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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">United States of America</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1120 20th Street, N.W., Ninth Floor</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Washington, DC 20036-3457</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; margin-left:-48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span> </p>
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							<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SECRETARY OF LABOR,</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:7.667px; margin-bottom:3.467px; line-height:1; widows:0; orphans:0; "> </p>
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							<p style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-indent:1.245cm; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant,</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:7.667px; margin-bottom:3.467px; line-height:1; widows:0; orphans:0; "> </p>
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							<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-indent:2.515cm; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">v.</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:7.667px; margin-bottom:3.467px; line-height:1; text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">D</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ocket No</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
									</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">0</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-1</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">417</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ELMER W. DAVIS</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, INC.,</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:7.667px; margin-bottom:3.467px; line-height:1; widows:0; orphans:0; "> </p>
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							<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-indent:1.245cm; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:10.667px; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">DECISION</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">AND</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">ORDER</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1; ">APPEARANCES:</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-indent:1.27cm; ">For the Complainant:</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-indent:2.54cm; ">Rolando Valdez, Esquire</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-indent:2.54cm; ">Senior<span>
					</span>Trial Attorney</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-indent:2.54cm; ">U.S. Department of Labor</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-indent:2.54cm; ">New York, New York</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-indent:1.27cm; ">For the Respondent:</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; margin-left:48px; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Mr.<span>
					</span>Tim Crumb</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; margin-left:48px; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Corporate Safety Director</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; margin-left:48px; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Elmer W. Davis, Inc.</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; margin-left:48px; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Rochester, New York</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:12px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">BEFORE:<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>William S. Coleman</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Administrative Law Judge</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; "> </p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1; text-align:center; margin-left:0cm; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">INTRODUCTION</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Respondent, Elmer W. Davis, Inc. (EWD), is a<span>
					</span>commercial roofing company<span><span></span>
					</span>based in Rochester, New York. On September 17, 2020,<span>
					</span>an<span>
					</span>EWD<span>
					</span>crew<span>
					</span>started a project to<span>
					</span>remove<span>
					</span>and replace<span>
					</span>the roof system of<span>
					</span>a warehouse’s<span>
					</span>flat roof. An unsafe depression in the<span>
					</span>warehouse’s<span>
					</span>roof deck was revealed<span>
					</span>after<span><span></span>
					</span>a portion of<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>existing roof’s<span><span></span>
					</span>five-inch-thick<span>
					</span>roof<span>
					</span>membrane<span><span></span>
					</span>was cut and removed. EWD’s project superintendent decided to<span><span></span>
					</span>mitigate the<span><span></span>
					</span>hazard<span>
					</span>of the unsafe depression<span>
					</span>by<span><span></span>
					</span>covering it<span>
					</span>with<span>
					</span>a<span><span></span>
					</span>4x8-foot<span>
					</span>sheet of plywood. But<span>
					</span>sometime<span>
					</span>after<span>
					</span>the plywood<span>
					</span>had been<span><span></span>
					</span>put over the<span>
					</span>depression,<span><span></span>
					</span>someone<span>
					</span>moved<span>
					</span>it off. An<span><span></span>
					</span>EWD<span>
					</span>employee<span>
					</span>then<span>
					</span>trod<span><span></span>
					</span>on the<span>
					</span>uncovered<span>
					</span>depression, and the<span><span></span>
					</span>roof deck<span><span></span>
					</span>beneath him<span><span></span>
					</span>gave way. The<span><span></span>
					</span>employee<span><span></span>
					</span>fell through the roof<span>
					</span>deck<span>
					</span>to the warehouse floor<span>
					</span>fourteen feet<span>
					</span>below<span><span></span>
					</span>and suffered<span>
					</span>serious injuries<span><span></span>
					</span>for which he was<span>
					</span>hospitalized. (T. 7,<span>
					</span>19).<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">EWD<span><span></span>
					</span>reported the<span>
					</span>employee’s<span>
					</span>work-related<span>
					</span>hospitalization<span><span></span>
					</span>to the<span>
					</span>U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and<span>
					</span>the next day<span>
					</span>an OSHA<span>
					</span>compliance safety and health officer (CO)<span>
					</span>commenced<span>
					</span>an<span>
					</span>inspection and investigation, which<span><span></span>
					</span>he<span><span></span>
					</span>concluded<span><span></span>
					</span>in<span>
					</span>ten days. </p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Immediately after concluding the investigation,<span>
					</span>OSHA issued<span>
					</span>a<span><span></span>
					</span>one-item<span><span></span>
					</span>Citation<span>
					</span>to EWD<span><span></span>
					</span>that<span>
					</span>alleged<span>
					</span>a<span><span></span>
					</span>serious violation of<span>
					</span>a<span><span></span>
					</span>fall protection standard codified<span>
					</span>29 C.F.R.<span>
					</span>§ 1926.501(a)(2),<span><span></span>
					</span>which provides: </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; margin-right:96px; ">The employer shall determine if the walking/working surfaces on which its employees are to work<span>
					</span>have the strength and structural integrity to support employees safely.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Employees shall be allowed to work on those surfaces<span>
					</span>only when<span><span></span>
					</span>the surfaces have the requisite strength and structural integrity. </p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">When OSHA issued the<span>
					</span>Citation,<span>
					</span>it<span>
					</span>did not know about<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>depression. Specifically, OSHA<span>
					</span>had no inkling<span>
					</span>of<span><span></span>
					</span>the following: that EWD had discovered the unsafe depression prior to the employee’s injurious fall; that EWD had covered the depression with a sheet of plywood; that the plywood had been moved off the depression; that the employee had fallen through the roof at the location of the exposed depression. </p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">EWD timely<span>
					</span>contested<span><span></span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>alleged violation<span>
					</span>and proposed penalty and thereby brought<span>
					</span>the matter before the<span>
					</span>independent Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (Commission)<span><span></span>
					</span>pursuant to section 10(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act<span>
					</span>of 1970<span>
					</span>(Act).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>29 U.S.C.<span><span></span>
					</span>§ 659(c). The<span>
					</span>matter<span><span></span>
					</span>was then assigned<span><span></span>
					</span>to the undersigned<span>
					</span>Commission judge<span>
					</span>for<span>
					</span>adjudication.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>The Secretary then<span>
					</span>filed<span>
					</span>her<span>
					</span>formal complaint<span><span></span>
					</span>in these<span><span></span>
					</span>Commission proceedings.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>At the time of filing that pleading, the Secretary<span>
					</span>still<span>
					</span>knew nothing about the<span>
					</span>depression<span><span></span>
					</span>on the warehouse’s roof. Nevertheless, through the vehicle of<span>
					</span>the<span><span></span>
					</span>complaint<span><span></span>
					</span>and as permitted by Commission Rule 34(a)(3),<span>
					</span>the Secretary<span>
					</span>amended the<span>
					</span>description of the alleged violation<span><span></span>
					</span>of § 1926.501(a)(2)<span>
					</span>that<span><span></span>
					</span>had been set forth<span>
					</span>in the Citation. Both the<span>
					</span>Citation’s<span>
					</span>original and<span>
					</span>the complaint’s<span>
					</span>amended descriptions<span><span></span>
					</span>of the alleged violation<span><span></span>
					</span>are<span>
					</span>reflected in the quotation<span><span></span>
					</span>below––the amendment’s<span>
					</span>deletion of<span><span></span>
					</span>the<span><span></span>
					</span>Citation’s<span><span></span>
					</span>original language<span><span></span>
					</span>is<span><span></span>
					</span>indicated by<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="text-decoration:line-through ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">strikethrough</span><span><span></span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>the amendment’s<span>
					</span>additions to the original language<span><span></span>
					</span>are<span>
					</span>indicated by<span>
					</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">underlin</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">e</span>:<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:.33cm; margin-right:96px; ">29 CFR 1926.501(a)(2):<span>
					</span>The employer did not determine if the walking/working surfaces on which its employees were to work had the strength and structural integrity to support employees safely. <span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Employees were permitted to work on surfaces that did not have the requisite strength and structural integrity</span>:</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:.33cm; margin-right:96px; ">a)<span>
					</span>On or about 9/17/20, during a commercial roof replacement project at [worksite], an employee<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">fell</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="text-decoration:line-through ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was not protected from falling</span><span><span></span>
					</span>through the roof deck 14 feet to ground level. The employer did not determine if the existing roof deck had the strength and structural integrity to support employees working on the roof to remove roof membrane<span>
					</span>by conducting detailed inspections from inside<span>
					</span>[the<span><span></span>
					</span>building]<span><span></span>
					</span>to find if there was deterioration, damage, rust, corrosion, or any unsafe conditions of the roof deck<span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">and the roof deck lacked the requisite strength and structural integrity</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:.318cm; margin-right:96px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">The Secretary proposed<span><span></span>
					</span>a<span>
					</span>penalty<span>
					</span>of<span>
					</span>$8,848<span><span></span>
					</span>for the alleged violation.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The<span><span></span>
					</span>evidentiary<span><span></span>
					</span>hearing was conducted<span>
					</span>in Syracuse, New York,<span><span></span>
					</span>on September 22 & 23, 2021. Post-hearing<span><span></span>
					</span>briefing<span><span></span>
					</span>was completed on<span>
					</span>January 28,<span><span></span>
					</span>2022. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The principal issues<span><span></span>
					</span>for decision<span>
					</span>are:</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:101.733px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:96px; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-family:Symbol; padding-right:20px;">·</span>Did the Secretary prove by a preponderance of the evidence<span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">before</span><span><span></span>
				</span>EWD allowed employees to begin work on the roof<span><span></span>
				</span>on September 17,<span><span></span>
				</span>EWD failed to exercise reasonable diligence<span>
				</span>in<span>
				</span>determining<span><span></span>
				</span>that the roof had the strength and structural integrity to support employees safely?</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:126px; margin-right:96px; "><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Decision</span>:<span>
					</span>No. The<span><span></span>
					</span>evidence is<span>
					</span>not preponderant<span>
					</span>that EWD failed to exercise reasonable diligence<span><span></span>
					</span>in determining that the roof had the requisite strength and structural integrity<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">before</span><span><span></span>
					</span>allowing employees to begin working on the roof.<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:102px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:96px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-family:Symbol; padding-right:20px;">·</span>Did the Secretary prove by a preponderance of the evidence<span>
				</span>that<span><span></span>
				</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">after</span><span><span></span>
				</span>EWD<span>
				</span>covered<span>
				</span>an unsafe depression in the roof deck<span><span></span>
				</span>with an unmarked and unsecured<span>
				</span>4x8-foot sheet of plywood,<span><span></span>
				</span>EWD failed to exercise reasonable diligence<span>
				</span>in<span>
				</span>determining that the roof had<span><span></span>
				</span>the strength and structural integrity to support employees safely and<span>
				</span>allowing employees to<span>
				</span>continue<span>
				</span>to<span>
				</span>work on the roof?</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:16px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:125.733px; margin-right:96px; "><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Decision</span>:<span>
					</span>Yes. A<span><span></span>
					</span>preponderance<span>
					</span>of the<span>
					</span>evidence establishes that EWD failed to exercise reasonable diligence<span>
					</span>when it<span><span></span>
					</span>determined the roof had the requisite strength and structural integrity<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">after</span><span><span></span>
					</span>EWD<span>
					</span>had<span>
					</span>covered the unsafe depression with<span>
					</span>an unmarked and unsecured sheet of<span>
					</span>plywood<span><span></span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>allowed<span><span></span>
					</span>employees<span>
					</span>to<span>
					</span>continue<span><span></span>
					</span>working on the roof.<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">For the reasons set forth below, the<span>
					</span>alleged violation<span><span></span>
					</span>as amended by the Secretary’s complaint<span><span></span>
					</span>is AFFIRMED,<span><span></span>
					</span>and a penalty of $8,848<span><span></span>
					</span>is ASSESSED.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">FINDINGS OF FACT</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Except where the following<span>
					</span>numbered paragraphs<span>
					</span>indicate that the evidence was insufficient to establish a certain fact or<span>
					</span>indicate that there was no<span><span></span>
					</span>evidence bearing on a matter of fact, the following facts were established by at least a preponderance of the evidence:</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">1.</span>Elmer W. Davis, Inc. (EWD),<span><span></span>
				</span>is a<span><span></span>
				</span>commercial<span><span></span>
				</span>roofing<span>
				</span>company<span><span></span>
				</span>based in Rochester, New York. (T. 6-7). EWD<span>
				</span>employs employees<span><span></span>
				</span>and<span>
				</span>uses<span>
				</span>materials<span>
				</span>that<span><span></span>
				</span>originate from outside<span>
				</span>the state of<span>
				</span>New York. (T. 6-7).<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>EWD<span><span></span>
				</span>is engaged in<span>
				</span>a<span>
				</span>business<span><span></span>
				</span>affecting<span><span></span>
				</span>interstate<span>
				</span>commerce. (T. 67).<span><span></span>
				</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Events Prior to September 17, 2020</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">2.</span>EWD<span><span></span>
				</span>was<span><span></span>
				</span>contracted<span><span></span>
				</span>to<span>
				</span>remove and<span>
				</span>replace<span>
				</span>the roof systems of<span>
				</span>twenty-one<span><span></span>
				</span>roof<span>
				</span>surfaces<span>
				</span>in<span><span></span>
				</span>a commercial building complex in Rochester, New York.<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(Ex. C-18).<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>The contract amount is not of record, but in preparing its bid EWD had estimated<span>
				</span>the<span><span></span>
				</span>project cost<span>
				</span>at<span><span></span>
				</span>about<span>
				</span>$1.3 million. (Ex. C-18; T.<span>
				</span>105-06). The<span>
				</span>contract’s<span>
				</span>scope of<span>
				</span>the work<span><span></span>
				</span>did<span>
				</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">not</span><span><span></span>
				</span>include<span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>repair or replacement of<span>
				</span>any<span>
				</span>existing<span>
				</span>roof decking. (T. 108-09). </p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">3.</span>The flat roof<span>
				</span>through<span>
				</span>which the EWD employee fell<span><span></span>
				</span>on<span>
				</span>September<span>
				</span>17<span>
				</span>was<span><span></span>
				</span>the roof for<span>
				</span>“Building 8,”<span><span></span>
				</span>whose surface area<span>
				</span>is<span><span></span>
				</span>9,239 square feet (about<span><span></span>
				</span>twice the area of a basketball court). (T.<span>
				</span>68; Ex.<span>
				</span>C-18).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">4.</span>Building 8’s existing<span>
				</span>flat<span>
				</span>roof<span><span></span>
				</span>system<span><span></span>
				</span>was<span><span></span>
				</span>a two-ply built-up roof<span><span></span>
				</span>comprised of<span><span></span>
				</span>two layers of<span>
				</span>2.6-inch-thick<span><span></span>
				</span>ISO<span><span></span>
				</span>foam<span><span></span>
				</span>board<span><span></span>
				</span>that was<span>
				</span>covered with a layer of<span><span></span>
				</span>gravel. (Ex. C-11 at 5;<span>
				</span>C-13;<span>
				</span>T. 55, 92,<span>
				</span>108).<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">5.</span>Underlying the<span>
				</span>approximately<span>
				</span>five-inch-thick<span><span></span>
				</span>foam board<span><span></span>
				</span>roof membrane was<span><span></span>
				</span>wooden<span>
				</span>sheathing,<span><span></span>
				</span>upon whose<span>
				</span>upper surface<span>
				</span>appears to<span><span></span>
				</span>have<span>
				</span>been<span><span></span>
				</span>adhered<span>
				</span>an<span>
				</span>asphalt-like<span>
				</span>roofing felt. (Exs. C-4, C-15, C-13, C-16).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">6.</span>Underneath the<span><span></span>
				</span>wooden sheathing<span>
				</span>was the<span>
				</span>corrugated metal roof deck. (Exs. C-4,<span><span></span>
				</span>C15,<span><span></span>
				</span>C-13,<span><span></span>
				</span>C-16).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">7.</span>Building 8’s interior ceiling was the<span><span></span>
				</span>underside of the<span><span></span>
				</span>corrugated<span><span></span>
				</span>metal roof deck. The ceiling<span>
				</span>was about fourteen feet above the warehouse floor<span><span></span>
				</span>and was painted white. (Exs. C-11 at 5,<span><span></span>
				</span>C-15,<span><span></span>
				</span>C-16,<span><span></span>
				</span>C-18). There<span>
				</span>were areas of<span>
				</span>peeling paint and rust<span><span></span>
				</span>on the ceiling that<span><span></span>
				</span>were<span><span></span>
				</span>plainly<span>
				</span>visible<span><span></span>
				</span>from vantage points<span><span></span>
				</span>on the<span>
				</span>warehouse floor. (Exs.<span>
				</span>C-8,<span>
				</span>C-15<span><span></span>
				</span>& C-16; T. 78, 202). </p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">8.</span>In June 2020, several months before work began, EWD<span>
				</span>took<span><span></span>
				</span>“test cuts”<span>
				</span>from<span><span></span>
				</span>each<span>
				</span>of the<span>
				</span>twenty-one<span><span></span>
				</span>roof surfaces<span><span></span>
				</span>involved in the project. These<span><span></span>
				</span>test cuts were taken<span><span></span>
				</span>for the purpose of formulating<span>
				</span>EWD’s<span><span></span>
				</span>bid proposal. It is not the custom<span><span></span>
				</span>or practice<span><span></span>
				</span>in the roofing industry to rely on<span>
				</span>such<span>
				</span>test cuts<span>
				</span>to<span><span></span>
				</span>assess whether a roof deck<span>
				</span>possesses<span><span></span>
				</span>the requisite strength and structural integrity to support workers safely. (T.<span>
				</span>50, 52-53, 73, 159-60,<span><span></span>
				</span>198).<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>Consistent with that industry custom, EWD neither<span><span></span>
				</span>obtained<span><span></span>
				</span>nor evaluated the test cuts for the purpose of determining whether any of the<span>
				</span>existing<span>
				</span>twenty-one<span><span></span>
				</span>roof<span><span></span>
				</span>systems<span><span></span>
				</span>had the requisite strength and structural integrity to support workers safely. (T.<span>
				</span>113).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">9.</span>The test cut<span>
				</span>from<span><span></span>
				</span>Building 8’s roof<span>
				</span>was taken<span>
				</span>on June 18, 2020. (T. 106). The<span>
				</span>size of the<span>
				</span>test cut<span>
				</span>was<span>
				</span>about 4x4-inches square and<span><span></span>
				</span>was<span><span></span>
				</span>between<span>
				</span>three<span><span></span>
				</span>to<span><span></span>
				</span>five<span>
				</span>inches deep. EWD noted that the<span>
				</span>ISO<span>
				</span>foam board<span>
				</span>in the test cut<span>
				</span>was wet. (Ex. C-11 at 5; C-13).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">10.</span>The<span>
				</span>test cut on<span>
				</span>Building 8’s roof was<span><span></span>
				</span>made<span><span></span>
				</span>at or very<span>
				</span>near<span><span></span>
				</span>the location<span>
				</span>where,<span><span></span>
				</span>about three months later,<span>
				</span>EWD<span>
				</span>would<span>
				</span>discover<span><span></span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>depression in the roof<span><span></span>
				</span>deck<span><span></span>
				</span>that the EWD employee would fall through. (Ex. C13; T.<span>
				</span>56). The location of the test cut<span>
				</span>was<span>
				</span>about three<span>
				</span>feet<span>
				</span>away<span>
				</span>from an approximately<span><span></span>
				</span>3x4-foot<span>
				</span>rectangular<span>
				</span>penetration<span>
				</span>in the roof. The roof penetration accommodated some sort of rooftop utility, possibly an HVAC unit. (T. 24-25, 154-55). [At the hearing some witnesses referred to the<span>
				</span>roof<span>
				</span>penetration<span>
				</span>as an<span><span></span>
				</span>“opening” or a “roof<span>
				</span>curb.” (T.<span><span></span>
				</span>24,<span><span></span>
				</span>56,<span>
				</span>97, 158-60).] </p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">11.</span>In preparing its bid for the project, EWD<span><span></span>
				</span>rated the<span>
				</span>condition of each<span>
				</span>of the<span>
				</span>twenty-one<span><span></span>
				</span>roof<span>
				</span>surfaces<span>
				</span>using five categories<span><span></span>
				</span>ranging<span><span></span>
				</span>from “excellent” to “bad.”<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>EWD<span><span></span>
				</span>rated<span>
				</span>Building 8’s roof system<span><span></span>
				</span>as “bad.” (Ex. C-18; T.<span>
				</span>105).<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>The<span><span></span>
				</span>“bad”<span><span></span>
				</span>condition<span>
				</span>rating constituted<span>
				</span>EWD’s assessment<span><span></span>
				</span>of the<span>
				</span>condition of<span>
				</span>the building’s<span><span></span>
				</span>existing<span>
				</span>roof system<span><span></span>
				</span>only; the rating did<span>
				</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">not</span><span><span></span>
				</span>constitute an assessment of<span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>condition of the<span>
				</span>underlying<span>
				</span>roof deck<span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>supported<span><span></span>
				</span>that<span><span></span>
				</span>existing<span><span></span>
				</span>roof system. (T. 113).<span>
				</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">12.</span>EWD’s project manager for the entire project<span><span></span>
				</span>was<span><span></span>
				</span>Steve<span>
				</span>Muhs. Muhs<span><span></span>
				</span>prepared EWD’s bid for the project. As part of<span>
				</span>formulating<span><span></span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>bid,<span>
				</span>sometime in May or July 2020<span>
				</span>Muhs<span><span></span>
				</span>went inside Building 8 and<span>
				</span>went<span>
				</span>onto its roof.<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T.<span>
				</span>101, 105-06,<span>
				</span>115).<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>Nothing<span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>Muhs<span><span></span>
				</span>observed<span><span></span>
				</span>caused<span><span></span>
				</span>him to<span><span></span>
				</span>develop<span><span></span>
				</span>concern<span>
				</span>about<span><span></span>
				</span>the<span><span></span>
				</span>roof’s<span><span></span>
				</span>strength and structural integrity<span><span></span>
				</span>to support employees safely. (T. 113-17).<span><span></span>
				</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">13.</span>EWD’s project superintendent for the entire project was<span>
				</span>Damon Runyon. (T.<span>
				</span>201). On September 14, 2020,<span>
				</span>three days before the employee fell through the roof,<span><span></span>
				</span>Runyon<span><span></span>
				</span>visited the<span>
				</span>warehouse<span><span></span>
				</span>complex. Runyon was<span><span></span>
				</span>accompanied by<span><span></span>
				</span>one<span>
				</span>Dan<span>
				</span>Sirianni, who was the<span>
				</span>building<span>
				</span>owner’s representative. Runyon<span>
				</span>spent about<span>
				</span>10 to 15 minutes<span><span></span>
				</span>inside Building 8,<span><span></span>
				</span>and<span>
				</span>while inside<span>
				</span>he<span>
				</span>examined<span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>warehouse ceiling (i.e., the<span>
				</span>underside of the<span>
				</span>corrugated metal<span>
				</span>roof deck)<span><span></span>
				</span>by simply looking up<span><span></span>
				</span>from<span>
				</span>the warehouse floor. (T. 202-03). The<span>
				</span>ceiling is about<span>
				</span>fourteen<span><span></span>
				</span>feet<span>
				</span>high, so<span>
				</span>the ceiling was<span><span></span>
				</span>eight<span>
				</span>to nine<span>
				</span>feet<span>
				</span>overhead<span>
				</span>of Runyon. From<span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>vantage point Runyon<span>
				</span>saw<span><span></span>
				</span>that some areas of the ceiling showed some rust. Runyon<span>
				</span>did not<span>
				</span>perceive<span><span></span>
				</span>those rusted areas<span><span></span>
				</span>to portend a<span><span></span>
				</span>problem<span><span></span>
				</span>with the roof’s<span><span></span>
				</span>strength and<span><span></span>
				</span>structural integrity<span><span></span>
				</span>to support employees<span><span></span>
				</span>who would be<span>
				</span>working on the roof. (T.<span>
				</span>194-95, 201). </p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">14.</span>Runyon did not<span>
				</span>make any<span>
				</span>contemporaneous<span>
				</span>written record<span>
				</span>on September 14, 2020,<span>
				</span>to<span>
				</span>document<span><span></span>
				</span>his<span>
				</span>activities or<span>
				</span>observations<span>
				</span>inside<span><span></span>
				</span>Building 8<span>
				</span>on<span>
				</span>that day. (T. 201). However,<span><span></span>
				</span>in the aftermath of the employee’s<span><span></span>
				</span>injurious<span><span></span>
				</span>fall on<span>
				</span>September 17,<span><span></span>
				</span>but before the<span>
				</span>Citation was issued on September 28, Runyon wrote the following note<span>
				</span>about<span>
				</span>his observations and activities<span><span></span>
				</span>while inside Building 8<span>
				</span>on<span><span></span>
				</span>September<span><span></span>
				</span>14<span>
				</span>with<span><span></span>
				</span>the property owner’s representative (Dan<span><span></span>
				</span>Sirianni):</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; margin-right:96px; ">––Dan<span><span></span>
					</span>and I walked interior<span>
					</span>space<span><span></span>
					</span>and I observed the roof deck underneath. Some rust was noted but deck showed no sign of structural instability. There was no bowing, sagging, loose, hanging or broken deck panels. Dan and I spoke to the tenant who was also present and witnessed my observation. I informed the tenant that he should cover his merchandise with plastic sheeting that we would supply to protect from miscellaneous debris that would be generated from the roof removal. The tenant declined the plastic as looking at the roof deck from the underside it looked intact & and<span>
					</span>[sic]<span>
					</span>the perceived impact would be minimal.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; margin-right:96px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">(Ex. C-8; T. 124). Runyon prepared this note<span>
					</span>at the<span>
					</span>request<span>
					</span>of<span>
					</span>EWD’s safety director,<span><span></span>
					</span>who<span><span></span>
					</span>told<span>
					</span>Runyon<span><span></span>
					</span>that he should<span>
					</span>prepare something in writing. (T. 12324). </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">15.</span>Prior to<span>
				</span>the EWD employee falling<span>
				</span>through the roof<span>
				</span>deck<span>
				</span>on September 17,<span>
				</span>Runyon<span><span></span>
				</span>had been<span><span></span>
				</span>unaware<span><span></span>
				</span>that the condition of Building 8’s roof<span>
				</span>had been rated<span><span></span>
				</span>“bad”<span><span></span>
				</span>in connection with EWD’s formulation<span><span></span>
				</span>of its bid for the project.<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T. 106-08, 198).<span>
				</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">16.</span>There is no evidence that Runyon lacked the knowledge, experience,<span>
				</span>or<span><span></span>
				</span>qualifications to competently determine whether Building 8’s roof<span><span></span>
				</span>possessed the strength and structural integrity to support employees safely. (E.g., T. 136).</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Events o</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">f</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>September 17</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, 2020</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">17.</span>The removal of Building 8’s<span><span></span>
				</span>existing<span><span></span>
				</span>roof<span>
				</span>system<span>
				</span>commenced on September 17, 2020. [The gravel layer<span>
				</span>that had covered the<span>
				</span>existing roof<span>
				</span>membrane<span><span></span>
				</span>had been removed<span>
				</span>prior to<span><span></span>
				</span>September 17, but there<span><span></span>
				</span>is no<span>
				</span>evidence of<span><span></span>
				</span>when<span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>had been<span><span></span>
				</span>done<span><span></span>
				</span>or<span>
				</span>even<span>
				</span>whether EWD had done it. (T. 55 & 92)]. </p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">18.</span>EWD’s foreman for<span>
				</span>the roof<span><span></span>
				</span>system replacement<span><span></span>
				</span>on<span>
				</span>Building 8 was Donald Savage. Savage<span><span></span>
				</span>arrived<span><span></span>
				</span>at the worksite<span><span></span>
				</span>on September 17<span><span></span>
				</span>at around 7:00 a.m.<span><span></span>
				</span>and<span>
				</span>met<span><span></span>
				</span>up<span>
				</span>with<span>
				</span>Runyon,<span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>project superintendent.<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>Savage and Runyon<span><span></span>
				</span>went onto<span>
				</span>Building 8’s roof<span><span></span>
				</span>together. (T.<span>
				</span>91-92). This was the first time that Savage had been on Building 8’s roof. (T. 90).<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>Runyon briefly oriented Savage<span>
				</span>about<span><span></span>
				</span>the scope of the work (“roof replacement, ... tear off and installation of a new roof”). Runyon’s brief description<span><span></span>
				</span>gave<span><span></span>
				</span>Savage<span><span></span>
				</span>sufficient information<span>
				</span>to<span>
				</span>understand<span><span></span>
				</span>what the project entailed. (T. 92).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">19.</span>Within ten minutes after Savage and Runyon went onto the roof,<span>
				</span>the foreman<span>
				</span>Savage<span>
				</span>gave out work<span><span></span>
				</span>assignments,<span><span></span>
				</span>and the<span>
				</span>EWD<span>
				</span>crew<span>
				</span>started<span><span></span>
				</span>working. (T. 92). There is no evidence of the number of employees<span><span></span>
				</span>working on<span><span></span>
				</span>the<span><span></span>
				</span>roof. </p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">20.</span>Some<span>
				</span>employees<span><span></span>
				</span>began to<span>
				</span>cut and remove<span><span></span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>existing<span>
				</span>roof membrane, which was approximately five inches thick. Underneath the membrane was<span>
				</span>wooden<span><span></span>
				</span>sheathing<span><span></span>
				</span>(which had a thin layer of asphalt-like material adhered to its upper surface), and underneath the wooden sheathing<span><span></span>
				</span>was the<span><span></span>
				</span>corrugated metal roof deck. (T. 92; Ex. C-4).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">21.</span>Within 20 minutes<span>
				</span>after the<span>
				</span>employees<span>
				</span>started to<span>
				</span>cut and remove<span><span></span>
				</span>the existing<span><span></span>
				</span>roof membrane, a depression<span>
				</span>in the underlying<span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>wooden<span><span></span>
				</span>sheathing/roof deck was revealed and<span>
				</span>recognized. (The depression was<span><span></span>
				</span>sometimes<span><span></span>
				</span>referred to at the hearing<span>
				</span>also as<span>
				</span>a “belly”<span>
				</span>and<span>
				</span>a<span>
				</span>“valley.”<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>[T. 38, 68-69, 203, 211, 222]<span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span>). </p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">22.</span>Runyon, the project superintendent, was near<span><span></span>
				</span>the location of the depression<span><span></span>
				</span>when<span>
				</span>it was<span>
				</span>revealed. Runyon<span>
				</span>recognized<span>
				</span>immediately<span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>the depression<span>
				</span>was<span>
				</span>an<span>
				</span>unsafe<span><span></span>
				</span>condition. (T. 195-96, 203-04).<span>
				</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">23.</span>The foreman<span>
				</span>(Savage)<span><span></span>
				</span>was on the roof when the depression was<span>
				</span>recognized, but he<span><span></span>
				</span>was about 150 feet away from<span>
				</span>both<span>
				</span>Runyon<span>
				</span>and<span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>location of the<span>
				</span>depression. (T. 94-95).<span>
				</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">24.</span>Runyon<span>
				</span>directed employees to<span>
				</span>cover<span>
				</span>the depression<span><span></span>
				</span>with a<span>
				</span>4x8-foot<span>
				</span>sheet of<span>
				</span>three-quarter-inch<span><span></span>
				</span>thick<span>
				</span>plywood.<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T. 195). The<span>
				</span>employee<span><span></span>
				</span>who did so was<span><span></span>
				</span>Jodi Watson. (T.<span>
				</span>203, 206, 151, 180, 170; Ex. C-4). Runyon testified that he also instructed employees to “put some cones around” the plywood, but<span>
				</span>no one complied with any such<span>
				</span>instruction before the injurious fall. (T. 195-96, 206-07, 211).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">25.</span>EWD<span>
				</span>customarily<span>
				</span>brings plywood<span>
				</span>sheets<span>
				</span>to all its roofing jobs, and<span>
				</span>so<span>
				</span>the plywood that<span>
				</span>was<span><span></span>
				</span>put over the depression was<span><span></span>
				</span>on-hand<span>
				</span>at the worksite. (T.<span>
				</span>96-99). </p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">26.</span>EWD’s standard practice<span><span></span>
				</span>is<span>
				</span>to cover<span>
				</span>“questionable deck”<span><span></span>
				</span>with plywood<span>
				</span>to<span>
				</span>provide a sound working surface<span><span></span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>“will span<span>
				</span>from barn joist to barn joist”<span>
				</span>over<span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>suspect<span>
				</span>area<span><span></span>
				</span>of the roof deck. (T.<span>
				</span>96,<span>
				</span>196). </p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">27.</span>Runyon testified that<span>
				</span>as soon as he saw the depression,<span><span></span>
				</span>“I told everybody to<span>
				</span>stop for a minute while” the process of covering the depression with plywood was<span>
				</span>being<span>
				</span>completed. (T. 195-96).<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>Runyon<span><span></span>
				</span>testified further<span>
				</span>that employees were “scattered about the roof” cutting and tearing off the existing roof membrane<span><span></span>
				</span>and that “[t]o<span>
				</span>get<span><span></span>
				</span>[the depression] covered, I had to stop the noise, stop the work so that everybody knew” about the depression. (T.<span>
				</span>196).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">28.</span>Other than the unsafe depression, there is no evidence that other portions of Building 8’s roof deck lacked the strength and structural integrity to support employees safely. (T. 82).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">29.</span>Upon the placement of the plywood over the unsafe depression, Runyon regarded the unsafe depression to have been sufficiently mitigated to allow employees to resume cutting and tearing off the existing roof membrane. (T. 196-97, 208, 210, 214-15).<span>
				</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">30.</span>After the plywood was placed over the depression, EWD allowed employees to resume working on the roof. (T. 208).<span>
				</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">31.</span>Not all the<span>
				</span>employees on the roof<span>
				</span>who continued to work<span>
				</span>on the roof<span>
				</span>after the plywood had been placed over the depression were informed of the precise location of the depression. (T.<span>
				</span>222-23). Because it is EWD’s standard practice<span>
				</span>to cover<span>
				</span>“questionable”<span><span></span>
				</span>areas<span>
				</span>on a roof deck with<span><span></span>
				</span>plywood to make<span>
				</span>such areas<span>
				</span>safe to work on, employees<span><span></span>
				</span>who continued working on the roof<span>
				</span>after the depression<span>
				</span>had been<span><span></span>
				</span>covered with plywood<span>
				</span>could<span>
				</span>have<span>
				</span>reasonably<span>
				</span>believed<span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>any<span>
				</span>area of the roof<span><span></span>
				</span>surface<span><span></span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>was<span><span></span>
				</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">not</span><span><span></span>
				</span>covered by plywood had<span>
				</span>the requisite<span>
				</span>strength and structural integrity to support them<span><span></span>
				</span>safely. </p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">32.</span>Less than an hour<span>
				</span>after the<span>
				</span>discovery of the<span>
				</span>unsafe depression,<span>
				</span>Runyon<span><span></span>
				</span>communicated with the<span>
				</span>project manager (Muhs), who was off-site at the time,<span><span></span>
				</span>to<span><span></span>
				</span>inform him about the depression. Muhs<span><span></span>
				</span>then sent an email at 8:09 a.m.<span><span></span>
				</span>to<span><span></span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>property owner’s<span>
				</span>representative to alert him<span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>“significant structural deck deterioration” had been discovered that would<span>
				</span>entail<span>
				</span>additional<span>
				</span>costs. (Ex. C-9). </p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">33.</span>About 30 minutes<span>
				</span>after the crew first started<span>
				</span>to<span>
				</span>work on the roof, Runyon departed the worksite<span><span></span>
				</span>to<span><span></span>
				</span>go<span>
				</span>retrieve<span>
				</span>some<span>
				</span>materials<span>
				</span>that were<span>
				</span>needed<span><span></span>
				</span>to repair<span><span></span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>depression in the<span>
				</span>roof deck. (T. 93,<span>
				</span>205-06).<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>Before departing,<span>
				</span>Runyon saw that the<span><span></span>
				</span>plywood<span>
				</span>sheet<span>
				</span>remained<span>
				</span>over<span>
				</span>the depression<span>
				</span>but<span><span></span>
				</span>that it<span>
				</span>had not been<span><span></span>
				</span>demarcated<span>
				</span>by<span><span></span>
				</span>cones<span><span></span>
				</span>(as he testified that he had instructed<span>
				</span>employees to do), flags,<span><span></span>
				</span>marking, or any other indicator. (T. 206-07, 210). Runyon<span>
				</span>recognized also<span><span></span>
				</span>that the<span><span></span>
				</span>plywood<span>
				</span>was<span>
				</span>not secured to prevent or<span>
				</span>to<span>
				</span>constrain<span><span></span>
				</span>it<span><span></span>
				</span>from<span><span></span>
				</span>being<span>
				</span>moved or<span>
				</span>removed. (T. 210).<span>
				</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">34.</span>Sometime after Runyon departed the worksite, the<span>
				</span>depression was re-exposed when someone removed the plywood from over it. (T. 206-07). (There is no evidence identifying<span>
				</span>the individual(s)<span><span></span>
				</span>who moved the plywood<span><span></span>
				</span>or<span><span></span>
				</span>the reason<span>
				</span>for<span>
				</span>doing so.)<span><span></span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>And then sometime<span>
				</span>after that,<span><span></span>
				</span>an EWD crew member<span><span></span>
				</span>trod<span><span></span>
				</span>over<span><span></span>
				</span>the exposed depression. The roof deck gave way under his<span>
				</span>body weight, and he<span><span></span>
				</span>fell through<span>
				</span>a<span><span></span>
				</span>resulting hole<span>
				</span>in the roof deck<span>
				</span>to the warehouse floor fourteen feet below.<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T. 208;<span>
				</span>Exs. C-4 & C-15). There is no evidence of the time that<span>
				</span>had<span>
				</span>elapsed between the removal of the plywood off the depression and the employee’s fall through the roof<span><span></span>
				</span>deck. There is<span>
				</span>similarly<span>
				</span>no evidence<span>
				</span>of the precise time of day<span>
				</span>on September 17<span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>fall occurred.</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">35.</span>The employee was seriously injured and hospitalized. (T.<span>
				</span>7, 19). He testified<span>
				</span>that he had no memory of anything that<span>
				</span>had<span>
				</span>happened on September 17 before<span>
				</span>the injury, and so he<span>
				</span>provided<span>
				</span>no testimony<span>
				</span>about<span>
				</span>his actions or observations<span>
				</span>beforehand. (T. 227). There is no evidence<span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>anyone<span>
				</span>had<span>
				</span>observed what<span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>injured<span>
				</span>employee<span>
				</span>had been doing before<span>
				</span>he<span><span></span>
				</span>fell<span><span></span>
				</span>through<span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>roof<span><span></span>
				</span>deck.</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">OSHA Investigation and the Issuance of Citation</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">36.</span>The day after the<span>
				</span>injurious<span>
				</span>fall, a<span><span></span>
				</span>compliance safety and health officer (CO) from OSHA’s area office in Buffalo, New York,<span>
				</span>initiated<span>
				</span>an inspection and investigation. The CO completed the investigation<span>
				</span>ten days<span>
				</span>later,<span>
				</span>on<span>
				</span>September 28, 2020.<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T. 157).<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>During the ten-day<span>
				</span>investigation<span>
				</span>the CO interviewed EWD’s safety director<span><span></span>
				</span>and<span>
				</span>some<span>
				</span>other EWD employees,<span><span></span>
				</span>but he did not interview either Runyon<span>
				</span>(the project superintendent)<span>
				</span>or Savage<span><span></span>
				</span>(the foreman). (T. 162, 169-70).<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>The CO<span>
				</span>conducted a<span>
				</span>closing conference with EWD’s safety director<span>
				</span>on<span>
				</span>the final day of the investigation. (T. 157, 162). </p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">37.</span>On the same day that<span>
				</span>OSHA concluded<span>
				</span>the investigation, OSHA issued the one-item<span>
				</span>Citation<span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>alleged<span><span></span>
				</span>a single violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.501(a)(2). The<span>
				</span>description of the alleged<span>
				</span>violation<span>
				</span>set forth in the Citation<span>
				</span>was grounded on the information<span><span></span>
				</span>the<span>
				</span>CO<span><span></span>
				</span>had<span>
				</span>gleaned<span>
				</span>during the<span>
				</span>ten-day<span>
				</span>investigation. (T. 162-63).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">38.</span>Over the course of his investigation,<span><span></span>
				</span>the CO was not<span>
				</span>informed about, or<span>
				</span>provided<span>
				</span>a copy of,<span><span></span>
				</span>the note that Runyon had written after the<span><span></span>
				</span>injurious<span><span></span>
				</span>fall, quoted supra at ¶ 14. (T. 68, 124). </p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">39.</span>Over the course of his investigation,<span><span></span>
				</span>the CO did not discover and was not informed that<span>
				</span>(a)<span>
				</span>EWD had discovered a depression in the roof deck on September 17,<span>
				</span>(b)<span>
				</span>the project superintendent had directed employees to cover<span>
				</span>the depression<span><span></span>
				</span>with plywood, (c) that this plywood<span><span></span>
				</span>was later moved,<span><span></span>
				</span>and<span><span></span>
				</span>(d)<span>
				</span>that the<span>
				</span>injured<span>
				</span>employee had fallen through the roof<span><span></span>
				</span>deck<span><span></span>
				</span>at the location of that<span><span></span>
				</span>depression. The CO (and OSHA) first learned about the depression nearly a year later,<span>
				</span>about a month<span>
				</span>before the<span><span></span>
				</span>Commission<span><span></span>
				</span>conducted a hearing on the merits<span><span></span>
				</span>of the alleged violation. (T. 69, 153, 163).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">40.</span>The Secretary’s complaint in these Commission proceedings,<span>
				</span>wherein<span>
				</span>the Secretary amended the original Citation’s description of the alleged violation,<span><span></span>
				</span>was prepared and filed before the Secretary learned that EWD had discovered a depression in the roof deck on September 17, 2020, through which<span>
				</span>an<span><span></span>
				</span>employee fell later that<span>
				</span>same<span>
				</span>day.<span>
				</span><span><span></span>
				</span>(T. 69, 153, 163).</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">DISCUSSION</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Commission obtained jurisdiction under section 10(c) of the Act upon<span><span></span>
					</span>the Secretary’s forwarding to the Commission<span><span></span>
					</span>the<span><span></span>
					</span>notice of contest<span><span></span>
					</span>that EWD<span>
					</span>had<span>
					</span>timely filed. (T. 15). 29 U.S.C. § 659(c); 29 C.F.R.<span><span></span>
					</span>§ 1903.17(a).<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">EWD<span><span></span>
					</span>is an<span>
					</span>“employer”<span><span></span>
					</span>as defined in section 3(5)<span><span></span>
					</span>of the Act<span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>is<span>
					</span>thus<span>
					</span>subject to the compliance provisions of section 5(a). 29 U.S.C. §§ 654(a),<span>
					</span>652(5).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(Findings of Fact ¶ 1). Section 5(a)(2)<span><span></span>
					</span>of the Act requires employers to<span>
					</span>“comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated” under section 6 of the Act, such as the standard cited here. 29 U.S.C. §§ 654(a)(2). A violation of such a standard is<span>
					</span>established<span><span></span>
					</span>when<span>
					</span>the preponderant evidence<span><span></span>
					</span>shows: (1) the standard applies; (2) there was noncompliance with its terms; (3) employees<span>
					</span>were exposed to, or<span>
					</span>had access to,<span><span></span>
					</span>the violative condition; and (4) the cited employer had actual or constructive knowledge of the violative condition. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Donahue Indus. Inc.,</span><span><span></span>
					</span>20 BNA OSHC 1346, 1348 (No. 99-0191, 2003);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">D.A. Collins Constr. Co. v. Sec’y of Labor</span>, 117 F.3d 691, 694<span><span></span>
					</span>(2d Cir. 1997).<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref2" href="#ftn2">1</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; ">1.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; ">The Cited Standard Applies</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; ">The<span>
					</span>cited<span>
					</span>standard, § 1926.501(a)(2),<span><span></span>
					</span>is contained in Subpart M of 29 C.F.R. Part 1926, which<span>
					</span>“<span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sets forth requirements and criteria for fall protection in construction workplaces covered under</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">P</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">art 1926</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. § 1926.50</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">0</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(a)(1). </span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Section 1926.501(a)(2) itself applies to<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“walking/working surfaces on which<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">...</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees are to work.” </span>29 C.F.R.<span>
					</span>§§ 1926.500–503. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he worksite here was a construction workplace</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to which Subpart M applies,</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and the flat roof on which the EWD employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">required to be located to perform their job duties wa</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s a “walking/working surface” as that term is defined in</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Subpart M</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref3" href="#ftn3">2</a></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; ">The cited standard applies<span>
					</span>to<span>
					</span>EWD’s<span><span></span>
					</span>work on the roof<span>
					</span>on September 17, 2020.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>EWD does not contend otherwise.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; ">2.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; ">EWD Did Not Comply with the Standard’s Terms</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; ">The cited standard, quoted in full at the outset,<span>
					</span>provides that<span>
					</span>prior to allowing employees to work on a walking/working surface<span>
					</span>an employer<span>
					</span>must<span>
					</span>determine<span><span></span>
					</span>that<span><span></span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>surface<span>
					</span>has<span><span></span>
					</span>“the strength and structural integrity to support employees safely.” § 1926.501(a)(2);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Agra Erectors, Inc.</span>, 19 BNA OSHC 1063, 1066 (No. 98-0866, 2000) (noting that “the standard’s first sentence requires an employer to determine in advance whether a surface is safe to work on”).<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; ">After<span><span></span>
					</span>an employer has made its<span><span></span>
					</span>initial<span>
					</span>determination<span><span></span>
					</span>under § 1926.501(a)(2)<span><span></span>
					</span>and allowed<span>
					</span>employees to<span>
					</span>start<span>
					</span>work on<span>
					</span>a walking/working surface, the standard<span>
					</span>further requires that<span><span></span>
					</span>the employer allow<span>
					</span>employees to<span>
					</span>continue<span>
					</span>working on<span>
					</span>the surface<span>
					</span>only so long as<span><span></span>
					</span>the surface<span><span></span>
					</span>continues<span><span></span>
					</span>to possess the requisite strength and structural integrity. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(noting that “the employer's duty<span>
					</span>[under § 1926.501(a)(2)]<span>
					</span>does not end after the initial inspection,”<span><span></span>
					</span>and quoting the standard’s text<span><span></span>
					</span>in<span>
					</span>observing<span>
					</span>that the “plain language of the second sentence clearly permits employees<span>
					</span>‘to work on those surfaces only when the surfaces have the requisite strength and structural integrity’<span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span>”);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Fabi Constr. Co., Inc. v. Sec’y of Labor</span>, 370 F.3d 29,<span>
					</span>37<span><span></span>
					</span>(D.C. Cir. 2004) (upholding Commission’s conclusion that the second sentence of § 1926.501(a)(2) “require[s] that the surface be sound whenever workers are present,” and<span>
					</span>rejecting<span>
					</span>the employer’s<span>
					</span>argument<span>
					</span>that<span><span></span>
					</span>the standard<span><span></span>
					</span>imposes “a duty to ensure a safe working surface only at the start of a project”). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; ">Because<span>
					</span>§ 1926.501(a)(2)<span><span></span>
					</span>does not prescribe any criteria for the employer to follow in making the determinations<span><span></span>
					</span>that the standard requires, it is<span>
					</span>a performance-oriented standard.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">CentiMark</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp.</span>, 24 BNA OSHC 1903,<span>
					</span>1912<span><span></span>
					</span>(No. 12-0920, 2013) (ALJ)<span><span></span>
					</span>(describing § 1926.501(a)(2)<span><span></span>
					</span>as a “performance-oriented standard”);<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">c</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">f.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>§ 1926.850(a) (specifying<span><span></span>
					</span>that<span><span></span>
					</span>prior to demolition operations<span><span></span>
					</span>“an engineering survey<span><span></span>
					</span>shall be made, by a competent person, of the<span>
					</span>structure to determine the ... possibility<span><span></span>
					</span>of unplanned collapse of any portion of the structure”).<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; ">Broad performance-oriented standards such as<span>
					</span>§ 1926.501(a)(2)<span><span></span>
					</span>“may be given meaning in particular situations by reference to objective criteria, including the knowledge of reasonable persons familiar with the industry.” <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc.</span>, 20 BNA OSHC 2196, 2198 (No. 00-1052, 2005);<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Thomas Indus. Coatings, Inc.</span>, 21 BNA OSHC 2283, 2287 (No. 97-1073, 2007)<span><span></span>
					</span>(“because performance standards ... do not identify specific obligations, they are interpreted in light of what is reasonable”);<span>
					</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">J.A. Jones Constr. Co.</span>, 15 BNA OSHC 2201,<span>
					</span>220506<span><span></span>
					</span>(No. 87-2059, 1993)<span><span></span>
					</span>(stating that a<span><span></span>
					</span>broadly worded standard<span><span></span>
					</span>“must be interpreted in the light of the conduct to which it is being applied, and external, objective criteria, including the knowledge and perceptions of a reasonable person, may be used to give meaning to such a regulation in a particular situation”);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">CentiMark</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp.</span>,<span><span></span>
					</span>24 BNA OSHC at<span>
					</span>1912<span>
					</span>(observing that<span>
					</span>as a performance-oriented standard<span>
					</span>§ 1926.501(a)(2) “allows the employer some discretion in its method of compliance”<span><span></span>
					</span>and that “[c]ompliance<span><span></span>
					</span>is evaluated according to what would be reasonable for a particular situation”).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; ">Thus, an employer’s compliance with a performance standard such as § 1926.501(a)(2)<span><span></span>
					</span>is measured<span>
					</span>by what a<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“reasonably prudent employer”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>would do under the same circumstances.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Associated Underwater Servs.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 24 BNA OSHC 1248, 1250 (No. 07-1851, 2012)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(discussing a performance standard applicable to diving operation</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that require</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a pre-dive</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“assessment of the safety and health aspects of ... [s]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">urface</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and underwater conditions and hazards”)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“A reasonably prudent employer is a reasonable person familiar with the situation, including any facts unique to the particular industry.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> “[I]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ndustry</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>practice is relevant to [the ‘reasonably prudent employer’] analysis, but it is not dispositive.” </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">W.G. Fairfield</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1233,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1235-36</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 99</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">0344, 2000),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 285 F.3d 499 (6th Cir. 2002).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">EWD</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">’s</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Initial Determination</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><br/></span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">t</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">h</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">e</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Roof</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">’s</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Strength and Str</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">uctural Integrity</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">EWD<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">is alleged to have<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">violated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">§ 1926.501(a)(2)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">by failing to “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">conduct[</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">] detailed inspections from inside<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">[the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>building</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to find if there was deterioration, damage, rust, corrosion, or any unsafe conditions of the roof deck.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">In his testimony in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the Secretary’s case-in-chief</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, the CO testified</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">to the effect that the rust on the ceiling</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that was visible from<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the warehouse floor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>should have<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">prompted EWD to conduct<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">a closer-up inspection of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">rusted<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">areas</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, to include physically probing th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ose</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>areas</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">with some sort of instrument to disc</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ern<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">any</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">deterioration</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. (T.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">31-32</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 81</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">testified</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">further</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">proximity<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">approximately 3x4</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">foot rec</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">tangular</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>roof penetration</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>rusted area</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on the ceiling</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">where the depression was later discovered</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">was a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">n additional</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>c</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ondition<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that ought to have<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">prompted<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">EWD to conduct a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">closer inspection of the rusted ceiling</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">––the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">CO’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">theory being that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>utility</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>associated with</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the penetration<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">could have<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">been a source of additional moisture that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">might have<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">resulted in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">greater</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">pooling<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">low spot</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">flat<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">roof</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. (T. 24</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">25). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">CO additionally<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">testified<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">presence of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">moisture in the test cut<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">of the roof membrane<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that had been taken three months earlier w</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">as another circumstance that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">should have prompted EWD<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">to take a closer look at the rusted areas on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ceiling/roof deck</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(notwithstanding that the CO testified also that he understood it<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">not</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the custom or practice in the roofing industry to rely on such test cuts in assessing the strength or structural integrity of a roof system</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> (T.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">50, 52-53, 67-68, 73</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 113</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The CO testified that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">during his investigation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">he “researched documents and publications from the National Roofing Contractors Association</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">” which he described as a trade association for professional roofers that provides “consensus guidance for the roofing industry.” (T. 47-48). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">segment of the CO’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">testimony<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">occurred as part of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Secretary</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">case-in-chief, the CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">did not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">speak to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>whether the trade association publications he had consulted<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">contained any<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">recommend</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ations about<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">what a roofing contractor<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ought to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">do to assess the strength and structural integrity of a roof to support employees. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">And the Secretary did not attempt to present in evidence<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the publications that the CO testified he had consulted</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>N</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">did the Secretary offer<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">any<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">other<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">industry<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">publications or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">reputed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">industry<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">consensus</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>guidance.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">When<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">was called<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">to testify a second time<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the hearing in the presentation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">EWD’s case-in-chief,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">he</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">testified that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">on</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">e<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">trade association publication</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>he</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>consulted<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">during the investigation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">“recommend[s] if rust is visible</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that the issue should be noted, that close examination would be required, and, you know, that’s what I recall</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">(T. 138). However,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>there remained no offer in</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>evidence<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">h</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>publication</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">or any excerpt<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">thereof)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">was testifying about from<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">his<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">memory</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>alone</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The CO has seventeen years of experience as an OSHA compliance safety and health officer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">has conducted over 1,100 inspections and investigations, the majority of which<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">have<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">involve</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>investigation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>into fall hazards. (T. 18). The CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">certainly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">has<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">some<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">familiarity with roofing industry practices</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by virtue of that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">experience</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, but there is no evidence that he has any experience working in the roofing industry itself</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. The CO’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>consultation of publications issued by roofing industry trade associations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">suggest</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at least some</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of his familiarity<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">and knowledge about<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">roofing industry practices<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">is grounded in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the content of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">those publications.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Considering that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">his only testimony regarding the content of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">roofing industry<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">publication</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was based on his uncorroborated recollection of what the publication</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">state</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">e reliability of that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">testimony is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">subject to doubt</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">far<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">more reliable evidence of what the publication</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>state</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">would have been</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the publication</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">themselves</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The evidence is insufficient to establish that a reasonabl</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">y<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">prudent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">commercial<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">roofing contractor<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">would have done more tha</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">n what Runyon described he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">had done<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">in determining that the roof possessed the requisite strength and structural integrity before<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">EWD<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">allow</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">begin working on it<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">on September 17, 2020</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Indeed, there is no evidence that any part of the roof, not even the part where the depression was later discovered, lacked the requisite strength to support employees safely when the employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">commenced<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on the roof</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on September 17</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">when the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">approximately five-inch-thick foam board roof membrane</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>remained intact over the location where the depression<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">in the underlying roof deck<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">was later discovered</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">To the contrary, the foreman Savage testified credibly that the roof membrane “could be a solid surface and appears to be solid” and “you wouldn’t know it until you cut the built-up roof that there was a depression” underneath it. (T. 94). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Neither party presented any expert witness testimony. (Joint<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Preh</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">r’g</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Statement 4). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">presentation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">appropriate expert testimony might well have provided a basis for a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ssigning<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">greater weight to the CO’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">assessment that EWD’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">initial</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>determination was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">deficient</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">H.C. Nutting Co. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 615 F.2d 1360 [8 BNA OSHC 1241, 1241-42] (6th Cir. 1980) (unpublished) (ruling that the alleged violation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">a performance standard [</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">specifically,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">§</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">1926.21(b)(2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, which requires employers to instruct employees in the recognition and avoidance of unsafe conditions]<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">“against a backdrop of reasonable industry practice” was not established where there was “no evidence ... as to industry practices,” the CO “was not presented as an expert witness in the area,” “no specific OSHA standards require that the steps suggested by the CO be taken,” and the Secretary did not contend that the Act’s general duty clause required such steps)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Gen. Motors Corp., Delco Prod</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">. Div.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 11 BNA OSHC 1482, 1484 (No. 78-5476, 1983) (observing that “had the Secretary met his<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">prima facie</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>burden, it is questionable whether, without expert testimony, the Secretary's case<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">would have been capable of withstanding rebuttal” from the respondent)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Consol. Constr., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC 1001, 1006 n. 6 (No. 89-2839, 1993) (noting that the Secretary was not required to present expert testimony to prove his case, but that “when the Secretary chooses not to produce an expert witness, he risks the possibility, as here, of not being able to refute the employer's evidence”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">For these reasons, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">evidence<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">supporting the Secretary’s claim<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">EWD’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">initial<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">determination respecting the roof’s strength and structural integrity</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>failed to meet the requirements of the cited standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">is not preponderant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. This is so even though that evidence<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">may have been sufficient to present a prima facie case in support of the alleged violation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Cf. Falcon Steel Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC 1179, 1191 (No. 89-2883, 1993) (consolidated) (noting that an “experienced compliance officer’s reasonable suggestion” on a technical matter may be sufficient for the Secretary to make out a prima facie case without having to present expert testimony on the matter)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">EWD</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">’s Determination of the Roof’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Strength and Str</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">uctural Integrity</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><br/></span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">After<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Covering the</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Depression</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The depression was discovered<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">after<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">approximately<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">five-inch-thick roof membrane<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that had covered the depression<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">was cut and removed. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The project superintendent (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Runyon</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was nearby when<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the depression<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">was discovered, and he recognized immediately that it was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">an<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">unsafe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>condition</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. (Findings of Fact ¶ </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">22</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Runyon</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>stopped work and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">directed that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the depression</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">be covered with a 4x8-foot sheet of three-quarter-inch thick plywood</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, which EWD had on-hand at the worksite</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(T.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">98-99, 195-97</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">In his testimony,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Runyon<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">made passing reference that in addition to instructing employees to cover the depression with plywood</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>he also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">instruct</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">to “put some cones around it</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">(T.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> 195-97)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>This is the only evidence that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Runyon</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or an</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">y other EWD<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">supervisor<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">gave<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">such an<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">instruction</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The foreman, Savage, confirmed in his testimony that the depression had been covered with plywood at Runyon’s direction, but he made no mention of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">anyone<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">directing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that the area be marked with cones</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or that it be marked in any way at all. (T.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">90-99).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Even though Runyon testif</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ied</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">having instructed that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">cones be put around the area,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">he</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>acknowledge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">when<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">exited the roof<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">to go retrieve materials to repair the roof deck, there were no cones or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">any other<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">demarcation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>around</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the sheet of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>plywood<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">cover</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the depression</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">(T. 207, 210).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Runyon<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">acknowledged also that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">unmarked<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">plywood was not secured in any manner</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. (T.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">210</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Nonetheless, Runyon<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">regarded the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>unmarked and unsecured sheet of plywood<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">to have made<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">roof<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">sufficiently safe to allow employees to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">resume<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">working</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">it</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, testifying that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">[o]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">nce</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the plywood was down, it was good,” because the “plywood is a good work surface”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">and “a sound working surface”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that “takes the immediate fall hazard away.” (T. 196)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Both Runyon and the foreman Savage testified that it was EWD’s standard practice/procedure to cover suspect areas of roof deck with plywood sheets. (T. 96, 196). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">All<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">EWD<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">employees resumed working on the roof after the depression<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">had been</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>covered with the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">unmarked and unsecured<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">sheet of plywood.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Although the employee who later fell through the roof at the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>very spot of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">depression testified<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">to having no</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>recollection of events before his injury,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">only reasonable inference from the circumstantial evidence is that the plywood sheet was no longer covering the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">depression when the employee fell through the roof</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">(T. 95). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The project superintendent (Runyon) testified that his “best guess” was that either the injured employee “or one of the other workers on the roof evidently moved the plywood.” (T. 207). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The foreman<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Savage</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that while he did not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">know why<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">plywood</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">had been</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>moved</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, he su</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">spected<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">“probably slid the plywood out of the way to lift up the built-up”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>foam board</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>roof membrane that had been cut. (T. 95).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">A preponderance of the circumstantial evidence supports the reasonable inference that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">injured<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">employee</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">even<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">assuming<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">was within earshot of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Runyon</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>when Runyon instructed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">employees to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">stop work while the depression was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">being<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">covered with plywood</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref4" href="#ftn4">3</a></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">had not been adequately informed of the precise location of the depression</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">so he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">later<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">un</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">wittingly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">tr</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">o</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">upon the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">uncovered<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">depression</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref5" href="#ftn5">4</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">E</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ven if the circumstantial evidence<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">w</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">as</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">regarded to be<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">insufficient to support th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>reasonable inference</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that the injured employee had not been adequately informed of the precise<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">location of the depression</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, testimony<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">from<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">another employee<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">establish</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">es</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that not all employees on the roof<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">had been adequately<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">informed precise</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ly where on the roof the depression was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">locat</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">That employee</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that “we knew that there was” a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">“spot”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">on the roof “but I didn’t know there was one specific area” on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">9,239</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>square</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">foot<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">flat<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">roof. (T. 222-23). (That employee did not rec</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">all</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>precisely how she came to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">know<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">there was an unsafe d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">epression on the roof (T. 222-23).)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Considering that it was standard practice for EWD to use plywood sheets to cover suspect areas of roof decking, the absence of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">any<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">plywood covering the depression could have reasonably<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">led<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">any employee</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>who<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">did not know precisely where<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">on the roof<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the depression was located to conclude that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">area of the exposed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">depression was safe to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">walk or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">work on.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; ">The<span>
					</span>second sentence of<span>
					</span>§ 1926.501(a)(2)<span>
					</span>required that EWD exercise reasonable diligence before allowing employees to<span>
					</span>continue<span><span></span>
					</span>working on the roof after the depression had been covered with an unmarked and unsecured 4x8-foot sheet of plywood.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>The totality of the<span>
					</span>evidence establishes that<span>
					</span>EWD failed to exercise such reasonable diligence<span><span></span>
					</span>by inadequately informing employees of the precise location of the unsafe depression on the roof<span>
					</span>while nevertheless<span>
					</span>determining<span>
					</span>that the roof possessed the requisite strength and structural integrity to allow<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>employees to resume working on<span>
					</span>the roof<span><span></span>
					</span>after covering<span><span></span>
					</span>the depression with the unmarked and unsecured<span>
					</span>sheet of<span>
					</span>plywood. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Superior Custom Cabinet Co.</span>, 18 BNA OSHC 1019, 1022 (No. 94-200, 1997)<span><span></span>
					</span>(assessing the<span>
					</span>“totality of the evidence,”<span><span></span>
					</span>including the circumstances of the particular worksite,<span><span></span>
					</span>in concluding that the employer’s inspection of worksite failed to meet construction industry standard that requires frequent and regular inspections of job sites,<span>
					</span>§ 1926.20(b)(2)<span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span>),<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span>, 158 F.3d 583 (5th Cir. 1998).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>To render the area of the roof on and around the depression<span>
					</span>safe for employees to work on,<span>
					</span>reasonable diligence required more––measures that would have<span>
					</span>had<span>
					</span>the effect of clearly and unambiguously informing<span><span></span>
					</span>all<span>
					</span>employees<span><span></span>
					</span>then<span>
					</span>on the roof,<span><span></span>
					</span>as well as any employees<span>
					</span>who<span>
					</span>might<span>
					</span>later<span>
					</span>access the roof, that the plywood<span>
					</span>sheet<span>
					</span>was covering a unsafe area, and taking measures to inhibit<span>
					</span>the plywood sheet’s<span><span></span>
					</span>inadvertent or accidental<span><span></span>
					</span>movement off the depression<span>
					</span>until<span>
					</span>such time as<span>
					</span>the<span><span></span>
					</span>infirm<span>
					</span>roof deck<span><span></span>
					</span>had been<span><span></span>
					</span>repaired. Absent<span>
					</span>such<span>
					</span>measures being<span>
					</span>taken, and given the ubiquity of<span>
					</span>4x8-foot plywood<span>
					</span>sheets at EWD worksites<span><span></span>
					</span>generally<span><span></span>
					</span>(Finding of Fact ¶ 25), simply laying an unsecured and unmarked 4x8-foot sheet of plywood over the unsafe<span>
					</span>roof deck<span><span></span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>then<span>
					</span>allowing<span>
					</span>all<span>
					</span>work<span>
					</span>on the roof<span>
					</span>to resume<span>
					</span>was<span><span></span>
					</span>insufficient<span><span></span>
					</span>to<span>
					</span>endow<span><span></span>
					</span>the roof<span>
					</span>with<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>quality of possessing the<span>
					</span>strength<span>
					</span>and structural integrity<span>
					</span>to support employees safely.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref6" href="#ftn6">5</a></span> EWD’s determination that placing the plywood sheet over the depression<span>
					</span>rendered the strength and structural integrity of the roof sufficient to support employees safely did not<span><span></span>
					</span>meet the requirements of the<span>
					</span>second sentence<span><span></span>
					</span>of § 1926.501(a)(2).<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref7" href="#ftn7">6</a></span>
					<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Agra Erectors,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Inc.</span>, 19 BNA OSHC 1063<span>
					</span>(finding employer did not comply with second sentence of § 1926.501(a)(2)<span>
					</span>after work had commenced<span>
					</span>where<span>
					</span>the working surface involved lacked the requisite strength and structural integrity);<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Fabi Constr. Co.,</span><span><span></span>
					</span>370 F.3d<span>
					</span>29 (affirming Commission’s determination that employer violated<span>
					</span>second sentence of<span>
					</span>§ 1926.501(a)(2) after work commenced when subsequent demolition operations compromised the strength and structural integrity of<span>
					</span>working surface);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">CentiMark</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp.</span>, 24 BNA OSHC<span>
					</span>at<span>
					</span>1911<span><span></span>
					</span>(finding employer “did not take reasonable actions to assess the structural integrity of the roof” either before work started or after work started and “damage ... was revealed”);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Peterson Constr. Co.</span>, No. 95-1275,<span>
					</span>1996 WL 606661,<span><span></span>
					</span>*4 (OSHRC ALJ, Oct. 15, 1996) (finding violation of § 1926.501(a)(2) where plywood decking on which employee worked<span>
					</span>had been loosened during work<span>
					</span>and<span><span></span>
					</span>not re-secured, so that by “not ensuring that the piece of decking was secured, its structural integrity was not maintained” and<span><span></span>
					</span>“[i]t<span>
					</span>was no longer suitable as a walking/working surface” because it “could easily move, slide, lift up, or otherwise become unstable”).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; ">EWD<span><span></span>
					</span>argues<span><span></span>
					</span>that the cited standard is unconstitutionally vague, but<span>
					</span>that<span><span></span>
					</span>argument<span>
					</span>is directed to<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>Secretary’s<span>
					</span>other<span><span></span>
					</span>theory of the violation that<span>
					</span>EWD’s<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">initial</span><span><span></span>
					</span>determination<span><span></span>
					</span>of structural integrity<span><span></span>
					</span>had<span>
					</span>failed to<span><span></span>
					</span>comply with<span><span></span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>cited<span>
					</span>standard. (Resp’t<span><span></span>
					</span>Br.<span>
					</span>16-18). Because the Secretary failed to establish that<span>
					</span>theory of the violation, the Respondent’s<span>
					</span>argument<span>
					</span>became<span><span></span>
					</span>moot and was not<span><span></span>
					</span>addressed. EWD<span>
					</span>makes<span>
					</span>no corresponding constitutional argument respecting EWD’s determination that the roof had the requisite strength and structural integrity after the<span>
					</span>depression was<span>
					</span>covered with<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>unmarked and unsecured<span>
					</span>plywood sheet. Nor could such an argument have succeeded<span><span></span>
					</span>if it had been advanced,<span><span></span>
					</span>because<span>
					</span>EWD had actual notice that<span><span></span>
					</span>it could have complied with the<span>
					</span>standard at that point<span>
					</span>by<span>
					</span>at least marking the area<span>
					</span>around the plywood<span>
					</span>in some manner to alert employees<span><span></span>
					</span>to the danger<span>
					</span>that lay<span>
					</span>beneath it. In the joint prehearing statement EWD claimed to have<span>
					</span>“met the continuing obligation to ensure the work surface was sound” after the depression<span>
					</span>had been<span><span></span>
					</span>discovered by “barricading [it] with cones and flags.” <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Cotter & Co. v. OSHRC</span>, 598 F.2d 911, 914 (5th Cir. 1979) (stating that “‘the problem of fair notice does not exist”’ where an employer is shown to have actual knowledge of what is required);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">J.A. Jones Constr. Co.</span>, 15 BNA OSHC 2201, 2205-06 (No. 87-2059, 1993) (rejecting fair notice argument in<span>
					</span>finding<span>
					</span>that the<span>
					</span>employer<span>
					</span>“manifested<span><span></span>
					</span>actual notice<span><span></span>
					</span>of what it must do” to comply with<span>
					</span>the cited<span><span></span>
					</span>broadly-worded<span>
					</span>standard).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">3</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">. E</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">mployees Were Exposed to the Violative Condition</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; ">Employees were<span>
					</span>allowed to resume<span>
					</span>working on<span>
					</span>the roof after<span>
					</span>EWD<span><span></span>
					</span>had failed to exercise reasonable diligence in determining that the roof possessed the requisite strength and structural integrity to support employees safely after the depression<span>
					</span>had been<span><span></span>
					</span>covered with an unmarked and unsecured<span>
					</span>sheet of plywood. Employees were thereby exposed to the violative condition.<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">4</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">. E</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">WD Had Actual Knowledge of the Violative Condition</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; ">After the depression was covered with plywood, the project superintendent<span>
					</span>(Runyon)<span><span></span>
					</span>determined that<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>roof possessed the requisite strength and structural integrity to allow employees to<span>
					</span>continue<span><span></span>
					</span>working on<span>
					</span>it. He departed the worksite sometime later with actual knowledge that the plywood covering the depression was unmarked and unsecured<span><span></span>
					</span>and that<span>
					</span>his instruction<span>
					</span>to<span>
					</span>mark the area off with cones<span><span></span>
					</span>had not been executed.<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Phoenix Roofing, Inc.</span>, 17 BNA OSHC 1076, 1079-1080 (No. 90-2148, 1995) (an employer’s knowledge is directed to the physical condition that constitutes a violation)<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span>, 79 F.3d 1146 (5th Cir. 1996).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Runyon’s actual knowledge of the violative condition is imputed to EWD. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See N.Y. State Elec. & Gas Corp v.<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_cf01 style_cf01 " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Segoe UI; font-size:9pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Sec’y of Labor</span>, 88 F.3d 98, 105 (2d Cir. 1996) (“Knowledge or constructive knowledge may be imputed to an employer through a supervisory agent”);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Am. Eng’g & Dev. Corp.</span>, 23 BNA OSHC 2093, 2095 (No. 10-0359, 2012) (knowledge may be imputed to the employer through its supervisory employee).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">5</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">“Serious”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Classification</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; ">Under section 17(k) of the Act, a violation is serious if “there is substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result ....” 29 U.S.C. § 666(k);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also Pete Miller</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">,</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Inc.</span>, 19 BNA OSHC 1257, 1258 (No. 99-0947, 2000) (a violation is serious if “a serious injury is the likely<span>
					</span>result should an accident occur”). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; ">In deciding to promulgate § 1926.501(a)(2), OSHA considered studies that had identified construction workplace fatalities that had resulting from employees falling through ceilings and from roofs where “the employees were working on surfaces with insufficient structural strength to support their weight.” Safety Standards for Fall Protection in the Construction Industry, 59 Fed. Reg. 40672, 40681 (Aug. 9, 1994) (codified at 29 C.F.R. pt. 1926,<span>
					</span>subpt. M). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; ">The employee who fell through the roof was hospitalized with serious injuries<span>
					</span>that he<span>
					</span>sustained in the fall through<span>
					</span>a<span><span></span>
					</span>walking/working surface<span>
					</span>that lacked sufficient strength and structural integrity to support him safely. (T. 7, 71). The violation of the cited standard is properly classified as serious. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">6. Penalty</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Commission is the final arbiter of penalties. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Hern Iron Works, Inc.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC 1619, 1622, (No. 88-1962, 1994)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Valdak</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1135, 1138 (No. 93-0239, 1995) (“The [OSH] Act places limits for penalty amounts but places no restrictions on the Commission’s authority to raise or lower penalties within those limits”),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 73 F.3d 1466 (8th Cir. 1996). “[T]he Commission has the authority to ensure that a penalty is not unduly burdensome or excessive by evaluating the penalty assessment criteria set forth in the Act and determining a reasonable and appropriate penalty based on that evaluation.” </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">S.A. Healy Co.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1145, 1151 (No. 89-1508, 1995),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d on other grounds</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 138 F.3d 686 (7th Cir. 1998).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Section 17(j) of the Act requires the Commission, in assessing an appropriate penalty, to give<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">due consideration</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">gravity of the violation,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the “size of the business of the employer,”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">good faith of the employer,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the employer’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">history of previous violations.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> 29 U.S.C. §</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">666(j). Of these factors, gravity is the principal factor “and is based on the number of employees exposed, duration of exposure, likelihood of injury, and precautions taken against<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">injury.” </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Siemens Energy and Automation, Inc.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC 2196, 2201 (No. 00-1052, 2005). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The maximum penalty for the serious violation proven here is $13,494. 29 C.F.R. § 1903.15(d)(3) (2020). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The undersigned concurs in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA’s calculus in arriving at the proposed penalty as described by the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in his testimony</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(T. 69-71).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> The undersigned<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">thus<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">concurs in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and adopts<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA’s proposed penalty</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">amount<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of $</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">8,848.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1; text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ORDER</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; ">The foregoing decision constitutes findings of fact and conclusions of law<span><span></span>
					</span>on all material issues of fact, law, or discretion<span><span></span>
					</span>in accordance with<span>
					</span>Commission Rule 90(a)(1). 29 C.F.R.<span>
					</span>§ 2200.90(a)(1).<span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:Arial; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Arial; font-size:10.5pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Based upon the foregoing findings of fact and conclusions of law, it is ORDERED<span style="letter-spacing:-.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that<span>
						</span></span><span style="letter-spacing:-.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">amended<span>
						</span></span><span style="letter-spacing:-.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1,<span>
						</span></span>Item<span style="letter-spacing:-.016cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>1,<span style="letter-spacing:-.016cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>alleging<span style="letter-spacing:-.016cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>a<span style="letter-spacing:-.014cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="letter-spacing:-.014cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">serious<span>
						</span></span>violation<span style="letter-spacing:-.016cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>of<span style="letter-spacing:-.014cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>29<span style="letter-spacing:-.016cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>C.F.R.<span style="letter-spacing:-.016cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>§<span style="letter-spacing:-.004cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span>1926.501(a)(2) is AFFIRMED, and<span>
					</span>that<span>
					</span>a penalty of $8,848 is ASSESSED.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; margin-left:288px; "><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">   s/<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:16pt; font-family:Brush Script MT; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Brush Script MT; font-size:16pt; text-decoration:underline ;">William S. Coleman   </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; margin-left:240px; text-indent:1.27cm; ">WILLIAM S. COLEMAN</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; margin-left:234.267px; text-indent:1.422cm; ">Administrative Law Judge</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; margin-left:234.267px; text-indent:1.422cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-left:-5.733px; ">Dated:<span>
					</span>July 24, 2023</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; "> </p>
			</div>
			<hr/>"
      <div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">
					<a name="ftn-1" href="#ftnref-1"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">
					<a name="ftn0" href="#ftnref0"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">
					<a name="ftn1" href="#ftnref1"></a> </p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn2" href="#ftnref2"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">1 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">  An</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employer may<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">seek judicial review of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">final order of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Commission<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">in</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">court of appeals for the D.C. Circuit. Both the employer and the Secretary may seek judicial review in the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>circuit in which the violation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">alleged</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to have<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">occurred<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">or the circuit<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">where the employer has its principal office.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 U.S.C. §§ 660(a) and (b). Here, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">alleged<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">violation occurred in New York, in the Second Circuit, where<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">EWD</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">principal<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">office is also located.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 U.S.C. § 660(b).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>If this decision becomes a final order of the Commission, the Secretary would be the prevailing party, and EWD could seek judicial review in either the Second Circuit or the D.C. Circuit. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">he Commission<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">generally regards</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">source of controlling precedent for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">any given</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>case to be<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the court of appeals<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">to which th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">e Commission</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>decision<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">is most likely to be<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">appealed.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Kerns Bros. Tree Serv.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 2064, 2067 (No. 96</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">1719, 2000).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn3" href="#ftnref3"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">2 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">  Section 1926.500(b) defines the term “walking/working surface” in relevant part as follows: “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Walking/working surface</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>means any</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">surface</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>...<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">on which an employee walks or works,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">including, but not limited to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>...<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">roofs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>...<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">on which employees must be</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">located in order to perform their job</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">duties.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn4" href="#ftnref4"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">3 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Runyon testified that he “told everybody to stop for a minute while” the plywood was put down over the depression.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">(T. 195-96). He testified further that “to get [the depression] covered<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">I had to stop the noise, stop the work so that everybody knew</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,” and so he instructed employees to “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">stop tearing off</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">and “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">listen to me for a minute, there's a hole</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">in the roof</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(T. 196). No witnesses provided any corroboration of Runyon’s testimony that he “told everybody to stop for a minute,” but neither did any witnesses controvert that testimony. The foreman, Savage, did not address that factual issue in his testimony</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that the Secretary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">presented as part of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">her</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>case in chief. Savage testified credibly that he was not near Runyon when the depression was discovered (which is when Runyon testified<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">he instructed employees to stop work while plywood was being placed over it), and that he (Savage) did not observe the plywood being put down over the depression because he “was at the other end of the roof” about 150 feet away. (T. 94-95). Runyon’s contrary recollection that Savage was standing next to him when Runyon first saw the depression is less reliable and credible than Savage’s testimony. (T. 205). Savage is far more competent than Runyon to accurately recall where he (Savage) had been positioned when Runyon was engaged in instructing employees to cover the depression with plywood. Savage’s forthright testimony at the hearing was delivered without any discernable guile in substance or in his demeanor. Savage’s testimony about where he had been positioned when Runyon first saw the depression and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>then</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>ordered th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">it be covered with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">plywood is more reliable than Runyon’s differing testimony. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:5.333px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn5" href="#ftnref5"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">4 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">testified that during his ten-day investigation he spoke to both the injured employee and to another non-supervisory employee who had been present on the roof, and that both employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">said that no plywood or flags had been placed over or around the depression</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">before the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">injurious fall through the roof deck</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. (T. 37-38). That testimony of the CO is not credited. The CO had not learned of the existence of the depression until months after he had concluded his ten-day investigation, and so he would not have known to query any employee about any depression during the investigation. (T. 35, 69, 183). It is more likely that in so testifying the CO was recalling subsequent separate telephone conversations that he had with those<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">mployees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">in the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">days<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">prior to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Commission’s hearing in the matter,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">which was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">almost a year after the CO had concluded the investigation. (T. 152, 219, 227). However, both those employees testified at the hearing, and neither of them corroborated the CO’s account of what they had said to him</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>either during the CO’s investigation or in the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ir</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>more recent telephone conversations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. The CO’s account of what those two employees said to him is deemed insufficiently reliable to establish by a preponderance of the evidence the truth<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">of what</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>he</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>recalled them</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">having said</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn6" href="#ftnref6"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">5 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Contrary to the notion<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">EWD raises in its post-hearing brief</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Resp’t Br. 10-11)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">his decision does not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">rule<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that EWD violated the unpleaded standard that prescribes criteria for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the use of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">“[c]overs for holes in ...roofs”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that is codified at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">§ 1926.502(i). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">This is so even though it is likely that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">EWD<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">would<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">have been deemed to have<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">made a compliant determination under<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">§ 1926.501(a)(2)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">if</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">EWD had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">cover</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the depression with a cover that met the criteria of § 1926.502(i)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Nevertheless,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">this decision does not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">rule</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>this<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">could be<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the sole manner<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that EWD could have<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">compli</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">§ 1926.501(a)(2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">For example, as</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the CO testified, EWD<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">c</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ould have complied by removing the employees from the roof until such time as the depression<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">had been</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>repaired and the strength and structural integrity of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">walking/working<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">surface restored. (T.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">69). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Further, even if the Secretary had amended the alleged violation to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">have<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">allege</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>instead</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or in the alternative</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a violation of § 1926.502(i)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">it is un</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">certain tha</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1926.502(i)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>would have been deemed to apply. The depression was valley-like and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">might not have constituted<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">either a “gap or void” in the roof of at least two inches in size, which is how the standard defines the term “hole” in § 1926.500(b): “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Hole</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>means a gap or void 2 inches ... or more in its least dimension, in a floor, roof, or other walking/working surface.” The words “gap” and “void” are not defined in the standard and thus they would be assigned their ordinary meanings in determining whether<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the depression constituted a “hole” that would thereby render<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">§ 1926.502(i) applicable to the plywood sheet</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>used to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">cover the depression. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:5.333px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn7" href="#ftnref7"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">6 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The alleged violation, as was amended by the Secretary’s complaint to add the allegations that “[e]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">mployees were permitted to work on surfaces that did not have the requisite strength and structural integrity</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,” and that “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the roof deck lacked</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the requisite strength and structural integrity</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,” objectively capture this theory of EWD’s violative conduct grounded in the second sentence</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of § 1926.501(a)(2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Agra Erectors, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC 106</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(finding employer did not comply with second sentence of § 1926.501(a)(2) after work had commenced and the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">walking/</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">working surface</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that was implicated</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>lacked the requisite strength and structural integrity)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. This is so even though the Secretary did not learn until long after the complaint was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">prepared and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">filed, and only about one month before the hearing, that EWD had discovered the depression and had covered it with plywood</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Even if this theory of the alleged violation had not been captured by the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">allegations of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">complaint,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the parties squarely recognized that they were trying that theory</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and they consented to do</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>so</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">McWilliams Forge Co., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 11 BNA OSHC 2128, 2129</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">-30</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 80-5868, 1984)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">(a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">mendment</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of pleadings after trial</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>under<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Fed. R. Civ. P.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">15(b)(2) “is proper only if two findings can be made</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">––</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that the parties<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">tried<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">an unpleaded issue and that they<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">consented</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to do so</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">stating further<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">[t]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">rial by consent may be found only when the parties knew, that is, squarely recognized, that they were trying an unpleaded issue”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">). </span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">In the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">J</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">oint<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">P</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">rehearing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">tatement dated September 13, 2021, EWD identified the following facts to be litigated: “[EWD] identifying the area of suspect roof deck on 9/17, covering the area with plywood and barricading with cones and flags met the continuing obligation to ensure the work surface was sound.” In that same joint prehearing statement, EWD described one of its affirmative defenses in part as follows: “When [EWD] became aware of the change in the condition [of the roof’s strength and structural integrity], [EWD] took immediate steps to prevent employee exposure.” EWD’s identification of these matters<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">as articulated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">in the joint prehearing statement foreshadowed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">evidence presented at the hearing address</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ing those<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">matters, which is indicative that the parties<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">having<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">consented to litigating the adequacy of EWD’s determination that the roof had the requisite strength and structural integrity to allow employees to resume working on it after the plywood had been placed over the depression. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, T. 15, 68-69, 183, 195-96). </span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">For these reasons, if it had been necessary, the undersigned would have<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">sua sponte</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>amended the complaint post-hearing to allege this theory of the violation grounded in the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">second sentence of § 1926.501(a)(2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ee</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Avcon, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC 1440, 1451</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">-52</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 98-0755, 2011) (consolidated)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(on discretionary review of a Commission judge’s decision, the Commission<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">sua sponte</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>amends multiple citation items after considering whether<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">respondent “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">had a fair opportunity to defend and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">...</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>could have offered any additional evidence if the case was retried</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">”).</span></p>
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