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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">United States of America</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION<span>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SECRETARY OF LABOR</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
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								</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainan</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t,</span></p>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> v. </span></p>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">TRUSTON TECHNOLOGIES, INC.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span></p>
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								</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHRC Docket No</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">15-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1023</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span> </p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Appearances:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Susan Brinkerhoff, Esq. and Cheryl Adams, Esq.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, Department of Labor, Office of Solicitor,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Seattle, Washington</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">For Complainant</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Elena</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>A.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Pecoraro</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, Esq.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Pecoraro</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Law, LLC, Lafayette, Louisiana</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">F</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">or Respondent</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Be</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">fore: Administrativ</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">e Law Judge<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Patrick B. Augustine</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">DECISION AND ORDER</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Approximately<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">three</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>years ago, the United States Navy hired Respondent,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Technologies, to perform maintenance on mooring systems in the Middle Loch of Pearl Harbor, Honolulu, Hawaii. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stip.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>No. 3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref2" href="#ftn2">1</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in turn, hired Healy<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tibbitts</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Builders to carry out certain aspects of the maintenance operation. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stip. No. 4</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">P</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">art of the maintenance operation involved lifting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">11,500-pound</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>buoy approximately 75 feet above the deck of the barge where<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Healy<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tibbitts</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’ employees were stationed.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">97, 171</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tragically, d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">uring the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">course of one such lift,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the buoy detached<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">from the crane hook<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and fell to the deck of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">barge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, seriously injuring<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">two Healy Tibbitts</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees and killing two others. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stip. No. 25</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In response, Complainant conducted an inspection, and cited<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for three violations of the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Occupational Safety and Health</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Act.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref3" href="#ftn3">2</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">I.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Procedural History</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As noted above, Complainant cited<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for three violations of the Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and proposed a total penalty of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">$15,400</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. In response, Respondent filed a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Notice of Contest</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">arguing Complainant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>could not prove a violation with respect to any of the citation items.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">By filing the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Notice of Contest</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>brought this case before<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pursuant to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ection 10(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 29 U.S.C. §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">659(c).</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref4" href="#ftn4">3</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>In addition to citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Complainant also cited Healy<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tibbitts</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for multiple violations of the Act. Because the facts and some of the alleged violations overlapped,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Healy<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tibbitts</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and Complainant agreed to consolidate the cases for the purposes of trial only.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Although the discussion of facts, and certain conclusions of law, will inevitably involve the actions of both<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Healy<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tibbitts</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">his decision</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>only</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">addresses</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the citations issued to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As previously noted,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant issued three separate citation items,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">but<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">only two were addressed at trial</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was withdrawn by Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at the beginning</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the trial. (Tr. 16).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">trial took place on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">October 24–27, 2016,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Honolulu, Hawaii</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">following witnesses testified: (1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Compliance Safety and Health Officer (CSHO)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Rajkumar</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Sundram</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; (2) Edward<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">DeLach</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Safety and Occupational Health Manager for OSHA Region 10; (3) Roger<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Forstner, Area Director for the Honolulu OSHA Area Office; (4) Daniel T. Crane, OSHA Lead Physical Scientist at Salt Lake City Technical Center; (5) Richard E. Cabral, Jr., Superintendent for Healy Tibbitts; (6) Cristian<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Caicedo</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Project Manager for Healy Tibbitts</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; (7) Richard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Heltzel</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, President of Healy Tibbitts; (8) Richard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Vonderhaar</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Marine Construction Supervisor for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; (9) Ricky K. Cabral, an operator for Healy Tibbitts; (10)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Robert Pittman,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Navy contracting officer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; (11) Gustav<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ruetenik</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Chief Engineer for P.C.C.I., Inc</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; and (12) Erick<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Knezek</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Co-Owner of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref5" href="#ftn5">4</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Both parties timely submitted post-trial briefs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">II.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Stipulations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
					</span>& Jurisdiction</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The parties<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">stipulated to a number of facts, both substantive and jurisdictional. Those stipulations were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">submitted by the parties as Joint Exhibit 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref6" href="#ftn6">5</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Based on the parties’ stipulations, the Court finds<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Commission has jurisdiction over the action<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pursuant to Section 10(c) of the Act. Further, the Court finds<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent was an employer engaged in a business and industry affecting interstate commerce within the meaning of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ection 3(5) of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 652(5). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Sl</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ingluff</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 425 F.3d 861, 866</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">–</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">67 (10</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Cir. 2005).</span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">III.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Factual Background</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In May</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2009, the United States Navy’s Naval Engineering and Expeditionary Warfare Center<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">entered into a contract with</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to provide<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ocean facilities engineering support services to the Navy’s Inactive Ships Yard, located in the Middle Loch of Pearl Harbor. (Stip. No. 2). Th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>contract was subsequently modified in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">August</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>2014 to include attaching sinker blocks to existing mooring legs, which were installed in 1997. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Pursuant to the contact,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>hired Healy Tibbitts to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">provide labor and equipment for</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the mooring upgrades.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Stip. No. 4).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">According to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Gustave<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ruetenik</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, another contractor for the Navy, the Navy dictates the parameters of the contract, including specifications, guidelines, and safety. (Tr. 536</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 585–86</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). In this case,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and representative</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>from the Navy participated in pre-planning meetings to discuss how the mooring upgrades would be accomplished, how previous operations have been carried out, and how safety would be handled. (Tr. 53, 573–74). The procedures and plans developed during this meeting were then reduced to a Project Execution Plan. (Tr. 484; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">52</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Bob Pittman and Steve Cohen, both Navy representatives, reviewed the plan and gave it their approval.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 484).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Pittman was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">designated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">onsite representative</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for the Navy</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> However, according to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Healy Tibbitts’ Contract Proposal</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref7" href="#ftn7">6</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Site-Specific Accident Prevention Plan</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>assumed responsibility for supervis</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ion of subcontractor personnel and over all safety-related matters. (Ex. C-5, C-12). The Accident Prevention Plan specifically states, “We will provide and enforce safety rules to protect employees, subcontractor, clients and the public.” (Ex. C-12 at 3). The testimony of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Richard E. Cabral, Jr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ricky Cabral</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>confirmed those assumed responsibilities were carried out on a day-to-day basis by</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>onsite supervisors, Robert<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Vonderhaar</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Chris Pacheco</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">313, 398, 403</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">While Pittman participated in a portion of the work—identifying the link on the riser chain to which the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sinker blocks<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">would be attached—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was still responsible for carrying out the mooring maintenance in accordance with the plan approved by the Navy. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">439–41</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-5, C-12</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> This is reflected in the Project<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Organizational chart, which was supplied by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in its Project Execution Plan. (Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">52 at 4). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Navy-approved plan called for repairs to the D-8 and D-11 moorings. (Ex. C-5</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">52). The D-8 mooring s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ecured</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>three retired ships,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the USS Tarawa, an LHA-1 class amphibious assault ship, as well as two FFG class frigates. (Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">52 at 18). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The D-8 mooring<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">consisted of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">eight legs, which we</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">re used to secure the previously mentioned vessels. (Tr. 55; Ex. C-1 at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The project called for attaching two 15-ton concrete sinker blocks to each of the D-8 mooring legs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which secure the buoy and, in turn, the vessels, to the seabed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">52 at 19). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Each mooring leg consisted of a buoy, a riser chain, and a series<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sinkers and/or anchors placed at predetermined locations along the riser chain</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 52; Ex. C-2;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">52</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). The D-8-H mooring leg, which is the subject of this proceeding, consisted of a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hawsepipe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>buoy, a riser chain, and sinkers.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> A<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hawsepipe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>buoy contains a section of vertical, hollow pipe that runs through the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">center</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">52; Ex. C-2 at 1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. The riser chain<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">travels through the pipe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and connects the vessel above water<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the sinker blocks below. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). The chain is held in place by a capture plate, which locks the buoy onto a specific position on the chain. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">478–79</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-1 at 2, C-15 at 5</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The capture plate, in turn, is welded onto a flange ring, which is then<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">screwed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the top of the hawse pipe.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 481–82).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Prior to lifting the mooring out of the water, Respondent had to place the sinker blocks on the bow of a working barge. (Tr. 324). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In order to affix the sinker blocks, the D-8-H mooring<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>disconnected from the Tarawa and attached to the hook of a crane</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>mounted on a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">separate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">barge. (Tr. 326)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Before the crane was connected, however, Healy Tibbitts’ crew, supervised by Richard E. Cabral, Jr., jumped onto the buoy and inspected the surface, including hitting it with hammers, to ensure it was sound to lift. (Tr. 326). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The hook was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>then</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>attached to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the last link in the riser chain before it entered the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hawsepipe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>section of the buoy</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 326; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-11</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). The crane operator, Ricky Cabral, began lifting the buoy, but only enough to make the connection taut and stabilize the surface of the buoy. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 326</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). At that point, the crew on the buoy attached the back-up cable</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref8" href="#ftn8">7</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3/4-inch wire sling,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by looping it through the highest li</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">nk available on the riser chain and attaching it to the pad eyes on the side of the buoy. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Even though the crew utilized the highest link available in the riser chain, the back-up sling retained a fair amount of slack; it was not used to lift the buoy. Once the buoy was ready to lift, the crew returned to the barge.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 326).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The initial stages of the lift are a delicate dance. The crane operator must slowly lift the mooring leg to account for the anchors being sunk into the seabed and the location of the load. (Tr. 327). As the load is being lifted, the barge operator has to back up</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the barge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to align the load directly underneath the crane</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 328). Once properly aligned, the buoy and chain are lifted straight up out of the water, and the chain is “dogged off” to a cleat on the side of the barge, which holds the chain in place. (Tr. 328). From there, the chain is washed down with a high-pressure</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hose to remove years of marine growth</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>allowed Pittman to count the chain links and determine where the sinker blocks should be located. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">169,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">328). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">After the chain is washed, the load is moved over to the working barge, where the chain is cleated and the first of two anchors/sinker blocks is held static at the water line. (Tr. 328–29). This process is repeated for the remaining anchor(s). (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The accident occurred w</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hen the crew was attaching the first sinker block. (Tr. 331). After the riser chain was cleated, as described above, the buoy was lifted 75 feet into the air</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. The crew was positioned below the buoy on the deck of the working barge. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">97</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-6</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Though they were not standing directly below the buoy, the crew was standing along the path of the riser chain</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and some</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had already taken positions atop the concrete sinker blocks in order to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">affix</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>them to the chain. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">344–45</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-6</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">While the buoy was suspended,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the flange plate came loose, and the buoy<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>down the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">path of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">riser chain and crashed on</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the deck of the barge, killing two Healy Tibbitts employees and seriously injuring two others.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">45</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stip.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>No. 25</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Subsequent analysis of the buoy components, which was performed by Daniel Crane of the Salt Lake City Technical Center, sh</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">owed only 2 or 3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">16</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">screws</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that affixed the flange plate to the buoy were structurally sound. (Ex. C-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">15 at 15</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). The remaining<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">screws</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had corroded to the point they were no longer fastened to the buoy. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">W</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hen the lift occurred, only two<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">screws</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>were securing the flange plate, and hence the capture plate and riser chain, in place. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">According to Crane, most of the corrosion was covered over with layers of paint and some sort of foam application, which obscured the problem from<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">visual observation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>performed by the Healy Tibbitts crew</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-15 at 8, 16</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he back-up sling did not catch the buoy. Though there was some indication the flange plate, once detached from the buoy, had hit the sling during the fall, Crane determined the failure of the sling was the result of a shock load, or tensile failure. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">264–77</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-15</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Crane illustrated how this occurred by pointing out the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>sling had been stretched an additional<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ten</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>inches, and the break</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s along the individual wire strands</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>appeared<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">consistent with a tensile failure</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">281</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-15 at 2–4</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>According to Crane,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">depending on which link the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">back-up sling<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was looped through, it<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was subject to a downward force of at least<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">91,275 pounds</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and potentially<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">more than a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>million pounds</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">277</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 630–632</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. C-15 at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">51, C-32).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> This was far in excess of the sling’s rated capacity, which was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">56,000 pounds</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 270).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Due to the overwhelming<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">amount of force, the sling did very little, if anything, to arrest the fall of the buoy down the riser chain.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">After the incident, OSHA was notified and sent CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Rajkumar</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Sundram</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to perform an investigation. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">57</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). As a result of his investigation, CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Sundram</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>recommended<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>be cited for three violations of the Act. Complainant withdrew one of the violations at trial, leaving the Court with two alleged violations, which are addressed below.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">IV.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Discussion</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
					</span>Was a Controlling Employer</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At trial,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pursued</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a line of argument suggesting it was not a controlling employer and, hence, not responsible for the Healy Tibbitts employees were exposed to the hazardous condition. In its brief,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>appears to have abandoned that argument, save for suggesting the Navy was ultimately responsible for the deteriorated condition of the buoy. To the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">extent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>argues it should not be held liable as a controlling employer, the Court disagrees.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">An employer will be held<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">liable<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as a controlling employer<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">if it could reasonably be expected to prevent or detect and abate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>violation by reason of its supervisory capacity and control over the worksite</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See IBP, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 2073, 2074 (No. 93-3059, 1997);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Summit Contractors, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1196,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1206</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 05-0839, 2010)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(finding<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">controlling</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>where record shows company “maintained significant control over the worksite in general and over the cited condition in particular”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Grossman Steel & Aluminum Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 4 BNA OSHC 1185 (No.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">12775, 1975</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">) (finding general contractor “well-situated to obtain abatement of hazards” and thus “reasonable to expect the general contractor to assure compliance with the standards insofar as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">all employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on the site are affected”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(emphasis added)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The evidence regarding<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>control over</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the worksite was substantial. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Healy Tibbitts’ contract proposal indicated “[a]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ll</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>work shall be under the direct supervision of [</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">] designated superintendent.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Ex. C-12 at 4).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The lift plan, which was developed by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, identified two of its own employees—Chris Pacheco and Richard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Vonderhaar</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—to serve as the on-site construction supervisors. (Ex. C-13 at 2). The Project Execution Plan also reiterated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>supervisors would be directing operations. (Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">25). Finally,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Accident Prevention Plan specifically states, “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>has<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ultimate responsibility</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for the safety of the project and ensuring that all employees,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">subcontractor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and vendors have a clear understanding of and adhere to any safety instructions.” (Ex. C-5 at 4) (emphasis added). These documents indicate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>specifically assumed the responsibilities of a controlling employer.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Further, the testimony of the various witnesses established<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>position as a controlling employer. Richard E. Cabral, Jr., Healy Tibbitts’ superintendent,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">testified<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was in charge of the worksite,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and if</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>he had any questions he would ask either Chris Pacheco or Richard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Vonderhaar</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>construction supervisors. (Tr. 314). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Healy Tibbitts’ project manager, Christian<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Caicedo</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, testified<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>project manager would provide the schedule, instructions, and equipment lists. (Tr. 350–51). In that regard, he also testified Healy Tibbitts had no control over scheduling or sequencing; instead,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on-site management managed the workflow and provided direct instruction to the Healy Tibbitts workers that were at the worksite. (Tr. 352–53).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>developed the lift and execution plans, developed a site-specific accident prevention plan, assumed responsibility for health and safety at the worksite, and supervised the work of Healy Tibbitts’ employees. Given its supervisory capacity and control over the worksite<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in general, including the manner in which the mooring legs were to be lifted and replaced, the Court finds Respondent was a controlling employer.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">B.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Law Applicable to Alleged Violations</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To establish a violation of an OSHA standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>pursuant to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">5(a)(2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">must</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>establish</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(1)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>applies</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(2) the terms of the standard were violated;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(3) employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were exposed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the hazard covered by the standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and (4) the employer had actual or constructive knowledge of the violation (i.e.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the employer knew</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with the exercise of reasonable diligence</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>could have known of the violative condition).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Atlantic Battery Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">16 BNA OSHC 2131, 2138 (No. 90-1747, 1994).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant has the burden of establishing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>each element by a preponderance of the evidence.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Hartford Roofing Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1361 (No. 92-3855, 1995). “Preponderance of the evidence” has been defined as:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:53.733px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The greater weight of the evidence, not necessarily established by the greater number of witnesses testifying to a fact<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">but by evidence that has the most convincing force</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; superior evidentiary weight that, though not sufficient to free the mind wholly from all reasonable doubt, is still sufficient to incline a fair and impartial mind to one side of the issue rather than the other. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Black’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s Law Dictionary, “Preponderance of the Evidence” (10th ed. 2014)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(emphasis added)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 2</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Complainant alleged a serious violation of the Act in Citation 1, Item<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as follows:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 CFR 1926.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">251(c</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">11)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">: </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Shock loading is prohibited:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">a.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On December 10, 2014, on the barge, a 3/4-inch wire rope sling was used on a<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hawsepipe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>buoy that was subject to a shock load when the capture plate separated from the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hawsepipe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>buoy, exposing employees to a struck-by hazard.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Citation and Notification of Penalty<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">7</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">a.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Standard<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Does Not<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Appl</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">y</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The cited standard applies to “slings used in conjunction with other material handling equipment for the movement of material by hoisting.” 29 C.F.R. § 1926.251(a)(5). The buoy lift was accomplished by attaching the crane hook to a riser chain, which ran through the center of the buoy and was held in place by a capture plate. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">52</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). In addition to the crane hook, however,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>loosely attached a sling to the buoy and looped it through one of the links in the riser chain.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>contends, and Complainant concedes, the sling was used as a back-up to the crane hook, which performed the lift. Even though the parties agree it was a back-up, Complainant cited Respondent for improperly rigging the sling. Should the rigging in construction standards apply to a sling that the parties agree was used solely for back-up?</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:216px; text-indent:-.318cm; text-align:justify; margin-left:216.933px; text-indent:-.318cm; widows:2; orphans:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">i.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Plain Language Does not Support Complainant’s Interpretation</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">While the parties have many disagreements—controlling employer, how the wire rope broke, etc.—they agree on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">one<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fact fundamental to the question of whether the standard applies: the sling was a back-up to the principal hoisting mechanism. Insofar as the parties agree on that fact, the only question is whether the standard applies.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant contends the language of the scope and application paragraph clearly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">indicates the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>cited standard applies to the back-up sling because (1) it was a sling, and (2) it was used in conjunction with other material handling equipment to hoist the buoy.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Compl’t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 16. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, on the other hand, argues the standard does not apply to a back-up sling because it was not used</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—nor was it intended to be used—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to hoist or otherwise move the buoy</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; rather, it was a “can’t hurt, might help” proposition that should not subject them to liability under the Act.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 383).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Court agrees with Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Although Complainant’s reading of the scope and application paragraph appears to be premised on plain language, his</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>application of the standard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to the facts of this case improperly broadens its scope and, in so doing, imposes liability where no obligation existed in the first place.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Because the parties dispute the import of the scope and application paragraph</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Court first</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>look</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to its text and structure.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Gen. Motors. Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1217 (No. 91-2973<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">et. al.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 1995).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">When the statute speaks with clarity, in all but the most extraordinary circumstances, judicial inquiry is ended.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(citing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Estate of Cowart v.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Nicklos</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Drilling Co.,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>112<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">S.Ct</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. 2589, 2594 (1992)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">If the meaning of a standard cannot be gleaned from a plain language analysis, the next step is to review co</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ntemporaneous legislative histories of the standard.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>If the question<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">still<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">remains unsettled,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Court will defer to Complainant’s interpretation of the standard insofar as it is reasonable.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Kiewit Western Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>16 BNA OSHC 1689, 1693 (No. 91–2578, 1994)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The scope and application paragraph states: “This section applies to slings used in conjunction with other material handling equipment for the movement of material by hoisting.” 29 C.F.R.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1926.251(a)(5). To clarify,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Court reviewed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the definition of “sling” in the parallel</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, general industry</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>standard found<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 29 C.F.R. §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1910.184</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which is defined as</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“[a]n assembly which<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">connects</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the load to the material handling equipment.” 29 C.F.R. § 1910.184(b) (emphasis added). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1910.184(b).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Based on their location in the C.F.R.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1910.184 and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926.251 are applicable to different employments; however, the history of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926.251 illustrates that the standards found at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1910.184 were not only identified as applicable to construction, but were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">eventually<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">adopted</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, in significant part,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>into the Part 1926 standards.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref9" href="#ftn9">8</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Identification of General Industry Safety and Health Standards (29 CFR Part<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1910) Applicable to Construction Work, 44 Fed. Reg. 8577, 8577–8578, 8605</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(1979)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Although the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">definitions were not incorporated into the Part 1926 standards, the respective (and identical) scope and application paragraphs illustrate that they apply to identical subject matter, albeit on different worksites.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>note 8,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">infra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. This is further confirmed by nearly identical language used throughout the two standards.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See generally<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R §§ 1910.184, 1926.251.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">What appears to be</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>confusing the issue in this case is the intervening clause “in conjunction with other material handling equipment”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which is found in the scope and application paragraph</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of both the construction and general industry standards</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">If that phrase is removed, the paragraph states, “This section applies to slings used . . . for the movement of material by hoisting.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The intervening clause merely serves to indicate the circumstances under which slings themselves will be governed by the standards found in</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>section</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1926.251 (or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1910.184). Those circumstances are when the sling is used in conjunction with other material handling equipment</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for the movement of material by hoisting</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Presumably this distinction is necessary to distinguish slings not used<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in that manner</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">If<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1910.184 definition of ‘sling’<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is read<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in conjunction with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926.251(a)(5), the scope of the rigging standard becomes clear and its application to the present case less certain. A sling is “an assembly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">which connects the load</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the material handling equipment.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. §<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1910.184(b) (emphasis added). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he wire rope at issue here was a sling, so defined, and the crane and hook should be considered the “material handling equipment.” As such,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant argues</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that because the sling was attached to the buoy (load/material) and was looped through the riser chain, it thereby “connected” the load to the material handling equipment. This<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">reading, as applied to the facts of this case, is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">overly broad for the purposes of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the standard. While the sling was connected to the material handling equipment and to the load,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>it was only “connected” in the loosest sense. I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t did not facilitate the connection between the material handling equipment and the load; rather, the connection between material handling equipment (crane) and load (buoy) was accomplished through a direct connection to the riser chain, which was part of the buoy.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">When read as a whole, the purpose of the standard is to regulate the integrity of an<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">active</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>connection between material handling equipment and its load to ensure safe lifting. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. §<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1910.184(b) (“which connects the load” is in the present tense and connotes an active, rather than potential, connection between load and crane). The sling at issue did not actively connect anything.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">his concept of an active connection clarifies the scope of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926.251 and the meaning of “in conjunction with other material handling equipment.” If we use the definition of slings in place of the actual term, then the scope and application paragraph<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">reads</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">like this: “This section applies to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">assembl</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ies</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">] which connect[] the load to the material handling equipment . . . for the movement of material by hoisting.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 C.F.R. § 1926.251(a)(5). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">By<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">applying the definition of a sling to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the scope and application paragraph, the meaning of the intervening clause becomes apparent: “[I]n conjunction with other material handling equipment” is another way of saying “connects the load to the material handling equipment”.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref10" href="#ftn10">9</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The sling in this case was not used, nor was it intended to be used, for the movement of material by hoisting; the parties stipulated, and the testimony supported, the sling was purely a back-up measure.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref11" href="#ftn11">10</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To be sure, the sling was connected to the load and to the crane, but it did not establish the connection between the load and the crane in order to move the material (buoy).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Instead, this was accomplished through a direct connection between the riser chain and the crane hook, which was then “used . . . for the movement of material by hoisting.” The sling did not move nor hoist anything in this case.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The sling</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>may have been used in conjunction with other material handling equipment, but that only meets half of the requirements for the scope and application paragraph.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>It must also be used in</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>conjunction with the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>material handling equipment (crane) to move a load by hoisting. The sling did not move anything; rather, it moved with the load.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This is not</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>sufficient to meet the requirements of the standard.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:216px; text-indent:-.318cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:216px; text-indent:-.318cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">ii.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Complainant’s Interpretation is not Reasonable</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In addition to the plain language analysis, there are<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sound reasons</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for not imposing liability<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in the manner suggested by Complainant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>According to CSHO</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Sundram</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Respondent would not have been cited under the rigging standards if the back-up wire sling was not attached to the crane/load.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">149</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>While this is certainly attributable to the fact that no shock load would have occurred, it also says something about the nature of the violation itself.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Other than the shock load violation, Respondent was not cited for any other issue related to the rigging of the buoy.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref12" href="#ftn12">11</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>There was a hazard associated with the lift, to be sure, but Complainant did not identify a hazard associated with the principal lifting mechanism; instead, Complainant identified hazards associated with the failure of the back-up sling. This is problematic for a number of reasons.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">First, not only did the CSHO testify Respondent would not have been cited<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">if the sling was not attached</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, but<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Crane’s analysis of the shock load</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>illustrate</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> the accident/hazard would have been the same regardless of whether the sling was used or not. What this suggests is the hazard identified in the citation was merely ancillary to the principal hazard posed by the buoy<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">itself.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Normally, a shock load is dangerous because it places an</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>instantaneous and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>exponentially greater amount of force upon the sling than if the load were slowly lifted/hoisted.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">272–73</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>As illustrated by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Crane</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, a difference of a few inches can magnify the downward force of load by a factor of 10</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">times.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-32</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">primary concern under the shock loading</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>standard—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. §<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926.251(c</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">11)—is that the sling and/or the crane<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">would not</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>be able to handle the additional downward force caused by the shock, which would lead to failure of the sling, the crane, or both.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref13" href="#ftn13">12</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Here, the shock load would not have occurred but for the failure of the principal lifting mechanism, which was not cited as a violation by Complainant.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The actual hazard to which Respondent’s employees were exposed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>did not come</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>from</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the potential for a shock load. Instead, the hazard was the result of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the manner in which the buoy was lifted, the state of the flange plate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">screws</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and the location of the employees on the deck of the barge.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">If the sling was removed, no shock load would have occurred, but Respondent’s employees would nonetheless have been exposed to the hazard imposed by the primary, yet unstable, load connection.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>This distinction is slight, but important:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Employees were exposed to a hazard, but that hazard was not the result of a potential shock load. The existence of a shock load hazard was not the result of the lift or the movement of the load, but rather the failure of the principal hoist mechanism. In other words, it is a second-order hazard the existence of which is contingent upon yet another hazard coming to fruition.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he hazard to the employees was the same irrespective of whether the sling was attached to the buoy or not.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Second, and somewhat relatedly, is the issue of abatement. According to the CSHO, if Respondent had not used the sling, then it would not have been cited.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This is tantamount to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">saying removal of the sling constituted proper abatement of the violation. While that might remove the hazard associated with shock loading, it does not address the hazard to which Respondent’s employees were actually exposed.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Indeed, the abatement suggested by Complainant does not address the problem of shock loading; rather, it addresses the manner in which the load and principal hoisting mechanism are handled. Complainant’s suggest</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">abatement,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>such as the manner in which the buoy is lifted, how long or how high it is aloft, and whether it is placed on the deck only address the principal hazard of a falling load.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">317, 466</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>If the flange plate does</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>not</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>fail, then the shock load does</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>not</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>occur.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">What seems to be the case here is that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a tragic accident occurred</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and Complainant could not (or simply did not) identify an appropriate standard for the purposes of citing Respondent. While<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">may</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>have been at fault for the accident, it is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Court’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>obligation to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ensure it</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>being held at fault according to an appropriate standard. To suggest Respondent be held responsible for a shock loading violation when that violation was not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the reason employees were exposed to a hazard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>like trying to fit a square peg into a round hole. The fact that not doing something would constitute sufficient abatement only reinforces the absurdity of holding Respondent liable for something they were not required to do in the first instance.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Finally, though there is no case law directly on point in this case, the Commission and Circuit Courts of Appeal have grappled with the issue of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an employer<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">taking additional precautions over and above what is legally required. In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Diebold v. Marshall</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 585 F.2d 1327 (6th Cir. 1978), the Sixth Circuit was confronted with the question of whether point of operation guarding was required on press brakes.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Evidence was presented that showed Diebold’s engineers had begun seeking out workable point of operation guards for the company’s press brakes.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Diebold</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 585 F.2d at 1338. The Secretary contended that such attempts illustrated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Diebold’s awareness of the point of operation guarding requirement. The Sixth Circuit disagreed, stating:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:54px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Considered simply in terms of probative value, an employer’s attempts to render machinery or working premises more safe, without anything more, cannot reasonably support an inference that the attempts were made because the employer believed them to be legally required. Further, the drawing of such an inference would be repugnant to the purposes of the Act. Congress expected that safety in the nation’s workplaces would be achieved as much by the voluntary efforts of employers as by the enforcement programs of the government.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Dunlop v. Rockwell Int’l</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 540 F.2d 1283, 1292 (6th Cir. 1976)). In other words, there is an important distinction between taking additional steps to increase safety and recognizing that those steps are required by law. The Sixth Circuit found conflating those two principles would have a chilling effect on safety as a general proposition: “If employers are not to be dissuaded from taking precautions beyond the minimum regulatory requirements, they must be able to do so without concern that their efforts will later provide the sole evidentiary basis for an adverse finding of the sort urged here.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Cape and Vineyard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Div’n</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of New Bedford Gas Co. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 512 F.2d 1148, 1154 (1st Cir., 1975)). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The man in charge of the lift,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Richard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Vonderhaar</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, stated, without contradiction, the sling was used as a “can’t hurt, might help” precaution.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">383</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Characterized as such, and armed with the foregoing analysis of the scope and application paragraph’s plain meaning, the back-up sling was an “attempt[] to render machinery or working premises more safe” and was in no way legally required.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>To hold Respondent liable on that basis alone would, in the words of the Sixth Circuit, be repugnant to the purposes of the Act and would dissuade similarly situated employers from making any additional attempts at safety when such was not required by regulation.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The hazard associated with the cited standard was merely ancillary to the principal hazard imposed by the faulty<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">screws</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and flange plate. The fact that the hazard associated with shock<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">loading could be removed by simply not taking the extra precaution</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">but that the principal hazard would remain</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">illustrates the concerns of the Sixth Circuit to a “T”.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Complainant’s interpretation is unreasonable because<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it targets extra precautions taken by the employer, though they are not required, and turns them into obligations.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that Complainant failed to establish a violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.251(c</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">11). Accordingly, Citation 1, Item 2 shall be VACATED.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">2.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 3</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Complainant alleged a serious violation of the Act in Citation 1, Item<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as follows:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 CFR 1926.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1051(a)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Stairway(s) or ladder(s) were not provided at all personnel points of access where there was a break in elevation of 19 inches (48 cm) or more.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
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				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">a.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> On December 10, 2014, on the barge, a 4-foot 6-inch high concrete sinker block was accessed using a saw horse that was 2-foot 3-inch [sic] high, exposing employees to a fall hazard.<span>
					</span></span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Citation and Notification of Penalty<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 7.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span> </p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The cited standard provides:<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A stairway or ladder shall be provided at all personnel points of access where there is a break in elevation of 19 inches (48 cm) or more, and no ramp, runway, sloped embankment, or personnel hoist is provided.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1051(a)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Employees needed to access the tops of the sinker blocks to attach them to the riser chain.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In order to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>access the top of the blocks, which stood 4.5 feet tall, employees were using sawhorses to step up onto the top of the block. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">120</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-14 at 1–2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant cited<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>because it failed to provide ladders</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or stairways</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at the point where Healy Tibbitts’ employees were accessing the tops of the concrete sinker blocks.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Amongst other arguments,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>contends the standard requires Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">merely<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">provide</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>ladders, not that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employees should be required to use them.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 33–34 (citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Usery</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>v. Kennecott Copper Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 577 F.2d 1113, 1118 (10th Cir. 1977)). </span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:187.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:187.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">a.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Standard Applies</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The cited standard applies to all personnel points of access where there is a break in elevation of 19 inches or more, and there is no ramp, runway, slope, or hoist provided. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A ‘point of access’ is defined as “all areas used by employees for work-related passage from one area or level to another. Such open areas include doorways, passageways, stairway openings, studded walls, and various other permanent or temporary openings used for such travel.” 29 C.F.R.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">§ 1926.1050(b);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Safety Standards for Stairways and Ladders Used in the Construction Industry, 55 Fed. Reg. 47660, 47763 (“The term is used in § 1926.1051(a) of this subpart to indicate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">where</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a stairway or ladder<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">must be provided</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>when there is a break in elevation, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">includes permanent and temporary travel ways</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>. . . . It is intended to state clearly what OSHA meant when it proposed § 1926.1051(a).”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(emphasis added)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>In order to access the top of the sinker blocks, which were 4.5 feet tall, employees used a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>sawhorse as a makeshift step.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A sawhorse is neithe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">r a ramp, nor runway, nor hoist, nor did it reduce the break in elevation to less than 19 inches. (Tr. 121).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Because the break in elevation was more than 19 inches at the point of access, the standard applies.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:187.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:187.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">b.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">he Standard Was Violated</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The terms of the standard are unequivocal</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a stairway or ladder<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">shall<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">be provided<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">at all personnel points of access<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">where there is a break in elevation of 19 inches or more.” 29 C.FR. § 1926.1051(a) (emphasis added).</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref14" href="#ftn14">13</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>did not provide a stairway or ladder at the point<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">where the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">4.5-foot tall<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sinker blocks were accessed. Nevertheless,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>contends<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ladder w</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>available aboard the working barge and its obligation extended no further than ensuring<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a ladder</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>available for use.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Sundram</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified he did not see ladders on board the working barge, and he believed the closest available ladder was on the adjacent crane barge. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">122–23</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Instead, the evidence showed employees were climbing atop the sinker blocks by using sawhorses as makeshift stepstools, which<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>contends were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sturdier</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>than ladders and made it easier for tools to be passed to the top of the blocks. (Tr. 324). Further, b</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">oth Richard E. Cabral, Jr. and Richard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Vonderhaar</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a ladder was on the deck of the working barge and was available to employees for use at their discretion. (Tr. 323–24, 387). Photographs were introduced to support this assertion. (Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-10</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, it is reasonable to conclude a ladder was present on the working barge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; however</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, that fact alone is not sufficient to establish compliance with the standard.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>makes two principal arguments to suggest it was in compliance with, or at the very least did not violate, the standard.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">First, it contends ladders were not the safest means of accessing the sinker blocks. In other words,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>contends ladders imposed a greater hazard than the sawhorses. In support of this argument,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>points to the testimony of Richard E. Cabral, Jr. Mr. Cabral said that the sawhorse was sturdier and made it easier to pass tools and equipment to the top of the sinker blocks. (Tr. 323–24). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also notes CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Sundram</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>agreed an employee carrying equipment in his hands would not be able to maintain three points of contact with the ladder.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 153).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In order to establish the defense of greater hazard,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>must show: “(1) the hazards created by complying with the standard are greater than those of noncompliance; (2) other methods of protecting its employees from the hazards are not available; and (3) a variance is not available or that application for a variance is inappropriate.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Spancrete</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Ne., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 1020 (No. 86-521, 1991) (citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Walker Towing Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 14 BNA OSHC 2072, 2078 (No. 87-1359. 1991)).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>has failed to prove this defense. Not only is there is distinct lack of persuasive evidence to suggest that ladders are more hazardous th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an sawhorses—the Court is not clear as to how the handling of equipment or tools is made any easier by the sawhorse, which suffers from the same problem of maintaining three points of contact as the ladder—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">but Richard E. Cabral, Jr. testified that ladders were actually used during the placement of the sinker blocks on the working barge prior to the lift. (Tr. 321). Further,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>there is no evidence whatsoever to suggest<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>sought a variance or made an informed judgment that such an application would be futile.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Spancrete</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Ne., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 1020 (No. 86-521, 1991) (rejecting greater hazard defense when employer failed to seek variance and noting this element has been recognized and endorsed by several courts of appeal)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Dole v. Williams Enters., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 876 F.2d 186, 188 (D.C. Cir. 1989);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">RSR Corp. v. Donovan</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 747 F.2d 294, 303 (5th Cir. 1984);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Diebold v. Marshall</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 585 F.2d 1327, 1339 (6th Cir. 1978).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“greater hazard” defense is rejected.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Second,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>cites to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Usery</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>v. Kennecott Copper Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 577 F.2d 1113 (10th Cir. 1977), to suggest that the phrase “shall be provided” merely connotes that such equipment shall be “furnished or made available.” In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Kennecott</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the Tenth Circuit was confronted with the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>question of the proper scope of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the scaffolding standard found at 29 C.F.R. § 1910.28(a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">12), which provides, “An access ladder or equivalent safe access shall be provided.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Tenth<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Circuit<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">reversed the Commission, which held</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that “shall be provided” was equivalent to “shall require use”—because the ordinary meaning of the term “to provide” means to “fur</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">nish, supply, or make available.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Kennecott</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 577 F.2d at 1118–19. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The problem</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref15" href="#ftn15">14</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>argument is the standards at issue are drastically different. Whereas the standard in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Kennecott</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>simply states that ladders “shall be provided”,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. §<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926.1051(a) specifies exactly where and under what conditions ladders shall be provided; namely, at the point of access when there is a break of 19 inches or more.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Compare<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1910.28(a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">12)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.1051(a). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Further, the preamble to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926.1051(a) clarifies the import of its mandate: “The term [point of access]<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is used in § 1926.1051(a) of this subpart to indicate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">where</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a stairway or ladder<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">must be provided</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>when there is a break in elevation, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">includes permanent and temporary travel ways</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>. . . . It is intended to state clearly what OSHA meant when it proposed § 1926.1051(a).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">55 Fed. Reg.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>47763</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(emphasis added). Thus, with respect to the cited standard, Respondent cannot fulfill its obligations merely by having a ladder anywhere on the worksite available for use; it must be located where<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the break in elevation occurs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Although there may have been a ladder on board the working barge, there is no dispute the ladder in question was not provided at the point of access</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the sinker blocks</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, the terms of the standard were violated.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:187.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:187.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">c.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Respondent’s Employees Were Exposed to a Hazard</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">According to the Commission, a controlling employer’s duty under section 5(a)(2) of the Act flows to both its own employees and subcontractor employees engaged in a common undertaking.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Summit Contractors, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">(“Summit IV”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC 1196 (No. 05-0839,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2010) (citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">U.S. v. Pitt-Des Moines</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 168 F.3d 976 (7th Cir. 1999);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Brennan v. Underhill Constr. Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 513 F.2d 1032 (2d Cir. 1975);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Anning-Johnson Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 4 BNA OSHC 1193 (No. 3694<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">et al.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 1976);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Grossman Steel & Aluminum Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 4 BNA OSHC 1185 (No. 12775, 1976)).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As a controlling employer,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was responsible for its own employees, as well as those of Healy Tibbitts.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>As discussed above, Richard E. Cabral, Jr. testified Healy Tibbitts’ employees used the sawhorse to access the tops of the sinker blocks. In so doing, the employees were exposed to a potential fall hazard of up to 4.5 feet. Accordingly, the Court finds Respondent’s employees were exposed to the hazard.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:187.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:187.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">d.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Respondent Was Aware of the Hazard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“To establish knowledge, the Secretary must prove that the employer knew or, with the exercise of reasonable diligence, should have known of the conditions constituting the violation.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Central Florida Equip. Rentals, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 25 BNA OSHC 2147 (No. 08-1656, 2016). To satisfy this burden, Complainant must show “knowledge of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">conditions</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that form the basis of the alleged violation; not whether the employer had knowledge that the conditions constituted a hazard.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> “When a corporate employer entrusts to a supervisory employee its duty to assure employee compliance with safety standards, it is reasonable to charge the employer with the supervisor’s knowledge actual or constructive of noncomplying conduct of a subordinate.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Mountain States Tel. & Tel. Co. v. Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm'n</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 623 F.2d 155, 158 (10th Cir. 1980</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Richard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Vonderhaar</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on-site supervisor and site safety and health officer, was present on the day of the accident and was on-site to observe the process of attaching the sinker blocks to the riser chain. (Tr. 381–82). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Vonderhaar</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified a ladder was available on the deck<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the working barge on the day of the accident; however, there was no testimony to suggest the ladder was ever used</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">386–87</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Instead, the overwhelming weight of the testimony was that Healy Tibbitts employees were openly using the sawhorses, which were located directly adjacent to the concrete sinker blocks. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 120</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). As illustrated by the photographs of both Bob Pittman and CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Sundram</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, this condition was in plain view for anyone, especially the site safety supervisor, to see.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-14 at 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Accordingly, the Court finds that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, through its designated site supervisor,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Vonderhaar</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">actually and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">constructively</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">aware of the violative condition. </span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:187.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:187.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">e.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Violation Was Serious</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A violation is “serious” if there was a substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could have resulted from the violative condition. 29 U.S.C. § 666(k). Complainant need not show that there was a substantial probability that an accident would actually occur; he need only show that if an accident occurred, serious physical harm could result. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Phelps Dodge Corp. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 725 F.2d 1237, 1240 (9th Cir. 1984). If the possible injury addressed by a regulation is death or serious physical harm, a violation of the regulation is serious. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Mosser Construction</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC 1044 (No. 08-0631, 2010);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Dec-Tam Corp</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 15 BNA OSHC 2072 (No. 88-0523, 1993).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>According to Roger Forstner,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Area Director for OSHA’s Honolulu Area Office,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">falls from ladders are the second-leading cause of death in the construction industry and ten percent of those fatal falls are from<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">heights<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">less than six feet. (Tr. 242).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This conclusion was echoed by CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Sundram</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, who determined a fall from the sinker blocks could result in permanent injury or death. (Tr. 123). Given the dangers associated with the fall hazard, and the fact these conclusions went undisputed by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the Court finds that the violation was serious.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Court finds Complainant established a violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.1051(a). Accordingly, Citation 1, Item 3 shall be AFFIRMED as a serious violation of the Act.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref16" href="#ftn16">15</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">V.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Penalty</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In determining the appropriate penalty for affirmed violations,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ection 17(j) of the Act requires the Commission to give due consideration to four criteria:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(1) the size of the employer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s business</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(2) the gravity of the violation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(3) the good faith of the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and (4) the employer’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s prior history of violations. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 U.S.C. § 666(j)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Gravity is the primary consideration and is determined by the number of employees exposed, the duration of the exposure, the precautions taken against injury, and the likelihood of an actual injury. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">J.A. Jones Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 2201, 2214 (No. 87-2059, 1993).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">It is well established the Commission and its judges conduct<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">de novo</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>penalty determinations and have full discretion to assess penalties based on the facts of each case and the applicable statutory criteria. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">E.g.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Allied Structural Steel Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 2 BNA OSHC 1457, 1458 (No. 1681, 1975);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Valdak</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 17 BNA OSHC 1135, 1138 No. 93</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-0239, 1995),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>73 F.3d 1466 (8</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Cir. 1995).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant proposed a penalty of $4,620 for Citation 1, Item 3. Unfortunately, the basis for this penalty was not clearly explained by Complainant. AD Forstner testified it is OSHA’s policy to review probability, severity, employer size, good faith, and history. (Tr. 246–47). With respect to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, he stated, “We looked at both of [the citations] and all information was adequate and correct to support it.” (Tr. 247). The only other point of clarification was that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>received a larger discount than Healy<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tibbitts</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>because<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>has fewer employees, though no testimony or documentary evidence was introduced to establish an actual number. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">247). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Further,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant did not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">discuss</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>any specific facts relevant to its</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>assessments of severity or probability.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Court is empowered to make penalty determinations on a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">de novo</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>basis, focusing in particular on the gravity of the violation, which considers the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>number of employees exposed, the duration of the exposure, the precautions taken against injury, and the likelihood of an actual injury</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. There were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at least four</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees installing rigging on the sinker blocks. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stip. No. 25</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Based on the testimony, those employees took their positions atop the sinker blocks for only as long as was necessary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to install the rigging. Though<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>did not comply with the cited standard, it did make an attempt to bridge the break in elevation through the use of sawhorses. Additionally, though AD Forstner testified fatalities have occurred on ladders at heights of less than 6 feet,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees were only ever 4 feet, 6 inches off of the ground. At that height,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is not even required to provide fall protection.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.501(b)(1). Further, while the evidence indicates fatal falls from less than 6 feet are possible, the percentage of those falls that actually result in fatalities is low. As such, the Court finds that the violation was of medium to low gravity. </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant did not present evidence on good faith, history, or the number of employees. While the Court has sufficient evidence to find<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Truston</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at least made an attempt at compliance through its use of the sawhorses, there is no evidence regarding its size or history of violations. This constitutes a failure of proof. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the Court shall credit Respondent with good faith for the attempt and significant reductions related to its size, history, and the foregoing assessment of gravity. Based on those determinations, the Court finds that a penalty of $2,000 is appropriate.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">O</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">RDER</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The foregoing Decision constitutes the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law in accordance with Rule 52(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based upon the foregoing Findings of Fact and Conclus</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ions of Law, it is ORDERED that:</span></p>
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			<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">WITHDRAWN</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">2.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item 2 is<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">VACATED.</span></p>
			<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">3.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item 3 is AFFIRMED, and a penalty of $2,000.00 is ASSESSED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SO ORDERED</span></p>
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			<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">/s/</span></p>			
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			<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Patrick B. Augustine</span></p>				
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				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Judge, OSHRC</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Date:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>September 19, 2017</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Denver, Colorado</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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			<hr/>"
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				<p>
					<a name="ftn-1" href="#ftnref-1"></a> </p>
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				<p>
					<a name="ftn0" href="#ftnref0"></a> </p>
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				<p>
					<a name="ftn1" href="#ftnref1"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn2" href="#ftnref2"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">1 </span></a>. Typically the Court would refer to all parties as either “Complainant” or “Respondent”; however, because this trial involved two respondents, the Court shall refer to them by their shortened, proper name to clarify any confusion that may result from using the generic “Respondent”.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn3" href="#ftnref3"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">2 </span></a>. <span><span></span>
					</span>The Court shall refer to the foregoing as “the Act”.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn4" href="#ftnref4"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">3 </span></a>. The Court shall refer to the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission as “the Commission”. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn5" href="#ftnref5"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">4 </span></a>. The testimony of Ricky K. Cabral, Robert Pittman, and Gustav<span>
					</span>Ruetenik<span><span></span>
					</span>was read into the record through the use of deposition testimony. Unfortunately, Ricky K. Cabral passed away during the pendency of these proceedings, though such was not the result of injuries suffered in the accident.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn6" href="#ftnref6"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">5 </span></a>. Subsequent references to the parties’ Joint Stipulations will indicate the source and specific stipulation, e.g., “Stip. No. ___”.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Due to the joint nature of the trial,<span>
					</span>references to exhibits submitted by<span>
					</span>Truston<span><span></span>
					</span>will be labeled as “T-_” and those submitted by Healy Tibbitts will be labeled as “HT-__”. <span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn7" href="#ftnref7"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">6 </span></a>. Although the actual contract between the parties was not introduced into evidence, neither<span>
					</span>Truston<span><span></span>
					</span>nor Healy Tibbitts disputed that<span>
					</span>Truston, in fact, assumed responsibility for supervising the work described in the proposal. (Ex. C-12).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn8" href="#ftnref8"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">7 </span></a>. During his testimony, Richard E. Cabral, Jr. referred to the back-up cable as the “safety” cable. (Tr. 326). <span><span></span>
					</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn9" href="#ftnref9"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">8 </span></a>. Compare<span>
					</span>29 C.F.R. §<span>
					</span>1910.184(a) (“This section applies to slings used in conjunction with other material handling equipment for the movement of material by hoisting, in employments covered by this part.”) to<span><span></span>
					</span>29 C.F.R.<span>
					</span>§<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>1926.251(a)(5) (“This section applies to slings used in conjunction with other material handling equipment for the movement of material by hoisting, in employments covered by this part.”). The two sections mirror each other in most respects, save for the employment practices to which they apply.<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn10" href="#ftnref10"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">9 </span></a>. The Court<span><span></span>
					</span>removed the intervening clause in this construction because it proves to be redundant in its reference to “material handling equipment”, but such a construction does not interfere with the plain meaning. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn11" href="#ftnref11"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">10 </span></a>. There was some dispute as to when the sling would serve as an effective back-up—Respondent contended it was only for when the initial lift out of the water occurred—but that does not change the purpose behind the sling’s use. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn12" href="#ftnref12"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">11 </span></a>.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Respondent was cited for another rigging violation, but that<span>
					</span>Citation item<span>
					</span>was withdrawn by the Secretary. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn13" href="#ftnref13"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">12 </span></a>. The shock loading standard is also found in 1910.184.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span>29 C.F.R. § 1910.184(c)(11). <span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn14" href="#ftnref14"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">13 </span></a>.<span><span></span>
					</span>When determining the meaning of a standard, the Commission first looks to its text and structure.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Superio</span>r<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Masonry Builders, Inc</span>., 20 BNA OSHC 1182, 1184 (No. 96-1043, 2003). “If the meaning of the [regulatory] language is ‘sufficiently clear,’ the inquiry ends there.”<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Beverly Healthcare-Hillview</span>, 21 BNA OSHC 1684, 1685 (No. 04-1091, 2006) (consolidated) (citing<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Unarco</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Commercial Prods</span>., 16 BNA OSHC 1499, 1502 (No. 89-1555, 1993)),<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">aff’d in relevant part</span>, 541 F.3d 193 (3d Cir. 2008).<span><span></span>
					</span>The Court<span>
					</span>finds<span><span></span>
					</span>the meaning of the regulation cited is sufficiently clear as to what<span>
					</span>was required of Respondent. </p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn15" href="#ftnref15"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">14 </span></a>. A secondary problem for Respondent is that this case occurred in the Ninth Circuit. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Kennecott</span><span><span></span>
					</span>was decided by the Tenth Circuit and, as such, only has value as persuasive precedent. For the reasons mentioned in this<span>
					</span>Decision, the Court finds that<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Kennecott</span><span><span></span>
					</span>has little value<span><span></span>
					</span>as applied to the facts of this case.<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn16" href="#ftnref16"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">15 </span></a>. Truston<span><span></span>
					</span>asserted two “affirmative defenses” with respect to the ladder: (1) A ladder was available at all personnel points of access; and (2) A ladder was available on-site at all times. Neither of these<span><span></span>
					</span>arguments<span><span></span>
					</span>is an affirmative defense, which negates a finding that the<span>
					</span>Complainant<span><span></span>
					</span>proved<span>
					</span>his<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">prima facie<span>
						</span></span>case. Rather, these “defenses” are nothing more than facts that are relevant to the question of whether the standard was violated in the first instance. As addressed above, the Court rejects these “defenses”. </p>
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