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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">United States of America</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION<span>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SECRETARY OF LABOR</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
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								</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainan</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t,</span></p>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> v. </span></p>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">MASTER CONSTRUCTION</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
									</span>CO., INC.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
									</span>and its successors,</span></p>
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								</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHRC Docket No</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">18-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">0170</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Appearances:</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Kristi<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Henes</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, Esq.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, Department of Labor, Office of Solicitor,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Denver</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Colorado</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">For Complainant</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Aaron Dean, Esq. & Jeffrey Wieland</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, Esq.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Moss & Barnett</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Minneapolis, Minnesota</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">F</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">or Respondent</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Be</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">fore: </span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Judge<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Patrick B. Augustine</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>– U. S. Administrative Law Judge</span></p>
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				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">I.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">P</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ROCEDURAL HISTORY</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2017</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was in charge of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a project to expand and repave<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">19th Avenue</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">runs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>through<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Fargo</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, North Dakota. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">O</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">n<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">October 4,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2017</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a cement mixer ran over one of Respondent’s employees, who suffered two broken legs. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">68</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent notified Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the next day</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 44). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Approximately one week later,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant dispatched Compliance Safety and Health Officer (CSHO) Shawn<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Damberger</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to conduct an inspection.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref2" href="#ftn2">1</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As a result of his inspection of the worksite and interviews of relevant parties, CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Damberger</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">recommended, and Complainant issued, a Citation and Notification of Penalty, which alleges one serious violation of the general duty clause, 29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and one other-than-serious violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.21(b)(2).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Complainant proposed a $11,641.00 penalty for the general duty clause violation and a $</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">933.00 penalty for the other-than-serious violation.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent timely contested the Citation.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>A trial was held on February 6–7, 2019 in Fargo, North Dakota. The following witnesses testified:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(1) CSHO Shawn<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Damberger</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; (2) Keith Nelson, driver for Aggregate Industries; (3) Lance<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Savageau</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, driver for Aggregate Industries; (4) Rachel Hardy, Respondent’s Human Resources Manager; (5) Kenneth Shorter, Complainant’s designated expert; (6) Arthur<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cofell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Respondent’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Concrete Superintendent; (7) Frank Lopez III, Respondent laborer; and (8) Mark<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Grothe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Respondent’s designated expert. At the close of its case, Respondent moved for judgment as a matter of law, which was denied by the Court. (Tr. 621, 623). The parties timely filed post-trial briefs, and, upon motion of the parties,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Court</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also permitted<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">m</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to file reply briefs.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Pursuant to Commission Rule 90, after hearing and carefully considering all the evidence<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and the arguments of counsel</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the Court issues this Decision and Order as its findings of fact and conclusions of law. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s discussed further below</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Court finds Complainant established Respondent violated the general duty clause by failing to adequately protect its employees from being struck by heavy equipment traffic within the boundaries of the repaving project. The Court also finds, however, Complainant failed to establish a violation of the training standard found at 29 C.F.R. § 1926.21(b)(2), because h</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e failed to produce evidence the injured employee was not provided adequate training<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in a language the employee could understand</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Accordingly, the Citation and Notification of Penalty is AFFIRMED in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">part and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>VACATED in part.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">II.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">TIPULATIONS & JURISDICTION</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Court has jurisdiction over th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e parties and subject matter in this case</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Court<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">obtained jurisdiction over this matter under section 10(c) of the Act upon Respondent’s timely filing of a notice of contest. 29 U.S.C. § 659(c).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">B</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ased on Respondent’s Answer to the Complaint, the Court also finds</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent is an employer engaged in interstate commerce within the meaning of sections 3(3) and 3(5) of the Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 29 U.S.C. § 652(5).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">8</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Slingluff</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 425 F.3d 861, 866</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">–</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">67 (10</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Cir. 2005)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In addition to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">those<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">jurisdictional matters, Respondent withdr</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">w<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">its affirmative defense of employee misconduct</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">347</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">III.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">F</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ACTUAL BACKGROUND</span></p>
			<p style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Worksite and Nature of the Work Performed</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent was hired to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">expand<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">th<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">venue</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>from a two-lane road to a four-lane road</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref3" href="#ftn3">2</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">50, 265</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The unfinished roadbed was 60 feet across and covered with gravel. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">163, 173</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). The roadbed was bounded on both sides by dirt fields. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">61, 386–87</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On the day of the incident, Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s crew</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pouring concrete for</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the lanes on the north side of the road</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which measured approximately<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1,200<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">feet long and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">22<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">feet across.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">50, 154–55</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This portion of the project</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>required</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>970 cubic yards of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">mixed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">concrete, which was delivered by Aggregate Industries</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">subcontractor hired by Respondent to provide trucks, drivers, and concrete.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">51</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The construction site<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was closed to the general public and was marked with traffic control<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">devices. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">368</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). The work inside the construction site<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was dynamic—the machine</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s used to pour and smooth the concrete<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">constantly mov</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>forward as the road was being poured</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and 15 different<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Aggregate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">cement trucks delivered 100 loads of concrete</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>approximately</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>once every six minutes. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">154–55, 250</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In order to pour the road, Respondent employed a series of machines working<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in tandem with the concrete trucks that delivered the pre-mixed concrete. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The first machine, called the placer, collect</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the concrete delivered by the trucks into a hopper</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">271</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. R-26</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). A conveyor deliver</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the concrete from the hopper to a movable chute that spreads the concrete over the roadbed. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">271</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. R-27</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). The placer<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">wa</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s controlled by one of Respondent’s employees, who s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in an elevated platform on top of the machine, which allow</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>him to control and monitor the pour. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">481</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). The paver travel</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>behind the placer and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">wa</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s responsible for smoothing and forming the concrete into the lanes of the road. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">484</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. R-28</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Finally, traveling behind each of those machines<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>cure cart, which applie</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a compound to the concrete to ensure it drie</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>properly to achieve the specified strength and durability. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">54–55, 485</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>On the day of the incident, the operation was moving eastward along 19th Avenue</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, between 43rd and 45th<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">treets. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">485</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Aggregate’s trucks entered the worksite from the east end of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">site</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">473</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). They would drive up 19th Avenue until they reached the intersection at 43</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">rd</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Street, at which point they would turn around and back up to the hopper on the placer machine. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">474</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">One of Respondent’s employees, known as the chute man,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">guided the driver back to the placer, where the driver would lower<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the chute on his truck and unload the concrete into the hopper. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">66</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Once the load ha</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>been delivered, the chute man notifie</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the driver he c</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ould</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>pull forward. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">110</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). The driver<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">would pull</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>away, driving to the right to avoid the next truck in line, and pull off to the side to flip the remaining portion of the chute up against the truck. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">255</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Depending on how many trucks had been dispatched</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref4" href="#ftn4">3</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to Respondent’s worksite, there could be a line of trucks sitting in position to back up to the hopper</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>hopper was wide enough so that two</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>trucks<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">could</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>be<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">unloaded at a time; however, at the time of the incident in this case, only one truck was permitted to unload at a time. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">477–78</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Aside from the chute man, most of Respondent’s employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">worked behind the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">placer and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">paver</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which served as a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">de facto</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>barrier between them and the incoming truck traffic.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref5" href="#ftn5">4</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">269, 483</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> That said,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cofell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified the employees’ vehicles, extra tools, equipment, and supplies<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were in</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a staging area<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on the eastern end of the worksite</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>where trucks entered and exited the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">site</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">48</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">4–8</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">5</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). According to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cofell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, this layout made sense, because the equipment and cars were located where the work would eventually end for the day. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">485</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). However, as will be discussed in more detail below, this layout also required Respondent’s employees to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">occasionally<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">travel on foot through<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an area where trucks were entering and exiting the worksite.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">B.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Training and Communication of Hazards</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>According to Respondent,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>train</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on how to deal with the potential of being struck by a moving vehicle on the worksite, which included annual seminars and weekly tool-box talks<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the worksite. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">301, 471</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent had multiple policies governing the possibility of collisions between heavy mobile equipment and pedestrians, including Work Zone Safety, Mobile Equipment Hazards, Preventing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Backovers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and Blindspot Analysis. (Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">R-6, R-7, R-8, R-9</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Each of these policies included warnings and directives, such as:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:62.4px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Symbol; padding-right:20px;">·</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“Be aware of vehicle and equipment travel paths and avoid standing or walking in these areas.”</span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:62.4px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Symbol; padding-right:20px;">·</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“[O]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">perators</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>may not always see a worker approaching them<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. . . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:62.4px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Symbol; padding-right:20px;">·</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“[A]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pproach</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>equipment only after making eye contact and signaling the operator; wait for their approval<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. . . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Aside from these general admonitions, however,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">there were no specific, documented rules</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>govern</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pedestrian and truck traffic within the construction zone</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based on the testimony of Nelson and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Savageau</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, it appears</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent gave</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>only<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">basic instruction</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the truck drivers entering the worksite. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Neither Nelson nor<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Savageau</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>received site-specific training for the road construction project. (Tr. 262,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">288</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Instead,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Nelson testified, “The first driver usually tells them—it gets to relayed to everybody else how to do it. And they’re basically the same all the time.” (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">258–59</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Savageau</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">testified he did not recall receiving any<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">notice</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent’s employees would be walking in the area of truck traffic and stated it was “not likely at all” for workers or contractor employees to be traveling in that area on a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ny</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>worksite. (Tr. 288–89).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent’s concrete superintendent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cofell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified he spoke with Aggregate’s representative,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Lynn<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Alm</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and discussed “how the trucks were coming in and where they needed to turn around.” (Tr. 477).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Otherwise, according to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cofell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, he and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Alm</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had only discussed safe operating speed within the worksite. (Tr. 517).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Aside from the issue of speed and identifying where<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">drivers<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">needed to enter and turn around,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cofell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, who testified as to his general knowledge of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Internal Traffic Control Plans (“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ITCP</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, admitted he had never implemented one on a construction site before. (Tr. 514). </span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">C.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Accident</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On the day of the accident,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">work was progressing as described above. The series of events leading to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s injury started with Aggregate driver Nelson positioning his truck to back up to the hopper. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">273</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). According to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Frank Lopez III</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Nelson appeared agitated because<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the chute man</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>would not allow him to park alongside the other truck that was unloading concrete into the hopper</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, because</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent was only permitting one load to be dumped at a time.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">545–46</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Nelson, on the other hand, testified he was able to pull right up to the hopper when he arrived. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">253).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Once he was positioned to pour, Nelson said it took four or five minutes to unload the concrete. (Tr. 254). After unloading, the chute man motioned to Nelson, indicating he could raise up the chute and pull out to make room for the next driver in line. (Tr. 255). Nelson raised his chute, checked his mirrors, and pulled forward to the right (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">south</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">) side</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the gravel roadbed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to avoid the next driver,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Savageau</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, who was backing up to the hopper. (Tr. 256–57). After pulling forward approximately<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">50</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>feet, Nelson stopped his truck to pin up the chute</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. At that point,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he discovered he had hit one of Respondent’s employees. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">277</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>While Nelson was positioning his truck and pouring concrete, Art<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cofell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>directed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to get the backhoe and collect an additional barrel of cure, which was starting to run low.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref6" href="#ftn6">5</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">488</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">stated above</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, both the backhoe and cure were located on the east side of the operation, which required<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to travel outside the area otherwise protected by the placer machine.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">According to CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Damberger</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, who interviewed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">him</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>walked<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">along the passenger side of Nelson’s truck, giving himself roughly 4–7 feet of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>lateral</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>space between</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>them</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 68). At some point after<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>walked past the truck and Nelson had delivered his load into the hopper, Nelson pulled forward and turned to the right side of the road</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. While this practice, at least nominally, was designed to avoid a collision between the incoming and outgoing trucks, it also placed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>path</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of Nelson’s truck</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">All of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the testifying witnesses had varying accounts as to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">how far away from the placer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the accident occurred</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, ranging from<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">20</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">200</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>feet.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">278</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>28</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">7</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">498, 546</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). The problem, however, is that no one took measurements</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>after the accident occurred, which left CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Damberger</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, as well as this Court, to reconstruct what happened based on the various estimates given by Nelson,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Savageau</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Rachel Hardy</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 240). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">complicated</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by the fact the work<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">continued after<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had been taken to the hospital and the worksite was no longer in the same place at the time of CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Damberger’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>inspection.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based on the scant evidence of distance, the Court finds</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was somewhere between<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">50</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">100</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>feet east of the placer at the time of the accident.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref7" href="#ftn7">6</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">While<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">his</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>distance from the placer was more difficult to ascertain, most of the witnesses agree</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was found roughly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">30</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>feet to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">south</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">string line</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref8" href="#ftn8">7</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and 5–7 feet north of the southern edge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the roadbed. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">279, 497, 535</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). According to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cofell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Respondent’s employees typically walked in the dirt field to the south of the gravel roadbed in order to access their vehicles and spare tools on the east end of the worksite. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">484–85</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). In this instance, however,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cofell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>noted some of the employees walked along the gravel because the dirt field was muddy at the time. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">488</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Neither<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Nelson<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Savageau</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">reason to believe Respondent’s employees would be traveling through the roadbed area on foot.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The police arrived at the worksite shortly after the accident occurred and conducted interviews of Nelson and other people at the worksite</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">None of the testifying witnesses saw</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the collision take place. Notwithstanding<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Lopez</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s testimony regarding Nelson’s agitated behavior and unsafe driving, the police did not issue Nelson a citation for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">his role in the accident</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and the Court sees no evidence to suggest he engaged in such behavior.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 260).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Whether<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Nelson</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>traveled<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">20</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>feet</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>50 feet,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or even<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">200</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>feet before hitting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the Court finds this discrepancy is irrelevant to the resolution of this case, because the Court is not charged with determining the cause of the accident, but whether<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and his fellow employees were exposed to a recognized hazard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">W</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hile<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent takes issue with the possibility Nelson was focused on his rearview mirrors and the incoming truck as he was taking off from the hopper,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cofell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>made it clear such behavior was typical given the layout of the worksite. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">524</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). When coupled with the fact the drivers did not anticipate foot traffic in the area of the roadbed,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Nelson’s focus on the immediate and anticipated hazards make more sense.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Further, like the distance issue, such evidence is related to the issue of causation, not whether a recognized hazard existed.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">D.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Complainant’s Inspection</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Damberger</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>initiated an inspection with HR Manager Rachel Hardy at Respondent’s facility and conducted an onsite investigation of the road construction project the following day. (Tr. 44–45). As noted above, by the time CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Damberger</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>arrived, the project had advanced forward a substantial distance. Based on his interviews</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Damberger</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>found Respondent had not taken any measurements</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at the time of the accident</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, nor had it conducted an interview of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>While Hardy had taken photographs with her phone, they did not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">clarify</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>what had occurred on the day of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">cident. (Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">R-16, R-17</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Damberger</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>conducted multiple interviews, including<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>took photographs of the equipment involved and the nature of the operation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>reviewed the accident report</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and collected information on Respondent’s safety policies and training.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based on the information he collected, CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Damberger</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>determined Respondent violated the general duty clause because it failed to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">properly address the struck-by hazard presented by employees traveling on foot through an area where concrete trucks were driving. CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Damberger</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">recommended a citation for Respondent’s failure</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to properly communicate its safety policies and training to its<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Spanish-speaking employees. Those recommendations were adopted by Complainant, and the citation items discussed below were issued.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">IV.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">THE ACT, REGULATIONS AND JUDICIAL PRECEDENT </span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">O</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ccupational Safety and Health<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of 1970, (“Act”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 651-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">678,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>meant “to assure so far as possible every working man and woman in the Nation safe and healthful working conditions.” 29 U.S.C.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">§ 651(b). The Act imposes a general duty on employers to furnish employees a workplace “free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">§ 654(a)(1).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In order to prove such a violation, the Secretary must show “that a condition or activity in the workplace presented a hazard, that the employer or its industry recognized a hazard, that the hazard was likely to cause death or serious physical harm, and that a feasible and effective means existed to eliminate or materially reduce the hazard.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Arcadian Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC 2001 (No. 93-0628, 2004). The evidence must also show the employer knew or, with the exercise of reasonable diligence, could have known of the violative condition.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Regina Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 1044 (No. 87-1309, 1991).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:13.333px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.302cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>must establish his<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">prima facie</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>case by preponderance of the evidence.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Hartford Roofing Co</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 17 BNA OSHC 1361 (No. 92-3855, 1995).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“Preponderance of the evidence” has been defined as:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:72px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The greater weight of the evidence, not necessarily established by the greater number of witnesses testifying to a fact but by evidence that has the most convincing force; superior evidentiary weight that, though not sufficient to free the mind wholly from all reasonable doubt, is still sufficient to incline a fair and impartial mind to one side of the issue rather than the other.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-right:54px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Black’s Law Dictionary, “Preponderance of the Evidence” (10th ed. 2014).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">While Respondent characterizes Complainant’s use of the general duty clause as an end-run around the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Administrative Procedures Act (“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">APA</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the Supreme Court recognized section 5(a)(1) “was intended itself to deter the occurrence of occupational deaths and serious injuries by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">placing on employers a mandatory obligation independent of the specific health and safety standards to be promulgated by the Secretary.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Whirlpool Corp. v. Marshall</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 445 U.S. 1, 13 (1980). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This independent obligation was designed to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">emphasize the general and common duty of all employers to protect the life and health of their employees:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The committee has concluded that such a provision is based on sound and reasonable policy. Under principles of common law, individuals are obliged<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to refrain from actions</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>which cause harm to others. Courts often refer to this as a general duty to others. Statutes usually increase but sometimes modify this duty. The committee believes that employers are equally bound by this general and common duty to bring no adverse effects to the life and health of their employees throughout the course of their employment.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Employers have primary control of the work environment and should<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">insure</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that it is safe and healthful</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Section 5(a), in providing that employers must furnish employment ‘which is free from recognized hazards<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">so as to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>provide safe and healthful working conditions,’ merely restates that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">each employer shall furnish this degree of care.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">S. Rep. No. 91-1282, 91st Cong., 2nd Sess. (1970), U.S.C.C.A.N., 91st Cong., 2d Sess. (1970) at 5186.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Contrary to Respondent’s assertion Complainant is attempting</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to use Section 5(a)(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to require the implementation of ITCPs as a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">de facto</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>safety standard, the Court finds its application is specific to the set of facts presented</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Pepper Contracting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Svcs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 657 Fed. Appx. 844, 849 (11th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cir. 2016) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">finding specific facts of case illustrated hazard of positioning an employee in front of and in the path of milling convoy, including failure to inform drivers of employee’s location).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant is still required, as in every general duty clause case, to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>establish the existence of a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">serious<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazard that is either recognized by Respondent specifically, or by its industry generally</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(2) prove not only the existence of feasible and effective means of abatement, but, to the extent Respondent has implemented measures to address the hazard, also show those measures were ineffective.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Arcadian Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC 2001. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This exacting burden of proof, which has been reviewed and approved of by the Commission, Circuit Courts of Appeal, and the Supreme Court, ensures Respondent is not being held to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">some</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ad hoc</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of conduct</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Secretary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">plucks out of thin</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>air</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Instead, Complainant’s proposed standard of conduct must be</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>premised on hazards either Respondent or its industry squarely<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">recognize</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and abatement measures<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">industry experts<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">have determined are</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">effective at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">minimizing those hazards</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g.,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>id.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(“Feasible means of abatement are established if ‘conscientious experts familiar with the industry’ would prescribe those means and methods to eliminate or materially reduce the recognized hazard.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">citing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Pepperidge Farm, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1993, 2032 (No. 89-0264, 1997))). As will be discussed further below, Complainant has met that burden.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">V. ANALYSIS, FINDINGS OF FACT AND LEGAL APPLICATION</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 1</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant alleged a serious violation of the Act in Citation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Item 1 as follows:<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Section 5(a)(1): The employer did not furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which were free from recognized hazards that were causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees in that employees were exposed to struck-by hazards:<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">a)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On October 4, 2017, for the employee working on a road construction site who was seriously injured after being struck by a concrete truck in the vicinity of 19th Avenue & 45th Street in Fargo, North Dakota</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Abatement Note:<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Among other methods, one feasible and acceptable abatement method to correct the hazard would be for the employer to develop and implement a comprehensive work site traffic control plan that addresses struck-by hazards for personnel on the ground for vehicles entering and exiting construction sites, but not limited to a dedicated pathway[] for individuals on foot.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:90px; text-indent:-2.381cm; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation and Notification of Penalty at 6.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">a.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Respondent’s Work Practices Presented a Hazard</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“[A] safety hazard at the worksite is a condition that creates or contributes to an increased risk that an event causing death or serious bodily harm to employees will occur.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Baroid</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Div. of NL Indus., Inc. v. Occupational Safety and Health Review Comm’n,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>660 F.2d 439 (10th Cir. 1981). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2019).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Though Respondent did not stipulate to the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>existence of a hazard at trial, it appears to have conceded as much in its post-trial brief. According to Respondent:</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The first and second elements<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">are not in contention</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Cement trucks were moving on the work site, so there was a potential for a struck-by accident. Master Construction obviously recognized this potential hazard because it extensively trained its employees how to deal with that hazard. The other two elements, however, are very much in dispute.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Resp’t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Post-trial Br.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 22</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(emphasis added)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Notwithstanding Respondent’s concession,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">there is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>ample evidence a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">h</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">azard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>existed at the worksite</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">walked</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in the area where trucks were operating</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in order to access<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">spare equipment, tools, chemicals, and employee vehicles</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>were all located on the eastern end of the worksite.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ny time those<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">items</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>needed to be retrieved, Respondent’s employees had to travel beyond the protective barrier provided by the placer and into an area where trucks were operating. Although Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">contend</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>this happened infrequently, it nonetheless admit</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>its “employees did cross into the truck’s area of operations . . . .”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref9" href="#ftn9">8</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Resp’t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 23.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court finds Complainant has established the existence of a stuck</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">by hazard existing at the time of the incident and before.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">b.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
					</span>The Haza</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">r</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">d was Recognized.<span>
					</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">It is “[t]he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, not the specific incident resulting in injury, [that] is the relevant consideration in determining the existence of a recognized hazard.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Kansas City Power & Light Co</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 10 BNA OSHC 1417, 1422 (No. 76-5255, 1982</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“[W]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hether</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or not a hazard is ‘recognized’ is a matter of objective determination.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Ed Taylor Const. Co. v. Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm’n</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 938 F.2d 1265, 1272 (11th Cir. 1991).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Whether a work condition poses a recognized hazard is a question of fact.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Baroid</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Div. of NL Indus., Inc. v. OSHRC,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">660 F.2d at 446.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This element is established by proving the employer had actual knowledge the condition was hazardous.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A “recognized hazard” may also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">be shown by proving the condition is generally known to be hazardous in the industry. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Ed Taylor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 938 F.2d at 1271 (citation omitted).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Finally, if the hazard is likely the type of hazard that is “so obvious and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">g</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">laring” it may be deemed recognized for the purpose of the general duty clause apart from evidence of industry practice or expert testimony. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Tri-State Roofing & Sheet Metal, Inc. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 685 F.2d 878, 880 (4th Cir. 1982). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent has conceded the hazard was recognized in its post-trial brief. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Resp’t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Post-trial Br.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 22 </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This hazard was recognized by Respondent and the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">highway<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">construction industry</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Respondent has rules addressing the potential for collisions between mobile equipment and employees on foot and provides training and toolbox talks addressing the same. (Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">R-6, R-7, R-8, R-9</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Likewise, both Respondent’s and Complainant’s respective experts testified the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">highway<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">construction industry recognize</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>struck-by hazards involving mobile equipment and workers on foot. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">415</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">617</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). This is further supported by the existence of ANSI standards addressing such hazards.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">430–31</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-15</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Accordingly, based on Respondent’s concession and the weight of the evidence presented by Complainant, the Court finds there was a recognized hazard at Respondent’s worksite during the applicable time period.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">c.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Respondent Was Aware of the Hazard<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In addition to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">four primary elements of a general duty clause violation, Complainant must also establish Respondent “knew or, with the exercise of reasonable diligence, should have known of the hazardous conditions constituting the violation.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">S.J. Louis Constr. of Texas</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 25 BNA OSHC 1892 (No. 12-1045, 2016).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The key is whether Respondent was aware of the conditions constituting a violation, not whether it understood the conditions violated the Act.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Phoenix<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Roofing, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1076, 1079–80 (No. 90-2148, 1995). Complainant can prove knowledge of a corporate employer through the knowledge, actual or constructive, of its supervisory employees.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Dover Elevator Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC 1281, 1286 (No. 91-862, 1993). If a supervisor is, or should be, aware of the noncomplying conduct of a subordinate, it is reasonable to charge the employer with that knowledge.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Mountain States Tel. & Tel. Co. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 632 F.2d 155, 158 (10th Cir. 1980). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">noted</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>above, Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">admitted</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>its employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">walked<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">through the area where concrete trucks were driven.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In fact,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cofell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>explicitly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">told</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to travel through that area in order to collect a barrel of cure</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he knew</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">walked through the area to gather additional tools and collect food and water from their personal vehicles.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Because<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cofell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was the concrete superintendent, and thus designated as an on-site supervisor for Respondent, his knowledge of the struck-by hazard is imputable to Respondent.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Dover Elevator</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC 1281 (No. 91-862, 1993) (“[W]hen a supervisory employee has actual or constructive knowledge of the violative conditions, that knowledge is imputed to the employer and the Secretary satisfies his burden of proof without hav</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to demonstrate any inadequacy or defect in the employer’s safety program.”). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Court finds Respondent had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">actual<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">knowledge of the conditions constituting a hazard.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">d.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Hazard Was Likely to Cause Death or Serious Physical Harm</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.6px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The determination as to what is considered serious physical harm is made on a case-by-case<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">basis</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. In making such determination the Court needs to look to the nature of the hazard against which the standard was intended to protect. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Anaconda Aluminum Co.,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>9 BNA OSHC 1460, 1981 (No. 13,102, 1981). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">need not show there was a substantial probability an accident<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">would<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">occur; he need only show that if an accident occurred, serious physical harm<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">could<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">result.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Sec’y of Labor v. Phelps Dodge Corp. v.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm'n</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">725 F.2d 1237, 1240 (9th Cir. 1984)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(emphasis added).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Injuries to employees constitute at least<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">prima facie</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>evidence the hazard was likely to cause death or serious injury.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See e.g.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Usery</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>v. Marquette Cement Mfg. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 568 F.2d 902, 910 (2d Cir. 1977)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(“The fact that the activity in question actually caused one death constitutes at least<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">prima facie</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>evidence of likelihood: ‘the potential for injury is indicated on the record by [the] death and, of course, by common sense.’<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">National Realty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 489 F.2d at 1265 n. 33.”)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s argument with respect to this element is misguided. Instead of analyzing whether a serious physical injury or death was the likely outcome of an accident resulting from the hazard, Respondent argues “[t]he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">evidence</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>produced at trial show [sic] that an injury was not likely to happen.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Resp’t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">23</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Commission has made clear,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>however,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the criteria for determining whether a hazard is ‘causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm’ is not the likelihood of an accident or injury, but whether, if an accident occurs, the results are likely to cause death or serious physical harm.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Waldon Health Care Center</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC 1052 (No. 89-2804, 1993) (citation omitted).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">N</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">otwithstanding the accident at issue in this case,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent argues it was unlikely any injury whatsoever would occur, because it had effectively addressed the hazard through its safety program and training. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">his<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">argument is more appropriately targeted at whether Complainant established the existence of a hazard in the first instance.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(“There is no mathematical test to determine whether employees are exposed to a hazard under the general duty clause. Rather the existence of a hazard is established if the hazardous incident can occur under other than a freakish or utterly implausible concurrence of circumstances.” (citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Nat’l Realty & Constr. Co. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 489 F.2d 1257, 1265 n.33 (D.C. Cir. 1973))).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Although Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>previously</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">conceded</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the existence of a struck-by hazard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the Court will give Respondent the benefit of the doubt and address the question<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of probability of exposure</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—and,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hence, whether a hazard existed—from the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">standpoint of whether its policies, procedures, and training were sufficient</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">bate</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that hazard.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Those arguments, however, will be addressed in the next section.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Section V.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e.i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">infra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As regards this specific element, however, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Court has no trouble concluding the struck-by hazard posed by cement trucks and pedestrian employees working in the same space was likely to cause death or serious physical harm. Indeed,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the Court need look no further than the injuries suffered by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>when he was struck by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Nelson’s truck: both legs were broken below the knee</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>required<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hospitalization and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">extensive</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>rehabilitation.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Contrary to Respondent’s assertion,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">relying on th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>injury</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that occurred in this case is not akin to strict liability</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Instead</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, it<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is concrete evidence that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">serious physical injury is a likely result of being hit by a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>concrete</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>truck.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref10" href="#ftn10">9</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Accordingly, the Court finds Complainant established<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">this element.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">e.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">There W</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ere</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
					</span>Feasible and Effective Means to Abate the Hazard</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:216px; text-indent:-.318cm; line-height:2; margin-left:216px; text-indent:-.318cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">i.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
					</span>Failed to<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Effectively Abate the Hazard</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As stated in the language of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Respondent’s general duty is to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment free from recognized hazards that are causing or likely to cause death or serious injury to the employees.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 U.S.C.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">§</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>654(a)(1). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Or, as stated by the D.C. Circuit</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The question is whether<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[the employer]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>rendered its construction site<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">‘</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">free’ of the hazard.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">National Realty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">489 F.2d at 1265. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Insofar as Respondent has implemented<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">measures to address the hazard, Complainant must show<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">those measures are inadequate</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in order to prevail.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Alabama<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Power Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">13 BNA OSHC 1240 (No.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">84-357,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1987). The Court finds Complainant has made such a showing.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In determining whether an employer has adequately protected its employees from<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a hazard, the Commission considers “whether [the employer] has established work rules designed to prevent exposure, has properly communicated those rules to its employees, has taken steps to discover noncompliance with the rules, and has effectively enforced its rules in the event of noncompliance.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Inland Steel Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 12 BNA OSHC 1968, 1976 (No. 79-3286, 1986)). General admonitions to avoid a hazard or act safely are not adequate for compliance; however, a rule is not inadequate just because it requires employees to exercise judgment.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“In determining whether a work rule is sufficiently specific to protect employees, the nature of the hazard and overall circumstances of the work operation must be considered.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Respondent did not have a site-specific plan for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">combined vehicular and foot<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">traffic inside of the construction zone. According to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cofell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, he coordinated with Lynn<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Alm</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>from Aggregate to discuss the speed limit within the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">site and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“how the trucks were coming in and where they needed to turn around</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref11" href="#ftn11">10</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">477</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). As illustrated by the testimony of Nelson and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Savageau</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, however, they</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">relied primarily</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>upon<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">experience from previous jobs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">radio communications with other drivers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, who relayed the layout of the worksite. (Tr. 268, 284). Other than that information, however, Nelson and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Savageau</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified they had not received any site-specific training from Aggregate or Respondent,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">nor were they informed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s employees would be traveling through the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>traffic</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>area on foot. (Tr. 261–62,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">288–89</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In fact,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">both testified it would be unusual for them to do so. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">262</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 288–89).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>As for concrete workers, like<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">had a couple of difference policies governing foot traffic through worksites with heavy equipment<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and trucks</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, though they were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fairly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">general</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in nature. Other than a specific requirement to wear high-visibility clothing, Respondent’s policies</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, as relayed through Safety Topic training sessions,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>admonished its employees to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">:</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Symbol; padding-right:20px;">·</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Work where drivers can see you, but as far as possible from traffic.<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Symbol; padding-right:20px;">·</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Get in and out of traffic spaces and heavy equipment areas quickly and safely.<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Symbol; padding-right:20px;">·</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Be aware of vehicle and equipment blind areas and avoid being in or near thes</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>areas.</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Symbol; padding-right:20px;">·</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Be aware of vehicle and equipment travel paths and avoid standing or walking in these areas.<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Ex. R-6, R-7, R-8, R-9). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">did not give its concrete workers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>specific directions as to how<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">they</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>were supposed to travel the worksite on foot.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Although<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cofell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified he told his employees to stay 15 feet away from moving trucks, he also admitted there was no specified lane of travel employees on foot</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>were required to use</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; instead, he said there was “pretty much” an understanding of where employees should walk. (Tr. 488). Specifically, he testified, “Well, they sometimes walked on the berm outside where the gravel was, but it was muddy so I’m sure he walked on the edge [of the gravel road].” (Tr. 488). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent argues the foregoing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">rules</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, coupled with its worksite segregation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>via the placer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sufficient</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to address the hazard presented by trucks and employees on foot traveling through the same area. The problem, however, is Respondent’s worksite segregation was undermined by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">where</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>its materials, and employees’ person</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">al</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>vehicles, were staged. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">P</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">eriodically</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had to travel beyond the protective confines of the placer to gather additional tools, lunches, water, and cure compound, which were located on the east end of the operation.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>failed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to properly account for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the hazards accompanying employees traveling on foot<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to get those materials</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The rules discussed above place the obligation on the employee on foot to avoid collisions by requiring them to “be aware”, to move “quickly and safely”, and to work “as far as possible” from traffic</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Given the equally general instructions<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">provided<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to the Aggregate drivers, who were not made aware workers would be traveling through the area on foot,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Court has no trouble concluding Respondent’s work rules governing vehicle and foot traffic through the construction zone were inadequate to address the hazard and, insofar as the drivers were concerned, were poorly communicated.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pepper Contracting Services</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the Eleventh Circuit<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">affirmed ALJ<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Gatto’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>finding that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a hazard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>existed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>under circumstances</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">similar to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>those found in this case</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">657 Fed. Appx. at 849. In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pepper</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, an employee and his supervisor traveled ahead of a road milling convoy to clear brush from around a telecommunications box.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 846. The supervisor left the employee</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">behind to complete the job</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, but he did not tell any of the dump truck drivers an employee was located ahead of the convoy</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Shortly after<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the employee was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>left behind to clear brush, a truck driver sped forward from the milling convoy and fatally struck the employee near the telecommunications box, which was roughly 83 feet away from the convoy.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The employer in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pepper</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>made arguments<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">similar to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>those made by Respondent in this case. Both employers argued that their respective employees were not exposed to a hazard because</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">: (1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the employees were located far<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">from the moving vehicles</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>before they were struck</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(2)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">they should have been visible to the driver</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>because of distance and high-visibility clothing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(3)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the drivers involved were driving carelessly.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 849. In the underlying case, Judge Gatto found the arguments regarding<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">distance, blind spots, and whether the driver was careless to be unavailing.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pepper Contracting</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">25 BNA OSHC 2052</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">No. 14-0714</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2015</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(ALJ Gatto)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Indeed, he specifically referred to the blind spot theory as a “red-herring”, because the employer was charged with violating the general duty clause for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">exposing employees to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the hazard of being struck by vehicular traffic inside a work zone.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Whether the employee was in the blind spot of the truck was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">irrelevant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>because the employer assigned him to work near the telecommunications box, which was in the path of the milling operation.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> The Eleventh Circuit agreed, stating:<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[I]t may not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">always</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>be true that where a contractor positions an employee 83 feet in front of and in the path of a milling convoy, a hazard necessarily exists. But, as discussed above, here such additional facts were shown as (1) Pepper’s lack of supervisory protocol to account for Diaz’s whereabouts at the time the milling operation resumed, (2) Pepper’s authorizing the milling operations to resume, and (3) Pepper’s failure to inform the truck drivers of Diaz’s location.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The ALJ could reasonably determine that the facts of this case showed that Pepper’s placement of Diaz in the path of a milling convoy led by dump trucks capable of moving at a high rate of speed actually exposed Diaz to a hazard in a zone of danger or, at the least, made it reasonably predictable that he would imminently be exposed to such a hazard in a zone of danger.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pepper Contracting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Svcs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 657 Fed. Appx. at 849 (emphasis in original). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Judge Gatto also addressed the sufficiency of Respondent’s existing abatements measures and found them wanting. In particular, Judge Gatto noted</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">: (1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>failed to have</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>specific<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ITCP</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">for that particular worksite;</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref12" href="#ftn12">11</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(2) failed to implement plans to prevent start-up of the milling operation while workers were in the path of the convoy; and (3) failed to coordinate its efforts with the independent trucking contractor by either providing it with a copy of its safety policy or including its drivers in its daily safety briefings.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pepper Contracting</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 25 BNA OSHC 2052 at *13. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court agrees with the analysis of Judge Gatto and the Eleventh Circuit. Respondent’s arguments regarding distance, visibility, and carelessness may be appropriate considerations for what caused this<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">accident</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; however, they are mostly irrelevant to the question of whether Respondent’s employees were exposed to a hazard and whether Respondent’s work rules and practices were adequate to address that hazard.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Bethlehem Steel</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 607 F.2d at 874. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Just as the employer in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pepper</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>sent its employee ahead of the convoy to clear brush, Respondent segregated and staged its worksite in such a way that employees were periodically required to travel ahead of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">paving equipment and into construction traffic in order to gather supplies or retrieve personal items.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Fabricated Metal Prods, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 1072 (No. 93-1853, 1997) (holding, under precedent of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Gilles &<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Cotting</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Rockwell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Complainant must show “that it is reasonably predictable either by operational necessity or otherwise (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">including inadvertence</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">), that employees have been, are, or will be in the zone of danger”) (emphasis added).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cofell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, who sent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to gather the cure compound, admitted he was aware the employees used the gravel roadway instead of the undeveloped dirt field due to the muddy conditions. Nevertheless, no specific rules were in place to address employees walking through the trafficked area, no notification was given to the drivers that employees walked in the area, and there was no coordination of training or policy with the drivers save for the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">perfunctory</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>discussion of traffic between<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cofell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Alm</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In light of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>these facts, the Court finds Complainant proved Respondent did not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">properly address the struck-by hazard, either through its own rules or through the communication of such rules to all affected parties.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:216px; text-indent:-.318cm; line-height:2; margin-left:216px; text-indent:-.318cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">ii.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Complainant Established<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Feasible Means of Abatement</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“The Secretary must specify the proposed abatement measures and demonstrate both that the measures are<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">capable</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of being put into effect and that they would be effective</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in materially reducing the incidence of the hazard.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Beverly Enters.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC 1161, 1190 (No. 91-3144, 2000).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is not required to show that its proposed methods of abatement would eliminate the hazard or that the absence of those methods was the “sole likely cause of the serious physical harm.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Arcadian Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC 2001 at *13.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant can establish its proposed means of abatement are feasible if “‘conscientious experts familiar with the industry’ would prescribe those means and methods to eliminate or materially reduce the recognized hazard.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pepperidge Farm, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC at 2032).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">According to the citation, Complainant alleged tha</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">one means of abatement would be for Respondent to develop an<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ITCP</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that incorporated dedicated pathways,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">which is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">consistent with the requirements of ANSI<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A10.47-2015, Section 6.4</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 431).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> In addition, Complainant’s expert,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ken</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Shorter, identified<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a four-step process<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent could have</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>implemented to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>effectively<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">identify and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">abate the hazard. Respondent contends dedicated pathways would not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">have<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">be</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">en</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>feasible given the evolving nature of the worksite<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">nor would they</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">have<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">be</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">en</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>effective at preventing the type of accident that occurred in this case. Respondent also contends it had a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">de facto</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>traffic control plan, but that it did not have it documented. Finally, Respondent argues the alternative abatement elements proposed by Complainant would not be effective at preventing the hazard in this case. Below, the Court shall address the various methods of abatement, as well as Respondent’s contention that it implemented a traffic control plan, to determine their effectiveness. Ultimately, the Court finds Complainant established a feasible and effective means of abatement.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Shorter identified four steps for addressing hazards associated with multi-employer worksites, including: performing a task hazard analysis; communicating the identified hazards to both employees and contractors; developing work plans separating people on foot from vehicle and heavy equipment traffic; and performing inspections to ensure compliance. In the specific arena of highway construction, Shorter proposed three additional methods to abate the ever-present struck-by hazard: (1) close supervision of high-risk work, (2) a written ITCP, and (3) truck-specific safety rules.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref13" href="#ftn13">12</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s traffic control<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">plan did not address some of the key issues identified by Mr. Shorter</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. First, there is no evidence Respondent performed a task hazard analysis</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Second,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the conversation between<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Alm</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cofell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">covered the basics of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">where trucks would drive and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">how fast they should be going,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">did not adequately communicate the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>relevant worksite hazards</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>drivers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>According to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Nelson<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Savageau</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">drivers were not notified</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent’s employees would be in the area</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of truck traffic</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Third,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">there was no</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>established</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>plan separating people on foot from vehicular traffic</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. While Respondent’s employees typically worked from behind the placer,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">y periodically traveled beyond<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that area to retrieve tools and additional materials</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">When retrieving those tools</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent expected</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, but did not direct,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>its employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>walk in the dirt field adjacent to the gravel roadbed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Even<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cofell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>admitted the area was muddy and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">his employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">used</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the gravel<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">roadbed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to walk.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Whether Respondent’s plan was written or not</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref14" href="#ftn14">13</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the Court finds it was deficient.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>According to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Shorter’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testimony, the key to an effective ITCP is the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">separation of workers on foot<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">from</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>vehicular traffic</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">One method of accomplishing such separation would be to store<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">necessary materials behind the barrier created by the placer so that employees would not have to travel into the trafficked area.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">422</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">o the extent that was not possible, Shorter advocated dedicated walking lanes.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">423–25</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Given the nature of the worksite, neither<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">expert</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>advocated the use of concrete Jersey barriers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">425</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 594</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Though they would certainly be effective, the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>concrete barriers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>would not be feasible<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to implement over<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">distances</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>associated with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the project</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Alternatively,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Shorter proposed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">stakes and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">caution<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">tape, spray painted lines,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or cones to identify where<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employees should walk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">423,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">425</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> While Respondent contends such “barriers” would not prevent someone from being run over, Shorter’s point was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>designated walking areas</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>would need to be part of a comprehensive scheme</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">424</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> This would<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">include training all worksite occupants, so that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employees and drivers alike would be aware of the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>dedicated walking lanes</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; implementing and enforcing truck safety rules, such as speed limits and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">prohibitions against cell<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">phone use; and close supervision of high-risk work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, such as when an employee is directed to retrieve</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>tools/chemicals located on the other side of the placer’s protective barrier.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pepper Contracting</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 25 BNA OSHC 2052 at *13</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(discussing appropriate abatement of a similar hazard).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he general duty clause does not require elimination of the hazard, only a material reduction of it.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>When viewed as a whole, Shorter’s comprehensive approach to the struck-by hazard accomplishes that.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> By comparison,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Grothe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>analysis of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant’s proposed abatement<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sought to justify Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">existing program</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">failed to show</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant’s proposed abatement was infeasible or ineffective</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">For example, as previously mentioned,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Grothe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>pointed out that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“barriers” or dedicated walking paths that were lined by spray paint, tape, or cones would not protect an employee from being run over. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">590</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). While that is true, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">point of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>lanes<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>be</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a visible<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">indicator of where walking traffic could be expected</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Grothe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>opined that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">using paint lines would also be ineffective, as they would have to be<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">consistently reapplied</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>due to the changing nature of the worksite and the potential for them to be washed or blown away.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">He also noted the individual applying the lines would be exposed to the same hazard the lines were designed to prevent. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court also rejects th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ese</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>argument</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Not only were painted lines only one suggestion, along with caution tape and cones,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">but the application of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">these types of barriers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>could reasonably be accomplished<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">with adequate notice to drivers and through<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">what Shorter referred to as “close supervision of high-risk work”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Further, although the paving equipment was in constant motion, it<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">moved</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>toward a defined endpoint for each day of work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent expected its employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">would walk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>along the same path to get to the additional tools and materials located on the east end of the operation. Although the location of the path might be different from day to day, it would<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">be more or less</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>constant for each individual day of work.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As illustrated above</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Grothe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pointed out minor deficiencies in specific rules, such as honking a horn when pulling away from the placer and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the use of paint</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, but his testimony did not undermine the feasibility of implementing a comprehensive scheme</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of segregated foot and vehicular traffic, which would be reinforced through a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">program of hazard analysis and employee- and contractor-involved training.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent relies on two cases issued by OSHRC ALJs in the last couple of years. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Central Site Development, LLC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 26 BNA OSHC 1985 (No.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">16-0642</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 2017)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(ALJ)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">The Lane Construction Corporation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 26 BNA OSHC 2139<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(No.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">16-0534</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 2017)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(ALJ)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In support of its argument<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that pathways are difficult to define, Respondent cited<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Central Site Development</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, wherein Judge<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Gatto</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>vacated a general duty clause citation requiring the use of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an ITCP</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on a construction project because<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>impractical.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Central Site Dev.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 26 BNA OSHC 19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">85</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citing the employer’s expert, the judge found the use of such a plan, and the attendant pedestrian lanes, impractical because a development site<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is progressing in different areas at different times, whereas highway construction moves in a constant progression.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at *11</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Given the differences between the worksite in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Central Site</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and the present case, the Court finds the holding in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Central Site<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">inapposite.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Though<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the facts of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Lane Construction</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">are</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>more on point, the Court finds its holding is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">also inapposite. First, the court did not hold that the ITCP would not change behavior or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fail to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">make employees materially safer. The key holdings in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Lane</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>were: (1) the Secretary did not establish Lane failed to comply with the specific subsections of the ANSI standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>governing back-up hazards</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; (2) the Secretary failed to establish Lane’s existing safety program was inadequate; and (3)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Secretary failed to prove an ITCP would be an effective means of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">materially reducing the hazard. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">The Lane Construction Corporation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 26 BNA OSHC 2139</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As previously discussed, Respondent did not have an ITCP</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at all</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and Complainant showed Respondent’s existing program<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was inadequate to address the hazard. The more interesting ruling from<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Lane<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(3),</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>wherein the Court relied upon a Request<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">For</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Information issued by OSHA in 2012. In the RFI, OSHA discusses ITCPs under the ANSI Standard A10.47, but ultimately states it “has no information on the effectiveness of this consensus standard.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Reinforced Concrete in Construction, and Preventing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Backover</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Injuries and Fatalities (RFI), 77 Fed. Reg. 18973,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">18982</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(March 29, 2012).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Based on this statement, the Judge Calhoun concluded Complainant failed to establish the effectiveness of an ITCP. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This Court finds there is one notable difference between the facts presented in this case and those presented in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Lane</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">: expert testimony. In her analysis of Respondent’s safety program, Judge Calhoun noted the Secretary failed to introduce expert testimony. Although this discussion was not directly related to the question of effectiveness, the Court finds<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">implicates</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Judge Calhoun’s finding that Complainant failed to prove ITCPs are an effective abatement measure. The RFI was issued in 2012, which was more than seven years ago</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hus</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>its usefulness as an assessment only holds water if Complainant fails to provide any additional evidence that ITCPs are effective at abating struck-by hazards.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Unlike<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Lane</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, counsel for Complainant in this case<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">introduced an experienced professional, who testified that the foregoing measures—task hazard analyses, ITCPs, close supervision of high-risk work, and truck-specific rules—are “well-recognized in the construction industry, and are typically used to protect employees from being injured, including being struck-by and run over by large trucks.” (Tr. 427). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">His conclusions carry weight not only because he is a member of the ANSI committee responsible for promulgating such standards, but also based on his work for large contractors that perform this kind of work. These contractors, and those similarly situated,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">make</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>recommendations to ANSI<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">about what they</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>deem effective at reducing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">worksite hazards, such as the one involved in this case</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">404–406,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">444</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">his extensive experience,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Shorter concluded an ITCP, coupled with adequate task hazard analyses, training and communication, and truck-specific rules, would be effective at materially reducing the hazard by designating areas for foot and vehicle traffic and minimizing the necessity for interaction between the two.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Arcadian Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">20 BNA OSHC 2001</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(“Feasible means of abatement are established if ‘conscientious experts, familiar with the industry’ would prescribe those means and methods to eliminate or materially reduce the recognized hazard.”).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court finds this testimony establishes the effectiveness of Complainant’s proposed abatement.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#FF0000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Consistent with the foregoing, the Court credits Shorter’s opinion over<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Grothe’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as it relates to the questions of the sufficiency of Respondent’s safety program and the feasibility of an ITCP as an abatement method. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Shorter is a member of the ANSI committee responsible for promulgating standards governing the work of highway construction companies</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">has worked for multiple large-scale contractors that perform this type of work.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#FF0000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Given this background, Shorter testified ITCPs are commonly used in the industry and are effective at preventing the type of incident that occurred in this case. (Tr. 426–27, 444–45). The Court was particularly persuaded by the thoroughness of Shorter’s analysis, which included a discussion of pre-planning hazard analyses, communication, training, and follow-up inspections as key parts of a comprehensive safety program</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and how Respondent’s safety program was deficient in those areas</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Ex. C-15). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Although<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s expert,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Grothe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, also had an impressive background in safety and health</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the Court finds his testimony was less persuasive and, thus, accords it less weight. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">here were points during<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Grothe’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testimony where he agreed with many of Shorter’s suggestions about the importance of communication, documenting hazard analyses, and providing training. (Tr. 598, 599–601, 608).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>He appeared to hedge against those conclusions, however, when he suggested it was not necessary to physically document ITCPs and hazard analyses insofar as “everyone is on the same page.” (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">582). The Court finds this curious because, in his experience, those types of safety documents were typically reduced to writing because it aids memory, assists in training, and provides a reference for proper communication. (Tr. 600–602). In concluding Respondent did not violate the general duty clause,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Grothe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>placed significant emphasis on Respondent’s undocumented “traffic pattern”, for which there is no evidence of training supplied to Master or Aggregate employees, was only discussed between<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cofell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Alm</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and failed to account for the presence of pedestrian employees in areas where trucks were driven. (Tr. 613–616; Ex. R-19). For these reasons, and based on the analysis above, the Court credits Shorter’s conclusion over<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Grothe’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At bottom,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">neither<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Grothe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>nor Respondent undermined the feasibility of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant’s proposed abatement methods. Instead, they sought to show how Respondent’s existing scheme was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sufficient</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and to point out</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>minor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>imperfections in Complaint’s proposed abatement</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">clearly illustrated</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the failures of Respondent’s safety program</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, including the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">overly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">general nature of its rules and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">its</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>failure<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to properly communicate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">those<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">rules and hazards to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">all<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">worksite occupants</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Further, though some aspects of Complainant’s abatement proposals are not perfect, such is not required<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to achieve compliance with the Act; rather, all that is required is a material reduction in recognized hazards. The Court finds Complainant’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">proposal achieves that end. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Accordingly, Citation 1, Item 1 shall be AFFIRMED as a violation of the Act.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">f.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Citation is Properly Classified as Serious.<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court finds the violation was serious within the meaning of section 17(k) of the Act. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">If the possible injury addressed by a regulation is death or serious physical harm, a violation of the regulation is serious.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Mosser Construction</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA 1044, 1047 (No. 08-0631, 2010);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Dec-Tam Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA 2072, 2077 (No. 88-523, 1993).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> As noted above in Section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">V.1.d, which is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">incorporated by reference</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the Court finds the hazard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">presented by Respondent’s violation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was likely to cause death<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or serious physical harm; indeed, such an injury did occur when<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was run over by the concrete truck. Therefore, Citation 1, Item 1 will be AFFIRMED as a serious violation of the Act.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">2.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 2, Item 1</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To establish a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">prima facie</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>violation of a specific standard promulgated under section 5(a)(2) of the Act, the Secretary must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1) the standard applies to the cited condition; (2) the terms of the standard were violated; (3) one or more of the employer’s employees had access to the cited conditions; and (4) the employer knew, or with the exercise of reasonable diligence could have known, of the violative conditions.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Ormet</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corporation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 14 BNA OSHC 2134 (No. 85-0531, 1991). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant alleged a serious violation of the Act in Citation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Item 1 as follows:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 CFR 19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">26.21(b)(2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">):<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The employer did not instruct each employee in the recognition and avoidance of unsafe conditions and the regulations applicable to his/her environment to control or eliminate any hazards or other exposure to illness or injury</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">:</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">a)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On October 4th, 2017, and for time[s] prior</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>for the employees exposed to struck by hazards from construction vehicles where non-English speaking employees have not been provided safety information in a manner that they can understand at a construction site in the vicinity of 19th Avenue & 45th Street in Fargo, North Dakota</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:90px; text-indent:-2.381cm; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation and Notification of Penalty at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">7</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:90px; text-indent:-2.381cm; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:90.267px; text-indent:-2.388cm; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The cited standard provides:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:90px; text-indent:-2.381cm; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The employer shall instruct each employee in the recognition and avoidance of unsafe conditions and the regulations applicable to his work<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">environment to control or eliminate any hazards or other exposure to illness or injury.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:90px; text-indent:-2.381cm; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">26.21(b)(2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">a.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Cited Standard Applies</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Commission has held that section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926.21(b)(2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#FF0000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“requires instructions to employees on (1) how to recognize and avoid the unsafe conditions which they may encounter on the job, and (2) the regulations applicable to those hazardous conditions.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Superior Custom Cabinet Co</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 18 BNA OSHC 1019, 1020 (No. 94-200, 1997),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff'd without published opinion</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 158 F.3d 583 (5th Cir. 1998). However, section 1926.21(b)(2) does not require the safety instructions “be written as long as the safety rule is clearly and effectively communicated to employees.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Gem Indus., Inc</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 17 BNA 1861, n. 5 (No. 93-1122, 1996).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">here is no dispute the standard applies, as every employer is required to provide training in how to recognize and avoid hazards applicable to the work being undertaken.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">b.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Complainant Failed to Establish a Violation of the Standard<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Secretary of Labor v.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Bardav</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc. dba Martha’s Vineyard Mobile Home Park</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 24 BNA OSHC 2015 (No. 10-1055, 2014), the Commission stated it had not abandoned the usual four-part test for determining whether the Secretary had established a violation of 29 CFR 1926.21(b)(2). Under Commission precedent, the reasonable prudent employer test is, and has consistently been, used to determine whether an employer has failed to comply with the standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that is, to access the adequacy of the content of the instructions at issue.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To prove<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a violation of a training standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the Secretary “must show that the cited employer failed to provide the instructions that a reasonably prudent employer would have given in the same circumstances.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">N & N Contractors, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 2121, 2122 (No. 96-0606, 2000). Respondent can rebut the allegation “by showing it has provided the type of training at issue<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 2126 (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">quoting AMSCO</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 1082, 1087 (No. 91-2494, 1997)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff'd</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 255 F.3d 133 (4th Cir. 2001)). When rebutted, “the burden shifts to the Secretary to show some deficiency in the training provided.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Court finds Complainant failed to establish Respondent violated the standard in the manner alleged.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The basis for the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">citation was CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Damberger’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>determination that non-English speaking employees, such as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, were not provided adequate training because neither the formal training sessions nor the associated materials were provided in Spanish. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">137, 204</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The evidence produced at trial, however, showed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">this was not correct. According to CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Damberger’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testimony, as well as that of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Hardy</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cofell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, there were a couple of individuals who provide</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>translations of the training seminars and materials to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to ensure he understood.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">209, 303, 513</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> In fact, the evidence showed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>signed training sheets indicating he had received and understood the training provided. (Tr. 205). In support of this,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, through a translator, told CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Damberger</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Actually, I do not sign anything if I do not know what it is about. Also, I am not very, very stupid</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.” (Tr. 206</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">–207</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-22</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Aside from the fact that an accident occurred, Complainant failed to provide any evidence Respondent failed to adequately communicate its policies to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or any other non-English speaking employee.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>At trial, and in its brief, Complainant attempted to expand the scope of the original citation to allege Respondent failed to adequately instruct all its employees in the recognition and avoidance of hazards present at the worksite. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">102</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>This<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">modification is at odds with CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Damberger’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>original basis for the citation,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the language of the citation itself,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as well as subsequent disclosures made by Complainant in discovery. In response to Respondent’s interrogatory requesting the basis for issuing Citation 2, Item 1, Complainant generally discussed Respondent’s failure to provide<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">instruction “in a manner and language that [all of their employees] could understand.” (Ex. R-3 at 5). In fact, the entire response to the interrogatory</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which spans two pages,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>reiterates Complainant’s position that the basis for the violation was Respondent’s failure to ensure its training and policies were provided in Spanish. This included: (1) pointing out that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">only one signature document indicated the signing employee understood the information provided; (2) discussing that Frank Lopez, Respondent’s concrete foreman, provide</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>translation, but, as far as the safety manual is concerned, only translate</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“what is relevant for the crew’s specific work tasks”;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and (3) pointing out Respondent’s failure to provide credentials or qualifications of Lopez or other individuals providing translations. (Ex. R-3 at 5–6). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t the end of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">response, Complainant included an additional paragraph stating Respondent’s “failure to establish and enforce safe procedures” and “its failure to ensure that its employees received training and instructions in a language they could understand” indicate it violated the general duty clause. (Ex. R-3 at 6). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At first glance,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>this statement seems to indicate the expansive scope Complainant now advocates</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; however, on further review, this particular portion of the response does two things: (1) reiterates that Citation 2, Item 1 is about a language barrier, and (2) attempts to connect the failure in Citation 2, Item 1 to the violation of the general duty clause in Citation 1, Item 1.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Although<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">administrative pleadings are supposed to be liberally construed, there is a limit to how much leeway should be given.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> This is particularly the case when Complainant attempts to alter the “essential factual allegations” contained in the citation.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Compare</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>A.L. Baumgartner Constr., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC 1995 (No. 92-1022, 1994) (holding<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">amendmen</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to complaint permissible where<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">merely</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>add</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>an alternative legal theory but<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">did</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>not alter the essential factual allegations contained in the citation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">with</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Roanoke Iron & Bridge Works</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 5 BNA OSHC 1391 (denying amendment where Secretary alleged new facts required to prove a new legal theory). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The language of Citation 2, Item 1 is explicit in terms of its coverage: “where<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">non-English speaking employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>have not been provided safety information in a manner that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">they can understand</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Citation and Notification of Penalty<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 7 (emphasis added). There is no plausible reading of this allegation that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">implicates</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>all of Respondent’s employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">adequacy</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of Respondent’s training<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">progr</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">am</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. The Court’s conclusion is bolstered by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant’s responses to interrogatories,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">which Respondent utilized at trial to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">illustrate Complainant’s attempt to expand the scope of its original allegation. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ex. R-3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">By doing so,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>showed it</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>did not consent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>trying the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">unpleaded</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>issue of its failure to properly train<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">all</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>its employees.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">McWilliams Forge Co., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 11 BNA OSHC 2128 (No. 80-5868, 1984) (finding parties did not consent to try<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">unpleaded</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>allegations) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 15</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(b)(2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Amendments during and after trial are governed by FRCP 15(b). If a pleading is not amended by consent, the Court may permit an amendment even over an objection by the party against whom the evidence is offered “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">when doing so will aid in presenting the merits and the objecting party fails to satisfy the court that the evidence would prejudice that party</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s action or defense on the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>merits.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(b)(1). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Under the circumstances presented here, the Court finds the amendment proposed by Complainant will not aid in presenting the merits of its case, which are adequate</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ly</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>addressed in Citation 1, Item 1. Further, the Court also finds Respondent would be prejudiced in its defense, which was premised entirely on the plain language of the Citation narrative. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Because Complainant failed to establish a violation of the standard as alleged, the Court VACATES Citation 2, Item 1.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">V.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Penalty</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Under the Act, the Secretary has the authority to propose a penalty according to Section 17 of the Act.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 U.S.C. §§ 659(a), 666. The amount proposed, however, merely becomes</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>advisory when an employer timely contests the matter. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Brennan v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 487 F.2d 438, 441</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">–</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">42 (8th Cir. 1973);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Revoli</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC 1682, 1686 n. 5 (No. 00-0315, 2001).</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ultimately, it is the province of the Commission to “assess all civil penalties provided in [Section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">17]”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which it determines<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">de novo</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 U.S.C. § 666(j)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Valdak</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1135 (No. 93-0239, 1995)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“Regarding penalty, the Act requires that “due consideration” be given to the employer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s size, the gravity of the violation, the good faith of the employer, and any prior history of violations.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Briones Util. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 26 BNA OSHC 1218, 1222 (No. 10-1372, 2016) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">citing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 U.S.C. § 666(j)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">These factors are not necessarily accorded equal weight.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">J.A. Jones Constr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 2201, 2216 (No. 87-2059, 1993) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">citation omitted</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Rather, the Commission assigns the weight that is reasonable under the circumstances. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Eric K. Ho,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>20 BNA OSHC 1361, 1379 (No. 98-1645, 2003) (Consol.),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff'd sub nom.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Chao v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 401 F.3d 355 (5th Cir. 2005).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">It is the Secretary</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s burden to introduce evidence bearing on the factors and explain how he arrived at the penalty he proposed. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Valdak</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 17 BNA OSHC at 1138</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“The gravity of the violation is the ‘principal factor in a penalty determination</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Assessing gravity involves considering: (1) the number of employees exposed to the hazard; (2) the duration of exposure; (3) whether any precautions have been taken against injury; (4) the degree of probability that an accident would occur; and (5) the likelihood of injury. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>e.g.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Capform</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC 1374, 1378 (No. 99-0322, 2001),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 34 F. Appx. 152 (5th Cir. 2002) (unpublished). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant proposed a penalty of $11,641 for Respondent’s violation of Citation 1, Item 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, because it determined the severity of the violation to be “high” and its probability of occurrence to be “greater”. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">96</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). These conclusions were premised on the seriousness of the injury suffered by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and by the fact that 100 loads of concrete were delivered to the site roughly once every six minutes, respectively</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. When coupled with the fact that extra tools, materials, and personal items were stored on the east end of the operation, which required employees to walk through the zone of danger, the Court finds each of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">15–16</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees laying concrete were exposed to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazard at least once a day. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">503</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). While Respondent had some policies governing the hazard, the Court finds they were overly general</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, only provided to employees, and failed to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">account</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for the actions of otherwise untrained external contractors.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ultimately</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the Court generally agrees with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant’s assessments related to gravity. </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Regarding size, history, and good faith, which Complainant uses to apply reductions to its original proposed penalty, the Court finds such elements were adequately accounted for. Complainant provided a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ten-percent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>discount for size, as Respondent has<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">163</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 46).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Complainant did not provide a discount for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">good faith due to the deficient nature of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>safety program, including its failure to adequately identify and address known hazards or to facilitate communication between its own employees and the multiple drivers that entered onto the worksite. As to history</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, neither Complainant nor Respondent introduced evidence that would convince the Court to adjust the penalty upward or downward</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. The Court agrees with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant’s assessment</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Accordingly, a penalty of $11,641 shall be assessed.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">O</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">RDER</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The foregoing Decision constitutes the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law in accordance with Rule 52(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based upon the foregoing Findings of Fact and Conclus</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ions of Law, it is ORDERED that:</span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">AFFIRMED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>as Serious</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and a penalty of<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">$11,641</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>is ASSESSED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">2.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 2, Item 1 is VACATED.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SO</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>ORDERED</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">____________________________</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Patrick B. Augustine</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Judge, OSHRC</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Date:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>January 27, 2020</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Denver, Colorado</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
			</div>
			<hr/>"
      <div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn-1" href="#ftnref-1"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn0" href="#ftnref0"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn1" href="#ftnref1"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn2" href="#ftnref2"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">1 </span></a>. The parties dispute when the inspection took place. The Court does not find this discrepancy is material to the ultimate resolution of this case, nor does it find such a discrepancy to impact the credibility of CSHO Damberger, who was likely mistaken or mis-documented when it took place.<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn3" href="#ftnref3"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">2 </span></a>. The end result was a four-lane road with a middle turn lane, which also accommodated two-and-a-half feet wide curb and gutter on both sides of the road. (Tr. 163–64). <span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn4" href="#ftnref4"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">3 </span></a>. Truck drivers were not designated to work at a particular site all day; instead, they were issued work tickets upon receiving a load of concrete at the Aggregate facility. Those tickets indicated where the load was to be delivered. (Tr. 264).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn5" href="#ftnref5"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">4 </span></a>. Although not physically behind the machine, the placer operator was in an elevated platform atop the placer, putting him out of harm’s way. (Tr. 481).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn6" href="#ftnref6"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">5 </span></a>. The backhoe was necessary because the cure is stored in 55-gallon drums. (Tr. 485–86).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn7" href="#ftnref7"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">6 </span></a>. As discussed more below,<span>
					</span>A.A.’s distance from the placer at the time of the accident has little to no bearing on the outcome of this case. Whether Nelson should have seen<span>
					</span>A.A.<span><span></span>
					</span>at the time of the accident is related to the cause of the accident, which does not impact the analysis of whether a<span>
					</span>Section<span>
					</span>5(a)(1) violation occurred.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. OSHRC</span>, 607 F.2d 871, 874 (3d Cir. 1979) (“Our task on review is not to look for a proximate cause relationship between the accident which preceded the inspection and the specific violation charged, but to determine whether there is substantial evidence in the record supporting the charge that the employer maintained, at the time and place alleged, a recognized hazard to the safety of its employees.”).<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn8" href="#ftnref8"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">7 </span></a>. The string line guided the placer, which was pouring the inner of the two eastbound lanes. (Tr. 271–72).<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn9" href="#ftnref9"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">8 </span></a>. The Court will address this argument in more detail with respect to the issue of exposure and likelihood of death or serious physical harm in Section IV.A.1.c,<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">infra</span>.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn10" href="#ftnref10"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">9 </span></a>. In a case where an injury did not occur, it is incumbent on Complainant to prove that exposure to the hazard<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">would<span>
						</span></span>cause such an injury. That is not at issue here, where an injury actually occurred; though, it is not a stretch to conclude that being hit by a truck would cause serious injuries or death.<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn11" href="#ftnref11"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">10 </span></a>. Respondent argues this general discussion of traffic flow was, itself, sufficient to qualify as an ITCP and, therefore, qualified as sufficient abatement of the hazard. As<span>
					</span>discussed below, Shorter’s description of an ITCP illustrates Respondent’s program was deficient.<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn12" href="#ftnref12"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">11 </span></a>. Interestingly, the employer in<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Pepper</span><span><span></span>
					</span>had a general traffic control plan for the entire project, but Judge Gatto still found the lack of site-specific plans rendered such a general plan insufficient.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn13" href="#ftnref13"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">12 </span></a>. Shorter also included task hazard analysis as part of these proposals; however, this particular element is mentioned twice in his report, perhaps highlighting the importance of such an analysis. <span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn14" href="#ftnref14"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">13 </span></a>. The Court agrees with Shorter that a written plan would be required under such circumstances to ensure its particulars could be properly communicated to employees and contractors.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
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