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[Congressional Bills 106th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. 854 Introduced in Senate (IS)]

106th CONGRESS
  1st Session
                                 S. 854

   To protect the privacy and constitutional rights of Americans, to 
establish standards and procedures regarding law enforcement access to 
       location information, decryption assistance for encrypted 
  communications and stored electronic information, and other private 
    information, to affirm the rights of Americans to use and sell 
encryption products as a tool for protecting their online privacy, and 
                          for other purposes.

_______________________________________________________________________

                   IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

                             April 21, 1999

   Mr. Leahy introduced the following bill; which was read twice and 
               referred to the Committee on the Judiciary

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL

 
   To protect the privacy and constitutional rights of Americans, to 
establish standards and procedures regarding law enforcement access to 
       location information, decryption assistance for encrypted 
  communications and stored electronic information, and other private 
    information, to affirm the rights of Americans to use and sell 
encryption products as a tool for protecting their online privacy, and 
                          for other purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

    (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Electronic Rights 
for the 21st Century Act''.
    (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents for this Act is as 
follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Purposes.
Sec. 3. Findings.
Sec. 4. Definitions.
     TITLE I--PRIVACY PROTECTION FOR COMMUNICATIONS AND ELECTRONIC 
                              INFORMATION

Sec. 101. Enhanced privacy protection for information on computer 
                            networks.
Sec. 102. Government access to location information.
Sec. 103. Enhanced privacy protection for transactional information 
                            obtained from pen registers and trap and 
                            trace devices.
Sec. 104. Privacy protection for conference calls.
Sec. 105. Enhanced privacy protection for packet networks, including 
                            the Internet.
Sec. 106. Privacy safeguards for information collected by Internet 
                            registrars.
Sec. 107. Reports concerning governmental access to electronic 
                            communications.
Sec. 108. Roving wiretaps.
Sec. 109. Authority to provide customer location information for 
                            emergency purposes.
Sec. 110. Confidentiality of subscriber information.
                 TITLE II--PROMOTING USE OF ENCRYPTION

Sec. 201. Freedom to use encryption.
Sec. 202. Purchase and use of encryption products by the Federal 
                            Government.
Sec. 203. Law enforcement decryption assistance.
  TITLE III--PRIVACY PROTECTION FOR LIBRARY LOAN AND BOOK SALE RECORDS

Sec. 301. Wrongful disclosure of library loan and book sale records.
        TITLE IV--PRIVACY PROTECTION FOR SATELLITE HOME VIEWERS

Sec. 401. Privacy protection for subscribers of satellite television 
                            services for private home viewing. 

SEC. 2. PURPOSES.

    The purposes of this Act are--
            (1) to promote the privacy and constitutional rights of 
        individuals and organizations in networked computer systems and 
        other digital environments, protect the confidentiality of 
        information and security of critical infrastructure systems 
        relied on by individuals, businesses and government agencies, 
        and properly balance the needs of law enforcement to have the 
        access to electronic communications and information in 
        appropriate circumstances;
            (2) to encourage Americans to develop and deploy encryption 
        technology and to promote the use of encryption by Americans to 
        protect the security, confidentiality, and privacy of their 
        lawful wire and electronic communications and stored electronic 
        information; and
            (3) to establish privacy standards and procedures by which 
        investigative or law enforcement officers and foreign 
        governments may obtain decryption assistance for encrypted 
        communications and stored electronic information.

SEC. 3. FINDINGS.

    Congress finds that--
            (1) the digitization of information and the explosion in 
        the growth of computing and electronic networking offers 
        tremendous potential benefits to the way Americans live, work, 
        and are entertained, but also raises new threats to the privacy 
        of the American people and the competitiveness of American 
        businesses;
            (2) a secure, private, and trusted national and global 
        information infrastructure is essential to promote economic 
        growth, protect privacy, and meet the needs of the American 
        people and businesses;
            (3) the rights of Americans to the privacy and security of 
        their communications and in the conducting of personal and 
        business affairs should be promoted and protected;
            (4) the authority and ability of investigative and law 
        enforcement officers to access and decipher, in a timely manner 
        and as provided by law, wire and electronic communications, and 
        stored electronic information necessary to provide for public 
        safety and national security should also be preserved;
            (5) individuals will not entrust their sensitive personal, 
        medical, financial, and other information to computers and 
        computer networks unless the security and privacy of that 
        information is assured;
            (6) businesses will not entrust their proprietary and 
        sensitive corporate information, including information about 
        products, processes, customers, finances, and employees, to 
        computers and computer networks unless the security and privacy 
        of that information is assured;
            (7) America's critical infrastructures, including its 
        telecommunications system, banking and financial 
        infrastructure, and power and transportation infrastructure, 
        increasingly rely on vulnerable information systems, and will 
        represent a growing risk to national security and public safety 
        unless the security and privacy of those information systems is 
        assured;
            (8) encryption technology is an essential tool to promote 
        and protect the privacy, security, confidentiality, integrity, 
        and authenticity of wire and electronic communications and 
        stored electronic information;
            (9) encryption techniques, technology, programs, and 
        products are widely available worldwide;
            (10) Americans should be free to use lawfully whatever 
        particular encryption techniques, technologies, programs, or 
        products developed in the marketplace that best suits their 
        needs in order to interact electronically with the government 
        and others worldwide in a secure, private, and confidential 
        manner;
            (11) government mandates for, or otherwise compelled use 
        of, third-party key recovery systems or other systems that 
        provide surreptitious access to encrypted data threatens the 
        security and privacy of information systems;
            (12) a national encryption policy is needed to advance the 
        development of the national and global information 
        infrastructure, and preserve the right to privacy of Americans 
        and the public safety and national security of the United 
        States;
            (13) Congress and the American people have recognized the 
        need to balance the right to privacy and the protection of the 
        public safety with national security;
            (14) the Constitution of the United States permits lawful 
        electronic surveillance and the use of other investigative 
        tools by law enforcement officers and the seizure of stored 
        electronic information only upon compliance with stringent 
        standards and procedures designed to protect the right to 
        privacy and other rights protected under the fourth amendment 
        of the Constitution of the United States;
            (15) there is a need to clarify the standards and 
        procedures by which investigative or law enforcement officers 
        obtain decryption assistance from persons--
                    (A) who are voluntarily entrusted with the means to 
                decrypt wire and electronic communications and stored 
                electronic information; or
                    (B) have information that enables the decryption of 
                such communications and information;
            (16) Americans are increasingly shopping online and 
        purchasing books from online vendors, and expect that their 
        choices of reading or viewing materials will be kept 
        confidential;
            (17) protecting the confidentiality and privacy of the 
        books, other written materials, and movies that a person 
        chooses to read or view should be protected to ensure the free 
        exercise of first amendment rights regardless of medium;
            (18) generally, under current law, telecommunications 
        carriers may not disclose individually identifiable customer 
        proprietary network information without their customers' 
        approval, while providers of electronic communications services 
        and remote computing services may make such disclosure to 
        anyone other than a governmental entity and have no legal 
        obligation to notify their subscribers when they do so;
            (19) subscribers of Internet services through facilities of 
        cable operators must be given notice and an opportunity to 
        prohibit disclosure before the cable operator may disclose any 
        personally identifiable information, including name or address, 
        about a subscriber to any other person, while providers of 
        electronic communications services and remote computing 
        services have no similar legal obligation to protect the 
        privacy of their subscribers; and
            (20) given the convergence among wireless, wire line, 
        cable, broadcast, and satellite services, privacy safeguards 
        should be applied more uniformly across different media in 
        order to provide a level competitive playing field and 
        consistent privacy protections.

SEC. 4. DEFINITIONS.

    In this Act:
            (1) Agency.--The term ``agency'', in the case of the United 
        States Government, has the meaning given the term in section 6 
        of title 18, United States Code, and includes the United States 
        Postal Service.
            (2) Encrypt; encryption.--The terms ``encrypt'' and 
        ``encryption'' refer to the scrambling (and descrambling) of 
        wire communications, electronic communications, or 
        electronically stored information using mathematical formulas 
        or algorithms in order to preserve the confidentiality, 
integrity, or authenticity of, and prevent unauthorized recipients from 
accessing or altering, such communications or information.
            (3) Encryption product.--The term ``encryption product'' 
        means a computing device, computer hardware, computer software, 
        or technology with encryption capabilities.
            (4) Key.--The term ``key'' means the variable information 
        used in or produced by a mathematical formula, code, or 
        algorithm, or any component thereof, used to encrypt or decrypt 
        wire communications, electronic communications, or 
        electronically stored information.
            (5) Person.--The term ``person'' has the meaning given the 
        term in section 2510(6) of title 18, United States Code.
            (6) State.--The term ``State'' includes a State of the 
        United States, the District of Columbia, and any commonwealth, 
        territory, or possession of the United States.
            (7) United states person.--The term ``United States 
        person'' means any--
                    (A) national of the United States; or
                    (B) legal entity that--
                            (i) is organized under the laws of the 
                        United States or any State; and
                            (ii) has its principal place of business in 
                        the United States.

     TITLE I--PRIVACY PROTECTION FOR COMMUNICATIONS AND ELECTRONIC 
                              INFORMATION

SEC. 101. ENHANCED PRIVACY PROTECTION FOR INFORMATION ON COMPUTER 
              NETWORKS.

    Section 2703(b) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by 
striking paragraph (1) and inserting the following new paragraph (1):
            ``(1) In general.--A governmental entity may require a 
        provider of remote computing service to disclose the contents 
        of any electronic communication to which this paragraph is made 
        applicable by paragraph (2)--
                    ``(A) pursuant to a warrant issued under the 
                Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure or equivalent State 
                warrant, a copy of which warrant shall be served on the 
                subscriber or customer of such remote computing service 
                before or at the same time the warrant is served on the 
                provider of the remote computing service; or
                    ``(B) pursuant to a Federal or State grand jury or 
                trial subpoena, a copy of which subpoena shall be 
                served on the subscriber or customer of such remote 
                computing service under circumstances allowing the 
                subscriber or customer a meaningful opportunity to 
                challenge the subpoena.''.
    (b) Conforming Amendments.--Paragraph (2) of that section is 
amended--
            (1) by indenting the paragraph 2 ems;
            (2) by inserting ``Applicability.--'' after ``(2)''; and
            (3) by indenting subparagraphs (A) and (B) 4 ems.

SEC. 102. GOVERNMENT ACCESS TO LOCATION INFORMATION.

    (a) Court Order Required.--Section 2703 of title 18, United States 
Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
    ``(g) Disclosure of Location Information to Governmental 
Entities.--
            ``(1) Disclosure upon court order.--A provider of mobile 
        electronic communication service shall provide to a 
        governmental entity information generated by and disclosing the 
        current physical location of a subscriber's equipment only if 
        the governmental entity obtains a court order issued upon a 
        finding that there is probable cause to believe that the 
        equipment has been used, is being used, or is about to be used 
        to commit a felony offense.
            ``(2) Disclosure upon subscriber or user consent.--A 
        provider of mobile electronic communication service may provide 
        to a governmental entity information described in paragraph (1) 
        with the consent of the subscriber or the user of the equipment 
        concerned.''.
    (b) Conforming Amendment.--Subsection (c)(1)(B) of that section is 
amended by striking ``(b) of this section'' and inserting ``(b), or 
wireless location information covered by subsection (g)''.

SEC. 103. ENHANCED PRIVACY PROTECTION FOR TRANSACTIONAL INFORMATION 
              OBTAINED FROM PEN REGISTERS AND TRAP AND TRACE DEVICES.

    Section 3123(a) of title 18, United States Code, is amended to read 
as follows:
    ``(a) In General.--Upon an application made under section 3122, the 
court may enter an ex parte order--
            ``(1) authorizing the installation and use of a pen 
        register or a trap and trace device within the jurisdiction of 
the court if the court finds, based on the certification by the 
attorney for the government or the State law enforcement or 
investigative officer, that the information likely to be obtained by 
such installation and use is relevant to an ongoing criminal 
investigation; and
            ``(2) directing that the use of the pen register or trap 
        and trace device be conducted in such a way as to minimize the 
        recording or decoding of any electronic or other impulses that 
        are not related to the dialing and signaling information 
        utilized in call processing by the service provider upon whom 
        the order is served.''.

SEC. 104. PRIVACY PROTECTION FOR CONFERENCE CALLS.

    Section 2518 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding 
at the end the following:
    ``(13) The interception of wire or electronic communications 
pursuant to an order under this section must be terminated when the 
facility identified in the order authorizing such interception is no 
longer being used, unless the judge determines on the basis of facts 
submitted by the applicant that there is probable cause to believe that 
an individual continuing as a party to the communication is committing, 
has committed, or is about to commit a particular offense enumerated in 
the order and there is probable cause to believe that particular 
communications concerning that offense will be obtained through such 
continuing interception.''.

SEC. 105. ENHANCED PRIVACY PROTECTION FOR PACKET NETWORKS, INCLUDING 
              THE INTERNET.

    Section 3121(c) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by 
striking ``other impulses'' and all that follows and inserting ``other 
impulses--
            ``(1) to the dialing and signaling information utilized in 
        call processing; or
            ``(2) in the case of a packet-switched network, to the 
        addressing information.''.

SEC. 106. PRIVACY SAFEGUARDS FOR INFORMATION COLLECTED BY INTERNET 
              REGISTRARS.

    (a) In General.--Section 2703 of title 18, United States Code, as 
amended by section 102(a) of this Act, is further amended by adding at 
the end the following:
    ``(h) Records Concerning Domain Name Registration Service.--A 
provider of domain name registration service may disclose a record or 
other information pertaining to a subscriber or customer of such 
service--
            ``(1) to any person--
                    ``(A) if the provider has provided the subscriber 
                or customer, in a clear and conspicuous manner, the 
                opportunity to prohibit such disclosure;
                    ``(B) in the case of information that identifies 
                the service provider hosting the website of the 
                subscriber or customer; or
                    ``(C) to the extent such disclosure is necessary 
                incident to the provision of such service or for the 
                protection of the rights or property of the provider of 
                such service; or
            ``(2) without notice or consent of the subscriber or 
        customer in response to a subpoena or warrant authorized by a 
        Federal or State statute.''.
    (b) Domain Name Registration Service Defined.--Section 2711 of such 
title is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (1), by striking ``and'' at the end;
            (2) in paragraph (2), by striking the period at the end and 
        inserting ``; and''; and
            (3) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(3) the term `domain name registration service' means a 
        service to the public for the assignment and management of 
        domain names and Internet Protocol addresses.''.

SEC. 107. REPORTS CONCERNING GOVERNMENTAL ACCESS TO ELECTRONIC 
              COMMUNICATIONS.

    Section 2703 of title 18, United States Code, as amended by section 
106(a) of this Act, is further amended by adding at the end the 
following:
    ``(i) Reports.--In April each year, the Attorney General shall 
transmit to Congress a full and complete report on--
            ``(1) the number and kind of warrants, orders, and 
        subpoenas applied for by law enforcement agencies of the 
        Department of Justice under this section;
            ``(2) the number of such applications granted or denied; 
        and
            ``(3) with respect to each warrant, order, or subpoena 
        issued under this section--
                    ``(A) the number and type of communications 
                disclosed;
                    ``(B) the approximate number and frequency of 
                incriminating communications disclosed;
                    ``(C) the offense specified in the application; and
                    ``(D) the approximate number of persons whose 
                communications were intercepted.''.

SEC. 108. ROVING WIRETAPS.

    (a) Scope of Wiretaps.--Subsection (11)(b) of section 2518 of title 
18, United States Code, is amended by striking clauses (ii) through 
(iv) and inserting the following new clauses:
                    ``(ii) the application identifies the person 
                believed to be committing the offense and whose 
                communications are to be intercepted and the applicant 
                makes a showing that--
                            ``(I) the person changes facilities in a 
                        way that has the effect of thwarting 
                        interception from a specified facility; or
                            ``(II) the person intends to thwart 
                        interception by changing facilities; and
                    ``(iii) the judge finds that such showing has been 
                adequately made.''.
    (b) Limitation.--Subsection (12) of that section is amended--
            (1) by inserting ``(a)'' after ``(12)''; and
            (2) by adding at the end the following:
    ``(b) Each order and extension thereof to which the requirements of 
subsections (1)(b)(ii) and (3)(D) of this section do not apply by 
reason of subsection (11) of this section shall provide that the 
authorization to intercept only applies to communications to which the 
person believed to be committing the offense and named in the order is 
a party.''.

SEC. 109. AUTHORITY TO PROVIDE CUSTOMER LOCATION INFORMATION FOR 
              EMERGENCY PURPOSES.

    (a) Use of Call Location and Crash Notification Information.--
Subsection (d) of section 222 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 
U.S.C. 222) is amended--
            (1) by striking ``or'' at the end of paragraph (2);
            (2) by striking the period at the end of paragraph (3) and 
        inserting a semicolon; and
            (3) by adding at the end the following new paragraphs:
            ``(4) to provide call location information concerning the 
        user of a commercial mobile service (as such term is defined in 
        section 332(d))--
                    ``(A) to a public safety answering point, emergency 
                medical service provider or emergency dispatch 
                provider, public safety official, fire service 
                official, law enforcement official, hospital emergency 
                facility, or trauma care facility in order to respond 
                to the user's call for emergency services;
                    ``(B) to inform the user's legal guardian or 
                members of the user's immediate family of the user's 
                location in an emergency situation that involves the 
                risk of death or serious physical harm; or
                    ``(C) to providers of information or database 
                management services solely for purposes of assisting in 
                the delivery of emergency services in response to an 
                emergency; or
            ``(5) to transmit automatic crash notification information 
        as part of the operation of an automatic crash notification 
        system.''.
    (b) Customer Approval of Use of Call Location and Crash 
Notification Information.--That section is further amended--
            (1) by redesignating subsection (f) as subsection (h); and
            (2) by inserting after subsection (e) the following new 
        subsection (f):
    ``(f) Customer Approval of Use of Call Location Information and 
Crash Notification Information.--For purposes of subsection (c)(1), 
without the express prior authorization of the customer, a customer 
shall not be considered to have approved the use or disclosure of or 
access to--
            ``(1) call location information concerning the user of a 
        commercial mobile service (as such term is defined in section 
        332(d)), other than in accordance with subsection (d)(4); or
            ``(2) automatic crash notification information to any 
        person other than for use in the operation of an automatic 
        crash notification system.''.
    (c) Use of Listed and Unlisted Subscriber Information for Emergency 
Services.--That section is further amended by inserting after 
subsection (f), as amended by subsection (b) of this section, the 
following new subsection (g):
    ``(g) Subscriber Listed and Unlisted Information for Emergency 
Services.--Notwithstanding subsections (b), (c), and (d), a 
telecommunications carrier that provides telephone exchange service 
shall provide information described in subsection (h)(3)(A) (including 
information pertaining to subscribers whose information is unlisted or 
unpublished) that is in its possession or control (including 
information pertaining to subscribers of other carriers) on a timely 
and unbundled basis, under nondiscriminatory and reasonable rates, 
terms, and conditions to providers of emergency services, and providers 
of emergency support services, solely for purposes of delivering or 
assisting in the delivery of emergency services.''.
    (d) Definitions.--Subsection (h) of that section, as redesignated 
by subsection (b)(1) of this section, is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (1)(A), by inserting ``location,'' after 
        ``destination,''; and
            (2) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(4) Public safety answering point.--The term `public 
        safety answering point' means a facility that has been 
        designated to receive emergency calls and route them to 
        emergency service personnel.
            ``(5) Emergency services.--The term `emergency services' 
        means 911 emergency services and emergency notification 
        services.
            ``(6) Emergency notification services.--The term `emergency 
        notification services' means services that notify the public of 
        an emergency.
            ``(7) Emergency support services.--The term `emergency 
        support services' means information or data base management 
        services used in support of emergency services.''.

SEC. 110. CONFIDENTIALITY OF SUBSCRIBER INFORMATION.

    Section 2703(c) of title 18, United States Code, is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (1)(A), by inserting before the period at 
        the end the following: ``only if such disclosure is--
            ``(i) necessary to initiate, render, bill, and collect for 
        such service;
            ``(ii) necessary to protect the rights or property of the 
        provider of such service;
            ``(iii) required by law;
            ``(iv) made at the request of the subscriber or customer; 
        or
            ``(v) if the provider has provided the subscriber or 
        customer, in a clear and conspicuous manner, with the 
        opportunity to prohibit such disclosure.''; and
            (2) by adding at the end the following:
    ``(3) Nothing in this subsection may be construed to prohibit a 
provider of electronic communication service or remote computing 
service from using, disclosing, or permitting access to aggregate 
subscriber information from which individual subscriber identities and 
characteristics have been removed.''.

                 TITLE II--PROMOTING USE OF ENCRYPTION

SEC. 201. FREEDOM TO USE ENCRYPTION.

    (a) No Domestic Encryption Controls.--It shall be lawful for any 
person within the United States, and for any United States person in a 
foreign country, to use, develop, manufacture, sell, distribute, or 
import any encryption product, regardless of the encryption algorithm 
selected, encryption key length chosen, existence of key recovery or 
other plaintext access capability, or implementation or medium used.
    (b) Prohibition on Government-Compelled Key Escrow or Key 
Recovery.--
            (1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph (3), no 
        agency of the United States may require, compel, set standards 
        for, condition any approval on, or condition the receipt of any 
        benefit on, a requirement that a decryption key, access to a 
        decryption key, key recovery information, or other plaintext 
        access capability be--
                    (A) required to be built into computer hardware or 
                software for any purpose;
                    (B) given to any other person, including any agency 
                of the United States or a State, or any entity in the 
                private sector; or
                    (C) retained by the owner or user of an encryption 
                key or any other person, other than for encryption 
                products for the use of the Federal Government or a 
                State government.
            (2) Use of particular products.--No agency of the United 
        States may require any person who is not an employee or agent 
        of the United States or a State to use any key recovery or 
        other plaintext access features for communicating or 
        transacting business with any agency of the United States.
            (3) Exceptions.--The prohibition in paragraph (1) does not 
        apply to--
                    (A) encryption used by an agency of the United 
                States, or the employees or agents of such agency, 
                solely for the internal operations and 
                telecommunications systems of the United States 
                Government; or
                    (B) the authority of any investigative or law 
                enforcement officer, or any member of the intelligence 
                community (as defined in section 3 of the National 
                Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 401a)), acting under 
                any law in effect on the date of enactment of this Act, 
                to gain access to encrypted communications or 
                information.
    (c) Use of Encryption for Authentication or Integrity Purposes.--No 
agency of the United States shall establish any condition, tie, or link 
between encryption products, standards, and services used for 
confidentiality purposes and those used for authentication, integrity, 
or access control purposes.

SEC. 202. PURCHASE AND USE OF ENCRYPTION PRODUCTS BY THE FEDERAL 
              GOVERNMENT.

    To ensure that secure electronic access to the Federal Government 
is available to persons outside of and not operating under contract 
with agencies of the United States, the Federal Government may not 
purchase any encryption product with a key recovery or other plaintext 
access feature if such key recovery or plaintext access feature would 
interfere with use of the full encryption capabilities of the product 
when interoperating with other commercial encryption products.

SEC. 203. LAW ENFORCEMENT DECRYPTION ASSISTANCE.

    (a) In General.--Part I of title 18, United States Code, is amended 
by adding at the end the following:

 ``CHAPTER 124--ENCRYPTED WIRE OR ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS AND STORED 
                         ELECTRONIC INFORMATION

``Sec.
``2801. Definitions.
``2802. Access to decryption assistance for communications.
``2803. Access to decryption assistance for stored electronic 
                            communications or records.
``2804. Foreign government access to decryption assistance.
``Sec. 2801. Definitions
    ``In this chapter:
            ``(1) Decryption assistance.--The term `decryption 
        assistance' means assistance that provides or facilitates 
        access to the plaintext of an encrypted wire or electronic 
        communication or stored electronic information, including the 
        disclosure of a decryption key or the use of a decryption key 
        to produce plaintext.
            ``(2) Decryption key.--The term `decryption key' means the 
        variable information used in or produced by a mathematical 
        formula, code, or algorithm, or any component thereof, used to 
        decrypt a wire communication or electronic communication or 
        stored electronic information that has been encrypted.
            ``(3) Encrypt; encryption.--The terms `encrypt' and 
        `encryption' refer to the scrambling (and descrambling) of wire 
        communications, electronic communications, or electronically 
        stored information using mathematical formulas or algorithms in 
        order to preserve the confidentiality, integrity, or 
        authenticity of, and prevent unauthorized recipients from 
        accessing or altering, such communications or information.
            ``(4) Foreign government.--The term `foreign government' 
        has the meaning given the term in section 1116.
            ``(5) Official request.--The term `official request' has 
        the meaning given the term in section 3506(c).
            ``(6) Incorporated definitions.--Any term used in this 
        chapter that is not defined in this chapter and that is defined 
        in section 2510, has the meaning given the term in section 
        2510.
``Sec. 2802. Access to decryption assistance for communications
    ``(a) Criminal Investigations.--
            ``(1) In general.--An order authorizing the interception of 
        a wire or electronic communication under section 2518 shall, 
        upon request of the applicant, direct that a provider of wire 
        or electronic communication service, or any other person 
        possessing information capable of decrypting that 
        communication, other than a person whose communications are the 
        subject of the interception, shall promptly furnish the 
        applicant with the necessary decryption assistance, if the 
        court finds that the decryption assistance sought is necessary 
        for the decryption of a communication intercepted pursuant to 
        the order.
            ``(2) Limitations.--Each order described in paragraph (1), 
        and any extension of such an order, shall--
                    ``(A) contain a provision that the decryption 
                assistance provided shall involve disclosure of a 
                private decryption key only if no other form of 
                decryption assistance is available and otherwise shall 
                be limited to the minimum necessary to decrypt the 
                communications intercepted pursuant to such order; and
                    ``(B) terminate on the earlier of--
                            ``(i) the date on which the authorized 
                        objective is attained; or
                            ``(ii) 30 days after the date on which the 
                        order or extension, as applicable, is issued.
            ``(3) Notice.--If decryption assistance is provided 
        pursuant to an order under this subsection, the court issuing 
        the order shall cause to be served on the person whose 
        communications are the subject of such decryption assistance, 
        as part of the inventory required to be served pursuant to 
        section 2518(8), notice of the receipt of the 
decryption assistance and a specific description of the decryption keys 
or other decryption assistance disclosed.
    ``(b) Foreign Intelligence Investigations.--
            ``(1) In general.--An order authorizing the interception of 
        a wire or electronic communication under section 105(b)(2) of 
        the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 
        1805(b)(2)) shall, upon request of the applicant, direct that a 
        provider of wire or electronic communication service, or any 
        other person possessing information capable of decrypting such 
        communications, other than a person whose communications are 
        the subject of the interception, shall promptly furnish the 
        applicant with the necessary decryption assistance, if the 
        court finds that the decryption assistance sought is necessary 
        for the decryption of a communication intercepted pursuant to 
        the order.
            ``(2) Limitations.--Each order described in paragraph (1), 
        and any extension of such an order, shall--
                    ``(A) contain a provision that the decryption 
                assistance provided shall be limited to the minimum 
                necessary to decrypt the communications intercepted 
                pursuant to such order; and
                    ``(B) terminate on the earlier of--
                            ``(i) the date on which the authorized 
                        objective is attained; or
                            ``(ii) 30 days after the date on which the 
                        order or extension, as applicable, is issued.
    ``(c) General Prohibition on Disclosure.--Other than pursuant to an 
order under subsection (a) or (b), no person possessing information 
capable of decrypting a wire or electronic communication of another 
person shall disclose that information or provide decryption assistance 
to an investigative or law enforcement officer.
``Sec. 2803. Access to decryption assistance for stored electronic 
              communications or records
    ``(a) Decryption Assistance.--No person may disclose a decryption 
key or provide decryption assistance pertaining to the contents of 
stored electronic communications or records, including those disclosed 
pursuant to section 2703, to a governmental entity, except--
            ``(1) pursuant to a warrant issued under the Federal Rules 
        of Criminal Procedure or an equivalent State warrant, a copy of 
        which warrant shall be served on the person who created the 
        electronic communication or record before or at the same time 
        service is made on the keyholder;
            ``(2) pursuant to a subpoena, a copy of which subpoena 
        shall be served on the person who created the electronic 
        communication or record, under circumstances allowing the 
        person meaningful opportunity to challenge the subpoena; or
            ``(3) upon the consent of the person who created the 
        electronic communication or record.
    ``(b) Delay of Notification.--In the case of communications 
disclosed pursuant to section 2703(a), service of the copy of the 
warrant or subpoena on the person who created the electronic 
communication or record may be delayed for a period of not to exceed 90 
days upon request to the court by the governmental entity requiring the 
decryption assistance, if the court determines that there is reason to 
believe that notification of the existence of the court order or 
subpoena may have an adverse result described in section 2705(a)(2).
``Sec. 2804. Foreign government access to decryption assistance
    ``(a) In General.--No investigative or law enforcement officer 
may--
            ``(1) release a decryption key to a foreign government or 
        to a law enforcement agency of a foreign government; or
            ``(2) except as provided in subsection (b), provide 
        decryption assistance to a foreign government or to a law 
        enforcement agency of a foreign government.
    ``(b) Conditions for Cooperation With Foreign Government.--
            ``(1) Application for order.--In any case in which the 
        United States has entered into a treaty or convention with a 
        foreign government to provide mutual assistance with respect to 
        providing decryption assistance, the Attorney General (or the 
        designee of the Attorney General) may, upon an official request 
        to the United States from the foreign government, apply for an 
        order described in paragraph (2) from the district court in 
        which the person possessing information capable of decrypting 
        the encrypted communication or stored electronic information at 
        issue resides--
                    ``(A) directing that person to release a decryption 
                key or provide decryption assistance to the Attorney 
                General (or the designee of the Attorney General); and
                    ``(B) authorizing the Attorney General (or the 
                designee of the Attorney General) to furnish the 
                foreign government with the plaintext of the 
                communication or information at issue.
            ``(2) Contents of order.--An order described in this 
        paragraph is an order directing the person possessing 
        information capable of decrypting the communication or 
        information at issue to--
                    ``(A) release a decryption key to the Attorney 
                General (or the designee of the Attorney General) so 
                that the plaintext of the communication or information 
                may be furnished to the foreign government; or
                    ``(B) provide decryption assistance to the Attorney 
                General (or the designee of the Attorney General) so 
                that the plaintext of the communication or information 
                may be furnished to the foreign government.
            ``(3) Requirements for order.--The court described in 
        paragraph (1) may issue an order described in paragraph (2) if 
        the court finds, on the basis of an application made by the 
        Attorney General under this subsection, that--
                    ``(A) the decryption key or decryption assistance 
                sought is necessary for the decryption of a 
                communication or information that the foreign 
                government is authorized to intercept or seize pursuant 
                to the law of the foreign country;
                    ``(B) the law of the foreign country provides for 
                adequate protection against arbitrary interference with 
                respect to privacy rights; and
                    ``(C) the decryption key or decryption assistance 
                is being sought in connection with a criminal 
                investigation for conduct that would constitute a 
                violation of a criminal law of the United States if 
                committed within the jurisdiction of the United 
                States.''.
    (b) Clerical Amendment.--The analysis for part I of title 18, 
United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:

``124. Encrypted wire or electronic communications and          2801''.
                            stored electronic information.

  TITLE III--PRIVACY PROTECTION FOR LIBRARY LOAN AND BOOK SALE RECORDS

SEC. 301. WRONGFUL DISCLOSURE OF LIBRARY LOAN AND BOOK SALE RECORDS.

    (a) In General.--Section 2710 of title 18, United States Code, is 
amended--
            (1) by redesignating subsections (c) through (f) as 
        subsections (d) through (g), respectively; and
            (2) by striking the section designation and all that 
        follows through the end of subsection (b) and inserting the 
        following:
``Sec. 2710. Wrongful disclosure of video tape rental or sale records 
              and library loan and book sale records
    ``(a) Definitions.--In this section:
            ``(1) The term `book seller' means any person, engaged in 
        the business, in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, 
        of selling books, magazines, or other printed material, or any 
        person or other entity to whom a disclosure is made under 
        subparagraph (D) or (E) of subsection (b)(2), but only with 
        respect to the information contained in the disclosure.
            ``(2) The term `consumer' means any renter, purchaser, or 
        subscriber of goods or services from a video tape service 
        provider or book seller.
            ``(3) The term `library' means an institution that operates 
        as a public library or serves as a library for any university, 
        school, or college.
            ``(4) The term `ordinary course of business' means only 
        debt collection activities, order fulfillment, request 
        processing, and the transfer of ownership.
            ``(5) The term `patron' means any individual who requests 
        or receives--
                    ``(A) services within a library; or
                    ``(B) books or other materials on loan from a 
                library.
            ``(6) The term `personally identifiable information' 
        includes the following:
                    ``(A) Information that identifies a person as 
                having requested or obtained specific video materials 
                or services from a video tape service provider.
                    ``(B) Information that identifies a person as 
                having requested or obtained specific books, magazines, 
                or other printed material from a book seller.
                    ``(C) Information that identifies a person as 
                having requested or obtained any materials or services 
                from a library.
            ``(7) The term `video tape service provider' means any 
        person, engaged in the business, in or affecting interstate or 
        foreign commerce, of rental, sale, or delivery of prerecorded 
        video cassette tapes or similar audio visual materials, or any 
        person or other entity to whom a disclosure is made under 
        subparagraph (D) or (E) of subsection (b)(2), but only with 
respect to the information contained in the disclosure.
    ``(b) Video Tape Rental and Sale and Book Sale Records.--
            ``(1) In general.--A video tape service provider or book 
        seller who knowingly discloses, to any person, personally 
        identifiable information concerning any consumer of such 
        provider or seller, as the case may be, shall be liable to the 
        aggrieved person for the relief provided in subsection (d).
            ``(2) Disclosure.--A video tape service provider or book 
        seller may disclose personally identifiable information 
        concerning any consumer--
                    ``(A) to the consumer;
                    ``(B) to any person with the informed, written 
                consent of the consumer given at the time the 
                disclosure is sought;
                    ``(C) to a law enforcement agency pursuant to a 
                warrant issued under the Federal Rules of Criminal 
                Procedure, an equivalent State warrant, or a court 
                order issued in accordance with paragraph (4);
                    ``(D) to any person if the disclosure is solely of 
                the names and addresses of consumers and if--
                            ``(i) the video tape service provider or 
                        book seller, as the case may be, has provided 
                        the consumer, in a clear and conspicuous 
                        manner, with the opportunity to prohibit such 
                        disclosure; and
                            ``(ii) the disclosure does not identify the 
                        title, description, or subject matter of any 
                        video tapes or other audio visual material, or 
                        books, magazines, or other printed material, 
                        except that the subject matter of such 
                        materials may be disclosed if the disclosure is 
                        for the exclusive use of marketing goods and 
                        services directly to the consumer;
                    ``(E) to any person if the disclosure is incident 
                to the ordinary course of business of the video tape 
                service provider or book seller; or
                    ``(F) pursuant to a court order, in a civil 
                proceeding upon a showing of compelling need for the 
                information that cannot be accommodated by any other 
                means, if--
                            ``(i) the consumer is given reasonable 
                        notice, by the person seeking the disclosure, 
                        of the court proceeding relevant to the 
                        issuance of the court order; and
                            ``(ii) the consumer is afforded the 
                        opportunity to appear and contest the claim of 
                        the person seeking the disclosure.
            ``(3) Safeguards.--If an order is granted pursuant to 
        subparagraph (C) or (F) of paragraph (2), the court shall 
        impose appropriate safeguards against unauthorized disclosure.
            ``(4) Court orders.--A court order authorizing disclosure 
        under paragraph (2)(C) shall issue only with prior notice to 
        the consumer and only if the law enforcement agency shows that 
        there is probable cause to believe that a person has engaged, 
        is engaging, or is about to engage in criminal activity and 
        that the records or other information sought are material to 
        the investigation of such activity. In the case of a State 
        government authority, such a court order shall not issue if 
        prohibited by the law of such State. A court issuing an order 
        pursuant to this subsection, on a motion made promptly by the 
        video tape service provider or the book seller, may quash or 
        modify such order if the information or records requested are 
        unreasonably voluminous in nature or if compliance with such 
        order otherwise would cause an unreasonable burden on such 
        provider or seller, as the case may be.
    ``(c) Library Records.--
            ``(1) In general.--Any library that knowingly discloses, to 
        any person, personally identifiable information concerning any 
        patron of the library shall be liable to the aggrieved person 
        as provided in subsection (d).
            ``(2) Disclosure.--A library may disclose personally 
        identifiable information concerning any patron--
                    ``(A) to the patron;
                    ``(B) to any person with the informed written 
                consent of the patron given at the time the disclosure 
                is sought;
                    ``(C) to a law enforcement agency pursuant to a 
                warrant issued under the Federal Rules of Criminal 
                Procedure, an equivalent State warrant, or a court 
                order issued in accordance with paragraph (4);
                    ``(D) to any person if the disclosure is solely of 
                the names and addresses of patrons and if--
                            ``(i) the library has provided the patron 
                        with a written statement that affords the 
                        patron the opportunity to prohibit such 
                        disclosure; and
                            ``(ii) the disclosure does not reveal, 
                        directly or indirectly, the title, description, 
                        or subject matter of any library materials 
                        borrowed or services utilized by the patron;
                    ``(E) to any authorized person if the disclosure is 
                necessary for the retrieval of overdue library 
                materials or the recoupment of compensation for damaged 
                or lost library materials; or
                    ``(F) pursuant to a court order, in a civil 
                proceeding upon a showing of compelling need for the 
                information that cannot be accommodated by any other 
                means, if--
                            ``(i) the patron is given reasonable 
                        notice, by the person seeking the disclosure, 
                        of the court proceeding relevant to the 
                        issuance of the court order; and
                            ``(ii) the patron is afforded the 
                        opportunity to appear and contest the claim of 
                        the person seeking the disclosure.
            ``(3) Safeguards.--If an order is granted pursuant to 
        subparagraph (C) or (F) of paragraph (2), the court shall 
        impose appropriate safeguards against unauthorized disclosure.
            ``(4) Court orders.--A court order authorizing disclosure 
        under paragraph (2)(C) shall issue only with prior notice to 
        the patron and only if the law enforcement agency shows that 
        there is probable cause to believe that a person has engaged, 
        is engaging or is about to engage in criminal activity and that 
        the records or other information sought are material to the 
        investigation of such activity. In the case of a State 
        government authority, such a court order shall not issue if 
        prohibited by the law of such State. A court issuing an order 
        pursuant to this subsection, on a motion made promptly by the 
        library, may quash or modify such order if the information or 
        records requested are unreasonably voluminous in nature or if 
        compliance with such order otherwise would cause an 
        unreasonable burden on the library.''.
    (b) Clerical Amendment.--The item relating to section 2701 in the 
analysis for chapter 121 of title 18, United States Code, is amended to 
read as follows:

``2710. Wrongful disclosure of video tape rental or sale records and 
                            library loan and book sale records.''.

        TITLE IV--PRIVACY PROTECTION FOR SATELLITE HOME VIEWERS

SEC. 401. PRIVACY PROTECTION FOR SUBSCRIBERS OF SATELLITE TELEVISION 
              SERVICES FOR PRIVATE HOME VIEWING.

    (a) In General.--Section 631 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 
U.S.C. 551) is amended to read as follows:

``SEC. 631. PRIVACY OF SUBSCRIBER INFORMATION FOR SUBSCRIBERS OF CABLE 
              SERVICE AND SATELLITE TELEVISION SERVICE.

    ``(a) Notice to Subscribers Regarding Personally Identifiable 
Information.--At the time of entering into an agreement to provide any 
cable service, satellite home viewing service, or other service to a 
subscriber, and not less often than annually thereafter, a cable 
operator, satellite carrier, or distributor shall provide notice in the 
form of a separate, written statement to such subscriber that clearly 
and conspicuously informs the subscriber of--
            ``(1) the nature of personally identifiable information 
        collected or to be collected with respect to the subscriber as 
        a result of the provision of such service and the nature of the 
        use of such information;
            ``(2) the nature, frequency, and purpose of any disclosure 
        that may be made of such information, including an 
        identification of the types of persons to whom the disclosure 
        may be made;
            ``(3) the period during which such information will be 
        maintained by the cable operator, satellite carrier, or 
        distributor;
            ``(4) the times and place at which the subscriber may have 
        access to such information in accordance with subsection (d); 
        and
            ``(5) the limitations provided by this section with respect 
        to the collection and disclosure of information by the cable 
        operator, satellite carrier, or distributor and the right of 
        the subscriber under this section to enforce such limitations.
    ``(b) Collection of Personally Identifiable Information.--
            ``(1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph (2), a 
        cable operator, satellite carrier, or distributor shall not use 
        its cable or satellite system to collect personally 
        identifiable information concerning any subscriber without the 
        prior written or electronic consent of the subscriber.
            ``(2) Exception.--A cable operator, satellite carrier, or 
        distributor may use its cable or satellite system to collect 
        information described in paragraph (1) in order to--
                    ``(A) obtain information necessary to render a 
                cable or satellite service or other service provided by 
                the cable operator, satellite carrier, or distributor 
                to the subscriber; or
                    ``(B) detect unauthorized reception of cable or 
                satellite communications.
    ``(c) Disclosure of Personally Identifiable Information.--
            ``(1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph (2), a 
        cable operator, satellite carrier, or distributor may not 
        disclose personally identifiable information concerning any 
        subscriber without the prior written or electronic consent of 
        the subscriber and shall take such actions as are necessary to 
        prevent unauthorized access to such information by a person 
        other than the subscriber or the cable operator, satellite 
        carrier, or distributor.
            ``(2) Exceptions.--A cable operator, satellite carrier, or 
        distributor may disclose information described in paragraph (1) 
        if the disclosure is--
                    ``(A) necessary to render, or conduct a legitimate 
                business activity related to, a cable or satellite 
                service or other service provided by the cable 
                operator, satellite carrier, or distributor to the 
                subscriber;
                    ``(B) subject to paragraph (3), made pursuant to a 
                court order authorizing such disclosure, if the 
                subscriber is notified of such order by the person to 
                whom the order is directed; or
                    ``(C) a disclosure of the names and addresses of 
                subscribers to any other provider of cable or satellite 
                service or other service, if--
                            ``(i) the cable operator, satellite 
                        carrier, or distributor has provided the 
                        subscriber the opportunity to prohibit or limit 
                        such disclosure; and
                            ``(ii) the disclosure does not reveal, 
                        directly or indirectly--
                                    ``(I) the extent of any viewing or 
                                other use by the subscriber of a cable 
                                or satellite service or other service 
                                provided by the cable operator, 
                                satellite carrier, or distributor; or
                                    ``(II) the nature of any 
                                transaction made by the subscriber over 
                                the cable or satellite system of the 
                                cable operator, satellite carrier, or 
                                distributor.
            ``(3) Court orders.--A governmental entity may obtain 
        personally identifiable information concerning a cable or 
        satellite subscriber pursuant to a court order only if, in the 
        court proceeding relevant to such court order--
                    ``(A) such entity offers clear and convincing 
                evidence that the subject of the information is 
                reasonably suspected of engaging in criminal activity 
                and that the information sought would be material 
                evidence in the case; and
                    ``(B) the subject of the information is afforded 
                the opportunity to appear and contest such entity's 
                claim.
    ``(d) Subscriber Access to Information.--A cable or satellite 
subscriber shall be provided access to all personally identifiable 
information regarding that subscriber that is collected and maintained 
by a cable operator, satellite carrier, or distributor. Such 
information shall be made available to the subscriber at reasonable 
times and at a convenient place designated by such cable operator, 
satellite carrier, or distributor. A cable or satellite subscriber 
shall be provided reasonable opportunity to correct any error in such 
information.
    ``(e) Destruction of Information.--A cable operator, satellite 
carrier, or distributor shall destroy personally identifiable 
information if the information is no longer necessary for the purpose 
for which it was collected and there are no pending requests or orders 
for access to such information under subsection (d) or pursuant to a 
court order.
    ``(f) Relief.--
            ``(1) In general.--Any person aggrieved by any act of a 
        cable operator, satellite carrier, or distributor in violation 
        of this section may bring a civil action in a district court of 
        the United States.
            ``(2) Damages and costs.--In any action brought under 
        paragraph (1), the court may award a prevailing plaintiff--
                    ``(A) actual damages but not less than liquidated 
                damages computed at the rate of $100 a day for each day 
                of violation or $1,000, whichever is greater;
                    ``(B) punitive damages; and
                    ``(C) reasonable attorneys' fees and other 
                litigation costs reasonably incurred.
            ``(3) No effect on other remedies.--The remedy provided by 
        this subsection shall be in addition to any other remedy 
        available under any provision of law to a cable or satellite 
        subscriber.
    ``(g) Definitions.--In this section:
            ``(1) Distributor.--The term `distributor' has the meaning 
        given that term in section 119(d)(1) of title 17, United States 
        Code.
            ``(2) Cable operator.--
                    ``(A) In general.--The term `cable operator' has 
                the meaning given that term in section 602.
                    ``(B) Inclusion.--The term includes any person 
                who--
                            ``(i) is owned or controlled by, or under 
                        common ownership or control with, a cable 
                        operator; and
                            ``(ii) provides any wire or radio 
                        communications service.
            ``(3) Other service.--The term `other service' includes any 
        wire, electronic, or radio communications service provided 
        using any of the facilities of a cable operator, satellite 
        carrier, or distributor that are used in the provision of cable 
        service or satellite home viewing service.
            ``(4) Personally identifiable information.--The term 
        `personally identifiable information' does not include any 
        record of aggregate data that does not identify particular 
        persons.
            ``(5) Satellite carrier.--The term `satellite carrier' has 
        the meaning given that term in section 119(d)(6) of title 17, 
        United States Code.''.
    (b) Notice With Respect to Certain Agreements.--
            (1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph (2), a 
        cable operator, satellite carrier, or distributor who has 
        entered into agreements referred to in section 631(a) of the 
        Communications Act of 1934, as amended by subsection (a), 
        before the date of enactment of this Act, shall provide any 
        notice required under that section, as so amended, to 
        subscribers under such agreements not later than 180 days after 
        that date.
            (2) Exception.--Paragraph (1) shall not apply with respect 
        to any agreement under which a cable operator, satellite 
        carrier, or distributor was providing notice under section 
        631(a) of the Communications Act of 1934, as in effect on the 
        day before the date of enactment of this Act, as of such date.
                                 <all>
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