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				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">United States of America</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">1120 20</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">th</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Street, N.W., Ninth Floor</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">Washington, DC 20036-3457</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span> </p>
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							<p style="text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">SECRETARY OF LABOR,</span></p>
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							<p style="text-indent:4.572cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant,</span></p>
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							<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">v.</span></p>
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							<p style="widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">OSHRC Docket No</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
									</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#242424; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">18-1287 & 18-1288</span></p>
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							<p><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">FIRST MARINE, LLC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span></p>
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							<p style="text-indent:4.572cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent.</span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">ON BRIEFS:</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">Joseph M. Berndt, Attorney; Heather R. Phillips, Counsel for Appellate Litigation; Edmund C. Baird, Associate Solicitor of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health; Seema Nanda, Solicitor of Labor; U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For the Complainant</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">Tashwanda</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Pinchback Dixon</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">Attorney</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">; Balch & Bingham LLP, Atlanta, GA</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For the Respondent</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">Carl Marshall,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">Attorney;</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Ryan A. Hahn,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">Attorney</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">; The Miller Law Firm, Paducah, KY</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For the Respondent</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">DECISION</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Before: ATTWOOD, Chairman and LAIHOW, Commissioner.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">BY THE COMMISSION:</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Marine,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>LLC owns and operates a shipyard in Calvert City, Kentucky. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Following</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>fatal</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>explosion at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>shipyard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the Occupational Safety and Health Administration conducted an inspection and issued First Marine<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">five citations. T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">wo<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">of the citations alleged a total of eighteen safety violation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s (No. 18-1287) and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the remaining<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">three<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">citations<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">alleg</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a total of seventeen</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>health</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>violations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(No. 18-1288)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he parties<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">settled</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">all but four serious<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">safety<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">violations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>five serious</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>health violations,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and three willful<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">health<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">violations.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The settled items were severed from each case (No. 20-0178) and the remaining items were consolidated for hearing and disposition. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Following a hearing,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Administrative Law</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Judge John B. Gatto vacated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">four<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">remaining<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">safety<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">violations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, vacated six<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">of the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">health violations,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and affirmed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">two<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">remaining<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">health<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">violations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, characterizing one as serious and one as willful. The only<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">citation item at issue on review is the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>willful<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">health<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">violation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 2, Item 2 (No. 18-1288)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">), which alleges<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that First Marine failed to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“ensure that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">each employee that enters a confined or enclosed space and other areas with dangerous atmospheres is trained to perform all required duties safely.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1915.12(d)(1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">For the following reasons, we affirm the violation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">recharacterize it as serious.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">BACKGROUND</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">At the time of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">explosion</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, First Marine<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ha</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>been working for about a month</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">repair and rebuild the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William E. Strait</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, a large inland river towboat<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">was struck by a barge and then<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">sank</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in the Mississippi River. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">transported to First Marine’s shipyard for repair</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>where it was initially in dry dock and then placed into the Tennessee River and moored for further repair</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">At th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>time,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">some of the boat’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">door</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">way</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>windows</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had not yet been<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">repaired and remained open to the outside</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, including<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">those<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">in the upper engine room.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref1" href="#ftn1">1</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> Because the weather was cold and wintry, workers<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">engaged in repairing the boat had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">covered these openings with plastic tarps and welder’s blankets to retain heat and prevent the wind from blowing in. Diesel heaters were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">used to provide heat for workers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>onboard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">a subcontractor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">working for First Marine<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">placed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a propane heater in the lower engine room.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref2" href="#ftn2">2</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Shipyard operations at the time of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">incident</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were overseen by First Marine superintendent Ronald Thorn. Other First Marine supervisors present at the shipyard included David Byrum, the dry dock foreman</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>who oversaw the company’s welders</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Curtis Jones,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>head electrician; and Robert Miller, a carpentry crew manager. In addition to its own employees performing welding, cutting, electrical, and carpentry work on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, First Marine<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">contracted with numerous subcontractors to perform additional work</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, including</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Rupke Blasting and Painting, which provided workers to pressure wash and paint water tanks</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Thermal Control and<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Fabrication, which provided workers to install insulation. First Marine employees</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, as well as</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">those of<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">subcontractors</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">used multiple<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">potentially hazardous</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>substances, including propane, propylene, diesel, kerosene, and compressed oxygen to fuel equipment and heaters</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>while working onboard the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">On January 19, 2018,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">workers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>including<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>arrived at the shipyard around 7:00 a.m. Upon boarding the boat, most of the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">m</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, including head electrician Jones, immediately noticed a gas odor that they had not typically smelled.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">No atmospheric testing was conducted at this time</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or at any point before the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">explosion occurred</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Some of the workers moved<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">aside<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the materials covering the openings<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">in the upper engine room<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ventilate</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">area</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">About ten to fifteen minutes after Jones boarded the boat, he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and two members of his crew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">initiated a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">search</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">lower<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">engine room</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">determine</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the source of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">gas<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">odor. Jones testified that he assumed the smell was coming from a propane tank he observed Rupke workers changing on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">heater</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the subcontractor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">had placed in the lower engine room. According to Jones, fans he had previously wired</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>between the lower and upper engine rooms</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>were running on the port and starboard sides to ventilate the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">area</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">A First Marine employee also set up fans to ventilate a compartment in the forward section of the boat, known as the “deck locker,” after smelling gas in that area.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Work commenced on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, including work in the lower engine room and work involving welding and cutting that required the use of gas and compressed oxygen. At approximately 9:15 a.m., an explosion occurred on the boat, killing three workers, including a First Marine employee working in the deck locker and injuring several others.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref3" href="#ftn3">3</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">DISCUSSION</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Under</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the citation item at issue, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he Secretary alleges<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">a willful violation of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1915.12(d)(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, which requires employer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“ensure that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">each employee that enters a confined or enclosed space and other areas with dangerous atmospheres is trained to perform all required duties safely.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Specifically, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he Secretary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">claims</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>First Marine allowed its employees “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">to enter<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">confined and enclosed spaces to perform work, such as but not limited to, pulling electrical wire, plumbing, pipe fitting, and arc welding and cutting with a torch, without training<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">[them]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on the hazards of confined and enclosed spaces, exposing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">[them]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to atmospheric, fire, and explosion hazards.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">To prove a violation, “the Secretary must show by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) the cited standard applies, (2) there was a failure to comply with the cited standard, (3) employees had access to the violative condition, and (4) the cited employer either knew or could have known of the condition with the exercise of reasonable diligence.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Astra Pharm. Prods., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 9 BNA OSHC 2126, 2129 (No. 78-6247, 1981),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d in pertinent part</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 681 F.2d 69 (1st Cir. 1982). Only<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">noncompliance</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>element</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">alleged violation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">its</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">willful characterization are at issue on review.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref4" href="#ftn4">4</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:1.5; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:1.5; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">A.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Noncompliance</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“To establish noncompliance with a training standard, the Secretary must show that the employer failed to provide instructions that a reasonably prudent employer would have given in the same circumstances.”</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref5" href="#ftn5">5</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Trinity Indus., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC 1051, 1063 (No. 95-1597, 2003) (affirming training violation alleged under § 1915.12(d)),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 107 F.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">App’x</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>387 (5th Cir. 2004) (unpublished);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">accord</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">W.G. Fairfield Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC 1233, 1235 (No. 99-0344, 2000) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">when</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">interpreting general safety program standards, the Commission considers “whether a ‘</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">reasonable person</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>examining the generalized standard in light of a particular set of circumstances, can determine what is required</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>. . . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">’<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">”),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(quoting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">R&R Builders, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 1383, 1387 (No. 88-282, 1991)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 285 F.3d 499 (6th Cir. 2002);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Northwood Stone & Asphalt Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">OSHC 2097, 2099 (No. 91-3409, 1994) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">affirming</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">training violation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">based on finding that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">reasonably prudent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employer<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">would have</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">train</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ed employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">common</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>overhead power line</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>hazards</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 82 F.3d 418 (6th Cir. 1996) (unpublished). If the employer rebuts the allegation of a violation “by showing that it has provided the type of training at issue, the burden shifts to the Secretary to show some deficiency in the training provided.” <span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Am. Sterilizer Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 1082, 1086 (No. 91-2494, 1997); </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Atl. Battery Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC 2131, 2176-77 (No. 90-1747, 1994).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The judge<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">found<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">noncompliance</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>based</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">on the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testimony of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>five</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">present on the day of the explosion—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Mathew McCoy,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Jerry Price</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Manuel Macario Garcia, Victor Pineda,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">B.K</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. According to the judge, their testimony<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">demonstrated</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that they lacked “a firm grasp of proper<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">safety procedures.” The judge rejected testimony from<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">three<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine supervisors</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">—Thorn, Byrum, and Miller</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>who<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">all<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">claimed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>they had adequately trained employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">on the grounds that the company provided no documentation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">of such training</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>required by a separate OSHA shipyard provision. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ee</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 C.F.R. §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">1915.12(d)(5) (“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The employer shall certify that the training required by paragraphs (d)(1) through (d)(4) of this section has been accomplished.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">”). The judge also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">stated</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that “[a]s management personnel who still work for First Marine, the supervisors are motivated to close ranks and declare First Marine provided the required training.” </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">On review, First Marine<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">acknowledges that many<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">of its<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">employees testified that they<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">had not been</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>formally</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>trained</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, but also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">claims</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">these<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“employees consistently testified that they were trained to perform their jobs safely”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">through<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">informal, on-the-job training. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he company<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">serts</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that “when asked more specific questions about their knowledge and training of gas odors and shipyard hazards, it was clear that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>understood and appreciated the dangers associated with the smell of gas</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In response, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he Secretary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">contends</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that noncompliance is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">proven not only</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">by employee testimony<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">but by</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the actions of employees on the day of the incident, including the smoking of cigarettes “on a vessel that smelled of gas, particularly in a space that was actively having the smell of gas vented out of it.” The Secretary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">asserts</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that “First Marine did not train its employees on even the most basic principles of working safely in these areas – e.g., what to do when they encountered signs of a gas leak or First Marine’s safety protocols when there is a potential gas leak on a vessel.” According to the Secretary, “[a] reasonably prudent employer would, at a minimum, have provided training on these basic principles in the same circumstances.” </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">We find that the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">record<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">establishes noncompliance</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with the cited training provision</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">As the judge found,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">five<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">employees who were present on the day of the explosion</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">affirmatively<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">testified that First Marine had not provided them with training about hazards they may encounter at the shipyard including those associated with enclosed spaces and dangerous atmospheres.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Trinity Indus.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC at 1064 (affirming § 1915.12(d)(2)(ii)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">violation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">based on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testi</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">mony</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that they were not specifically trained on the health effects of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tectyl</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">rejecting claim</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that their<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">general awareness of hazard avoidance suffice</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to inform them of the specific health effects). </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_CommentReference style_CommentReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:8pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">McCoy, a carpenter, stated that he had not been trained in what</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to do if he smelled gas while on a vessel</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">did not think<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the smell<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">present on the boat the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">morning</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the explosion</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was dangerous or important. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Price, a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">lso a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>carpenter<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">but<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">with prior experience as a welder, stated that his supervisor had not provided him with training on shipyard hazards and that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he had not attended any<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine safety meetings before the explosion.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Like McCoy</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, Price said that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>despite the smell of gas</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>he had no safety concerns that morning</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>he continued to smoke a cigarette while boarding the boat after talking about the smell with another worker. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Garcia,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">an</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>electrician, testified that he was not trained on confined or enclosed spaces or what to do if he smelled gas,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">but<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>morning the smell of gas in the lower engine room was “a little stronger than usual</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">” so he went looking for the source</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">head electrician<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Jones</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">then returned</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Pineda, an electrician who worked alongside Garcia, testified that he was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">not trained in shipyard hazards</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>but knew to tell his supervisor if he smelled gas</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. That morning, he</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>joined Jones and Garcia in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">searching</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">for the odor’s source before continuing to work in the lower engine room. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Finally,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">B.K.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, a welder who was injured in the explosion, claimed that he was not trained by the company on the hazards associated with using propylene or compressed oxygen in confined spaces<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and did not know if he was working with propane or propylene.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">B.K.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">explained</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that after smelling gas in the deck locker<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>morning, he set up</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and ran</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>three fans in the area for about thirty minutes to try to get the smell of gas out. He also a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">cknowledged</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that during this time,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and another First Marine employee (who died from injuries he sustained in the explosion) smoked cigarettes close to where he had just smelled gas.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref6" href="#ftn6">6</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In addition to this testimony, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">conduct</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">of the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">se</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">on the day of the explosion</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">further<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">demonstrates</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">they</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">lacked sufficient</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>train</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>fire and explosion</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>hazards<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">associated with</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>gas</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">deed, in</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>some instances,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">they</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">failed to tell a supervisor<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">about the odor<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">or otherwise<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">determine</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that the space or atmosphere was safe before resuming<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">their<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">work,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>three employees, including<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">B.K.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Price, smoked cigarettes<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">in the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">very<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">area where they</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">smell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>gas. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See CMC Elec. Inc. v. OSHA</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 221 F.3d 861, 866 (6th Cir. 2000) (finding employees were not trained to understand electrocution hazard as evidenced in part by their confusion in improperly performing the task, as well as the lack of specific instruction they received). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">We</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">find</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the testimony from<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">supervisors Thorn, Byrum, and Miller</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, who claimed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that employees were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">adequately<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">trained on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the hazards posed by dangerous atmospheres and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">confined and enclosed spaces</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">does not</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>rebut<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>credible</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">testimony</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>from the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">se</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>five employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref7" href="#ftn7">7</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Notably</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">supervisors’<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">testimony lacks sufficient detail<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">as to what<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">safety<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">information was purportedly conveyed to employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">about these known<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">hazard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and therefore,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">does not</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">refute</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">more specific<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">testimony of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the five</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">employees who said they<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">lacked</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>training and/or were unable to identify such hazards.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Miller,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>carpentry supervisor,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">testified that he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">provided informal one-on-one safety and compliance training to his crew</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">but his description of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>training</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>shows<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">it was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>primarily focused on work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>practices</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. He<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">explained</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that if<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">his crew</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">had concerns about<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the smell of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">gas, he “would hope” they would immediately notify him and he would have “taken action,” but he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">never said</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>whether he had in fact instructed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">them</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">to do so. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Thorn,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">shipyard superintendent, testified that weekly safety meetings<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">were held<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and that employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">were trained<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">on-the-job</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>pair</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">new employee</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with experienced employee</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Like Miller</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Thorn</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>stated that employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">should stop work and report<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the smell of gas</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to their supervisor,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">but<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he did not say<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">whether</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">this<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">instruction</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ever<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">communicated</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">to employees.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref8" href="#ftn8">8</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Pressure Concrete Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 2011, 2016 (No. 90-2668, 1992) (rejecting employer’s argument that dangerous conditions “were obvious and that a reasonable employee would be aware of the dangers and act accordingly [because] that contention erroneously places the burden on employees to be more aware and alert than their employer, and an employer cannot assume that its employees will all observe certain dangers and understand the significance of what they see”). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">While testimony from<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Byrum, First Marine’s dry dock supervisor who oversaw<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the welding</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>crew,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">suggests that he made<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">some</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>effort to instruct his crew about torch hose safety<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">at meetings he held in the boat’s breezeway</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>instructions<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">described<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">giving employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">focus</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">more so</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">work practices</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">than safety</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref9" href="#ftn9">9</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Indeed,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">B.K.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, a member of his crew, confirmed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">such meetings were held with welders almost every day and during these meetings “they would just tell us what to do.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In any event</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the sufficiency</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">any</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>safety<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">instruction</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Byrum</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>provide</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">undermined</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">testimony from<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">B.K.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">who made clear<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">lacked</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">train</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">on the hazards of compressed oxygen and did not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">even<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">know<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">whether</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he was working with propane or propylene</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. And, as noted,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">B.K.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">acknowledged</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>smok</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">in the area where<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">fans were running to vent the gas odor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on the morning of the explosion</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Jones, the only First Marine supervisor onboard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the morning of the explosion, acknowledged that it was his responsibility to ensure employees worked safely and he had the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">authority to correct any employee working unsafely. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">But<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">neither party<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">questioned<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">him<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">about the training he gave the employees under his supervision. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Likewise</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>while<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the Secretary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">correctly</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">points out that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Jones</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“did not stop work, evacuate the vessel, or contact the Shipyard superintendent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">” on the morning of the explosion,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>does not argue that Jones himself<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">lacked sufficient training</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the record is silent on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">any</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>training First Marine provided him (or any other supervisor)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref10" href="#ftn10">10</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Jones’ testimony, therefore,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">neither<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">support</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>finding that First Marine failed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">provide<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">sufficient training n</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">refutes</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the testimony of the five employees who testified<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">they<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">lacked<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">training</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In sum</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, the weight of the evidence</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">establishe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>First Marine<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">failed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">provide training that met<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the requirements of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">§ 1915.12(d)(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Accordingly, we<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">agree with the judge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that the Secretary has established noncompliance and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">affirm</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the violation.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:1.5; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:1.5; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">B.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Characterization</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
					</span>and Penalty</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“ ‘</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">A willful violation is differentiated by heightened awareness of the illegality of the conduct or conditions and by a state of mind of conscious disregard or plain indifference.’ ”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Stark Excavating, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 24 BNA OSHC 2215, 2222 (No. 09-0004, 2014) (consolidated) (quoting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Hern Iron Works, Inc.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">16 BNA OSHC 1206, 1214 (No. 89-433, 1993)). “This state of mind is evident<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">whe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">[n]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the employer was actually aware, at the time of the violative act, that the act was unlawful,” or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">when</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the employer “possessed a state of mind such that if it were informed of the standard, it would not care.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(quoting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">AJP Constr., Inc. v. Sec’y of Labor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 357 F.3d 70, 74 (D.C. Cir. 2004));<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also A.E. Staley Mfg. Co. v. Sec’y of Labor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 295 F.3d 1341, 1351 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (stating that “conscious disregard” and “plain indifference” are two “alternative” forms of willfulness);</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Active Oil Serv., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 21 BNA OSHC 1184, 1188 (No. 00-0553, 2005) (“conscious disregard of . . . the safety and health of employees” reflects willfulness). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Sixth Circuit has stated that a willful violation is action<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_cohighlightpoints style_cohighlightpoints " style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“taken knowledgeably by one subject to the statutory<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_cohighlightpoints style_cohighlightpoints " style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">provisions in disregard of the action’s legality;” conduct</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is willful if it is “conscious, intentional, deliberate, and voluntary.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> <span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-size:12pt; ">Nat’l</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-size:12pt; "> Eng’g & Contracting Co. v. Herman,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>181 F.3d 715, 721 (6th Cir. 1999) (citations omitted);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Chao v. Greenleaf Motor Exp., Inc</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">., 262 F.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">App’x</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>716, 719 (6th Cir. 2008) (unpublished).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">For the following reasons, we find the Secretary has failed to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">establish</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine acted with either<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">intentional<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">disregard or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">plain<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">indifference and therefore,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">reverse the judge’s conclusion that the training violation is properly characterized as willful</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Intentional/Conscious Disregard</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Although t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he judge did not explicitly find that the Secretary established intentional disregard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in affirming the violation as willful</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the Secretary argues<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">on review that First Marine had a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>heightened awareness<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">of the cited provision’s training requirement yet<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">consciously disregarded<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>obligation because employees were allowed to continue working aboard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">on the day of the explosion even after a gas odor was detected. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In response,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">claims it “reasonably believed the employees expected to work in confined spaces, enclosed spaces, and dangerous atmospheres had received sufficient training to do so safely.” </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">We find t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Secretary has not established that First Marine<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">conscious</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ly</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>disregard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the cited provision</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. The company does not dispute that it was aware of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">standard’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">training obligation—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">although the company’s safety manual does not directly reference or incorporate the cited provision, such training is identified<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">in the manual<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">as required and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">testimony from First Marine’s supervisors<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">discussed above<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">make</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>clear they were aware of this<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">requirement</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref11" href="#ftn11">11</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he record</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, however,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>lacks evidence that First Marine<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">was actually aware</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that its</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>training was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">insufficient</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>See Envision Waste Servs., LLC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, No. 12-1600, 2018 WL 1735661 at *6 (OSHRC, Apr. 4, 2018) (finding violation not willful<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">when</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“it is not clear that the safety manager ever indicated to the CO that, prior to OSHA’s inspection of the facility, he was cognizant of his failure<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">to provide training in 2011 to the particular employees at issue here”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-size:12pt; ">MJP Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC 1638, 1648 (No. 98-0502, 2001) (“[A]n employer’s prior history of violations, its awareness of the requirements of the standards, and its knowledge of the existence of violative conditions are all relevant considerations in determining whether a violation is willful in nature.”), </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-size:12pt; ">aff</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-size:12pt; ">d,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">56 F.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">App’x</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (unpublished).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Arial; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt; "> <span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">had four experienced supervisors at the shipyard who had all completed competent person training.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In addition, as the company</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>points out, Thorn, Byrum, and Miller all testified that they believed employees had been sufficiently trained through various means</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, including weekly</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>safety</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>meetings</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, daily<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">work<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">meetings<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">with welders</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">on-the-job instruction</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">While</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>we find their testimony</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">insufficient<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">rebut the evidence establishing the company’s noncompliance</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">there is nothing in the record to suggest that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">any of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">se</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>supervisors</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, and therefore First Marine,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">actually<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">aware</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">company’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">training obligation was not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">being met</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Cf. Active Oil Serv., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 21 BNA OSHC 1092, 1099 (No. 00-0482, 2005) (finding willful violation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">based on evidence that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">supervisor was aware<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">training<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">requirement<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and had no basis for believing employee was tr</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ained yet</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>assigned untrained employee role of confined space entry supervisor)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Indeed, the Secretary does not point to any<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">evidence</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, such as a prior OSHA citation or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">an external<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">audit,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>would have put F</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">irst Marine<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">on notice that its training<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">deficient.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-size:12pt; ">A.J. McNulty & Co.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-size:12pt; ">, Inc.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>v. Sec'y</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of Labor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 283 F.3d 328, 338 (D.C. Cir. 2002)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> (“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">[</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_cohidesearchterm style_cohidesearchterm " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">P</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_cohidesearchterm style_cohidesearchterm " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">]</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_cohidesearchterm style_cohidesearchterm " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">rior</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_cohidesearchterm style_cohidesearchterm " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">citations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> for identical or similar violations may sustain a violation's classification as </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_cohidesearchterm style_cohidesearchterm " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">willful</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_cohidesearchterm style_cohidesearchterm " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">A.E. Staley Mfg. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC 1199, 1205 (Nos. 91-0637 & 91-0638, 2000) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">affirming<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">willful violation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">hazardous communication<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">training standard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">based on finding that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">employer had heightened awareness of duty to train and knowledge of widespread presence of hazardous</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>substance</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>from prior audit reports</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 295 F. 3d 1341 (D.C. Cir. 20</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">0</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In sum, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he Secretary has introduced<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">no<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">evidence</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that First Marine<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>aware of any deficiencies in its training<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">such that it<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">demonstrated a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">conscious disregard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">cited<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">requirement</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Gen. Motors Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 22 BNA OSHC 1019, 1043-44 (No. 91-2834E, 2007) (consolidated) (concluding Secretary did not establish willful characterization<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">because even though</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">employer “was keenly aware of the LOTO standard and its requirements</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the record lacked</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>evidence<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">employer “appreciated its procedure was deficient”);</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Trinity Indus., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC at 1068 (finding training violation not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">willful<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">because<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the Secretary introduced no evidence that [employer] knew that its training program failed to comply with OSHA standards or that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">[employer] would have failed to correct deficiencies in its program had it known of the duty to do so)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Am. Wrecking Corp. v. Sec’y of Labor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 351 F.3d 1254, 1264 (D.C. Cir. 2003)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(“Mere negligence or lack of diligence is not sufficient to establish an employer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s intentional disregard for or heightened awareness of a violation.”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Plain Indifference</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In affirming the violation as willful, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he judge<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">concluded that First Marine acted with plain indifference to employee safety based on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">supervisor Jones’ “lack of urgency when he detected gas onboard the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine’s choice of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">[Deron]<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Conaway as [its] safety director.”</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref12" href="#ftn12">12</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> According to the judge, “[</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ndifference</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to employee safety is manifested in the behavior of Jones . . . who shrugged off responsibility to stop work or notify Thorn or another First Marine management official that a pervasive odor of gas was present aboard the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.” The judge<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">concluded</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">had</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Jones been properly trained, “he would have responded to the pervasive strong gas odor with more diligence.” As for safety director Conaway, the judge found that he “was ill-equipped for the position” and the company had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">failed to provide him with training, safety documentation, or a description of his responsibilities and authority as safety director. Accordingly, the judge concluded that “[</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">]t is clear employee safety was not a paramount concern for First Marine.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">On review, First Marine argu</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">es</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that Jones’ response<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">day<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">of the explosion<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">was consistent with his training because he smelled gas only in the lower engine room, was not aware that any other employees outside the lower engine room smelled gas, and he and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">two other employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>attempted to identify the source of gas and believed they had done so when<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Jones</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">saw the propane tank being changed out</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in the lower engine room</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. In addition, First Marine points out that Jones knew fans were running in that area to ventilate the space and thus,</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“[w]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">hile</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>one can debate whether Jones made the proper choices that day, the choices he made</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">” do not demonstrate a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">plain indifference to employee safety or the requirements of § 1915.12(d)(1).</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref13" href="#ftn13">13</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Finally,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Marine disputes<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the judge’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">finding that Conaway was not trained appropriately for his position as safety director.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">We agree</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he gravamen of the violation here is a failure to train, not a failure to respond to the conditions present prior to the explosion. While Jones’ response<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">on the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">day<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">of the explosion<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">may have been deficient, it does not establish that Jones or First Marine was plainly indifferent to the cited<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">training</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>requirement.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In fact, a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s previously<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">noted</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Secretary has made no<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">connection between Jones’ conduct that day and either his training or the training<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he provided to employees he supervises</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In any event</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as First Marine points out and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the Secretary does not dispute</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Jones</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">did take<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">some action in response to the gas odor. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">H</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">e<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>two members of his crew went looking for the source of the odor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>shortly after boarding the boat</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">knew</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that ventilation fans were running in the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">area</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">nd a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Jones testified, he believed the odor was limited to the lower engine room and that the source was Rupke’s propane tank.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In short, w</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">hile<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Jones could have</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">done more to ensure the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">work area<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">was safe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>actions<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he did take are</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>inconsistent with a finding of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">plain indifference</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Burkes Mech., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 21 BNA OSHC 2136, 2141 (No. 04-475, 2007) (finding LOTO violation not willful<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">when</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“an adequately trained foreman would have known to lock out the conveyor before allowing employees to work underneath it[,] [b]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ut</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>[employer’s] failure to adequately train its employees does not on this record rise to the level of plain indifference in order to establish a willful violation of § 1910.261(b)(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see Branham Sign Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 2132, 2135 (No. 98-752, 2000)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">failure to monitor employee use of safety equipment amounts to a lack of diligence that supports a finding of constructive knowledge, not plain indifference)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Additionally, a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s noted,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine had a safety<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">manual</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that required training employees, and the company h</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ld<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">weekly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">safety<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">meetings</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, daily<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">work<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">meetings</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">with</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">welders</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">periodically<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">covered</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>torch hose safety,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and in some instances paired up less experienced employees with more experienced employees for on-the-job instruction. Again,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">while</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">training<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">efforts<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">were deficient</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the Secretary has<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">failed to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">provide<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">sufficient evidence</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the company</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">was plainly indifferent to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">standard’s training<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">requirement</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See AJP Constr., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 357 F.3d 70, 74 (D.C.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Cir. 2004) (plain indifference can<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">be<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">established by showing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">employer “possessed a state of mind such that if it were informed of the standard, it would not care”);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Greenleaf Motor Express, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 21 BNA OSHC 1872, 1875 (No. 03-1305, 2007) (noting distinction between mere negligence and willfulness), </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 262 F.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">App’x</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. 716 (6th Cir. 2008) (unpublished);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">cf. Anderson Excavating & Wrecking Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1890, 1892-94 (No. 92-3684, 1997) (plain indifference found based on failure to provide employees with means essential for compliance—including safety program, training, and protective equipment— as well as supervisory involvement in the violation and apparent failure to take remedial action after recent receipt of two other citations for violations of same standard at other sites),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 131 F.3d 1254 (8th Cir. 1997).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Finally,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">we reject the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">judge’s finding</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Conaway’s appointment as safety director</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">evidence of indifference to employee safety. The record supports First Marine’s claim that at the time of OSHA</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>inspection, Conaway was transitioning into the role of safety director—</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_CommentReference style_CommentReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:8pt; font-size:12pt; ">while it is apparent from his testimony that he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">was not yet up to speed on First Marine’s safety<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">program</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_CommentReference style_CommentReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:8pt; font-size:12pt; ">at the time of the explosion</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, Conaway was performing walkaround inspections and making some effort to monitor safety at the shipyard. </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_CommentReference style_CommentReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:8pt; font-size:12pt; ">And</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>although<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">had not previously worked as a safety official in a professional capacity, he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">was not, as the Secretary alleges, entirely without<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">safety<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">training given that he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">had earned a Bachelor of Science degree in occupational safety and health. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The record also shows that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">company<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">took affirmative steps to prepare<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Conaway</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">for the position, which included hiring an insurance company specializing in shipyards to audit<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and point out hazards to him. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">And</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">was not the only individual charged with safety responsibilities</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at the shipyard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">all</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine’s supervisors also had</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>safety responsibilities and several had</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">competent person<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">training</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In sum, we<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">find<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the Secretary has not established that First Marine—in failing to comply with the cited training requirement—acted with a willful state of mind. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See E.R. Zeiler Excavating, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 24 BNA OSHC at 2053 (violation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">willful<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">when<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">record<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">insufficient on key issues</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">); </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">George Campbell Painting Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1979, 1983 (No. 93</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">-0984, 1997) (same); </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Access Equip. Sys., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 1718, 1727-28 (No. 95-1449, 1999) (same). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; text-indent:0cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Penalty</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">he judge<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">assessed the proposed penalty of $129,336 for the violation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">affirmed as willful. Specifically, he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">found</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that First Marine was not entitled to any reduction</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">in penalty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for size, history, or good faith, and that the gravity of the violation was high. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Mosser Constr.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC 1044, 1047 (No. 08-0631, 2010) (citing 29 U.S.C. § 666(j) penalty factors).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine does not dispute that the violation should be recharacterized as serious if affirmed and neither party address</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">es</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>penalty on review.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref14" href="#ftn14">14</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 U.S.C. § 666(k) (violation is serious when</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>there is “substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result” from the hazardous condition at issue)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Under these circumstances, we affirm the violation as serious and see<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">no<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">basis<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">disturb</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the judge’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>analysis of the penalty factors</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Accordingly, given<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">our</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>recharacterization</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">of the violation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">as serious</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, we<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">assess a penalty of $</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">12,934</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:24px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">SO</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>ORDERED.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:336px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/</span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:288px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Cynthia L. Attwood</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:24px; text-align:justify; margin-left:288px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Chairman</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:288px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/</span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:288px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Amanda Wood Laihow</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Dated:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">April 6,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">2023</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Commissioner</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; margin-left:72px; margin-right:24px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:center; margin-left:72px; margin-right:24px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; margin-left:72px; margin-right:24px; "> </p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; margin-left:72px; margin-right:24px; "> </p>
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				<p> </p>
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							<p style="text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">SECRETARY OF LABOR,</span></p>
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							<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant,</span></p>
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							<p style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
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							<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">v.</span></p>
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							<p style="text-align:center; "> </p>
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							<p><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
								</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">OSHRC Docket Nos.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
									</span></span></p>
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							<p><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
								</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">18-1287 & 18-1288</span></p>
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							<p><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">FIRST MARINE, LLC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-transform:uppercase;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-transform:uppercase;position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref15" href="#ftn15">15</a></span></p>
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							<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent.</span></p>
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							<p style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">DECISION AND ORDER</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; "> </p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Attorneys and Law firms</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Matt S. Shepherd</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Schean</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>G. Belton, Megan A. Carrick,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Attorneys,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Office of the Solicitor,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">U.S. Department of Labor, Nashville, TN, for Complainant.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tashwanda</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Pinchback Dixon, Attorney, Balch & Bingham LLP, Atlanta, GA, Ryan A. Hahn, Carl Marshall, Attorneys, The Miller Law Firm, Paducah, KY,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">for Respondent.</span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">JUDGE: John B. Gatto, United States Administrative Law Judge.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">I. INTRODUCTION</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">This case centers on the ill-fated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William E. Strait</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, an inland river towboat</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In 2015, barges pushed by another towboat on the Mississippi River struck the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">as she pushed barges destined for New Orleans down the Mississippi River, causing the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">to sink just south of Memphis, Tennessee. Three salvage crews working together raised the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on February 7,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">2016</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and transported her to a shipyard on the Tennessee River in Calvert City, Kentucky, which was owned and operated by the Respondent, First Marine, LLC. First Marine and its subcontractors began repairing and rebuilding the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, which was first in dry dock and then moored to the shipyard dock string on the Tennessee River.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">On the morning of January 18, 2018, an explosion ripped through the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, killing three workers, and seriously injuring several others.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">United States Department of Labor, through its Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”), investigated the accident, along with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the Kentucky State Police and the United States Coast Guard. None of the authorities investigating the explosion, including OSHA, were able to determine definitively the cause of the explosion.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref16" href="#ftn16">16</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ccording to s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">igned statements provided to OSHA, most of the surviving workers aboard the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that morning reported they had smelled gas when they boarded at approximately 7:00 a.m. Because the work aboard the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">required the use of propane and propylene, as well as diesel fuel in portable heaters, it was not unusual to smell whiffs of gas, but the odor was noticeably stronger that morning. After a cursory search by several of the workers to find the source of the smell, everyone proceeded with their assigned tasks.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA opened its investigation on January 23, 2018, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Compliance Safety and Health Officers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref17" href="#ftn17">17</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Patrick<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Whavers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Matthew Amick conducted interviews, took photographs, and examined the wreckage of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Based on their investigation, they recommended the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Secretary of Labor issue both Health and Safety citations to First Marine for violations of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 U.S.C. §§ 651- 678 (the Act).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">On July 17, 2018, the Secretary issued</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref18" href="#ftn18">18</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>separate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Health and Safety citations to First Marine</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. In the Safety citations (Docket No. 18-1287), the Secretary alleged 17 violations of the safety standards and one violation of section 5(a)(1) of the Act, commonly known as the “general duty” clause. In the Health citations (Docket No. 18-1288), the Secretary alleged 17 violations of the health standards. First Marine timely contested both the Health and the Safety citations and the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Secretary subsequently filed formal complaints</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref19" href="#ftn19">19</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with the Commission seeking Orders affirming the citations. The two cases were subsequently consolidated for trial and disposition. The parties settled most of the cited items.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref20" href="#ftn20">20</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> Remaining at issue from the Safety citations are Citation 1, Items 1, 4, 10, and 11, alleging “serious”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref21" href="#ftn21">21</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>violations of the Act. Remaining at issue from the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Health</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>citations<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">are Citation 1, Items 4a, 4b, 5, 6, and 7, alleging serious violations of the Act, and Citation 2, Items 1, 2, and 3, alleging “willful” violations of the Act.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The parties stipulate the Commission has jurisdiction over this action, and First Marine is a covered employer under the Act (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Answer,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">¶¶ I & II;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">J. Pretrial Order,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">¶ 4;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Attach. C ¶¶ 1, 2; Tr. 45). Based on the stipulations and the record evidence, the Court concludes the Commission has jurisdiction over this proceeding under section 10(c) of the Act, and First Marine is a covered employer under section 3(5) of the Act.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">U.S.C. §§</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>659(c), 652(5).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Court held a bench trial in Paducah, Kentucky</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref22" href="#ftn22">22</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and the parties subsequently filed post-trial briefs.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Pursuant to Commission Rule 90, after hearing and carefully considering all the evidence<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and the arguments of counsel</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, the Court issues this Decision and Order, which constitutes its final disposition of the proceedings under<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">section 12(j) of the Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref23" href="#ftn23">23</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">U.S.C. §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>661(j). F</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">or the reasons indicated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">infra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, the Court<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">VACATES<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">all the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">remaining items of Safety Citation 1 and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">VACATES</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>all the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">remaining items of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Health</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>citations except Citation 1, Item 7 and Citation 2, Item 2, which are<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">AFFIRMED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, with penalty<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ASSESSMENTS</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of $12,934 and $129,336 respectively.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">II. BACKGROUND</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Western Rivers Boat Management Inc. (Western Rivers) owns and operates towing vessels. The vessels push barges on the Mississippi River and its tributaries (Tr. 1138, 1143). Western Rivers bought an inland river towboat in 2012 and renamed her<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>E. Strait</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. The towboat had three decks and was approximately 200 feet long and 45 feet wide. Two engines provided her with 7,200 horsepower (Tr. 1144). On December 14, 2015, as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was pushing barges down the Mississippi River near Memphis, Tennessee, a barge being pushed by another towboat struck her on the starboard stern.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>began to take on water and eventually sank (Tr. 1150).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Western Rivers initiated a salvage operation but suspended it due to the rising river and recommenced salvage on January 25, 2016, after the river dropped. A<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">salvage crew first pumped off approximately 80,000 gallons of diesel fuel that remained aboard (Tr. 1155)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Because<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was a large towboat, Western Rivers hired three salvage companies to lift her (Tr. 1154). The salvage<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">crews</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>placed a weave of large cables underneath the bow and the stern of the towboat and used five derrick cranes to raise her. In addition to the damage sustained by the vessel during the sinking, the weave of cables further damaged the bow and the stern of the towboat as the cranes lifted her (Tr. 1157).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Western Rivers submitted a transit plan for the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the United States Coast Guard and towed her to First Marine’s shipyard on the Tennessee River in Calvert City, Kentucky, where she was placed in dry dock on February 14, 2016 (Tr. 1159-61). After clearing the buildup of sand and sediment that had accumulated in the vessel, workers partially disassembled her by cutting out sections of the vessel, including the hull, to remove the engines and gearboxes. First Marine subsequently removed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">from dry dock and moored her to the dock string</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref24" href="#ftn24">24</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at First Marine’s shipyard in December 2017 (Tr. 1165-67, 1171).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine contracted with several subcontractors to perform work on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Hutco</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, a temporary staffing agency, provided welding and cutting workers; Rupke Blasting and Painting (Rupke)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref25" href="#ftn25">25</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>provided workers to pressure wash and paint water tanks; and Thermal Control and Fabrication (Thermal) provided workers to install insulation. Wise Staffing, a temporary staffing agency, also provided laborers for the project.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Marine itself had two welding and fitting crews on the day shift, supervised by David Byrum and Brandon Carter (Tr. 843-44).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In mid-January of 2018, Calvert City, Kentucky, experienced chilly temperatures, and wintry weather. Snow had fallen the night of January 18, and snow and ice remained on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Marine’s dock and the surfaces of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the morning of January 19 (Tr. 241, 461). The upper engine room of the towboat is located on the main deck. It has exterior doorways on the starboard and port sides of the vessel, and three interior doorways leading to the generator room, the control room, and a hallway to the galley. The upper engine room also has several exterior window openings (Ex. R-1). On January 18 and 19, 2018, doors and window glass were not installed in the openings in the upper engine room. Workers had covered the openings with plastic tarps and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">welder’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>blankets to contain what heat there was in the room and to prevent wind from blowing in (Tr. 61-63, 98-99, 127, 137, 182).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The lower engine room of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">is located on the bottom deck of the vessel. Workers access the lower engine room from the upper engine room by using a stairway located in the middle of the upper engine room floor (Ex. R-1). The two levels are not separated by a door or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">doors—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the stairway is open at its top and bottom. A Thermal employee stated the stairway area is “just open really. You can see pretty good down there” from the upper engine room (Tr. 100).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Rupke, the company hired to provide pressure washing and painting services, had placed a portable forced-air Remington heater (also known as a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">salamander</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">) fueled by propane in the lower engine room of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on January 18 and 19, 2018 (Tr. 243;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Ex. R-12, p. 35). The heater was positioned at the bottom of the stairway and was visible from the upper engine room (Tr. 99, 186-87, 246, 371).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">On January 19, 2018, First Marine employees and subcontractor employees were working aboard the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> Most of the workers had arrived at the shipyard before 7:00 a.m. and were aboard the towboat by 7:15 a.m.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Most of the workers who boarded the towboat immediately noticed a gas odor, and one or two of them attempted to trace its origin (Tr. 66, 102-03, 139). Workers moved the plastic aside from the doorways and window openings to air out the upper engine room and, First Marine electrician Manuel Macario Garcia testified he could feel air movement when the plastic was moved from the openings (Tr. 192-93, 197-98, 211, 282-84, 302, 313-14, 347-49, 368, 373). “Not all of [the upper engine room] was tarped up and you can feel the cold coming through.” (Tr. 372.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Rupke’s supervisor directed Rupke employee Zachary Ford to replace the propane tank connected to the portable heater with a new propane tank to determine if the old tank was the source of the gas smell (Tr. 243-45, 249).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref26" href="#ftn26">26</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Ford disconnected the old tank and carried it to his supervisor’s truck parked on the dock. He retrieved “a brand-new tank that had a blue plug in the tank” from the truck, reboarded the vessel, and carried it to “the bottom deck of the boat at the bottom of the stairs, and . . . hooked it up and turned it back on and started the heater back up. It was just a process of elimination[.]” (Tr. 246.)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">At approximately 9:15 a.m., an explosion erupted, killing a First Marine fitter and two<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Hutco</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>welders, and seriously injuring several other employees (Tr. 813).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref27" href="#ftn27">27</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">III. ANALYSIS</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The fundamental objective of the Act is to prevent occupational deaths and serious injuries.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Whirlpool Corp. v. Marshall</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 445 U.S. 1, 11 (1980). The Act “establishes a comprehensive regulatory scheme designed ‘to assure so far as possible safe and healthful working conditions’ for ‘every working man and woman in the Nation.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">’ ”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Martin v. Occupational Safety and Health Review Comm'n (CF&I Steel Corp.)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 499 U.S. 144, 147 (1991) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">quoting</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 U.S.C. § 651(b)).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“The Act charges the Secretary with responsibility for setting and enforcing workplace health and safety standards.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">To achieve this purpose, the Act imposes two duties on an employer, a general duty to “furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees,” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and a specific duty to “comply with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">occupational safety and health standards</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>promulgated under this Act.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">§ 654(a)(2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Thus, each employee must “comply with occupational safety and health standards and all rules, regulations, and orders issued pursuant to this Act which are applicable to his own actions and conduct.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">§ 654(b)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Pursuant to that authority, the standards at issue in this case were promulgated.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 U.S.C. § 665. Meanwhile, the Commission is assigned to carry out adjudicatory functions under the Act and serves “as a neutral arbiter and determine whether the Secretary's citations should be enforced over employee or union objections.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Cuyahoga Valley Ry. Co. v. United Transp. Union</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 474 U.S. 3, 7 (1985) (per<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">curiam</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, Congress vested the Commission with the “adjudicatory powers typically exercised by a court in the agency-review context.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">CF&I Steel Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 499 U.S. at 151.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">A. THE SAFETY CITATION (CASE NO. 18-1287)</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">1. Alleged General Duty Clause Violation</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Under the law of the Sixth Circuit where this case arose,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref28" href="#ftn28">28</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for alleged violations of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the general duty clause, the Secretary must<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">demonstrate that: “(1) A condition or activity in the workplace presented a hazard to employees; (2) The cited employer or the employer's industry recognized the hazard; (3) The hazard was likely to cause death or serious physical harm; and (4) A feasible means existed to eliminate or materially reduce the hazard.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Nelson Tree Servs., Inc. v. Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm'n</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 60 F.3d 1207, 1209 (6th Cir. 1995).<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 1</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In Citation 1, Item 1, the Secretary alleges on January 18 and 19, 2018, First Marine committed a serious violation of the general duty clause by exposing employees on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the hazard of asphyxiation, when “a carbon monoxide producing propane forced air heater was used in the lower engine room.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref29" href="#ftn29">29</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Compl</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Ex. A p. 6 of 25.) The Court notes although the citation alleged the violation occurred on January 18 and 19, 2018, the testimony regarding the location and use of the heater at issue relates almost entirely to the events of January 19, the day of the explosion. The Court concludes the record regarding the location and use of the heater on January 18 is insufficient to establish that its condition presented a hazard. Thus, the Court restricts its analysis to the alleged violation on January 19, 2018.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Did a Workplace Condition or Activity Present a Hazard to Employees?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">As evidence of an asphyxiation hazard, the Secretary relies on the heater’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">User’s Manual & Operating Instructions</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, which warns, “Never use the heater in enclosed spaces[.]” (Ex. C-5, p. 1.) The Secretary argues the lower engine room was an “enclosed space” and the use of the heater in it established the presence of an asphyxiation hazard. The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">maritime standards define the term “enclosed space”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“any space, other than a confined space, which is enclosed by bulkheads and overhead. It includes cargo holds, tanks, quarters, and machinery and boiler spaces.” 29 C.F.R. §<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">1915.4(q). A “confined space” is “a compartment of small size and limited access such as a double bottom tank, cofferdam, or other space which by its small size and confined nature can readily create or aggravate a hazardous exposure.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. §<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">1915.4(p).</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine does not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">dispute</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the cited heater was fueled by propane and was in use in the lower engine room on January 18 and 19, 2018. However, First Marine argues the lower engine room “was not an enclosed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">space ”and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>therefore, the Secretary failed to establish the use of the heater presented an asphyxiation hazard (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Resp’t’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br.,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>p. 62). First Marine argues that the definition of an “enclosed space” cannot be expanded to encompass a three-sided compartment with a stairway on the fourth side that opens to a large upper room.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Whavers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">conceded</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the area where the heater was located had bulkheads (or walls) on three sides, but the stairway leading to the upper engine room was located on the fourth side. The area above the stairway was not enclosed but opened into the larger upper engine room (Tr. 975-76;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Ex. R-2).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The record also establishes workers had pushed the plastic tarps aside at the doorways and window openings to allow outside air to circulate in the engine rooms (Tr. 1181).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Court therefore concludes, as established by the record, that the lower engine room was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">not</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>an enclosed space within the meaning of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">maritime standards.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref30" href="#ftn30">30</a></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Further</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">heater’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">User’s Manual</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>allows for an exception to its prohibition on indoor use of the heater: “INDOOR USE PERMITTED ONLY FOR: The temporary heating of adequately ventilated buildings or structures under construction, alteration, or repair!” (Ex. C-5, Bates page 000480.)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Whavers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>agreed that on January 18 and 19, 2018,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was under construction, alteration, or repair (Tr. 970).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary shifted ground at the trial to contend that even if the lower engine room was not an enclosed space, the upper engine room was not adequately ventilated because the door and window openings of that room were covered with plastic to shield against the wind and freezing temperatures.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, the Secretary’s assertion that “[u]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">nless</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>fresh air was being pumped into the space (which there is no evidence of), the space is exactly the type of space where the heater should not be used.” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Compl’t’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br., pp. 60-1, n. 39.)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Court finds no merit in this argument. The record is replete with undisputed testimony that the plastic<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">tarps</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on the upper engine room door and window openings had been moved aside to air out the upper engine room once workers detected the gas odor (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 192-93, 197-98, 211, 282-84, 302, 313-14, 347-49, 368, 372-73).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref31" href="#ftn31">31</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Since the Secretary relied on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">User’s Manual & Operating Instructions</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the cited heater to set the parameters of the heater’s safe use, he has failed to establish First Marine permitted the heater to be used improperly, either by operating it in an enclosed space or by operating it without adequate ventilation. The Court therefore concludes the Secretary failed to establish use of the Remington heater presented an asphyxiation hazard in the workplace and Item 1 must be vacated.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">2. Alleged Violation of Occupational Safety and Health Standards</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">To establish a prima facie violation of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>applicable occupational safety and health standards</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, the Secretary must show by a preponderance of the evidence that “ ‘(1) the cited standard applies to the facts, (2) the requirements of the standard were not met, (3) employees had access to the hazardous condition, and (4)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the employer knew or could have known of the hazardous condition with the exercise of reasonable diligence.’ ”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Mountain States Contractors, LLC v. Perez</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 825 F.3d 274, 279 (6th Cir. 2016) (internal citation omitted).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Applicability of the Shipyard Employment Standards</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Except for the alleged general duty clause violation, all of the remaining citations and items in dispute in both cases involve alleged violations of various<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">standards found in Part 1915—Occupational Safety and Health Standards for Shipyard Employment<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Shipyard Standards)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R., Part 1915, which, except where otherwise provided, “shall apply to all ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking employments and related employments.” 29 C.F.R. § 1915.2(a).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref32" href="#ftn32">32</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Since First Marine was in the process of repairing or rebuilding<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">at the time of the explosion, the Court concludes the specifically cited<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Shipyard Standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in each citation item applies unless a specific “applicability” provision applies, where the Court will separately address the first prong<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Mountain States</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> test as it relates to that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">specific “applicability” provision</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 4</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In Citation 1, Item 4 the Secretary alleges First Marine committed a serious violation of § 1915.74(c)(2), a vessel access provision, on January 19,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">2018</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>when a ramp was not provided to access the vessel. More specifically, the Secretary asserts First Marine violated this standard when the “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was tied to the dock in a manner that would allow it to float away from the dock creating a space of approximately 2 feet that an employee could fall through between the deck and dock.” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Compl</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Ex. A p. 10 of 25.)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Shipyard Standards<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">mandate that with respect to access to barges and river towboats, either a ramp or a safe walkway shall be provided “[u]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">nless</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees can step safely to or from the wharf, float, barge, or river towboat[.]” 29 C.F.R. § 1915.74(c)(2).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref33" href="#ftn33">33</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“When a walkway is impracticable, a substantial straight ladder, extending at least 36 inches above the upper landing surface and adequately secured against shifting or slipping, shall be provided.” 29 C.F.R. § 1915.74(c)(2). “When conditions are such that neither a walkway nor a straight ladder can be used, a Jacob's ladder . . . may be used.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Did First Marine Meet the Requirements of the Standard?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>First Marine moors vessels in its shipyard to a dock string, a series of barges tied together to provide a walking and working surface on the river. After First Marine moved the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">from dry dock and moored her with her starboard side next to the dock string barge, workers could board the towboat either by stepping from the dock string barge to the deck of the towboat or walking down a set of stairs to the main dock (Tr. 406-04, 1449).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref34" href="#ftn34">34</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>First Marine did not provide a ramp or walkway for access between the dock string barge and the towboat (Tr. 959). Handrails line the edge of the dock string. Workers accessed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">by passing through a gateway in the handrails on the dock string barge to which the vessel was moored (Ex. R-10, Bates page 001538).<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Hutco</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>supervisor Gregory Voss fabricated a metal step and attached it to the edge of the towboat next to the gate on the dock string barge so workers could step on it as they boarded the vessel (Tr. 658-59;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Ex. C-11, Ex. C-12). Voss fabricated the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">step in</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>response to the inclement weather. “Normally, we wouldn’t use a step on a sunshiny day, but it was snowing. It had been snowing, icing up, and . . . because the boat was tilted in the water, it was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">actually real</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>slippery, and so we put the step there and leveled it off, so you weren’t stepping onto something that was slick.” (Tr. 661.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">As indicated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, the cited standard requires the employer to provide a ramp or safe walkway “[u]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">nless</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees can step safely to or from the . . . river towboat.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary contends the fabricated step was insufficient to allow employees to step safely between the dock and the towboat.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, the Secretary asserts in the citation that access to and from the towboat was not safe because the way the towboat was secured to the dock string “would allow it to float away from the dock creating a space of approximately 2 feet that an employee could fall through between the deck and the dock.” No evidence in the record supports this claim that workers were exposed to a gap between the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and the dock string as wide as 2 feet.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Welder B.K. had worked for First Marine for “a couple of years” at the time of the explosion (Tr. 459). He stated the towboat generally was drawn in “tight” to the dock string unless another boat passed, creating a wake. In that event, he would “[w]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ait</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a second or jump across</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. . . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>If it was a problem, you could go to your<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">manager</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and they would tighten the line.” (Tr. 514.) He estimated he had seen the towboat drift 12 or 13 inches from the dock string (Tr. 534). Deron Conaway, First Marine’s safety director, testified in a deposition that he had observed the towboat drift “as much as 18 inches or more” from the dock string (Tr. 897).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>James A. Lang I of Thermal testified he remembered the towboat was “snugged up to the dock” the day of the explosion (Tr. 80). His son, James A. Lang II estimated any gap between the dock string and the towboat was “six or seven inches probably” (Tr. 107.) Tyler Wedeking, also of Thermal, stated the towboat “was pulled up tight against the . . . dock string. There [were] always gaps, but you just stepped across.” (Tr. 199.) First Marine carpenter Matthew McCoy and First Marine electrician Manuel Macario Garcia stated they had no trouble stepping over the gap, and it caused them no safety concerns (Tr. 330, 374).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Hutco</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>supervisor Gregory Voss, who fabricated the step for the towboat, testified he had seen gaps “maybe up to about six inches.” (Tr. 661.) </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Whavers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>recommended the Secretary cite First Marine for a violation because “depending on the action on the river due to vessel traffic or wind, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>would move away from the dock.” (Tr. 944.) He experienced this condition himself as he boarded the towboat during his inspection.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“[W]hen</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>I stepped onto the vessel it was a gap of about 10 inches. There was no handhold when you stepped down to the [fabricated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">step]. . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>. So, when you step down, you step directly onto the top of the platform, and we had nothing to hold onto.” (Tr. 944.)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Whavers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>described the hazard created by the absence of a ramp or walkway. “The hazard is that if there is a wake while you’re stepping from the dock to the vessel, you can receive a knee or ankle injury. If the gap is such that it’s large enough for a person to pass, you could<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">actually fall</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>between the barge and the dock to water. And that’s a potential crushing or drowning hazard.” (Tr. 945.) However,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Whavers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>admitted that none of the employees he spoke with during his inspection told him they encountered difficulty boarding or disembarking from the towboat (Tr. 944).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Jason Strait, one of the managers of the family-owned Western Rivers, testified that he believed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Whavers’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>perception of access to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was skewed based on his observations of the towboat following the explosion.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">[W]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">e had</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to move the boat after the explosion. It was tied off. It was in a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">good spot</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. We had a breakaway [of barges] from a fleet that's unrelated to our facility upriver and some barges had come down the river. Well, there's multiple tugs running back and forth grabbing these barges, moving things around. It was just an unusual amount of traffic which made that boat come a little looser to its moorings. And when Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Whavers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>got there that's how he [saw] it.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Any</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>normal operation is not that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">way</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and we would have pulled it tight.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 1450.)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Strait testified that workers could support themselves on the handrails and swinging gate as they stepped from the dock string barge to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“[T]he handrails that you see [in photographic Exhibit R-10, Bates page 001538,] that are running vertical along the side are there, but also the gate itself is used as a handrail</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. . . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>It swings both ways, and when it swings it<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">actually stops</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at a 90-degree angle. That way you can hang on to it, lean on it when you’re accessing that point.” (Tr. 1409-10.)</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>First Marine focuses on the conditional clause that opens the cited standard: “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Unless<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">employees can step safely to or from the wharf, float, barge, or river towboat,” then a ramp or walkway is required. First Marine argues guidance for determining whether employees can step safely to or from the towboat is provided by § 1915.74(a)(7), which is referred to in the cited standard. The Court agrees.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The well-established rule of statutory construction is that “each part or section should be construed in connection with every other part or section so as to produce a harmonious whole.” 2A </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Sutherland </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Statutory</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Construction</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> § 46.05 (5th ed.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">1992). . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See also General Motors Corp., Electro–Motive Div.,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> 14 BNA OSHC 2064, 2066 & n. 8, 1991 CCH OSHD ¶ 29,240, p. 39,165 & n. 8 (No. 82–630, 1991) (statutes should be construed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">so as to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>avoid conflict between them).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Morrison-Knudsen Co./Yonkers Contracting Co.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">16 BNA OSHC 1105, 1107 (No. 88-0572, 1993)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Section 1915.74(c)(2) explicitly incorporates<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">§ 1915.74(a)(7), which requires the employer to provide a walkway “[</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">]f the foot of the gangway is more than one foot away from the edge of the apron[.]” 29 C.F.R. § 1915.74(a)(7). The Court concludes that since a walkway is only required if the gangway falls short by more than a foot, employees “can step safely to or from” a vessel if the gap is one foot or less.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Here, except for Conaway and B.K., the workers who testified about the gap between the dock string barge and the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">gave estimates that were less than 12 inches. B.K. estimated the gap to be 12 or 13 inches. The higher number exceeds the one-foot criterion by only an inch. The Court has no basis for determining which of B.K.’s estimates of 12 or 13 inches is more accurate. His testimony is an insufficient basis for finding the gap he observed exceeded one foot. Conaway’s testimony he observed an 18-inch gap is an outlier. He did not state in his deposition testimony the date he observed a gap that wide, and at trial he did not remember observing such a gap (Tr. 896). Item 4 of the Safety Citation alleges the violation of § 1915.74(c)(2) occurred “[o]n or about January 19, 2018.” There is no evidence showing Conaway’s observation of an 18-inch gap between the dock slip barge and the towboat occurred during the cited timeframe.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Further,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Whavers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>recommended the Secretary cite First Marine for violating § 1915.74(c)(2) based on his own observations of the altered conditions of the shipyard that existed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">after</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the explosion. However, no workers boarded the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the day of his inspection and therefore no workers were exposed to any violative condition existing when<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Whavers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>made his observations. Finally,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the addition of the fabricated step and the installation of the handrails and swinging gate on the dock slip barge demonstrate additional measures were in place to aid workers in stepping safely to and from the towboat. The Court concludes the Secretary has failed to establish a violation of § 1915.74(c)(2) and Item 4 must be vacated.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 10</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In Citation 1, Item 10 the Secretary alleges First Marine committed a serious violation of § 1915.503(b)(2)(ii), a shipyard fire protection provision, from January 17 to January 19, 2018, when it failed to “make sure that unattended fuel gas and oxygen hose lines or torches were in enclosed spaces for no more than 15 minutes[.]” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Compl</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Ex. A p. 19 of 25.) The cited standard mandates the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">employer must make sure that “[n]o unattended charged fuel gas and oxygen hose lines or torches are in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">enclosed spaces</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for more than 15 minutes[.]”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1915.503(b)(2)(ii) (emphasis added).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Does the Cited Standard Apply to the Facts?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For the cited standard to apply to the facts, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">unattended fuel gas and oxygen hose lines or torches had to be in “enclosed spaces.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The deck locker of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is located on her forward lower deck (Ex. R-1). When the tugboat is operational, the deck locker is a storage space for supplies and equipment (Tr. 478.) The compartment was approximately 21 feet long and 7 feet wide (Ex. C-32, p. 1) The room had four walls, but the overhead had not been completed, “just the framework for the main deck.” (Tr. 479.) There were two openings in the overhead. One opening was rectangular, measuring approximately 5 feet, 8 inches by 6 feet, 6 inches. The other opening was circular (for the capstan) and measured approximately 21⁄2 feet in diameter (Ex. C-32, p.1). The capstan opening was covered with plywood, and the rectangular opening was covered by boards when they were not being used to hand material down to the First Marine employees (Tr. 480-81).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary contends the deck locker was an enclosed space. The Secretary cites<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Offshore Shipbuilding, Inc.,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>18<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">2169 (No. 97-257, 2000), in support of his position that the openings in the deck locker overhead do not preclude finding the compartment was an enclosed space. He contends that in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Offshore Shipbuilding</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, the Commission held “a ballast tank, measuring ‘12 feet by 13 feet by 19 feet’ to be an ‘enclosed space,’ even though ‘[</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">]t had three openings: two 18-22-inch diameter holes in the deck for access, and a hole approximately 10 feet by 18 inches running horizontally approximately 4 feet above the floor of the tank.’” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Compl’t’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br., p. 54.) Thus, according to the Secretary, “[t]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">forward</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>compartment where [the fitter] and [B.K.] were working is an enclosed space. The space was enclosed by walls and overhead</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. . . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The fact that there may have been two or three partially uncovered openings in the ceiling does not transform the space into something other than an enclosed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">space.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Compl’t’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br., p. 64, n. 10.)<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>First Marine disagrees. It argues,<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Both open areas above the lower forward hold remained open while [B.K.] and [the fitter] worked below, except for when they would loosely place boards over the openings because it had gotten too cold or so they could safely walk across the area. (Tr. 480-81.) Even then, the boards had gaps between them, which prevented them from creating even a makeshift ceiling. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">) In other words, at no time on January 19,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">2018</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was the lower forward hold closed in by a ceiling.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Resp’t’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br., p. 32.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Secretary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">mischaracterizes the Commission’s holding in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Offshore Shipbuilding</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Commissioner Visscher dissented on the issue of the ballast tank being classified as an enclosed space at the time of the inspection.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The judge found that the ballast tank was “an enclosed space, rather than a confined space” and the majority agrees with the judge. I agree that the ballast tank </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">when completed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> would meet the standard's definition of an enclosed space.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The record does not show, however, that the ballast tank was enclosed when [the employee] was welding deck plates on it before he was removed from this job. As the compliance officer testified, the deck plates [the employee] was welding made up the top of the tank, and he was in the process of “welding himself in; in other words, enclosing it as he went.” Though the record is not entirely clear, the strongest inference to be made is that [the employee] had not completed the process of “enclosing himself in” before he was removed from the job. The compliance officer herself agreed that “a lot” of the top of the tank had been open when [the employee] began welding that morning, and another employee was assigned to complete this welding job after [the employee] was removed.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Offshore Shipbuilding,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">18<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">BNA OSHC at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">2179</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(emphasis in original). Contrary to the Secretary’s characterization, a footnote by the majority makes clear the parties did<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">not</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>litigate the issue of whether the ballast tank was an enclosed space.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Commissioner Weisberg notes that the position advanced by Commissioner Visscher in his dissent, namely that the ballast tank did not become an enclosed space until after the employee had completed the process of “enclosing himself in,” was neither raised nor argued by the company. Moreover, the company’s expert witnesses testified that it was an enclosed space.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">2180<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">n. 4.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Court concludes<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Offshore Shipbuilding</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>does<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">not</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>support the Secretary’s argument that openings in a vessel compartment’s overhead do not affect its classification as an enclosed space. Further, as the Court concluded<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">maritime standards define the term “enclosed space”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“any space, other than a confined space, which is enclosed by bulkheads and overhead. It includes cargo holds, tanks, quarters, and machinery and boiler spaces.” 29 C.F.R. §<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">1915.4(q).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11.5pt; ">As commonly defined, “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">enclose”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">means “surround or close off<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">on all sides</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">The New Oxford American Dictionary</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(2d ed. 2005) (emphasis added). Two large openings in the overhead means the space is not closed off on its top side. When the plywood and the boards are removed from the openings, the deck locker is not an enclosed space.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>However, the issue is not so clear when the plywood and boards are in place over the openings. First Marine is creative in its interpretation of the testimony when it claims B.K. and the fitter “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">would loosely place boards over the openings because it had gotten too cold or so they could safely walk across the area.” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Resp’t’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br., p. 32) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">citing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Tr. 480-81). “Even then, the boards had gaps between them, which prevented them from creating even a makeshift ceiling.” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">citing id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">). However, the cited testimony never mentions “loosely,” “cold,” “safely walk[</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">],” or “gaps.” Contrary to First Marine’s argument, B.K. did<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">not</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testify there were gaps between the boards but testified that the opening was “completely covered up.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref35" href="#ftn35">35</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary is alleging<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">B.K.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and the fitter discovered gas flowing from a gas hose when they arrived at the deck locker the morning of January 19. At that time, presumably the openings were covered because B.K. and the fitter had not yet started receiving the angle iron pieces lowered through the openings.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Court concludes the deck locker was an enclosed space when the two overhead openings were covered with plywood and boards.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref36" href="#ftn36">36</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Because the allegation is that an unattended gas hose in the deck locker had gas flowing through it overnight, the Court concludes the cited standard applies in those circumstances.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Did First Marine Meet the Requirements of the Standard?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary relies on B.K.’s signed witness statement given to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Whaver</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and his deposition testimony where he stated the fitter left his gas hose in the deck locker overnight and propylene was flowing through it when they arrived at the deck locker the next day, as evidence the standard was violated.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Compl’t’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br., pp. 64-5)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">citing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Tr. 471, 536-537).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Hutco</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>superintendent Voss also testified the fitter informed him that morning that “he believed the night shift had left his torch hose on, and it filled the bow up with a gas leak.” (Tr. 363.) This corresponds with B.K.’s OSHA statement and his deposition testimony. It is possible B.K. and the fitter, who went directly to the deck locker after boarding the towboat, assumed the strong gas odor they smelled as they descended the deck locker steps was coming from the deck locker, and they assumed a gas hose was left on. At that time, they were not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">aware</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the strong odor of gas was prevalent in other areas of the vessel.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">At trial, B.K. recanted his previous statements, which had been taken shortly after the accident and while he was still taking pain medication and “wasn’t right.” He testified at trial that he had turned off the gas at the manifold on January 18th, prior to quitting work. (Tr. 490, 536, 537, 538). B.K. was seriously injured in the explosion on January 19, 2018. It is not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">surprising</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>his memory of that day is confused. It is apparent he changed his testimony on several key points from the dates he provided his OSHA statement and deposition testimony to the time he testified at the trial. B.K. appeared anxious and easily suggestible during his trial testimony. The Court therefore does not credit his testimony where it cannot be corroborated.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">B.K.’s testimony is corroborated by video evidence that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">appears to show<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">him turning off the gas and disconnecting the hose at 3:37 p.m. on January 18, the day before the explosion (Ex. R-35). B.K.’s testimony is also corroborated by Voss’s testimony that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Hutco</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees ended their shift after the First Marine employees ended theirs every day and there was no night shift crew working on the vessel, and that he would have noticed a torch hose connected to the manifold the evening of January 18, 2018, as he finished his shift and he did not observe one (Tr. 670-71, 694).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">As indicated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, the cited standard mandates the employer must make sure that “[n]o unattended<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">charged</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>fuel gas and oxygen hose lines or torches are in enclosed spaces for more than 15 minutes[.]”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1915.503(b)(2)(ii) (emphasis added).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA interprets a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">charged</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>fuel line to mean “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">any line that is connected to the manifold and filled with gas.” Fire Protection in Shipyard Employment, 69 FR 55677 (Sept. 15, 2004). The Secretary’s evidence rests on B.K.’s witness statement and deposition testimony, which he recanted at the trial, and on superintendent Voss’s testimony that the fitter informed him welders on the night shift left the gas<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">hose on</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>overnight. However, several gaps appear in this evidence.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Superintendent Thorn and supervisor Voss stated the night shift welding crew did not work that night. And the record appears to show B.K. turned off the gas at the manifold at the end of his shift on Thursday, January 18.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Hutco</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>foreman Voss stated there was no torch hose connected to the manifold when he ended his shift after B.K. and the fitter had left for the day on January 18, 2018 (Tr. 670-71, 694). If the gas hose was left in the deck locker, it was not a “charged line” when B.K. and the fitter ended their shift that day. If gas was flowing through the hose when B.K. and the fitter arrived in the deck locker shortly after 7:00 on Friday morning, there is no evidence the gas had been turned on for more than 15 minutes. The Court concludes the Secretary has failed to establish a violation of § 1915.503(b)(2)(ii) and Item 10 must be vacated.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 11</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In Citation 1, Item 11 the Secretary alleges First Marine committed a serious violation of § 1915.503(b)(2)(iv) from January 17 to January 19, 2018, by failing to ensure employees rolled back disconnected oxygen and propylene hose lines to the supply manifold or to open air. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Compl</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Ex. A p. 20 of 25.)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The cited standard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">provides in relevant part that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">employer must make sure that “[a]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ll</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">disconnected fuel gas and oxygen hose lines are rolled back to the supply manifold or to open air to disconnect the torch[.]” 29 C.F.R. § 1915.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>503(b)(2)(iv).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Did First Marine Meet the Requirements of the Standard?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In his witness statement and in his deposition testimony, as well as his trial testimony, B.K. established that the fitter removed his torch cutter from the torch hose while he was inside the deck locker.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 490, 492-94.)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, the Secretary argues B.K. testified without contradiction that his co-worker disconnected his cutting torch inside the deck locker at the end of each shift. According to the Secretary, this action violated the cited standard, which requires the employer to ensure employees disconnect torches at the manifold or in open air. First Marine argues that “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">disconnecting a torch in the lower forward hold is not a violation of this standard because the space was open to the air.” (Tr. 69).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Court finds no merit in First Marine’s position.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">As commonly defined, “open air”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">means “a free or unenclosed space<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">outdoors</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">The New Oxford American Dictionary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(2d Ed. 2005) (emphasis added). A ship’s compartment with two openings in the overhead is not in open air. First Marine also claims B.K. said the fitter removed his torch in the deck locker only in his OSHA statement “while he was under the influence of medication” and in his deposition testimony, “which was likely a result of [B.K.] reviewing his statement prior to the deposition.” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Resp’t’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br., p. 70.) This is incorrect. B.K. reaffirmed his OSHA statement and deposition testimony at the trial. When asked how he knew the fitter removed the torch while he was in the deck locker, B.K. stated, “It was his personal torch. He took it home every night” (Tr. 494.) B.K. stated he had observed him previously removing the torch<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">in</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the deck locker. B.K. had worked with the fitter for at least a month on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and was familiar with his work practices. The Court concludes the Secretary has established that First Marine failed to meet the requirements of the cited standard.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Did Employees Have Access to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">the Hazardous</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Condition?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>B.K. and the fitter both worked in the deck locker where the torch was disconnected from the gas hose. The Court concludes the Secretary has established employees were exposed to a fire or explosion hazard.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Did First Marine Know of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">the Hazardous</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Condition?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>As indicated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, to establish a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">prima facie</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>violation, the Secretary must show by a preponderance of the evidence that First Marine “knew or could have known of the hazardous condition with the exercise of reasonable diligence.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Mountain States Contractors</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 825 F.3d at 279. The Secretary does not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">allege</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>First Marine had actual knowledge of the violation, but rather, argues First Marine could have known of the hazardous condition with the exercise of reasonable diligence. According to the Secretary, B.K. “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">testified that [the fitter] did this every day. And there is proof that the employees regularly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">left</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>their lines inside vessels. Thus, First Marine should have known that employees were not rolling their lines back to open air before removing their torches.” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Compl’t’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br., p. 68.)</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Court concludes there is insufficient evidence to show constructive knowledge of the violation on the part of First Marine. B.K. and the fitter worked alone in the deck locker. There is no evidence of how long it took the fitter to remove his torch each day (but it was presumably done quickly). Nothing in the record indicates a First Marine supervisor ever saw the fitter remove his torch in the deck locker or had reason to know he was doing so. “Absent evidence showing how long the violative condition existed, we are unable to evaluate whether a reasonably diligent inspection by the foreman ... would have informed [the company] of the deceased<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>failure[.]”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">omas Indus. Coatings, Inc.,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">23 BNA OSHC 2082, 2086 (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">No. 06-1542, 2012).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See, also</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Kaspar Wire Works, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 2178, 2196-97 (No. 90-2775, 2000)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(concluding that in the absence of any evide</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">nce indicating how long the violative conditions had been in existence, we are unable to evaluate whether [the employer] could have known of them even if it had been reasonably diligent in inspecting its equipment”), </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff'd</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 268 F.3d 1123 (D.C. Cir. 2001);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Ragnar Benson, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 1937, 1940 (No. 97-1676, 1999) (concluding that constructive knowledge was not shown where lack of evidence of violation's duration precluded Commission from determining whether employer could have known of conditions with exercise of reasonable diligence).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, the Court concludes the Secretary has not established<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>knowledge of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the violative</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>conduct and Item 11 must therefore be vacated.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">B. THE HEALTH CITATION (CASE NO. 18-1288)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation1, Items 4a, 4b, 5</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">and</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 2, Item 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><a name="ftnref37" href="#ftn37">37</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:center; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In Citation 1, Item 4a, the Secretary alleges First Marine committed a serious violation of § 1915.12(a)(1)(ii) when it “did not ensure that spaces and adjacent spaces that contain or have contained combustible or flammable liquids or gases</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref38" href="#ftn38">38</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>were visually inspected</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref39" href="#ftn39">39</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and tested by a competent person to determine the atmosphere's oxygen content prior to initial entry into the space by an employee.” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Compl</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Ex. A p. 14 of 25.) More specifically, the Secretary alleges on or about January 19, 2018, First Marine exposed employees to “asphyxiation hazards” when it allegedly “required employees to enter spaces to perform work . . . and did not ensure a competent person tested the atmospheres of the space to determine the oxygen content prior to initial entry into the space by employees[.]”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref40" href="#ftn40">40</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">) The cited standard provides the employer shall ensure that “[s]paces and adjacent spaces that contain or have contained combustible or flammable liquids or gases” are “visually inspected and tested by a competent person to determine the atmosphere's oxygen content prior to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>initial entry</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>into the space by an employee[.]” 29 C.F.R. §1915.12(a)(1)(ii) (emphasis added).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In Citation 1, Item 4b, the Secretary alleges First Marine committed a serious violation of § 1915.12(c)(1)(ii) on or about January 19, 2018, by exposing employees to “inhalation hazards” when it allegedly “allowed employees to enter spaces to perform work” and “did not ensure a competent person tested to determine air concentration of toxics ... prior to initial entry into the space by employees[.]” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Compl</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Ex. A p. 15 of 25.) The cited standard provides the employer shall ensure that “spaces or adjacent spaces that contain or have contained liquids, gases, or solids that are toxic, corrosive or irritant are ... [t]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ested</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by a competent person prior to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>initial entry</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by an employee to determine the air concentration of toxics, corrosives, or irritants within the space.” 29 C.F.R. §1915.12(c)(1)(ii) (emphasis added).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Both Items 4a and 4b require testing (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and also</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a visual inspection with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Item 4a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">) by a competent person prior to “initial entry.” The Secretary contends compliance is required “prior to entry” by employees. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Compl’t’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br., p. 70.) And it was clear at trial that the Secretary interpreted the requirements to mean testing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">every day</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>before workers entered the indicated spaces, or as the Secretary asserts in his post-trial brief, “prior to employees entering the space,” which “was not done on the day of the accident.” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>p</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. 71.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“Entry” means “the action by which a person passes through an opening into a space.” 29 C.F.R. § 1915.11(b).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary’s position is contrary to the plain language of the cited provisions, which do not require compliance prior to “entry,” but rather, require compliance<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">prior to “initial entry.”<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Although “initial entry” is not defined in the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Shipyard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Standards, it is defined in its preamble</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Where “the language of the standard is susceptible of different meanings, the preamble is the best and most authoritative statement of the Secretary's legislative intent.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Healy Tibbitts Builders, Inc.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">No. 15-1069, 2020 WL 5934209, at *3 (OSHRC Sept. 30, 2020). The preamble addresses the issue of “initial entry” at length and indicates “for the purposes of this rule, the term ‘initial entry’ is interpreted by OSHA to mean the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">first entry into a space</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Confined and Enclosed Spaces and Other Dangerous Atmospheres in Shipyard Employment (Preamble), 59 FR 37816-01 at 37832 (July 25, 1994) (emphasis added).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref41" href="#ftn41">41</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he Court therefore rejects the Secretary’s trial interpretation that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the “initial” entry must be met<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“each workday or shift.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Court concludes that to prove a violation the Secretary must establish First Marine failed to visually inspect and/or test prior to the “initial entry,” meaning prior to the “first entry into a space.”<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In Citation 1, Item 5, the Secretary alleges First Marine committed a violation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">§1915.12(b)(1)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref42" href="#ftn42">42</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on January 19, 2018, by “exposing employees to fire and explosion hazards” when it permitted “employees to enter spaces to perform work . . . and did not ensure a competent person visually inspected the spaces for the presence of combustible or flammable liquids prior to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">initial entry</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>into the space by employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">[.]”(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Compl</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Ex. A p. 16 of 25) (emphasis added.) The cited standard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">mandates that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">employer shall ensure that spaces and adjacent spaces that contain or have contained combustible or flammable liquids or gases are “inspected</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">visually by the competent person to determine the presence of combustible or flammable liquids.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1915.12(b)(1)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">). T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">herefore, even though the cited standard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">does not by its express language, limit the visual inspections to prior to “initial entry,” the Secretary has only charged First Marine with an alleged<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">violation prior</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to “initial entry,” and the Court therefore limits its analysis to the initial entry.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref43" href="#ftn43">43</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In Citation 2, Item 1, the Secretary alleges First Marine committed a testing violation of §1915.12(b)(1)(ii) on January 19, 2018, by “exposing employees to fire and explosion hazards” when it permitted “employees to enter spaces to perform work . . . where flammable gas was present, filling the space and adjacent spaces, and did not ensure a competent person tested to determine the concentration of flammable vapors and gases prior to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">initial entry</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>into the space by employees[.]” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Compl</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Ex. A p. 19 of 25) (emphasis added).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The cited standard provides that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">employer shall ensure that spaces and adjacent spaces that contain or have contained combustible or flammable liquids or gases are tested by a competent person<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">prior to entry</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by an employee to determine the concentration of flammable vapors and gases within the space.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1915.12(b)(1)(ii) (emphasis added). Again, although<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the cited standard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">does not limit the testing to “initial entry,” Since the Secretary has only charged First Marine with an “initial entry” violation, the Court again limits its analysis to the initial entry.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref44" href="#ftn44">44</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Did First Marine Meet the Requirements of the Standards?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Ronald Thorn, First Marine’s designated Competent Person, tested the atmosphere of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>twice: once</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">when First Marine “first started working on the boat,” (in February of 2016) and again after First Marine “had gotten the mud and stuff out of the vessel,” which was “months prior” to the date of the explosion (Tr. 831-32.) Those tests occurred before<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Marine moved the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">from dry dock and moored it on the Tennessee River in December 2017. Thorn admitted First Marine did not test the atmosphere on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>prior to hot work being performed on January 19, 2018 (Tr. 828). Jason Strait, First Marine’s designated Rule 30(b)(6) witness,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref45" href="#ftn45">45</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">admitted</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>First Marine did not conduct any testing in the 12-hour period before the explosion on January 19, 2018, and admitted no testing was done for weeks prior to the explosion (Ex. C-35, pp. 20-21, 52; Tr. 1454).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">By their express terms, or pursuant to the Secretary’s limitation in his charges, each of these citations and items require a violation at the “initial entry.” However, the Secretary offered no evidence to establish when the “initial entry” occurred, meaning when the “first entry into the space” occurred. The salvage<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">crews</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>raised the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on February 7, 2016, and began transporting her on February 8, and arrived at First Marine’s drydock on February 14, 2016. After finishing the cleanup, which involved removing the sediment, mud, and sand from the interior of the vessel and the hull, First Marine and its subcontractors began repairing and rebuilding the towboat. The main engines and gearboxes were removed in March of 2016. The gearboxes were reinstalled in January of 2017, and the engines were reinstalled in April of 2017. Clearly, the “initial entry” was not when the explosion occurred “on or about January 19, 2018.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Therefore, the Court concludes the Secretary has failed to establish First Marine did not meet the requirements of the cited standards since he failed to prove when<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the “initial entry” occurred and further,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">failed to prove the alleged violations occurred prior to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that unknown date of “initial entry.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Therefore, Citation 1, Items 4a, 4b, and 5 and Citation 2, Item<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">1 must</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>be vacated.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 6</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref46" href="#ftn46">46</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In Citation 1, Item 6, the Secretary alleges First Marine committed a serious violation of § 1915.12(f) on January 19, 2018, by “exposing both site employees and contractors to asphyxiation, fire, and explosion hazards” when it permitted “contract employees to enter confined and enclosed spaces to perform work . . . without ensuring that all available information on the hazards, safety rules, and emergency procedures regarding confined and enclosed spaces or other dangerous atmospheres they would encounter was exchanged[.]” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Compl</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Ex. A p. 17 of 25.) The cited standard provides that each<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">employer whose employees work in “confined and enclosed spaces or other dangerous atmospheres” shall “ensure that all available information on the hazards, safety rules, and emergency procedures concerning those spaces and atmospheres is exchanged with any other employer whose employees may enter the same spaces.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">1915.12(f).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Does the Cited Standard Apply to the Facts?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">For the cited standard to apply,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine had to have<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">employees that worked in either (a) confined and enclosed spaces or (b) other dangerous atmospheres.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">However, the Secretary did not include the term<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“dangerous atmospheres”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">in the alleged violative description of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item 6. Therefore, the Court concludes since the issue of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">dangerous atmospheres</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">was not within the issues raised in the pleadings, and it was not tried by the parties’ express or implied consent, the Secretary may not rely on it to establish applicability. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(b).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">As to confined spaces, there is no<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">evidence</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>any First Marine employees were working in confined spaces on January 19, 2018. As to enclosed spaces, the only evidence of First Marine employees possibly working in an enclosed space on January 19,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">2018</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is when B.K. and the First Marine fitter first entered the deck locker and the plywood and boards may still have been covering the overhead openings. However, the record does not establish when the plywood and boards were removed on January 19, 2018. The record does reflect that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">by</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the time of the explosion the deck locker was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">not</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>an enclosed space since B.K. and the fitter were performing hot work on angle iron that had been handed down through the overhead openings. There is also no<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">evidence</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>any of the subcontractors’ employees entered the lower forward hold where the First Marine employees were working. Therefore, the Court concludes the Secretary has failed to establish the cited standard applied to the facts and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item 6<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">must be vacated.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 7</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In Citation 1, Item 7, the Secretary alleges First Marine committed a serious violation of § 1915.14(a)(1)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">) when “[h]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ot</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>work was performed within, on, or immediately adjacent to spaces that contain or have contained combustible or flammable liquids or gases before those spaces were tested and certified by a Marine Chemist or a U.S. Coast Guard authorized person as ‘Safe for Hot Work’.” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Compl</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Ex. A p. 18 of 25.) More specifically, the Secretary alleges on January 19, 2018, First Marine “required employees to perform hot work such as arc welding and cutting with a torch in the space below the deck locker where a flammable gas leak occurred without the space and adjacent spaces being tested and certified by a Marine Chemist or a U.S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Coast Guard authorized person as ‘Safe for Hot Work.’”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">)<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The cited standard provides that each<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">employer “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">shall ensure that hot work is not performed in or on . . . confined and enclosed spaces and other dangerous atmospheres, boundaries of spaces or pipelines” that are “[w]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ithin</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, on, or immediately adjacent to spaces that contain or have contained combustible or flammable liquids or gases” until “the work area has been tested and certified by a Marine Chemist or a U.S. Coast Guard authorized person as ‘Safe for Hot Work’.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. §1915.14(a)(1)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">). Again,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the Secretary did not include the term<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“dangerous atmospheres”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">in the alleged violative description of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item 7. However, the Court concludes the issue<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">was tried by the parties’ express or implied consent. Therefore, the Secretary may rely on it to establish a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">violation..</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(b).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Did First Marine Meet the Requirements of the Standard?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“Hot” work means “any activity involving riveting, welding, burning, the use of powder-actuated tools or similar fire-producing operations.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1915.11(b).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">B.K. and the fitter were performing hot work since i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">t is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">undisputed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>they were welding and cutting in the deck locker on January 19, 2018. These activities constituted hot work within the meaning of the maritime standards.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 477-78).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The preamble distinguishes between spaces that have contained flammable liquids or gases and those that have not:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">If hot work is to be performed,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">confined</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and enclosed spaces and dangerous atmospheres are classified in two groups. If the spaces contain or have contained flammable liquids or gases or if the spaces are adjacent to such spaces, then a Marine Chemist or Coast Guard authorized person must test and certify the space as safe for hot work. Other types of confined and enclosed spaces and hazardous atmospheres must be tested for safety by a competent person before hot work is allowed.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Preamble, 59 FR 37816-01 at 37818.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA sets out the rationale for § 1915.14(a)(1) in the preamble:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Marine Chemist Certificate can only be issued when conditions within and adjacent to spaces which have contained<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">a flammable</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or combustible gas or material have been cleaned and inspected and found to be safe (gas free). Moreover, the certificate specifies other requirements for entry and work such as ventilation, fire watch placement, and personal protective equipment, and requires a competent person to reinspect and test the space as directed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">in order to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>maintain the conditions of the Marine Chemist certificate. Similarly, the competent person cannot grant permission for hot work in those locations that he or she is allowed to test and certify until the conditions are safe for hot work. In addition, both the Marine Chemist and the competent person are required to produce written certifications that must be posted, as required in §§1915.14(a)(2) and 1915.7(d) (1) and (2) respectively. As added protection, the Marine Chemist requires a competent person to recheck the space to ensure that conditions do not change. If there is a change in the space, the competent person must stop work and recall the Marine Chemist to recertify that the space is safe for hot work before work can restart.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">at 37844.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary contends First Marine was required to have a Marine Chemist or U.S. Coast Guard authorized person certify the deck locker before B.K. and the fitter began welding and cutting in it. First Marine admits neither a Marine Chemist nor a U.S. Coast Guard authorized person tested and certified any spaces on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as “Safe for Hot Work.” (Ex. C-35, pp. 10-11, 47-48.) Nonetheless, First Marine contends the deck locker and other compartments on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>did not contain and had not contained combustible or flammable liquids or gases.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Marine argues the deck locker and adjacent spaces were free of combustible or flammable liquid or gas due to the thorough cleaning and refurbishing done to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>since it had arrived at the shipyard. However, First Marine’s position ignores the change in the condition of the deck locker and other areas of the vessel that workers discovered when they boarded the towboat at approximately 7:00 a.m. on January 19, 2018. The odor of gas was pervasive throughout<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that morning. It so alarmed B.K. and the fitter that they notified superintendent Voss of the smell and began to ventilate the space. Not every witness testified he smelled<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">gas</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the morning of January 19, 2018, when he boarded the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">but most of the workers did. For those workers, the odor was distinctive and markedly different from the usual gas odors on the vessel.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref47" href="#ftn47">47</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>A “dangerous atmosphere”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">means<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“an atmosphere that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">may</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>expose employees to the risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-rescue (i.e., escape unaided from a confined or enclosed space), injury, or acute illness.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1915.11(b) (emphasis added). First Marine also argues a “dangerous atmosphere” did not exist in the deck locker on January 19, 2018, because it showed no sign of explosion or fire damage after the explosion. Schulz testified his examination of the deck locker compartment showed there was “no evidence that any gas made it forward and accumulated into the forward hold.” (Tr. 1323.) The Court finds no merit in this argument since Schulz’s assessment was made post-explosion. Section 1915.14(a)(1)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">) is not concerned with whether a combustion hazard existed at the time hot work was performed—it is designed to trigger testing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">before</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>hot work is performed when the potential for a combustion hazard exists, based on awareness the space contained or has contained combustible gas.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Commission has focused on the word<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">may</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in the definition, noting “[t]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he emphasis is on the potential for a hazardous condition to occur, not on the existence of a hazardous condition.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Offshore Shipbuilding,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">18<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">BNA OSHC at 2173</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.  Thus, “under the definition of ‘dangerous atmosphere,’ the Secretary need establish only that there is the potential for a hazardous condition to occur in a location[.]”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> Therefore, contrary to First Marine’s position, the Secretary is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">required to show a hazardous condition existed on January 19 aboard the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for § 1915.14(a)(1)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">) to apply, but only that a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">potential</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for a hazardous condition existed. The Court concludes the pervasive odor of gas on the vessel that morning, especially in the deck locker, alerted workers to the potential presence of a combustion hazard,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">i.e.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, a dangerous atmosphere.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>First Marine argues the “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">smell of gas alone does not indicate that gas is present</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. . . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Particularly given that people smell things differently, there is no linear relationship with the strength of the smell of gas and the actual presence of gas in the atmosphere</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. . . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>It is also undisputed that smelling ‘gas’ on the [</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">or any vessel is commonplace in a shipyard, particularly when there is hot work being done.” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Resp’t’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br., pp. 34-35.) In support of this position,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">cites Schulz’s opinion that “[t]here is no correlation between smelling the gas and whether the condition or atmosphere in the space you’re smelling it is dangerous or not.” (Tr. 1290.) </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Court finds no merit in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Marine’s argument.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Schulz also testified mercaptans are added to odorless gases “as a safety strategy . . . so that leaks can be detected or . . . propane or propylene that is somewhere where it’s not supposed to be.” (Tr. 1289.) Thus, propane and propylene manufacturers obviously add mercaptans to the gases because they present combustion hazards. Adding mercaptans to odorless gases would serve no purpose if the intent were not to warn people of the presence of the gases. The strong odor of gas on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the morning of January 19, 2018, indicated the deck locker or its<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">immediately adjacent spaces<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">contained</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>combustible or flammable gases. The gas odor<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">establishes there was a potential that a hazardous condition existed. The Court therefore concludes the Secretary has proven a dangerous atmosphere existed in the deck locker, and First Marine failed to ensure a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Marine<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Chemist</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or a U.S. Coast Guard authorized person tested and certified the deck locker as “Safe for Hot Work” on January 19, 2018, before B.K. and the fitter performed welding and cutting work in the space. Thus,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the Secretary has proven</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>First Marine failed to meet the requirements of the cited standard.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Did Employees Have Access to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">the Hazardous</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Condition?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>B.K. and the fitter both performed hot work in the deck locker the morning of January 19, 2018. They were exposed to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">a combustion</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>hazard. Therefore,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the Secretary has proven employee access to the hazardous condition.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Did First Marine Know of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">the Hazardous</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Condition?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>As indicated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, in the Sixth Circuit the Secretary must establish First Marine “knew of the hazardous condition or could have known through the exercise of reasonable diligence.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Mountain States</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 825 F.3d at 279 (citation omitted). “The knowledge of a supervisor or foreman, depending on the structure of the company, can be imputed to the employer.” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">) “In cases involving negligent behavior by a supervisor or foreman which results in dangerous risks to employees under his or her supervision, such fact raises an inference of lax enforcement and/or communication of the employer's safety policy.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Brock v. L.E. Myers Co., High Voltage Div.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 818 F.2d 1270, 1277 (6th Cir. 1987).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary contends there were four First Marine supervisors who had actual knowledge of the strong gas odor aboard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the morning of January 19, 2018: Gregory Voss, Henry Scott, Deron Conaway, and Curtis Jones. Their knowledge, the Secretary argues, should be imputed to First Marine. However, the Court concludes three of the four supervisors identified by the Secretary are problematic when it comes to imputing their knowledge to First Marine.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Voss was employed by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Hutco</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as a foreman at First Marine’s shipyard (Tr. 625-26). He described<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Hutco</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as “a labor-finder” for “any type of construction that needs employees.” (Tr. 628.) There is ample evidence in the record that, despite his employment by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Hutco</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, Voss had supervisory authority over First Marine employees B.K. and the fitter.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref48" href="#ftn48">48</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Voss himself appeared to consider himself in the chain of command for First Marine. When counsel for First Marine asked who his supervisor was at the shipyard, Voss first replied, “That would be [First Marine superintendent] Ronnie Thorn.” (Tr. 665.)<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>First Marine foreman David Bynum supervised B.K. and the fitter when the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was in dry dock. Once the vessel moved to the dock string, Bynum stated in his deposition, Voss supervised their work (Tr. 709-10). This deposition testimony aligns with statements he gave to OSHA during its investigation that Voss supervised First Marine employees B.K. and the fitter on January 19, 2018:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">On the day of the accident on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>I had two employees who worked for me who were working on the boat, but they were not working directly under me that day</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. . . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The person on the ship who was overseeing them was Greg Voss</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. . . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>At the time of the accident Greg was the lead man over the project on the boat</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. . . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Greg works for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Hutco</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and had his own crew on the boat and was directing the work they were doing on the boat. And since he was over there directing the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>they were doing, he was supervising the two First Marine employees who were on the boat as well.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Ex. C-7; Bates page 000652; Tr. 716-17.) Bynum attempted to walk back his prior statements at trial, stating Voss “was just asked to keep an eye on [B.K. and the fitter]. He wasn’t<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">really there</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to tell them what to do.” (Tr. 746.) The Court credits the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">statements Bynum gave to OSHA during its investigation, which were more reliable since they were much closer in time to the accident than his statements at trial.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>It is apparent supervisors and workers for both First Marine and its subcontractors considered Voss to have supervisory authority over subordinate employees, including First Marine employees, working aboard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on January 19, 2018. Their statements to OSHA and their deposition testimony reflect their understanding of his status more accurately than their trial testimony where they appear to have been coached on this issue. The Court concludes the Secretary has established Voss was a supervisor, and he had actual knowledge of the gas odor aboard the vessel on January 19, 2018.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref49" href="#ftn49">49</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> However, the Court concludes the Secretary has<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">not</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>established Voss was a supervisor employed by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">First Marine</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Imputation of a supervisor’s knowledge rises only to the supervisor’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">employer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. As the Eleventh Circuit has<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">held</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, and the Court agrees, the rationale for imputation of knowledge is that the supervisor acts as an agent of the employer.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“When a corporate employer entrusts to a supervisory employee its duty to assure employee compliance with safety standards, it is reasonable to charge the employer with the supervisor's actual or constructive knowledge of noncomplying conduct of a subordinate.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Mountain<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">States[</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Tel. and Tel. Co. v. OSHRC],</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> 623 F.2d [155,] 158 [(10</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Cir. 1980)]. It is reasonable to do this because a corporate employer can, of course, only act through its agents—as several of the above-cited cases have recognized—and the supervisor acts as the “eyes and ears” of the absent employer. That makes his knowledge the employer's knowledge.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ComTran</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Grp., Inc. v. U.S.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Dep't</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of Labor,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>722 F.3d 1304, 1317 (11th Cir. 2013). Here, the Secretary does not dispute that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Hutco</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was Voss’s employer. As such, Voss was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">an agent of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">First Marine</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, and he was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">not</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>acting as the “eyes and ears” of First Marine. Therefore, the Court declines to impute Voss’s knowledge to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Marine.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Deron Conaway</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Conaway is First Marine’s Safety Director. In his deposition testimony, Conaway stated he did not remember whether he boarded<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the morning of the explosion (Tr. 894-95). However, Voss saw Conaway aboard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the morning of January 19, 2018, between 8:00 and 8:30, talking to First Marine employee Henry Scott in the generator room (Tr. 656-658, 679). Conaway was also seen by carpenter Brad Stafford that morning. In his statement to OSHA, Stafford stated, “I do remember seeing Deron walk on the vessel on the day of the accident prior to the event occurring. I don’t know what he was doing. I do know he walked on a couple of times.” (Tr. 302.)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Hutco</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>electrician Samuel Gutierrez also saw Conaway on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the morning of January 19, 2018, between 8:15 and 8:20 (Tr. 565): “He was in a hurry. He went into one door. He went to the boat and went out another door that’s at the back.” (Tr. 565.) “He went through the engine<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">room</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and he passed to the door on the other side.” (Tr. 567.)<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>At the trial, Conaway changed his testimony and denied he was on the vessel that morning. “I did not board that boat. I said before that I did not recall. If I had been on that boat, I’m sure I would have recalled it</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. . . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>I’m saying today that I still have no recollection of being on that boat, and that I feel that I would recall being on that boat if I had been on the boat that day.” (Tr. 895.) The Court credits the testimony of the three witnesses who stated they saw Conaway on the towboat the morning of the explosion. They were matter of fact in their demeanor and evinced no hesitation or uncertainty in their testimony. There is no evidence of an ulterior motive or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">motives</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that would prompt Voss, Stafford, and Gutierrez to lie about seeing Conaway that morning. Conaway, in contrast, was nervous and defensive on the stand. His recantation of his deposition testimony appeared rehearsed. And, unlike the three witnesses who saw him on the vessel, he had a reason to lie about his presence that morning since his knowledge of a violative condition as First Marine’s Safety Director can be imputed to First Marine. The Court does not credit Conaway’s trial testimony on this point.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Nonetheless, the Court concludes Conaway’s presence on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on January 19, 2018, is insufficient to establish employer knowledge of the gas odor permeating the vessel that day. There is no evidence Conaway smelled gas while he was aboard the towboat and no witnesses<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">testified</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>they informed him of the odor or observed other workers inform him. Voss stated he saw Conaway speaking with Scott and he thought Conaway might have been looking for the source of the odor, but he could not be certain. At trial, Scott was evasive when asked about encountering Conaway on the towboat that morning.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Scott</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was sent to find somebody.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: Okay</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Who were you sent to find?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Scott</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>don't remember who I was sent to find.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: Okay</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Was it Deron Conaway?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Scott</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: No</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 775.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: Did</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>you ever find the person that you were looking for?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Scott</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: Eventually</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: Okay</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. And how do you know?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Scott</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: Because</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>after the accident, the entire crew was accounted for.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: Okay</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. But it's my<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">understanding you</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>-- as you sit here today, you don't know who that was that you went looking for?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Scott</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: Am</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>I positive? No, I'm not.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.: Okay. Who do you think it is?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Scott: I think it was a guy named Dominick.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.: Okay. Fair enough.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Scott</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: But</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that's -- I don't know for sure.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.: Understand. On the day of the accident, did you see Deron Conaway on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Scott</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>don't remember.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 777-78.) The Court concludes the record does not establish by a preponderance of the evidence that Conaway had knowledge of the gas odor on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the morning of January19, 2018.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Henry Scott</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>At the time of the explosion Scott was employed by First Marine as a general laborer (Tr. 769-70). However, he had identified himself as a “leadman, general laborer” in his statement to OSHA in May of 2018 (Ex. C-4; Tr. 771). At trial, he stated First Marine did not have leadmen. When asked how he knew this, he stated, “I’ve been specifically told that I was not a leadman.” (Tr. 781.) However, Voss identified Scott as First Marine’s “clean-up guy or their lead man,” (Tr. 657-58) and as a “foreman or a lead man.” (Tr. 680.) The morning of January 19, 2018, Scott was aboard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>About 7:30, he met the First Marine fitter, who told him<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“not</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to go down to the lower deck locker because they were ventilating it because gas was smelled.” (Tr. 776.) Scott also smelled the gas odor (Tr. 777).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Scott’s situation is the converse of Conaway’s. Conaway was undoubtedly a supervisor, but the record is insufficient to establish he had knowledge of the gas odor. Scott knew of the gas odor, both because the First Marine fitter informed him of it and because he himself could smell it. However, the record is insufficient to establish Scott was a supervisor the day of the explosion. Whether his actual title was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">leadman</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is of secondary importance to his actual responsibilities. “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Commission has long recognized that ‘an employee who has been delegated authority over other employees, even if only temporarily,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">is considered to be</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a supervisor’ for the purpose of establishing knowledge.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Am. Eng'g & Dev. Corp.,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>23<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">BNA OSHC 2093, 2095 (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">No. 10-0359, 2012) (quoting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Access Equip. Sys.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 1718, 1726 (No. 95-1449, 1999)). “In deciding whether an employee qualifies as a supervisor, ‘[</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">]t is the substance of the delegation of authority that is controlling, not the formal title of the employee having this authority.’” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">) (quoting </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Dover Elevator Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC 1281, 1286 [] (No. 91-862, 1993). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Here, there is evidence of Scott’s subordinate role the day of the explosion. Prior to being dispatched to look for “Dominick,” he had been sent to collect shovels from the tool room (Tr. 774-75). Stafford would tell Scott the orders for the day and Scott would relay them to the other laborers (Tr. 782). There is no evidence of Scott exercising any authority over another employee. The Court concludes the record does not support the Secretary’s assertion that Scott was a supervisory employee, such that his knowledge could be imputed to First Marine. Therefore, the Court declines to impute Scott’s knowledge to First Marine.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Curtis Jones</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Finally, Jones is First Marines’ supervisor of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">electricians</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and he supervised three First Marine employees at the time of the explosion (Tr. 788-90). He boarded<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">at approximately 7:15 the morning of January 19, 2018, and went to the lower engine room, where he smelled gas (Tr. 794). He had never detected an odor like that on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. He discussed it with two of the First Marine electricians (Tr. 795). He described what happened next.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Sat there and two<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Hutco</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>guys was up there at the front of the engine, and I asked my guys to ask them -- because I didn't know if they spoke any English or not -- to ask them if they smelled gas also. They said yes that they<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">know</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>about it and that they<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>telling Greg Voss about it, which was their supervisor. Then after that, I looked around the engine room. Didn't see any kind of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">hoses</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or torches or anything in the engine room</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. . . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>[A]s I was leaving the engine room after I didn't find anything, I seen where the Rupke guys were changing out a propane tank or working on a heater up there at the hold by the steps. And I assumed that was it, so I moved on up to the second deck.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 795.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>When asked why he did not take any action in response to the odor of gas in the lower engine room, Jones replied, “Because Greg Voss is more<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">qualified than</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>I am about the gas. I don’t really mess with gas that much. And I figured he had it under control.” (Tr. 798.) Jones was aware workers, including First Marine employees B.K. and the fitter, were performing hot work on the vessel (Tr. 792-93).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>First Marine argues Jones’s knowledge of the gas smell was limited to the lower engine room and he properly deferred responsibility for addressing the issue to Gregory Voss.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref50" href="#ftn50">50</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Mr. Jones was the only First Marine supervisor on the boat that morning. Although he smelled gas in the lower engine room,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he reasonably</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>believed he found the source of the gas to be the changing out of a propane tank on a heater. (Tr. 795-796, 798.) Given the amount of ventilation in the lower engine room and based on his competent person training, Mr. Jones did not believe what he smelled was strong enough to investigate further. (Id.) He also knew that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Hutco</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>welders were going to report the smell to their supervisor, Mr. Voss. (Tr. 795.) After Mr. Jones left the lower engine room, neither he nor the electricians smelled the gas again, nor did anyone report to Mr. Jones that they smelled gas. (Tr. 679.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Resp’t’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br., p. 45.) The Court finds no merit in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Marines’ position.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Jones smelled an unusually strong gas odor aboard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and discussed it with several employees. He learned<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Hutco’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees planned to notify Voss of the odor. Jones did not check other areas of the towboat to determine the scope of the gas odor or follow up with Voss to learn what his response to the situation would be. Therefore, Jones failed to exercise reasonable diligence in investigating and addressing the atypical gas odor, which was a general topic of conversation that morning. Jones is employed by First Marine; he is a supervisor of electricians; he smelled the gas odor aboard the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the morning of January 19, 2018; and he knew First Marine employees were performing hot work that day. The Court imputes his actual knowledge of the gas odor to First Marine. Therefore, the Court concludes the Secretary has established First Marine knew of the dangerous atmosphere aboard the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the morning of January 19, 2018. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, under § 1915.14(a)(1), First Marine was required to have a Marine<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Chemist</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or a U.S. Coast Guard authorized person certify the spaces where hot work was to be performed as “Safe for Hot Work” before the work proceeded. First Marine failed to do so, exposing B.K. and the fitter to the hazard of combustible gas. Therefore, Citation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">1 ,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Item 7 must be affirmed.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Characterization of the Violation</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Secretary characterized the violation of § 1915.14(a)(1) as serious. A serious violation is established when there is “a substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result [from a violative condition] . . . unless the employer did not, and could not with the exercise of reasonable diligence, know of the presence of the violation.” 29 U.S.C. § 666(k). Here, two employees were exposed to the hazard of combustible gases in a space that had not been certified as “Safe for Hot Work.” The violation is properly characterized as serious.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 2, Item 2</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In Citation 2, Item 2, the Secretary alleges First Marine committed a willful violation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">§</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1915.12(d)(1) when it “did not ensure that each employee entering a confined or enclosed space or other areas with dangerous atmospheres was trained to perform all required duties safely.” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Compl</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Ex. A p. 20 of 25.) More specifically, the Secretary alleges on January 19, 2018, First Marine exposed “employees to atmospheric, fire, and explosion hazards” when it “allowed employees to enter confined and enclosed spaces to perform work ... without training the employees on the hazards of confined and enclosed spaces[.]” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">) The cited standard mandates the employer “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">shall ensure that each employee that enters a confined or enclosed space and other areas with dangerous atmospheres is trained to perform all required duties safely.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref51" href="#ftn51">51</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. §<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">1915.12(d)(1).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Did First Marine Meet the Requirements of the Standards?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Matthew McCoy is a carpenter for First Marine. He did not attend a trade school and had not worked at other shipyards before First Marine hired him (Tr. 305). When he started with First Marine, he received safety training in the carpentry shop but was not trained in shipyard hazards (Tr. 306). He testified Robert Miller, First Marine’s carpenter supervisor, did not provide training in atmospheric hazards or what to do if he smelled gas aboard a vessel (Tr. 320). He smelled gas the morning of January 19, 2018, and discussed it with other workers, but he was not aware it was potentially dangerous (Tr. 321).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Manuel Macario Garcia is an electrician for First Marine. He received an associate degree from West Kentucky Community Technical College. First Marine is the first shipyard for which he has worked (Tr. 340). He did not receive training in shipyard hazards when he began work at First Marine (Tr. 341). He smelled<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">gas</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the morning of January 19, 2018. Macario stated his supervisor, Curtis Jones, had talked to him about dangerous atmospheres but did not tell him what to do if he smelled gas (Tr. 365).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Victor Pineda is also an electrician for First Marine (Tr. 378). He attended<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">trade</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>school for carpentry and graduated in 2017. First Marine was his first place of employment after his graduation. He received no training in shipyard hazards when he began working at First Marine (Tr. 379). He was not trained in hazards associated with confined and enclosed spaces (Tr. 381). He smelled gas when he boarded<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on January 19, 2018 (Tr. 389). The only instruction he received if he smelled gas was to inform his supervisor (Tr. 402).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Jerry Price is a carpenter for First Marine. He had previously worked at other shipyards (Tr. 412-13). His supervisor Robert Miller did not provide training<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>him in shipyard hazards or in working in confined and enclosed spaces or dangerous atmospheres (Tr. 414-15). He had not been instructed what to do if he smelled gas in the workplace (Tr. 422, 430-31). Price smelled gas when he boarded the towboat the morning of January 19, 2018 (Tr. 421). He testified regarding his response to the odor.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.: You said that when you first got on the boat, you and Brad Stafford talked about the smell of [gas] . . . And he said, "Don't light a cigarette." Was that like in a joking manner?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Price: I'm assuming it was because I was smoking one.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: Did</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>you put your cigarette out?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Price</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: No</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.: Did you have any safety concerns that day working on the boat?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Price</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: No</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: What</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>about any other day?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Price</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: No</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: So</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, the smell of gas didn't alert you at all that morning? You didn't think you needed do anything about it, sir?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Price</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: No</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 432-33.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Price was asked if knew what confined and enclosed spaces are. He responded, “I’m somewhat aware more so now than what I was. But before, no.” (Tr. 439.) At the time of the trial, Price still had no understanding of the definition of a dangerous atmosphere.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: Do</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>you understand what a dangerous atmosphere is?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Price: I don't think I understand the full meaning of it, dangerous atmosphere.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.: What was your meaning of dangerous atmosphere? . . . What is your definition of a dangerous atmosphere?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Scott: Well, I've so learned that it's asbestoses [sic] and it could be, there again,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">a number of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>things.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 439.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>B.K. worked as a welder for First Marine. He had worked at another shipyard (Tr. 460-61). As previously noted, B.K. smelled a strong odor of gas when he boarded the towboat the morning of January 19, 2018, and he set about ventilating the deck locker. When asked what he and the fitter were doing as they ventilated the space, he responded, “Standing around smoking cigarettes.” (Tr. 474.) B.K. testified First Marine did not provide training to him on the hazards associated with propylene or compressed oxygen (Tr. 499). When he worked previously at the James Marine shipyard, he had been instructed to perform hot work only if “Safe for Hot Work” documentation was posted outside the space. First Marine did not provide him with this instruction (Tr. 500). He stated the First Marine<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">welders</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>would have safety meetings in the morning before boarding the towboat. “Yeah, they would just tell us what to do. And basically, everybody knew what, you know, don’t leave<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">nothing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in the hold. Stuff like that.” (Tr. 509.) B.K. testified that after he had ventilated the deck locker, he checked for the odor of gas by sniffing with his nose low in the room. He stated the space “didn’t smell. Lit a cigarette and nothing happened.” (Tr. 528.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Adam Leroy works as a welder for First Marine (Tr. 1387). He testified he received training in confined spaces when he started working at First Marine. “Just proper ventilation and like as far as being in the hold, the hazards to be aware of, like your torch being in there while you’re on break and things like that.” (Tr. 1394.) He was trained to visually inspect confined spaces when he approached them, “looking for WD-40 cans, greasy rags, things like that, anything that could be flammable.” (Tr. 1395) He was told to alert his supervisor if he smelled “anything unusual” while working (Tr. 1395). Leroy worked on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>while it was in dry dock. He did not work on the vessel once it was moved to the Tennessee River (Tr. 1399).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Miller, the supervisor of First Marine’s carpentry crew, has worked for First Marine since 2011(Tr. 599-600). He was not aboard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at the time of the explosion but was in First Marine’s carpentry shop on the barge string next to the vessel (Tr. 602). Miller testified if his crew members smelled gas on the towboat, “They should immediately notify me. That’s what I would hope</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. . . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>I would [have] immediately<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">taken action</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, either, you know, called the shipyard superintendent—we’d have done something.” (Tr. 618.) He stated he had told his crew this and had provided one-on-one safety and competency training to his crew members (Tr. 618).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Byrum, First Marine’s dry dock foreman, supervises welders and fitters (Tr. 704). In the statement he gave to OSHA on March 13, 2018, Byrum indicated, “All employees who work on the boats here at the facility may be required to enter a confined space and perform work. The work may include hot work such as cutting and grinding.” (Tr. 718-19.) When asked if<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Marine had provided him with training in confined and enclosed spaces. He responded it had not, but it “didn’t have to.” (Tr. 719.) Byrum believes on-the-job training is more effective than classroom training.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">[I]f you ever been [in] a classroom you see a lot of people don't give a toot about being in that classroom, don't give -- they wouldn't be able to tell you 10 minutes after the class what you talked about</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. . . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Side-by-side is the best training<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">anyone can</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>have.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 731-32.) Byrum did not document any of the training he provided to employees (Tr. 759). But he explained the protocol to be followed if one of his crew smelled gas on a vessel.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: Now</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, if any of the employees working on your crew of welders and fitters were to smell anything unusual on a vessel including gas, what are they supposed to do?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Byrum</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: Remove</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the source -- all sources of gas. Whether it be one, two, four it doesn't matter. Remove all of them, find the source and ventilate.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.: And if you were aware of gas being inside a vessel, would you speak to Ronnie Thorn about this?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Byrum</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: Absolutely</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: And</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>would Ronnie Thorn have to okay a vessel before you would be allowed to board back on and perform work?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Byrum</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: He</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and I would make that discussion, yes.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: And</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>if employees working on your crew were to smell something unusual including gas on a vessel, how do they know they're supposed to come to you?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Byrum: Because I tell them to.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 737-38.) Byrum testified if an employee had told him he smelled gas on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“[The explosion] probably never would have happened</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. . . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Because I would have shut the job down, turn[ed] off all power sources and shut the job down.” (Tr. 750.)<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Scott worked for First Marine as the supervisor of laborers at the time of the trial (Tr. 769).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref52" href="#ftn52">52</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Scott smelled gas the morning of January 19, 2018. He did not report it to anyone (Tr. 784). Scott had received safety training when he worked for another employer, but First Marine did not provide him with any safety training (Tr. 785).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Jones, First Marine’s supervisor of electricians, began working for First Marine in 2015 (Tr. 788). Prior to working for First Marine, he received training as a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">shipyard competent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>person from a Marine Chemist (Tr. 791). As noted previously, Jones smelled gas when he boarded the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on January 19, 2018. He discussed it with other employees, briefly looked for the source of the odor, and then turned his attention to other matters when he learned the employees planned to inform Voss of the odor (Tr.794-96, 798). Jones testified he observed welders working in confined spaces on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in the days leading up to the explosion (Tr. 802).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Ronald Thorn is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Marine’s superintendent. He began working for First Marine in May of 2013 (Tr. 811). Thorn admitted First Marine was not following the safety procedures set out in its<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Safety and Health Manual</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Ex. C-9; Tr. 829-30, 833). He claimed First Marine trained its employees in shipyard safety. When asked if this training was documented, Thorn replied, “I’m sure there is some documents somewhere.” (Tr. 833.) He agreed with Byrum that on-the-job training is superior to classroom training (Tr. 846). He stated it was possible some First Marines are functionally illiterate and will not benefit from classroom training (Tr. 847). Thorn testified he held weekly safety meetings for First Marine and subcontractor employees (Tr. 847-48). He stated First Marine trained its employees in confined and enclosed spaces safety (Tr. 848). Thorn explained First Marine’s ideal response to the detection of a gas odor aboard a vessel.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.: If First Marine employees smell anything unusual on a vessel including gas, what are they supposed to do?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Thorn</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: Stop</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>work.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.: And what should happen next?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Thorn: They should report it to their supervisor.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: And</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>then if it were reported to you, what would you do?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Thorn</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>would [get] everyone off the vessel and shut all the gas lines and figured out what was going on.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.: And what -- before you allowed everybody to come back to work is there something you would do?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Thorn: Oh, yeah, the competent person or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">myself</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>would sniff the vessel.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 853-54.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Conaway, First Marine’s safety director, started in that position in August of 2017 (approximately five months before the explosion) (Tr. 883). He has a Bachelor of Science degree from Murray State University in Occupational Safety and Health (Tr. 886). Conaway stated First Marine originally hired him because of his “background in purchasing and sales as a purchasing agent for the shipyard.” (Tr. 900.) He agreed most of his working time before the explosion was “devoted to [his] role in purchasing.” (Tr. 902.) </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Conaway admitted that when he began working as safety director, his safety knowledge “was very limited. So, a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">really rigorous</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>detailed inspection was not something that I was qualified to do.” (Tr. 885.) The defensive tenor of his testimony is captured in the following excerpt:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: [</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">D]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">o you</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>have the authority to correct employees if you see them doing something unsafe?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Conaway: You asked me that before. Nothing has ever been stated explicitly what my authority is. I told you before, I just do it. I correct<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">action</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: Okay</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. When you were hired back in August 15 of 2017, did you replace the prior safety man?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Conaway</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>wasn't aware I was replacing anyone.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.: Was there a safety man employed by First Marine when you were hired?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Conaway</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>don't recall. I'm not aware of one.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.: At some point before you came on board, was there a safety man employed by First Marine?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Conaway</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: I'm</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>not aware.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.: You don't know if the company has ever had a safety man?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Conaway</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: Well</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, people can wear many hats, can't they? So, I don't know if there was somebody that was responsible for safety.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 885-86.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Marine is the first shipyard at which Conaway has worked. He did not “undergo any type of training” when he began working at First Marine (Tr. 886). He conceded he did not feel qualified to work as a safety professional in January of 2018 (Tr. 887). Despite being First Marine’s safety director, he was unaware of safety training provided by his employer.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.: [W]ere the employees who went to work on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on January the 19th, 2018, trained to work in confined and enclosed spaces?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Conaway</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: Prior</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the accident, I was not specifically aware of any training in confined spaces.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: What</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>about enclosed spaces?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Conaway</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: Prior</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the accident, I wasn't aware of any specific training.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.: Prior to the accident, were you aware if First Marine was documenting any training that was being performed at the shipyard?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Conaway</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was not aware.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: Prior</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the accident, were employees trained on the requirements of First Marine's safety and health program?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Conaway</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was not aware.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Q.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: You</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>didn't do any such training?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Conaway</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: No</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, sir. To qualify, I had given some safety talks, some morning briefings prior to the accident. It wasn't a matter of routine. It was as I saw an opportunity.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 893.)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Conaway testified he conducts safety inspections, safety meetings, and new-hire orientation (Tr. 884). In his safety meetings, he would speak to employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><br/>about housekeeping; slips, trips, and falls and things like that; PPE.” (Tr. 902.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">First Marine’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Safety and Health Manual</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>First Marine had a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Safety and Health Manual<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">onsite the day of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">explosion</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>but it did not distribute copies to its employees. Conaway<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">testified</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>First Marine did not provide him with a copy of the manual but he “was made aware that there was one in the office. We did have a manual in the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">office</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and I knew it was there.” (Tr. 886.) At the time of the explosion, Conaway was “working on” reading the manual, but stated, “I wouldn’t say I had read it in its entirety, no.” (Tr. 886-87.) The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Safety and Health Manual</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>includes<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Marine’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Fire Safety Plan</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, which requires a competent person to inspect spaces each shift where hot work is scheduled to be<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">performed :</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Supervisor is responsible for training employees and implementation of the outlined procedures.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. . .<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine, LLC conducts<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">hotwork</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>utilizing various means of welding, jointing, metal fusing, and pipe connection.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. . .<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Hotwork</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>aboard any vessel in the facility is also inspected, authorized, and monitored by a First Marine, LLC employee who is a Shipyard Competent Person, or by a Marine Chemist. This survey will take place at a minimum of each shift, or more frequently as necessary if conditions change at the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">work-site</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Ex. C-9, Bates page 000858.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Of the six First Marine non-supervisory employees who testified, only Leroy stated he had received the training required by § 1915.12(d). The other five employees stated consistently First Marine did not train them in confined and enclosed space and dangerous atmosphere safety (Tr. 320, 341, 379, 414-15, 500). Each of these employees smelled gas aboard the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">on January 19, 2018, but was not aware<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">of the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>potential hazard it signified. Price and B.K. smoked cigarettes as they smelled the gas odor (Tr. 432-33, 474). B.K. assumed the ventilation he placed in the deck locker worked because he “[l]it a cigarette and nothing happened.” (Tr. 528.) At<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">time</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the trial, Price thought a dangerous atmosphere involved asbestos (Tr. 439).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>First Marine supervisors Byrum and Thorn touted on-the-job training over classroom training, but the testimony of the five subordinate employees indicate they either received no on-the-job training or the training they did receive was inadequate. The lack of training extends also to the supervisors. Miller stated his employees should have immediately informed him they smelled gas and he would have acted (Tr. 618). Byrum testified he would have shut down work on the vessel if he had been told of the gas odor (Tr. 750). Thorn stated he would have ordered everyone off the vessel and shut down all gas lines (Tr. 853-54). Yet supervisor Jones, who was on the vessel and smelled the gas himself, took none of these actions. He relied on Voss to respond to the situation (Voss also took no action).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Safety director Conaway was not aware of any training provided to employees regarding confined and enclosed spaces or dangerous atmospheres. He did not know if training was documented (Tr. 893). Thorn believed there were “some documents somewhere” documenting safety training, but none were adduced at trial (Tr. 833).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref53" href="#ftn53">53</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Thorn admitted First Marine did not follow the procedures set out in its own<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Safety and Health Manual</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 829-30, 833).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Court credits the testimony of McCoy, Macario, Pineda, Price, and B.K that First Marine did not provide them with safety training in confined and enclosed spaces and dangerous atmospheres.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref54" href="#ftn54">54</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>It was clear from their testimony that at the time of the trial they did not have a firm grasp of proper safety procedures. First Marine’s supervisors claim they provided adequate training, but First Marine adduced no documentation to back up this claim. As management personnel who still work for First Marine, the supervisors are motivated to close ranks and declare First Marine provided the required training. The Secretary has established First Marine failed to meet the requirements of § 1915.12(d).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Did Employees Have Access to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">the Hazardous</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Condition?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The untrained employees were required to work in confined and enclosed spaces and in dangerous atmospheres at First Marine’s shipyard. Their lack of knowledge regarding the proper procedures to follow and the hazards presented in the spaces and atmospheres exposed them to potential physical harm or death. The preamble explains that § 1915.12(d) “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">is requiring employers to ensure that employees who must enter confined or enclosed spaces or other dangerous atmospheres are trained to perform their duties safely.” Preamble,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">59 FR 37816-01, at 17839. “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">This provision is intended to ensure that employees are familiar with the duties imposed by final revised Subpart B so that the work practices they use will conform to the standard and will protect them from hazards posed by these spaces.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Secretary has established First Marine’s employees had access to the hazard of being inadequately trained in safely working in confined and enclosed spaces and dangerous atmospheres.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Did First Marine Know of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">the Hazardous</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Condition?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>While not binding precedent, the Court agrees with the Tenth Circuit that employer knowledge of the violative condition “will almost invariably be present where the alleged violative condition is inadequate training of employees.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Compass Env't, Inc. v. Occupational Safety & Health Rev. Comm'n</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 663 F.3d 1164, 1168 (10th Cir. 2011). Thus, the Commission has held to establish noncompliance with a training standard, the Secretary must show that the cited employer “failed to provide the instructions that a reasonably prudent employer would have given in the same circumstances.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">N & N Contractors, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 2121, 2125 (No. 96–0606, 2000).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See, also</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Capform</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC 1374 (No. 99–0322, 2001);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Baker Tank Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1177 (No. 90–1786, 1995). Here, First Marine’s own safety manual states it is the responsibility of supervisors to train their crew members in confined and enclosed spaces and dangerous atmosphere safety. The supervisors knew they were not providing the required training and their knowledge is imputed to First Marine. Therefore, the Secretary has<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">established</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>First Marine knew of the hazardous condition. Thus, the Court concludes the Secretary has established First Marine violated § 1915.12(d)(1) and Cit</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ation 2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, Item 3 must be<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">affirmed.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Characterization of the Violation</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Secretary alleges<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">violation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was willful. The Sixth Circuit has held “that a willful violation is action ‘taken knowledgeably by one subject to the statutory provisions in disregard of the action's legality.’”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Nat'l</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Eng'g & Contracting Co. v. Herman</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 181 F.3d 715, 721 (6th Cir. 1999) (quoting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Empire–Detroit Steel Div. v. Occupational Safety and Health Review Comm'n</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 579 F.2d 378, 383 (6th Cir.1978)). “A willful violation occurs where the employer is ‘</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">conscious’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the requirements of a rule and ‘nonetheless ... consciously continues’ in its contrary practice.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(quoting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Donovan v. Capital City Excavating Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 712 F.2d 1008, 1010 (6th Cir.1983)). “Conduct is willful if it is ‘intentional, deliberate, and voluntary.’”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(quoting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>First Marine knew it was required to provide safety training in confined and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">enclosed spaces</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and dangerous atmospheres. This requirement is incorporated in its safety manual. It knew its employees are routinely required to enter confined and enclosed spaces and dangerous atmospheres are common in shipyard employment. Its supervisors, to whom First Marine delegated the responsibility of training the employees, knew they<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">were not providing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the training. Thorn conceded First Marine was not following its own safety procedures. The Court concludes First Marine demonstrated plain indifference to employee safety. This is evident in supervisor Jones’s lack of urgency when he detected gas aboard the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and First Marine’s choice of Conaway as safety director.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Thorn, Miller, and Bynum, who were not on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the morning of January 19, 2018, testified to the rapid, forceful action they would take if they knew a strong gas odor was detected aboard the vessel.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref55" href="#ftn55">55</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Their hypothetical decisive action contrasts with supervisor Jones’s mild response to the odor. His lack of urgency lulled other workers into a false sense of safety. A Thermal employee stated he was not worried about the gas odor. He believed if workers were permitted to stay on the vessel, it was safe. “I figured if it was something to be concerned about, they wouldn’t let us on the boat.” (Tr. 69.) Another Thermal employee testified everyone in his crew detected the odor when they boarded the vessel, but no one directed them to stop work or leave. “[T]hey didn’t act like there was even a problem.” (Tr. 103.) A third Thermal employee stated he stayed aboard the towboat despite smelling gas because he “figured if it was a big problem nobody would be on the boat.” (Tr. 214.) Had Jones himself been adequately trained he would have responded to the pervasive strong odor of gas with more diligence.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>First Marine originally hired Conaway for his background as a purchasing agent. He conceded he did not feel qualified to work as a safety director when<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Marine promoted him to that position. First Marine did not provide Conaway with safety training, other than to let him know there was a copy of its safety manual in the office, which Conaway was still working his way through at the time of the explosion. Despite being the safety director of a shipyard, Conaway was not familiar with OSHA’s § 1915 maritime standards (Tr. 888). Conaway was uncertain of his own authority in correcting employees since First Marine had not informed him of the scope of his authority (Tr. 885-86).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Indifference to employee safety is manifested in the behavior of Jones, as a First Marine supervisor, who shrugged off responsibility to stop work or notify Thorn or another First Marine management official that a pervasive odor of gas was present aboard the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Indifference to employee safety is also manifested by First Marine’s hiring of Conaway as its safety director. It is evident to the Court, as it was self-evident to Conaway, that he was ill-equipped for the position. Once Conaway was in the position, First Marine did not provide him with training, safety documentation, or a description of his responsibilities and authority as safety director. It is clear employee safety was not a paramount concern for First Marine. The Court concludes First Marine committed a willful violation of § 1915.12(d)(1).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 2, Item 3</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In Citation 2, Item 3, the Secretary alleges First Marine committed a willful violation of § 1915.14(b)(1) on January 19, 2018, for “exposing employees to fire and explosion hazards” when it permitted “employees to perform hot work . . . in an enclosed space with a dangerous atmosphere below the deck locker, where flammable gas was present, without the space being tested to assure it contained no concentration of flammable vapors equal to or greater than 10 percent of the lower explosive limit[.]” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Compl</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Ex. A p. 21 of 25.) The Cited Standard provides:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Hot work is not permitted in or on the following spaces or adjacent spaces or other dangerous atmospheres until they have been tested by a competent person and determined to contain no concentrations of flammable vapors equal to or greater than 10 percent of the lower explosive limit:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">) Dry cargo holds,</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(ii) The bilges,</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(iii) The engine room and boiler spaces for which a Marine Chemist or a Coast Guard authorized person certificate is not required under paragraph (a)(1)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">) of this section.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(iv) Vessels and vessel sections for which a Marine Chemist or Coast Guard authorized person certificate is not required under paragraph (a)(1)(iv) of this section, and</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(v)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Land-side</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>confined and enclosed spaces or other dangerous atmospheres not covered by paragraph (a)(1) of this section.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. §<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">1915.14(b)(1).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Does the Cited Standard Apply to the Cited Condition?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Section 1915.14(b)(1) requires the employer to test for concentrations of flammable vapors equal to or greater than 10 percent of the lower explosive limit before it permits hot work to be performed in a dry cargo holds; bilges; the engine room and boiler spaces for which a Marine Chemist or a Coast Guard authorized person certificate is not required under paragraph (a)(1)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">) of this section; vessels and vessel sections for which a Marine Chemist or Coast Guard authorized person certificate is not required under paragraph (a)(1)(iv) of this section; and land-side confined and enclosed spaces or other dangerous atmospheres not covered by paragraph (a)(1) of this section.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>In Item 3, the Secretary identifies the space at issue as the deck locker but does not specify which of the five subsections of § 1915.14(b)(1) applies. The deck locker does not meet the definitions of any of five subsections. The deck locker is designed to store tools and equipment needed on the towboat when it is operational. It is not a cargo hold or a bilge, as listed in subsections (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">) and (ii) of the cited standard. The other three subsections identify areas “for which a Marine Chemist or a Coast Guard authorized person certificate is not required under paragraph (a)(1)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">) of this section.” The Secretary cited First Marine for a violation of §1915.14(a)(1)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">) in Citation 1, Item 7 of the Health Citation for failing to have a Marine Chemist or a Coast Guard authorized person certify the deck locker as “Safe for Hot Work.” According to the terms of §§ 1915.14(a) and (b), if § 1915.14(a) applies to the cited condition, then § 1915.14(b) cannot. The Court concluded<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1915.14(a)(1)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">) applied to the cited condition in Item 7 and affirmed the violation. Therefore, the Court concludes § 1915.14(b) does not apply here and Item 3 must be vacated.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#333333; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref56" href="#ftn56">56</a></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">IV. PENALTY DETERMINATION</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">“[T]he Commission has authority ‘to assess all civil penalties ... giving<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">due consideration</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the appropriateness of the penalty with respect to the size of the business of the employer being charged, the gravity of the violation, the good faith of the employer, and the history of previous violations.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Dunlop v. Rockwell Int'l</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 540 F.2d 1283, 1296 (6th Cir. 1976) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">quoting</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 U.S.C. s 666(j)). “Gravity of violation is the key factor.” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">) “Gravity . . . is based on the number of employees exposed, duration of exposure, likelihood of injury, and precautions taken against injury.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">., 20 BNA OSHC 2196, 2201 (No. 00- 1052, 2005) (citation omitted). “The other factors are concerned with the employer generally and are considered as modifying factors.”'<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Natkin & Co. Mech. Contractors,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">1 BNA OSHC 1204, 1205 n.3 (No. 401, 1973).<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine employs approximately 300 employees (Tr. 955). Therefore, it is not entitled to a reduction in the penalties based upon its size. Since OSHA had previously cited First Marine for violations of the Act (Tr. 956), it is also not entitled to a reduction in the penalties based upon a lack of history of penalties. The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Court also</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>concluded First Marine is not entitled to a credit for good faith since any basis for finding good faith is diminished by First Marine’s “failure to adequately prepare and train” its employees, “which demonstrates a lack of good faith.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">MEI Holdings, Inc</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">., 18 BNA OSHC 2025, 1029 (No. 96-740, 2000).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See also Gen. Motors,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">22 BNA OSHC 1019, 1057 (Nos. 91-2834E & 91-2950, 2007) (giving no credit for good faith when management tolerated and encouraged hazardous work practices).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Court concludes that with Citation No 1, Item 7 of the Health Citation, the gravity of this violation is high. Failure to have a Marine Chemist certify a space that contains a dangerous atmosphere prior to the performance of hot work as “Safe for Hot Work” exposed employees to combustion hazards. Giving<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">due consideration</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the appropriateness of the penalty with respect to the size of the business of the employer being charged, the gravity of the violation, the good faith of the employer, and the history of previous violations, the Court concludes a penalty of $12,934 is appropriate. The Court concludes that with Citation 2, Item 2 of the Health Citation, the gravity of this violation is also high. First Marine failed to train employees in safe procedures when working in confined and enclosed spaces and dangerous atmospheres. Without this training, the employees were deprived of crucial information that could protect them from serious physical harm or death. Giving due consideration to the appropriateness of the penalty with respect to the size of the business of the employer being charged, the gravity of the violation, the good faith of the employer, and the history of previous violations, the Court concludes a penalty of $129,336 is appropriate. Accordingly,</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">VI. ORDER<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">remaining cited items of the Safety Citations are<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">VACATED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">remaining cited items of the Health Citations are<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">VACATED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>except Citation 1, Item 7 and Citation 2, Item 2, which are both<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">AFFIRMED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, with penalty<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ASSESSMENTS</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of $12,934 and $129,336 respectively.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">SO</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span>ORDERED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; color:#000000; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>First Judge John B. Gatto</span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Dated</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">: April</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>19, 2021</span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Atlanta, GA<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<hr/>"
      <div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn-1" href="#ftnref-1"></a> </p>
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				<p>
					<a name="ftn0" href="#ftnref0"></a> </p>
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				<p style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn1" href="#ftnref1"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">1 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">upper engine room is located on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">boat’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">main deck. It has exterior doorways on the starboard and port sides of the vessel with three interior doorways leading to the generator room, the control room, and a hallway to the galley. The upper engine room also has several exterior window openings. </span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; ">
					<a name="ftn2" href="#ftnref2"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">2 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The lower engine room, located on the bottom deck of the vessel, was accessible to workers by a stairway located in the middle of the upper engine room</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>floor. The lower engine room<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">does</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>not have any windows and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>surrounded by bulkheads.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; ">
					<a name="ftn3" href="#ftnref3"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">3 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The cause of the explosion and where it originated is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">not known</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, and the parties stipulated that OSHA did not determine the type of gas that exploded or its source as part of its investigation. The United States Coast Guard and Kentucky State Police both investigated the incident and were not able to determine the explosion’s cause. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Nonetheless, the cause of the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>explosion</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>irrelevant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">here, as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">it has no bearing on the training violation at issue on review.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; ">
					<a name="ftn4" href="#ftnref4"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">4 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>In its petition for discretionary review, as well as in both of its review briefs, First Marine argues that the judge erred in finding the cited<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">training<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">standard applied</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">W</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">e<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">decline to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>address<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">this issue</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ee S. Scrap Materials Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">1596,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1599 n.1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 94-3393, 2011)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">(“Although the parties briefed Citation 2, Item 40, as requested, we decline to review the judge’s disposition of this item.”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">; 29 C.F.R. § 2200.92(a) (“The issues to be decided on review are within the discretion of the Commission.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; ">
					<a name="ftn5" href="#ftnref5"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">5 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Sixth Circuit is a relevant circuit here, as First Marine’s shipyard is in Kentucky. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 U.S.C. § 660(a) (“Any person adversely affected or aggrieved by an order of the Commission . . . may obtain . . . review . . . in any United States court of appeals for the circuit in which the violation is alleged to have occurred or where the employer has its principal office, or in the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . . . .”); s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ee<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Kerns Bros. Tree Serv</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">., 18 BNA OSHC 2064, 2067 (No. 96-1719, 2000) (Commission generally applies law of the circuit where it is probable a case will be appealed).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn6" href="#ftnref6"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">6 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">One First Marine employee who was not present<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the day of the explosion testified that he had received safety training from the company. Adam Leroy, a First Marine welder, stated that when he started with the company in 2017, he was trained on working in confined spaces through hands-on learning while paired with an experienced employee. The judge stated that he was not discrediting Leroy’s testimony about the training he received but also noted that “Leroy did not work on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>after the vessel left dry dock.” We find that even if Leroy’s testimony<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">is credited</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, it does not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">alter or outweigh</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the collective testimony of the five employees who said they had not been trained</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on these hazards</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; ">
					<a name="ftn7" href="#ftnref7"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">7 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>As<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">noted</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, the judge<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">essentially<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">discredited the supervisors’ testimony due to what he viewed as their purported motivation to “close ranks.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">While the Commission typically defers to a judge’s demeanor-based credibility findings, the judge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">’s finding</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>here<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">is not</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">demeanor-based. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See E.R. Zeiler Excavating Inc</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">., 24 BNA OSHC 2050, 2057 (No. 10-0610, 2014) (appropriate for Commission to defer to judge’s demeanor-based credibility findings when supported by the record). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">In addition,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">discrediting</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">their<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">testimony<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">entirely is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>inconsistent with the record given</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, as discussed below, at least one employee (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">B.K.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">) corroborated testimony from his supervisor that daily work meetings were held in the boat’s breezeway. Thus, w</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">hile we</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>disagree with</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the judge’s wholesale rejection of this testimony, we f</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ind that the supervisors’ testimony is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">simply<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">outweighed by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the testimony<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the five employees wh</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ose statements and actions demonstrate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">their<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">safety<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">training was lacking. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn8" href="#ftnref8"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">8 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Thorn further testified that First Marine<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">hired an outside company to provide employee training on torch safety and how to use gas lines in a safe manner, but he did not state whether this occurred prior to the explosion, nor did he identify which employees, other than himself, participated.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">We note that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">when asked about the training they received from First Marine,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">none of the employees mentioned<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">this<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">particular</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>training</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; ">
					<a name="ftn9" href="#ftnref9"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">9 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Byrum<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">testified that the training he provided employees was not documented. According to Thorn, however, the company had sign-in sheets from the breezeway meetings<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Byrum held<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">provided them to its counsel, but<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">these documents<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">are not in the record. Although</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">as noted</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the judge relied on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>presumed failure to document</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>its</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>training as a basis for affirming the violation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">at issue here</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">given that such documentation is required under a separate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">shipyard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">provision</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">1915.12(d)(5)),</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>First Marine was not cited for a violation of that provision. As such, we reject the judge’s reliance on this testimony and do not consider it here in analyzing noncompliance with the provision</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">actually</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>cited</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; ">
					<a name="ftn10" href="#ftnref10"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">10 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Jones testified that he had</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>been trained<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">in 2011<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">by a previous employer as a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">competent person</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>under OSHA’s shipyard standard but was not designated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">by First Marine<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">to serve in th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>capacity at the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>shipyard. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1915.4(o) (defining<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">competent person</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">as one</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">who is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">capable of recognizing and evaluating employee exposure to hazardous substances or to other unsafe conditions and . . . specifying the necessary protection and precautions to be taken to ensure the safety of employees as required by the particular regulation under the condition to which it applies”). Byrum had also been<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">previously<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">trained as a competent person</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>but<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">he too<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">was not designated to serve as one at the shipyard. Thorn and another supervisory employee<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">served</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the shipyard’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>competent persons.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn11" href="#ftnref11"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">11 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>First Marine has a Safety and Health Manual, which includes a Hot Work section stating: “The Supervisor or Safety Manager is responsible for training and implementation of the outlined procedures.” Similarly, the Fire Safety Plan in the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">m</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">anual states: “The Supervisor is responsible for training employees and implementation of the outlined procedures.” The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">m</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">anual “encourage[s]” employees “to report hazards and unsafe conditions in the workplace to their supervisor”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and provides that a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">supervisor will take prompt and appropriate action to determine if a hazard exists and to correct a hazard. The Hot Work and Fire Safety Plan sections of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">m</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">anual also provide requirements for hot work issues such as ventilation, testing, and permits. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; ">
					<a name="ftn12" href="#ftnref12"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">12 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The judge also relied on testimony from Thorn, who acknowledged on direct examination that First Marine’s hot work procedures were not being followed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">morning</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">of the explosion</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">but stated o</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">n cross-examination</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that he had</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>previously</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>tested the entire vessel<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">twice<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">and deemed it safe for hot work. Contrary to the judge, we read this testimony as not pertaining to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>lack of training, so we do not rely on it.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; ">
					<a name="ftn13" href="#ftnref13"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">13 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>First Marine also claims that in his willful analysis, the judge inappropriately relied on testimony from Thermal Control employees who,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">First Marine</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>contends, have an incentive to exaggerate or misstate the truth because they have filed civil lawsuits against<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the company</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The judge cited<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">their<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">testimony in finding that Jones’ lack of urgency in responding to the gas odor lulled workers on the boat into a false sense of safety. As discussed below,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">we find<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Jones’ actions that day</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">do not rise to the level of plain indifference and therefore</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">do<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">not</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>rely on this testimony.</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:0cm; ">
					<a name="ftn14" href="#ftnref14"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">14 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Indeed, a failure to instruct employees on the hazards of confined or enclosed spaces and other areas with dangerous atmospheres could, and potentially did in this instance, cause fatal and other serious injuries to employees. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Pressure Concrete Constr., Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC at 2018 (characterizing failure to train violation under § 1926.21(b)(2) as serious when a worker was killed because it was “abundantly clear that the consequences of [the employer’s] failure to instruct its employees could result in serious harm”).  <span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
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						</span>The Court issued an order granting the motion of James A. Lang, I, James A. Lang, II, Tyler C. Wedeking, Thomas E. Wilkerson, and Zachery W. Ford to withdraw as intervenors in this action.</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn16" href="#ftnref16"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">16 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Secretary’s theory is the explosion originated in the deck locker, where propylene flowed through a gas hose allegedly left there overnight (</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Compl’t’s</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br., p.1). First Marine contends the ignition source of the explosion was a propane-fueled portable heater allegedly being used improperly by a subcontractor’s employees in the center potable water tank on the lower deck of the towboat (</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Resp’t’s</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br., p, 10;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">see also</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Ex. R-9, pp. 2-3).<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn17" href="#ftnref17"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">17 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>A “Compliance Safety and Health Officer” is “a person authorized by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, to conduct inspections.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">29 C.F.R.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">§1903.22(d).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn18" href="#ftnref18"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">18 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Secretary of Labor has assigned responsibility for enforcement of the Act to OSHA and has delegated his authority under the Act to the Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health, who heads OSHA.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Order 8-2020,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Delegation of Authority and Assignment of Responsibility to the Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">, 85 Fed. Reg. 58393 (Sept. 18, 2020),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">superseding </span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Order No. 1–2012, 77 Fed. Reg. 3912 (Jan. 25, 2012).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">The Assistant Secretary has redelegated his authority to OSHA’s Area Directors to issue citations and proposed penalties.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 C.F.R. §§ 1903.14(a) and 1903.15(a). The terms “Secretary” and “OSHA” are used interchangeably herein.</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
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						</span>Commission Rule 30(d) provides that “[s]</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">tatements</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in a pleading may be adopted by reference in a different part of the same pleading or in another pleading or in any motion. A copy of any written instrument which is an exhibit to a pleading is a part thereof for all purposes.” 29 C.F.R §2200.30(d). Attached to the complaints<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">and also</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>adopted by reference were the citations, which were “a part thereof for all purposes.”</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn20" href="#ftnref20"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">20 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>On January 30, 2020, the parties filed a Joint Notification of Partial Settlement and pursuant to Commission Rule 10, 29 C.F.R. § 2200.10, the settled citation items were severed from the original cases and were disposed of in a new case under Docket No. 20-0178.</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn21" href="#ftnref21"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">21 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Act contemplates various grades of violations of the statute and its attendant regulations</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">—“</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">willful”; “repeated”; “serious”; and those “determined not to be of a serious nature” (the Commission refers to the latter as “other-than-serious”). 29 U.S.C. § 666.</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn22" href="#ftnref22"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">22 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Twenty-five witnesses testified at the trial. Eleven of the witnesses (including carpenters, electricians, welders, and supervisors) were working for First Marine the day of the explosion. Four witnesses had been working for subcontractor Thermal and Fabrication; one witness had been working for subcontractor Rupke’s Blasting and Painting; two witnesses had been working for subcontractor<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Hutco</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">, and one witness had worked for subcontractor Wise Staffing. These nineteen witnesses were either aboard the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">William<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">or nearby on the dock string when the vessel exploded on January 18, 2018. Two management officials from Western Rivers Boat Management Inc. (the owner of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">) testified, as did an expert in forensic fire and explosion investigations hired by First Marine. An investigator for the Kentucky State Police testified, as well as the two Compliance Safety and Health Officers that investigated the explosion.</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn23" href="#ftnref23"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">23 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">All arguments not expressly addressed have nevertheless been considered and rejected. If any finding is in truth a conclusion of law, or if any stated conclusion is in truth a finding of fact, it shall be deemed so.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn24" href="#ftnref24"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">24 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The dock string comprises a series of barges permanently moored on the Tennessee River. Vessels are moored to the dock string and workers access vessels from the individual barges of the dock string. The barges are connected to the riverbed by spuds (long poles) which allow the barges to float up and down with the vessels, but not back and forth (Tr. 616, 658, 1406, 1448).</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn25" href="#ftnref25"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">25 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The company’s name also appears as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Rupcke</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in some exhibits and case documents. The Court uses the spelling that appears in the trial transcript.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn26" href="#ftnref26"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">26 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Expert witness Michael Schulz explained that propane and propylene are odorless gasses. Manufacturers add mercaptans to the odorless gases as a “safety strategy . . . so that leaks can be detected</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">. . . .</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Mercaptans are described as what’s called a high odor impact material</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">. . . .</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>[T]</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">hey’ve</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>often been described by chemists as the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">stinkiest</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>material liquid, gas or solid in the world. Biggest smell for the smallest amount.” (Tr. 1289.)</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
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						</span>Several of the injured workers testified at the trial, which began approximately two years after the explosion. Some of them continued to suffer from the effects of the blast and were in noticeable physical discomfort as they testified. One of the workers described his injuries: “Liver, my<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">lungs</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and my spleen. Broke all my ribs in the front. Broke them all in the back, plus my backbone. Broke my arm. Messed my shoulder up. Broke my leg, my knee right above the kneecap.” (Tr. 70.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn28" href="#ftnref28"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">28 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Under the Act, an employer may seek review in the court of appeals in the circuit in which the violation occurred, the circuit in which the employer’s principal office is located, or the District of Columbia Circuit. 29 U.S.C. § 660(a). The Secretary may seek review in the circuit in which the violation occurred or in which the employer has its principal office. 29 U.S.C. § 660(b). “[I]n general, ‘[w]here it is highly probable that a Commission decision would be appealed to a particular circuit, the Commission has ... applied the precedent of that circuit in deciding the case—even though it may differ from the Commission's precedent.’”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Dana Container, Inc.,</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>25 BNA OSHC 1776, 1828 n.10 (No. 09-1184, 2015),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">, 847 F.3d 495 (7th Cir. 2017). This case arose in Kentucky, located in the Sixth Circuit, where First Marine also has its principal office. Therefore, the Court applies the precedent of the Sixth Circuit in deciding the case, where it is highly probable that a Commission decision would be appealed.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn29" href="#ftnref29"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">29 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Whavers</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>recommended the Secretary cite First Marine for “the use of a forced air propane heater in an<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">enclosed space</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.” (Tr. 934) (</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">emphasis added</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">). However, the Secretary did not include the term “enclosed space” in the alleged violative description of the citation, but rather, elected to include it only in the paragraph addressing abatement. A “workplace hazard cannot be defined in terms of a particular abatement method.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Otis Elevator Co.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 21 BNA OSHC 2204, 2207 (No. 03-1344, 2007). First Marine failed to object at trial that the evidence of the enclosed space was not within the issues raised in the pleadings, and at trial the parties litigated the issue of whether the lower engine room was an enclosed space. “When an issue not raised by the pleadings is tried by the parties' express or implied consent, it must be treated in all respects as if raised in the pleadings.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15. Therefore, the Court concludes the issue of whether the portable heater was used in an “enclosed space” was tried by consent of the parties.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn30" href="#ftnref30"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">30 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">The Secretary claims post-explosion photographs of the area where the heater was located the morning of January 19, 2018, “are the best evidence” that the heater was being used in an enclosed space, which according to the Secretary, is corroborated by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Whavers</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">’ testimony<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">the heater was being used in a compartment “off to the side of the [lower] engine room,” which sits below the water line.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Compl’t’s</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">, p. 60) (</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">citing</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Tr. 971-72;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Ex. C-23, Ex. C-24, Ex. C-25). The Court finds no merit in this argument. The Court does not find persuasive and therefore does not credit the testimony of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Whavers</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with respect to the location of the heater prior to the explosion since he observed the location of the heater<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">after</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the explosion.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Rupke employee Ford testified the heater was at the bottom of the stairway when he replaced the propane tank connected to it (Tr. 246).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Multiple employees also testified they observed the heater at the foot of the stairway before the explosion<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">(Tr. 99, 186-87, 246, 371). The eyewitness testimony is corroborated by the testimony of Michael Schulz, a forensic fire and explosion investigator and analyst called as an expert witness by First Marine. He inspected the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">William<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">on January 22, 2018, three days after the explosion, found the Remington heater at issue and examined it (Tr. 1332-33). Schulz testified he did not find the Remington heater at the base of the stairs where workers testified it had been used, but “closer towards the aft of the vessel.” (Tr. 1302.) Schulz opined the dislocation resulted from “the explosion dynamics” that propelled objects “away from the stairs because of the pressure wave coming from” the explosion (Tr. 1302). The Court credits the testimony of Schulz and the eyewitnesses and finds the heater was at the bottom of the stairway before the explosion.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn31" href="#ftnref31"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">31 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Secretary also asserts in his post-trial brief that the size of an outside air opening required for adequate ventilation of the 125,000 BTU heater would be 3.6 square feet (</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Compl’t’s</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">, p. 60, n. 39).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">However, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Secretary provided no measurement or calculations as to how he concluded 3.6 square feet was required, cited to no evidence in the record establishing the actual size of the outside air openings, and offered no evidence of how the actual ventilation was inadequate since the plastic tarps on the upper engine room door and window openings had been moved aside to air out the upper engine room once workers detected the gas odor.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn32" href="#ftnref32"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">32 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“S</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">hipyard employment” means “ship repairing, shipbuilding, shipbreaking and related employments.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1915.2(</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">“Ship repair” and “ship repairing” mean “any repair of a vessel including, but not restricted to, alterations, conversions, installations, cleaning, painting, and maintenance work.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1915.2(j). “S</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">hipbuilding” means “the construction of a vessel including the installation of machinery and equipment.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1915.2(k). “R</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">elated employment” means “any employment performed as an incident to or in conjunction with ship repairing, shipbuilding or shipbreaking work, including, but not restricted to, inspection, testing, and employment as a watchman.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1915.2(m).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn33" href="#ftnref33"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">33 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>A ramp must be provided in conformity with § 1915.74(c)(1), which provides: “Ramps for access of vehicles to or between barges shall be of adequate strength, provided with side boards, well maintained and properly secured.” 29 C.F.R. § 1915.74(c)(1). A walkway must be provided in conformity with § 1915.74(a)(7), which mandates that “[i]f the foot of the gangway is more than one foot away from the edge of the apron, the space between them shall be bridged by a firm walkway equipped with railings, with a minimum height of approximately 33 inches with<span>
					</span>midrails<span><span></span>
					</span>on both sides.” 29 C.F.R. § 1915.74(a)(7). A Jacob's ladder must “be of the double rung or flat tread type ... shall be well maintained and properly<span>
					</span>secured[,]” and “shall either hang without slack from its lashings or be pulled up entirely.” 29 C.F.R. § 1915.74(d).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn34" href="#ftnref34"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">34 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>First Marine electrician Victor Pineda explained the stairs lead to “the carpenter shop, and you can take a right and you can get on the boat that way, too.” (Tr. 407.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn35" href="#ftnref35"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">35 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Q.: Was anything covering that [capstan] hole on the morning of the accident?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">B.K.: Yes, plywood.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Q.: Okay. Now, I'd like to talk about the hole -- the six by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">eight foot</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>hole was anything covering that on the morning of the accident?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">B.K.: Yes. Two by twelves.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Q.: Okay. Was the hole completely covered up?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">B.K.: Yes.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Q.: You indicated previously that you set up some fans<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">in order to</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>ventilate that space?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">B.K. Yeah.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Q.: Did you move the boards<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">in order to</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>set up the fans?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">B.K. Yeah, that's what held the fans up there the boards. I moved it back and slid it back so to hold the fans.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Q.: Okay. You<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">actually used</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the boards to hold the fans in the space?<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">B.K.: Right. Yeah.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">(Tr. 480-81)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn36" href="#ftnref36"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">36 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Court finds the deck locker was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">not</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>an enclosed space when the openings in the overhead were not covered by plywood and boards.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn37" href="#ftnref37"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">37 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Court groups these citations and items together since the analysis and disposition is the same for each.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn38" href="#ftnref38"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">38 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Aboard the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">, workers used propane, propylene, diesel, and kerosene in their equipment and heaters. These substances are flammable and combustible. The heaters produced carbon monoxide, a toxic gas (Tr. 1041-42). Thus, the space where the work was being performed contained “combustible or flammable liquids or gases” and “liquids, gases, or solids that are toxic, corrosive or irritant.”</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn39" href="#ftnref39"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">39 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>A “visual inspection” is “the physical survey of the space, its surroundings and contents to identify hazards ...” 29 C.F.R. § 1915.11(b).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn40" href="#ftnref40"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">40 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Although only the introductory paragraph of Item 4a alleges First Marine failed to ensure spaces were “visually inspected” and tested, the Secretary does cite in his brief to the deposition of First Marine’s Rule 30(b)(6) witness that admitted a “competent person did not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">visually inspect</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or test any of the spaces on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in the 12-hour period prior to the explosion.” (</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Compl’t’s</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br., p. 69; Ex. C-35, p. 21) (emphasis added). Therefore, even if Item 4a was unartfully drafted, the issue of visual inspections was tried by consent.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn41" href="#ftnref41"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">41 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>This does not mean an employer can test spaces once and never again concern itself with potentially dangerous atmospheres in its workplace. Retesting is required under § 1915.15 (Maintenance of Safe Conditions) when conditions change. For example, § 1915.15(e) provides: “<span style="color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">After a competent person has conducted a visual inspection and tests required in §§ 1915.12, 1915.13, and 1915.14 of this part and determined a space to be safe for an employee to enter, he or she shall continue to test and visually inspect spaces as often as necessary to ensure that the required atmospheric conditions within the tested space are maintained.”<span>
						</span></span>However, the Secretary has not cited First Marine for violations under the relevant retesting provisions of § 1915.15 (Maintenance of Safe Conditions).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn42" href="#ftnref42"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">42 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>In Citation<span>
					</span>1, Item<span><span></span>
					</span>5, the Secretary alleges a “serious” violation of § 1915.12(b)(1)(i) and in Citation 2, Item 1 alleges a “willful” violation of § 1915.12(b)(1)(ii). Subparagraphs (1)(i) and (1)(ii) are connected by the conjunction “and.” Therefore, to comply with § 1915.12(b)(1), First Marine must meet the requirements of both subparagraphs (i) and (ii).<span>
					</span>Therefore<span><span></span>
					</span>the Court analyzes the cited subparagraphs together.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.33cm; ">
					<a name="ftn43" href="#ftnref43"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">43 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“In the hierarchy of law, </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_cosearchterm style_cosearchterm " style="color:#252525; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">language</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_copinpointicon style_copinpointicon " style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> </span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> is</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_cosearchterm style_cosearchterm " style="color:#252525; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">king</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. Words matter in constitutions, treaties, statutes, rules, cases, and contracts.” </span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Pottinger v. City of Miami</span>, 805 F.3d 1293 (11th Cir. 2015)<span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. Here, the Secretary could have moved to amend the citation language to track the language of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">standard</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>but he elected not to.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.33cm; ">
					<a name="ftn44" href="#ftnref44"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">44 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>footnote 29.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn45" href="#ftnref45"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">45 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">named organization must designate one or more officers, directors, or managing agents, or designate other persons who consent to testify on its behalf; and it may set out the matters on which each person designated will testify.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(b)(6).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn46" href="#ftnref46"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">46 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Citation 1, Item 5 alleging a serious violation of § 1915.12(b)(1)(</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">) is addressed with Citation 2, Item alleging a willful violation of § 1915.12(b)(1)(ii).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn47" href="#ftnref47"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">47 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>A Thermal employee smelled an odor like “[g]as and oil,” and stated he had not detected an odor like that before on the towboat (Tr. 66). Another Thermal employee detected the odor and developed “a bad headache,” and stated, “[E]</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">verybody</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>else on our crew felt the same way</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">. . . .</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>But we just thought it was just another smell.” (Tr. 102-03.) A third Thermal employee noticed “a very heavy” gas odor as soon as he entered the upper engine room. “[I]t was very disturbing to smell it.” (Tr. 140.) A fourth Thermal employee detected the odor when he entered the upper engine room. “[I]t reeked like rotten eggs</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">. . . .</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>I know what propane smells like.” (Tr. 190.) A First Marine electrician smelled gas in the lower engine room, where he had never smelled it before (Tr. 347-49). Another First Marine electrician also caught a whiff of gas in the lower engine room. “[I]t was just something that you don’t usually smell.” (Tr. 389.) A First Marine carpenter stated a co-worker warned him, “Don’t light a cigarette. Do you smell that gas? It’s strong.” (Tr. 422.) An employee of Wise Staffing told OSHA, “The smell was very potent, felt like a smack in the face.” (Tr. 302.) Several other workers aboard the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that morning stated they either smelled a strong gas odor or heard their co-workers say they smelled it upon boarding the vessel at approximately 7:00 a.m. (Tr. 464, 562, 604, 637-39, 674-75, 689-90, 776-77 79).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn48" href="#ftnref48"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">48 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Robert Miller, First Marine’s carpenter superintendent, stated in his deposition that Voss supervised “First Marine guys that worked in his group,” and Miller regarded Voss as their supervisor (Tr. 611). In his deposition, Miller stated he instructed Brad Stafford, a carpenter employee of Wise Staffing, to report carpentry-related issues to him and “[a]s far as all other issues on the vessel, vessel management at the time, he would report to or notify Greg Voss.” (Tr. 312-13.) Henry Scott, First Marine’s supervisor of laborers, was asked who was acting as supervisor on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the day of the explosion. He replied, “I thought it was Greg Voss.” (Tr. 778.) In his deposition testimony, First Marine superintendent Ronnie Thorn stated that Greg Voss was the supervisor of B.K. and the fitter “[a]t the time of the accident.” (Tr. 817.) He said that after the William moved from dry dock to the water, Voss supervised B.K. and the fitter, and he had “the authority to fire them if they did something wrong.” (Tr. 821.) He also had authority to discipline them (Tr. 822-23). At the trial, Thorn altered his characterization of Voss’s authority. “I simply asked [him] to keep an eye on our guys, no more than I would have asked one of the other experienced guys to check in on them from time to time.” (Tr. 820.) Thorn testified First Marine no longer asks<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Hutco</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to “provide a supervisor with their crew. We manage those employees ourselves.” (Tr. 865.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn49" href="#ftnref49"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">49 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The morning of January 19, 2018, Voss boarded the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a little after 7:00 (Tr. 632). Between 7:15 and 7:30, he encountered the fitter for First Marine who was working with B.K. in the deck locker (Tr. 635). Voss stated the fitter “told me that he believed the night shift had left his torch hose on, and that it filled the bow up with a gas leak.” (Tr. 636.) Then a painter told Voss he smelled gas in the engine room. Voss stated, “I started walking around to see if I could smell it,” because “that was the second time that I’d heard somebody mention gas.” (Tr. 638.) Voss testified he smelled gas “briefly at one point, but it was just like a residual smell that you would smell on a daily basis” while he was standing on the bow (Tr. 638-39.) Voss went to the deck locker to check on First Marine employees B.K. and the fitter. “</span>I asked them<span>
					</span>if they<span><span></span>
					</span>had checked their torch and torch hose. They told me they<span>
					</span>did<span><span></span>
					</span>and they weren't leaking. Nor could I smell it. They had already start[ed] cutting and they were smoking cigarettes, so I didn't worry about it anymore. I walked back out and just assumed that it was gas just when they<span>
					</span>was<span><span></span>
					</span>lighting up the torch.”<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(Tr. 641-42.)</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn50" href="#ftnref50"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">50 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>First Marine attempts to use Voss as a sword and a shield on the issue of employer knowledge. It relies on his status as a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Hutco</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employee to deflect imputation of knowledge, but argues Jones appropriately<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">abdicated his</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>responsibility to deal with the situation to Voss (who took no steps to halt work or conduct testing).<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn51" href="#ftnref51"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">51 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Section 1915.12(d)(2) lists the training that is required. It requires t</span><span style="color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">he employer ensure that each employee who enters a confined space, enclosed space, or other areas with dangerous atmospheres is trained to: “(</span><span style="color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">i</span><span style="color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">) Recognize the characteristics of the confined space; (ii) Anticipate and be aware of the hazards that may be faced during entry; (iii) Recognize the adverse health effects that may be caused by the exposure to a hazard; (iv) Understand the physical signs and reactions related to exposures to such hazards; (v) Know what personal protective equipment is needed for safe entry into and exit from the space; (vi) Use personal protective equipment; and (vii) Where necessary, be aware of the presence and proper use of barriers that may be needed to protect an entrant from hazards.” 29 C.F.R. §<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1915.12(d)(2).</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn52" href="#ftnref52"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">52 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>In the section addressing Citation 1, Item 7 of the Health Citation, the Court notes there is a question of whether Scott was a leadman at the time of the explosion. First Marine promoted him to the position of supervisor between the time of the explosion and the start of the trial (Tr. 773). The Court groups Scott with First Marine’s supervisors for the purpose of analyzing this item.</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn53" href="#ftnref53"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">53 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Section 1915.12(d)(5) provides, “The employer shall certify that the training required by paragraphs (d)(1) through (d)(4) of this section has been accomplished.”</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn54" href="#ftnref54"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">54 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Court does not discredit the testimony of Leroy. It is possible his supervisor provided him with adequate training when he was hired. However, Leroy did not work on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">William</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>after the vessel left dry dock.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn55" href="#ftnref55"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">55 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Court does not credit the testimony of these three supervisors that they would have shut down work, evacuated the vessel, and performed testing. The Court ascribes their testimony to a combination of Monday morning quarterbacking and toeing the company line.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; ">
					<a name="ftn56" href="#ftnref56"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">56 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">In addition, Citation 2, Item 3 of the Health Citation is duplicative of Citation 1, Item 7 of the Health Citation.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Violations are duplicative where the abatement of one violation necessarily results in the abatement of the other</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">. See Flint Eng'g & Constr. Co.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 2052, 2056-57 (No. 90-2873, 1992). The Commission has also found that violations are duplicative where they require the same abatement conduct, </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">see J.A. Jones Constr. Co.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 2201, 2207 (No. 87-2059, 1993); where they involve substantially the same violative conduct, </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">see Cleveland Consol., Inc.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 13 BNA OSHC 1114, 1118 (No. 84-696, 1987); or where they involve the same abatement. </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">E.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Smalis</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Painting Co.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 22 BNA OSHC 1553, 1561 (No. 94-1979, 2009) (citing </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Capform</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 13 BNA OSHC 2219, 2224 (No. 84-0556, 1989), </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">aff'd</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 901 F.2d 1112 (5th Cir. 1990)). Violations are not duplicative where they involve standards directed at fundamentally different conduct, </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">J.A. Jones Constr.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC at 2207, or where the conditions giving rise to the violation are separate and distinct. </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">H.H. Hall Constr. Co.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 10 BNA OSHC 1042, 1046 (No. 76-4765, 1981). Here, the inquiry falls within the category of duplicative violations that may involve the same abatement. </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Capform</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 13 BNA OSHC at 2224.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.318cm; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; "><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">N. E. Precast, LLC</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, Nos. 13-1169 & 1170, 2018 WL 1301480, at *5 (OSHRC Feb. 28, 2018).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The standard cited here requires the competent person to test a space to determine it contains “</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">no concentrations of flammable vapors equal to or greater than 10 percent of the lower explosive limit.” Section 1915.14(a)(1) requires a Marine<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Chemist</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or a U.S. Coast Guard authorized person certify the space as “Safe for Hot Work.” Section 1915.11(b) provides,<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.318cm; margin-right:48px; "><span style="color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Safe for Hot Work" denotes a space that meets<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">all of</span><span style="color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the following criteria:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.318cm; margin-right:48px; "><span style="color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. . .<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.318cm; margin-right:48px; "><span style="color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(2) The concentration of flammable vapors in the atmosphere is less than 10 percent of the lower explosive limit[.]</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.318cm; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
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				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; text-indent:.318cm; "><span style="color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The abatement required by Citation 1, Item 7 of the Health Citation results in the abatement of Citation 2, Item 3 of the Health Citation. The two items are therefore duplicative.</span></p>
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