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		<title>OUTFRONT MEDIA, INC., OSHRC Docket No. 17-2202</title>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">United States of America</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1120 20th Street, N.W., Ninth Floor</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Washington, DC 20036-3457</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; margin-left:-48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
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							<p style="margin-top:7.667px; margin-bottom:3.467px; line-height:1; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SECRETARY OF LABOR,</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:7.667px; margin-bottom:3.467px; line-height:1; text-indent:1.244cm; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant,</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:7.667px; margin-bottom:3.467px; line-height:1; text-indent:2.514cm; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">v.</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:7.667px; margin-bottom:3.467px; line-height:1; text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHRC D</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ocket No</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. 17-</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2202</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:7.667px; margin-bottom:3.467px; line-height:1; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OUTFRONT MEDIA, INC.,</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:7.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-indent:1.244cm; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">APPEARANCES:</p>
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					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For the Complainant:</p>
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					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>R.<span>
					</span>Peter Nessen, Esq.</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Senior Trial Attorney</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>U.S. Department of Labor</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Boston, Massachusetts</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; "> </p>
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					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For the Respondent:</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Richard J. Antonelli, Esq.</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Brian D. Lipkin, Esq.</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Babst, Calland, Clements and Zomnir, P.C.</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; "> </p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">BEFORE:<span>
					</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>William S. Coleman</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Administrative Law Judge</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; "> </p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Respondent,<span>
					</span>Outfront<span><span></span>
					</span>Media, Inc. (Outfront), is a<span><span></span>
					</span>corporation<span><span></span>
					</span>in<span><span></span>
					</span>the<span><span></span>
					</span>business of<span>
					</span>outdoor advertising.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>One of the thousands of<span>
					</span>billboards<span>
					</span>that Outfront owns and maintains<span>
					</span>nationwide is<span>
					</span>located<span>
					</span>on N. Main Street<span>
					</span>in Waterbury, Connecticut. On October 5, 2017,<span>
					</span>a compliance<span>
					</span>safety and health<span>
					</span>officer (CO) from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) observed<span>
					</span>Outfront<span><span></span>
					</span>employees working<span>
					</span>on that<span><span></span>
					</span>billboard<span>
					</span>while<span>
					</span>more than four feet above ground<span>
					</span>level<span>
					</span>without<span>
					</span>any means or method of<span><span></span>
					</span>fall protection. (T. 24). An<span><span></span>
					</span>OSHA<span>
					</span>inspection and investigation<span>
					</span>ensued that<span><span></span>
					</span>resulted in<span>
					</span>OSHA<span><span></span>
					</span>issuing<span>
					</span>to<span><span></span>
					</span>Outfront<span><span></span>
					</span>a serious citation<span><span></span>
					</span>(Citation)<span><span></span>
					</span>that<span><span></span>
					</span>alleged<span><span></span>
					</span>three grouped<span>
					</span>violations<span><span></span>
					</span>(designated citation items 1a, 1b & 1c)<span>
					</span>and<span><span></span>
					</span>that<span><span></span>
					</span>proposed<span><span></span>
					</span>a<span><span></span>
					</span>penalty of<span>
					</span>$12,675.</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Item 1a alleges<span><span></span>
					</span>a violation of<span>
					</span>29 C.F.R. § 1910.28(b)(1)(i) for failing to<span>
					</span>ensure that employees<span>
					</span>repairing<span><span></span>
					</span>the<span><span></span>
					</span>billboard<span><span></span>
					</span>on October 5, 2017<span><span></span>
					</span>“were protected from the hazard of falling more than<span>
					</span>four<span><span></span>
					</span>feet to the ground”<span><span></span>
					</span>by<span>
					</span>using<span><span></span>
					</span>appropriate means or<span><span></span>
					</span>methods<span><span></span>
					</span>of fall protection.</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Item 1b alleges<span><span></span>
					</span>a violation of 29 C.F.R.<span>
					</span>§<span><span></span>
					</span>1910.30(a)(3)(i)<span>
					</span>for failing to ensure that employees<span><span></span>
					</span>repairing<span><span></span>
					</span>billboards<span><span></span>
					</span>“were trained in fall hazards<span>
					</span>and how to avoid such hazards.”</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Item 1c alleges<span><span></span>
					</span>a violation of 29 C.F.R.<span>
					</span>§<span><span></span>
					</span>1910.132(d)(1) for failing to<span>
					</span>“ensure that a<span>
					</span>Workplace<span>
					</span>Hazard<span>
					</span>Assessment<span>
					</span>in ‘tasks and sites’ specifics<span>
					</span>was conducted to determine necessary and appropriate types of personal protective equipment (PPE) for the employees”<span><span></span>
					</span>who would be<span><span></span>
					</span>repairing<span><span></span>
					</span>the billboard<span><span></span>
					</span>on October 5, 2017.</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Outfront<span><span></span>
					</span>timely contested the<span>
					</span>Citation<span><span></span>
					</span>and proposed penalty<span><span></span>
					</span>and thereby brought the matter before the<span>
					</span>independent<span>
					</span>Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (Commission) pursuant to section 10(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (Act). 29 U.S.C. § 659(c). The Commission docketed the matter on December 21, 2017. The Secretary<span><span></span>
					</span>of Labor (Secretary)<span><span></span>
					</span>thereafter filed his formal complaint<span>
					</span>that<span>
					</span>re-alleged<span><span></span>
					</span>the allegations and proposed penalty<span><span></span>
					</span>set forth in the<span>
					</span>Citation. The Commission’s Chief Judge assigned the matter to the undersigned<span>
					</span>for hearing and decision. The hearing was conducted in Hartford, Connecticut, on November 8–9, 2018. Post-hearing briefing was completed on May 10, 2019.</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The principal issues for decision are as follows:<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:48px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-family:Symbol; padding-right:20px;">·</span>Did the Secretary prove by a preponderance of the evidence that Outfront<span><span></span>
				</span>failed to exercise reasonable diligence to discover the fall protection violations? (Item 1a;<span><span></span>
				</span>29 C.F.R.<span>
				</span>§<span><span></span>
				</span>1910.28(b)(1)(i)).</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:156px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Decision</span>: No. The Secretary did not prove<span>
					</span>Outfront<span><span></span>
					</span>had constructive<span><span></span>
					</span>knowledge of the<span>
					</span>violative conduct.</p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:48px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-family:Symbol; padding-right:20px;">·</span>Did the Secretary prove by a preponderance of the evidence that<span>
				</span>a reasonably prudent employer<span>
				</span>in Outfront’s circumstances<span>
				</span>would have provided different training than<span>
				</span>Outfront<span><span></span>
				</span>provided on<span>
				</span>the nature of fall hazards<span>
				</span>in the work area<span>
				</span>and how to<span>
				</span>recognize<span><span></span>
				</span>them?<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(Item 1b;<span>
				</span>29 C.F.R.<span>
				</span>§ 1910.30(a)(3)(i)).</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:156px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Decision</span>: No. The evidence is insufficient to establish that a reasonably prudent employer would have provided different training.</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:48px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-family:Symbol; padding-right:20px;">·</span>Did the Secretary prove by a preponderance of the evidence that<span>
				</span>Outfront<span><span></span>
				</span>failed to<span>
				</span>assess<span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>Waterbury<span>
				</span>billboard<span><span></span>
				</span>to determine<span>
				</span>whether<span><span></span>
				</span>hazards were present, or likely to be present,<span>
				</span>that would<span>
				</span>necessitate the use of<span>
				</span>fall protection equipment<span><span></span>
				</span>and other PPE? (Item 1c;<span>
				</span>29 C.F.R.<span>
				</span>§ 1910.132(d)(1)).</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:156.467px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Decision</span>: No. Outfront conducted a hazard assessment that met the requirements of the cited standard.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Because<span><span></span>
					</span>the Secretary did not meet his burden of proof<span>
					</span>on<span>
					</span>these issues, all three citation items must be vacated.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">FINDINGS OF FACT</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The following facts were established by at least a preponderance of the evidence:</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">1.</span>Outfront<span><span></span>
				</span>is a corporation<span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>constructs, installs, and maintains billboards<span>
				</span>for the<span>
				</span>display<span><span></span>
				</span>of<span><span></span>
				</span>advertising<span><span></span>
				</span>along<span>
				</span>roads and<span>
				</span>highways. (T.<span>
				</span>101-102, 155-57, 287). Outfront<span>
				</span>employs<span><span></span>
				</span>approximately 2,000<span>
				</span>workers<span><span></span>
				</span>in approximately 35 markets<span><span></span>
				</span>nationwide. (Answer, ¶ 2; T.<span><span></span>
				</span>163,<span>
				</span>263,<span><span></span>
				</span>270). Outfront is an employer and is engaged in a business affecting interstate commerce. (Answer, ¶ 3).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">2.</span>The<span>
				</span>operations office<span><span></span>
				</span>for<span>
				</span>Outfront’s<span>
				</span>designated<span>
				</span>“Hartford/New Haven” Connecticut market<span><span></span>
				</span>is<span><span></span>
				</span>in<span><span></span>
				</span>North Haven,<span>
				</span>Connecticut,<span>
				</span>and is<span><span></span>
				</span>staffed by approximately nine employees.<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T. 163; Ex. R-5). The North Haven office is responsible for about 1,000 billboard displays in its market area. (T. 230-31). </p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">3.</span>Outfront<span><span></span>
				</span>maintains<span>
				</span>two basic types of<span>
				</span>billboards:<span>
				</span>“bulletin”<span><span></span>
				</span>billboards and<span>
				</span>“poster”<span><span></span>
				</span>billboards. Bulletin billboards are generally higher above ground level than poster billboards.<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T. 233-34).<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>The<span><span></span>
				</span>display area of bulletin<span>
				</span>billboards<span><span></span>
				</span>is generally 14x48 feet, while the display area of<span>
				</span>the<span><span></span>
				</span>poster<span>
				</span>billboards<span><span></span>
				</span>is generally 10x22<span><span></span>
				</span>feet. (T. 220-21). All the bulletin billboards<span>
				</span>in Outfront’s Hartford/New Haven market<span><span></span>
				</span>have integrated engineered anchor points<span><span></span>
				</span>or cable-based horizontal and vertical lifeline systems, either as part of their original construction or<span>
				</span>by<span>
				</span>subsequent modification. (T.<span>
				</span>171,<span>
				</span>221, 233-34, 362-63). Outfront is in the process of retrofitting the<span>
				</span>poster<span>
				</span>billboards<span>
				</span>in the Hartford/New Haven market<span><span></span>
				</span>with<span>
				</span>integrated<span>
				</span>engineered<span>
				</span>anchorage points<span><span></span>
				</span>or cable-based<span>
				</span>engineered<span>
				</span>lifeline systems, but<span>
				</span>some of the poster billboards<span><span></span>
				</span>in that<span><span></span>
				</span>market have not yet been retrofitted with<span><span></span>
				</span>such engineered<span>
				</span>systems. (T.<span><span></span>
				</span>38, 101-102, 220-221,<span>
				</span>277-80,<span>
				</span>233-34,<span><span></span>
				</span>362-63). </p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">4.</span>A small<span>
				</span>proportion<span><span></span>
				</span>of<span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>bulletin<span>
				</span>billboards<span><span></span>
				</span>in the Hartford/New Haven market<span><span></span>
				</span>have<span>
				</span>what are sometimes described as “passive” fall protection systems, which are<span><span></span>
				</span>systems<span><span></span>
				</span>integrated into the structure of the billboard<span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>require no additional fall protection equipment to be donned by<span>
				</span>a<span>
				</span>worker. (T.<span>
				</span>212-213, 264,<span>
				</span>392-94,<span>
				</span>418-19).<span><span></span>
				</span>
			</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">5.</span>Despite the<span><span></span>
				</span>differences between the<span>
				</span>bulletin<span><span></span>
				</span>billboards<span><span></span>
				</span>and poster billboards, work<span><span></span>
				</span>performed on<span><span></span>
				</span>either type involves similar hazards.<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T.<span><span></span>
				</span>63-64,<span>
				</span>145,<span>
				</span>241-243,<span>
				</span>273,<span>
				</span>355-56, 363).<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>Work on both<span><span></span>
				</span>bulletin<span>
				</span>billboards and poster<span>
				</span>billboards<span>
				</span>is generally<span>
				</span>performed<span><span></span>
				</span>well<span>
				</span>above ground<span><span></span>
				</span>level<span><span></span>
				</span>and<span><span></span>
				</span>thus<span>
				</span>gives<span><span></span>
				</span>rise to fall hazards. (T. 145, 243, 273, 355, 363).</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Fall Protection Training</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">6.</span>Outfront provides all employees who work on its billboards fall protection training. (T.<span>
				</span>124, 157-58, 239, 287, 373-74). All employees receive the same training, regardless<span>
				</span>of<span>
				</span>whether a<span>
				</span>particular employee<span><span></span>
				</span>works predominately on poster billboards or bulletin billboards. (T. 124-25, 164).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">7.</span>As part of this training, employees are<span>
				</span>instructed on Outfront’s<span>
				</span>“Personal Protective Equipment<span>
				</span>&<span><span></span>
				</span>Fall Protection Policy”<span><span></span>
				</span>(Policy). Upon successful completion of training,<span><span></span>
				</span>each employee<span>
				</span>reviews a one-page document that sets forth the<span>
				</span>Policy and<span>
				</span>upon<span>
				</span>signing the document<span>
				</span>expressly certifies<span>
				</span>the following:<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>“MY SIGNATURE BELOW CERTIFIES THAT I UNDERSTAND AND WILL COMPLY WITH [OUTFRONT’S] POLICY AS STATED.” (T. 114, 182, 293; Ex. R-9). The<span><span></span>
				</span>Policy states in relevant part:</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">In any situation where an employee is exposed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">a potential fall hazard of greater than four (4) feet for general industry activities ... fall protection equipment shall be<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">used to limit all free fall hazards to six (6) feet or less in accordance with applicable OSHA requirements, OUTFRONT safety rules, and jobsite condition</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">s</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">. </span>All employees performing services on sign structures<span>
					</span><span style="font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">MUST</span><span><span></span>
					</span>wear a full body harness with shock-absorbing lanyards and double pelican hooks, and/or a<span>
					</span>self-retracting<span><span></span>
					</span>lifeline as necessary or required, provided by management. Management’s intent is for each employee to be tied off 100<span><span></span>
					</span>% while working on the billboard. Employees<span>
					</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">MUST BE AT ALL TIMES</span><span><span></span>
					</span>attached to permanent safety cables or other appropriate anchorages while working on [Outfront’s] sign structures. If permanent safety cables are not in place, alternative fall protection equipment and methods MUST be used.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">(Ex. R-9 (emphases in original)).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; ">
				</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">8.</span>The<span><span></span>
				</span>Policy further states as follows:</p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">Any employee who observes or suspects an unsafe condition is obligated to terminate any further activity on the jobsite, and immediately report the condition to the [Outfront] Operations Manager who will immediately<span>
					</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">RED TAG</span><span><span></span>
					</span>that jobsite as out-of-service until such time that proper repairs and/or corrections can be made to ensure a safe and healthy workplace.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">(<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(emphasis in original)).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">9.</span>Each of<span><span></span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>employees<span>
				</span>that the CO<span>
				</span>observed<span>
				</span>on the Waterbury billboard on October 5, 2017<span><span></span>
				</span>had<span><span></span>
				</span>undergone Outfront’s fall protection training,<span><span></span>
				</span>and<span><span></span>
				</span>each had<span><span></span>
				</span>certified in writing that<span>
				</span>he<span><span></span>
				</span>understood and would comply with the<span><span></span>
				</span>Policy. (Ex. R-9).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">10.</span>Outfront issues to each employee fall protection PPE for use on both bulletin billboards and poster billboards. The PPE provided<span><span></span>
				</span>includes<span>
				</span>a<span>
				</span>full body harness,<span>
				</span>connectors,<span>
				</span>lanyards,<span>
				</span>and<span>
				</span>tie-off adapters. (T.<span>
				</span>125-26,<span>
				</span>172-76,<span><span></span>
				</span>244,<span><span></span>
				</span>313,<span><span></span>
				</span>365-66; Exs.<span>
				</span>C-10,<span>
				</span>R-4<span><span></span>
				</span>& R-9). Employees<span>
				</span>travel to their job locations with<span><span></span>
				</span>their provided<span><span></span>
				</span>fall protection PPE. (T.<span>
				</span>27, 49, 87, 180-81, 217,<span>
				</span>230). Outfront<span><span></span>
				</span>provides appropriate<span>
				</span>training to<span>
				</span>its<span><span></span>
				</span>employees<span>
				</span>on how<span><span></span>
				</span>to identify, inspect, maintain,<span>
				</span>and<span>
				</span>wear<span><span></span>
				</span>all<span>
				</span>provided<span>
				</span>fall protection<span>
				</span>PPE. (Stipulation at<span>
				</span>T. 176).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">11.</span>As part of initial fall protection training for new employees,<span>
				</span>Outfront<span><span></span>
				</span>provides<span><span></span>
				</span>each employee<span><span></span>
				</span>a copy of<span>
				</span>its<span><span></span>
				</span>“Fall Protection Training Manual”<span><span></span>
				</span>(Manual).<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T. 36, 132,<span>
				</span>181, 239, 292, 375-76; Ex. C-20).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">12.</span>The Manual provides<span><span></span>
				</span>general information about<span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>fall hazards associated with elevated work. (Ex. C-20, p. 11). The Manual emphasizes that fall hazards<span><span></span>
				</span>are “one of the most common workplace hazards” and “one of the highest causes of death in the workplace.” (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>). The Manual further<span>
				</span>informs<span><span></span>
				</span>that “complacency,” “horseplay,” and lack of housekeeping<span>
				</span>at a<span><span></span>
				</span>worksite can contribute to creating a fall hazard. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>, p.<span>
				</span>19).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">13.</span>The Manual also provides<span><span></span>
				</span>information and instructions regarding<span><span></span>
				</span>the use and maintenance of<span><span></span>
				</span>the following:</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:84px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">a.</span>three types of<span>
				</span>fall protection systems – fall restraint, work positioning, and fall arrest<span><span></span>
				</span>(Ex. C-20, pp.<span>
				</span>23-25);</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:78px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">b.</span>two types of<span>
				</span>anchors<span><span></span>
				</span>– certified and improvised<span><span></span>
				</span>(Ex. C-20, pp. 29-33);</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:78px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">c.</span>connectors (snap hooks, carabiners,<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref1" href="#ftn1">1</a></span><span><span></span>
				</span>lanyards, and shock absorbers) (Ex. C-20, pp. 39-47);</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:78px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">d.</span>body holding devices (harnesses) (Ex. C-20, pp. 51-56);</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:78px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">e.</span>lifelines (vertical, horizontal, and self-retracting) (Ex. C-20, pp. 61-69);<span><span></span>
				</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:78px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">f.</span>ladders and other climbing systems (Ex. C-20, pp. 73-78); and</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:78px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">g.</span>information on the calculation of fall distances. (Ex. C-20, pp. 80-81).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">14.</span>Outfront provides<span>
				</span>new employees initial fall protection<span><span></span>
				</span>training<span>
				</span>in a group setting.<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T.<span><span></span>
				</span>109-110,<span>
				</span>124,<span>
				</span>162-63,<span>
				</span>184-86, 283-84;<span>
				</span>Exs. R-4 &<span>
				</span>R-8).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">15.</span>The Operations Manager at Outfront’s<span>
				</span>North Haven<span><span></span>
				</span>office is Mr. Richard Bourne, and he is responsible for conducting<span><span></span>
				</span>fall protection training<span>
				</span>for<span><span></span>
				</span>the<span><span></span>
				</span>employees<span>
				</span>of<span><span></span>
				</span>that office. (T. 110, 158, 245).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">16.</span>The<span>
				</span>fall protection<span>
				</span>training<span><span></span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>Mr. Bourne<span><span></span>
				</span>conducts at the North Haven office<span>
				</span>consists of<span><span></span>
				</span>the following:</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:77.733px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:0; orphans:0; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">a.</span>Giving<span><span></span>
				</span>a “pre-test”<span><span></span>
				</span>to<span>
				</span>assess<span><span></span>
				</span>trainee<span>
				</span>competency prior to training.<span><span></span>
				</span>(T.<span><span></span>
				</span>164-65,<span>
				</span>288,<span>
				</span>296; Ex. R-13);</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:77.733px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:0; orphans:0; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">b.</span>Showing<span><span></span>
				</span>fall protection<span>
				</span>videos.<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T. 58, 184, 239, 288, 296, 374);</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:78px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">c.</span>Making<span><span></span>
				</span>a<span>
				</span>PowerPoint<span><span></span>
				</span>presentation titled “The ABCDs of Fall Protection.”<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T.<span><span></span>
				</span>139-40, 165-68,<span>
				</span>360; Ex. C-21);</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:78px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">d.</span>Giving<span><span></span>
				</span>a post-test to determine<span>
				</span>post-training<span>
				</span>competency.<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T.<span><span></span>
				</span>186,<span>
				</span>288,<span>
				</span>291-92, 296; Ex.<span>
				</span>R-13);</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:78px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">e.</span>Demonstrating<span><span></span>
				</span>how to use PPE<span>
				</span>with the use of<span><span></span>
				</span>a “prop kit.”<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T.<span>
				</span>174,<span>
				</span>244); and</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:78px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">f.</span>Providing<span><span></span>
				</span>practical instruction in<span>
				</span>fall protection<span><span></span>
				</span>and fall rescue<span><span></span>
				</span>on an actual billboard.<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T.<span>
				</span>158,<span>
				</span>296).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">17.</span>The<span>
				</span>PowerPoint<span><span></span>
				</span>presentation addresses the following subjects:</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:78px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">a.</span>Three types of anchor points:<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(1) improvised anchors, which must be<span>
				</span>capable of supporting<span>
				</span>5,000 pounds<span>
				</span>as determined<span><span></span>
				</span>by a competent person;<span>
				</span>(2) certified anchor points, which must be rated at 3,600 pounds by<span>
				</span>a qualified person such as<span>
				</span>an engineer; and<span>
				</span>(3) engineered systems. (Ex. C-21, pp. 3-4).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:78px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">b.</span>A description of the “truck test,”<span>
				</span>which pertains to identifying improvised anchors, as<span>
				</span>is<span>
				</span>described<span>
				</span>in<span>
				</span>¶<span><span></span>
				</span>19,<span>
				</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">infra</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span> (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>, p. 3).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:78px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">c.</span>Examples of “bad” anchor points such as platforms, platform supports, and wooden stringers. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>, pp. 4-5).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:78px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">d.</span>Examples of “good” anchor points such as engineered lifelines, engineered anchor points, and “significant structural components” like “vertical foundation beams” or “horizontal cross-members.” (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>, p. 5).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:78px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">e.</span>Examples of anchor adapters.<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>, p. 6).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:77.733px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:0; orphans:0; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">f.</span>The use of a rated ladder or a portable horizontal lifeline kit as an “alternative anchor point.” (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>, pp. 6-7).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:78px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">g.</span>The use and<span><span></span>
				</span>inspection of body harnesses. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>, pp. 7-9).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:78px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">h.</span>The use and inspection of connectors, including examples of<span>
				</span>“good”<span><span></span>
				</span>and<span>
				</span>“bad”<span><span></span>
				</span>connectors. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>, pp. 10-12).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:78px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">i.</span>The use and inspection of lanyards. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>, pp. 12-13).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:78px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">j.</span>Instructions on<span><span></span>
				</span>the “threshold level”<span>
				</span>of fall distance<span>
				</span>when employees “must start to tie off.” (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>, p. 12).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:78px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">k.</span>Instructions on how to calculate a fall distance. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>, pp. 13-14).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:78px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">l.</span>The use and inspection of self-retracting lifelines. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>, p. 14-15).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">18.</span>Mr. Bourne<span>
				</span>presents<span><span></span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>PowerPoint<span><span></span>
				</span>“slide by slide,”<span><span></span>
				</span>explaining<span><span></span>
				</span>the content of<span>
				</span>each<span>
				</span>slide,<span><span></span>
				</span>and<span>
				</span>invites<span><span></span>
				</span>questions. (T. 166, 283-84).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">19.</span>During the presentation,<span>
				</span>Mr. Bourne explains that an improvised anchor point must be rated to<span>
				</span>support<span>
				</span>5,000 pounds. (T. 168). Because “nobody knows what it weighs to pick up 5,000 pounds,” Mr. Bourne instructs his employees<span><span></span>
				</span>on a<span><span></span>
				</span>commonly used<span><span></span>
				</span>rule of thumb that is known as<span><span></span>
				</span>the “truck test.” (T. 168; Ex. R-7, pp. 7-8).<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>The<span>
				</span>“truck test” entails a competent person assessing<span>
				</span>whether<span>
				</span>a potential<span><span></span>
				</span>anchor point could<span>
				</span>support<span>
				</span>the weight of a<span><span></span>
				</span>full-sized<span><span></span>
				</span>pickup truck<span><span></span>
				</span>such as a Ford F-150. (T. 168, 383-84). A<span><span></span>
				</span>potential<span>
				</span>anchor point<span>
				</span>would be deemed unsuitable for use as an improvised anchor point if it were assessed to be<span>
				</span>incapable of<span>
				</span>supporting<span><span></span>
				</span>such a load. (T. 168).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">20.</span>Mr. Bourne also discusses<span>
				</span>unsuitable<span><span></span>
				</span>(“bad”)<span><span></span>
				</span>anchor points<span><span></span>
				</span>with his employees,<span>
				</span>such as<span>
				</span>railings,<span>
				</span>wood members, or platforms. (T. 169-70).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">21.</span>Throughout the course of training, Mr. Bourne<span><span></span>
				</span>emphasizes<span><span></span>
				</span>Outfront’s<span><span></span>
				</span>requirement<span>
				</span>that employees<span>
				</span>always use fall protection when working at height.<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>Outfront<span>
				</span>nominally refers<span><span></span>
				</span>to<span><span></span>
				</span>this<span><span></span>
				</span>as<span>
				</span>its<span><span></span>
				</span>“100% tie-off”<span><span></span>
				</span>policy,<span><span></span>
				</span>which is<span><span></span>
				</span>described in more detail<span><span></span>
				</span>in<span>
				</span>¶¶<span>
				</span>38-40,<span><span></span>
				</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">infra</span>.<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T.<span>
				</span>210-11, 297-98).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">22.</span>Outfront<span><span></span>
				</span>has a company-wide policy to<span>
				</span>provide employees<span><span></span>
				</span>“refresher training” in fall protection<span><span></span>
				</span>once a year,<span><span></span>
				</span>but Mr. Bourne’s practice in the North Haven office has been to conduct that refresher training twice a year. (T. 124, 158, 296; Ex. R-4). The<span>
				</span>semi-annual<span>
				</span>refresher training<span>
				</span>is substantially similar to the initial fall protection training. (T. 124, 158, 296; Ex. R-4).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">23.</span>Outfront’s fall protection<span><span></span>
				</span>training<span><span></span>
				</span>addresses the<span><span></span>
				</span>nature and recognition of<span><span></span>
				</span>fall<span>
				</span>hazards<span>
				</span>associated with<span>
				</span>working on<span>
				</span>any Outfront<span>
				</span>billboard.</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">24.</span>Outfront’s fall protection training addresses the<span><span></span>
				</span>identification of suitable anchor points and<span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>PPE necessary to provide fall protection while working on<span>
				</span>any Outfront<span>
				</span>billboard,<span>
				</span>including<span><span></span>
				</span>training to<span>
				</span>refrain from<span>
				</span>working<span><span></span>
				</span>on a billboard<span>
				</span>that lacks suitable anchorages or alternative means of providing required fall protection.</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">25.</span>Outfront’s fall protection training addresses<span><span></span>
				</span>fall hazards associated with both bulletin<span><span></span>
				</span>billboards<span><span></span>
				</span>and poster<span>
				</span>billboards. (T. 124-25,<span>
				</span>164,<span>
				</span>168).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">26.</span>All<span><span></span>
				</span>Outfront’s employees, including<span>
				</span>all<span><span></span>
				</span>the<span><span></span>
				</span>employees<span>
				</span>whose<span>
				</span>conduct<span><span></span>
				</span>on October 5, 2017<span>
				</span>resulted in the Citation being issued,<span><span></span>
				</span>have<span>
				</span>received the fall protection training described above.<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T.<span>
				</span>124-25,<span>
				</span>131, 160-62,<span><span></span>
				</span>164,<span><span></span>
				</span>185, 287-89; Ex. R-8).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">27.</span>Each of<span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>four employees<span>
				</span>who the CO observed working on the Waterbury billboard on October 5, 2017<span>
				</span>understood<span><span></span>
				</span>the nature of fall hazards associated with working on billboards. Each of those employees<span><span></span>
				</span>possessed the knowledge, training,<span><span></span>
				</span>and experience<span>
				</span>both (a)<span>
				</span>to<span>
				</span>recognize<span><span></span>
				</span>when the construction, configuration,<span><span></span>
				</span>and condition of any<span>
				</span>Outfront<span><span></span>
				</span>billboard<span>
				</span>required the use of fall protection<span><span></span>
				</span>PPE, and<span>
				</span>(b)<span>
				</span>to refrain from working<span>
				</span>at height<span>
				</span>on a billboard<span>
				</span>that lacked suitable anchorages or alternative means of providing required fall protection.</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Workplace Hazard Assessment</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">s</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">General<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Hazard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Assessment</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">s</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">28.</span>In 2007,<span>
				</span>Outfront’s Vice President of Environmental Health and Safety,<span>
				</span>Robert Chesonis,<span>
				</span>who is<span>
				</span>based<span>
				</span>in Fairfield, New Jersey,<span>
				</span>conducted<span><span></span>
				</span>a general assessment of the hazards associated with working on<span><span></span>
				</span>Outfront’s<span><span></span>
				</span>billboards<span><span></span>
				</span>nationwide. (T.<span>
				</span>240-45). In conducting his assessment, Mr. Chesonis traveled to multiple markets around the country,<span>
				</span>spoke<span>
				</span>with fall<span>
				</span>protection consultants, observed workers in the field, and interviewed workers and managers. (T. 240-41).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">29.</span>As a result of<span>
				</span>that<span><span></span>
				</span>2007<span><span></span>
				</span>general<span>
				</span>hazard<span>
				</span>assessment, Mr. Chesonis<span><span></span>
				</span>updated<span>
				</span>Outfront’s fall protection training<span><span></span>
				</span>program, including the<span><span></span>
				</span>training manual and<span>
				</span>PowerPoint<span><span></span>
				</span>presentation<span>
				</span>used in<span><span></span>
				</span>training. (T. 243-44). Mr. Chesonis also<span><span></span>
				</span>developed a “prop kit,”<span>
				</span>which contained<span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>fall protection<span>
				</span>PPE<span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>Outfront<span>
				</span>provides employees, for<span><span></span>
				</span>demonstrative<span>
				</span>use in<span>
				</span>formal training.<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T. 244).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">30.</span>Based on the 2007 hazard<span><span></span>
				</span>assessment,<span>
				</span>Mr. Chesonis<span>
				</span>reasonably concluded<span>
				</span>that the PPE supplied to its crews for work on billboards<span><span></span>
				</span>was “generally appropriate<span><span></span>
				</span>for the various applications for the poster [billboards].” (T. 243).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">31.</span>In 2016,<span>
				</span>Mr. Chesonis<span>
				</span>performed another<span><span></span>
				</span>general assessment of the hazards associated with working on<span>
				</span>Outfront’s<span>
				</span>billboards<span><span></span>
				</span>nationwide. (T. 245-47). As a result of that 2016<span><span></span>
				</span>effort, Mr. Chesonis<span>
				</span>“slightly updated” Outfront’s fall protection training<span><span></span>
				</span>for conformance with OSHA’s new<span><span></span>
				</span>safety<span>
				</span>standard pertaining to walking-working surfaces, which<span>
				</span>was<span>
				</span>published as a final rule in<span>
				</span>November<span>
				</span>2016. (T. 247-48).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">32.</span>While conducting<span>
				</span>these<span><span></span>
				</span>general hazard<span><span></span>
				</span>assessments, Mr. Chesonis observed workers working on bulletin<span><span></span>
				</span>billboards<span><span></span>
				</span>and poster<span>
				</span>billboards. (T. 242,<span><span></span>
				</span>246,<span><span></span>
				</span>271-73). Mr. Chesonis<span>
				</span>reasonably determined that<span>
				</span>the hazards associated with<span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>two<span><span></span>
				</span>types of<span>
				</span>billboards<span><span></span>
				</span>were similar<span><span></span>
				</span>and that fall hazards<span>
				</span>existed<span><span></span>
				</span>with<span>
				</span>respect to<span>
				</span>both. (T. 243,<span><span></span>
				</span>246,<span><span></span>
				</span>271-73).<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>As part of his assessments, Mr. Chesonis evaluated whether the<span>
				</span>fall protection<span>
				</span>PPE<span>
				</span>that Outfront<span>
				</span>provided<span><span></span>
				</span>to<span><span></span>
				</span>its<span><span></span>
				</span>employees<span>
				</span>was sufficient,<span><span></span>
				</span>and<span>
				</span>he reasonably<span>
				</span>concluded that it<span>
				</span>was. (T. 243, 247).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">33.</span>In addition to the “formal” assessments<span>
				</span>performed<span>
				</span>in 2007 and 2016, Mr. Chesonis<span><span></span>
				</span>monitors<span><span></span>
				</span>developments pertaining to<span>
				</span>fall<span>
				</span>hazard protection<span><span></span>
				</span>for<span><span></span>
				</span>billboards, such as<span>
				</span>regulatory<span>
				</span>changes<span><span></span>
				</span>like the OSHA general industry standard pertaining to walking-working surfaces that was promulgated in November 2016. (T.<span>
				</span>247-48).</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Site-specific<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Hazard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Assessment</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">s</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">34.</span><span><span></span>
				</span>Outfront does not<span><span></span>
				</span>ordinarily<span><span></span>
				</span>send<span>
				</span>a manager<span><span></span>
				</span>to conduct a site-specific hazard assessment<span><span></span>
				</span>of a particular billboard<span><span></span>
				</span>before a crew begins work on<span>
				</span>that<span><span></span>
				</span>billboard. (T. 219, 263-64). Rather,<span>
				</span>Outfront requires<span><span></span>
				</span>the assigned crew to assess a specific<span>
				</span>billboard and determine,<span><span></span>
				</span>before any worker ascends the billboard,<span>
				</span>whether the required work can be performed in conformance with<span><span></span>
				</span>Outfront policies.<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T.<span>
				</span>171,<span>
				</span>232, 263-64, 281, 401; Ex. R-17, pp. 4<span><span></span>
				</span>& 11).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">35.</span><span><span></span>
				</span>Every<span>
				</span>billboard<span>
				</span>has unique characteristics, such as the presence or absence of certified anchor points,<span><span></span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>bear on<span>
				</span>what fall protection PPE to use. (T. 171,<span><span></span>
				</span>217,<span><span></span>
				</span>401). Billboards that<span>
				</span>lack<span><span></span>
				</span>certified anchor points<span><span></span>
				</span>may or may not have points that are<span>
				</span>suitable<span><span></span>
				</span>for use as<span>
				</span>improvised<span>
				</span>anchor points. (T. 217). Employees are required to assess such billboards<span><span></span>
				</span>and identify any<span>
				</span>suitable<span><span></span>
				</span>improvised anchor points<span>
				</span>before ascending<span>
				</span>such a<span><span></span>
				</span>billboard. (T.<span>
				</span>151-52,<span>
				</span>171-72, 410). </p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">36.</span><span><span></span>
				</span>If an employee<span><span></span>
				</span>determines that<span>
				</span>PPE<span><span></span>
				</span>other than what has been taken to the worksite<span>
				</span>is necessary<span><span></span>
				</span>to provide<span>
				</span>required<span>
				</span>fall protection, that PPE is provided<span><span></span>
				</span>before any employee ascends the billboard. (T. 180-81, 217, 317).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">37.</span>Employees must<span><span></span>
				</span>refrain from<span>
				</span>performing<span><span></span>
				</span>assigned work<span>
				</span>when<span><span></span>
				</span>the work<span><span></span>
				</span>cannot be<span>
				</span>performed<span><span></span>
				</span>in compliance with<span><span></span>
				</span>Outfront policies. (T. 117-119, 183-84, 217, 227-28; Ex. R-9).<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>So, in circumstances in which a billboard has no certified or appropriate improvised anchor points, and no other means or methods of fall protection are available to perform the assigned work, employees must not<span>
				</span>perform<span><span></span>
				</span>any<span>
				</span>work<span><span></span>
				</span>at height. (T.<span>
				</span>126-27,<span>
				</span>151-52,<span>
				</span>183-84,<span>
				</span>217).</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Reasonable Diligence in Discovering</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span><span></span>
						</span>Fall Protection Violation</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">s</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Outfront</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">’s Fall Protection Policies</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">38.</span>Outfront<span><span></span>
				</span>requires employees to utilize fall protection<span>
				</span>at all times while working at heights<span><span></span>
				</span>of<span>
				</span>four feet<span><span></span>
				</span>or more. Compliance with this requirement<span><span></span>
				</span>almost always<span>
				</span>entails<span>
				</span>an employee<span>
				</span>wearing and using<span>
				</span>fall protection<span>
				</span>PPE to “tie off” to an<span>
				</span>appropriate<span>
				</span>anchorage.<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T.<span><span></span>
				</span>126,<span>
				</span>171,<span>
				</span>183-84,<span>
				</span>213,<span>
				</span>264-66, 297-98, 419; Exs. R-4 & R-9). Employees are instructed not to ascend a billboard if<span>
				</span>it<span><span></span>
				</span>has<span>
				</span>no suitable anchorages, and<span><span></span>
				</span>if<span>
				</span>no<span>
				</span>alternative means<span><span></span>
				</span>of<span><span></span>
				</span>fall protection is available. (T. 126-27, 183-84; Exs. R-4,<span><span></span>
				</span>R-9, C-21 at p. 5). </p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">39.</span>Outfront refers to this<span>
				</span>policy<span>
				</span>with<span><span></span>
				</span>the vernacular<span><span></span>
				</span>term<span>
				</span>“100% tie-off” policy. (T.<span><span></span>
				</span>126, 183-84, 264-66, 297-98). That vernacular<span>
				</span>term<span>
				</span>is a misnomer, because employees are not required to “tie-off” when<span>
				</span>there is available<span>
				</span>some other<span><span></span>
				</span>appropriate<span><span></span>
				</span>method or means<span>
				</span>of<span>
				</span>fall<span>
				</span>protection<span>
				</span>that does not involve actually “tying off”<span><span></span>
				</span>with<span>
				</span>fall protection<span>
				</span>PPE. (T. 213-15,<span>
				</span>264).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">40.</span>Outfront’s fall protection training orients employees to so-called “passive”<span><span></span>
				</span>fall protection<span><span></span>
				</span>systems, such as guardrail systems,<span>
				</span>even though<span><span></span>
				</span>very few of Outfront’s billboards<span>
				</span>are constructed with engineered “passive” systems.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref2" href="#ftn2">2</a></span> (T.<span>
				</span>149, 212-213, 264,<span>
				</span>310,<span>
				</span>418-19).<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">41.</span>Outfront’s<span><span></span>
				</span>nominal<span>
				</span>“100% tie-off”<span><span></span>
				</span>policy<span><span></span>
				</span>is embodied in the<span>
				</span>Policy described in<span>
				</span>¶¶<span>
				</span>7 & 8,<span><span></span>
				</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span>. The final sentence<span>
				</span>of the block quote<span>
				</span>in ¶<span>
				</span>7<span><span></span>
				</span>contemplates that employees are not required to tie off<span>
				</span>where<span><span></span>
				</span>all the required work can be accomplished while using an existing<span><span></span>
				</span>“passive”<span>
				</span>fall protection<span>
				</span>system.<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T. 149). Nevertheless, the<span>
				</span>Policy<span>
				</span>does not prohibit an employee<span>
				</span>from<span>
				</span>taking a “belt and suspenders” approach to fall protection<span>
				</span>by<span><span></span>
				</span>both tying off to appropriate anchorages<span><span></span>
				</span>while also taking advantage of any “passive” fall protection features engineered into the billboard. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">E.g.</span>, T.<span>
				</span>310).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">42.</span>All<span>
				</span>Outfront employees who work at height, including the<span>
				</span>employees<span>
				</span>the CO observed<span>
				</span>working on the Waterbury billboard<span>
				</span>on October 5, 2017, review and<span>
				</span>sign<span>
				</span>the Policy<span><span></span>
				</span>in which<span>
				</span>the<span><span></span>
				</span>nominal<span><span></span>
				</span>“100% tie-off”<span><span></span>
				</span>policy<span><span></span>
				</span>is described. (Ex. R-9). Outfront’s fall protection training<span><span></span>
				</span>entails review of the Policy. (T.<span><span></span>
				</span>210-11,<span>
				</span>266,<span>
				</span>297-98). At<span>
				</span>Outfront’s<span>
				</span>North Haven office,<span>
				</span>Mr. Bourne<span><span></span>
				</span>also<span><span></span>
				</span>frequently<span>
				</span>reinforces this training by reminding<span><span></span>
				</span>employees of the<span>
				</span>“100% tie-off” rule<span>
				</span>before they<span>
				</span>depart for<span>
				</span>their worksites.<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T. 158-59, 297-98).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">43.</span>Mr. Bourne<span>
				</span>orients employees<span><span></span>
				</span>at the North Haven office, including the employees that the CO observed on October 5, 2017, to<span>
				</span>“passive”<span><span></span>
				</span>fall<span>
				</span>protection<span>
				</span>systems, and communicates that such systems are not prevalent on Outdoor’s billboards. (T. 110-11, 213-14; Ex. C-20, p. 23). The<span>
				</span>vast majority<span><span></span>
				</span>of the training relates to<span>
				</span>personal fall<span>
				</span>protection<span><span></span>
				</span>systems<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref3" href="#ftn3">3</a></span><span><span></span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>by their nature<span>
				</span>entail the<span>
				</span>wear and<span>
				</span>use of fall protection PPE. (Ex. C-21).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">44.</span>Any Outfront employee<span>
				</span>who successfully completes<span><span></span>
				</span>fall protection training<span><span></span>
				</span>understands<span><span></span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>import of Outfront’s fall protection rule and Outfront’s “100% tie-off”<span><span></span>
				</span>policy.</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">45.</span>Outfront had a work rule in place to address fall hazards.</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">46.</span>Outfront<span>
				</span>adequately<span>
				</span>communicated its work rule to its employees. Outfront’s employees had the knowledge, training, and experience (a) to recognize circumstances to which the work rule applied, and (b) to identify<span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>means or methods<span>
				</span>required<span>
				</span>to comply with the work rule under those circumstances.</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Progressive<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Disciplin</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">e for Fall Protection Violations</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">47.</span>Outfront’s<span>
				</span>fall protection<span>
				</span>Policy<span><span></span>
				</span>contains<span><span></span>
				</span>a progressive disciplinary<span>
				</span>protocol that<span><span></span>
				</span>is<span><span></span>
				</span>applicable to violations of the Policy. Under that protocol,<span>
				</span>the sanction for an employee’s first violation is a five-day suspension,<span><span></span>
				</span>and the sanction for<span>
				</span>a<span>
				</span>second violation is termination of employment. (T. 54,<span>
				</span>120,<span>
				</span>253, 293, 367-68;<span>
				</span>Ex. R-9).<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>Comparing<span><span></span>
				</span>Outfront’s<span>
				</span>progressive discipline protocol<span><span></span>
				</span>to the protocols<span><span></span>
				</span>of two other major companies in the outdoor advertising industry, one<span>
				</span>is<span><span></span>
				</span>stricter and<span>
				</span>the other is<span>
				</span>more lenient. (T. 368-73).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">48.</span>Outfront consistently<span><span></span>
				</span>and uniformly<span><span></span>
				</span>applies<span><span></span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>Policy’s<span>
				</span>progressive discipline protocol whenever it<span>
				</span>determines<span><span></span>
				</span>that an employee<span>
				</span>has<span><span></span>
				</span>violated the policy.<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T. 103-06, 111-12, 127-28, 191-93, 199-200, 207-08, 252-53, 257-62, 304; Exs. R-3, R-4, & R-12).<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>Outfront effectively enforces<span><span></span>
				</span>its work rule regarding fall protection. </p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Random</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">,</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Unannounced</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Works</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ite<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Observations</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">49.</span>Outfront<span>
				</span>managers<span>
				</span>are required to<span>
				</span>conduct unannounced<span>
				</span>worksite observations of<span>
				</span>employees in the field<span><span></span>
				</span>for compliance with company safety policies<span><span></span>
				</span>at least four times a month. (T.<span><span></span>
				</span>187-88). The<span>
				</span>operations manager<span>
				</span>for<span>
				</span>each office<span>
				</span>is<span><span></span>
				</span>generally responsible for<span>
				</span>conducting<span><span></span>
				</span>the field observations, and at<span>
				</span>least once monthly the general manager<span>
				</span>of<span><span></span>
				</span>each office (who is the immediate supervisor of the operations manager)<span><span></span>
				</span>is required to accompany<span>
				</span>the<span><span></span>
				</span>operations manager<span><span></span>
				</span>on<span>
				</span>those<span>
				</span>field observations. (T. 188).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">50.</span>Worksites<span><span></span>
				</span>are<span>
				</span>randomly<span>
				</span>selected for field observations, and typically more than<span><span></span>
				</span>a single<span><span></span>
				</span>worksite<span>
				</span>is observed on<span><span></span>
				</span>days<span><span></span>
				</span>when field<span><span></span>
				</span>observations are conducted. (T. 188, 228-30; Ex. R-5).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">51.</span>Mr. Bourne, as<span>
				</span>Operations<span>
				</span>Manager<span><span></span>
				</span>of<span><span></span>
				</span>the<span><span></span>
				</span>North Haven<span><span></span>
				</span>office, conducts field observations<span>
				</span>at least<span>
				</span>four times a month. (T.<span>
				</span>187-188). Following each field observation, Mr. Bourne<span>
				</span>documents the observation by completing<span>
				</span>a “Field Observation Survey”<span><span></span>
				</span>form, which<span>
				</span>identifies<span>
				</span>the location of the<span>
				</span>billboard, the<span>
				</span>identity of the<span>
				</span>employees<span>
				</span>observed, and<span>
				</span>states<span>
				</span>whether the<span>
				</span>employees<span>
				</span>were wearing PPE and<span>
				</span>complying with<span>
				</span>safety procedures. (T. 188-89;<span>
				</span>Ex. R-5).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">52.</span>Between<span>
				</span>January 21, 2014<span><span></span>
				</span>and November 29, 2017,<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref4" href="#ftn4">4</a></span><span><span></span>
				</span>Mr. Bourne or other<span><span></span>
				</span>staff<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref5" href="#ftn5">5</a></span><span><span></span>
				</span>in Outfront’s North Haven office<span>
				</span>conducted<span>
				</span>field observations<span><span></span>
				</span>of<span>
				</span>more than 230<span>
				</span>worksites<span><span></span>
				</span>and<span>
				</span>completed<span><span></span>
				</span>a<span>
				</span>Field Observation Survey for each. (Ex. R-5).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">53.</span>In conducting field observations<span><span></span>
				</span>from 2014 through 2017, Mr. Bourne observed<span>
				</span>one or more<span><span></span>
				</span>of the<span><span></span>
				</span>four workers<span>
				</span>who the CO had observed<span>
				</span>on October 5, 2017<span>
				</span>on approximately 90<span>
				</span>different<span>
				</span>occasions, including some<span>
				</span>observations at worksites involving<span>
				</span>poster<span><span></span>
				</span>type billboards. (T. 192-94; Ex. R-5, Bates pp. 254 & 319).<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>Every<span>
				</span>time the four workers<span><span></span>
				</span>were observed, they were properly utilizing PPE<span><span></span>
				</span>for<span><span></span>
				</span>fall protection. (T. 192-94; Ex. R-5).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">54.</span>Whenever<span>
				</span>any<span><span></span>
				</span>Outfront employee, whether based in the North Haven office or elsewhere,<span>
				</span>is<span>
				</span>discovered in the course of a field observation to be violating Outfront’s fall protection policy,<span>
				</span>Outfront imposes progressive discipline in accordance with its<span>
				</span>Policy. (T. 190-92, 252-53; Ex. R-5,<span>
				</span>Bates<span>
				</span>p. 178;<span><span></span>
				</span>Ex. R-12).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">55.</span>Outfront exercised reasonable diligence<span>
				</span>by conducting regular and random field observations of its work crews as a means of<span><span></span>
				</span>(a)<span>
				</span>supervising employees,<span><span></span>
				</span>(b)<span>
				</span>taking measures to prevent violations from occurring, and<span>
				</span>(c)<span><span></span>
				</span>discovering<span><span></span>
				</span>violations that do occur.<span><span></span>
				</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Events<span>
						</span></span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Preceding</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span><span></span>
						</span>the Issuance of the Citation</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Employee<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Discipline<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">for</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Violation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Fall Protection<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Policy</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">March 2017</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">56.</span>On March 31, 2017,<span>
				</span>an official from OSHA’s area office in Hartford<span>
				</span>telephoned Outfront’s North Haven office and spoke with<span>
				</span>Mr. Bourne. The official<span><span></span>
				</span>informed Mr. Bourne<span><span></span>
				</span>that<span><span></span>
				</span>OSHA had received a report<span><span></span>
				</span>from<span>
				</span>some third-party<span>
				</span>that Outfront employees had been seen that day working on a certain billboard<span>
				</span>in Hartford<span>
				</span>without fall protection equipment.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref6" href="#ftn6">6</a></span><span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T.<span><span></span>
				</span>103-04,<span>
				</span>195-97,<span>
				</span>301-03).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">57.</span>Outfront<span><span></span>
				</span>investigated the<span>
				</span>report<span><span></span>
				</span>and<span>
				</span>identified the employees assigned to work on<span>
				</span>the identified<span>
				</span>billboard. Those employees were the same<span><span></span>
				</span>four<span><span></span>
				</span>employees<span><span></span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>six months later, on October 5, 2017,<span>
				</span>the CO observed<span>
				</span>repairing the Waterbury billboard. (T.<span><span></span>
				</span>195-99, 254-56, 302-03). Mr. Bourne had most recently conducted a field observation of these same<span>
				</span>four<span>
				</span>employees 11 days<span>
				</span>earlier, on March 20, 2017, when he had observed them<span>
				</span>properly<span>
				</span>using fall protection<span>
				</span>PPE<span><span></span>
				</span>and following safety procedures. (Ex. R-5, Bates p. 24).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">58.</span>As a result of that<span><span></span>
				</span>internal<span>
				</span>investigation, all four employees<span><span></span>
				</span>acknowledged in writing that<span>
				</span>they “did not maintain 100% continuous tie-off while working at height”<span>
				</span>on March 31, and that<span><span></span>
				</span>“[t]his action was in direct conflict with [Outfront’s]<span><span></span>
				</span>initial/refresher training ... regarding fall protection and working at heights.” (Ex. R-3).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">59.</span>All four employees<span>
				</span>executed sworn<span>
				</span>affidavits<span>
				</span>that<span><span></span>
				</span>on March 31, 2017<span><span></span>
				</span>they<span>
				</span>had<span>
				</span>violated Outfront’s “fall protection policy to maintain 100% tie-off at all times or not to climb and work on structures where continuous tie-off could not be achieved.” (Ex. R-4).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">60.</span>As a result<span><span></span>
				</span>of their<span>
				</span>March 31, 2017<span>
				</span>violations of<span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>Policy, all four employees were suspended for five days without pay,<span>
				</span>in accordance with<span>
				</span>Outfront’s progressive discipline<span>
				</span>protocol<span>
				</span>that is<span>
				</span>contained in the<span>
				</span>Policy. (T.<span><span></span>
				</span>127, 199, 257-58,<span>
				</span>303-04; Exs. R-3 & R-4).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">61.</span>Between March 31 and October 5, 2017, all or some of the four employees who<span>
				</span>had been<span><span></span>
				</span>disciplined<span>
				</span>for the violation on March 31<span>
				</span>were observed in random,<span><span></span>
				</span>unannounced field observations<span>
				</span>of at<span><span></span>
				</span>least<span>
				</span>thirteen<span>
				</span>different worksites, and they were complying with Outfront safety policies for each observation. (Ex. R-5, Bates pp. 158, 160, 343-44, 346, 355-56, 358, 361-63, 372-73). The two field observations<span><span></span>
				</span>closest in time to<span><span></span>
				</span>October 5, 2017, were on September 19, when all four<span>
				</span>employees<span><span></span>
				</span>were observed, and on September 27, when two of the<span>
				</span>employees<span>
				</span>were<span><span></span>
				</span>observed. (Ex. R-5, Bates pp.<span><span></span>
				</span>158 & 160).</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Crew’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">September</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>2017<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Site Visit</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">62.</span>On September 20, 2017,<span>
				</span>Mr. Bourne directed the four employees who would later be tasked to repair the Waterbury billboard to “stop by and look at” the<span>
				</span>billboard because it had been reported to have some sections “sliding down.” (T.<span><span></span>
				</span>201-02; Ex. R-1).<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>This poster<span>
				</span>billboard was about 40 years old, had no engineered anchor points or other integrated fall protection features,<span><span></span>
				</span>and was<span>
				</span>in<span>
				</span>visible<span><span></span>
				</span>disrepair. (T.<span>
				</span>109,<span>
				</span>202, 221-22). The purpose of the site<span>
				</span>visit<span><span></span>
				</span>was<span>
				</span>for the crew to<span>
				</span>assess the<span>
				</span>billboard and<span>
				</span>determine<span>
				</span>“what was needed to fix” it. (T. 203, 209-10). As part of that assessment, each of the employees had been trained to<span>
				</span>evaluate<span><span></span>
				</span>the structure of the billboard<span>
				</span>for<span><span></span>
				</span>the method and means of providing fall protection to complete<span>
				</span>needed<span>
				</span>work. (T. 135-36,<span>
				</span>146-47,<span>
				</span>171,<span>
				</span>209-10,<span>
				</span>281).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">63.</span>The<span><span></span>
				</span>four<span><span></span>
				</span>employees understood that part of<span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>site<span>
				</span>visit<span><span></span>
				</span>would<span>
				</span>entail<span>
				</span>assessing the<span>
				</span>billboard for potential safety hazards and<span><span></span>
				</span>determining<span>
				</span>whether<span>
				</span>PPE<span><span></span>
				</span>would be required to complete the job in accordance with<span>
				</span>the<span><span></span>
				</span>Policy. (T.<span><span></span>
				</span>135-36,<span>
				</span>146-47, 171,<span>
				</span>202-04, 209-10,<span>
				</span>232,<span>
				</span>281, 410-12; Ex. R-17, p. 11).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">64.</span>Each of<span><span></span>
				</span>the four employees<span>
				</span>had sufficient training, knowledge and experience to<span>
				</span>identify what repairs were required on any particular<span>
				</span>billboard and whether making those repairs<span>
				</span>would<span>
				</span>expose a worker to a fall hazard that would<span>
				</span>require the<span>
				</span>worker to use<span>
				</span>certain<span>
				</span>fall protection<span>
				</span>PPE. (T.<span><span></span>
				</span>78, 135-36,<span><span></span>
				</span>146-47,<span><span></span>
				</span>232, 281, 315-16, 410-12; Ex. R-17, p. 11).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">65.</span>Each of the<span>
				</span>employees<span>
				</span>knew<span><span></span>
				</span>that<span><span></span>
				</span>if<span><span></span>
				</span>any<span><span></span>
				</span>additional<span>
				</span>equipment<span><span></span>
				</span>were needed to conduct the repairs to the<span>
				</span>billboard, that equipment<span>
				</span>was available and<span>
				</span>would be provided. (T. 181, 216-17, 230).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">66.</span>Following the site<span>
				</span>visit<span><span></span>
				</span>on September 20, 2017, the employees<span>
				</span>reported that “the wood stringers in the back”<span><span></span>
				</span>of the<span>
				</span>billboard<span><span></span>
				</span>were rotted out and needed to be replaced. (T.<span><span></span>
				</span>204; Ex. R-1). The employees<span>
				</span>did not<span>
				</span>report<span><span></span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>performing this repair<span>
				</span>presented<span><span></span>
				</span>any safety-related obstacles<span><span></span>
				</span>that they were not equipped to<span>
				</span>address. (T.<span><span></span>
				</span>209).</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Crew’s Failure to Use Fall Protection PPE<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">October<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">5,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">2017</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">67.</span>On October 5, 2017,<span><span></span>
				</span>around 7 to 8 a.m.,<span><span></span>
				</span>the<span><span></span>
				</span>same<span><span></span>
				</span>four employees<span><span></span>
				</span>who had evaluated the Waterbury<span>
				</span>billboard<span>
				</span>about two weeks before<span>
				</span>on September 20<span>
				</span>—<span><span></span>
				</span>Messrs. Anderson, Martin, Symmes, and<span><span></span>
				</span>Trudel —<span><span></span>
				</span>were directed to travel to the billboard to<span><span></span>
				</span>make the needed<span>
				</span>repairs they had identified during their site visit on September 20. (T.<span><span></span>
				</span>24, 107-08,<span>
				</span>305-06). Each of those employees<span>
				</span>had<span><span></span>
				</span>the same job title –<span>
				</span>“Sign Installer.”<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T. 77, 287). Outfront had not designated any of them<span>
				</span>to be the lead<span>
				</span>person<span><span></span>
				</span>or<span>
				</span>to<span>
				</span>have<span><span></span>
				</span>any<span>
				</span>supervisory<span>
				</span>role. (T. 108).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">68.</span>The<span><span></span>
				</span>CO<span>
				</span>was driving past the billboard at about 9:30 a.m. while on his way to conduct another inspection. He saw<span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>crew<span><span></span>
				</span>working on the<span>
				</span>billboard<span><span></span>
				</span>and suspected that workers were working at height without required fall protection, so he stopped<span>
				</span>his vehicle<span>
				</span>and approached the crew on foot. (T.<span><span></span>
				</span>24).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">69.</span>One of the employees<span>
				</span>(Mr. Symmes)<span>
				</span>was<span>
				</span>doing carpentry<span>
				</span>work on the ground, but the other three<span><span></span>
				</span>—<span><span></span>
				</span>Messrs.<span>
				</span>Anderson, Martin, and<span><span></span>
				</span>Trudel<span>
				</span>—<span><span></span>
				</span>were<span>
				</span>working<span><span></span>
				</span>on the<span>
				</span>billboard<span><span></span>
				</span>at heights greater than four feet, and none were<span>
				</span>wearing a harness or otherwise<span>
				</span>using<span>
				</span>any<span>
				</span>fall protection<span><span></span>
				</span>equipment. (T.<span><span></span>
				</span>25-26, 121-22;<span><span></span>
				</span>Exs.<span><span></span>
				</span>C-1<span><span></span>
				</span>through C-9,<span>
				</span>C-18 &<span>
				</span>C-19). </p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">70.</span>Mr. Trudel<span><span></span>
				</span>and Mr. Anderson<span>
				</span>were<span><span></span>
				</span>standing on a<span>
				</span>makeshift work platform that the crew had created by placing<span>
				</span>a 2x8 inch<span>
				</span>board<span>
				</span>on top of<span>
				</span>three cross<span>
				</span>supports<span><span></span>
				</span>that were part of the billboard’s structure, so<span><span></span>
				</span>that the<span>
				</span>2x8<span>
				</span>ran about<span>
				</span>two-thirds<span>
				</span>the length of the billboard. (T. 259-60). This makeshift platform was visibly bowed downward from the weight of the two men. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Compare</span><span><span></span>
				</span>photos at<span>
				</span>Exs. C-7 & C-8 with<span>
				</span>photo at<span>
				</span>Ex. C-4). While standing<span>
				</span>on this<span><span></span>
				</span>makeshift platform,<span>
				</span>Messrs. Trudel and Anderson<span>
				</span>were situated<span><span></span>
				</span>in between<span>
				</span>two<span>
				</span>parallel<span>
				</span>horizontal pieces of the billboard’s frame<span><span></span>
				</span>that were<span>
				</span>about two feet apart and<span>
				</span>at about pelvis<span>
				</span>height<span>
				</span>on the men. The horizontal piece in front of them<span><span></span>
				</span>was<span>
				</span>a<span>
				</span>wood board<span><span></span>
				</span>(likely a 2x6<span><span></span>
				</span>inch<span><span></span>
				</span>board) that ran the length of the billboard and was situated in between<span><span></span>
				</span>the upper front and the upper rear<span>
				</span>parallel and<span>
				</span>horizontal angle irons<span>
				</span>that were part of the billboard’s frame<span><span></span>
				</span>(T. 206), both of which also ran the length of the billboard. The horizontal piece behind the two workers was the<span><span></span>
				</span>described<span>
				</span>upper rear horizontal angle iron. (T.<span><span></span>
				</span>34;<span>
				</span>photos at<span>
				</span>Exs. C-1<span><span></span>
				</span>through<span><span></span>
				</span>C-16; videos at<span><span></span>
				</span>C-18<span><span></span>
				</span>&<span>
				</span>C-19).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">71.</span>Mr.<span>
				</span>Martin<span><span></span>
				</span>was standing on a horizontal board that was<span>
				</span>part of the billboard’s structure that was situated<span>
				</span>at about the mid-point of what would be the display area<span><span></span>
				</span>of the billboard. Mr. Martin was<span><span></span>
				</span>maintaining his balance by grasping<span><span></span>
				</span>the horizontal upper front<span>
				</span>angle iron<span>
				</span>(described<span><span></span>
				</span>in the preceding paragraph)<span><span></span>
				</span>that was<span>
				</span>slightly<span>
				</span>above his head. (Exs.<span>
				</span>C-1,<span>
				</span>C-6 through<span>
				</span>C-9, C-18, C-19).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">72.</span>The two horizontal pieces of the billboard’s structure that<span>
				</span>Messrs. Trudel and Anderson<span>
				</span>were standing in between were not part of any engineered fall protection system. Neither was the horizontal board that Mr. Martin was standing on. These pieces were part of the billboard’s frame. (T. 38, 206). All the employees had the training, knowledge, and experience to recognize that these horizontal members of the billboard were part of the billboard’s frame and not part of<span>
				</span>any “passive” fall protection involving platforms and railings. (T.<span>
				</span>225-26, 233, 259-60,<span>
				</span>306-07).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">73.</span>The billboard had no engineered fall protection system. (T. 217, 221-23, 233;<span><span></span>
				</span>Exs. C-4<span><span></span>
				</span>& C-13). All the employees present<span>
				</span>had the knowledge, training, and experience<span>
				</span>to recognize that the billboard did not have any engineered fall protection system.<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T.<span>
				</span>109,<span>
				</span>314). </p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">74.</span>The CO accurately determined that Mr. Martin had been working at a height of approximately 12 feet above ground level and Messrs. Anderson and Trudel at a height of approximately 15 feet above ground level. (T. 31).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">75.</span>Neither<span>
				</span>Mr.<span>
				</span>Trudel,<span>
				</span>Mr.<span>
				</span>Anderson, nor<span>
				</span>Mr.<span>
				</span>Martin was<span>
				</span>wearing a harness or otherwise<span>
				</span>using<span><span></span>
				</span>any<span><span></span>
				</span>fall protection PPE<span><span></span>
				</span>while working at height on the billboard.<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T. 121-22).<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>With<span><span></span>
				</span>their<span>
				</span>training, knowledge and<span>
				</span>experience, each of those<span><span></span>
				</span>employees<span>
				</span>knew<span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>he was<span><span></span>
				</span>violating Outfront’s Fall Protection Policy. (T. 307, 314).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">76.</span>Upon approaching the crew on foot,<span>
				</span>the CO first<span>
				</span>spoke<span><span></span>
				</span>briefly with Mr. Symmes, who was doing carpentry work while on the ground. When Mr. Trudel noticed the CO speaking to Mr. Symmes,<span>
				</span>Mr. Trudel dismounted<span><span></span>
				</span>the billboard and approached<span><span></span>
				</span>the CO. (T. 29;<span>
				</span>video at<span>
				</span>Ex. C-19). In response to the CO’s questions,<span><span></span>
				</span>Mr. Trudel stated he was not the foreman<span><span></span>
				</span>but that he was the most senior worker present. Mr. Trudel<span><span></span>
				</span>stated<span>
				</span>further<span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>none of the four workers<span>
				</span>was “in charge,”<span>
				</span>and<span>
				</span>he identified<span>
				</span>the project manager<span>
				</span>to be<span>
				</span>Mr. Bourne in the North Haven office.<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T. 29, 108; Ex. C-19). The CO<span>
				</span>did not speak with<span>
				</span>either<span><span></span>
				</span>Messrs. Martin or Anderson. (T. 31).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">77.</span>In response to the CO’s questions,<span>
				</span>Mr.<span>
				</span>Trudel<span>
				</span>said that<span><span></span>
				</span>he<span>
				</span>believed he<span>
				</span>was not required to use fall protection<span>
				</span>PPE<span>
				</span>because the<span>
				</span>horizontal members of the billboard that he was standing in between<span><span></span>
				</span>were<span><span></span>
				</span>sufficient<span><span></span>
				</span>as a “passive restraint.” (T.<span><span></span>
				</span>34, 109). In stating this to the CO,<span>
				</span>Mr. Trudel was<span>
				</span>engaging in<span>
				</span>prevarication<span><span></span>
				</span>in<span>
				</span>an attempt<span><span></span>
				</span>to justify and excuse his failure to wear fall protection<span><span></span>
				</span>PPE while working at height on the billboard. In actuality, Mr.<span><span></span>
				</span>Trudel knew that he should have been using fall protection PPE to comply with both Outfront’s policy and OSHA standards. (T.<span>
				</span>314). Mr. Trudel<span>
				</span>knew<span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>he, along with<span>
				</span>Messrs.<span>
				</span>Anderson and Martin,<span>
				</span>had been caught in the act of not using that PPE<span><span></span>
				</span>when required. (T. 302). He knew that if Outfront discovered he had violated the<span>
				</span>Policy a second time that he would be fired.<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T. 120).<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>Mr.<span>
				</span>Trudel contrived this<span><span></span>
				</span>explanation<span>
				</span>in<span><span></span>
				</span>an<span><span></span>
				</span>attempt<span>
				</span>to convince the CO that he had not violated fall protection standards,<span><span></span>
				</span>and to<span>
				</span>avoid<span>
				</span>being fired for having committed a<span><span></span>
				</span>second<span>
				</span>violation of<span>
				</span>the<span><span></span>
				</span>Policy.</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">78.</span>The billboard on which the CO observed the employees working had neither certified anchor points nor locations that would serve as suitable improvised anchor points, and the employees knew this. (T.<span>
				</span>109, 137,<span>
				</span>217, 307). The employees should not have commenced work on the billboard under<span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>Policy, and the employees knew this. (T.<span>
				</span>109, 137,<span>
				</span>151-52,<span>
				</span>217, 317).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">79.</span>The CO contacted Mr. Bourne<span>
				</span>and Mr. Chesonis separately<span>
				</span>and<span>
				</span>reported<span><span></span>
				</span>details of his inspection<span><span></span>
				</span>to each. (T.<span>
				</span>34-35, 205-206).<span>
				</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">80.</span>Messrs. Bourne and Chesonis<span>
				</span>then<span>
				</span>investigated the<span>
				</span>crew’s conduct<span>
				</span>at the Waterbury<span>
				</span>billboard<span><span></span>
				</span>and concluded<span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>Messrs.<span>
				</span>Anderson, Martin, and Trudel<span>
				</span>had been working<span><span></span>
				</span>more than<span>
				</span>four feet<span><span></span>
				</span>above ground level<span>
				</span>without utilizing fall protection<span><span></span>
				</span>equipment<span><span></span>
				</span>in violation of<span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>Policy. (T. 207-08, 258-62; Exs. R-3 & R-4).<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>Because this was<span><span></span>
				</span>the second<span>
				</span>Policy violation of<span><span></span>
				</span>each of those three employees,<span>
				</span>on October 10, 2017,<span><span></span>
				</span>Outfront terminated the employment of each of them. (T. 111-12, 207-08, 258-62; Ex. R-2).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">81.</span><span><span></span>
				</span>On November 14, 2017,<span>
				</span>OSHA issued<span>
				</span>Outfront<span>
				</span>the three-item serious Citation.</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">DISCUSSION</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Commission obtained jurisdiction under section 10(c) of the Act upon Outfront’s timely filing of a notice of contest. 29 U.S.C. § 659(c). Outfront has employees and is engaged in a business affecting commerce, and thus meets the Act’s definition of “employer.” 29 U.S.C. § 652(5).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">All items in the<span>
					</span>Citation<span>
					</span>allege violations of<span>
					</span>safety standards promulgated<span>
					</span>pursuant to section<span>
					</span>6(b)<span><span></span>
					</span>of the Act. 29 U.S.C. § 655(b). To establish a violation of<span>
					</span>such a standard, the Secretary must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1) the cited standard applies; (2) the terms of the standard were violated; (3) employees were exposed to or had access to the violative condition; and (4) the employer knew, or with the exercise of reasonable diligence could have known, of the violative condition. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Atl. Battery Co.</span>, 16 BNA OSHC 2131, 2138 (No. 90-1747, 1994);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Astra Pharm. Prods.</span>, 9 BNA OSHC 2126, 2129 (No. 78-6247, 1981),<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d in relevant part</span>, 681 F.2d 69 (1st Cir. 1982).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The<span>
					</span>three alleged violations, which the Secretary has<span>
					</span>grouped<span><span></span>
					</span>and proposed a single penalty for all three,<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref7" href="#ftn7">7</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>are addressed<span>
					</span>below<span>
					</span>in the following<span>
					</span>sequence: the<span>
					</span>training violation (Item 1b);<span><span></span>
					</span>the hazard assessment violation<span><span></span>
					</span>(Item 1c);<span><span></span>
					</span>the fall protection violation<span><span></span>
					</span>(Item<span>
					</span>1a).<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref8" href="#ftn8">8</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Item 1b – Section 1910.30(a)(3)(i</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">) –</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span><span></span>
						</span>Fall hazard training</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span>Citation<span>
					</span>Item<span>
					</span>1b alleges a violation of 29 C.F.R.<span><span></span>
					</span>§ 1910.30(a)(3)(i),<span><span></span>
					</span>which<span>
					</span>provides that<span><span></span>
					</span>“[t]he employer must train each employee in<span>
					</span>... : (i) The nature of the fall hazards in the work<span>
					</span>area and how to recognize them.”<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref9" href="#ftn9">9</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Item 1b<span><span></span>
					</span>alleges that Outfront<span><span></span>
					</span>violated this standard<span>
					</span>on October 5, 2017<span>
					</span>in that<span>
					</span>it<span><span></span>
					</span>“did not ensure that the employees exposed to fall hazards while performing ‘tasks’ from the vertically structured billboards were trained in fall hazards and how to avoid such hazards.” </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">To establish non-compliance with a training standard, the Secretary must show the cited employer failed to provide the instructions that a reasonably prudent employer would have given in the<span>
					</span>same<span>
					</span>circumstances. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">N&N Contractors, Inc.</span>, 18 BNA OSHC 2121, 2126 (No. 96-0606, 2000),<span><span></span>
					</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">255 F.3d<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">122</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(4th Cir. 2001)</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span><span></span>
					</span>citing<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Archer-W</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Contractors, Ltd</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span>, 15 BNA OSHC 1013, 1019-20 (No. 87-1067, 1991)<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span>, 978 F.2d 744 (D.C. Cir. 1992), and<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">El Paso Crane & Rigging Co., Inc.</span>, 16 BNA OSHC 1419, 1424 (No. 90-1106, 1993). Where an employer<span>
					</span>has provided the type of training at issue, the Secretary<span>
					</span>must<span><span></span>
					</span>“show some deficiency in the training provided.” <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>, quoting<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Am. Sterilizer Co.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 1082, 1086 (No. 91-2494, 1997).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As discussed below, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Secretary</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>failed to</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>prove</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a reasonably prudent employer would have<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">provided</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>any different or additional training</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>than Outfront provided</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in the nature of the fall hazards associated with working on billboards</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and how to recognize t</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hose fall hazards</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span>Secretary stipulated<span><span></span>
					</span>that Outfront provided employees<span>
					</span>certain<span>
					</span>fall protection training (Stipulation at T. 176)<span><span></span>
					</span>and does not<span>
					</span>claim<span><span></span>
					</span>that Outfront provided no training<span>
					</span>at all<span>
					</span>on<span>
					</span>the nature of<span>
					</span>fall hazards and how to<span>
					</span>recognize<span><span></span>
					</span>them. Rather,<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Secretary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">argues that Outfront’s fall protection training was deficient in the following three particulars</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">: </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">training did not address the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fall hazard</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>associated with working on poster<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">billboards</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Sec’y Br. 8-9)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that the</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“100% tie-off</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>policy was “contradictory and confusing”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Sec’y Br. 9-12)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that the</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>training on anchorage points was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">vague and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">confusing.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> (Sec’y Br. 12-13).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span>he Secretary’s<span>
					</span>contention<span><span></span>
					</span>that<span>
					</span>Outfront’s<span>
					</span>training was inadequate must be considered<span>
					</span>within the context of<span>
					</span>Outfront’s<span><span></span>
					</span>training<span>
					</span>program as a whole. Accordingly,<span>
					</span>Outfront’s<span>
					</span>actual<span><span></span>
					</span>training program is<span>
					</span>reviewed<span><span></span>
					</span>first, followed by consideration of<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>Secretary’s<span>
					</span>asserted<span><span></span>
					</span>deficiencies in that<span><span></span>
					</span>training.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Policy<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on which Outfront employees are trained states that</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“[i]n any situation where an employee is exposed to a potential fall hazard of greater than four (4) feet ... fall protection equipment shall be used ...</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">” (Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">R-9). Likewise, the Manual<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">provided</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">each employee<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">emphasize</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that fall hazards<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">are</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“one of the most common hazards” in the workplace</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>when working at height</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Ex. C-20, p. 11). Outfront’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>fall protection rule, nominally</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">called the</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">100% tie-off</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>policy</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">served to emphasize<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">presence<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of fall hazard</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>associated with working at height on billboard</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the use or presence of adequate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fall protection was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an imperative</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Findings of Fact</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>¶</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">¶<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">38</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-4</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">0</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Mr. Bourne frequently reminded<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employees</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at the North Haven office</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">existence of fall hazards</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on billboards</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and the</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>imperative of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">complying with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the fall protection rule</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> (T.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>158-59</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">O</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ne member of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">four-</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">person</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">crew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that the CO observed working on the Waterbury billboard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">corroborated the frequency of Bourne’s exhortations, remarking</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fall protection<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">policy</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was “beaten into our heads.” (T. 298). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The existence of a written work rule to address the fall hazard</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s associated with work on billboards</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and frequent reinforcement of that work rule from management</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">have been recognized as components of an adequate training program</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Thomas Indus. Coatings, Inc.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">208</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 2087 (No. 06-1542, 2012) (noting safety handbook and “100-percent tie off” rule as aspects of an adequate fall protection<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">training program);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">N&N Contractors</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">18 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>2127 (employer’s “written work rule” and meetings to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">reinforce company safety policy</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>were evidence of the adequacy of fall protection training under<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">construction</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>industry</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fall protection training<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">standard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">§</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926.503(a)(1))</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref10" href="#ftn10">10</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Outfront<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">provide</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>both initial training in fall protection and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">annual</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">refresher training</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(semi-annual refresher training at the North Haven office)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in a group setting</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Findings of Fact</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>¶</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">¶<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">14 &<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">22</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Each</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the CO observed on the Waterbury billboard</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>received initial training<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in fall protection a</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">nd</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">semi-annual<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">refresher training</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, with Mr. Trudel having received<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">this formal<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">training twelve separate times</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>during his tenure with Outfront</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Findings of Fact, ¶</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">6</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; T. 140</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">written tests and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">PowerPoint</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>presentation utilized during this training</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>identified the fall hazard</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">inherent in</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>working at height on billboard</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>emphasized the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">imperative</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">adequate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fall protection. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ex</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. C-21</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>& R-13</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Mr. Bourne<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">delivered</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">PowerPoint</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">presentation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“slide by slide” and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">solicited employee<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">questions. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Finding</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of Fact</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, ¶<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">7</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The e</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">mployees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">also</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>received practical instruction<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">o</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">n the use of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fall protection<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">equipment, both<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in a classroom setting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a field setting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on a</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">n actual</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">bill</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">board</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> (Finding</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of Fact</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, ¶</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">6</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(e), (f)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">These elements of Outfront’s training have been recognized as elements of an adequate training program. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>S.J. Louis Constr. of Tex.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 25 BNA OSHC 1892,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1898-99 (No. 12-1045, 2016) (finding a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">PowerPoint</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>presentation which served as a “discussion guide” and the use of “performance tests” were aspects of an<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">effective training program);</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Thomas Indus.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 2087 (fall protection training</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>received during employee orientation or</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a comparable<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">refresher course” and “‘hands-on’ training”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>aspects of an adequate fall protection training program);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">N&N</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Contractors</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC at 2127</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-28</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(training received at the employer’s corporate office and at the work site were evidence of the adequacy<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of fall protection training under<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">construction</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>industry</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fall protection training<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">standard).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Outfront’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">billboard</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">have varying configurations respecting the presence of certified or improvised anchorages, and</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Outfront’s training instructed employees on the recognition of suitable improvised anchor points. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Findings of Fact, ¶</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">¶ 13(b), 17(a)-(d), 19, 20,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>35)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Outfront’s training on anchorages included real world examples of “good” (i.e., suitable) and “bad” (i.e., unsuitable) improvised anchor points. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Findings of Fact, ¶¶ 1</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">7</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(c)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>&</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(d),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">20</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">El Paso Crane & Rigging Co.</span>, 16 BNA OSHC<span>
					</span>at<span><span></span>
					</span>1426 (observing that where appropriate fall protection must be selected<span>
					</span>on a “situation-by-situation basis,” and that “a company that tells its employees what fall protective equipment is available and describes its use, or the circumstances in which it must be used, may quite conceivably be doing all that anyone could reasonably do.”). <span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">With respect to identifying suitable improvised anchorages, Outfront instructed its employees to employ<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a widely known</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>rule of thumb known as the “truck test” in assessing whether an improvised anchor point will withstand a 5,000-pound load. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Findings of Fact, ¶ 1</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">9</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 C.F.R. § 1910.140(c)(13)(i) (providing that anchorages be “[c]apable of supporting at least 5,000 pounds ... for each employee attached”).</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref11" href="#ftn11">11</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As described below, the Secretary has not established that a reasonably prudent employer would have provided substantially different<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or additional<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">training under the circumstances than Outfront provided, and thus has not shown that Outfront’s training was inadequate.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-style:italic; padding-right:20px;">(1)</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Bulletin v. poster<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">bill</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">boards</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">First, the Secretary argues Outfront’s training<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">did not address fall hazards that are peculiar<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to poster<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">bill</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">boards like the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Waterbury<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">bill</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">board<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">involved</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">here</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Sec</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">y Br. 8). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This argument is rejected. T</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he great</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">er</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>weight of the evidence is that</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the hazards associated with working on bulletin<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">bill</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">boards and poster<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">bill</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">boards<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">are</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>similar, if not</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>substantially</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>identical. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Finding</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of Fact, ¶<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">5</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The fact that bulletin<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">bill</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">board</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>are generally<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">more recently constructed, are more likely to have certified anchorages, and are<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">higher off the ground than poster<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">billboards</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>does not</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>alter the fact that fall hazards exist with either type of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">bill</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">board involving<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">work</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>heights<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">four feet and higher.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Findings of Fact, ¶<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">5</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Outfront’s training was reasonably geared to address fall hazards present on both types of billboards, as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">corroborated by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">evidence that employees at the North Haven office routinely worked on poster billboards and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">demonstrated proficiency in</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>co</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">mplying with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Outfront’s fall protection policy</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in doing so</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(T.<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">243,<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">271-73</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 297, 367</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ex. R-5,<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Bates<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pp. 254, 319</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In support of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">argument that the training was inadequate with respect to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fall hazards unique to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">poster<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">bill</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">boards, t</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Secretary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">relies on</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Mr. Trudel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s testimony</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that he was not trained in fall protection for poster<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">bill</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">boards</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(T. 109-10)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Mr. Trudel’s testimony<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in this regard</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">conclusory and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">unconvincing</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Mr. Trudel did not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">describe how the training he received was somehow not apt<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to poster<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">bill</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">boards</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>generally, or the Waterbury poster</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">bill</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">board</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">specifically</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(T. 110)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To the contrary,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Mr. Trudel had been observed at least twice before this incident working on poster<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">billboards</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>while<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">properly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">using</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>PPE for fall protection. (T. 188, 193-94; Ex. R-5,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Bates</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>pp. 254 & 319). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">preponderant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">evidence<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">establishes that</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Outfront’s employees</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at the North<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Haven location</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, including<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Mr. Trudel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had been trained in recognizing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and addressing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the fall hazard</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>associated with working on a poster<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">bill</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">board</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Mr. Trudel’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">unconvincing</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">conclusory<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">testimony to the contrary</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">notwithstanding</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">argues that the testimony of the expert witness for Outfront</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that “some equipment”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is appropriate for</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>use</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on bulletin<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">billboards</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>but not poster</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">billboards</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>demonstrates<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that Outfront’s training was deficient</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">with respect to working at heights on</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>poster<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">billboards</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(T. 401-402).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">That testimony does not diminish<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the expert’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">stated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and reasonably supported<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">conclusion</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that Outfront’s fall protection training<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">address</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">appropriate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">PPE to be used under</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>varying<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">circumstances</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">including the type of billboard involved</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(T. 375, 380-81</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 386-87</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. R-17, p</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>6</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See El Paso Crane</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>& Rigging Co.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC at 1426 (“[a]n employer's instructions are not necessarily deficient just because they allow the employees discretion as to how to proceed, particularly where the working circumstances are such that no one form of protection is capable of being used every time”)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moreover, t</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he cited standard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">simply<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">requires training on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">nature of the fall hazard</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in the work area</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and how to recognize them</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. §</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1910.30(a)(3)(i).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Even though</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>some<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fall protection PPE may be apt</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>only</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">bulletin<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">bill</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">board</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, this<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">does not establish that Outfront’s training was deficient with respect to</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">recogniz</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ing</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the nature of fall hazard</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>common to both bulletin and poster<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">bill</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">boards</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Findings of Fact, ¶<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">5</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary simply did not adduce evidence that specifically identified how the training Outfront provided was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">apt<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or deficient with respect to work on</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">poster billboards</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary has not established that a reasonably prudent employer would have<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">provided different o</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">r</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>additional training<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to what Outfront provided<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">relating to</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>poster<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">bill</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">boards</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-style:italic; padding-right:20px;">(2)</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">“</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">100% tie-off</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">”</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
					</span>policy</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary next argues Outfront’s “100% tie-off” policy<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was “contradictory and confusing”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">because Outfront acknowledged that tying off was not required in circumstances<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">where a billboard was constructed with an engineered “passive” fall protection system such as a guardrail system</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Sec</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’y</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br. 9-12). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">notes<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that Outfront trained employees that fall protection PPE was not required where adequate “passive” systems were in place, so that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“100% tie-off” policy was in actuality a “</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">100% fall protection” policy</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Sec’y Reply Br. 2).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">While this characterization of Outfront’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>nominal</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“100% tie-off” policy is accurate, t</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he evidence is insufficient to support the conclusion that employees were confused or misunderstood the import of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Outfront’s fall protection rule</span>. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Danis Shook Joint Venture XXV</span>, 19 BNA OSHC 1497, 1501 (No. 98-1192, 2001)<span><span></span>
					</span>(a work rule is<span>
					</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sufficiently precise where it<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">requires or proscribes certain conduct and<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">...</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is communicated to employees in such a manner that its mandatory nature is made explicit and its scope clearly understood</span>.”)<span><span></span>
					</span>(quoting<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>J.K. Butler Builders, Inc.</span>, 5 BNA OSHC 1075, 1076 (No. 12345, 1977)<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span>, 319 F.3d 805 (6th<span><span></span>
					</span>Cir. 2003)). The term<span>
					</span>“100% tie-off”<span>
					</span>is a<span>
					</span>vernacular<span>
					</span>expression to<span>
					</span>epitomize<span><span></span>
					</span>a<span>
					</span>policy<span>
					</span>that<span>
					</span>required<span><span></span>
					</span>the use of some form of appropriate fall protection whenever working at height on a billboard. (Findings of Fact, ¶ 38<span><span></span>
					</span>& 39).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>In Outfront’s work environment,<span>
					</span>the use of appropriate<span>
					</span>fall protection almost always entailed the use of fall protection PPE<span><span></span>
					</span>because<span><span></span>
					</span>very few<span>
					</span>of<span>
					</span>Outfront<span><span></span>
					</span>billboards<span>
					</span>were<span>
					</span>constructed with engineered<span>
					</span>“passive”<span><span></span>
					</span>fall protection<span><span></span>
					</span>systems<span><span></span>
					</span>that obviated the need<span>
					</span>for workers<span>
					</span>to<span>
					</span>wear and<span>
					</span>use<span><span></span>
					</span>(by<span>
					</span>“tying-off”) fall protection PPE. (Findings of Fact, ¶ 40). The Secretary’s<span>
					</span>parsing and<span><span></span>
					</span>deconstruction of phrases and sentences in<span>
					</span>Outfront’s<span><span></span>
					</span>Policy<span><span></span>
					</span>(Sec’y Br. 10-11; Ex. R-9), though showing that the<span>
					</span>Policy<span>
					</span>probably<span>
					</span>could have been<span>
					</span>stated with greater precision and clarity, does not establish that the language employed was<span>
					</span>insufficiently<span>
					</span>precise or<span>
					</span>clear to communicate<span><span></span>
					</span>to<span>
					</span>Outfront’s employees<span><span></span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>Policy’s<span>
					</span>main idea<span><span></span>
					</span>—<span><span></span>
					</span>that the<span>
					</span>use of appropriate fall protection was an imperative at all times<span><span></span>
					</span>when working at height.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Further, the evidence<span>
					</span>established<span>
					</span>that Outfront’s training imparted<span>
					</span>the knowledge and understanding<span><span></span>
					</span>that enabled employees<span>
					</span>to<span>
					</span>recognize<span><span></span>
					</span>whether any given billboard was configured with<span>
					</span>an<span>
					</span>engineered<span><span></span>
					</span>“passive” fall protection system. (Findings of Fact, ¶¶ 40<span><span></span>
					</span>& 43). It is<span>
					</span>apparent<span><span></span>
					</span>that the Waterbury<span>
					</span>billboard, an aging poster<span>
					</span>billboard<span>
					</span>that was<span>
					</span>in visible disrepair (T. 202, 221-22), had no such<span>
					</span>engineered<span><span></span>
					</span>fall protection<span>
					</span>system<span><span></span>
					</span>(T.<span>
					</span>109,<span>
					</span>217),<span><span></span>
					</span>and that any employee<span>
					</span>who had completed<span>
					</span>Outfront’s training would have recognized<span>
					</span>this. (Findings of Fact, ¶ 43 & 73).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Mr. Trudel recognized “that there were no safety cables designed or on this board to utilize” on the Waterbury billboard. (T. 109).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Mr. Trudel<span><span></span>
					</span>was not credible in testifying that<span>
					</span>he<span><span></span>
					</span>regarded<span>
					</span>the<span><span></span>
					</span>two horizontal members of the billboard structure<span>
					</span>that<span>
					</span>he was standing in between (the<span><span></span>
					</span>angle iron<span>
					</span>behind him<span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>a<span>
					</span>2x6 inch<span>
					</span>board<span>
					</span>in front of him, both at about pelvis height), in combination with the<span><span></span>
					</span>makeshift<span>
					</span>work<span>
					</span>platform<span>
					</span>on which he was<span>
					</span>standing<span>
					</span>(that the crew had created by placing an unsecured<span><span></span>
					</span>2x8 inch<span><span></span>
					</span>board across three supports),<span>
					</span>constituted an adequate<span>
					</span>passive<span>
					</span>rail<span><span></span>
					</span>system<span><span></span>
					</span>that negated the need to tie-off with fall protection PPE.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(T. 109-11, 226, 260;<span>
					</span>Exs. C-1,<span>
					</span>C-4,<span>
					</span>C-8, C-12 through C-16).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Instruction<span>
					</span>provided<span><span></span>
					</span>to<span>
					</span>Mr. Trudel<span><span></span>
					</span>and the other employees<span>
					</span>regarding<span>
					</span>guardrail<span><span></span>
					</span>systems<span><span></span>
					</span>included<span>
					</span>instruction that<span>
					</span>such systems<span>
					</span>are engineered into the billboard. (T. 215). Mr. Trudel understood<span><span></span>
					</span>this. (T.<span>
					</span>109-110).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Given Mr. Trudel’s training and his approximate 10 years of experience working on billboards with both Outfront and with two other outdoor advertising companies (T. 100), his stated belief that<span><span></span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>makeshift<span>
					</span>2x8<span>
					</span>wood platform<span><span></span>
					</span>he stood on, the horizontal angle iron<span><span></span>
					</span>behind him, and the horizontal 2x6<span><span></span>
					</span>in front of him, provided fall protection that was an appropriate<span>
					</span>alternative<span><span></span>
					</span>means<span><span></span>
					</span>of<span><span></span>
					</span>fall protection on a billboard that was about 40 years old and falling apart, strains credulity and is simply beyond belief. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span><span></span>
					</span>T. 396-97).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>While the<span>
					</span>CO apparently accepted Trudel’s explanation at face value (T. 93-94), the undersigned<span><span></span>
					</span>as the finder of fact<span>
					</span>is obliged to<span><span></span>
					</span>evaluate<span>
					</span>his<span>
					</span>testimony in light of other evidence in the record to which<span>
					</span>the testimony<span>
					</span>can be compared and<span>
					</span>to<span><span></span>
					</span>examine<span><span></span>
					</span>the testimony<span><span></span>
					</span>for internal consistency and intuitive plausibility. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Anderson v. Bessemer City, N.C.</span>, 470 U.S. 564, 575 (1985) (“[F]actors other than demeanor and inflection go into the decision whether or not to believe a witness. Documents or objective evidence may contradict the witness’s story; or the story itself may be so internally inconsistent or implausible on its face that a reasonable factfinder would not credit it.”).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Contrary to the Secretary’s contention, the evidence is insufficient to establish that the nominal “100% tie-off” policy lacked sufficient clarity or generated confusion among Outfront workers regarding the imperative to<span>
					</span>be protected by some form of adequate fall protection,<span>
					</span>whether “active”<span><span></span>
					</span>or<span>
					</span>“passive,”<span><span></span>
					</span>at all times<span>
					</span>while working at height. The evidence is further insufficient to establish that an employee receiving Outfront’s training would not be<span>
					</span>competent to<span><span></span>
					</span>recognize<span>
					</span>what forms<span><span></span>
					</span>of fall protection were<span><span></span>
					</span>available on a given<span>
					</span>billboard. The<span><span></span>
					</span>Secretary has<span>
					</span>thus<span>
					</span>failed to identify any deficiency in Outfront’s training with regard to its “100% tie-off” policy.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Cf.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Paul Betty</span>, 9 BNA OSHC 1379, 1383 (No. 76-4271, 1981) (finding that<span><span></span>
					</span>work rule had not been adequately communicated<span><span></span>
					</span>where<span>
					</span>the senior<span><span></span>
					</span>employee<span><span></span>
					</span>at the jobsite<span><span></span>
					</span>did not<span>
					</span>recognize<span><span></span>
					</span>that a situation called for the<span><span></span>
					</span>work rule to be implemented).</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-style:italic; padding-right:20px;">(3)</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Anchor points<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Finally, the Secretary argues that Outfront’s training regarding anchor points is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">vague and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">confusing</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in that (1)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“Outfront</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>fails to explain how</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">topics</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">‘</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">good</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>anchorage points, and approved load of anchorage points, work together</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,” and (2)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Outfront’s training on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“truck test”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">assess</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>whether a potential improvised anchorage is suitable</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was flawed because one employee’s testimony suggested that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>did not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">accurately</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>comprehend the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">test.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Sec’y Br. 12-13). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Outfront’s training materials are sufficiently explanatory to defeat the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Secretary’s first criticism. The training materials<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and the training provided employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">make sufficiently clear that anchor</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>points</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">must be suitable</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that suitable (i.e., “good”) anchor points include<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">engineered anchorages and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">suitable improvised anchorages.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Findings of Fact, ¶</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">¶ 13(b), 17(a)-(d), 19, 20</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In support of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">his</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>second criticism</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the Secretary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">cites<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to testimony from</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>an Outfront employee</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in which<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employee</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>misstated the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">minimum rating for an improvised anchor point,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">which is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">5,000 pounds</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1910.140(c)(13)(i). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">It is apparent from the cited<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">testimony<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employee<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">confused<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">approximate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">weight of a full-size pickup truck<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">its load capacity, which is less than its weight</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(T.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">290,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">311). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This apparent confusion notwithstanding</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the totality of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the employee’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testimony<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">established that</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he understood the “truck test” and how<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to apply<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in identifying appropriate</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>improvised anchor point</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(T.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">168, 289-90,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">383). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The witness’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">confusion<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on the nomenclature used to describe a truck’s load capacity<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">does not</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>establish that it<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>inappropriate for a reasonably prudent employer to instruct</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on using<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the “truck test” in identifying appropriate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">improvised anchor points.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Cf.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Paul Betty</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 9 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1383 (employee was inadequately trained where he had only a “general awareness of the cited standards’ requirements”)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Secretary failed to<span>
					</span>prove<span><span></span>
					</span>that the fall protection training Outfront provided was<span>
					</span>deficient. Accordingly, Item 1b of the<span>
					</span>Citation<span>
					</span>must be<span><span></span>
					</span>vacated.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Item 1c – Section 1910.132(d)(1) – Hazard assessment</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Item 1c alleges a violation of<span>
					</span>section<span><span></span>
					</span>1910.132(d)(1),<span><span></span>
					</span>which<span>
					</span>provides<span><span></span>
					</span>in relevant part<span><span></span>
					</span>that<span><span></span>
					</span>“[t]he employer shall assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which necessitate the use of [PPE].”<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Item 1b<span>
					</span>alleges that Outfront<span><span></span>
					</span>violated<span>
					</span>this<span>
					</span>standard<span>
					</span>with respect to the Waterbury billboard<span>
					</span>in that<span>
					</span>Outfront<span><span></span>
					</span>“did not ensure that a Workplace Hazard<span>
					</span>Assessment in ‘tasks and sites’ specifics was conducted to determine necessary and appropriate types of [PPE] for the employees who were assigned to perform ‘tasks’ from vertically structured billboards.”</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">In 2007<span><span></span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>again in<span>
					</span>2016,<span><span></span>
					</span>Outfront<span>
					</span>conducted<span>
					</span>formal<span>
					</span>general<span>
					</span>companywide hazard assessments.<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(Findings of Fact,<span><span></span>
					</span>¶¶<span><span></span>
					</span>28-32). These general assessments are insufficient by themselves to meet the requirements of section 1910.132(d)(1), because they lacked<span><span></span>
					</span>an assessment of the<span>
					</span>particularities of<span><span></span>
					</span>any specific billboard, including<span><span></span>
					</span>the Waterbury billboard.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Wal-Mart Distrib. Ctr. #6016</span>, 25 BNA OSHC 1396, 1398-1400 (No. 08-1292, 2015) (affirming violation of section<span><span></span>
					</span>1910.132(d)(1)<span><span></span>
					</span>upon concluding that<span>
					</span>a hazard assessment conducted at one facility was<span>
					</span>insufficient<span>
					</span>to meet requirement to conduct a hazard assessment for a different facility, in part<span><span></span>
					</span>because<span><span></span>
					</span>the employer<span><span></span>
					</span>“never<span>
					</span>verified the equivalency of the conditions between the two facilities”),<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in relevant part</span>,<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>819 F.3d 200 (5th Cir. 2016).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The<span>
					</span>preponderant<span>
					</span>evidence established that Outfront<span><span></span>
					</span>conducted<span>
					</span>a site-specific hazard assessment of the Waterbury billboard on September 20, 2017<span>
					</span>in conjunction with the<span><span></span>
					</span>site<span>
					</span>inspection that the four employees conducted before<span><span></span>
					</span>the start of work on<span>
					</span>that billboard on<span>
					</span>October 5, 2017. (Findings of Fact,<span><span></span>
					</span>¶¶ 62-66). Implicit in<span>
					</span>Mr.<span>
					</span>Bourne’s instruction that the<span><span></span>
					</span>employees<span><span></span>
					</span>“check board” (Ex. R-1, p. 2)<span><span></span>
					</span>and “stop by and look at”<span><span></span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>billboard (T. 201-02)<span><span></span>
					</span>was<span>
					</span>a directive<span>
					</span>to conduct a hazard assessment<span>
					</span>for possible safety hazards, including fall hazards, and determine what safety equipment was necessary<span><span></span>
					</span>to complete the work. (Findings of Fact, ¶ 62). All four employees understood this<span>
					</span>to be an implied task<span>
					</span>as a result of their knowledge, training,<span><span></span>
					</span>and experience. (Findings of Fact, ¶ 63). Moreover, all four employees<span><span></span>
					</span>were competent persons capable of assessing the<span>
					</span>billboard for hazards and determining what PPE would be necessary to address those hazards<span><span></span>
					</span>in the course of making needed repairs to the<span>
					</span>billboard.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(Findings of Fact,<span>
					</span>¶<span><span></span>
					</span>64; T. 203, 209-10; Ex. R-17, p. 11).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">S</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ee<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">section 1910.140(b) (defining the term “competent person” to mean “a person who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in any personal fall protection system or any component of it, as well as their application and uses with related equipment ....”). </span>Mr. Trudel confirmed this<span>
					</span>to be his<span>
					</span>implicit understanding when he acknowledged that<span>
					</span>he knew that among the reasons for inspecting the<span>
					</span>billboard before beginning work on it was to make sure that the crew could work safely, notwithstanding that the crew was not explicitly instructed to do so. (T.<span>
					</span>135-36).<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Secretary argues that a provision<span>
					</span>in the Policy<span><span></span>
					</span>precluded delegating the task of conducting a site-specific hazard assessment to<span>
					</span>non-managerial<span>
					</span>employees. (Sec’y Br. 14-15). The provision to which the Secretary points<span><span></span>
					</span>provides as follows: “Management, with employee participation, will make a hazard assessment and determine the [PPE] required for the task assigned.” (Ex. R-9).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The cited standard does not prohibit an employer<span>
					</span>from<span><span></span>
					</span>delegating the task of conducting a hazard assessment to non-managerial employees. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See N&N Contractors</span>, 18 BNA OSHC<span>
					</span>at<span><span></span>
					</span>2127<span><span></span>
					</span>(employer may<span><span></span>
					</span>allow<span>
					</span>properly trained employees<span>
					</span>discretion<span>
					</span>in how to proceed with work and<span><span></span>
					</span>determining the PPE that is required in view of the work process selected);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">El Paso Crane & Rigging Co.</span>, 16 BNA OSHC<span>
					</span>at<span><span></span>
					</span>1426 (where necessary PPE will vary on a “situation-by-situation basis ... a company that tells its employees what fall protective equipment is available and describes its use, or the circumstances in which it must be used, may quite conceivably be doing all that anyone could reasonably do.”).<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">
					</span>Even if the delegation of this task to the work crew is regarded as being contrary to the recital in<span>
					</span>the Policy<span><span></span>
					</span>quoted above,<span><span></span>
					</span>that variance<span>
					</span>does not equate<span>
					</span>to a violation of the cited standard. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Gen. Motors Corp., GM Parts Div.</span>, 11 BNA OSHC 2062, 2066 (No. 78-1443, 1984) (consolidated) (“An employer’s safety recommendations do not<span>
					</span>establish that such precautions were necessary in order to comply with a standard.”),<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span>, 764 F.2d 32 (1st Cir. 1985). The employees’<span><span></span>
					</span>site visit<span><span></span>
					</span>met the requirement of section<span>
					</span>1910.132(d)(1)<span><span></span>
					</span>to conduct a hazard assessment. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Wal-Mart Distrib. Ctr. #6016</span>, 25 BNA OSHC at 1399;<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">El Paso Crane & Rigging Co.</span>, 16 BNA OSHC at 1426;<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Infra-Red Bldg. & Power Svc., Inc.</span>,<span>
					</span>No. 17-1511,<span>
					</span>2019 WL 5893218 at *13-14 (O.S.H.R.C.A.L.J,<span><span></span>
					</span>Oct. 7,<span>
					</span>2019) (finding that training employees to assess a job site and determine what type of PPE should be worn was “consistent with” 29 C.F.R. §<span><span></span>
					</span>1910.132(d)(1));<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span>Nonmandatory Compliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Personal Protective Equipment Selection,<span>
					</span>App’x B to Subpart I of<span>
					</span>29 C.F.R. pt.<span><span></span>
					</span>1910 (indicating that<span><span></span>
					</span>a “walk-through” survey<span>
					</span>of a worksite<span><span></span>
					</span>conducted by a “safety officer”<span>
					</span>is a component of<span><span></span>
					</span>an<span>
					</span>adequate hazard assessment).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Secretary<span>
					</span>further<span>
					</span>argues that<span><span></span>
					</span>because Outfront’s training was deficient,<span>
					</span>the employees<span>
					</span>could not be regarded to be “competent persons”<span><span></span>
					</span>to<span><span></span>
					</span>assess what fall protection PPE would be required to work on the Waterbury board, so that any hazard assessment the<span>
					</span>employees’<span><span></span>
					</span>conducted<span>
					</span>was inadequate. However, as<span>
					</span>found in<span><span></span>
					</span>discussing Item 1b<span><span></span>
					</span>of the Citation, the Secretary<span>
					</span>failed to establish<span><span></span>
					</span>that<span><span></span>
					</span>Outfront’s training<span><span></span>
					</span>was deficient.<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>The employees, as competent persons in the area of identifying and recognizing fall hazards, were capable of conducting a hazard assessment of the Waterbury<span>
					</span>billboard<span><span></span>
					</span>and determining what<span>
					</span>fall protection measures<span><span></span>
					</span>were<span><span></span>
					</span>necessary to safely complete the work. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">El Paso Crane & Rigging Co.</span>, 16 BNA OSHC at 1426;<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">c</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">f.</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Baker Tank Co.</span>, 17<span>
					</span>BNA OSHC<span><span></span>
					</span>1177, 1179<span><span></span>
					</span>(No. 90-1786-S,<span>
					</span>1995) (recognizing<span><span></span>
					</span>that<span><span></span>
					</span>properly<span><span></span>
					</span>instructed employees can<span>
					</span>carry out<span><span></span>
					</span>an employer’s duties under the Act).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Finally,<span>
					</span>the Secretary<span><span></span>
					</span>points to uncontroverted evidence that<span>
					</span>Outfront did not prepare a written certification<span>
					</span>that<span>
					</span>documented<span><span></span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>site-specific hazard assessment that the employees<span>
					</span>conducted. (Sec’y Br. 16). Such a written certification<span>
					</span>is required by<span>
					</span>section<span><span></span>
					</span>1910.132(d)(2).<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref12" href="#ftn12">12</a></span> However,<span>
					</span>the citation item alleges that Outfront failed to conduct a hazard assessment, not that Outfront failed to properly document that it had done<span><span></span>
					</span>so. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Jake’s Fireworks, Inc.</span>, 26 BNA OSHC 1738, 1750 n.10 (No. 15-0260, 2017) (ALJ) (finding that,<span><span></span>
					</span>although lack of a written certification was “strong evidence” that no hazard assessment occurred,<span><span></span>
					</span>it was not sufficient to prove a violation of<span>
					</span>sec.<span><span></span>
					</span>1910.132(d)(1))<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span>, 893 F.3d 1248 (10th<span><span></span>
					</span>Cir. 2018). As<span>
					</span>previously<span>
					</span>described, Outfront conducted a hazard assessment that met the requirements of the cited standard, section 1910.132(d)(1).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The<span>
					</span>Secretary has not proven that<span>
					</span>Outfront’s site-specific hazard assessment of the Waterbury billboard did not meet the requirements of section 1910.132(d)(1).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Accordingly,<span><span></span>
					</span>Item 1c<span><span></span>
					</span>of the Citation is vacated.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Item 1a</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span><span></span>
						</span>– Section 1910.28(b)(1)(i) –<span>
						</span></span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Protection from fall hazards</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Item 1a alleges a violation of<span>
					</span>section<span><span></span>
					</span>1910.28(b)(1)(i),<span><span></span>
					</span>which<span>
					</span>provides:</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.33cm; margin-right:48px; widows:0; orphans:0; ">(b)<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Protection from fall hazards--</span>(1)<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Unprotected sides and edges.</span> (i) Except as provided elsewhere in this section, the employer must ensure that each employee on a walking-working surface with an unprotected side or edge that is 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above a lower level is protected from falling by one or more of the following: </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.33cm; margin-right:48px; widows:0; orphans:0; ">(A)<span>
					</span>Guardrail systems;<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.33cm; margin-right:48px; widows:0; orphans:0; ">(B)<span>
					</span>Safety net systems; or<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.33cm; margin-right:48px; widows:0; orphans:0; ">(C) Personal fall protection systems, such as personal fall arrest, travel restraint, or positioning systems.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The<span>
					</span>Citation alleges that Outfront<span><span></span>
					</span>violated the standard because it<span><span></span>
					</span>“did not ensure that the employees who were performing ‘tasks’ from the vertically structured billboards were protected<span>
					</span>from the hazard of falling more than 4 feet to the ground by the use of appropriate personal fall arrest systems/devices or utilizing other means [or] methods.”</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Outfront<span>
					</span>contests only the “knowledge” element of the Secretary’s burden of proof, contending<span>
					</span>that the evidence is insufficient to establish that<span>
					</span>Outfront knew, or with the exercise of reasonable diligence could have known, of the violative<span>
					</span>conduct. The<span><span></span>
					</span>Secretary<span>
					</span>does not contend that Outfront had<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">actual</span><span><span></span>
					</span>knowledge of the employees’ violative conduct, arguing<span>
					</span>only that<span>
					</span>he proved<span>
					</span>constructive knowledge.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref13" href="#ftn13">13</a></span> (Sec’y Br.<span><span></span>
					</span>17-19). As described below,<span>
					</span>the Secretary has failed to<span>
					</span>carry his burden to<span>
					</span>prove constructive knowledge.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">To prove constructive knowledge, the Secretary must show that Outfront’s<span><span></span>
					</span>lack of actual knowledge of<span><span></span>
					</span>a violative condition was due to<span>
					</span>a<span>
					</span>failure to exercise<span><span></span>
					</span>reasonable diligence. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Ragnar Benson, Inc.</span>, 18 BNA OSHC 1937, 1940 (No. 97-1676, 1999). “In assessing reasonable diligence, the Commission considers several factors, including an employer’s obligations to implement adequate work rules and training programs, adequately supervise employees, anticipate hazards, and take measures to prevent violations from occurring.” <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">S.J. Louis Constr.</span>, 25 BNA OSHC<span>
					</span>at<span><span></span>
					</span>1894. The regular enforcement of disciplinary procedures also bears on<span>
					</span>whether an<span><span></span>
					</span>employer<span>
					</span>exercised<span>
					</span>reasonable diligence. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Thomas Indus. Coatings</span>, 23 BNA OSHC<span>
					</span>at<span><span></span>
					</span>2088-89. Whether an employer has exercised reasonable diligence is a question of fact that will “vary with the facts of each case.” <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Martin v. OSHRC</span>, 947 F.2d 1483, 1485 (11th Cir. 1991).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Secretary argues Outfront<span>
					</span>failed to exercise reasonable diligence<span><span></span>
					</span>because: (1) it lacked adequate work rules and training (Sec’y Br. 19);<span>
					</span>(2) it failed to adequately supervise employees (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>at<span>
					</span>18-19); and<span>
					</span>(3) it failed to adequately assess the Waterbury<span>
					</span>billboard work site for potential hazards (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>at<span>
					</span>18). Each of these arguments is addressed in turn.</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; ">
				<span style="font-style:italic; padding-right:20px;">(1)</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Adequate<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">training and<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">work rules</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">In arguing that<span>
					</span>Outfront’s employees lacked adequate training<span><span></span>
					</span>and work rules, the Secretary relies on<span><span></span>
					</span>his arguments<span>
					</span>made in connection with<span>
					</span>the alleged training violation (Item 1b)<span><span></span>
					</span>that<span>
					</span>Outfront’s fall protection training<span><span></span>
					</span>was inadequate.<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>As<span>
					</span>the discussion above<span>
					</span>rejecting those arguments<span><span></span>
					</span>concluded,<span><span></span>
					</span>the Secretary failed to prove that a reasonably prudent employer would have provided fall protection training<span><span></span>
					</span>that was substantially different<span><span></span>
					</span>than the training Outfront provided, including training<span>
					</span>respecting the nature of fall hazards on poster billboards and how to recognize them.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>The Secretary similarly failed to establish that Outfront’s<span>
					</span>work rule, nominally identified as the<span><span></span>
					</span>“100% tie-off”<span>
					</span>policy,<span><span></span>
					</span>lacked sufficient clarity or generated confusion among Outfront workers regarding the imperative to be protected by some form of adequate fall protection at all times while working at height.</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-style:italic; padding-right:20px;">(2)</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Adequate supervision</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
					</span>of employees</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Secretary argues Outfront failed to adequately supervise its employees. In support of this argument, the<span><span></span>
					</span>Secretary<span>
					</span>faults Outfront for having no managerial or supervisory employee<span>
					</span>in charge of the crew, and<span>
					</span>propounds<span><span></span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>following<span>
					</span>rhetorical question:<span><span></span>
					</span>“If an employer can avoid responsibility by placing no one in charge, then why would the employer ever do so?” (Sec’y Reply. Br. 4).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Longstanding precedent holds that the<span>
					</span>presence of supervisory personnel at a worksite is<span><span></span>
					</span>not a<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">sine qua non</span><span><span></span>
					</span>of<span>
					</span>adequate supervision.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">N. Y.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>State Elec. & Gas Corp. v. Sec</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">’y</span>, 88 F.3d 98, 109 (2d Cir. 1996)<span>
					</span>(“Insisting that each employee be under continual supervisor surveillance is a patently unworkable burden on employers.”);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Stahl Roofing, Inc.</span>,<span>
					</span>19 BNA OSHC 2179, 2182<span><span></span>
					</span>(No. 02-1024, 2003) (employer<span>
					</span>whose<span>
					</span>practice was not to assign supervisory personnel<span><span></span>
					</span>to be present fulltime<span><span></span>
					</span>at<span><span></span>
					</span>widespread worksite<span><span></span>
					</span>locations determined not<span>
					</span>to<span>
					</span>have had constructive knowledge of employee’s violative conduct). Rather,<span>
					</span>in assessing the adequacy of employee supervision,<span>
					</span>the Commission looks to the whole of an employer’s monitoring,<span>
					</span>compliance, and disciplinary<span><span></span>
					</span>efforts, viewed in light of<span>
					</span>any<span>
					</span>past violative conduct of employees. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Stahl Roofing Inc.</span>, 19 BNA OSHC<span>
					</span>at 2182-83;<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Hackensack Steel Corp.</span>, 20 BNA OSHC 1387 (No. 97-0755, 2003);<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">S</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">w.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Bell Tel. Co.</span>, 19 BNA OSHC 1097, 1099 (No. 98-1748, 2000);<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Michael Barr</span>, No. 19-0258, 2019 WL 7176889, at *9-10 (O.S.H.R.C.A.L.J.,<span>
					</span>Nov. 18, 2019).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Secretary has not established that Outfront failed to exercise reasonable diligence in the supervision and monitoring of its work crews. Outfront<span><span></span>
					</span>supervisors<span><span></span>
					</span>conduct<span>
					</span>random<span>
					</span>field observations of employees<span>
					</span>working on various billboards<span>
					</span>at<span>
					</span>least<span>
					</span>four times a month. (Findings<span><span></span>
					</span>of Fact,<span><span></span>
					</span>¶¶<span>
					</span>49<span><span></span>
					</span>& 50). Employees who fail to comply<span><span></span>
					</span>with Outfront’s<span><span></span>
					</span>Fall Protection Policy<span><span></span>
					</span>receive significant<span><span></span>
					</span>discipline for both<span>
					</span>a<span>
					</span>first and<span>
					</span>a<span>
					</span>second violation,<span>
					</span>with the sanction for the<span>
					</span>second violation<span><span></span>
					</span>being<span>
					</span>termination of<span>
					</span>employment. (Findings of Fact,<span><span></span>
					</span>¶<span>
					</span>47). These<span>
					</span>are<span>
					</span>attributes<span><span></span>
					</span>of an effective monitoring<span>
					</span>and enforcement<span>
					</span>program. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Cf.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Thomas Indus. Coatings, Inc.</span>, 23 BNA OSHC<span>
					</span>at<span><span></span>
					</span>2087-88<span><span></span>
					</span>(disciplinary program where the entire crew could be suspended without pay if one member violated fall protection policies);<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Stahl Roofin</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">g, Inc.</span>,<span>
					</span>19 BNA OSHC at 2182<span><span></span>
					</span>(progressive disciplinary program ranging from oral reprimand to termination);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">N.Y. State Elec. & Gas Corp</span>., 19 BNA OSHC<span>
					</span>at<span><span></span>
					</span>1229<span><span></span>
					</span>(enforcement program calling for random site inspections).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Outfront supervisors had<span>
					</span>observed one or more of the<span>
					</span>three<span>
					</span>employees<span>
					</span>who were violating the fall protection policy on<span>
					</span>October 5, 2017<span><span></span>
					</span>at<span>
					</span>about<span>
					</span>90<span>
					</span>different worksites between<span>
					</span>January 2014<span><span></span>
					</span>and October 2017,<span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>at<span>
					</span>each<span>
					</span>of those<span>
					</span>worksites<span><span></span>
					</span>the employees<span>
					</span>had<span>
					</span>been following<span><span></span>
					</span>Outfront’s<span>
					</span>fall protection work rules. (Findings of Fact, ¶<span>
					</span>53). In<span><span></span>
					</span>the two<span><span></span>
					</span>instances<span><span></span>
					</span>in which<span>
					</span>the employees were<span>
					</span>determined<span>
					</span>to have violated<span><span></span>
					</span>Outfront’s Fall Protection Policy, they<span><span></span>
					</span>were disciplined<span>
					</span>according<span><span></span>
					</span>to Outfront’s progressive discipline policy. (Findings of Fact,<span><span></span>
					</span>¶¶ 60, 80).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The<span><span></span>
					</span>Secretary argues the<span>
					</span>absence<span><span></span>
					</span>of a foreman or other supervisor<span>
					</span>on the four-person crew<span>
					</span>is particularly “jarring given ... Outfront’s understanding of these employees’ safety history.” (Sec’y Br. 18). The record is silent with respect to whether<span>
					</span>Outfront increased<span><span></span>
					</span>monitoring of these employees following their violation<span><span></span>
					</span>of the fall protection rule in March 2017. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Cf.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Hackensack Steel Corp.</span>,<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>20 BNA OSHC at 1389 (noting<span>
					</span>that multiple<span>
					</span>previous OSHA violations should have led the foreman to do “more to discover safety violations than he did.”). Nevertheless, the record does show that all or some of the four employees on that crew were subject to site observations at least 13 times from April through September 2017, and that each time they<span>
					</span>were following<span><span></span>
					</span>safety<span>
					</span>rules. (Findings<span><span></span>
					</span>of Fact,<span><span></span>
					</span>¶<span>
					</span>61).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Given the overall positive record of employee compliance with the fall protection rule, and the incentives in place for employees to follow that policy in order to avoid the severe discipline mandated by Outfront’s progressive discipline policy,<span><span></span>
					</span>the Secretary has not established that Outfront<span><span></span>
					</span>failed<span><span></span>
					</span>to exercise reasonable diligence<span><span></span>
					</span>in<span>
					</span>its<span><span></span>
					</span>supervision<span>
					</span>and<span><span></span>
					</span>monitoring of its employees working in the field. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Stahl Roofing</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">,</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Inc.</span>, 19 BNA OSHC at 2182 (“Where the evidence fails to show that the employer should have perceived a need for additional monitoring or that such an effort would have led to the discovery of instances of employee misconduct, increased supervisory efforts to monitor employee compliance are not required.”)<span><span></span>
					</span>(quoting<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Dover Elevator Co.</span>, 16 BNA OSHC 1281, 1287 (No. 91-862, 1993)). The evidence<span>
					</span>also<span>
					</span>demonstrated that<span>
					</span>Outfront disciplined<span><span></span>
					</span>its<span>
					</span>employees in every instance where a violation of its Fall Protection Policy was found to have occurred. (Findings of Fact,<span><span></span>
					</span>¶¶<span><span></span>
					</span>48,<span>
					</span>60,<span>
					</span>80). Indeed, the four employees here had been disciplined in connection with<span>
					</span>a Policy violation<span>
					</span>just<span>
					</span>six<span>
					</span>months prior to this one,<span><span></span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>they knew their employment would be terminated if they violated the policy a second time. (T. 120, 293;<span>
					</span>Exs. R-3 & R-4). These<span><span></span>
					</span>circumstances<span>
					</span>weigh against a<span>
					</span>finding that Outfront<span>
					</span>failed to<span>
					</span>exercise<span>
					</span>reasonable diligence in monitoring its worksites, despite the<span>
					</span>employees’ first<span>
					</span>known<span>
					</span>violation<span><span></span>
					</span>six months<span>
					</span>earlier. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Thomas Indus. Coatings, Inc.</span>, 19 BNA OSHC at 2088-89 (uniformity of discipline weighs in favor of a finding of reasonable diligence);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">F.A. Gray, Inc.</span>, 12 BNA OSHC 1311, 1314 (No. 83-517, 1985) (finding no<span>
					</span>lack of reasonable diligence, in part,<span><span></span>
					</span>where employees were “experienced”<span><span></span>
					</span>and knew they would be fired for breaking the employer’s safety rule)<span><span></span>
					</span>(view of Commissioner Cleary).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Secretary<span>
					</span>compares the instant matter to<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Public Utils. Mgmt. v. Sec’y of Labor</span>, 417 F.<span><span></span>
					</span>App’x 58 (2d Cir. 2011)<span><span></span>
					</span>(unpublished),<span><span></span>
					</span>and argues<span><span></span>
					</span>that the<span>
					</span>court<span><span></span>
					</span>there<span><span></span>
					</span>found lack of adequate supervision even where a foreman had been designated to look for safety violations.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref14" href="#ftn14">14</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>The Secretary argues that<span><span></span>
					</span>in<span><span></span>
					</span>contrast, “Outfront’s ‘supervision’ is ... far worse; it is absent.” (Sec’y Br. 19). This argument is rejected.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>The<span>
					</span>court in<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Public Utils. Mgmt</span>. noted, “[d]epending on the circumstances, close supervision<span>
					</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">may or may not</span><span><span></span>
					</span>be reasonably necessary to attain compliance<span>
					</span>with safety rules.” 417 Fed.App’x at 63, quoting<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">N.Y. State Elec. & Gas Corp.</span>,<span><span></span>
					</span>88 F.3d<span>
					</span>at<span><span></span>
					</span>109 (emphasis added). The<span>
					</span>Second Circuit<span><span></span>
					</span>in<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Public Utils. Mgmt.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>thus<span>
					</span>did<span>
					</span>not rule that the<span>
					</span>existence of a designated<span><span></span>
					</span>foreman<span><span></span>
					</span>or other supervisor<span><span></span>
					</span>at<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>worksite is dispositive of adequate supervision.<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Secretary did not demonstrate a lack of reasonable diligence in Outfront’s monitoring of its worksites or enforcement of its work rules.</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; ">
				<span style="font-style:italic; padding-right:20px;">(3)</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Hazard assessment</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
					</span>of the workplace</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Reiterating<span><span></span>
					</span>his arguments made<span>
					</span>in support of the alleged hazard assessment violation (Item 1c), the Secretary argues Outfront “took no action to inspect the [Waterbury<span>
					</span>billboard] for potential hazards.” (Sec’y Br. 18). However, as previously discussed<span>
					</span>in vacating Item<span><span></span>
					</span>1c, Outfront demonstrated that the four employees understood that part of their site visit<span>
					</span>on September<span>
					</span>20, 2017,<span>
					</span>would involve assessing the<span>
					</span>billboard for potential hazards and<span>
					</span>determining<span><span></span>
					</span>what<span><span></span>
					</span>PPE would be required to complete the job in accordance with Outfront’s Fall Protection Policy,<span><span></span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>that each was competent to make such an assessment. (Findings of Fact,<span><span></span>
					</span>¶¶<span><span></span>
					</span>62-64).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>The employees performed<span><span></span>
					</span>a hazard assessment that met the requirements of section 1910.132(d)(1).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Based on the foregoing, the Secretary<span>
					</span>did not<span><span></span>
					</span>demonstrate that Outfront<span>
					</span>failed to exercise reasonable diligence<span>
					</span>to discover the violations<span>
					</span>and therefore<span>
					</span>did not demonstrate that<span>
					</span>Outfront<span>
					</span>had constructive knowledge of its employees’<span><span></span>
					</span>violative conduct.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref15" href="#ftn15">15</a></span> Accordingly, Item 1a of the Citation is vacated.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ORDER</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The foregoing decision constitutes the findings of fact and conclusions of law in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52(a). If any finding of fact is in actuality a conclusion of law or any legal conclusion stated is in actuality a finding of fact, it shall be deemed so, any label to the contrary notwithstanding. Based upon the foregoing findings of fact and conclusions of law, it is ORDERED that:</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">1.</span>Item 1a of the Citation, alleging a<span>
				</span>serious<span>
				</span>violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.28(b)(1)(i), having not been proven, is VACATED.</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">2.</span>Item 1b of the Citation, alleging a serious violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1910. 30(a)(3)(i), having not been proven, is VACATED.</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">3.</span>Item 1c of the Citation, alleging a serious violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.132(d)(1), having not been proven, is VACATED.</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:4px; line-height:1; text-align:right; margin-right:197.733px; "><span style="font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">__</span><span style="font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/</span><span style="font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">___________________</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:right; margin-right:198px; ">WILLIAM S. COLEMAN</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:right; margin-right:198px; ">Administrative Law Judge</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:right; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">Dated:<span><span></span>
					</span>May 4, 2020</p>
			</div>
			<hr/>"
      <div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">
					<a name="ftn-1" href="#ftnref-1"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">
					<a name="ftn0" href="#ftnref0"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn1" href="#ftnref1"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">1 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1910.140(b) (defining “carabiner”);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Ex. C-20, p. 42.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn2" href="#ftnref2"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>The term “guardrail system” is defined in section<span>
					</span>1910.21(b)<span><span></span>
					</span>and the requirements for such systems are set forth in section 1910.29(b). <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">S</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ee also</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Walking-Working Surfaces and Personal Protective Equipment (Fall Protection Systems), 81 Fed. Reg. 82494,<span>
					</span>82649<span><span></span>
					</span>(Nov. 18, 2016) (to be codified at 29 C.F.R. pt. 1910), (describing guardrails as “passive fall protection devices”).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>The term<span><span></span>
					</span>“passive”<span><span></span>
					</span>fall<span>
					</span>protection connotes measures that<span><span></span>
					</span>“require[]<span><span></span>
					</span>no additional fall protection equipment to be donned by the worker.” (T.<span>
					</span>392-393). In contrast,<span>
					</span>“active”<span><span></span>
					</span>fall protection “requires the climber to do something to attach and utilize the [fall protection] system.” (T. 394).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn3" href="#ftnref3"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">3 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The term “personal fall protection system” is defined in section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">1910.2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">(b).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn4" href="#ftnref4"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">4 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ese are the inclusive dates of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the Field Observation Surveys<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">presented in evidence</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. (Ex. R-5,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Bates<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">p</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">p</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. 196</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>& 376</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">M</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">any of the survey</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>form</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">contain a header</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for “CBS Outdoor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">which is the predecessor company to Outfront.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">E.g.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">R-5,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Bates<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">p. 170</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">T. 113, 294, 332).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn5" href="#ftnref5"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">5 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">While most of t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">he Field Observation Surveys</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>submitted by Outfront were completed by Mr. Bourne, some</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">were completed by an individual with initials A.P., whose job title the record does not disclose, and who perhaps was responsible for conducting required field observations when Mr. Bourne was not available. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">E.g.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, Ex. R-5, Bates p. 324).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn6" href="#ftnref6"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">6 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">There is no evidence whether OSHA’s receipt of this third-party report and subsequent phone call to Outfront resulted in any other official action on the report.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn7" href="#ftnref7"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">7 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Cf.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Hackensack Steel Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC 1387, 1394 (No. 97-0755, 2003) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">noting that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Commission<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">has the discretion to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>assess a single penalty for distinct but potentially overlapping violations)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn8" href="#ftnref8"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">8 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The safety standards cited for Items 1a and 1b are part of the standard pertaining to “walking-working surfaces” that was promulgated as a final rule in November 2016. Walking-Working Surfaces and Personal Protective Equipment (Fall Protection Systems), 81 Fed. Reg. 82494 (Nov. 18, 2016) (to be codified<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. pt. 1910). Section 1910.28(b)(1)(i), cited in item 1a, was effective on January 17, 2017. Section 1910.30, “Training Requirements,” cited in item 1b, was effective May 17, 2017. 81 Fed. Reg. at 82890;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1910.30(a)(1).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn9" href="#ftnref9"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">9 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The term “fall hazard” is defined to be “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">any condition on a walking-working surface that exposes an employee to a risk of harm from a fall on the same level or to a<span>
						</span></span><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/29/1910.21"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Hyperlink style_Hyperlink " style="font-size:12pt; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-size:12pt; "><span class="IDI1UUYCLS425NFXOFBGOEAVELHR1LRZOIJ5WT0IZMGCMMGODNVZG">lower level</span></span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.”</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1910.21(b).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> The term “walking-working surface” is defined to be “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">any</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">horizontal or vertical surface on or</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">through which an employee walks,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">works, or gains access to a work area or</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">workplace location.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The term</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“lower level” is defined<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">in pertinent part<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">as</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>follows: </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Lower level<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">means<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">a surface or area to which an</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">employee</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">could fall.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Such surfaces or areas include, but are not limited to, ground levels</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">...</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn10" href="#ftnref10"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">10 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The cited training standard is largely derived from the fall protection training standard contained in the construction industry standards at section 1926.503(a)(1). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Walking-Working Surfaces and Personal Protective Equipment (Fall Protection Systems), 81 Fed. Reg. 82,494, 82,638 (Nov</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>18, 2016) (to be codified in 29 C.F.R. Part 1910)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">“OSHA drew most of the training requirements [of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">section</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1910.30] from the construction fall protection standard.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Commission precedent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">applying<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">corresponding<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">construction<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">industry fall protection training<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">standard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">constitutes at least persuasive authority with respect to the derivative standard in part 1910 that was cited here</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn11" href="#ftnref11"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">11 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Subparagraph (ii) of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.140(c)(13) provides an alternative method for assuring an anchorage has adequate load bearing capacity and entails the involvement of a “qualified person” as defined in § 1910.140(b), such as a professional engineer. 29 C.F.R. § 1910.140.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn12" href="#ftnref12"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">12 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ection<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">1910.132(d)(2) provide</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">s: “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">employer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">shall verify that the required</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">workplace</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">hazard assessment has been performed through a written</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">certification</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that identifies the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">workplace</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">evaluated; the person certifying that the evaluation has been performed; the date(s) of the hazard assessment; and, which identifies the document as a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">certification</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">of hazard assessment.”</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn13" href="#ftnref13"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">13 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary did not attempt to prove, and does not argue, that any of the four crew members working on the Waterbury billboard had sufficient authority to be deemed a supervisor for purposes of imputing their actual knowledge of the violative conduct to Outfront. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See e.g.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pa.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Power & Light Co. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">737 F.2d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">350,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">352, 355 (3d Cir. 1984)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">(finding that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the crew leader of a three-person electrical utility crew at a remote worksite</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">was a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">supervisor<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">whose actual knowledge of a violative condition could be imputed to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">employer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Attempting to establish imputed actual knowledge would have been inconsistent with the Secretary’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">theory of the case that the employees did not know that they were violating Outfront’s fall protection work rule because their fall protection training had been inadequate. (Sec’y Br. 7-13).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">f. Paul Betty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 9 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1383 (finding that work rule had not been adequately communicated where the senior employee at the jobsite did not recognize that a situation called for the work rule to be implemented).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn14" href="#ftnref14"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">14 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">It is likely that the only court of appeals to which the Secretary could seek review of a final order of the Commission in this matter is the Second Circuit, because the alleged violations arose in Connecticut, and there is evidence that Outfront’s principal office is in New York. (T. 280).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 U.S.C. § 660</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">(b);</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Kerns Bros. Tree Serv.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 2064, 2067 (No. 96-1719, 2000)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">“Where it is highly probable that a Commission decision would be appealed to a particular circuit, the Commission has<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">...<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">applied the precedent of that circuit in deciding the case—even though it may differ from the Commission’s precedent.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">It should be noted that the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Second Circuit<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">has determined not to accord its decision in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Public Util</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ities</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>M</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">anagement</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">precedent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ial effect within the circuit because it was issued as a “summary order</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">2d. Cir. R. 32.1.1(a)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">(“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect.”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Public Utils. Mgmt. v. Sec’y of Labor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, Docket No. 10-0123-ag (2d. Cir. 2011) (summary order).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn15" href="#ftnref15"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">15 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">In view of the Secretary’s failure to prove the alleged fall protection violation, Outfront’s affirmative defense that the violation was the result of unforeseeable<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">employee misconduct need not be</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>addressed. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Cf.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Burford’s Tree, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 22 BNA OSHC 1948, 1951-52 (No. 07-1899, 2010) (“The Commission has considered these same factors in evaluating both an employer’s constructive knowledge and the merits of an employer’s unpreventable conduct affirmative defense.”),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 413 F.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">App’x 222 (11th Cir. 2011) (unpublished).</span></p>
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