United States of America 

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION 

1120 20th Street, N.W., 9th Floor 

Washington, DC 20036-3457 

Secretary of Labor, 

Complainant, 

OSHRC Docket No. 18-1529 

v. 

North Shore Strapping Company, 

Respondent. 

Attorneys and Law Firms: 

Lisa A. Cottle, Esq., U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor, Cleveland, Ohio, for 

Complainant 

David M. Leneghan, Esq., Law Offices of David M. Leneghan, for Respondent 

JUDGE: Administrative Law Judge Heather A. Joys 

DECISION AND ORDER 

The relevant facts of this case are not complex. North Shore Strapping Company (North 

Shore) owns a manufacturing facility in Brooklyn Heights, Ohio, that was in need of roof 

replacement after a fire several years ago. Rather than hire a construction contractor to replace 

the roof, North Shore hired workers and used its own management to supervise the work. 

During the course of the roof replacement project, Compliance Safety and Health Officer 

(CSHO) Brian Gang of the Cleveland Area Office of the Occupational Safety and Health 

Administration observed and documented North Shore’s employees and management performing 

the roofing work without, CSHO Gang believed, being protected from falling. He also observed 

an employee riding an aerial lift without using a fall arrest harness. North Shore does not dispute 

its employees and management personnel were working on the roof at a height in excess of 6 feet 

and that fall protection was required. It does not dispute it was not using a personal fall arrest 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

system, guardrails, or safety nets. CSHO Gang’s photographs show no warning line in place for 

at least part of his inspection and an employee in the aerial lift without a fall arrest harness. 

Based on his observations, CSHO Gang recommended North Shore be issued a citation 

alleging four serious violations of OSHA’s fall protection standards. One citation item addresses 

the employee riding the aerial lift without a fall arrest harness, the other three address the fall 

hazard to which employees were exposed on the roof. The Secretary proposes a total penalty of 

$36,216.00 for the citations. North Shore timely contested the citation, bringing the matter 

before the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission pursuant to § 10(c) of the 

Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 29 U.S.C. § 651 (the Act). North Shore contends it 

had a safety monitor in place during the entire project; contends the citations are duplicative; and 

raises the affirmative defenses of isolated employee misconduct and infeasibility of compliance. 

I held a hearing in this matter on May 14, 2019, in Cleveland, Ohio. The parties filed 

post-hearing briefs on July 3, 2019.1 

For the reasons discussed below, Items 1, 2, 3, and 4, Citation 1, are affirmed and a total 

penalty of $20,000.00 is assessed. 

JURISDICTION 

At the hearing, the parties stipulated jurisdiction of this action is conferred upon the 

Commission pursuant to § 10(c) of the Act (Tr. 7). The parties also stipulated at the hearing that 

at all times relevant to this action, North Shore was an employer engaged in a business affecting 

interstate commerce within the meaning of § 3(5) of the Act (Tr. 7). Based on the parties’ 

stipulations and the facts presented, I find North Shore is an employer covered under the Act and 

the Commission has jurisdiction over this proceeding. 

BACKGROUND 

North Shore is a family-owned business located in Brooklyn Heights, Ohio (Tr. 65). 

North Shore’s worksite that was the subject of the inspection is a manufacturing facility at which 

it produces strapping and other packaging materials (Tr. 7). The building is a large warehouse 

type building covering several acres, approximately 25 feet in height with a flat roof (Tr. 19, 87; 

Exh. C-14 p. 6). 

1 To the extent either party failed to raise any arguments in its post-hearing brief, such arguments are deemed 

abandoned. At the hearing, the Secretary moved to amend the citation to add an additional alleged violation. North 

Shore objected. I did not rule on the motion but gave the Secretary the opportunity to brief the issue should he 

intend to pursue the amendment. He did not brief the issue. Accordingly, the motion is moot. 

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In 2018, North Shore was replacing the roof to the Brooklyn Heights facility (Tr. 7). 

David Leneghan testified regarding the circumstances leading up to the roof replacement 

project.

2 In 2015, a fire had destroyed the building (Tr. 66). North Shore chose to rebuild the 

building themselves using hired labor and family members. Mr. Leneghan and his brother, 

Kevin Leneghan supervised the work (Tr. 70-71). Mr. Leneghan testified labor for the roof 

replacement project was composed of factory workers, nieces, nephews, and some new hires (Tr. 

71).3 In addition to renovating the interior of the building, North Shore replaced the damaged 

roof in a two-phase process. Half of the roof replacement was completed in 2016 (Tr. 70). In 

2018, North Shore began the work to replace the second half of the roof (Tr. 71). The work 

began on the second phase of the project in July of 2018. Because they were the only 

supervisors on the job, Mr. Leneghan testified if he or his brother Kevin were not available, no 

roofing work would be performed on that day (Tr. 73-74). Mr. Leneghan testified he was 

responsible for employee safety at North Shore (Tr. 66). North Shore provided workers with 

safety glasses and gloves (Tr. 74). Mr. Leneghan chose to use a warning line system with a 

safety monitor as fall protection for the roofing project. 

The work involved removal of the old tar roof and replacement with a three-layer roof 

(Tr. 87; Exh. C-14 at p. 6). Two layers of poly-iso and one layer of rubber EPDM comprised the 

three layers. Id. The poly-iso boards, which together formed a 3-inch layer, are the light 

material depicted in Exhibit R-4 (Tr. 86, 88). The darker material depicted in Exhibit R-4 is the 

rubber EPDM (Tr. 88). The EPDM sheets measure 30 x 100 feet (Tr. 102). 

On the day of the inspection, Mr. Leneghan testified he and the employees had been 

working for 4 or 5 hours when it came time to place the EPDM sheets at the roof’s edge (Tr. 77). 

2 North Shore called only one witness – its attorney David Leneghan. I allowed Mr. Leneghan to testify over the 

objection of the Secretary. The Secretary objected on the ground the Ohio Code of Professional Responsibility 

prohibits an attorney from testifying as a fact witness in a matter in which he is also counsel of record. Commission 

Rule 22(a) allows a party to “appear in person, through an attorney, or through any non-attorney representative” and 

it is not uncommon in Commission proceedings for company management to serve as both representative and fact 

witness. As a management official of North Shore supervising the roofing work, Mr. Leneghan had relevant factual 

testimony to provide. Fundamental fairness requires Mr. Leneghan be treated in the same manner as a lay 

representative who also chooses to testify. David Leneghan is referred to throughout as “Mr. Leneghan.” Any other 

family member with the same last name is referred to by their first and last name. 

3 On this issue, Mr. Leneghan’s testimony was muddy. He testified some of the workers had construction 

experience and were hired for earlier phases of the reconstruction, but then given factory jobs. Presumably, these 

were the individuals he later described as “shop employees who came up.” (Tr. 91-92, 114) Others were hired in 

2018 with the promise of a future factory job. Mr. Leneghan identified three factory workers who were hired for 

previous construction and now working in the factory as Mike, Manny, and Dave (Tr. 114). These individuals 

appear in the majority of the photographs depicting roofing work. None were called to testify. 

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At that time, the warning lines Mr. Leneghan testified had been in place throughout the project 

were taken down and only a safety monitor was used (Tr. 77-78). The designated safety monitor 

throughout the entire project was Mr. Leneghan’s son, David Leneghan, Jr. (Tr. 78). The EPDM 

sheet was pulled by four workers in a line running south to north, walking backwards toward the 

east side of the building (Tr. 110; Exh. C-7). At some point, the sheet was pulled back so 

adhesive could be rolled on it (Tr. 99-104). The sheet was ultimately placed in such a fashion it 

hung over the edge of the roof (Tr. 104-05; Exhs. R-28, R-29, and R-30). Mr. Leneghan testified 

the work required at the roof’s edge was performed from the aerial lift (Tr. 76).

4 Once the sheets 

were in place, the warning lines were to be replaced. 

On August 13, 2018, the OSHA Cleveland Area Office received an anonymous 

complaint about work at the North Shore facility (Tr. 16). A compliance safety and health 

officer (CSHO) from that office was assigned to conduct an inspection and went to the worksite 

to observe the roofing work on two occasions (Tr. 16). According to CSHO Gang, the practice 

in the Cleveland Area Office is to go to the worksite to inspect and if, after three attempts, no 

work is observed, the complaint file is closed (Tr. 16). The original CSHO went to the worksite 

twice, observing no work on either occasion. He was then called away and the complaint was 

reassigned to CSHO Gang (Tr. 17). CSHO Gang went to the worksite on August 20th. On that 

day, he observed the North Shore employees engaged in roofing work. (Tr. 19). 

CSHO Gang began his inspection by observing and taking photographs from a position 

across the street from North Shore’s facility (Tr. 19). CSHO Gang observed employees working 

on the roof and, he believed, exposed to a fall hazard (Tr. 19). He did not observe any type of 

fall protection in use (Tr. 20). He observed one of the workers lower himself to the ground via 

an aerial lift without first donning a safety harness (Tr. 21-22). He took photographs of this 

conduct (Exh. C-2 and C-3). CSHO Gang observed one of the workers at the roof’s edge 

stepping around the roofing material and placing part of his body over the edge (Tr. 21). 

Because CSHO Gang believed this was an unsafe act, he decided to make entry onto North 

Shore’s property. 

4 Mr. Leneghan did not explain how or what work was performed from the aerial lift with any specificity or clarity. 

None of the photographic evidence submitted by North Shore shows work being performed on the roofing materials 

by an individual in the aerial lift. The record fails to illustrate what, when, or how work was performed from the 

aerial lift. 

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When CSHO Gang arrived at the property, he approached the employee who had been in 

the aerial lift, presented his credential and asked who was “in charge.” (Tr. 22) He asked the 

employee to go get whomever was in charge and alert them OSHA was at the worksite. The 

employee went into the building to retrieve a supervisor. While CSHO Gang waited, he saw the 

workers on the roof placing warning lines at the roof’s edge (Tr. 22). To CSHO Gang’s 

observation, the warning lines were placed less than 6 feet from the edge of the roof. 

Eventually, Mr. Leneghan came out to meet CSHO Gang (Tr. 23-24). The two had what 

both men described as an unproductive conversation during which Mr. Leneghan insisted fall 

protection was in use, while CSHO Gang insisted otherwise (Tr. 24-26, 79-84). 5 Mr. Leneghan 

invited CSHO Gang to go onto the roof and see the conditions for himself, but CSHO Gang 

declined due to his belief doing so would expose him to a fall hazard (Tr. 24, 81). Mr. Leneghan 

pointed out the warning lines and safety monitor to CSHO Gang from the ground. CSHO Gang 

believed neither the warning lines nor safety monitor were adequate and took photographs (Tr. 

25). Ultimately, Mr. Leneghan became frustrated and returned to work, pointing out to CSHO 

Gang the address of the business was printed on the building (Tr. 25). CSHO Gang left the 

worksite and did not return. He did not speak with any of the workers onsite. He held a closing 

conference with Mr. Leneghan via telephone during which he gathered no additional information 

(Tr. 46). 

Based upon his inspection, CSHO Gang recommended citations be issued to North Shore. 

He recommended a citation be issued for the employee’s failure to wear a safety harness while 

riding in the aerial lift in violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.453(b)(2)(v). He recommended this be 

classified as a serious violation due to the potential for a fall from the basket of the lift. He 

recommended a citation be issued for not providing employees on the roof with fall protection in 

violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.501(b)(10). He recommended the violation be classified as serious 

due to the potential for a 25-foot fall to the concrete below. Based on his observation of the 

location of the warning lines, CSHO Gang recommended a citation for a violation of 29 C.F.R. § 

1926.503(f)(1)(i). He recommended that violation be classified as serious because the improper 

5 Mr. Leneghan testified CSHO Gang was agitated and threatened to have him arrested. CSHO Gang testified Mr. 

Leneghan was resistant to having the inspection conducted and told him “I can get a warrant and come back with the 

marshals, and I’m going to do the inspection. We have a complaint and I have jurisdiction to be here.” (Tr. 25). 

CSHO Gang’s testimony was consistent and his demeanor straightforward and calm. I found him credible. I did not 

find Mr. Leneghan a credible witness, as will be discussed infra. I found CSHO Gang’s version of the encounter 

between the two more believable. 

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placement of the lines rendered them ineffective to warn employees (Tr. 45). CSHO Gang 

recommended a citation for a violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.502(h)(1)(iv) be issued based on his 

observations of the position of the safety monitor and because the safety monitor had not warned 

workers of their proximity to the roof’s edge (Tr. 21, 46-47). He recommended this violation be 

classified as serious as well due to the fall hazard. Based upon CSHO Gang’s recommendation, 

the Secretary issued the citations. North Shore timely contested. 

DISCUSSION 

The Citation 

The Secretary has the burden of establishing the employer violated the cited standard. To 

prove a violation of an OSHA standard, the Secretary must show by a preponderance of the 

evidence that (1) the cited standard applies; (2) the employer failed to comply with the terms of 

the cited standard; (3) employees had access to the violative condition; and (4) the cited 

employer either knew or could have known with the exercise of reasonable diligence of the 

violative condition. JPC Group, Inc., 22 BNA OSHC 1859, 1861 (No. 05-1907, 2009). 

Item 1, Citation 1: Alleged violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.453.(b)(2)(v) 

In Item 1, Citation 1, the Secretary alleges a violation of § 1926.453(b)(2)(v) which 

requires use of a body belt and lanyard attached to the boom or basket when an employee is 

working from an aerial lift. The Secretary alleges North Shore allowed employees to use “an 

aerial lift to access the roof” but did not “ensure that they were using fall protection” on or about 

August 20, 2018. 

North Shore does not dispute an aerial lift was being used by employees during the 

course of the roofing work. Nor can it dispute one of its employees utilized the aerial lift to 

lower himself from the roof to the ground without first ensuring he was tied off to the boom or 

basket (Exh. C-2). The Secretary has established the first three elements of the violation. The 

only disputed element of the violation alleged in Item 1 is employer knowledge of the violation. 

Employer Knowledge of the Violative Conduct 

To establish employer knowledge of a violation the Secretary must show the employer 

knew, or with the exercise of reasonable diligence could have known of a hazardous condition. 

Dun Par Engineered Form Co., 12 BNA OSHC 1962, 1965-66 (No. 82-928, 1986). Because 

corporate employers can only obtain knowledge through their agents, the actions and knowledge 

of supervisory personnel are generally imputed to their employers, and the Secretary can make a 

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prima facie showing of knowledge by proving a supervisory employee knew of or was 

responsible for the violation. Todd Shipyards Corp., 11 BNA OSHC 2177, 2179 (No. 77-1598, 

1984); see also Dun Par Engineered Form Co., 12 BNA OSHC 1962 (No. 82-928, 1986) (the 

actual or constructive knowledge of an employer’s foreman can be imputed to the employer). 

Actual knowledge refers to an awareness of the existence of the conditions allegedly in 

noncompliance. Omaha Paper Stock Co., 19 BNA OSHC 2039 (No. 01-3968, 2002). An 

employer is chargeable with knowledge of conditions which are plainly visible to its supervisory 

personnel. A.L. Baumgartner Construction Inc., 16 BNA OSHC 1995, 1998 (No 92-1022, 

1994). 

Where conduct was “readily apparent to anyone who looked,” employers have been 

found to have constructive knowledge. Hamilton Fixture, 16 BNA OSHC 1073, 1091 (No. 88-

1720,1993), aff’d on other grounds, No. 93-3615 (6th Cir. 1994). North Shore’s employee 

entered the aerial lift and rode it to the ground in plain view of Kevin Leneghan. Kevin Leneghan 

is a vice president of North Shore and designated supervisor for the roofing work. His 

constructive knowledge of the violative condition is imputed to North Shore. In order to get into 

the lift, the employee would necessarily have had to walk to the roof’s edge. A conscientious 

safety monitor would have been aware an employee was walking to the edge of the roof and 

noticed his failure to don his fall arrest harness.6 The Secretary has established North Shore had 

constructive knowledge of the violative conditions. 

Unpreventable Employee Misconduct 

North Shore does not dispute its employee operated the aerial lift without first donning a 

fall arrest harness. North Shore provided a fall arrest harness for use in the aerial lift (Exhs. R19, R-20, R-21, R-22, R-23, and R-24). It contends the employees failure to use it was an 

isolated incident of employee misconduct. To prevail on the affirmative defense of 

unpreventable employee misconduct, an employer must show that it has (1) established work 

rules designed to prevent the violation, (2) adequately communicated those rules to its 

employees, (3) taken steps to discover violations, and (4) effectively enforced the rules when 

violations have been discovered. See, e.g., Stark Excavating, Inc., 24 BNA OSHC 2218 (Nos. 

6 Failure to warn the employee of his unsafe act controverts 29 C.F.R. § 1926.501(h)(1)(ii) which requires the safety 

monitor to warn employees “when it appears the employee is unaware of a fall hazard or is acting in an unsafe 

manner.” Mr. Leneghan’s protestations to the contrary are rejected (Tr. 146). 

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09-0004 and 09-0005, 2014), citing Manganas Painting Co., 21 BNA OSHC 1964, 1997 (No. 

94-0588, 2007).7 North Shore has not met that burden. 

To meet its burden, North Shore relied on the uncorroborated testimony of Mr. Leneghan 

North Shore had a rule addressing the requirement to wear a fall arrest harness when in the aerial 

lift, trained its employees on that rule, took measures to ensure its safety rules were followed, 

and administered discipline for violations of its safety rules. North Shore presented no 

documentary evidence of its purported safety policy or rules, safety training, or disciplinary 

policy and practices. North Shore conceded it did not have a written safety and health program 

or written safety rules (Tr. 69). It had no written fall protection program (Tr. 166; see also Exh. 

C-15 at p. 4). None of its training or safety meetings was documented (Exh. C-15 p. 6). To the 

extent documents related to the roofing project ever existed, Mr. Leneghan testified those 

documents were lost (Tr. 169). He testified to having a legal pad in which his notes regarding a 

hazard assessment and inspections of the worksite were documented but that that legal pad had 

been misplaced (Tr. 170-71). North Shore presented no documentation of a disciplinary policy 

or having ever taken a disciplinary action. North Shore presented no corroborating witness 

testimony of the existence of company safety rules on which employees had received training, 

employees were aware they could be disciplined for violations of those rules, or employees had 

observed any note taking, or were otherwise aware, of worksite assessments or inspections. 

Nothing prevented North Shore from calling its own employees or management personnel. 

Because such witnesses were under North Shore’s control, its failure to call them raises an 

inference their testimony would not be favorable.8 Capeway Roofing Systems, Inc., 20 BNA 

OSHC 1331 (No. 00-1968, 2003) (citations omitted); see also Regina Contr. Co., 15 BNA 

OSHC 1044, 1049 ((No. 87-1309, 1991). 

Under the circumstances, North Shore could meet its burden if Mr. Leneghan’s testimony 

was credible and convincing. It was neither. I observed Mr. Leneghan to be easily agitated 

7 “In the Sixth Circuit, [the circuit in which this case arose,] in order to successfully assert this defense, an employer 

must show that it has a thorough safety program, it has communicated and fully enforced the program, the conduct 

of the employee was unforeseeable, and the safety program was effective in theory and practice.” Danis-Shook 

Joint Venture, XXV v. Secretary of Labor, 319 F.3d 805, 812 (6th Cir. 2003) citing CMC Elec. Inc. v. OSHA, 221 

F.3d 861, 866 (6th Cir. 2000). 

8 Among others, North Shore failed to call David Leneghan, Jr., Mr. Leneghan’s son, who purportedly served as 

safety monitor. It also chose not to call Kevin Leneghan who sat through the entirety of the hearing. Mr. 

Leneghan’s statement such testimony would have been duplicative is speculative and given no weight. 

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during his testimony (see, e.g., Tr. 177). He was rambling, unfocused, and evasive when 

providing his narrative testimony. He appeared irritated and became argumentative during cross 

examination (Tr. 154-57, 167-69). This led him to equivocate, contradict himself, or provide 

intentionally nonresponsive answers as in the lengthy exchange in which Mr. Leneghan could 

not provide a definitive answer to a simple question regarding the number of individuals North 

Shore employs (Tr. 158-65). 

Mr. Leneghan’s testimony given in support of North Shore’s employee misconduct 

affirmative defense was inconsistent. With regard to its disciplinary policy and practices, Mr. 

Leneghan testified the company has what is essentially a zero-tolerance policy under which no 

warnings are given (Tr. 69). Any safety related violation results in immediate termination - “It’s 

this. You’re caught, you’re fired. That’s it.” (Tr. 99, 134). Despite this policy, North Shore 

gave a warning to the employee observed in the lift (Tr. 99). Mr. Leneghan testified as a result, 

the employee quit. He attempted to explain this discrepancy as follows: “Manny quit, yes. He 

was not terminated. Well, I mean, you’re terminated but he—we didn’t terminate him.” (Tr. 

173-74)9 

In addition to lacking veracity, Mr. Leneghan’s testimony lacked specificity. Although 

he testified he hired experienced construction workers, he provided no other information as to 

the nature or extent of that experience. He provided no dates or times for his training of 

employees. His testimony regarding the content of the training lacked detail. North Shore’s 

intentional decision to have no written rules, no written safety program, and no written 

disciplinary policy leaves to speculation what the content of those rules and policies might be. 

The record is wanting regarding the content of the hazard assessment and worksite inspections.10 

Without these specifics, North Shore cannot meet its burden. 

North Shore makes much of the fact Mr. Leneghan’s testimony was unrebutted. As the 

D.C. Circuit recognized, 

[a] trial judge may disregard the testimony of a particular witness “even in the 

absence of any direct conflicting testimony. He (the witness) may be contradicted 

9 Mr. Leneghan then went off on a tangent regarding the employee’s personal life (Tr. 174). This manner of 

testifying, which occurred on more than one occasion, left the impression Mr. Leneghan was trying to divert 

attention from the material facts of the case. 

10 North Shore’s response to Interrogatory No. 6 appears an attempt to provide some of this information (Exh. C-14 

at pp. 5-6). Like much of Mr. Leneghan’s testimony, the written response is unfocused and confusing. It does little 

to bolster North Shore’s defense. 

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by the facts he states as completely as by direct adverse testimony; and there may 

be so many omissions in his account of particular transactions, or of his own 

conduct, as to discredit his whole story. His manner, too, of testifying may give 

rise to doubts of his sincerity, and create the impression that he is giving a wrong 

coloring to material facts. All these things may properly be considered in 

determining the weight which should be given to his statements, although there be 

no adverse verbal testimony adduced”’ Quock Ting v. United States, 140 U.S. 

417, 420-421, 11 S.Ct. 733, 734, 35 L.Ed. 501 (1891). 

Wynne v. Boone, 191 F.2d 220, 222 (D.C. Cir. 1951). Based upon my observations of Mr. 

Leneghan’s demeanor and manner of testifying, as well as the lack of foundation, the 

inconsistencies, and the vagueness of it, Mr. Leneghan’s testimony is given no weight. 

Having presented no credible evidence in support, North Shore’s affirmative defense of 

employee misconduct is rejected. 

Classification 

The Secretary alleges the violation was serious. A violation is serious when “there is a 

substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result” from the hazardous 

condition at issue. 29 U.S.C. § 666(k). The Secretary need not show that there was a substantial 

probability that an accident would occur; only that if an accident did occur, death or serious 

physical harm would result. When the employee entered the aerial lift he was approximately 25 

feet above the concrete below. It is undisputed a fall of that distance to the ground below could 

result in serious injury including death. The violation is serious. 

Item 2, Citation 1: Alleged Violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.501(b)(10) 

Item 2, Citation 1, alleges a violation of § 1926.501(b)(10) which requires employees 

working on low-slope roofs 6 or more feet high to be protected from falls by 

guardrail systems, safety net systems, personal fall arrest systems, or a 

combination of warning line system and guardrail system, warning line system 

and safety net system, or warning line system and personal fall arrest system, or 

warning line system and safety monitoring system. 

The Secretary alleges on August 20, 2018, North Shore’s employees were “exposed to a fall of 

approximately 25 feet while installing roofing material on a commercial building” and that North 

Shore did not “ensure they were using fall protection.” 

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There is no dispute North Shore employees were working at a height in excess of 6 feet 

on a low-slope roof.

11 The photographic evidence unequivocally shows North Shore had not 

erected guardrails, safety nets, or warning lines at the time CSHO Gang was performing his 

inspection (Exhs. C-1 through C-13). The photographs contained in Exhibits C-4, C-6, and C-7 

show North Shore’s employees working close to the edge of the roof were not using a personal 

fall arrest system. North Shore contends it was using a safety monitor at the time CSHO Gang 

was taking his photographs and throughout the project. Even if true,

12 North Shore would still 

be out of compliance with the cited standard because the standard requires the simultaneous use 

of a warning line and safety monitoring systems. 

The photographic evidence shows Kevin Leneghan working with those employees on the 

roof without the use of any of the forms of fall protection enumerated in the cited standard. Mr. 

Leneghan testified he had been on the roof working immediately prior to his encounter with 

CSHO Gang. The evidence establishes employer knowledge of the violative conduct. 

The Secretary has established applicability of the standard, failure to comply with the 

terms of the standard, and employer knowledge of the conditions composing the violation. The 

only issue in dispute is whether employees were exposed to a fall hazard. 

Employee Exposure 

The Secretary establishes employee exposure to a violative condition “either by 

showing actual exposure or that access to the hazard was reasonably predictable.” 

Phoenix Roofing Inc., 17 BNA OSHC 1076, 1079, 1993-95 CCH OSHD ¶ 

30,698, p. 42, 605 (No. 90-2148, 1995), aff’d 79 F.3d 1146 (5th Cir. 

1996)(unpublished). In determining whether the Secretary has proven access to 

the hazard, the “inquiry is not simply into whether exposure is theoretically 

possible,” but whether it is reasonably predictable “either by operational necessity 

or otherwise (including inadvertence), that employees have been, are, or will be in 

the zone of danger.” Fabricated Metal Prods., Inc., 18 BNA OSHC 1072, 1074, 

1995-97 CCH OSHD ¶ 31,463, p. 44, 506 (No. 93-1853, 1997). 

Nuprecon LP, 23 BNA OSHC 1817, 1819 (No. 08-1037, 2012); see also Calpine Corp., 27 BNA 

OSHC 1014, 1016 (No. 11-1734, 2018). 

The photographic evidence establishes employees worked in proximity to the roof’s edge 

when installing the roofing material at the edge. Exhibits C-7 and C-8 show the process of 

11 A low-slope roof is one with a slope less than or equal to 4 in 12. 29 C.F.R. § 1926.500(b). North Shore does not 

dispute the slope of the roof of its facility was less than 4 in 12. 

12 The veracity of North Shore’s claim it was properly using a safety monitor throughout the project is addressed 

infra. 

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pulling the rubber EDPM sheet. Mr. Leneghan estimated the individual working along the south 

side of the roof was 6 feet from the edge (Tr. 144). The workers in the photographs are seen 

pulling a sheet of roofing material while walking backwards, not facing the direction of travel. 

Should an employee lose his grip on the material, he could lose his balance and fall (Tr. 36-37). 

North Shore’s photograph also depicts an employee applying adhesive while in proximity to the 

roof’s edge without a warning line in place (Exh. R-24; Tr. 100). It is reasonably predictable 

employees walking backward toward an unprotected edge and along an unprotected edge, with 

their attention focused on the material they were pulling or other work, would be exposed to a 

fall hazard. See Dic-Underhill, 8 BNA OSHC 2223, 2229 (No. 10798, 1980) (finding exposure 

to a fall hazard working 25 feet from unguarded edge but working toward that edge). 

The Secretary has met his burden to show North Shore violated § 1926.501(b)(10). 

Infeasibility of Compliance 

North Shore contends it was using a warning line system and safety monitoring system in 

combination. It contends none of the other alternatives for fall protection enumerated in the 

standard were feasible. At the time of the inspection, the warning line system had been taken 

down in order to perform the work at the edge of the roof. For that reason, North Shore contends 

compliance with the standard was infeasible. 

To establish the affirmative defense of infeasibility of compliance, an employer must 

show (1) literal compliance with the terms of the standard is infeasible under the existing 

circumstances and (2) alternative protective measures were used or no feasible alternative 

measures are available. Otis Elevator Co., 24 BNA OSHC 1081, 1087 (No. 09-1278, 2013), 

citing, Westvaco Corp., 16 BNA OSHC 1374, 1380 (No. 90-1341, 1993). North Shore has failed 

to meet that burden. 

To establish compliance with § 1926.501(b)(1) was not feasible, North Shore must 

establish it could not comply with any of the alternative methods specified in the standard. 

North Shore contends guardrails could not be used because the sheets of roofing material 

extended over the side (Tr. 103-05, 175; Exh. C-14 at p. 8; Exhs. R-28-29).13 Safety nets could 

not be used because it would impede use of the aerial lift (Tr. 175). North Shore contends a 

13 North Shore’s contention guardrails could not be used because they could not be nailed into the siding of the 

building is contradicted by Mr. Leneghan’s testimony guardrails were used when materials were delivered to the 

roof (Tr. 72; see also Exh. C-14 at p. 6). 

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personal fall arrest system could not be used because workers would be “crisscrossing each other 

all the time and tripping on each other.” (Tr. 176) The process of placing the roofing material at 

the edge prevented continuous use of the warning lines. North Shore presented no evidence in 

support of these contentions other than the unsupported assertions of Mr. Leneghan. Mr. 

Leneghan is not in the construction business and has limited experience in construction (Tr. 

64).14 He has no educational background related to construction or construction safety. He has 

participated in no construction apprenticeship or other training program. He has no training in 

construction safety generally or fall protection specifically. As previously noted, although not 

rebutted by the Secretary, Mr. Leneghan’s testimony is insufficient to meet North Shore’s burden 

of proof because it is not reliable. Mr. Leneghan’s assertions were conclusory and largely based 

on speculation. He has insufficient relevant qualifications to testify regarding infeasibility of 

compliance. I give his testimony on this issue no weight. 

North Shore failed to present evidence it met the second element of its burden – that it 

implemented an alternative protective measure. North Shore concedes no fall protection was 

provided to employees working on the roof when warning lines could not be erected save the 

safety monitor. North Shore failed to establish this safety monitor provided any protection to 

employees exposed to a fall hazard. CSHO Gang testified he did not observe anyone on the roof 

in a position to serve as safety monitor. No one serving in that capacity can be seen in the 

photographs depicting the installation of the EPDM sheet. Mr. Leneghan testified his son, David 

Leneghan, Jr., was the safety monitor on site; his son’s sole duty was to serve as safety monitor; 

and that he did so throughout the entire roofing project. North Shore did not call David 

Leneghan, Jr. to testify. Whether David Leneghan, Jr., met the competency requirements of § 

1926.502(h)(1)(i) is not established on this record. Mr. Leneghan testified he trained his son over 

the course of three hours (Tr. 152-53). Mr. Leneghan has no particular qualifications to give this 

training and the record is thin regarding the substance of it. 

Mr. Leneghan pointed out his son in Exhibits C-10 and R-26 as the seated individual. 

That individual is nowhere to be seen in Exhibits C-1 through C-8 nor any of North Shore’s 

14 Mr. Leneghan testified he worked construction when he was an undergraduate and law student but did not specify 

the nature of that work; built his own home; and supervised the reconstruction of North Shore’s facility (Tr. 66). I 

do not find this sufficient experience to base the opinions to which Mr. Leneghan testified. Nor do I accept Mr. 

Leneghan’s suggestion his experience as an attorney representing clients that perform construction work qualifies 

him to provide substantive testimony regarding construction processes or construction safety. 

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other photographs of the worksite. When explaining the safety monitor’s whereabouts in these 

other photographs, Mr. Leneghan pointed to an area conveniently off-camera (Tr. 109-10, 124, 

127, 143). He admitted this location was 90 feet away from the employees working (Tr. 142). 

More problematic for North Shore, the safety monitor Mr. Leneghan pointed out to CSHO Gang 

is at least 100 feet away from, and does not appear to be facing, the employees working near the 

roof’s edge.15 In Exhibit R-26, he is looking down at something in his hands while another 

employee is present. In Exhibit C-10 it is not clear he is looking in the direction of the other 

workers depicted in the photograph.16 The evidence presented does not meet North Shore’s 

burden to establish it provided a safety monitor that afforded protection to employees from falls. 

Having failed to present reliable, credible, convincing evidence in support of it, North 

Shore’s affirmative defense of infeasibility of compliance is rejected. 

Classification 

The Secretary alleges the violation was properly classified as serious. It is undisputed a 

fall of 25 feet to concrete could result in serious injuries. The violation of § 1926.501(b)(10) is 

serious. 

Item 3, Citation 1: Alleged Violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.502(f)(1)(i) 

Item 3, Citation 1, alleges a violation of the standard addressing the specific criteria for a 

compliant warning line system at § 1926.502(f)(1)(i). The standard requires warning lines be 

erected around all sides of the work area and be “not less than 6 feet (1.8 m) from the roof edge.” 

29 C.F.R. § 1926.502(f)(1)(i). The Secretary alleges on August 20, 2018, the warning lines 

installed by North Shore after CSHO Gang entered the worksite were less than 6 feet from the 

edge of the roof. North Shore does not dispute the applicability of the requirements of the 

standard to its worksite. 

The photographic evidence establishes North Shore’s warning line system was not 

compliant with the cited standard (Exhs. R-27, C-9, C-10, C-11, C-12). The photograph in 

15 The safety monitor is sitting at one end of the 100-foot EPDM sheet while the employees are at the other. 

16 In testifying about the photograph contained in Exhibit C-10, Mr. Leneghan stated it depicts the safety monitor 

“looking down the line.” (Tr. 113) To my eyes, the individual identified as the safety monitor is not looking at the 

warning lines nor toward the other workers, but at a 45-degree angle. He is also in the same position as in Exhibit 

R-26, where he is seen looking down at his hands. Mr. Leneghan’s son would have been the best, and only, witness 

able to provide a first-hand account of where he was located at all times throughout the project and where he was 

looking at the time the photographs were taken. North Shore chose not to present this evidence that was available to 

it. An adverse inference can be drawn that testimony would not have been favorable to North Shore. 

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Exhibit C-11 shows the cones to which the lines are tied abutting the roof’s east edge. North 

Shore’s photograph taken on the day of the inspection shows the warning lines placed along the 

very edge of the roof’s southern edge and, by Mr. Leneghan’s own admission, less than 6 feet 

from that edge (Exh. R-27; Tr. 103-04). North Shore’s employees continued to work on the roof 

without the necessary notice of the 6-foot distance from the roof’s edge provided by properly 

placed warning lines (Exh. C-13). The lines were also sagging to the ground, posing a potential 

tripping hazard (Tr. 43-44; Exhs. C-10, C-11, C-12, and C-13). Both Mr. Leneghan and his 

brother Kevin Leneghan were in a position to be, and should have been, aware of the placement 

of the warning lines. The Secretary has established a violation of § 1926.502(f)(1)(i). 

Classification 

The Secretary alleges the violation was properly classified as serious. It is undisputed a 

fall of 25 feet to concrete could result in serious injuries. The violation of § 1926.502(f)(1)(i) is 

serious. 

Item 4, Citation 1: Alleged Violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.502(h)(1)(iv) 

In Item 4, Citation 1, the Secretary alleges North Shore violated the standard at § 

1926.502(h)(1)(iv). The cited standard falls under the subsection of the fall protection standard 

addressing the requirements for safety monitors. It requires the safety monitor “be close enough 

to communicate orally with the employee” he is monitoring. The Secretary alleges North Shore 

did not have a safety monitor “close enough to observe hazards and communicate orally with all 

employees.” North Shore does not contest the applicability of the requirements of the standard 

to its worksite. 

As discussed herein, the off-camera safety monitor was 90 feet away from the employees 

working near the roof’s edge. In the photographs in which he appears, the safety monitor is at 

least 100 feet away from the workers he is supposed to be monitoring. He was not in a position 

to see how close to the roof’s edge the employees were working or to warn them should they 

engage in an unsafe act. 

Employees working on the roof were exposed to a fall hazard resulting from inadequate 

compliance with the safety monitor requirements. The location of the safety monitor, or the lack 

thereof, would have been known to the supervisors on the roof at the time of the violation. The 

Secretary has established North Shore was in violation of § 1926.502(h)(1)(iv). 

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Classification 

The Secretary has alleged a serious violation of § 1926.502(h)(iv) due to the fall hazard 

of 25 feet. For the reasons previously discussed, the violation is properly classified as serious. 

Duplicativeness 

North Shore contends the violations alleged in Items 1, 2, 3, and 4 cannot be sustained 

because they are duplicative. 17 In its most recent decision addressing duplicativeness, the 

Commission vacated one of two established willful citations issued to an employer finding the 

violations duplicative because each violation could have been, and was, abated by the same 

action. North Eastern Precast LLC; and Masonry Services, Inc. dba MSI, 26 BNA OSHC 2275, 

2280-82 (No. 13-1169 & 13-1170, 2018) aff’d Acosta v. North Eastern Precast LLC, 2019 WL 

3061196 (2d Cir. 2019) (summary order). In that case, the Commission held, although the 

violations were of different standards18 and alleged different conduct on different days, a single 

act could have abated both. North Shore contends because use of a full body harness could have 

abated all four alleged violations, they are duplicative. 

I find Item 1 not duplicative of the other alleged violations because they require 

substantially different forms of abatement. “Abatement is defined as ‘action by an employer to 

comply with a cited standard.’” North Eastern Precast, 26 BNA OSHC at 2280, citing 29 C.F.R. 

§ 1903.19(b)(1). Item 1 alleges a violation of § 1926.453(b)(2)(v). The standard applies only to 

the employee working from the aerial lift. It specifically requires the employee be tied off to the 

“boom or basket” of the lift. Abatement of the violation, accordingly, would require the 

employee in the aerial lift to tie off to the lift. The violation would not be abated even if a fall 

protection harness as part of a fall arrest system was provided to each employee working on the 

roof. Any personal fall arrest system for those employees would have to comply with 29 C.F.R. 

17 The Secretary did not address this issue in his brief. Nor did North Shore raise it in its Answer. The Commission 

has not definitively stated whether duplicativeness is an affirmative defense an employer must raise in its Answer 

else it is waived or which party bears the burden to establish whether violations are or are not duplicative. As such, 

I find no basis to penalize either North Shore for its failure to raise the defense in its Answer or the Secretary for his 

failure to brief the issue. 

18 One citation alleged a violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.416(a)(1) for allowing work in proximity to a live electric 

power circuit. The other alleged a violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.1408(a)(2) for failure to determine if any part of a 

crane was within 20 feet of an overhead power line. North East Precast, 26 BNA OSHC at 2279. 

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§ 1926.502(d). As such, those employees could not be tied off to the aerial lift. Item 1 is not 

duplicative of the other alleged violations. 

North Shore’s contention the remaining items are duplicative of one another is a closer 

question. Section 1926.501(b)(10) contains the general obligation of an employer working on a 

low-slope roof to protect its employees from falls. It allows employers to choose from several 

alternative methods of fall protection and requires that method chosen to be implemented. 

Proper implementation of the chosen fall protection method requires compliance with the 

applicable subsections of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.502. Because North Shore chose a warning line 

system in conjunction with a safety monitor, abatement of a violation of § 1926.501(b)(10) 

would only be achieved by compliance with all of the requirements of §§ 1926.502(f) and 

1926.502(h). On the other hand, because it is the more general standard, correcting the noncompliant warning line alone would not fully abate the violation of § 1926.501(b)(10). 

Similarly, correcting the safety monitor violation alone would not bring North Shore into 

compliance with § 1926.501(b)(10). Simultaneous abatement of the alleged violations alleged in 

Items 3 and 4 requires distinctly different conduct. 

Under Commission precedent citations are not duplicative simply because compliance 

with a general standard could abate a more narrow or specific standard. See H.H. Hall 

Construction Company, 10 BNA OSHC 1042, 1046 (No. 76-4765, 1982); Burkes Mechanical, 

Inc., 21 BNA OSHC 2136, 2142 (No.04-475, 2007); and General Motors Corp., 22 BNA OSHC 

1019, 1024 (No. 91-2834E, 2007). 

Section 5(a)(2) of the Act requires an employer to comply with all standards 

applicable to a hazardous condition even though the abatement requirements of 

two applicable standards may be satisfied by compliance with the more 

comprehensive standard. Thus, there is no unfair burden imposed on an employer 

when the same or closely related conditions are the subject of more than one 

citation item and a single action may bring an employer into compliance with the 

cited standards. 

H.H. Hall, 10 BNA OSHC at 1046. 19 In Burkes Mechanical, for example, the Commission 

found citations alleging violations of the requirement to develop, document, and utilize 

procedures for locking out machinery was not duplicative of a violation for failure to lock out the 

specific machine at issue even though compliance with the broader standard encompassed 

19 The Commission did not overturn this precedent and relied upon H.H. Hall in its most recent decision addressing 

duplicative citations. North Eastern Precast, 26 BNA OSHC at 2279. 

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compliance with the specific standard. 21 BNA OSHC at 2142. In the instant case, the standard 

cited in Item 2 contains the broad requirement an employer implement one of several alternative 

forms of fall protection. The standards cited in Items 3 and 4, in contrast, specify the means of 

compliance once the employer has opted for the safety monitor and warning line system and 

undertaken to implement it. Items 2, 3, and 4 are not duplicative. 

PENALTY 

The Commission, in assessing an appropriate penalty, must give due consideration to the 

gravity of the violation and to the size, history and good faith of the employer. See § 17(j) of the 

Act. The Commission is the final arbiter of penalties. Hern Iron Works, Inc., 16 BNA OSHC 

1619, 1622, (No. 88-1962, 1994), aff’d, 937 F.2d 612 (9th Cir. 1991) (table); see Valdak Corp., 

17 BNA OSHC 1135, 1138 (No. 93-0239, 1995) (“The [OSH] Act places limits for penalty 

amounts but places no restrictions on the Commission’s authority to raise or lower penalties 

within those limits.”), aff’d, 73 F.3d 1466 (8th Cir. 1996). In assessing a penalty, the 

Commission gives due consideration to all of the statutory factors with the gravity of the 

violation being the most significant. Capform Inc., 19 BNA OSHC 1374, 1378 (No. 99-0322, 

2001), aff’d, 34 F. App’x 152 (5th Cir. 2002) (unpublished). “Gravity is a principal factor in a 

penalty determination and is based on the number of employees exposed, duration of exposure, 

likelihood of injury, and precautions taken against injury.” Siemens Energy and Automation, 

Inc., 20 BNA OSHC 2196, 2201 (No. 00-1052, 2005). 

For each of the citation items, the Secretary proposes a penalty of $9,054.00. CSHO 

Gang testified he considered the severity of the violations to be high due to the possible outcome 

should an employee fall the 25 feet to the concrete below (Tr. 50). He testified he reduced the 

proposed penalty only for North Shore’s size. He gave no reductions for good faith or history. 

The record reflects North Shore is a small company. The Secretary presented no evidence North 

Shore has any history of inspections or prior citations under the Act. North Shore is entitled to 

consideration for both penalty factors. 

North Shore’s conduct in undertaking the roofing project evidences a lack of good faith.20 

By its own admission, North Shore has no written safety and health program with general 

applicability to its worksite, or anything specific to the work being performed on the roofing 

20 Although CSHO Gang and Mr. Leneghan had an unpleasant interaction, I do not find Mr. Leneghan’s conduct 

egregious and did not factor it into my analysis of good faith. 

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project such as a fall protection program. There is no evidence showing that before beginning 

the project, the two individuals identified as having supervisory authority on the site had any 

prior experience in commercial construction generally or roof installation specifically. There is 

no evidence any of the workers on the roof, including Mr. Leneghan’s son, nieces, and nephews, 

had relevant prior experience or that North Shore provided adequate safety training to them. 

After the inspection, North Shore continued to work in the same manner it had prior to and 

during the inspection. North Shore’s photographs depicting the worksite before and after the 

inspection show a variety of potentially unsafe conditions such as missing or sagging warning 

lines (Exhs. R-16, R-27, R-29, and R-30) and unprotected skylights (Exhs. R-6, R-12, R-13, R14, R-15, and R-17). Although it provided employees with safety glasses and gloves, its own 

photographs show North Shore did not require their use (Exhs. R-23 and R-24; see also Exhs. C6 and C-7). The penalty reflects North Shore’s lack of good faith. 

Regarding Item 1, the record establishes one employee exposed for a limited period of 

time. Although the potential injury is grave, the likelihood of injury is moderate. A moderate 

gravity-based penalty reduced for size and history of $8,000.00 is appropriate for Item 1. 

Although not duplicative, Items 2, 3, and 4 are related. In recognition of its broad 

discretion in assessing penalties, the Commission has held it appropriate to assess a single 

penalty where, as here, there is some overlap in violations. H.H. Hall, 10 BNA OSHC at 1046; 

Burkes Mechanical Inc., 21 BNA OSHC at 2142. Under the circumstances of this case, a single 

penalty for Items 2, 3, and 4 is appropriate. Each violation involves exposure of approximately 

10 employees to a fall of 25 feet during the process of placing the roofing material near the 

roof’s edge. North Shore’s chosen fall protection method was a warning line and safety monitor 

system, but it failed to properly implement that system. Given the nature of the work, the lack of 

any effective fall protection, and the height of the roof, the potential for injury is high. A high 

gravity-based penalty reduced for size and history of $12,000.00 is appropriate for Items 2, 3, 

and 4. 

FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW 

The foregoing decision constitutes the findings of fact and conclusions of law in 

accordance with Rule 52(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 

ORDER 

Based upon the foregoing decision, it is ORDERED that: 

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1. Item 1, alleging a serious violation of § 1926.453(b)(2)(v), is AFFIRMED, and a 

penalty of $8,000.00 is assessed; 

2. Item 2, alleging a serious violation of § 1926.501(b)(10), is AFFIRMED; 

3. Item 3, alleging a serious violation of § 1926.502(f)(1)(i), is AFFIRMED; 

4. Item 4, alleging a serious violation of § 1926.502(h)(1)(iv), is AFFIRMED; 

5. A total penalty of $12,000.00 is assessed for Items 2, 3, and 4. 

SO ORDERED. 

/s/ 

Dated: August 8, 2019 Administrative Law Judge 

Atlanta, Georgia 

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