Alum

Chlorine (gas)

Rapid Mix

CAA‐1

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 29 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 51 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 54 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 60 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 28 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 20 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 10 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 15 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Alum Dose 23 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 44 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 0.7 mg/L Chlorine Dose 0.9 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 

Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 27 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 28 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 30 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 32 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 

TOC Removal 25 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 29 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 49 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 52 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 58 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 0 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

TOC 2 TOC 4.5 TOC 5 TOC 5.5 TOC 

UV254 0.063 UV254 0.137 UV254 0.151 UV254 0.166 UV254 0

0.2

TOC and UV254

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Chlorine

Influent

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

Chlorine (gas)AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

Sulfuric Acid

Alum

Chlorine (gas)

Rapid Mix

CAA‐1
CAA‐2 Current Regulatory Scenario

Input Parameter Value Units NOTES:

Treatment targets equal 80% of current MCL values.

pH 8 pH = 90th percentile water quality

Influent Temperature 15 °C = 2 or more treatment targets exceeded*

Minimum Temperature 5 °C = 1 treatment target exceeded *

TOC mg/L = no treatment targets exceededUV254 =0.0359*TOC‐0.0261 1/cm

Bromide mg/LAlkalinity 84 mg/L as CaCO3

Calcium Hardness 60 mg/L as CaCO3Total Hardness 118 mg/L as CaCO3Ammonia 0.06 mg/L as N

Turbidity 16 NTUSulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 29 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlori

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 40 mg/L Sodium Hydroxid

TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 46 % TOC Removal 48 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 27 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 31 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 34 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 38 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 40 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 42 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 44 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 58 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 61 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 65 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 6 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 27 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 28 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 30 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 15 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 16 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 17 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 18 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 19 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlori

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 40 mg/L Sodium Hydroxid

TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 46 % TOC Removal 48 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 27 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 30 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 33 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 37 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 39 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 41 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 43 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 57 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 59 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 63 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3 day HAA5 7 ug/L 3 day HAA5 7 ug/L 3 day HAA5 8 ug/L 3 day HAA5 9 ug/L 3 day HAA5 10 ug/L 3 day HAA5 10 ug/L 3 day HAA5 11 ug/L 3 day HAA5 14 ug/L 3 day HAA5 15 ug/L 3 day HAA5 16 ug/L 3 day HAA5 

Water Quality

1

0.85

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Sedimentation ReservoirBasin

RapidMix

Chlorine (gas)AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

CAA‐2 Sulfuric Acid Chlorine (gas)

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 3‐day HAA9 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 28 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 15 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 15 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 16 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlori

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 40 mg/L Sodium Hydroxid

TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 46 % TOC Removal 48 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 26 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 30 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 33 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 37 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 39 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 41 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 43 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 56 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 59 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 63 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 28 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 14 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 14 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 16 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlori

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 40 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 40 mg/L Sodium Hydroxid

TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 46 % TOC Removal 48 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 26 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 29 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 33 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 36 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 38 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 40 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 42 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 56 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 58 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 62 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 28 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 14 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 15 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlori

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 40 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 40 mg/L Sodium Hydroxid

TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 46 % TOC Removal 48 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 26 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 29 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 32 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 35 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 38 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 40 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 42 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 55 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 58 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 61 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 30 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 14 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlori

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 40 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 40 mg/L Sodium Hydroxid

TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 46 % TOC Removal 48 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 26 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 29 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 32 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 35 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 38 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 40 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 41 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 54 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 57 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 61 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 30 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlori

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

B

r

0.8

0.75

0.7

0.65

0.6

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Sedimentation ReservoirBasin

RapidMix

Chlorine (gas)AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

CAA‐2 Sulfuric Acid Chlorine (gas)

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 40 mg/L Sodium Hydroxid

TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 46 % TOC Removal 48 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 25 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 29 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 32 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 35 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 37 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 39 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 41 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 54 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 56 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 60 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 30 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlori

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 40 mg/L Sodium Hydroxid

TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 46 % TOC Removal 48 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 25 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 28 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 31 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 35 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 37 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 39 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 40 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 53 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 56 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 59 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 30 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 29 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlori

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 40 mg/L Sodium Hydroxid

TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 46 % TOC Removal 48 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 25 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 28 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 31 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 34 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 36 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 38 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 40 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 52 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 55 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 58 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 30 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlori

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 40 mg/L Sodium Hydroxid

TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 46 % TOC Removal 48 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 24 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 27 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 30 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 34 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 36 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 38 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 39 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 52 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 54 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 58 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlori

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 40 mg/L Sodium Hydroxid

TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 46 % TOC Removal 48 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 24 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 27 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 30 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 33 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 35 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 37 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 39 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 51 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 53 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 57 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

r

o

m

i

d

e

0.55

0.5

0.45

0.4

0 35

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Sedimentation ReservoirBasin

RapidMix

Chlorine (gas)AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

CAA‐2 Sulfuric Acid Chlorine (gas)

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlori

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 40 mg/L Sodium Hydroxid

TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 46 % TOC Removal 48 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 23 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 26 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 29 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 32 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 34 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 36 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 38 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 50 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 52 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 55 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 36 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlori

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 40 mg/L Sodium Hydroxid

TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 46 % TOC Removal 48 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 23 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 26 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 29 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 32 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 34 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 35 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 37 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 49 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 51 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 54 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 36 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.6 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlori

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 40 mg/L Sodium Hydroxid

TOC Removal 35 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 43 % TOC Removal 46 % TOC Removal 48 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 22 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 24 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 27 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 30 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 32 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 33 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 35 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 46 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 48 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 51 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 37 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 2 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 2 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 2 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

TOC 2 TOC 2.5 TOC 3 TOC 3.5 TOC 4 TOC 4.5 TOC 5 TOC 5.5 TOC 6 TOC 6.5 TOC 

UV254 0.063 UV254 0.077 UV254 0.092 UV254 0.107 UV254 0.122 UV254 0.137 UV254 0.151 UV254 0.166 UV254 0.181 UV254 0.196 UV254 

0.30.2

TOC and UV254

0.35

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Sedimentation ReservoirBasin

RapidMix

Chlorine (gas)AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

CAA‐2 Sulfuric Acid Chlorine (gas)
CAA‐2 Plausible Future Regulatory Scenario

Input Parameter Value Units NOTES:

HAA9 Plausible scenario is on LRAA basis (use avg temp = 16 C results from 'current' runs to determine exceed)

pH 8 pH Treatment targets equal 80% of current MCL values.

Influent Temperature 26 °C = 90th percentile water quality

Minimum Temperature 5 °C = 2 or more treatment targets exceeded*

TOC mg/L = 1 treatment target exceeded *

UV254 =0.0359*TOC‐0.0261 1/cm = no treatment targets exceeded

Bromide mg/LAlkalinity 84 mg/L as CaCO3

Calcium Hardness 60 mg/L as CaCO3Total Hardness 118 mg/L as CaCO3Ammonia 0.06 mg/L as N

Turbidity 16 NTUSulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 29 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 

TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 44 % TOC Removal 47 % TOC Removal 49 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 38 3‐day TTHM 36 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 40 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 45 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 49 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 52 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 55 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 57 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 76 

3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 

3‐day HAA9 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 27 

3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 14 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 15 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 17 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 18 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 21 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 22 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 24 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 

TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 44 % TOC Removal 47 % TOC Removal 49 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 38 

3‐day TTHM 34 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 38 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 42 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 47 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 50 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 53 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 55 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 73 

3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 

3‐day HAA9 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 28 

3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 14 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 16 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 16 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 18 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 

Water Quality

1

0.75

0.7

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Sedimentation ReservoirBasin

RapidMix

Chlorine (gas)AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

CAA‐2 SulfuricAcid Chlorine (gas)

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 

TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 44 % TOC Removal 47 % TOC Removal 49 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 38 

3‐day TTHM 34 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 38 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 42 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 47 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 50 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 52 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 54 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 72 

3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 

3‐day HAA9 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 

3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 15 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 15 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 17 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 

TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 44 % TOC Removal 47 % TOC Removal 49 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 38 

3‐day TTHM 33 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 37 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 41 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 46 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 49 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 51 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 53 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 71 

3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 

3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 14 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 

TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 44 % TOC Removal 47 % TOC Removal 49 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 38 

3‐day TTHM 33 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 37 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 41 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 45 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 48 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 50 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 52 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 70 

3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 30 

3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 

TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 44 % TOC Removal 47 % TOC Removal 49 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 38 

3‐day TTHM 32 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 36 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 40 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 44 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 47 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 50 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 52 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 69 

3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 30 

3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 

B

r

o

0.6

0.55

0.5

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Sedimentation ReservoirBasin

RapidMix

Chlorine (gas)AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

CAA‐2 SulfuricAcid Chlorine (gas)

y g/ y g/ y g/ y g/ y g/ y g/ y g/ y 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 

TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 44 % TOC Removal 47 % TOC Removal 49 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 38 

3‐day TTHM 32 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 36 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 39 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 44 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 47 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 49 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 51 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 68 

3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 

3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 

3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 

TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 44 % TOC Removal 47 % TOC Removal 49 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 38 

3‐day TTHM 31 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 35 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 39 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 43 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 46 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 48 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 50 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 67 

3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 20 

3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 

3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 

TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 44 % TOC Removal 47 % TOC Removal 49 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 38 

3‐day TTHM 31 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 34 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 38 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 42 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 45 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 47 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 49 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 65 

3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 20 

3‐day HAA9 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 

3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 

m

i

d

e

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.45

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Sedimentation ReservoirBasin

RapidMix

Chlorine (gas)AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

CAA‐2 SulfuricAcid Chlorine (gas)

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 

TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 44 % TOC Removal 47 % TOC Removal 49 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 38 

3‐day TTHM 30 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 34 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 37 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 41 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 44 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 46 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 48 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 64 

3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 20 

3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 

3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 

TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 44 % TOC Removal 47 % TOC Removal 49 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 38 

3‐day TTHM 29 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 33 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 36 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 40 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 43 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 45 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 47 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 62 

3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 21 

3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 

3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 30 

Ozone Dose 1 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 1.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 2 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 

Alum Dose 20 mg/L Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 40 mg/L Alum Dose 45 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 

Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 41 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 43 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 45 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 47 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 

TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 42 % TOC Removal 44 % TOC Removal 47 % TOC Removal 49 % TOC Removal 50 % TOC Removal 38 3‐day TTHM 28 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 32 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 35 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 39 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 41 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 43 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 45 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 60 

3‐day HAA5 10 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 21 

3‐day HAA9 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 

3‐day Bromate 2 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 

TOC 2 TOC 2.5 TOC 3 TOC 3.5 TOC 4 TOC 4.5 TOC 5 TOC 5

UV254 0.063 UV254 0.077 UV254 0.092 UV254 0.107 UV254 0.122 UV254 0.137 UV254 0.151 UV254 0.16

TOC and UV254

0.25

0.2

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Sedimentation ReservoirBasin

RapidMix

Chlorine (gas)AmmoniaSodium Hydroxide

CAA‐2 SulfuricAcid Chlorine (gas)
CAAW‐1 Current Regulatory Scenario

NOTES:

Input Parameter Value Units Treatment targets equal 80% of current MCL values.

= 90th percentile water quality

pH 8.8 pH = 2 or more treatment targets exceeded*

Influent Temperature 16 °C = 1 treatment target exceeded *Minimum Temperature 5 °C = no treatment targets exceeded

TOC mg/LUV254 =0.035*TOC‐0.0573 1/cmBromide mg/LAlkalinity 106 mg/L as CaCO3

Calcium Hardness 94 mg/L as CaCO3Total Hardness 158 mg/L as CaCO3Ammonia 0.041 mg/L as N

Turbidity 3 NTUSulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 44 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide 

TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 46 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 21 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 40 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 52 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 57 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 59 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 62 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 6 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 28 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 30 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Water Quality

0.6

DistributionSystem

Multi‐mediaFilters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Sedimentation ReservoirBasin

RapidMix

Sodium Hypochlorite

Ammonia

Sodium Hypochlorite Sodium Hydroxide

Sulfuric Acid

CAAW‐1

Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 44 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide 

TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 46 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 21 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 39 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 51 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 55 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 58 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 61 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 6 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 11 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 44 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide 

TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 46 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 21 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 39 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 50 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 54 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 57 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 60 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 6 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 44 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide 

TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 46 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 20 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 38 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 49 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 53 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 56 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 59 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 6 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 30 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

B

r

o

0.5

0.45

0.4

DistributionSystem

Multi‐mediaFilters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Sedimentation ReservoirBasin

RapidMix

Sodium Hypochlorite

Ammonia

Sodium Hypochlorite Sodium Hydroxide

Sulfuric Acid

CAAW‐1

y g/ y g/ y g/ y g/ y g/ y g/ y 

3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 44 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide 

TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 46 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 20 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 37 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 48 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 52 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 55 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 58 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 6 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 30 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 36 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 44 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide 

TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 46 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 19 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 37 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 47 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 51 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 54 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 56 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 6 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 12 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 37 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 44 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide 

TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 46 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 18 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 33 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 43 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 46 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 49 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 51 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3 d HAA5 7 /L 3 d HAA5 13 /L 3 d HAA5 17 /L 3 d HAA5 18 /L 3 d HAA5 19 /L 3 d HAA5 20 /L 3 d HAA5 

0.35

0.3

0.15

m

i

d

e

DistributionSystem

Multi‐mediaFilters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Sedimentation ReservoirBasin

RapidMix

Sodium Hypochlorite

Ammonia

Sodium Hypochlorite Sodium Hydroxide

Sulfuric Acid

CAAW‐1

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 36 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 50 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.2 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.6 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 44 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide 

TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 46 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 37 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 15 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 28 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 37 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 40 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 42 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 44 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 27 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 30 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 1 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 1 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 1 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 1 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 1 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 1 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

TOC 2.5 TOC 5 TOC 5.5 TOC 6 TOC 6.5 TOC 7 TOC 

UV254 0.030 UV254 0.118 UV254 0.135 UV254 0.153 UV254 0.170 UV254 0.188 UV254 

TOC and UV254

0.05

DistributionSystem

Multi‐mediaFilters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Sedimentation ReservoirBasin

RapidMix

Sodium Hypochlorite

Ammonia

Sodium Hypochlorite Sodium Hydroxide

Sulfuric Acid

CAAW‐1
CAAW‐1 Plausible Future Regulatory Scenario

NOTES:

Input Parameter Value Units HAA9 Plausible scenario is on LRAA basis (use avg temp = 16 C results from 'current' runs to determine exceed)

Treatment targets equal 80% of current MCL values.

pH 8.8 pH = 90th percentile water quality

Influent Temperature 22 °C = 2 or more treatment targets exceeded*

Minimum Temperature 5 °C = 1 treatment target exceeded *

TOC mg/L = no treatment targets exceeded

UV254 =0.035*TOC‐0.0573 1/cm

Bromide mg/LAlkalinity 106 mg/L as CaCO3

Calcium Hardness 94 mg/L as CaCO3Total Hardness 158 mg/L as CaCO3Ammonia 0.041 mg/L as N

Turbidity 3 NTUSulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 37.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 39 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 

TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 25 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 61 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 65 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 69 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 72 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 76 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 28 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 30 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 32 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 14 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 14 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 15 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 15 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 16 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 37.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 39 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 

TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 25 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 60 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 65 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 68 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 71 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 75 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 12 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 14 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 14 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 15 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Water Quality

0.6

0.55

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

RapidMix

Sodium HypochloriteAmmonia

Sodium Hypochlorite Sodium Hydroxide

Sulfuric Acid

CAAW‐1

Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 37.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 39 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 

TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 24 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 59 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 64 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 67 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 70 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 74 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 16 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 37 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 12 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 13 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 14 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 37.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 39 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 

TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 24 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 57 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 62 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 65 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 68 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 72 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 30 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 38 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 11 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 37.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 39 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 

TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 23 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 56 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 61 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 64 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 67 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 70 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 14 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 30 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 33 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 36 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 39 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 9 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 10 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 37.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 

B

r

o

0.50.4

0.35

0.3

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

RapidMix

Sodium HypochloriteAmmonia

Sodium Hypochlorite Sodium Hydroxide

Sulfuric Acid

CAAW‐1

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 39 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 

TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 23 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 55 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 59 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 62 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 65 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 69 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 17 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 37 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 39 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 8 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 37.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 39 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 

TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 22 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 53 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 58 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 61 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 63 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 67 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 7 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 39 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 7 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 37.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 39 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 

TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 21 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 52 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 56 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 59 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 61 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 65 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 18 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 39 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 5 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 6 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 37.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 39 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 

TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 20 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 49 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 53 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 56 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 59 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 62 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

m

i

d

e 0.25

0.2

0.15

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

RapidMix

Sodium HypochloriteAmmonia

Sodium Hypochlorite Sodium Hydroxide

Sulfuric Acid

CAAW‐1

3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 19 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 3‐day HAA9 15 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 35 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 36 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 39 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 4 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 37.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 39 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 

TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 19 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 47 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 50 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 53 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 56 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 59 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 8 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 20 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 22 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 23 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 2 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 3 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 40 mg/L Sulfuric Acid Dose 

Ozone Dose 1.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 2.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.3 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.5 mg/L Ozone Dose 3.8 mg/L Ozone Dose 

Alum Dose 25 mg/L Alum Dose 27.5 mg/L Alum Dose 30 mg/L Alum Dose 32.5 mg/L Alum Dose 35 mg/L Alum Dose 37.5 mg/L Alum Dose 

Chlorine Dose 1 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.3 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.4 mg/L Chlorine Dose 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Dose 

Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 2.7 mg/L Secondary Chlorine Dose 

Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 0.6 mg/L Ammmonia Dose 

Sodium Hydroxide Dose 34 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 35 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 36 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 37 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 38 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 39 mg/L Sodium Hydroxide Dose 

TOC Removal 34 % TOC Removal 36 % TOC Removal 38 % TOC Removal 39 % TOC Removal 40 % TOC Removal 41 % TOC Removal 

3‐day TTHM 17 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 42 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 46 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 48 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 50 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 53 ug/L 3‐day TTHM 

3‐day HAA5 9 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 21 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 24 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 25 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 26 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 28 ug/L 3‐day HAA5 

3‐day HAA9 13 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 27 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 29 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 30 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 31 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 34 ug/L 3‐day HAA9 

3‐day Bromate 1 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 1 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 1 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 1 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 1 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 2 ug/L 3‐day Bromate 

TOC 2.5 TOC 5.5 TOC 6 TOC 6.5 TOC 7 TOC 7.5 TOC 

UV254 0.030 UV254 0.135 UV254 0.153 UV254 0.170 UV254 0.188 UV254 0.205 UV254 0

TOC and UV254

0.1

0.05

DistributionSystem

Multi‐media

Filters

Floc.Basin

Alum

Influent

O3

OzoneContactor

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

RapidMix

Sodium HypochloriteAmmonia

Sodium Hypochlorite Sodium Hydroxide

Sulfuric Acid

CAAW‐1
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 
California Urban Water Agencies 

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 

Technical Memorandum 2 

3054008

 G-1

Appendix G 

Cost Estimates for Future VWTP Upgrades 
4/25/2011

Unit Cost Summary

Capital Costs ($2010)/mgd

20 40 100 200 400

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping $             15,313 $     13,784 $     12,867 $         12,561 $       12,408 4

Rapid Mix $               6,054 $        4,565 $        3,651 $            3,569 $         3,549 1

Flocculation $             59,127 $      38,676 $      25,040 $          19,361 $       15,302 1

Sedimentation $           163,298 $    121,663 $    104,296 $          95,615 $       89,103 1

Filtration (Total) $           153,180 $    122,868 $      95,332 $          79,126 $       67,486 1

GAC Contactors $           766,630 $    632,184 $    506,554 $        430,883 $     362,101 2

UV Disinfection $           432,051 $    415,697 $    394,443 $        379,090 $     364,334 1

Chlorine Contact Basin $             22,693 $      16,981 $      12,562 $             9,850 $         8,227 1

Reservoir $           102,142 $      96,726 $      93,477 $          92,393 $       91,852 4

Finished Water Pumping $             26,109 $      22,565 $      20,439 $          19,731 $       19,376 4

Chemical Systems

Alum $               8,942 $         6,317 $         4,764 $             3,992 $         3,078 1

Chlorine (hypochlorination) $               8,366 $         6,034 $         3,923 $             2,956 $         2,195 1

Chlorine (gas chlorination) $             15,656 $      12,105 $         7,684 $             6,475 $         5,411 1

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) $               8,140 $         7,411 $         5,539 $             3,243 $         1,930 2

Ozone (1‐log rmvl, no pH adjst) $           335,381 $    290,265 $    237,557 $        195,459 $     174,723 2

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) $           361,210 $    315,000 $    261,491 $        219,125 $     198,256 2

Ozone (4.5/2.43 mg/L, with pH adjst) $           302,190 $    266,809 $    225,610 $        192,812 $     165,227 2

Sulfuric Acid $               2,234 $         1,503 $            973 $                757 $            617 1

Caustic $               7,637 $         6,553 $         4,565 $             3,473 $         2,642 1

Solids Handling Process $             90,355 $      54,448 $      43,204 $          31,024 $       24,852 1

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings $             41,201 $      34,973 $      21,463 $          13,797 $         8,870 1

$

Item Cost Source Design Flow (mgd)

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation‐ Development of Unit Costs

Annual O&M Costs ($2010)/ kgal

20 40 100 200 400

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping $               0.041         0.040$         0.039$ $            0.038          0.038$ 4

Rapid Mix $               0.012         0.010$         0.008$ $            0.008          0.008$ 1

Flocculation $               0.008         0.006$         0.003$ $            0.003          0.002$ 1

Sedimentation $               0.035         0.024$         0.018$ $            0.014          0.011$ 1

Filtration (Total) $               0.032         0.022$         0.015$ $            0.011          0.013$ 1

GAC Contactors $               0.431         0.382$         0.338$ $            0.309          0.293$ 2

UV Disinfection $               0.196         0.194$         0.191$ $            0.189          0.187$ 1

Chlorine Contact Basin $                        ‐ $                 ‐ $                 ‐ $                     ‐ $                  ‐ 1

Reservoir $                        ‐ $                 ‐ $                 ‐ $                     ‐ $                  ‐ 1

Finished Water Pumping $               0.050         0.040$         0.039$ $            0.038          0.038$ 4

Chemical Systems

Alum $               0.030         0.029$         0.029$ $            0.029          0.029$ 1

Chlorine (hypochlorination) $               0.046         0.044$         0.044$ $            0.044          0.043$ 1

Chlorine (gas chlorination) $               0.020         0.017$         0.016$ $            0.014          0.014$ 1

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) $               0.006         0.004$         0.003$ $            0.002          0.002$ 2

Ozone (1‐log rmvl, no pH adjst) $               0.082         0.072$         0.066$ $            0.064          0.061$ 2

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) $               0.227         0.218$         0.211$ $            0.209          0.206$ 2

Ozone (4.5/2.43 mg/L, with pH adjst) $               0.205         0.196$         0.189$ $            0.188          0.185$ 2

Sulfuric Acid $               0.014         0.013$         0.013$ $            0.012          0.012$ 1

Caustic $               0.028         0.027$         0.027$ $            0.026          0.026$ 1

Solids Handling Process $               0.054         0.036$         0.029$ $            0.022          0.017$ 1

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings $               0.077         0.046$         0.027$ $            0.015          0.009$ 1

Item Cost Source Design Flow (mgd)

G - 2
LAST UPDATED: 4/25/2011

Standard Design Criteria Sources

1 AWWA 2005. Water Treatment Plant Design, 4th Edition. McGraw‐Hill Handbooks.

2 Jackson County Water Supply Project Design Confirmation Report.  2004.  Malcolm Pirnie 4644006.

3 AWWA 2001.  Self‐Assessment for Treatment Plant Optimization Guidance Manual.

4 Kawamura 2000. Integrated Design and Operation of Water Treatment Facilities, 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons.

Cost Estimate Sources

1 W/WW Cost Model

2 December 2005 LT2ESWTR T&C Document

3 October 2006 Final Ground Water Rule T&C Document

4 McGivney and Kawamura 2008. Cost Estimating Manual for Water Treatment Facilities. John Wiley & Sons.

ENR Cost Indices

CCI

2000 Annual Average 6221

2003 Annual Average 6694

Jul‐08 8293

Dec‐10 8952

Building Cost

January 2000 3503

July 2008 4723

Material Cost

January 2000 2197

July 2008 2815

Skilled Labor $/ hr

January 2000 5641

July 2008 7806 26 Inland Empire Utilities Agency, average of maintenance worker hourly rates.

38 Increased to represent total cost (includes health and welfare, vacation and holiday, pension, and other payments)

Housing Cost $/ sq ft

January 2000 150

July 2008

Power $/kWh

California 0.15 Malcolm Pirnie Client in California (San Diego Water Authority)

Chemical Costs

Chlorine Gas

1‐ton Cylinder 0.31 $/lb Greenway Water Treatment Plant

Sodium Hypochlorite 1.2 $/gal

Liquid Alum 315 $/ton

Sulfuric Acid 270 $/ton SG = 1.84

Caustic Soda 580 $/ton 50% Solution Basic Chemical Solutions Quote (9/2/08)

SG= 1.53

G - 3
UW‐1 Design Capacity (mgd) 100

UW‐1 Average Flow (mgd) 50

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping mgd $            12,867 100 4 $            1,286,671

Rapid Mix mgd $              3,651 100 1 $               365,059

Flocculation mgd $            25,040 100 1 $            2,504,018

Sedimentation mgd $          104,296 100 1 $         10,429,597

Filtration mgd $            95,332 100 1 $            9,533,195

Reservoir mgd $            93,477 100 1 $            9,347,655

Finished Water Pumping mgd $            20,439 100 1 $            2,043,927

Treatment Unit Subtotal $         35,510,122

Alum mgd $              4,764 100 1 $               476,385

Chlorine (gas chlorination) mgd $              7,684 100 1 $               768,434

Sulfuric Acid mgd $                 973 100 1 $                 97,258

Caustic mgd $              4,565 100 1 $               456,487

Chemical Systems Subtotal $            1,798,564

Solids Handling Process mgd $            43,204 100 1 $            4,320,414

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd $            21,463 100 1 $            2,146,267

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems $    43,775,366

Site Work 5% 2,188,769 $       

Electrical 12% 5,253,044 $       

Instrumentation and Controls 12% 5,253,044 $       

Subtotal $    56,470,223

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 8,470,534 $       

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% 3,388,214 $       

Sales Tax 3.64% 2,055,517 $       

Subtotal $ 70 384 488

Baseline VWTP (Current Regulations)

4/25/2011

Chemical Systems

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Capital and O&M Costs for UW-1

Subtotal $    70,384,488

Engineering Fee 25% $    17,596,123

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% $          879,807

Subtotal $    88,860,418

Contingency 50% 44,430,210 $    

TOTAL CAPITAL COST $  133,290,628

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon $              0.039 18,250,000 1 705,661 $               

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon $              0.008 18,250,000 1 $               148,441

Flocculation 1000 gallon $              0.003 18,250,000 1 $                 60,957

Sedimentation 1000 gallon $              0.018 18,250,000 1 323,396 $               

Filtration 1000 gallon $              0.015 18,250,000 1 271,597 $               

Reservoir 1000 gallon $                       ‐ 18,250,000 1 $                        ‐

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon $              0.039 18,250,000 1 $               705,661

Treatment Unit Subtotal $            2,215,714

Chemical Systems

Alum 1000 gallon $              0.029 18,250,000 1 $               524,891

Chlorine (gas chlorination) 1000 gallon $              0.016 18,250,000 1 $               291,692

Sulfuric Acid 1000 gallon $              0.013 18,250,000 1 $               229,067

Caustic 1000gallon $              0.027 18,250,000 1 $               484,402

Chemical Systems Subtotal $            1,530,052

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon $              0.029 18,250,000 1 $               532,733

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon $              0.027 18,250,000 1 $               488,611

TOTAL O&M COST $            4,767,110

G - 4
UW‐1 Design Capacity (mgd) 100

UW‐1 Average Flow (mgd) 50

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 4/25/2011

Capital and O&M Costs for UW-1

Convert to chloramines as secondary disfectant.

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping mgd $             12,867 100 1 $             1,286,671

Rapid Mix mgd $               3,651 100 1 $                365,059

Flocculation mgd $             25,040 100 1 $             2,504,018

Sedimentation mgd $           104,296 100 1 $          10,429,597

Filtration mgd $             95,332 100 1 $             9,533,195

Reservoir mgd $             93,477 100 1 $             9,347,655

Finished Water Pumping mgd $             20,439 100 1 $             2,043,927

Treatment Unit Subtotal $          35,510,122

Alum mgd $               4,764 100 1 $                476,385

Chlorine (gas chlorination) mgd $               7,684 100 1 $                768,434

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) mgd 5,539 $                100 2 553,868 $                

Sulfuric Acid mgd 973 $                    100 1 97,258 $                  

Caustic mgd 4,565 $                100 1 456,487 $                

Chemical Systems Subtotal $             2,352,432

Solids Handling Process mgd $             43,204 100 1 $             4,320,414

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd $             21,463 100 1 $             2,146,267

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems $     44,329,235

Site Work 5% $       2,216,462

Electrical 12% $       5,319,509

Instrumentation and Controls 12% $       5,319,509

Subtotal $     57,184,715

Contractor OH & Profit 15% $       8,577,708

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% $       3,431,083

Sales Tax 3.64% $      2,081,524

UPGRADED VWTP (Plausible Regulatory Scenario)‐ Option 1

Chemical Systems

$ , ,

Subtotal $     71,275,030

Engineering Fee 25% $     17,818,758

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% $           890,938

Subtotal $     89,984,726

Contingency 50% $     44,992,363

TOTAL CAPITAL COST $   134,977,089

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon $               0.039 18,250,000 1 705,661 $                

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon $               0.008 18,250,000 1 $                148,441

Flocculation 1000 gallon $               0.003 18,250,000 1 $                  60,957

Sedimentation 1000 gallon $               0.018 18,250,000 1 $                323,396

Filtration 1000 gallon $               0.015 18,250,000 1 $                271,597

Reservoir 1000 gallon $                        ‐ 18,250,000 1 $                         ‐

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon $               0.039 18,250,000 1 $                705,661

Treatment Unit Subtotal $             2,215,714

Chemical Systems

Alum 1000 gallon $               0.029 18,250,000 1 $                524,891

Chlorine (gas chlorination) 1000 gallon $               0.016 18,250,000 1 $                291,692

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) 1000 gallon 0.003 $                18,250,000 1 51,727 $                  

Sulfuric Acid 1000 gallon $               0.013 18,250,000 1 229,067 $                

Caustic 1000gallon $               0.027 18,250,000 1 484,402 $                

Chemical Systems Subtotal $             1,581,779

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon $               0.029 18,250,000 1 532,733 $                

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon $               0.027 18,250,000 1 488,611 $                

TOTAL O&M COST $             4,818,837

G - 5
UW‐1 Design Capacity (mgd) 100

UW‐1 Average Flow (mgd) 50

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 4/25/2011

Capital and O&M Costs for UW-1

In the case that chloramines are not accepted in this source water area, install GAC contactors.

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping mgd $              12,867 100 1 1,286,671 $      

Rapid Mix mgd $                3,651 100 1 365,059 $         

Flocculation mgd $              25,040 100 1 2,504,018 $      

Sedimentation mgd $           104,296 100 1 10,429,597 $   

Filtration mgd $              95,332 100 1 9,533,195 $      

GAC Contactors mgd $           506,554 100 2 50,655,425 $   

Reservoir mgd $              93,477 100 1 9,347,655 $      

Finished Water Pumping mgd $              20,439 100 1 2,043,927 $      

Treatment Unit Subtotal $   86,165,546

Alum mgd $                4,764 100 1 476,385 $         

Chlorine (gas chlorination) mgd $                7,684 100 1 768,434 $         

Sulfuric Acid mgd $                    973 100 1 $           97,258

Caustic mgd $                4,565 100 1 456,487 $         

Chemical Systems Subtotal $      1,798,564

Solids Handling Process mgd $              43,204 100 1 4,320,414 $      

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd $              21,463 100 1 2,146,267 $      

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems $      94,430,791

Site Work 5% $        4,721,540

Electrical 12% $      11,331,695

Instrumentation and Controls 12% $      11,331,695

Subtotal $   121,815,721

Contractor OH & Profit 15% $      18,272,359

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% $        7,308,944

Sales Tax 3.64% $       4,434,093

UPGRADED VWTP (Plausible Regulatory Scenario)‐ Option 2

Chemical Systems

$ , ,

Subtotal $   151,831,117

Engineering Fee 25% $      37,957,780

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% $        1,897,889

Subtotal $   191,686,786

Contingency 50% $      95,843,394

TOTAL CAPITAL COST $   287,530,180

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon $                0.039 18,250,000 1 705,661 $         

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon $                0.008 18,250,000 1 148,441 $         

Flocculation 1000 gallon $                0.003 18,250,000 1 $           60,957

Sedimentation 1000 gallon $                0.018 18,250,000 1 323,396 $         

Filtration 1000 gallon $                0.015 18,250,000 1 271,597 $         

GAC Contactors 1000 gallon $                0.338 18,250,000 1 6,167,433 $      

Reservoir 1000 gallon $                         ‐ 18,250,000 1 $                  ‐

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon $                0.039 18,250,000 1 705,661 $         

Treatment Unit Subtotal $      8,383,147

Chemical Systems

Alum 1000 gallon $                0.029 18,250,000 1 524,891 $         

Chlorine (gas chlorination) 1000 gallon $                0.016 18,250,000 1 291,692 $         

Sulfuric Acid 1000 gallon $                0.013 18,250,000 1 229,067 $         

Caustic 1000gallon $                0.027 18,250,000 1 484,402 $         

Chemical Systems Subtotal $      1,530,052

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon $                0.029 18,250,000 1 532,733 $         

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon $                0.027 18,250,000 1 488,611 $         

TOTAL O&M COST $   10,934,543

G - 6
UW‐1 Design Capacity (mgd) 100

UW‐1 Average Flow (mgd) 50

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 4/25/2011

Capital and O&M Costs for UW-1

Add GAC Contactors and UV Disinfection.  Continue to use free chlorine as secondary disinfectant.

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping mgd $             12,867 100 1 $            1,286,671

Rapid Mix mgd $               3,651 100 1 $                365,059

Flocculation mgd $             25,040 100 1 $            2,504,018

Sedimentation mgd $          104,296 100 1 $          10,429,597

Filtration mgd $             95,332 100 1 $            9,533,195

GAC Contactors mgd $          506,554 100 2 $          50,655,425

UV Disinfection mgd $          394,443 100 3 $          39,444,292

Reservoir mgd $             93,477 100 1 $            9,347,655

Finished Water Pumping mgd $             20,439 100 1 $            2,043,927

Treatment Unit Subtotal $        125,609,838

Alum mgd $               4,764 100 1 $                476,385

Chlorine (gas chlorination) mgd $               7,684 100 1 $                768,434

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) mgd 5,539 $                100 2 553,868 $                

Sulfuric Acid mgd 973 $                   100 1 $                  97,258

Caustic mgd $               4,565 100 1 $                456,487

Chemical Systems Subtotal $            2,352,432

Solids Handling Process mgd $             43,204 100 1 $            4,320,414

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd $             21,463 100 1 $            2,146,267

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems $   134,428,952

Site Work 5% $       6,721,448

Electrical 12% $     16,131,475

Instrumentation and Controls 12% $     16,131,475

Subtotal $   173,413,350

Contractor OH & Profit 15% $     26,012,003

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% $     10,404,801

Sales Tax 3.64% $      6,312,246

Chemical Systems

UPGRADED VWTP (Outer Boundary Regulatory Scenario)

Subtotal $   216,142,400

Engineering Fee 25% $     54,035,600

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% $       2,701,780

Subtotal $   272,879,780

Contingency 50% $   136,439,890

TOTAL CAPITAL COST $   409,319,670

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon $               0.039 18,250,000 1 705,661 $                

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon $               0.008 18,250,000 1 $                148,441

Flocculation 1000 gallon $               0.003 18,250,000 1 $                  60,957

Sedimentation 1000 gallon $               0.018 18,250,000 1 $                323,396

Filtration 1000 gallon $               0.015 18,250,000 1 $                271,597

GAC Contactors 1001 gallon $               0.338 18,250,000 2 $            6,167,433

UV Disinfection 1002 gallon $               0.191 18,250,000 3 $            3,488,339

Reservoir 1000 gallon $                        ‐ 18,250,000 1 $                        ‐

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon $               0.039 18,250,000 1 $                705,661

Treatment Unit Subtotal $          11,871,486

Chemical Systems

Alum 1000 gallon $               0.029 18,250,000 1 $                524,891

Chlorine (gas chlorination) 1000 gallon $               0.016 18,250,000 1 $                291,692

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) 1000 gallon $               0.003 0 1 $                        ‐

Sulfuric Acid 1000 gallon $               0.013 18,250,000 1 229,067 $                

Caustic 1000gallon $               0.027 18,250,000 1 $                484,402

Chemical Systems Subtotal $            1,530,052

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon $               0.029 18,250,000 1 $                532,733

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon $               0.027 18,250,000 1 $                488,611

TOTAL O&M COST $          14,422,882

G - 7
CD‐1 Design Capacity (mgd) 40

CD‐1 Average Flow (mgd) 20

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping mgd $             13,784 40 4 $                551,356

Rapid Mix mgd $               4,565 40 1 $                182,593

Flocculation mgd $             38,676 40 1 $             1,547,042

Sedimentation mgd $           121,663 40 1 $             4,866,529

Filtration mgd $           122,868 40 1 $             4,914,713

Reservoir mgd $             96,726 40 1 $             3,869,050

Finished Water Pumping mgd $             22,565 40 1 $                902,615

Treatment Unit Subtotal $          16,833,897

Alum mgd $               6,317 40 1 $                252,693

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) mgd $           315,000 40 2 $          12,600,011

Chlorine (hypochlorination) mgd $               6,034 40 1 $                241,340

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) mgd 7,411 $                40 2 296,433 $                

Chemical Systems Subtotal $          13,390,477

Solids Handling Process mgd $             54,448 40 1 $             2,177,928

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd $             34,973 40 2 $             1,398,907

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems $     33,801,209

Site Work 5% 1,690,061 $       

Electrical 12% 4,056,146 $       

Instrumentation and Controls 12% 4,056,146 $       

Subtotal $     43,603,562

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 6,540,535 $       

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% 2,616,214 $       

Sales Tax 3.64% 1,587,170 $       

Subtotal $     54,347,481

Engineering Fee 25% 13,586,871 $    

Baseline VWTP (Current Regulations)

4/25/2011

Chemical Systems

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Capital and O&M Costs for CD-1

g g , ,

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% 679,344 $           

Subtotal $     68,613,696

Contingency 50% 34,306,849 $     

TOTAL CAPITAL COST $   102,920,545

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon $               0.040 7,300,000 1 290,551 $                

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon $               0.010 7,300,000 1 70,383 $                  

Flocculation 1000 gallon $               0.006 7,300,000 1 41,671 $                  

Sedimentation 1000 gallon $               0.024 7,300,000 1 175,102 $                

Filtration 1000 gallon $               0.022 7,300,000 1 161,756 $                

Reservoir 1000 gallon $                        ‐ 7,300,000 1 $                         ‐

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon $               0.040 7,300,000 1 290,551 $                

Treatment Unit Subtotal $             1,030,014

Chemical Systems

Alum 1000 gallon $               0.029 7,300,000 1 212,015 $                

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) 1000 gallon $               0.218 7,300,000 2 $             1,591,527

Chlorine (hypochlorination) 1000 gallon $               0.044 7,300,000 1 $                323,924

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) 1000 gallon 0.004 $                7,300,000 2 30,957 $                  

Chemical Systems Subtotal $             2,158,423

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon $               0.036 7,300,000 1 259,200 $                

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon $               0.046 7,300,000 1 334,006 $                

TOTAL O&M COST $             3,781,643

G - 8
CD‐1 Design Capacity (mgd) 40

CD‐1 Average Flow (mgd) 20

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 4/25/2011

Capital and O&M Costs for CD-1

Reduce ozone dose and add UV disinfection. Short (10 min) free chlorine contact will be achieved in contact tank prior to conversion to chloramines.

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping mgd $            13,784 40 0 $               551,356

Rapid Mix mgd $              4,565 40 0 $               182,593

Flocculation mgd $            38,676 40 1 $            1,547,042

Sedimentation mgd $          121,663 40 1 $            4,866,529

Filtration mgd $          122,868 40 1 $            4,914,713

UV Disinfection mgd $          415,697 40 1 $          16,627,884

Chlorine Contact Basin mgd $            16,981 40 1 $               679,230

Reservoir mgd $            96,726 40 1 $            3,869,050

Finished Water Pumping mgd $            22,565 40 0 $               902,615

Treatment Unit Subtotal $          34,141,012

Alum mgd $              6,317 40 1 $               252,693

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) mgd $          315,000 40 2 $          12,600,011

Chlorine (hypochlorination) original feed at res inlet mgd 6,034 $               40 1 241,340 $               

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) original feed at res outlet mgd 7,411 $               40 2 296,433 $               

Chlorine (hypochlorination) feed at contact basin mgd 6,034 $               40 1 241,340 $               

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) feed at res inlet mgd 7,411 $               40 2 296,433 $               

Chemical Systems Subtotal $          13,928,250

Solids Handling Process mgd 54,448 $             40 1 2,177,928 $            

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd 34,973 $             40 2 1,398,907 $            

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems $     51,646,097

Site Work 5% 2,582,305 $       

Electrical 12% 6,197,532 $       

Instrumentation and Controls 12% $       6,197,532

Subtotal $     66,623,466

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 9,993,520 $       

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% 3,997,408 $       

Sales Tax 3.64% 2,425,095 $       

Subtotal $     83,039,489

UPGRADED VWTP (Plausible Regulatory Scenario)

Chemical Systems

Engineering Fee 25% $    20,759,873

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% $       1,037,994

Subtotal $  104,837,356

Contingency 50% 52,418,678 $     

TOTAL CAPITAL COST $  157,256,034

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon $              0.040 7,300,000 1 290,551 $               

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon $              0.010 7,300,000 1 70,383 $                 

Flocculation 1000 gallon $              0.006 7,300,000 1 41,671 $                 

Sedimentation 1000 gallon $              0.024 7,300,000 1 175,102 $               

Filtration 1000 gallon $              0.022 7,300,000 1 161,756 $               

UV Disinfection 1000 gallon $              0.194 7,300,000 1 1,417,699 $            

Chlorine Contact Basin 1000 gallon $                       ‐ 7,300,000 1 $                       ‐

Reservoir 1000 gallon $                       ‐ 7,300,000 1 $                       ‐

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon $              0.040 7,300,000 1 290,551 $               

Treatment Unit Subtotal $            2,447,713

Chemical Systems

Alum 1000 gallon $              0.029 7,300,000 1 $               212,015

Ozone (4.5/2.43 mg/L, with pH adjst) reduced dose 1000 gallon $              0.196 7,300,000 2 $            1,428,195

Chlorine (hypochlorination) original feed at res inlet 1000 gallon $              0.044 0 1 $                       ‐

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) original feed at res outlet 1000 gallon $              0.004 0 2 $                       ‐

Chlorine (hypochlorination) feed at contact basin 1000 gallon $              0.044 7,300,000 1 323,924 $               

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) feed at res inlet 1000 gallon $              0.004 7,300,000 2 30,957 $                 

Chemical Systems Subtotal $            1,995,091

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon $              0.036 7,300,000 1 259,200 $               

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon $              0.046 7,300,000 1 334,006 $               

TOTAL O&M COST $            5,036,010

G - 9
CD‐1 Design Capacity (mgd) 40

CD‐1 Average Flow (mgd) 20

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 4/25/2011

Capital and O&M Costs for CD-1

Add GAC Contactors and UV Disinfection.  Eliminate chloramination and return to free chlorine as secondary disinfectant.

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping mgd $             13,784 40 0 $                551,356

Rapid Mix mgd $               4,565 40 0 $                182,593

Flocculation mgd $             38,676 40 1 $             1,547,042

Sedimentation mgd $           121,663 40 1 $             4,866,529

Filtration mgd $           122,868 40 1 $             4,914,713

GAC Contactors mgd $           632,184 40 2 $          25,287,349

UV Disinfection mgd $           415,697 40 1 $          16,627,884

Reservoir mgd $             96,726 40 1 $             3,869,050

Finished Water Pumping mgd $             22,565 40 0 $                902,615

Treatment Unit Subtotal $          58,749,131

Alum mgd $               6,317 40 1 $                252,693

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) mgd $           315,000 40 2 $          12,600,011

Chlorine (hypochlorination) mgd $               6,034 40 1 $                241,340

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) mgd 7,411 $                40 2 296,433 $                

Chemical Systems Subtotal $          13,390,477

Solids Handling Process mgd $             54,448 40 1 $             2,177,928

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd $             34,973 40 2 $             1,398,907

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems $     75,716,443

Site Work 5% 3,785,823 $       

Electrical 12% 9,085,974 $       

Instrumentation and Controls 12% 9,085,974 $       

Subtotal $     97,674,214

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 14,651,133 $     

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% 5,860,453 $       

Sales Tax 3.64% 3,555,342 $      

UPGRADED VWTP (Outer Boundary Regulatory Scenario)

Chemical Systems

, ,

Subtotal $   121,741,142

Engineering Fee 25% 30,435,286 $     

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% 1,521,765 $       

Subtotal $   153,698,193

Contingency 50% 76,849,097 $     

TOTAL CAPITAL COST $   230,547,290

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon $               0.040 7,300,000 1 290,551 $                

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon $               0.010 7,300,000 1 70,383 $                  

Flocculation 1000 gallon $               0.006 7,300,000 1 41,671 $                  

Sedimentation 1000 gallon $               0.024 7,300,000 1 175,102 $                

Filtration 1000 gallon $               0.022 7,300,000 1 161,756 $                

GAC Contactors 1000 gallon $               0.382 7,300,000 1 2,791,273 $             

UV Disinfection 1000 gallon $               0.194 7,300,000 1 1,417,699 $             

Reservoir 1000 gallon $                        ‐ 7,300,000 1 $                         ‐

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon $               0.040 7,300,000 1 290,551 $                

Treatment Unit Subtotal $             5,238,986

Chemical Systems

Alum 1000 gallon $               0.029 7,300,000 1 $                212,015

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) 1000 gallon $               0.218 7,300,000 2 $             1,591,527

Chlorine (hypochlorination) original feed at res inlet 1000 gallon $               0.044 7,300,000 1 $                323,924

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) 1000 gallon 0.004 $                0 2 $                         ‐

Chemical Systems Subtotal $             2,127,466

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon $               0.036 7,300,000 1 $                259,200

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon $               0.046 7,300,000 1 $                334,006

TOTAL O&M COST $             7,959,658

G - 10
CAA‐1 Design Capacity (mgd) 40

CAA‐1 Average Flow (mgd) 20

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping mgd $              13,784 40 1 $                551,356

Rapid Mix mgd $                4,565 40 1 $                182,593

Flocculation mgd $              38,676 40 1 $            1,547,042

Sedimentation mgd $           121,663 40 1 $            4,866,529

Filtration mgd $           122,868 40 1 $            4,914,713

Reservoir mgd $              96,726 40 1 $            3,869,050

Finished Water Pumping mgd $              22,565 40 1 $                902,615

Treatment Unit Subtotal $          16,833,897

Alum mgd $                6,317 40 1 $                252,693

Chlorine (gas chlorination) mgd $              12,105 40 1 $                484,187

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) mgd 7,411 $                 40 2 296,433 $                

Chemical Systems Subtotal $            1,033,313

Solids Handling Process mgd 54,448 $               40 2 2,177,928 $            

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd 34,973 $               40 2 1,398,907 $            

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems $      21,444,045

Site Work 5% 1,072,203 $        

Electrical 12% 2,573,286 $        

Instrumentation and Controls 12% 2,573,286 $        

Subtotal $      27,662,820

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 4,149,424 $        

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% 1,659,770 $        

Sales Tax 3.64% 1,006,927 $        

Subtotal $      34,478,941

Engineering Fee 25% 8,619,736 $        

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% $ 430,987

Baseline VWTP (Current Regulations)

4/25/2011

Chemical Systems

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Capital and O&M Costs for CAA-1

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% $           430,987

Subtotal $      43,529,664

Contingency 50% 21,764,833 $      

TOTAL CAPITAL COST $      65,294,497

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon $                0.040 7,300,000 1 290,551 $                

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon $                0.010 7,300,000 1 70,383 $                  

Flocculation 1000 gallon $                0.006 7,300,000 1 41,671 $                  

Sedimentation 1000 gallon $                0.024 7,300,000 1 175,102 $                

Filtration 1000 gallon $                0.022 7,300,000 1 161,756 $                

Reservoir 1000 gallon $                         ‐ 7,300,000 1 $                        ‐

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon $                0.040 7,300,000 1 290,551 $                

Treatment Unit Subtotal $            1,030,014

Chemical Systems

Alum 1000 gallon $                0.029 7,300,000 1 $                212,015

Chlorine (gas chlorination) 1000 gallon $                0.017 7,300,000 1 $                127,606

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) 1000 gallon $                0.004 7,300,000 2 30,957 $                  

Chemical Systems Subtotal $                370,578

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon $                0.036 7,300,000 2 259,200 $                

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon $                0.046 7,300,000 2 334,006 $                

TOTAL O&M COST $            1,400,592

G - 11
CAA‐1 Design Capacity (mgd) 40

CAA‐1 Average Flow (mgd) 20

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 4/25/2011

Capital and O&M Costs for CAA-1

Add GAC Contactors and UV Disinfection.  Eliminate chloramination and return to free chlorine as secondary disinfectant.

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping mgd $              13,784 40 1 $                551,356

Rapid Mix mgd $                4,565 40 1 $                182,593

Flocculation mgd $              38,676 40 1 $            1,547,042

Sedimentation mgd $           121,663 40 1 $            4,866,529

Filtration mgd $           122,868 40 1 $            4,914,713

GAC Contactors mgd $           632,184 40 2 $          25,287,349

UV Disinfection mgd $           415,697 40 3 $          16,627,884

Reservoir mgd $              96,726 40 1 $            3,869,050

Finished Water Pumping mgd $              22,565 40 1 $                902,615

Treatment Unit Subtotal $          58,749,131

Alum mgd $                6,317 40 1 $                252,693

Chlorine (gas chlorination) mgd $              12,105 40 1 $                484,187

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) mgd 7,411 $                 40 2 296,433 $                

Chemical Systems Subtotal $            1,033,313

Solids Handling Process mgd 54,448 $               40 2 2,177,928 $            

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd 34,973 $               40 2 1,398,907 $            

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems $      63,359,279

Site Work 5% 3,167,964 $        

Electrical 12% 7,603,114 $        

Instrumentation and Controls 12% 7,603,114 $        

Subtotal $      81,733,471

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 12,260,021 $      

Contractor bonds insurance mob demob 6% $ 4 904 009

UPGRADED VWTP (Plausible Regulatory Scenario)‐ No Upgrades Needed

UPGRADED VWTP (Outer Boundary Regulatory Scenario)

Chemical Systems

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% $       4,904,009

Sales Tax 3.64% 2,975,099 $        

Subtotal $    101,872,600

Engineering Fee 25% 25,468,150 $      

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% 1,273,408 $        

Subtotal $    128,614,158

Contingency 50% 64,307,079 $      

TOTAL CAPITAL COST $    192,921,237

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon $                0.040 7,300,000 1 290,551 $                

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon $                0.010 7,300,000 1 70,383 $                  

Flocculation 1000 gallon $                0.006 7,300,000 1 41,671 $                  

Sedimentation 1000 gallon $                0.024 7,300,000 1 175,102 $                

Filtration 1000 gallon $                0.022 7,300,000 1 161,756 $                

GAC Contactors 1001 gallon $                0.382 7,300,000 2 2,791,273 $            

UV Disinfection 1002 gallon $                0.194 7,300,000 3 1,417,699 $            

Reservoir 1000 gallon $                         ‐ 7,300,000 1 $                        ‐

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon $                0.040 7,300,000 1 290,551 $                

Treatment Unit Subtotal $            5,238,986

Chemical Systems

Alum 1000 gallon $                0.029 7,300,000 1 $                212,015

Chlorine (gas chlorination) 1000 gallon $                0.017 7,300,000 1 $                127,606

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) 1000 gallon $                0.004 0 2 $                        ‐

Chemical Systems Subtotal $                339,621

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon $                0.036 7,300,000 2 259,200 $                

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon $                0.046 7,300,000 2 334,006 $                

TOTAL O&M COST $            5,578,607

G - 12
CAA‐2 Design Capacity (mgd) 500

CAA‐2 Average Flow (mgd) 325

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping mgd $                   12,408 500 1 $            6,204,056

Rapid Mix mgd $                     3,549 500 1 $            1,774,699

Flocculation mgd $                   15,302 500 1 $            7,651,018

Sedimentation mgd $                   89,103 500 1 $          44,551,420

Filtration mgd $                   67,486 500 1 $          33,742,957

Reservoir mgd $                   91,852 500 1 $          45,925,856

Finished Water Pumping mgd $                   19,376 500 1 $            9,688,109

Treatment Unit Subtotal $       149,538,117

Alum mgd $                     3,078 500 1 $            1,538,994

Ozone (1‐log rmvl, with pH adjst) mgd $                 198,256 500 2 $          99,128,056

Chlorine (gas chlorination) mgd $                     5,411 500 1 $            2,705,666

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) mgd 1,930 $                      500 2 965,067 $               

Chemical Systems Subtotal $       104,337,783

Solids Handling Process mgd 24,852 $                    500 1 $          12,426,110

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd $                     8,870 500 2 $            4,434,891

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems $         270,736,901

Site Work 5% 13,536,846 $           

Electrical 12% 32,488,429 $           

Instrumentation and Controls 12% $           32,488,429

Subtotal $         349,250,605

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 52,387,591 $           

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% 20,955,037 $           

Sales Tax 3.64% 12,712,723 $           

Subtotal $         435,305,956

Engineering Fee 25% 108,826,489 $         

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% 5,441,325 $              

Subtotal $         549,573,770

Contingency 50% $ 274 786 885

Baseline VWTP (Current Regulations)

4/25/2011

Chemical Systems

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Capital and O&M Costs for CAA-2

Contingency 50% $         274,786,885

TOTAL CAPITAL COST $         824,360,655

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon $                     0.038 118,625,000 1 4,464,488 $            

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon $                     0.008 118,625,000 1 895,171 $               

Flocculation 1000 gallon $                     0.002 118,625,000 1 272,966 $               

Sedimentation 1000 gallon $                     0.011 118,625,000 1 1,339,456 $            

Filtration 1000 gallon $                     0.013 118,625,000 1 1,486,575 $            

Reservoir 1000 gallon $                              ‐ 118,625,000 1 $                       ‐

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon $                     0.038 118,625,000 1 4,464,488 $            

Treatment Unit Subtotal $          12,923,144

Chemical Systems

Alum 1000 gallon $                     0.029 118,625,000 1 3,382,950 $            

Ozone (1‐log rmvl, with pH adjst) 1000 gallon $                     0.206 118,625,000 2 $          24,489,595

Chlorine (gas chlorination) 1000 gallon $                     0.014 118,625,000 1 $            1,611,627

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) 1000 gallon $                     0.002 118,625,000 2 261,960 $               

Chemical Systems Subtotal $          29,746,131

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon $                     0.017 118,625,000 1 2,022,986 $            

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon $                     0.009 118,625,000 1 1,098,701 $            

TOTAL O&M COST $          45,790,962

G - 13
CAA‐2 Design Capacity (mgd) 500

CAA‐2 Average Flow (mgd) 325

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 4/25/2011

Capital and O&M Costs for CAA-2

Reduce ozone dose and add UV disinfection. Short (10 min) free chlorine contact will be achieved in contact tank prior to conversion to chloramines.

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping mgd $                   12,408 500 1 $            6,204,056

Rapid Mix mgd $                     3,549 500 1 $            1,774,699

Flocculation mgd $                   15,302 500 1 $            7,651,018

Sedimentation mgd $                   89,103 500 1 $          44,551,420

Filtration mgd $                   67,486 500 1 $          33,742,957

UV Disinfection mgd $                 364,334 500 1 182,167,102 $       

Chlorine Contact Basin mgd $                     8,227 500 1 $            4,113,398

Reservoir mgd $                   91,852 500 1 $          45,925,856

Finished Water Pumping mgd $                   19,376 500 1 $            9,688,109

Treatment Unit Subtotal $       335,818,617

Alum mgd $                     3,078 500 1 $            1,538,994

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) mgd $                 198,256 500 2 $          99,128,056

Chlorine (hypochlorination) original feed at res inlet mgd 2,195 $                      500 1 1,097,695 $            

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) original feed at res outlet mgd 1,930 $                      500 1 965,067 $               

Chlorine (hypochlorination) feed at contact basin mgd 2,195 $                      500 1 1,097,695 $            

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) feed at res inlet mgd 1,930 $                      500 2 965,067 $               

Chemical Systems Subtotal $       104,792,575

Solids Handling Process mgd 24,852 $                    500 1 $          12,426,110

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd $                     8,870 500 2 $            4,434,891

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems $         457,472,194

Site Work 5% 22,873,610 $           

Electrical 12% 54,896,664 $           

Instrumentation and Controls 12% $           54,896,664

Subtotal $         590,139,132

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 88,520,870 $           

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% 35,408,348 $           

Sales Tax 3.64% 21,481,065 $           

Subtotal $         735,549,415

UPGRADED VWTP (Plausible Regulatory Scenario)

Chemical Systems

Engineering Fee 25% $         183,887,354

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% $              9,194,368

Subtotal $         928,631,137

Contingency 50% 464,315,569 $         

TOTAL CAPITAL COST $      1,392,946,706

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon $                     0.038 118,625,000 1 4,464,488 $            

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon $                     0.008 118,625,000 1 895,171 $               

Flocculation 1000 gallon $                     0.002 118,625,000 1 272,966 $               

Sedimentation 1000 gallon $                     0.011 118,625,000 1 1,339,456 $            

Filtration 1000 gallon $                     0.013 118,625,000 1 1,486,575 $            

UV Disinfection 1000 gallon $                     0.187 118,625,000 1 22,220,770 $          

Chlorine Contact Basin 1000 gallon $                              ‐ 118,625,000 1 $                       ‐

Reservoir 1000 gallon $                              ‐ 118,625,000 1 $                       ‐

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon $                     0.038 118,625,000 1 4,464,488 $            

Treatment Unit Subtotal $          35,143,914

Chemical Systems

Alum 1000 gallon $                     0.029 118,625,000 1 $            3,382,950

Ozone (4.5/2.43 mg/L, with pH adjst) reduced dose 1000 gallon $                     0.185 118,625,000 2 $          21,912,352

Chlorine (hypochlorination) original feed at res inlet 1000 gallon $                     0.043 0 1 $                       ‐

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) original feed at res outlet 1000 gallon $                     0.002 0 1 $                       ‐

Chlorine (hypochlorination) feed at contact basin 1000 gallon $                     0.043 118,625,000 1 5,155,251 $            

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) 1000 gallon $                     0.002 118,625,000 2 261,960 $               

Chemical Systems Subtotal $          30,712,512

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon $                     0.017 118,625,000 1 2,022,986 $            

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon $                     0.009 118,625,000 1 1,098,701 $            

TOTAL O&M COST $          68,978,113

G - 14
CAA‐2 Design Capacity (mgd) 500

CAA‐2 Average Flow (mgd) 325

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 4/25/2011

Capital and O&M Costs for CAA-2

Add GAC Contactors and UV Disinfection.  Eliminate chloramination and return to free chlorine as secondary disinfectant.

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping mgd $                   12,408 500 1 $            6,204,056

Rapid Mix mgd $                     3,549 500 1 $            1,774,699

Flocculation mgd $                   15,302 500 1 $            7,651,018

Sedimentation mgd $                   89,103 500 1 $          44,551,420

Filtration mgd $                   67,486 500 1 $          33,742,957

GAC Contactors mgd $                 362,101 500 1 181,050,399 $       

UV Disinfection mgd $                 364,334 500 1 182,167,102 $       

Reservoir mgd $                   91,852 500 1 $          45,925,856

Finished Water Pumping mgd $                   19,376 500 1 $            9,688,109

Treatment Unit Subtotal $       512,755,618

Alum mgd $                     3,078 500 1 $            1,538,994

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) mgd $                 198,256 500 2 $          99,128,056

Chlorine (hypochlorination) mgd $                     2,195 500 1 $            1,097,695

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) mgd 1,930 $                      500 1 965,067 $               

Chemical Systems Subtotal $       102,729,813

Solids Handling Process mgd 24,852 $                    500 1 $          12,426,110

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd $                     8,870 500 2 $            4,434,891

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems $         632,346,432

Site Work 5% 31,617,322 $           

Electrical 12% 75,881,572 $           

Instrumentation and Controls 12% $           75,881,572

Subtotal $         815,726,898

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 122,359,035 $         

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% 48,943,614 $           

Sales Tax 3.64% 29,692,460 $           

Subtotal $      1,016,722,007

Engineering Fee 25% 254,180,502 $         

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% 12,709,026 $           

S bt t l $ 1 283 611 535

UPGRADED VWTP (Outer Boundary Regulatory Scenario)

Chemical Systems

Subtotal $     1,283,611,535

Contingency 50% 641,805,768 $         

TOTAL CAPITAL COST $      1,925,417,303

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon $                     0.038 118,625,000 1 4,464,488 $            

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon $                     0.008 118,625,000 1 895,171 $               

Flocculation 1000 gallon $                     0.002 118,625,000 1 272,966 $               

Sedimentation 1000 gallon $                     0.011 118,625,000 1 1,339,456 $            

Filtration 1000 gallon $                     0.013 118,625,000 1 1,486,575 $            

GAC Contactors 1000 gallon $                     0.293 118,625,000 1 34,798,860 $          

UV Disinfection 1000 gallon $                     0.187 118,625,000 1 22,220,770 $          

Reservoir 1000 gallon $                              ‐ 118,625,000 1 $                       ‐

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon $                     0.038 118,625,000 1 4,464,488 $            

Treatment Unit Subtotal $          69,942,774

Chemical Systems

Alum 1000 gallon $                     0.029 118,625,000 1 $            3,382,950

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) 1000 gallon $                     0.206 118,625,000 2 $          24,489,595

Chlorine (hypochlorination) original feed at res inlet 1000 gallon $                     0.043 118,625,000 1 $            5,155,251

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) 1000 gallon $                     0.002 0 2 $                       ‐

Chemical Systems Subtotal $          33,027,796

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon $                     0.017 118,625,000 1 2,022,986 $            

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon $                     0.009 118,625,000 1 1,098,701 $            

TOTAL O&M COST $       106,092,257

G - 15
CAAW‐1 Design Capacity (mgd) 800

CAAW‐1 Average Flow (mgd) 600

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping mgd $                12,408 800 2 $            9,926,490

Rapid Mix mgd $                  3,549 800 1 $            2,839,519

Flocculation mgd $                15,302 800 1 $          12,241,630

Sedimentation mgd $                89,103 800 1 $          71,282,273

Filtration mgd $                67,486 800 1 $          53,988,732

Reservoir mgd $                91,852 800 1 $          73,481,370

Finished Water Pumping mgd $                19,376 800 2 $          15,500,975

Treatment Unit Subtotal $        239,260,987

Alum mgd $                  3,078 800 1 $            2,462,390

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) mgd $              198,256 800 2 158,604,890 $        

Chlorine (gas chlorination) mgd $                  5,411 800 1 $            4,329,065

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) mgd 1,930 $                   800 2 1,544,107 $            

Chemical Systems Subtotal $        166,940,453

Solids Handling Process mgd 24,852 $                 800 2 19,881,776 $          

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd 8,870 $                   800 2 7,095,826 $            

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems $      433,179,042

Site Work 5% 21,658,953 $        

Electrical 12% 51,981,485 $        

Instrumentation and Controls 12% 51,981,485 $        

Subtotal $      558,800,965

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 83,820,145 $        

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% 33,528,058 $        

Sales Tax 3.64% 20,340,356 $        

Subtotal $      696,489,524

Engineering Fee 25% $ 174,122,381

4/25/2011

Chemical Systems

Baseline VWTP (Current Regulations)

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Capital and O&M Costs for CAAW-1

Engineering Fee 25% $     174,122,381

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% 8,706,120 $           

Subtotal $      879,318,025

Contingency 50% 439,659,013 $      

TOTAL CAPITAL COST $   1,318,977,038

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon $                  0.038 219,000,000 2 8,242,132 $            

Rapid Mix 100 gallon $                  0.008 219,000,000 1 $            1,652,623

Flocculation 1000 gallon $                  0.002 219,000,000 1 $                503,938

Sedimentation 1000 gallon $                  0.011 219,000,000 1 $            2,472,841

Filtration 1000 gallon $                  0.013 219,000,000 1 $            2,744,446

Reservoir 1000 gallon $                           ‐ 219,000,000 1 $                        ‐

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon $                  0.038 219,000,000 2 $            8,242,132

Treatment Unit Subtotal $          23,858,112

Chemical Systems

Alum 1000 gallon $                  0.029 219,000,000 1 $            6,245,446

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) 1000 gallon $                  0.206 219,000,000 2 $          45,211,560

Chlorine (gas chlorination) 1000 gallon $                  0.014 219,000,000 1 $            2,975,311

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) 1000 gallon $                  0.002 219,000,000 2 483,618 $                

Chemical Systems Subtotal $          54,915,935

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon $                  0.017 219,000,000 2 3,734,744 $            

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon $                  0.009 219,000,000 2 2,028,370 $            

TOTAL O&M COST $          84,537,161

G - 16
CAAW‐1 Design Capacity (mgd) 800

CAAW‐1 Average Flow (mgd) 600

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation 4/25/2011

Capital and O&M Costs for CAAW-1

Add GAC Contactors and UV Disinfection.  Eliminate chloramination and return to free chlorine as secondary disinfectant.

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping mgd $                12,408 800 2 $            9,926,490

Rapid Mix mgd $                  3,549 800 1 $            2,839,519

Flocculation mgd $                15,302 800 1 $          12,241,630

Sedimentation mgd $                89,103 800 1 $          71,282,273

Filtration mgd $                67,486 800 1 $          53,988,732

GAC Contactors mgd $              362,101 800 2 289,680,639 $        

UV Disinfection mgd $              364,334 800 3 291,467,364 $        

Reservoir mgd $                91,852 800 1 $          73,481,370

Finished Water Pumping mgd $                19,376 800 2 $          15,500,975

Treatment Unit Subtotal $        820,408,989

Alum mgd $                  3,078 800 1 $            2,462,390

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) mgd $              198,256 800 2 158,604,890 $        

Chlorine (gas chlorination) mgd $                  5,411 800 1 $            4,329,065

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) mgd 1,930 $                   800 2 1,544,107 $            

Chemical Systems Subtotal $        166,940,453

Solids Handling Process mgd 24,852 $                 800 2 19,881,776 $          

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd 8,870 $                   800 2 7,095,826 $            

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems $   1,014,327,044

Site Work 5% 50,716,353 $        

Electrical 12% 121,719,246 $      

Instrumentation and Controls 12% 121,719,246 $      

Subtotal $   1,308,481,889

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 196,272,284 $      

Contractor bonds insurance mob demob 6% $ 78 508 914

UPGRADED VWTP (Plausible Regulatory Scenario)‐ No Upgrades Needed

UPGRADED VWTP (Outer Boundary Regulatory Scenario)

Chemical Systems

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% $        78,508,914

Sales Tax 3.64% 47,628,741 $        

Subtotal $   1,630,891,828

Engineering Fee 25% 407,722,958 $      

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% 20,386,148 $        

Subtotal $   2,059,000,934

Contingency 50% 1,029,500,468 $   

TOTAL CAPITAL COST $   3,088,501,402

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon $                  0.038 219,000,000 2 8,242,132 $            

Rapid Mix 100 gallon $                  0.008 219,000,000 1 $            1,652,623

Flocculation 1000 gallon $                  0.002 219,000,000 1 $                503,938

Sedimentation 1000 gallon $                  0.011 219,000,000 1 $            2,472,841

Filtration 1000 gallon $                  0.013 219,000,000 1 $            2,744,446

GAC Contactors 1001 gallon $                  0.293 219,000,000 2 $          64,244,049

UV Disinfection 1002 gallon $                  0.187 219,000,000 3 $          41,022,960

Reservoir 1000 gallon $                           ‐ 219,000,000 1 $                        ‐

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon $                  0.038 219,000,000 2 $            8,242,132

Treatment Unit Subtotal $        129,125,121

Chemical Systems

Alum 1000 gallon $                  0.029 219,000,000 1 $            6,245,446

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) 1000 gallon $                  0.206 219,000,000 2 $          45,211,560

Chlorine (gas chlorination) 1000 gallon $                  0.014 219,000,000 1 $            2,975,311

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH3‐N) 1000 gallon $                  0.002 0 2 $                        ‐

Chemical Systems Subtotal $          54,432,317

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon $                  0.017 219,000,000 2 3,734,744 $            

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon $                  0.009 219,000,000 2 2,028,370 $            

TOTAL O&M COST $        189,320,552

G - 17
Design Flow Average Flow Present Worth of Annual O&M Total Present Worth Annualized Construction C

(mgd) (mgd) (Millions $) $/gal (Millions $/yr) $/kgal (Millions $) (Millions $) (Millions $/y

UW-1 100 50 $133 $1.33 $4.8 $0.26 $55 $188 $12 CD-1 40 20 $103 $2.57 $3.8 $0.52 $43 $146 $9 CAA-1 40 20 $65 $1.63 $1.4 $0.19 $16 $81 $6 CAA-2 500 325 $824 $1.65 $45.8 $0.39 $525 $1,350 $72 CAAW-1 800 600 $1,319 $1.65 $84.5 $0.39 $970 $2,289 $115 

Design Flow Average Flow Present Worth of Annual O&M Total Present Worth Annualized Construction C

(mgd) (mgd) (Millions $) $/gal (Millions $/yr) $/kgal (Millions $) (Millions $) (Millions $/y

UW-1 mgd mgd $93 $0.93 $3.3 $0.18 $38 $132 $8 CD-1 mgd mgd $72 $1.80 $2.6 $0.36 $30 $102 $6 CAA-1 mgd mgd $46 $1.14 $1.0 $0.13 $11 $57 $4 CAA-2 mgd mgd $577 $1.15 $32.1 $0.27 $368 $945 $50 CAAW-1 mgd mgd $923 $1.15 $59.2 $0.27 $679 $1,602 $80 

BASELINE VWTPS (Current Regulations)

LOW RANGE

HIGH RANGE

MEDIAN

Virtual Water 

Treatment Plant 

(VWTP)

Capital Cost Annual O&M CostCapital Cost Annual O&M Cost Virtual Water Treatment Plant 

(VWTP)

Drinking Water Treatment EvaluationVirtual Water Treatment Plant Cost Summary

Design Flow Average Flow Present Worth of Annual O&M Total Present Worth Annualized Construction C

(mgd) (mgd) (Millions $) $/gal (Millions $/yr) $/kgal (Millions $) (Millions $) (Millions $/y

UW-1 mgd mgd $200 $2.00 $7.2 $0.39 $82 $282 $17 CD-1 0 mgd $154 $3.86 $5.7 $0.78 $65 $219 $13 CAA-1 0 mgd $98 $2.45 $2.1 $0.29 $24 $122 $9 CAA-2 0 mgd $1,237 $2.47 $68.7 $0.58 $788 $2,024 $108 CAAW-1 0 mgd $1,978 $2.47 $126.8 $0.58 $1,454 $3,433 $172 

Assumptions: Years (n) = 20 Rate (i) = 6%

Capital Cost Annual O&M Cost Virtual Water Treatment Plant 

(VWTP)
Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation Virtual Water Treatment Plant Cost Summary

Design Flow Average Flow Present Worth of Annual O&M Total Present Worth Annualized Construction C

(mgd) (mgd) (Millions $) $/gal (Millions $/yr) $/kgal (Millions $) (Millions $) (Millions $/y

UW-1 100 50 $135 $1.35 $4.8 $0.26 $55 $190 $12 

100 50 $288 $2.88 $10.9 $0.60 $125 $413 $25 

CD-1 40 20 $157 $3.93 $5.0 $0.69 $58 $215 $14 CAA-1* 40 20 $65 $1.63 $1.4 $0.19 $16 $81 $6 

CAA-2 500 325 $1,393 $2.79 $69.0 $0.58 $791 $2,184 $121 

CAAW-1* 800 600 $1,319 $1.65 $84.5 $0.39 $970 $2,289 $115 

Design Flow Average Flow Present Worth of Annual O&M Total Present Worth Annualized Construction C

(mgd) (mgd) (Millions $) $/gal (Millions $/yr) $/kgal (Millions $) (Millions $) (Millions $/y

UW-1 mgd mgd $94 $0.94 $3.4 $0.18 $39 $133 $8 

100 50 $201 $2.01 $7.7 $0.42 $88 $289 $18 

CD-1 mgd mgd $110 $2.75 $3.5 $0.48 $40 $151 $10 CAA-1* mgd mgd $46 $1.14 $1.0 $0.13 $11 $57 $4 

CAA 2 d d $975 $1 95 $48 3 $0 41 $554 $1 529 $85 

Capital Cost Annual O&M Cost

UPGRADED VWTPS (Plausible Regulatory Scenario)

Virtual Water 

Treatment Plant 

(VWTP)

Virtual Water 

Treatment Plant 

(VWTP)

MEDIAN

Capital Cost Annual O&M Cost

LOW RANGE

CAA-2 mgd mgd $975 $1.95 $48.3 $0.41 $554 $1,529 $85 CAAW-1* mgd mgd $923 $1.15 $59.2 $0.27 $679 $1,602 $80 

Design Flow Average Flow Present Worth of Annual O&M Total Present Worth Annualized Construction C

(mgd) (mgd) (Millions $) $/gal (Millions $/yr) $/kgal (Millions $) (Millions $) (Millions $/y

UW-1 mgd mgd $202 $2.02 $7.2 $0.40 $83 $285 $18 

100 50 $431 $4.31 $16.4 $0.90 $188 $619 $38 

CD-1 mgd mgd $236 $5.90 $7.6 $1.03 $87 $323 $21 CAA-1* mgd mgd $98 $2.45 $2.1 $0.29 $24 $122 $9 

CAA-2 mgd mgd $2,089 $4.18 $103.5 $0.87 $1,187 $3,276 $182 

CAAW-1* mgd mgd $1,978 $2.47 $126.8 $0.58 $1,454 $3,433 $172 

*No upgrades needed, baseline co Assumptions: Years (n) = 20 Rate (i) = 6%

Virtual Water 

Treatment Plant 

(VWTP)

HIGH RANGE

Capital Cost Annual O&M Cost
Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation Virtual Water Treatment Plant Cost Summary

Design Flow Average Flow Present Worth of Annual O&M Total Present Worth Annualized Construction C

(mgd) (mgd) (Millions $) $/gal (Millions $/yr) $/kgal (Millions $) (Millions $) (Millions $/y

UW-1 100 50 $409 $4.09 $14.4 $0.79 $165 $575 $36 

CD-1 40 20 $231 $5.76 $8.0 $1.09 $91 $322 $20 

CAA-1 40 20 $193 $4.82 $5.6 $0.76 $64 $257 $17 

CAA-2 500 325 $1,925 $3.85 $106.1 $0.89 $1,217 $3,142 $168 CAAW-1 800 600 $3,089 $3.86 $189.3 $0.86 $2,171 $5,260 $269 

Design Flow Average Flow Present Worth of Annual O&M Total Present Worth Annualized Construction C

(mgd) (mgd) (Millions $) $/gal (Millions $/yr) $/kgal (Millions $) (Millions $) (Millions $/y

UW-1 mgd mgd $287 $2.87 $10.1 $0.55 $116 $402 $25 

CD-1 mgd mgd $161 $4.03 $5.6 $0.76 $64 $225 $14 CAA-1 mgd mgd $135 $3.38 $3.9 $0.53 $45 $180 $12 

CAA-2 mgd mgd $1,348 $2.70 $74.3 $0.63 $852 $2,200 $118 CAAW-1 mgd mgd $2,162 $2.70 $132.5 $0.61 $1,520 $3,682 $188 

Capital Cost Annual O&M Cost

LOW RANGE

HIGH RANGE

UPGRADED VWTPS (Outer Boundary Regulatory Scenario)

Capital Cost Annual O&M Cost Virtual Water Treatment Plant 

(VWTP)

Virtual Water 

Treatment Plant 

(VWTP)

MEDIAN

Design Flow Average Flow Present Worth of Annual O&M Total Present Worth Annualized Construction C

(mgd) (mgd) (Millions $) $/gal (Millions $/yr) $/kgal (Millions $) (Millions $) (Millions $/y

UW-1 mgd mgd $614 $6.14 $21.6 $1.19 $248 $862 $54 

CD-1 0 mgd $346 $8.65 $11.9 $1.64 $137 $483 $30 

CAA-1 0 mgd $289 $7.23 $8.4 $1.15 $96 $385 $25 

CAA-2 0 mgd $2,888 $5.78 $159.1 $1.34 $1,825 $4,713 $252 

CAAW-1 0 mgd $4,633 $5.79 $284.0 $1.30 $3,257 $7,890 $404 

Assumptions: Years (n) = 20 Rate (i) = 6%

HIGH RANGE

Capital Cost Annual O&M Cost Virtual Water Treatment Plant 

(VWTP)
Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Cost Summary

REGIONAL ADDED COSTS

Low Range Median High Range Low Rang

Upper Watersheds- 818 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity

$ 14 10 $ 21 $ 

$ 

$ 1,262 883 $ 1,893 $ 3

$ 

Outer Boundary $ 2,258 1,581 $ 3,387 $ 5

$ 

Central Delta- 284 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity

Plausible $ 386 270 $ 579 $ 

$ 

Outer Boundary $ 906 634 $ 1,359 $ 2

$ 

CAA- 2201 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity

Plausible*

Outer Boundary $ 493 345 $ 739 $ 1

$ 

Plausible $ 3,855 2,699 $ 5,783 $ 11

$ 

Outer Boundary $ 7,465 5,226 $ 11,198 $ 28

$ 

CAA-West - 836 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity

Plausible*

CAA-1CAA-2

CD-1 40

40

500

3.866.78

Virtual Water 

Treatment Plant 

(VWTP)

Plausible

UW-1 100 8.18

7.1

Scenario VWTP Design Capacity (mgd) Representative Regional Treatment Capacity/ VWTP Capacity Added Capital Cost 

(Millions $)

Add

Plausible

Outer Boundary $ 1,840 1,288 $ 2,760 $ 7

$ 

$ 4,255 2,978 $ 6,382 $ 11

$ 

$ 5,502 3,852 $ 8,254 $ 15

$ 

Outer Boundary $ 12,962 9,074 $ 19,443 $ 44

$ 

*No upgrades needed, baseline costs remain.

CAAW-1

TOTAL

Plausible

800 1.04