# Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study

in the South Coast Air Basin



# MATES III

FINAL REPORT

September 2008

South Coast Air Quality Management District

21865 Copley Drive Diamond Bar, CA 91765SOUTH COAST AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT DISTRICT GOVERNING BOARD

Chairman: WILLIAM A. BURKE, Ed. D. Speaker of the Assembly Appointee

Vice-Chairman: S. ROY WILSON, Ed. D. Supervisor, Fourth District Riverside County Representative

MEMBERS: MICHAEL D. ANTONOVICH Supervisor, Fifth District, Los Angeles County Representative

MICHAEL A. CACCIOTTI Councilmember, City of South Pasadena Cities Representative, Los Angeles County Eastern Region

BILL CAMPBELL Supervisor, Third District Orange County Representative

JANE W. CARNEY Senate Rules Committee Appointee

RONALD O. LOVERIDGE Mayor, City of Riverside Cities Representative, Riverside County

JOSEPH K. LYOU, PH.D. Governor’s Appointee

GARY OVITT Supervisor, Fourth District San Bernardino County Representative

JAN PERRY Councilmember City of Los Angeles Representative

MIGUEL PULIDO Mayor, City of Santa Ana Cities Representative, Orange County

TONIA REYES URANGA Councilmember, City of Long Beach Cities Representative, Los Angeles County, Western Region

DENNIS YATES Mayor, City of Chino Cities Representative, San Bernardino County

EXECUTIVE OFFICER: BARRY R. WALLERSTEIN, D.EnvAUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS

The following individuals contributed to the develo pment, implementation, and reporting of this project.


### South Coast Air Quality Management District

Executive Officer Barry R. Wallerstein, D.Env.

Deputy Executive Officers Elaine Chang, Dr. PH Chung Liu, D. Env. Planning, Rule Development & Area Sources Science a nd Technology Advancement

Assistant Deputy Executive Officers Laki Tisopulos, Ph.D., P.E. Henry Hogo Planning, Rule Development & Area Sources Mobile So urce Division, Science and Technology Advancement

AUTHORS

Jean Ospital, Dr. PH Health Effects Officer Joe Cassmassi Planning and Rules Manager Tom Chico Program Supervisor

CONTRIBUTORS

Meteorological Technician Temporary Air Quality Instrument Specialist I Principal Air Quality Chemist Temporary Laboratory Technician Air Quality Specialist Principal Air Quality Instrument Specialist Air Quality Chemist Laboratory Technician Chemist Senior Air Quality Instrument Specialist Program Supervisor Temporary Chemist Principal Air Quality Chemist Temporary Laboratory Technician Temporary Laboratory Technician Temporary Chemist Laboratory Technician Laboratory Technician Air Quality Specialist Senior Enforcement Manager, Laboratory Services Air Quality Instrument Specialist I Atmospheric Measurements Manager Libby Ayers Dale Barber Steven Barbosa Tracy Basler Mark Bassett Rene Bermudez Roger Bond Malou Cartwright Wimol Chanjamsri Paul Chavez Tom Chico Alice Chen Corie Choa Amy Chun Kris Collins Monique Davis Alicia Diaz Jorge Diez Kevin Durkee Rudy Eden Lila Enriquez Philip Fine Jeremy Graham Air Quality Instrument Specialist IProgram Supervisor Air Quality Chemist Air Quality Instrument Specialist II Student Intern Senior Air Quality Chemist Air Quality Chemist Senior Air Quality Chemist Air Quality Chemist Temporary Laboratory Technician Air Quality Inspector II Senior Air Quality Chemist Air Quality Specialist Temporary Laboratory Technician Air Quality Instrument Specialist I Air Quality Chemist Air Quality Specialist Air Quality Specialist Air Quality Chemist Temporary Laboratory Technician Quality Assurance Manager Temporary Air Quality Instrument Specialist I Program Supervisor Air Quality Instrument Specialist I Senior Staff Specialist Air Quality Inspector II Assistant Air Quality Chemist Air Quality Instrument Specialist II Atmospheric Measurements Manager (retired) Air Quality Specialist Air Quality Instrument Specialist II Air Quality Chemist Principal Air Quality Instrument Specialist Air Quality Chemist (retired) Laboratory Technician Laboratory Technician Principal Air Quality Chemist Air Quality Inspector II Air Quality Instrument Specialist II Temporary Chemist Director of Strategic Initiatives Air Quality Chemist Principal Air Quality Instrument Specialist Air Quality Chemist Tracy Goss Sam Guo Refaat Hanna Sheri Hanizavareh Sandra Hom Dan Houghton Tai-Ching Hu Judy Hwa Eddie Hwang Laura Julius Aaron Katzenstein Bong Mann Kim Cindy Kirkpatrick Mike Koch Sally Kou Jong Hoon Lee Sang-Mi Lee Kay Liu Eddie Lui Jason Low Joe Macias Satoru Mitsutomi Ricardo Morales Chris Nelson Kevin Orellana John Parrack II Richard Parent Tom Parsons Tuyet-le Pham Ed Ruffino Ken Sanchez David Sawyer Mike Shu Steve Taw Na Mon Trinh Solomon Teffera Lyovit Usares Brian Vlasich Thy Vo Jill Whynot Paul Williamson Sumner Wilson Robert Yi Xinqiu Zhang Air Quality Specialist

### MATES III Technical Advisory Group

Member Name : Affiliation : L.A. County Sanitation Districts

Cal EPA Office of Environmental Health Hazard Asses sment

General Motors

Desert Research Institute Integrated Environmental Sciences U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Southern California Edison Center for Environmental Research and Technology University of California, Los Angeles

Health Effects Institute

Health Effects Institute

Consultant Engine Manufacturers Association

California Small Business Alliance

East Yard Communities for Environmental Justice Sonoma Technology City of Santa Monica

California Air Resources Board

California Air Resources Board

California Council for Environmental and Economic B alance University of Southern California Loma Linda University Greg Adams

Robert Blaisdell

Steven Cadle

Judith Chow

Steve Colome

Bob Devlin

Rob Farber

Dennis Fitz

John Froines

Dan Greenbaum

Debra Kaden Dean High

Mike Lakin

Bill LaMarr Angelo Logan

Fred Lurmann

Rod Merl Dale Shimp

Shankar Prasad
Bill Quinn

Constantino Sioutas

Samuel Soret

Mel Zeldin ConsultantTable of Contents

i 

## Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

................................................... ............................ ES-1

1. INTRODUCTION Background.........................................

................................................... .......................... 1-1 Objective..........................................

................................................... ............................. 1-1



### 2. MATES III MONITORING PROGRAM Substances Monitored...............................

................................................... .................... 2-1 Siting of Monitoring Stations......................

................................................... .................. 2-2 Ambient Sampling Schedule..........................

................................................... ............... 2-2 Monitoring Sites...................................

................................................... ......................... 2-2 Monitoring and Laboratory Analysis.................

................................................... ........... 2-4 Findings...........................................

................................................... .............................. 2-6 Cancer Risk Estimates ..............................

................................................... .................. 2-10



### 3. EMISSIONS INVENTORY DEVELOPMENT Introduction.......................................

................................................... ............................ 3-1 Overview...........................................

................................................... ............................ 3-1 Point Sources ......................................

................................................... .......................... 3-2 Area Sources .......................................

................................................... .......................... 3-3 On-Road Mobile Sources.............................

................................................... ................. 3-3 Off-Road Mobile Sources............................

................................................... ................. 3-5 Summary of Toxic Emissions.........................

................................................... .............. 3-5 Selected Emissions and Air Quality Changes Since MA TES II...................................... 3-6 References.........................................

................................................... ............................ 3-6



### 4. REGIONAL MODEL EVALUATION Introduction.......................................

................................................... ............................ 4-1 Background.........................................

................................................... .......................... 4-3 MATES III vs. MATES II: Key Modeling Assumptions.. ............................................. 4-3 Modeling Results ...................................

................................................... ....................... 4-5 Estimation of Risk.................................

................................................... ...................... 4-10 Evaluation .........................................

................................................... .......................... 4-22 References.........................................

................................................... .......................... 4-23



### 5. MICROSCALE STUDY Introduction.......................................

................................................... ............................ 5-1 Site Selection .....................................

................................................... ........................... 5-1 Microscale Sites and Sampling Periods..............

................................................... .......... 5-2Table of Contents

ii 

### 6. SUMMARY FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Improvements to Ambient Monitoring .................

................................................... ........ 6-1 Improvements to Air Toxics Modeling................

................................................... ......... 6-1 Key Findings.......................................

................................................... .......................... 6-1 Discussion and Policy Implications.................

................................................... ............. 6-2Table of Contents

iii 

### List of Tables Table No. Description Page No.

ES-1 Substances Measured in MATES III ES-2

ES-2 CMB Estimate of Diesel Particulate Compared to Emissions

Inventory Ratio Methods ES-3

ES-3 Modeled Air Toxics Risk Comparisons Using the CAMx

Model ES-4

2-1 Substances Monitored in MATES III 2-1

2-2 MATES II Fixed Site Locations 2-3

2-3 Sampling and Analysis Methods for MATES III 2-5

2-4 2005 Emissions of Diesel PM and EC, lbs./yr 2-9

2-5 Estimates of Average Diesel PM, μ g/m3 2-9

3-1 Commonly Used Spatial Surrogates 3-7

3-2 Broad Vehicle Classes Considered by EMFAC 3-7

3-3 Vehicle Activity Information for the Counties i n the Basin 3-7

3-4 2005 Annual Average Day Toxic Emissions for the South

Coast Air Basin 3-8

3-5 Cancer Potency Weighted Species Apportionment f or 2005 Emissions 3-9

3-6 Selected Emissions and Air Quality Changes Sinc e MATES

II 3-9

4-1 Summary Comparison of Key Modeling Consideratio ns

Between MATES III and MATES II 4-4

4-2 Compounds Simulated and Measured: Six-Station Annual

Average Concentrations 2005 MATES III and 1998-99 CAMx RTRAC Analyses 4-8

4-3 MATES III 2005 EC 2.5 Model Performance 4-10

4-4 Basin and Port Area Population-Weighted Risk 4- 16Table of Contents

iv 4-5 County-Wide Population-Weighted Risk 4-17

4-6 2005 MATES III Risk from Simulated Individual T oxic Air

Contaminants 4-20

4-7 Comparison of Network Averaged CAMx RTRAC 2005

Modeled Risk to Measured Risk at Eight MATES III Si tes 4-21

5-1 Comparison of Observed Concentrations for the M icroscale

and Fixed Site Pair of Commerce and Huntington Park 5-4

5-2 Comparison of Observed Concentrations for the M icroscale

and Fixed Site Pair of Indio and Rubidoux 5-5

5-3 Comparison of Observed Concentrations of the Mi croscale

and Fixed Site Pair of San Bernardino and Inland Va lley San Bernardino 5-6

5-4 Comparison of Observed Concentrations for the M icroscale

and Fixed Site Pair of Sun Valley and Burbank 5-7

5-5 Comparison of Observed Concentrations for the M icroscale

and Fixed Site Pair of Santa Ana and Anaheim 5-8Table of Contents

v 

## List of Figures Figure No. Description Page No.

ES-1 Map of MATES III Monitoring Sites ES-8

ES-2 MATES III Average Monitored Air Toxics Risk E S-9

ES-3 MATES III Monitored Air Toxics Risk by Site ES -9

ES-4 MATES III Model Estimated Risk ES-10

ES-5 Change in CAMx RTRAC Air Toxics Simulated Risk (per million) from 1998-2005 Using Back-Cast 1998 Emissi ons and 1998-99 MM5 Generated Meteorological Data Field s ES-11

2-1 MATES III Monitoring Locations 2-3

2-2 Average Concentrations of 1,3-Butadiene 2-11

2-3 Average Concentrations of Benzene 2-11

2-4 Average Concentrations of Perchloroethylene 2-1 2

2-5 Average Concentrations of Methylene Chloride 2- 12

2-6 Average Concentrations of Formaldehyde 2-13

2-7 Average Concentrations of Acetaldehyde 2-13

2-8 Average Concentrations of Arsenic in TSP 2-14

2-9 Average Concentrations of Cadmium in TSP 2-14

2-10 Average Concentrations of Lead in TSP 2-15

2-11 Average Concentrations of Nickel in TSP 2-15

2-12 Average Concentrations of Hexavalent Chromium 2-16

2-13 Average Concentrations of PM 10 Elemental Carbon 2-16

2-14 Average Concentrations of PM 2.5 Elemental Carbon 2-17

2-15 Average Monitored Naphthalene Concentrations f or MATES III Year 2 2-17Table of Contents

vi 2-16 Average Concentration of PAHs for MATES III Ye ar 2 2-18

2-17 Estimated 70-Year Risk from MATES III Year 1

Monitoring Data 2-19

2-18 Estimated 70-Year Risk from MATES III Year 2

Monitoring Data 2-19

2-19 PM 2.5 Mass from MATES III and EPA Collocated Samplers

at Los Angeles 2-20

2-20 PM 2.5 Mass from MATES III and EPA Collocated Samplers

at Rubidoux 2-21

3-1 Flow Diagram for On-Road Emissions Processing 3 -10

3-2 Cancer Potency Weighted Source Apportionment fo r 2005 3-10

3-3 Cancer Potency Weighted Emission Comparison of MATES

II and MATES III 3-11

4-1 MATES III Modeling Domain 4-2

4-2 Annual Average Concentration Pattern for Diese l PM 2.5 4-6

4-3 Annual Average Concentration Pattern for Benzen e 4-6

4-4 Annual Average Concentration Pattern for 1,3 Bu tadiene 4-7

4-5 Annual Average Concentration Pattern for Total

Formaldehyde 4-7

4-6 2005 MATES III CAMx RTRAC Simulated Air Toxic R isk 4-12

4-7 1998-99 MATES II CAMx RTRAC Simulated Air Toxic

Risk 4-13

4-8 Change in CAMx RTRAC Simulated Air Toxics Risk from

1998-99 to 2005 4-14

4-9 MATES III 2005 Simulated Air Toxic Risk- No Die sel 4-15

4-10 2005 Ports Area MATES III Simulated Air Toxic Risk 4-16

4-11 2005 Central Los Angeles MATES III Simulated A ir Toxic

Risk 4-18Table of Contents

vii 4-12 2005 Mira Loma/Colton MATES III Simulated Air Toxic

Risk 4-18

4-13 2005 Central Orange County MATES III Simulated Air

Toxic Risk 4-19

4-14 2005 West Los Angeles MATES III Simulated Air Toxic

Risk 4-19

4-15 2005 MATES III Simulated versus Measured

Concentrations for Non-Diesel Air Toxics Risk 4-22Table of Contents

viii 

### List of Appendices (Separate Document)


### Appendix Title

I List of Substances and Their Associated Risk Factor

II List of MATES III Technical Advisory Group Membe rs

III Monitoring and Laboratory Analysis Protocols

IV Measurements of Ambient Naphthalene and Other PA Hs

V PM 2.5 Particulate Bound Organic Compound Analysis

VI Summary of Fixed Monitoring Site Data

VII PM 2.5 Source Apportionment Methodology

VIII 2005 Emissions by Major Source Category

IX Regional Modeling Analyses

X Weekday/Weekend PM 2.5 Speciation Project