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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">United States of America</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION<span>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SECRETARY OF LABOR</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
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								</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainan</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t,</span></p>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> v. </span></p>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">URS FEDERAL SERVICES</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, INC.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
									</span>and its successors,</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref2" href="#ftn2">1</a></span></p>
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								</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHRC Docket No</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">18-0278</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Appearances:</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Luis A. Garcia</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, Esq.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>& Nisha Parekh, Esq.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, Department of Labor, Office of Solicitor,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Los Angeles, California</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">For Complainant</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Jason S. Mills</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, Esq.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>& Justin<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Hanassab</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Morgan, Lewis & Bockius, LLP, Los Angeles, California</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">F</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">or Respondent</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Be</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">fore: </span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Judge<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Patrick B. Augustine</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>– U. S. Administrative Law Judge</span></p>
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				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">I.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Procedural History</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">While operating a grinder in a Department of Defense</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(“DOD”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>welding shop in Barstow, California, one of Respondent’s employees was severely injured when the grinding stone he was using exploded. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 156</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Although he was using proper protective equipment, the employee suffered a severe laceration to his head and a concussion that put him out of work for nearly six months.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref3" href="#ftn3">2</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">58–59, 510; Ex. C-17</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Subsequent investigation revealed the employee used a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">grinding stone<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">with an RPM (revolutions per minute) rating that did not match the RPM rating of the grinder. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stip. No. 10;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">272</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-9</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>A complaint was filed with the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Occupational Safety Health Administration (“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>San Diego Area Office that one of Respondent’s employees had been hospitalized with a work-related injury, which was not reported to OSHA. (Tr. 203). The complaint was forwarded to the Las Vegas Area Office, which dispatched Compliance Safety and Health Officer<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(“CSHO”)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Kentis Casto to conduct an inspection. (Tr. 202).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Over the course of two days, CSHO Casto conducted an inspection of Respondent’s worksite<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at the Marine Corps Logistics Base in Barstow.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref4" href="#ftn4">3</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">311–12</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). CSHO Casto interviewed employees and members of management and reviewed the workplace and equipment involved in the accident. (Tr. 212–13). As a result of his<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">inspection, CSHO Casto recommended, and Complainant issued, a Citation and Notification of Penalty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(“Citation”).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Citation alleges a single-item, serious violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">215(d)(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with a recommended penalty of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">$12,934</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Respondent submitted a timely Notice of Contest, bringing the matter before the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Commission</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A trial was held on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">November 27–28, 2018</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Bakersfield, California</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The following<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">individuals testified: (1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Shako Leang</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, former supervisor for Respondent; (2) David Downing, former welder for Respondent; (3) CSHO Kentis Casto; (4) Richard Stone, Respondent’s Safety Director;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(5) Aaron “Abe” Ellis, Respondent’s Barstow site manager</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Both parties timely submitted post-trial briefs.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based on the evidence, arguments, and relevant case law, the Court<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">finds<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent failed to exercise reasonable diligence to prevent violations of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">215(d)(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">II.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Stipulations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
					</span>& Jurisdiction</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The parties<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">stipulated to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">jurisdictional and legal matters, which were</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">submitted by the parties as Joint Exhibit 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref5" href="#ftn5">4</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Based on the parties’ stipulations, the Court finds<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Commission has jurisdiction over the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">matter</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pursuant to Section 10(c) of the Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 29 U.S.C.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">§<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">659(c).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Stip. No. 2).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Further, the Court finds<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent was an employer engaged in a business and industry affecting interstate commerce within the meaning of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ection</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3(3) and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3(5) of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 652(5).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Sl</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ingluff</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 425 F.3d 861, 866</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">–</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">67 (10</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Cir. 2005).</span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">III.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Factual Background</span></p>
			<p style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Nature of the Work</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent is a large design, engineering, and construction firm. (Tr. 387). As is relevant to this case, Respondent contracted with the DOD to assemble, repair, and refurbish military vehicles</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at the Barstow Marine Corps Logistics Base</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 103). Respondent provided roughly 376 employees to carry out various tasks in the assembly of these vehicles, which included painting, welding, steam, blasting, and others.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref6" href="#ftn6">5</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 118, 120). Those employees, in turn, were overseen by five supervisors, most of whom had responsibility for managing multiple task areas spread out over a large area within the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">base</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 119). Shako Leang, who supervised the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>weld shop</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>where the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>injured employee</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>worked</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, was responsible for seven different<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">departments</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, including paint shop, steam, blast, weld, Humvees for both Marines and Air Force, and tear-down. (Tr. 121). These<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">departments</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">spread out all over the base</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">103–104</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>In addition to the employees and supervisors supplied by Respondent, DOD had its own employees and supervisors working within each of the departments or “lines”, as Leang referred to them. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">103</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). The employees and supervisors of Respondent and DOD worked alongside each other, but Leang testified there was no overlap in supervision: DOD supervisors supervised DOD employees, and Respondent’s supervisors supervised Respondent’s employees. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">14</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">6</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">–47</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Respondent’s employees were required to supply their own hand tools—wrenches, screwdrivers, etc.—however, they used power tools supplied by DOD</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees in the weld shop</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">49–50</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). This included the angle grinder</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and grinding stones that were used in the welding shop. According to David Downing, who had worked at the base before Respondent took over the maintenance contract and continues to do so now that Respondent’s contract has expired, all welders working in the welding line would go to the tool counter to request grinders and stones/discs, which would be provided by a DOD employee. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">177</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<p style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">B.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Accident</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>On July<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">25,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>2018,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">N.M. was grinding down<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">welds</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on an MRAP vehicle</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>when his grinding stone exploded and knocked him to the ground</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">64–65</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">When<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">his supervisor, Shako Leang,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">arrived at the scene of the accident, N.M. was lying on the ground and was bleeding from his forehead. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">58–59</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Although N.M. was wearing proper protective gear, including a full-face shield, the shattered pieces of stone</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">crashed into the shield with enough force to lacerate his forehead and cause a severe concussion. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">62–63; Ex. C-2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">He was taken</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the hospital where he was observed and later released. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">80</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). N.M. was unable to return to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">full duty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">six</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>months. According to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Casto’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>investigation,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>N.M. had been using a 5-inch<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Dynabrade</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>right-angle<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">grinder that was rated for 12,000 RPM with a grinding stone</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref7" href="#ftn7">6</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that was only rated to 9,070 RPM. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">164, 216, 265</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-9)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">C.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Previous Accidents</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Prior to the accident at issue in this case, two other employees were injured using grinders in the welding shop: David Downing, who testified at trial, and Abraham Abreu, who was not called as a witness.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>While there are similarities between the three cases, there are also notable differences in both the respective causes of the accidents, as well as what Respondent knew about the accidents themselves.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The first incident, involving Abreu, was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">documented</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in Respondent’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">incident and injury database</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, thus, was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>indisputably known to Respondent. (Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-5</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). According to the narrative in the log,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">October 18, 2016</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Abreu was grinding a sharp edge at an angle on a military vehicle with a cutting wheel (as opposed to the stone used by N.M.) when the rubber backing of the wheel broke off and struck him in the groin area. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">454–55</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-5</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Richard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Stone confirmed the basic facts recounted in the log. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">454</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Stone also testified Abreu was using the appropriate grinding disc</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for the grinder. (Tr. 455).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">There was no evidence to suggest the disc exploded or that it was incompatible with the grinder, both of which were the case in the incident involving N.M.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The second incident, which involved Downing, appears somewhat<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">similar to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the incident involving N.M.; however, there are some important differences. According to Downing,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in November of 2016,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>he was using an angle grinder and cup,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">similar to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that used by N.M., when it “exploded” on him. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">156</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Downing testified the shrapnel that released from the stone<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">dislocated his thumb and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">left a bruise on his chest that lasted for a few weeks. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">157</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). After this explosion occurred,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a fellow welder, Steve Peterson,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>approached Downing, telling him he heard the explosion. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">181</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Downing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, who was not going to say anything about the incident,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>recounted what happened to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Peterson</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, who was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">also an</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employee safety representative. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">181</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Peterson</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>asked Downing if he “wanted to go anywhere with it”. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">181</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">D</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">owning responded<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Peterson</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was the “safety guy”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and he</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>should do what he needed to do. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">181</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). After that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Downing went back to work.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At trial,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Downing could not recall<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">whether the grinding stone was compatible with the grinder he was using, nor could he identify the reason why it had exploded; though he did speculate it was possible the stone could have been dropped in transit or in the DOD shop. (Tr. 157). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>As for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Peterson</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the “safety guy”, the testimony revealed he was a member of a safety committee, which was made up of rank-and-file employees from each of the respective lines and chaired by the site manager. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">457–58</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent designed the committee as a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>boots-on-the-ground approach to identifying hazards and safety issues, including once-a-month site walkthroughs. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). The committee members would, in turn, report those issues<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">during their meetings, which would be relayed to management through the site manager. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">458</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Unlike people working directly for Stone,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employees like<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Peterson</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>not employed by the safety department, nor w</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ere they</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">supervisors</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">457, 502</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> With respect to the incident involving Downing, there is no evidence<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Peterson</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>brought it to the attention of the committee, the site manager, or any other supervisor.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">D.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Respondent’s Safety and Training Program</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent introduced extensive documentation of its training and safety program. Stone testified Respondent provides training on general safety principles, as well as specific safety<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">measures, to its employees and managers. (Tr. 408–410). The general safety training course for rank-and-file employees is at orientation, as well as on an annual basis thereafter. (Tr. 409). Respondent provides managers, like Leang, with a training module called STAR, which Stone testified is designed to give managers the tools they need to lead safety successfully and to aid their employees to understand the importance of safe work practices. (Tr. 410). Stone noted he personally provided Leang with this training in approximately May of 2016. (Tr. 410).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>In addition to more general training,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s employees participate in tailgate training sessions that are provided every morning during what Leang referred to as morning muster. During morning muster, Leang would</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>generally</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>discuss<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">safety issues</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and he or a designated employee would cover<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>assigned<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">safety-related</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>topic. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">126–27</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">R-2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). According to the documentation submitted by Respondent, N.M. participated in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">many of those</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>training sessions</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">cover</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>topics such as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">cutting and grinding and handheld pneumatic tools</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">R-2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). While Leang testified he participated in and, in some cases, proctored these<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">tailgate training sessions</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, he admitted he had not received substantive training in some of the specific lines for which he was responsible, including welding</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and grinding</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">55–56</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Respondent also implemented a process by which employees would examine their own work practices, as well as those of their fellow employees. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">444–45</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-2 at URS Barstow_000163, R-8</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). For example,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">prior to beginning work in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the welding</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">department</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">each employee<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was required to review a general Job Hazard Analysis</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(“JHA”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—provided by DOD—specific to their job. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">430</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">R-2 at URSBarstow_000010</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). This JHA identified the general hazards and safety concerns for a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">specific</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>activity within a line. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">430</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). In addition, each employee was required to complete a more specific task hazard analysis for the specific activity they were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">performing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that day. (Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">R-2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). According to Leang, the purpose of this self-assessment<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was to ensure individual employees were focused on the specific hazards presented by the work activity for the day. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">128–130</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Coupled with the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">self-assessments</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">mployees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>occasionally</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>directed by the safety supervisor to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>perform<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Behavior-Based Safety Checklists</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of their fellow employees to ensure safety principles were being followed. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">349–50, 441</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">R-8</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As for Leang, he occasionally walked through the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>worksite to ensure employees were wearing their required PPE and performing the work safely</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, though he also admitted he spent a significant amount of his time in the office performing administrative work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">113–14</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> These walkarounds were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">supposed to be<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">supplemented by an on-site safety supervisor, who<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>supposed to perform</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>walkarounds, trainings, and observations of both employees and managers. (Tr. 447–448).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">N</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">one of the checklists or hazard analyses mention anything about grinder compatibility.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Regarding the specific hazard at issue in this case—grinder compatibility—Respondent has a work rule requiring its employees to ensure the grinding stone has an RPM rating no less than the RPM rating of the grinder. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">347</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">R-5 at 3.8.2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Although it is unclear as to whether training specific to this rule was provided in orientation,</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref8" href="#ftn8">7</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it appears<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it may have been</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>covered</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in a seminar entitled “Tool Safety”, which Respondent provided to its employees, including N.M., on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">May 25, 2016</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref9" href="#ftn9">8</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">432–34</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">R-2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at URSBarstow_000013</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">R-3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Leang</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Downing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and other employees interviewed by CSHO Casto</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified they had not received<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">this or other<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">training on the issue of grinder/grinding stone compatibility</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>until after the accident</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">55–57, 90, 158</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-6</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">According to his<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">testimony</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Downing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was not employed by Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>when the Tool Safety training had been provided; however,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>admitted he had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>years of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">welding<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">experience when he was hired<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">by Respondent. (Tr. 172–17</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">4</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">He admitted he was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“always”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">aware<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he had to ensure<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">compatibility between grinder and stone<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">RPM ratings, but<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it was something he did not think about until after he experienced a problem (Tr. 182–83</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 399, 402–403</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">It is unclear where Downing acquired this knowledge, but<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">there is no evidence to suggest Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>provided this<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">information</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or otherwise</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>inquired about Downing’s prior training or knowledge of welding-related safety.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">IV.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Discussion</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Law Applicable to Alleged Violation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
					</span>of Section 5(a)(2)</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To establish a violation of an OSHA standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>pursuant to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ection<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">5(a)(2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">must</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>establish</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(1)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>applies</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(2) the terms of the standard were violated;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(3) employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were exposed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the hazard covered by the standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and (4) the employer had actual or constructive knowledge of the violation (i.e.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the employer knew</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with the exercise of reasonable diligence</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>could have known of the violative condition).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Atlantic Battery Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">16 BNA OSHC 2131, 2138 (No. 90-1747, 1994).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant has the burden of establishing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>each element by a preponderance of the evidence.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Hartford Roofing Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1361 (No. 92-3855, 1995). “Preponderance of the evidence” has been defined as:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:53.733px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The greater weight of the evidence, not necessarily established by the greater number of witnesses testifying to a fact<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">but by evidence that has the most convincing force</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; superior evidentiary weight that, though not sufficient to free the mind wholly from all reasonable doubt, is still sufficient to incline a fair and impartial mind to one side of the issue rather than the other. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Black’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s Law Dictionary, “Preponderance of the Evidence” (10th ed. 2014)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(emphasis added)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 1</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant alleged a serious violation of the Act in Citation 1, Item 1 as follows:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 CFR 19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">10</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">215(d)(2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Spindle speed(s) on grinding machine(s) were not checked before mounting to assure it did not exceed the maximum operating speed marked on the wheel</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Welding Shop: Employees were exposed to struck by hazards when operating a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">DynaBrade</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>5” Right Angle Grinder, Model 52633, 12,000 RPM with a grinding wheel incompatible for use at speed of angle grinder.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:90px; text-indent:-2.381cm; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and Notification of Penalty<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 6.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:90px; text-indent:-2.381cm; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:90px; text-indent:-2.381cm; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The cited standard provides:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:90px; text-indent:-2.381cm; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-2.381cm; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Immediately before mounting, all wheels shall be closely inspected and sounded by the user (ring test) to make sure they have not been damaged in transit, storage, or otherwise. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The spindle speed of the machine shall be checked before mounting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the wheel to be certain that it does not exceed the maximum operating speed marked on the wheel. . . .<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:90px; text-indent:-2.381cm; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">10.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">215(d)(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">a.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Respondent Stipulated to Standard Application, Violation, and Exposure<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The parties stipulated that 29 C.F.R. §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">910.215(d)(1) is the applicable standard. (Ex. J-1 at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">p. 3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Further,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">during</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the trial, the parties also agreed the grinding stone did not match the spindle speed of the grinder</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, violating</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1910.215(d)(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and that an employee was exposed to the hazard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">created</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by the violation. (Tr. 33–36). Thus, the only remaining issue is whether Respondent had knowledge of the violation. </span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">b.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Respondent<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Should Have Known of the Violation<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant contends Respondent had both actual and constructive knowledge of the violation at issue in this case. As to actual knowledge, Complainant contends Steve Peterson, the weld shop’s representative to the safety committee, should be viewed as a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">de facto<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">supervisor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>such that his knowledge of Downing’s accident<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">could</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>be imputed to Respondent. Complainant also contends Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">should be charged with</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>constructive knowledge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the violation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>because Respondent failed to conduct spot checks of individual welder’s tools to ensure grinders and grinding stones were RPM-compatible. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In response, Respondent contends Peterson served on the committee in a merely representative capacity, meaning he had the ability to voice concerns about safety issues within<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the welding department, but otherwise was not granted authority to direct or otherwise exert authority over his co-employees. As to constructive knowledge, Respondent contends it exercised reasonable diligence in the implementation of its safety program in the welding department. Further, Respondent contends<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the imposition of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a spot-check requirement exceeds what is reasonable given what Respondent knew (or did not know) about grinder compatibility issues.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court disagrees. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">While the Court finds Respondent did not have actual knowledge of the violation,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s failure to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>perform thorough examinations of its employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>equipment illustrates a lack of reasonable diligence and, thus, constitutes constructive knowledge of the violation.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:216px; text-indent:-.318cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:216px; text-indent:-.318cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">i.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Actual Knowledge</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In order to establish actual knowledge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of this violation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Complainant must prove Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">knew</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">N.M. was using an incompatible grind stone with the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Dynabrade</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>grinder</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See LJC Dismantling Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">24 BNA OSHC 1478 (No. 08-1318, 2014)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(finding evidence insufficient to establish foreman knew injured employee was exposed to hazardous condition</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>when that foreman was on a different floor when injury occurred</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also Gary Concrete Prods, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 1051, 1052–53 (No. 86-1087, 1991) (finding employer lacked actual knowledge where supervisor left work area prior to employee exposure to violative condition)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Actual knowledge<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">can be<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">proved<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">by showing one of Respondent’s supervisors<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">knew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the condition, in which case<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">such knowledge is imputable to Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Dover Elevator</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">16 BNA OSHC 1281</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">91-862</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1993</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">) (citations omitted).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">There is no evidence Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">actually knew</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>N.M. was using an incompatible stone. Instead, Complainant relies on</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>two</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>incidents<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that occurred<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">more than eight months before the injury to N.M., which forms the basis of the citation at issue. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As will be shown, m</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">uch of Complainant’s argument</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">this topic</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is about whether Respondent should have<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">known N.M. was using an incompatible grinding stone, which is the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">standard for inquiry into whether Respondent had</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>constructive</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, not actual,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>knowledge.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As to actual knowledge, the Court finds</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Complainant confuses the issue of knowledge by conflating<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Peterson’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>knowledge of Downing’s accident with knowledge of the violation alleged<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">in this case</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>First, without consideration of the specific facts of Downing’s exploding grinding wheel, using Peterson’s knowledge of that incident to establish actual knowledge for the purposes of this citation is improper. As recounted in Complainant’s brief, the incident involving Downing occurred approximately 8 months<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">before</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>N.M.’s accident.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Compl’t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 13. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">What</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Peterson specifically knew about<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Downing’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>purported violation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>occurr</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>outside the statute of limitations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>has nothing to do with whether Respondent can be charged with actual knowledge of N.M.’s violative conduct.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">appears to suggest</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent’s employees consistently failed to check “[t]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">spindle</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>speed of the machine</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>. . .<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">before mounting</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; nevertheless,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that allegation has to be connected to a discrete violation.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g.,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>N & N Contractors, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 2121 (No. 96-0606, 2000) (finding Secretary failed to prove actual knowledge when there was “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">no evidence that Wilkinson or any other N&N supervisor observed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Radzicki’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>conduct”</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Although Peterson’s knowledge, and potentially Respondent’s, regarding the Downing incident is relevant to the issue of constructive knowledge, it cannot be used to establish actual knowledge of the violation alleged in this case.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Second,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant wants to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">connect the basic facts of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Downing’s incident to the incident involving N.M. The connection, however, is not as clear cut as Complainant suggests.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Principal amongst Complainant’s problems is the fact that Downing himself admitted he did not know whether the grinding cup/stone that exploded was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">rated at the same RPM as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the grinder he was using at the time. (Tr. 157</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Instead, Downing speculated the grinding stone could have been<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">dropped, stating, “[N]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ormally</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>they explode because of dropping.” (Tr. 157). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Downing testified his conversation with Peterson was brief, and there is no indication the two discussed RPMs or other potential reasons for the explosion. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">181</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, even if Peterson’s knowledge of Downing’s accident was imputable</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, there i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s no evidence Respondent was aware Downing failed to check RPM compatibility, let alone that it was aware of the accident in the first place.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Third,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">notwithstanding the foregoing, Complainant failed to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">establish Peterson was a supervisor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To establish an individual’s supervisory status, the Commission has held</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“job titles are not controlling and that the power to hire and fire is not the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">sine qua non</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of supervisory status . . . .”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Rawson Contractors, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC 1078 (No. 99-0018, 2003). Instead, the key question is whether the individual in question “was vested with some degree of authority over the other crew members assigned to carry out the specific job involved.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Iowa Southern Utilities Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 5 BNA OSHC 1138 (No. 9295, 1977). This includes, amongst other things: the power to order that necessary steps be taken to do the job properly, ensuring that work will be done in a safe manner, ensuring compliance with OSHA regulations, and identifying and implementing corrective measures to eliminate hazards.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Rawson</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC 1078,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Iowa Southern</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 5 BNA OSHC 1138;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also Kerns Bros. Tree<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Svcs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 2064 (No. 96-1719, 2000) (crew leader responsible for seeing work done safely and properly based on written work order).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">According to the testimony, Peterson was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a rank-and-file welder, who was selected to serve as the welding department’s representative<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on the safety committee. According to Aaron Ellis, former site manager for Barstow and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>chair of the safety committee</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the committee<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">wa</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s designed to get employees from each department involved so they<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">could</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>have a “direct line with management so they can express any concerns they have.” (Tr. 503).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> The once-a-month meetings<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">would include discussions led by the site manager and safety supervisor, who would identify safety-related issues they had seen, as well as input from the rank-and-file. (Tr. 503–504).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This was echoed by Stone, who testified the employees on the committee brought issues to management who, in turn, would be expected to address and/or solve issues brought up by the employee representatives. (Tr. 457–58). Stone further testified all employees have a duty to report injuries and incidents and that membership on the committee did not impart a heightened duty on Peterson or any other member; rather, it served as an additional channel through which such reports could be made. (Tr. 496). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Clarifying the issue even further, Ellis testified Peterson “was not in any shape, form, or manner a—in any type of supervisory capacity.” (Tr. 502).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Court agrees with Respondent. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In his brief, Complainant overstates Peterson’s role in the arena of safety and health. Indeed,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">though Peterson</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>may have participated in walkthroughs (though there is no specific evidence of this) and participated in monthly meetings in an advisory capacity, it does not appear his duties were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">substantially<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">different than other employees within the welding department. The evidence shows each employee was, at one time or another, responsible for auditing his fellow employees’ work practices and work station through the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Behavior-Based Safety</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hecklist.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Ex. R-8). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Peterson conducted some<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">tailgate training sessions on safety and tool usage,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">but<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he was also just an attendee at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">some</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of these training sessions. (Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">R-2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). According to Stone</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Leang</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Respondent liked to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">use employees to conduct certain tailgate training sessions, especially those familiar with the work, because Respondent found employees receive the information better if it comes from a fellow employee. (Tr. 430). If the training were more technical or detailed, Stone testified such training would be proctored by a safety supervisor or someone else. (Tr. 430).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">There is no indication Respondent “relied on Representative Peterson to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ensure weld shop safety”, as Complainant puts it</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, any more than any other employee</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, nor is there any indication Peterson wielded any authority over his coworkers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Compl’t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 15. </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Complainant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>cites to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Boh</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Brothers Construction<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in support of its claim Peterson was a supervisor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Complainant’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">reliance on the Commission’s decision is not only misplaced</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>because the term “safety representative” carried a different connotation than it does in the present case,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>but</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Complainant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>quotes the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ALJ’s rationale for finding knowledge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>when the Commission explicitly disclaimed reliance on the ALJ’s reasoning</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Compl’t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 12 (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">quoting</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Boh</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Bros. Constr. Co., LLC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 24 BNA OSHC 1067</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2013 WL 949386</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at *13</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 09-1072, 2013)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Further, the safety representative referred to in the decision was specifically designated to “perform compliance monitoring, coordinate with foremen and supervisors, identify deficiencies, and recommend safety improvements”, as well as held daily safety meetings with supervisors, ensured foremen held daily job safety analysis meetings, and administered safety presentations and orientation for new employees.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at *13.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Such responsibilities far exceed those granted to Peterson and clearly indicate authority not only over rank-and-file employees but over members of the on-site management team, too.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Based on the foregoing, the Court finds (1) Complainant failed to establish Respondent had actual knowledge of the violation that forms the basis of the Citation at issue in this case, and (2) Complainant failed to establish Steven Peterson was a supervisor through whom knowledge, actual or constructive, could be imputed to Respondent.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:216px; text-indent:-.318cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:216px; text-indent:-.318cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">ii.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Constructive Knowledge<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Alternatively, Complainant contends Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sh</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ould have known</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">its employees were not ensuring their grindstones and grinders were compatible</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">had it exercised<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">reasonable diligence</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This assertion is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">grounded</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, at least in part, on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Casto’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">initial understanding that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>there were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">multiple incidents involving exploding grinding stones due to RPM incompatibility. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">250; Ex. C-7</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Although CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Casto’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>assessment of the prevalence of grinding stone explosions was overblown, the Court nonetheless finds Respondent failed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to take reasonable precautions to ensure</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>its employees were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">complying with 29 C.F.R. § 1910.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">215(d)(2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>prior to operating the DOD-issued grinders</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">According to the Commission, the determination of whether an employer has exercised reasonable diligence is based on multiple factors, including “an employer’s obligation to inspect the work area,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">anticipate hazards, take measures to prevent violations from occurring, adequately supervise employees, and implement adequate work rules and training programs.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Jacobs Field<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Svcs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">. N.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">25 BNA OSHC 1216</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">10-2659</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2015</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(citations omitted)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>see also N.Y. State Elec. & Gas Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 88 F.3d 98, 106 (2d Cir. 1996) (“[C]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">onstructive</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>knowledge may be predicated on an employer’s failure to establish an adequate program to promote compliance with safety standards.”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Whether an employer has exercised reasonable diligence “will vary with the facts of each case.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Martin v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 947 F.2d 1483, 1485 (11th Cir. 1991).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> The Court will examine the foregoing factors<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in light of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the facts of this case.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>First, the Court finds Respondent had a work rule governing the conduct at issue here.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref10" href="#ftn10">9</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Under its rules for Hand and Power Tools, Respondent had a separate section for</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Handheld Grinders. (Ex. R-5 at URSBarstow_000058). Rule 3.8.2 states, “Ensure the RPM (as posted on the wheel) is equal to or greater than that posted on the grinder, the disk/wheel is the correct size for the grinder, and the type of wheel is compatible with the material being ground or cut.” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 000059). This is sufficiently specific to cover the requirements of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.215(d)(1).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The document containing the rule indicates it was current as of June 26, 2017, which was roughly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">one month prior to the accident involving<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">N.M. and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was available on the company intranet. (Ex. R-5). Thus, at the very least, the Court finds Respondent had a rule in place at the time of the accident.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Having a rule and ensuring your employees are aware of that rule, however, are two different things. It is here, as well as under the other factors, where Respondent’s case for reasonable diligence starts to break down.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The problem for Respondent is one of consistency. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As noted above, Respondent provided training on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">general safety issues and welding-specific</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>topics through<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">orientation, training modules, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">tailgate meetings</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Some of the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>general safety training modules</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>covered during orientation and revisited annually thereafter. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">409</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">R-2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The training modules<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">covering</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the specifics of the welding department, however,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>not consistently provided to ensure all welding shop employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at Barstow we</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">re trained</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on issues<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">like</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>grinder compatibility. This explains why Downing and the employees interviewed by CSHO Casto all stated they had not received such training until after the incident involving N.M.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent submitted evidence of three training modules that address</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the use of grinders</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">one of which</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>indicate</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the need to inspect the cutting wheel. (Ex. R-2 at URSBarstow</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">_00000</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">6)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. The relevant training was entitled “Tool Safety”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for which Respondent submitted a sign-in sheet and an associated PowerPoint presentation. (Ex. R-2 at URSBarstow_000013). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">While there is nothing specific to the sign-in sheet or PowerPoint that would indicate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the content contained in the PowerPoint was provided during the Tool Safety seminar, Stone credibly testified that “Tool Safety” specifically refers to the content contained in the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">PowerPoint</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">432–33, 480–483</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). The PowerPoint,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">though it cites to the construction standard for grinding machines, nonetheless references<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">both the RPM of the grinder and the requirement the wheel “shall be compatible with the size motor of the grinder.” (Ex. R-3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">URSBarstow</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>_000020</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">While these appear, at least minimally, to cover the standard at issue here, the Court notes each of these training seminars took place</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>one or two years before the accident in this case, leaving an employee like Downing, who started in late 2016, without such training.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The weight of the evidence suggests<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">some of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s employees receive</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>training on grinder compatibility</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and some did not. Welding shop supervisor<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Skako</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">L</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">eang</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>received supervisor<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">training, but</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was more or less in the dark on the substantive requirements of the seven different lines he was responsible for</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, including welding. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">55</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>N.M., along with other</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>welding shop employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, received the training described above, but</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Downing and employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>interviewed by CSHO Casto stated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">they did not receive training on this issue until after N.M.’s accident</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">While<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Downing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">testified he was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>aware of the requirement for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">grinder<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">compatibility</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, that information</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is only<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">helpful to Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>if</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, when Downing was hired,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">inquired into the nature of his experience and training to determine what, if any, additional training was necessary</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, e.g.,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>LJC Dismantling Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">24 BNA OSHC at 1481–82</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">more specific instructions not necessary where employer was aware of employee’s prior training)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">According to Downing, Respondent did not so inquire.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 187–88).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Further, the responses to CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Casto’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>inquiries regarding grinding compatibility suggests whatever training Respondent provided was either ineffective or, as discussed below, not followed up on by management.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Perhaps the biggest problem for Respondent is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the failure of management, whether due to understaffing or insufficient guidance, to inspect the work area and provide consistent, meaningful supervision. An employer “has a general obligation to inspect its workplace for hazards</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. . . ,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>[which] ‘requires a careful and critical examination, and is not satisfied by a mere opportunity to view equipment.’”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Hamilton Fixture</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC 1073 (No. 88-1720, 1993) (quoting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Austin Comm. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 610 F.2d 200, 202 (5th Cir. 1979)). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The evidence<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">presented at trial<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">showed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">management was largely hands off when it came to inspections and supervision; instead, Respondent placed a significant amount of responsibility for conducting inspections on the employees themselves through<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the implementation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of its Behavior</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-Based Safety</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hecklists and self-examination through the task hazard analyses.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref11" href="#ftn11">10</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>According to the testimony, Leang was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the supervisor for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">135 employees and 7 different shops</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, including the welding department, for which he was the sole supervisor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 118–19).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>He testified<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the management team at Barstow was shorthanded, so he spent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">most of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>his time in the office<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">performing administrative tasks<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and walked the floor<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“[w]hen I would get the chance.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 113).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Even when he walked the floor, he testified he mostly checked for PPE. (Tr. 114</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">–15</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). While<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">this was based, in part, on his concern for</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>safety,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Court finds<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it was also becau</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">se Respondent did not provide him with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sufficient</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>training to perform a more careful and critical examination of his employees’ equipment</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">57</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Leang testified he had a team lead within the welding department</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Sylvia De La Paz</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; however, other than<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">communicating with</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>DOD supervisors, the scope of Ms. De La Paz’s responsibilities is unclear, and there is no evidence she performed inspections or otherwise provided supervision of any sort. (Tr. 144). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Respondent also had an on-site safety representative who</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, according to Stone,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was responsible for ensuring training was taking place, that supervisors were conducting walkthroughs of the worksite, performing incident investigation, and assigning employees to perform the Behavior</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-Based Safety</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hecklist. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">149,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>448). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">According to Leang,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">this position changed hands</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a few times during his tenure at Barstow</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, though at the time of the injury it was filled by a woman named Earlene Farley. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">124</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-125</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 447).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Leang</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Ms. Farley</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>focused most of her efforts on the Task Hazard Analyses but did not spend a lot of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, if any,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>time on training or inspections.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">125</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> This characterization<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of Ms. Farley’s activities as safety supervisor<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was not challenged by Respondent.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>This lack of supervision and inspection</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is also reflected in the lack of disciplinary action taken by Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Although Respondent ha</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a disciplinary policy</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that looks good on paper, it is not clear Respondent implement</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that policy with any degree of regularity. Out of a company of nearly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">92,000</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">multiple</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>locations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>around the world</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Respondent submitted</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>evidence of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">three</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>documented disciplinary actions</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">two of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">which were issued in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2015</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>none of which were in the welding department at Barstow (or any other welding department for that matter)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">208</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">R-7</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> The lack of evidence indicating Respondent enforce</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>its work rules is indicative of its overall lack of managerial involvement in the inspection and supervisory process.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Respondent contends its use of the Behavior</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-Based Safety</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hecklists, task hazard analyses, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Leang’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>intermittent walkthroughs to inspect PPE were sufficient</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to satisfy its obligation to conduct inspections and provide supervision</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in light of the process by which its employees procured grinders and stones, the relative experience of its employees, and what Respondent knew about the problems, if any, associated with</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>its employees using</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>incompatible grinders and stones.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Further, Respondent contends spot checks of grinding equipment to ensure compatibility is out of proportion to what reasonable diligence require</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>under the circumstances of this case. The Court disagrees.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">First, while the THAs and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Behavior-Based Safety Checklists</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>are certainly laudable efforts at engaging employees to ensure safe work habits, Respondent cannot delegate its duty to supervise and inspect its employees to the employees themselves.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This is especially the case when their appointed supervisor had no experience, and thus no substantive knowledge, in the department he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was supposed to oversee; was responsible for six other departments in which he had no substantive knowledge; and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">had a team lead that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had no discernible responsibility or authority</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>over the employees in the welding department.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Second, just as Respondent cannot delegate the responsibility to perform inspections to its employees,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it cannot rely solely</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on DOD to ensure proper equipment is being distributed to its employees. As noted by Downing, employees could request whatever stone they wanted, depending on how quickly they wanted to get the job done</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>DOD did not mandate which stone should be used with which grinder, nor does it appear as if DOD exercised any control over Respondent’s employees, except for allowing them to use DOD-issued tools.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This is no different than a subcontractor on a multi-employer worksite, who, though not ultimately responsible for the conditions of the worksite itself, is still responsible for ensuring its employees are not exposed to a hazard.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Associated Underwater Services</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 24 BNA OSHC 1248, 1251 (“Commission precedent require[s] an employer to detect and assess the hazards to which its employees may be exposed, even those it did not create</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Finally, though Respondent may (or may not have) been aware of prior accidents resulting from incompatible grinders and stones, it nonetheless had a responsibility to “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">anticipate hazards</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">” and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">take measures to prevent violations from occurring</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Jacobs Field<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Svcs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">. N.A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">25 BNA OSHC 1216</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Given its lack of control over the tools its employees were using, the Court finds it is perfectly reasonable for Complainant to require<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s supervisors to perform<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">spot checks of the equipment</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to ensure compliance with the applicable standards</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and such equipment was in safe operating condition.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The foregoing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is not to say Respondent should be sending its supervisors to perform checks of everyone’s equipment every<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">time they check out a grinder from DOD, or even<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">daily</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See New York State Elec. & Gas Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 88 F.3d 98, 109 (2d Cir. 1996) (holding constant supervisor<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">surveillance to be unworkable burden).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">nstead, such checks would be part of a surprise audit program or an explicit part of a more formal inspection program carried out by a supervisor or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">similarly</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>authorized team lead.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>These inspections should be a small part of an otherwise comprehensive supervisory regime within any of Respondent’s worksites. Given what appears to be a shortage of supervisors and team leads with little to no authority, it is understandable Leang</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was only able to perform<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">cursory examinations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>which were typically limited to whether the employee was wearing PPE and whether it appeared they were working in a safe manner.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Hamilton Fixture</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC 1073,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Leang<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">testified</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>he and the other supervisors were short-handed and that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the safety program was poor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at the Barstow location</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which is reflected in the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">way</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it was implemented</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">113, 125</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Based on the foregoing the Court finds Respondent failed to exercise reasonable diligence to uncover the violation of the cited standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and thus had constructive knowledge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. While this failure can be partially attributed to staffing, the Court finds Respondent, whether through Leang, Earlene Farley, or the site manager at the time</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>could have known of the violation through the exercise of reasonable diligence. Since each of those people are recognized members of management, the Court also finds their knowledge is properly attributable to Respondent.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Tampa Shipyards, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 1533, 1537 (No. 86-360, 1992) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">holding an employee who has been delegated authority over other employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is considered to be</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a supervisor for the purpose of imputing knowledge to his employer)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Accordingly, the Court finds Complainant established a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">prima facie</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.215(d)(1).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item 1 is AFFIRMED.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">c.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Violation Was Serious</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court finds the violation was serious within the meaning of section 17(k) of the Act. Under the Act, “a serious violation shall be deemed to exist in a place of employment if there is a substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result from a condition which<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">exists ... unless the employer did not, and could not with the exercise of reasonable diligence, know of the presence of the violation.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 U.S.C. §<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">666(k). If the possible injury addressed by a regulation is death or serious physical harm, a violation of the regulation is serious.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Mosser Construction</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA 1044, 1047 (No. 08-0631, 2010);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Dec-Tam Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA 2072, 2077 (No. 88-523, 1993).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant need not show that there was a substantial probability that an accident<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">would<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">occur; he need only show that if an accident occurred, serious physical harm<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">could<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">result.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Sec’y of Labor v. Phelps Dodge Corp. v.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm'n</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 725 F.2d 1237, 1240 (9th Cir. 1984)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(emphasis added)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">However, the Act imposes liability “only if the employer knew, or ‘with the exercise of reasonable diligence, [should have known] of the presence of the violation.’”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Florida<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Lemark</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp. v. Sec'y, U.S. Dep't of Labor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 634 F.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">App'x</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>681, 687 (11th Cir. 2015) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">quotation omitted</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The injuries suffered by N.M. clearly illustrate the seriousness of this violation. Not only did N.M. suffer a severe laceration to his head, but he received a concussion which resulted in a trip to the hospital.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Due to the severity of his concussion, N.M. was not able to return to work for nearly three months and was on restricted duty for an additional three months after that. The Court finds the violation was serious.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">d.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Affirmative Defense -<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Unpreventable Employee Misconduct</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Under Commission precedent, to establish unpreventable employee misconduct, an employer must prove<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">preponderance of the evidence<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that it has: (a) established work rules designed to prevent the violation, (b) adequately communicated those work rules to its employees, (c) taken steps to discover violations, and (d) effectively enforced the rules when violations were discovered.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">American Sterilizer Co. (“AMSCO”),</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>18 BNA OSHC 1082, 1087 (No. 91-2494, 1997).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent carries the burden of proof for an affirmative defense.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Hamilton Fixture</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BNA OSHC 1073, 1077 (No. 88-1720, 1993)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 28 F.3d 1213 (6th Cir. 1994).</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:101px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; text-decoration:underline ;padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Work Rule Has Been Established<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Under its rules for Hand and Power Tools, Respondent had a separate section for Handheld Grinders. (Ex. R-5 at URSBarstow_000058). Rule 3.8.2 states, “Ensure the RPM (as posted on the wheel) is equal to or greater than that posted on the grinder, the disk/wheel is the correct size for the grinder, and the type of wheel is compatible with the material being ground or cut.” (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 000059). This is sufficiently specific to cover the requirements of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.215(d)(1). The document containing the rule indicates it was current as of June 26, 2017, which was roughly one month prior to the accident involving<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">N.M. and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was available on the company intranet. (Ex. R-5). Thus, the Court finds Respondent had a rule in place at the time of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">inspection</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:101px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;padding-right:20px;">2.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Communication of the Work Rule </span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Having a rule and ensuring your employees are aware of that rule, however, are two different things. It is here, as well as under the other factors, where Respondent’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">affirmative defense</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>starts to break down. Respondent provided training on general safety issues and welding-specific topics through orientation, training modules, and tailgate meetings. Some of the general safety training modules were covered during orientation and revisited annually thereafter. (Tr. 409; Ex. R-2). The training modules covering the specifics of the welding department, however, were not consistently provided to ensure all welding shop employees at Barstow were trained on issues like grinder compatibility. This explains why Downing and the employees interviewed by CSHO Casto all stated they had not received such training until after the incident involving N.M.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent submitted evidence of three training modules that addressed the use of grinders, one of which indicates the need to inspect the cutting wheel. (Ex. R-2 at URSBarstow_000006). The relevant training was entitled “Tool Safety</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">” (Ex. R-2 at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">URSBarstow_000013). While these appear, at least minimally, to cover the standard at issue here, the Court notes each of these training seminars took place one or two years before the accident in this case, leaving an employee like Downing, who started in late 2016, without such training.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In conclusion, Respondent failed to have an effective and comprehensive communication methodology in place to ensure effective communication to all employees. Respondent failed to carry its burden on this<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">element.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:101px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;padding-right:20px;">3.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Steps Taken to Discover Violations<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Court finds Respondent failed to establish it took effective steps to discover violations of the cited standard. Respondent’s inspection program was largely carried out by its employees through the THAs and the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Behavior-Based Safety Checklists</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, neither of which address the requirements of § 1910.215(d)(2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Although Leang testified he performed walkthroughs of the department “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[w]hen [he] would get the chance</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”, his inspections of the welding department were limited to whether the employees were wearing PPE. This is attributable to Leang having only a surface-level understanding of what occurs in the welding shop, a lack of authority given to his team lead, and a shortage of supervision in the Barstow location overall.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent failed to establish this element of the affirmative defense.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>4. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Disciplinary Program is Lacking</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent failed to introduce persuasive evidence of a disciplinary regime that was more than a paper program. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Although Respondent had a disciplinary policy that looks good on paper, it is not clear Respondent implemented that policy with any degree of regularity. Out of a company of nearly 92,000 employees in multiple locations around the world, Respondent submitted evidence of three documented disciplinary actions, two of which were issued in 2015 and none of which were in the welding department at Barstow (or any other welding department for that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">matter). (Tr. 208; Ex. R-7). The lack of evidence indicating Respondent enforced its work rules is indicative of its overall lack of managerial involvement in the inspection and supervisory process.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Given these gaps in the implementation of Respondent’s safety program, the Court finds N.M.’s, or any other employee in the welding department, behavior was neither surprising or idiosyncratic.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Even if the Court accepts that the training Respondent provided in 2015/16 was sufficient to convey the requirements of the cited standard—it does not—it was not provided consistently, nor did Respondent’s supervisors follow up to ensure it was being implemented, followed, or corrected when not complied with. Accordingly, the Court finds Respondent failed to prove the affirmative defense of unpreventable employee misconduct.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">V.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Penalty</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">When a citation is issued, it may include a penalty amount. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 U.S.C. § 659(a). OSHA has published a Field Operations Manual (“FOM”) to, among other things, guide its employees in determining what penalty, if any, to propose for violations. FOM, Directive No. CPL-02-00-150</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 1-1, 6-1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, effective April 22, 2011,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">available at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>4 Employment Safety and Health Guide, (CCH), ¶7965, at 12,133, 12,139 (2015). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The penalty amounts proposed in a citation become advisory when an employer timely contests the matter. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Brennan v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 487 F.2d 438, 441</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">–</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">42 (8th Cir. 1973);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Revoli</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC 1682, 1686 n. 5 (No. 00-0315, 2001).</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary’s proposed penalties are not accorded the same deference the Commission gives<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">its</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">reasonable interpretations of an ambiguous standard. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Hern Iron Works</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC 1619, 1621 (No. 88-1962, 1994)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(rejecting Secretary</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s contention that his penalty proposals are entitled to “substantial weight”);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Nacirema Operating Co</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 1 BNA OSHC 1001, 1003 (No. 4, 1972) (declining to agree with the result or methodology the Secretary used to calculate the penalty). It<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is the Secretary's burden to introduce evidence bearing on the factors and explain how he arrived at the penalty he proposed. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Valdak</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 17 BNA OSHC at 1138;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Orion Constr. Co., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 1867, 1868 (No. 98-2014, 1999) (giving less weight to the history factor as the Secretary provided little specific information)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“Regarding penalty, the Act requires that “due consideration” be given to the employer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s size, the gravity of the violation, the good faith of the employer, and any prior history of violations.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Briones Util. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 26 BNA OSHC 1218, 1222 (No. 10-1372, 2016) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">citing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 U.S.C. § 666(j);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Jim Boyd</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 26 BNA OSHC at 1117;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Capform</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC 1374, 1378 (No. 99-0322, 2001),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff'd</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 34 F.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">App'x</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>152 (5th Cir. 2002) (unpublished)). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">These factors are not necessarily accorded equal weight.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">J.A. Jones Constr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 2201, 2216 (No. 87-2059, 1993) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">citation omitted</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">When applying the penalty assessment factors, the Commission need not accord each one equal weight. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>e.g.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Astra Pharm. Prods., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 10 BNA OSHC 2070, 2071 (No. 78-6247, 1982);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Orion</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC at 1867 (giving less weight to the size and history factors). Rather, the Commission assigns the weight that is reasonable under the circumstances. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Eric K. Ho,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>20 BNA OSHC 1361, 1379 (No. 98-1645, 2003) (Consol.),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff'd sub nom.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Chao v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 401 F.3d 355 (5th Cir. 2005).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; text-decoration:underline ;padding-right:20px;">a.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Gravity<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“The gravity of the violation is the ‘principal factor in a penalty determination</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Assessing gravity involves considering: (1) the number of employees exposed to the hazard; (2) the duration of exposure; (3) whether any precautions have been taken against injury; (4) the degree of probability that an accident would occur; and (5) the likelihood of injury. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>e.g.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Capform</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC 1374, 1378 (No. 99-0322, 2001),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 34 F. Appx. 152 (5th Cir. 2002) (unpublished). See also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Ernest F. Donley’s Son, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 1 BNA OSHC 1186 (No. 43, 1973) (viewing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">gravity as the probability of an accident's occurrence and the extent of exposure). “A lack of injuries is not a measure for determining gravity or any other penalty factor.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Altor Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC 1458, 1468 (No. 99-0958, 2011), aff’d 498 F. Appx. 145 (3d Cir. 2012) (unpublished). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court finds the violation was of high gravity. Respondent’s failure to inspect, at least periodically, equipment supplied by another employer exposed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">all</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the employees in the welding shop to the same hazard that put N.M. out of work<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and the employees were exposed for a substantial period of time each<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">work day</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; text-decoration:underline ;padding-right:20px;">b.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Size<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The gravity factor focuses on treating violations of similar quality and severity alike. In contrast, the other three factors—size, history, and good faith—require consideration of circumstances pertaining specifically to the cited employer. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Commission frequently relies on the number of employees to evaluate the merits of altering a penalty for size</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Respondent is a very large company</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employing nearly 9</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,000 employees worldwide. The Court assigns no discount for the size of Respondent.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; text-decoration:underline ;padding-right:20px;">c.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">History</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">
				</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The next statutory consideration, history, examines an employer’s full prior citation history, not just prior citations of the same standard. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Orion</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC at 1868;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Manganas</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Painting Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 21 BNA OSHC 2043, 2055 (No. 95-0103, 2007) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">c</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">onsol.) (history includes prior uncontested citations). Even if the prior violations were of a different degree or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">nature</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>they still are properly part of the employer’s history for penalty purposes. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Quality Stamping Prods., Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1927,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1929</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 91-414, 1994)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Neither Complainant nor Respondent submitted evidence of Respondent’s violation history</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>thus</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the Court<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">has no basis to award a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>reduction based upon history. </span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.6px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.6px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; text-decoration:underline ;padding-right:20px;">d.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Good Faith</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As to the final factor, good faith, this entails assessing an employer’s health and safety program, its commitment to job safety and health, its cooperation with OSHA, and its efforts to minimize any harm from the violation. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Monroe Drywall Constr., Inc</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 24 BNA OSHC 1209, 1211 (No. 12-0379, 2013);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Nacirema</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1 BNA OSHC at 1002. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Good faith can be a mitigating factor. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>e.g.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Aviation Constructors, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1917,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1922</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 96-0593, 1999)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pentecost Contracting Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC at 1955. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#FF0000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">With respect to good faith,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">although Respondent appears to have a good safety program on paper, the Court finds, for the reasons previously discussed, its implementation at the Barstow facility was lacking.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court finds the penalty proposed by Complainant is appropriate in light of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">aforementioned<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">factors. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Accordingly, the Court finds Complainant’s penalty assessment is substantially justified and assesses a penalty of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">$12,934</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">O</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">RDER</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The foregoing Decision constitutes the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law in accordance with Rule 52(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based upon the foregoing Findings of Fact and Conclus</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ions of Law, it is ORDERED that:</span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is AFFIRMED as serious, and a penalty of<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">$12,934</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>is ASSESSED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SO</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>ORDERED</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">____________________________</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Patrick B. Augustine</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Judge, OSHRC</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Date:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>September 23, 2019</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Denver, Colorado</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
			</div>
			<hr/>"
      <div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn-1" href="#ftnref-1"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn0" href="#ftnref0"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn1" href="#ftnref1"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn2" href="#ftnref2"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">1 </span></a>. As noted by Respondent’s counsel, URS was purchased by, and became a part of, AECOM. (Tr. 28–29). Thus, the parties refer to both entities interchangeably; however, both parties stipulated URS Federal, Inc. is the “real party in interest to these proceedings.” (Stip. No. 1).<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn3" href="#ftnref3"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">2 </span></a>. N.M. returned to work on restricted duty after three<span>
					</span>months but<span><span></span>
					</span>did not return to full-duty status until six months after the accident.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn4" href="#ftnref4"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">3 </span></a>. CSHO Casto’s inspection took place on September 21st and 25th, 2017, which was roughly one month after the employee was injured. (Tr.<span>
					</span>56, 311–12). Although the inspection spanned a period of five days, CSHO Casto was only on-site for two days because he arrived on a Thursday, which was the last day of Respondent’s work week, and returned the following Monday to conclude the inspection. (Tr.<span>
					</span>311–12).<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn5" href="#ftnref5"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">4 </span></a>. References to the parties’ Joint Stipulations will indicate the source and specific stipulation, e.g., “Stip. No. ___”. <span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn6" href="#ftnref6"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">5 </span></a>. This is just an abbreviated list of tasks carried out by Respondent’s employees, many of which were not described in detail, but all were related to the assembly of military vehicles.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn7" href="#ftnref7"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">6 </span></a>. Downing also referred to these stones as “cups”,<span><span></span>
					</span>based on their shape. (Tr.<span>
					</span>159). According to Downing, if the rating of the stone is lower than the grinder, the adhesive of the stone will be unable to hold it together; thus, causing the “explosion”. (Tr. 168; Ex. R-2).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn8" href="#ftnref8"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">7 </span></a>. Downing testified his orientation training was perfunctory and was mostly geared towards signing forms. (Tr.<span>
					</span>199).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn9" href="#ftnref9"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">8 </span></a>. Although Complainant takes issue with the training materials referencing the equivalent construction standard, the Court finds the basic requirement of ensuring RPM compatibility is the same.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn10" href="#ftnref10"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">9 </span></a>.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Although Complainant implied this and other documents were not authentic, he submitted no evidence to suggest Respondent fabricated such documents for the purposes of this case.<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn11" href="#ftnref11"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">10 </span></a>. Neither Leang nor Downing seemed familiar with the Behavior-Based Safety Checklists. (Tr. 135, 184).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
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