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<TITLE> AEROTEK, Docket No. 16-0618</TITLE>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">United States of America</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION<span>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SECRETARY OF LABOR</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
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								</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainan</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t,</span></p>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> v. </span></p>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">AEROTEK</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span></p>
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								</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHRC Docket No</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">6-0618</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span> </p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Appearances:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Jennifer A. Casey</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, Esq., U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Denver, Colorado</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">For Complainant</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Thomas B. Huggett</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Esq.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Littler Mendelson, P.C.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">F</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">or Respondent</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Be</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">fore: Administrativ</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">e Law Judge<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Peggy S. Ball</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">DECISION AND ORDER</span></p>
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			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">I.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Procedural History</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a temporary staffing agency</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">contracted with Coorstek, Inc. to provide experienced employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the Coorstek manufacturing facility in Golden, Colorado. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">46, 96; Ex. C-5, C-8</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). On<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">July 30, 2015</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, one of Respondent’s employees was riding<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a conveyance system known as a belt</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">manlift</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>when it</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>jerked</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">causing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">him<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to los</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e his balance</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and fall</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">through the floor<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">into<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the basement. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stip. No. 8;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 42).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As a result, the employee suffered<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">serious injuries</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 50</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent called<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Englewood Area Office</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>repo</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">rt the incident.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">35</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">dispatched Compliance Safety and Health Officer<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Mitch Phillips<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to conduct an inspection of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Coorstek facility</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the same day</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stip</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. No.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>8). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based on CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Phillip</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">findings,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">issued</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Citation and Notification of Penalty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to Respondent, alleging<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s employees were exposed to a fall hazard while<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">accessing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the belt manlift</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. The Citation alleged a single</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>serious violation of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSH<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and propos</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>penalty of $</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3,400</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.00. Respondent timely contested the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Stip</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. No.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>5)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO Phillips</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>initially</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">determined Respondent violated</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 C.F.R. § 1910.68</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(b)(8)(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, because the manlift access points were not a protected<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">by</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a guardrail in an off-set maze configuration or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">by</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a self-closing gate. (Tr. 48; Ex. R-1). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">After Respondent contested the C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">itation, CHSO Phillips learned the manlift in question<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">might</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>be exempted from the cited standard because it was installed prior to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the effective date of the applicable regulations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref2" href="#ftn2">1</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 134).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1910.68</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(b)(3)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In its<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Complaint</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant amend</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the citation to allege a violation of the general duty clause</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, section 5(a)(1) of the Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref3" href="#ftn3">2</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 127; Ex. C-1 at 1). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent filed its<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Answer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, claiming the amendment to section 5(a)(1) was barred by application of a more specific standard; namely, the standard originally cited in the Citation.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Answer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">¶ 3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court granted the amendment on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">October 24, 2016</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pretrial Conference Report and Order<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(October 24, 2016)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">trial</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>took place on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">January 24, 2017</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Denver</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Colorado</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The only</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>witness</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to testify was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO Mitch Phillips</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Both parties timely submitted post-trial briefs.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">After<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">reviewing the parties’ arguments and the record, the Court issues the following Decision and Order</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">find</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that Complainant failed to establish the violation alleged in the Citation.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">II.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Stipulations</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><a name="ftnref4" href="#ftn4">3</a></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The parties stipulated to the following</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Jurisdiction of this action is conferred upon the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission by section 10(c) of the Act.</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">2.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Administrative Law Judge has subject matter and personal jurisdiction over the dispute in this case.</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">3.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At all relevant times, Respondent was engaged in business affecting commerce within the meaning of sections 3(3) and 3(5) of the Act and was an employer within the meaning of section 3(5) of the Act.</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">4.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary timely issued the citations at issue herein pursuant to section 9(c) of the Act.</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">5.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent timely contested the citations at issue herein and the penalties proposed, pursuant to the provisions of section 10(c) of the Act.</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">6.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary employs Mitch Phillips as a Compliance Safety and Health Officer for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”), assigned to OSHA’s Englewood, Colorado Area Office.<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">He served in that position and was an authorized representative of the Secretary at all pertinent times.</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">7.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At all times relevant to this litigation, Respondent was under contract to provide staffing services to Coorstek, Inc. at its manufacturing facility located at 600 9</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>Avenue, Golden, Colorado.</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">8.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On July 30, 2015, Mr. Phillips initiated an inspection at<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Coorstek’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>facility located at 600 9</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>Avenue, Golden, Colorado 80401 after an employee of Aerotek was seriously injured while riding a manlift.</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">9.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At all times relevant to this litigation, approximately 30 to 35 Aerotek employees were assigned to the Coorstek facility at 600 9</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>Avenue, Golden, Colorado.</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">10.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Aero</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">tek employ</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s an On-Premise Manager at the Golden, Colorado facility.</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">11.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At all times relevant to this litigation, Aerotek and Coorstek employees utilized a belt manlift to access various floors of the facility.</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">12.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Employees accessed the belt manlift through a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">n enclosed room, measuring 11 feet</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>x 12 1⁄2 feet.</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">13.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The belt manlift circulated th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">r</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ough floor openings, measuring 30 inches x 34 1⁄2 inches in diameter.</span></p>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">III.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Jurisdiction</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As noted in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Section II,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the parties have stipulated the Commission has</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>jurisdiction over this proceeding</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>pursuant to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">section</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>10(c) of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 659(c).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Further, the parties also stipulated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>an employer engaged in a business affecting commerce within the meaning of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">section</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>3(5)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 652(5).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Slingluff</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 425 F.3d 861 (10th Cir. 2005).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">IV.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Factual Background</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">’s Relationship to Coorstek<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Coorstek hired Respondent to provide skilled laborers to supplement its workforce at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Coorstek’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>ceramics manufacturing facility in Golden, Colorado.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">According to the agreement, Coorstek was responsible for managing and supervising the contract employees supplied by Respondent. (Ex. C-8 at 1). Such supervision included providing a safe, clean work environment; site-specific training; and proper orientation to the worksite. (Ex. C-8 at 4). Per the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">agreement</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Respondent’s obligations regarding safety were minimal—it agreed to provide safety glasses and ensure that employees wore appropriate safety shoes—however, it nonetheless agreed “that it will comply with applicable federal, state, and local laws”, including those involving health and safety. (Ex. C-8 at 3–4). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In addition to providing contract employees, Respondent also supplied Coorstek with an On Premise Manager,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Yarie</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Ortiz, whose primary responsibility was serving as a liaison between contract employees,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Coorstek</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and Respondent. (Tr. 94–95, Ex. C-5 at 1). This included enforcing discipline when safety rules were violated</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by contract employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; performing screening of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">those<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employees for qualifications, background checks, and references; attending production and staff meetings; and reporting injuries suffered by contract employees. (Tr. 99; Ex. C-5 at 1). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In addition, Ms. Ortiz walked the production floor with new contractor employees as part of their orientation to the Coorstek facility.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">B.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Coorstek</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
					</span>Manlift</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Coorstek<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">facility has</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">five floors</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>including a basement level, three produc</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">tion floors, and an attic</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref5" href="#ftn5">4</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 43). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In order to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">move employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>between the various production floors, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">facility has two belt manlifts</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which function</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">like<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">self-propelled ladders</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">38,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">50).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>According to CSHO Phillips, the manlifts</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were use</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>infrequently, in most cases no more than once per shift per employee. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">65</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The manlift has a continuously moving belt</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">powered</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by two drive motors</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">one<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">located in the attic and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>one</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in the basement. (Tr. 42). The drive motors cause the belt to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">go up</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>one side of the manlift and down the other through<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">adjacent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">floor openings. (Tr. 50; Ex. C-2). T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">o accommodate upward and downward travel, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">re are two</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>openings<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">per floor, each of which<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">measure</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>30 inches<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">by</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>34 1⁄2 inches in diameter. (Stip</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. No.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>13). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Although the belt travels on a continuous loop, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">here is a rope next to the manlift that stops the manlift when pulled, but<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it is designed only</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">for</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>emergency stops. (Tr. 51).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In order to access the manlift on the production floors, an employee must enter an enclosed room, which is used solely for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">housing and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">accessing the lift. (Tr. 145). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The door to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">each</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>enclosure contains two signs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">: a warning that reads “Authorized Personnel Only” and a safety poster reminding employees training is required to use the lift and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>key safety principle</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s related to the lift. (Ex. C-2 at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3:55</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The door</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">are also</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>self-closing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to prevent accidental entry</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>into the enclosure</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 65, 143; Ex. C-2). Once inside the enclosure, which measures roughly 12 1⁄2<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">feet<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">by 11 feet</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, employees are immediately confronted with a guardrail that blocks access to the moving parts of the belt and the floor opening through which it travels.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref6" href="#ftn6">5</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">64</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. C-2 at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1:55, 2:09</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>An employee must turn right from the doorway to get past the guardrail and turn left yet again before they actually reach the access point for the manlift. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">144</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Once at the access point, the employee is presented with the running belt, which has</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>footsteps and hand</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">holds</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>attached at regular intervals. (Tr. 50; Ex. C-2). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As shown in the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Humphrey</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>video,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">manlift</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>belt</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>travel</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at a slow</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>rate of speed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">so<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employees can grab the handhold and step onto the footstep while it is still moving. (Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The basement entry is not enclosed in the same manner as the production floors. The manlift and floor opening are guarded by guardrails and a swing gate at the point of entry onto the lift. (Tr. 60; Ex. C-2 at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">0:45</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">C.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">CSHO Phillips’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Inspection</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The inspection was precipitated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an injury at the Coorstek manufacturing facility</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>requir</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>hospitalization</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. O</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ne of Respondent’s employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">injured when he fell from the manlift, got caught between the floor opening and manlift, and then fell through the opening to the basement below</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">42</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> In his<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">interview with</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>CSHO Phillips,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the employee</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>stated that he was riding the manlift when it jerked and caused him to lose his balance. (Tr. 42). According to employee statements gathered by CSHO Phillips, the top drive motor of the manlift had stripped gearing, which caused the manlift to jerk approximately five inches. (Tr. 42). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Upon<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">his<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">arriv</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">al</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at Coorstek</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, CSHO Phillips met with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Yarie</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Ortiz</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Respondent’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On Premise</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">M</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">anager,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Shawn Arbuckle,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Coorstek’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>corporate environment, safety, and health manager. (Tr. 36). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO Phillips held an open</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>conference<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">with Ms. Ortiz and Mr. Arbuckle</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, interviewed employees, and performed a walk-around</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">accompanied by Ms. Ortiz, Mr. Arbuckle, and other<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">representatives of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Coorstek’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>safety department. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">37–</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">39</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 167</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">inspection</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">began in the basement near the manlift where<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the employee</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was found. (Tr. 38</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. C-2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). CSHO Phillips<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">then<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">proceeded to the attic and worked his way down<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">through each of the production</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>floor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s. (Tr. 39, 48). At each floor, CSHO Phillips inspected the area surrounding the manlift, including any safety measures.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 39</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>48)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he manlift was not in operation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at the time of the inspection</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>because</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Coorstek had</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>shut it down and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>locked<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it out for a third party to perfo</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">rm a safety inspection. (Tr. 48</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">–</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">49</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At the close of the inspection, CSHO Phillips determine</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the floor openings at the manlift were not properly protected and recommended the issuance of a Citation, the merits of which are discussed below.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">V.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Discussion</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As recounted above, Respondent contracted with Coorstek to provide skilled laborers for its ceramics manufacturing facility. Although Coorstek is primarily responsible for managing the contract employees, providing training, and overseeing their day-to-day work responsibilities, Respondent still maintains some level of control over the those employees.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">For example</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Respondent maintained a continuous</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>management</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>presence at the Coorstek facility through the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On Premise</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Manager, Ms. Ortiz, who was responsible for disciplining contract employees, performing pre-employment screening, reporting injuries suffered by contract employees, and participating in production/staff meetings.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent stipulated it is an employer under the Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stip. No. 3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>This</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is consistent with Commission case law holding temporary staffing agencies<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">liable</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>under the Act insofar as they</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>maintain a sufficient degree of control over<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">their</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See The Barbosa Group, Inc., d/b/a Executive Security</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 21 BNA OSHC 1865 (No. 02-0865, 2007) (“Thus, regardless of whether the INS had any sort of employment relationship with the security personnel supplied by Barbosa, the degree of control Barbosa retained over its contract security personnel compels the conclusion that Barbosa remained their employer in these circumstances and was properly cited as such under the OSH Act.”). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">n this case</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the Court is called upon to determine</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">whether and to what extent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a staffing agency, such as Respondent,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>should</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>be held liable for alleged hazards present at a host employer’s worksite.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Even though it is a temporary agency,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">nonetheless<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">has a statutory<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">obligation to ensure the safety of its employees. In this context, that obligation extends at least as far as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">informing Coorstek of a hazard, requesting it be abated, and ensuring steps are taken by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Coorstek</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to protect employees from the hazard.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See id.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(finding Respondent staffing agency should have been aware, with the exercise of reasonable diligence, of deficiencies in training provided by host employer).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">However, as will be shown, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Court finds<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant failed to show the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">method</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Coorstek<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">used to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>abate the alleged hazard w</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">so woefully deficient</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">should have taken additional actions to ensure that i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s employees were safe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<p style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 1</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>alleged</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a serious violation of the Act in Citation 1, Item 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as follows</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSH Act of 1970 Section (5)(a)(1): The employer did not furnish employment and a place of employment which were free from recognized hazards that were causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees:</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On July 30, 2015, and at prior times, the employer did not ensure that employees were protected from falling and crushing hazards while standing near a floor hole at the manlift in Building 2.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Among other methods, one feasible and acceptable method to abate the hazard would be to ensure that a guardrail system, such as described and recommended by the Humphrey Manlift Company, is installed. Another feasible and acceptable method is to ensure that a guardrail system to protect from fall</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>into entry/exit ways is installed per the recommendations of a self-closing swing gate guardrail manufacturer, such as Garlock Safety Systems.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Ex. C-1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To establish a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">prima facie<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">violation of section 5(a)(1) of the Act, Complainant must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1) a condition or activity in the workplace presented a hazard to employees; (2) the employer or its industry recognized the hazard; (3) the hazard was likely to cause death or serious physical harm; and (4) a feasible and effective means existed to eliminate or materially reduce the hazard.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Kokosing Constr. Co</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 17 BNA OSHC 1869 (No. 92-2596, 1996);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1). The evidence must also show that the employer knew or, with the exercise of reasonable diligence, could have known of the violative<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">condition.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Regina Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 1044 (No. 87-1309, 1991);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">S.J. Louis Constr. of Texas</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 25 BNA OSHC 1892 (No. 12-1045, 2016).</span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.952cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.952cm; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">i.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
					</span>the General Duty Clause Was Proper</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent contends Complainant’s amendment<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the Citation to allege a violation of the general duty clause was improper.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref7" href="#ftn7">6</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> In its<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Answer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Respondent claim</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the specific standard originally cited by Complainant was the proper standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, notwithstanding<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">language<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">indicating that the originally cited standard, 1910.68(b)(8)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>exempts manlifts installed prior to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">August 27, 1971</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1910.68(b)(3)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“All new manlift installations and equipment installed after the effective date of these regulations shall me</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t the designed requirements of . . . ANSI A90.1-1969, which is incorporated by reference as specified in § 1910.6, and the requirements of this section.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Part 1910—Occupational Safety and Health Standards, 36 Fed. Reg. 10466, 10466 (April 27, 1971) (“The occupational safety and health standards in new Part 1910 shall become effective on August 27, 1971 . . . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant has interpreted this language to mean that manlifts installed prior to the effective date of the regulations are exempt from th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e requirements listed therein.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">oincident with that interpretation, Complainant issued a directive<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that citing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the general duty clause is proper when confronted with a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazard on a manlift<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">installed prior to the effective date of the regulation.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Ex. C-10).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Under the facts presented in this case, the Court finds citation to the general duty clause was appropriate.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“It is well established that a citation alleging a violation of section 5(a)(1) is inappropriate when a specific standard applies to the facts</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Mississippi Power & Light Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 7 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2036 (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">No. 76-2044, 1979) (citation omitted)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he burden of proving t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he applicability of a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">specific standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, however,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">belongs to Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Safeway, Inc. v OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 382 F.3d 1189,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1194<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(10th Cir. 2004)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1910.5(f) (“An employer who is in compliance with any standard in this part shall be deemed to be in compliance with the requirements of the [general duty clause], but only to the extent of the condition, practice, means, method, operation, or process covered by the standard.”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent identified 29 C.F.R. § 1910.68(b)(8) as the specific standard that preempts citation to the general duty clause. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ccording to Complainant’s interpretation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>though,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1910.68(b) does not apply to manlifts installed prior to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1971.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref8" href="#ftn8">7</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1910.68(b)(3). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Nevertheless, Respondent contends<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that because<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">section 1910.68(b) is a specific<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>applies to manlifts as a general proposition, it still technically “applies” to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">grandfathered, pre-1971<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">manlift at Coorstek.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As such, Respondent argues it was in “compliance” with the standard even though it<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">also argues it<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was not required to comply with its terms.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Resp’t Br.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 8. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In other words, Respondent argues that it complied with the standard because, by the terms of 1910.68(b)(3), it did not have to comply with the standard.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref9" href="#ftn9">8</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The practical effect of Respondent’s argument<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">would be</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>location at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Coorstek’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>facility</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—the manlift—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">exempt from regulation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">through</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">either<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">specific<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">standards<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or the general<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">duty clause</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Notwithstanding its assertion that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>it is exempt from its requirements</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent argues it complied with the standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The problem?</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>While the manlift may be exempt from the specific design requirements listed in the standard and in ANS</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A90.1-1969</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, as referred to therein, it is not exempt from a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ll</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">safety<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">requirement</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Indeed, the purpose of the general duty clause is to fill such unintentional gaps in the Act’s coverage.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Con Agra, Inc., McMillan Co. Div.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 11 BNA OSHC 1141 (No 79-1146, 1983) (“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">We note that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">purpose</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">general</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">duty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">clause</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is to provide protection against recognized hazards where no duty u</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">nder a specific standard exists . . . .”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">When confronted with a similar question<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">regarding the preemptive effect compliance with a specific standard has on the government’s ability to cite the general duty clause</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the D.C. Circuit focused on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the role of section 5(a)(1) and its interplay with the duties imposed on employers under section 5(a)(2).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Int’l Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America v. General Dynamics Land Systs. Div.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 815 F.2d 1570, 1577 (D.C. Cir. 1987). First, applying plain meaning to section 5(a)(1), the Court held:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Section 5(a)(1) clearly and unambiguously imposes on an employer a general duty to provide for the safety of his employees that is distinct and separate from the employer’s duty, under section 5(a)(2), to comply with administrative safety standards promulgated under section 6 of the Act. Therefore, unless we find this interpretation in conflict with another source of statutory law, we are bound to reject any agency interpretation that is inconsistent with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">what we find to be the plain meaning of section 5(a).</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 1575–76. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Finding no such statutory conflict, the court held “the Act does not emp</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">owe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">r the Secretary . . . to absolve employers who observe specific standards from duties otherwise imposed on them by the general duty clause.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 1576. Clarifying this point, the court noted that any apparent conflict between an employer’s competing duties under 5(a)(1) and 5(a)(2) can be resolved by focusing on the words “recognized hazard” in section 5(a)(1).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Con Agra, Inc., McMillan Co. Div.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 1983–84 O.S.H. Dec. (CCH) ¶ 26,420 at 33,523 (1983)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(discussing elements necessary to prove violation of general duty clause)). According to the court</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">:<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This analysis emphasizes the fact that the duty to protect employees is imposed on the employer, and the hazards against which he has the obligation to protect necessarily include those of which he has specific knowledge. Therefore if (as is alleged in this case) an employer knows a particular safety standard is inadequate to protect his workers against the specific hazard it is intended to address, or that the conditions in his place of employment are such that the safety standard will not adequately deal with the hazards to which his employees are exposed, he has a duty under section 5(a)(1) to take whatever measures may be required by the Act, over and above those mandated by the safety standard, to safeguard his workers. In sum, if an employer knows that a specific standard will not protect his workers against a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">particular hazard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, his duty under section 5(a)(1) will not be discharged no matter how faithfully he observes that standard. Scienter is the key.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1577.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> This statement clarifies the operative effect of the general duty clause in the face of a closely related specific standard: if the specific obligations imposed by 5(a)(2) are somehow insufficient, an employer has a corresponding obligation to account for and protect against hazards the specific standard does not reach.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As a defense to the general duty clause violation, Respondent asserts that a specific standard applies; a specific standard that, according to Complainant’s interpretation, exempts Respondent from compliance with specific requirements. Thus, as distinct from the holding in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">General Dynamics</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, there was not merely a deficiency in the coverage of the standard, but a gaping hole.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>To accept Respondent’s argument would be to permit such a gap in coverage, which the Court declines to do. Insofar as 1910.68(b) imposes no requirements to address hazards associated with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Coorstek’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>manlift, the Court finds it is proper to impose an obligation to protect employees through the general duty clause.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<p style="margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.952cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.952cm; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">ii.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Floor Opening is a Recognized Hazard</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To uphold a violation of the general duty clause, Complainant must define the hazard “in a way that apprises the employer of its obligations, and identifies conditions and practices over<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">which the employer can reasonably be expected to exercise control.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Arcadian Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC 2001 (No. 93-0628, 2004).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Hazards cannot be defined<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">by</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the absence of appropriate abatement measures.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Cargill, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 10 BNA OSHC 1398 (No. 78-5707, 1982)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also Morrison-Knudsen Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC 1105, 1121 (No. 88-0572, 1993) (“The hazard is not the absence of the abatement method.”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In the Citation narrative, Complainant alleged Respondent’s employees were exposed to falling and crushing hazards due to the presence of inadequately protected floor<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">opening</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at the manlift’s point of access. (Ex. C-1 at 1). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent contends Complainant failed to prove the existence of such a hazard because Coorstek had taken adequate steps to abate it through the use of enclosures, guardrails, and training.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Resp’t Br.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 14. What Respondent fails to see is that a floor opening remains a hazard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>irrespective of the measures<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">taken to prevent exposure to it.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Peacock Eng’g Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 26 BNA OSHC 1588 (No. 11-2780, 2017) (“The efficacy of [respondent’s] work methods in avoiding injury, however, is a separate inquiry from whether an alleged hazard was present.”). The operative question in this case, as will be discussed later regarding abatement, is whether those methods were adequate in light of the hazards imposed by the floor opening.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In the words of the Commission, a floor opening is a condition over which an employer can reasonably be expected to exercise control. In this case, the floor opening was large enough that someone could (and did) fall through, and exposed employees to a fall of at least 10 feet to the next level. Without consideration of the means by which Coorstek attempted to abate it, the Court finds Complainant established the existence of a hazard.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court also finds the hazard was recognized. Respondent went to great lengths to show how Complainant failed to prove that Respondent or the manufacturing industry<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">recognized the hazard imposed by the floor openings. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Again, the Court finds Respondent’s arguments are premised on a mistaken assumption about the law. According to the Fifth Circuit, “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Establishing that a hazard was recognized requires proof that the employer had actual knowledge that the condition was hazardous or proof that the condition is generally known to be hazardous in the industry.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Kelly Springfield Tire Co., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">v. Donovan</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 729 F.2d 317, 321 (5th Cir. 1984). That said, “[w]here a hazard is obvious and glaring, the Commission may determine that the hazard is recognized for purposes of the general duty clause, 29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1), without reference to industry practice or safety expert testimony.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Tri-State Roofing & Sheet Metal Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">685 F.2d 878 (4th Cir. 1982</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">) (finding recognized hazard when “work situation was patently dangerous since the laborers were working without protective equipment on an unguarded platform in excess of 40 feet above a concrete floor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Though Respondent takes issue with Complainant’s use of ANSI literature</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Humphrey Manlift’s company safety documents in order to prove hazard recognition</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in the manufacturing industry</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the Court finds such evidence<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">unnecessary in light of the hazard at issue. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Instead, the Court is persuaded by two factors: (1) the presence of Respondent’s On Premise Manager; and (2) the obvious nature of the hazard. As recounted above, Ms. Ortiz was familiar with the Coorstek facility in general and with the manlift specifically. Although CSHO Phillips testified that Ms. Ortiz did not use the manlift, she was nonetheless aware of its existence and had seen it in operation. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">92</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, she had knowledge of the condition that Complainant claims is hazardous. Further, though Respondent claims there was no evidence to suggest Ms. Ortiz recognized the floor opening as a hazard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">per se</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the Court finds Complainant did not need to establish whether Ms. Ortiz subjectively believed the floor opening to be hazardous.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Kelly Springfield</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 729 F.2d at 321 (“A finding of industry recognition does not require direct evidence<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the subjective beliefs of those working in the relevant industry. Courts have, in various circumstances, found a hazard to be recognized absent direct evidence of subjective belief.”).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Rather, as recognized by the Fourth and Fifth Circuits, a hazard can be so obvious and glaring that any reasonable person would recognize it as such.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court finds the floor openings on each level of the manlift<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>an obvious and glaring hazard. The openings, which measure roughly three feet in diameter, present</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the possibility of a fall ranging anywhere from ten to as much as forty feet, depending on what floor an employee happened to be standing on. It does not take<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">industry<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">expertise or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on-the-job</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>experience<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at Coorstek<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to recognize that a hole large enough to fit at least one full-grown man with a corresponding potential for a forty-foot fall is hazardous</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Due to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">its</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>obvious nature, the Court finds both Respondent and the manufacturing industry recognize floor openings</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>such as those found at Coorstek</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">are hazardous</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<p style="margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.952cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.952cm; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">iii.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Hazard Was Likely to Cause Death or Serious Physical Harm</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“[T]he Commission has made clear [that] the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">criteri</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[on] . . . [in this regard] is not the likelihood of an accident or injury, but whether, if an accident occurs, the results are likely to cause death or serious harm.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Peacock</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 26 BNA OSHC 1588 at *5 (quoting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Waldon Health Care Ctr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC 1052, 1059 (No. 89-2804, 1993)).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As previously discussed, falling through one of the manlift floor openings exposed employees to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a substantial fall, ranging anywhere from ten to forty feet. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">43</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In fact, such a fall precipitated CSHO Phillips’ inspection. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Though it was unclear how far he fell, CSHO Phillips testified the employee suffered<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">broken bones and head trauma</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 112).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> These are clearly serious injuries. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Although the employee fell through the opening due to a problem with the manlift, the fall nonetheless illustrated the potential injuries an employee could suffer as a result of his exposure to the hazard. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Accordingly, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Court finds the hazard was likely to cause death or serious physical harm.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.952cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; margin-left:168px; text-indent:-.952cm; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">iv.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Complainant Failed to Establish Existing Abatement Measures Were Insufficient</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In addition to establishing the existence of a recognized hazard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Complainant must “‘specify the proposed abatement measures and demonstrate both that the measures are capable of being put into effect and that they would be effective in materially reducing the incidence of the hazard.’” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Arcadian Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC 2001 (quoting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Beverly Enters., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC 1161 (No. 91-3144<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">et al.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 2000)). “Feasible means of abatement are established if ‘conscientious experts, familiar with the industry’ would prescribe those means and methods to eliminate or materially reduce the recognized hazard.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(quoting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pepperidge Farm, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1993)). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t is not enough</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, however,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for Complainant to prove the existence of a hazard and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">show<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent fail</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to use the methods of abatement Comp</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">lainant prefers. I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">f an employer has taken steps to abate the hazard,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant must show those measures are inadequate.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Alabama Power Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 13 BNA OSHC 1240 (citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Cerro Metal Prods. Div., Marmon Grp., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 12 BNA OSHC 1821, 1822 (No. 78-5159, 1986))</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">National Realty & Constr. Co., Inc. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 489 F.2d 1257, 1265 (D.C. Cir. 1973) (“The question is whether National Realty rendered its construction site ‘free’ of the hazard.”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To start,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it is easy to conclude</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Complainant’s proposed methods of abatement are feasible. As<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">shown in exhibit C-2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">one of Complainant’s proposals—a self-closing swing gate—was already in place on the basement level</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the Coorstek facility</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. In addition, Complainant proposed a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>guardrail maze,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">which was illustrated in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Humphrey Manlift video</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>though not in place at the Coorstek facility</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Ex. C-3).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> There was no testimony or evidence to illustrate that the implementation of either of these abatement measures was infeasible or would otherwise be ineffective.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The question, however, is whether such abatement methods were necessary in light of the manner in which Coorstek, and by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">extension</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Respondent, had already addressed the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazard.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref10" href="#ftn10">9</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In order to answer that question, Complainant must first show the existing abatement measures were inadequate.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Alabama Power Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 12 BNA OSHC 1821, 1822,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. The Court find</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s Complainant failed to meet that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>burden.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Aside from the basement entry, access to the manlift was the same on all production floors. On each floor the manlift was in an enclosed room, separate from the rest of the production floor. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">64</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). In order to access the room, employees had to pass through a self-closing door. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">64–65, 143</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Tacked onto the door were two signs, including a warning prohibiting access to all but authorized personnel and a series of reminders about properly using the manlift. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 65;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). After walking through the door, an employee is immediately confronted with a guardrail that prevents access to the moving parts of the manlift, as well as to the floor opening through which the manlift belt passes.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In order to reach the point of access, an employee has to turn right from the doorway and walk alongside the guardrail until it ends. From there, the employee must turn left around the end of the guardrail to reach the point of access.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In support of Complainant’s claim that Respondent’s employees were exposed to a fall hazard due to inadequate protection around the floor openings of the manlift, CSHO Phillips repeatedly expressed concern that the configuration of the enclosure, self-closing door, and guardrails were insufficient to protect against inadvertent exposure to the hazard. (Tr. 66, 87</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 89, 92, 94, 104, 106, 119). Conversely, a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ccording to CSHO Phillips, the swing gate and guardrail maze are designed to prevent an employee from inadvertently falling into the floor opening “up until a point where they’re solely focused on getting on the manlift.” (Tr. 55, 60, 62, 63, 79,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">104). In his estimation, the protection around the manlift floor opening was incomplete because there was no gate or maze configuration directly connected to the point of access to prevent someone from inadvertently falling or stepping into the opening. (Tr. 66).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court is unconvinced that the combination of an enclosed location, blatant warnings, a self-closing door, and a set of guardrails that must be navigated around in order to reach the point of access<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>inadequate to protect against inadvertent exposure to the floor opening. As recounted above, an employee has to take a series of intentional steps before they even approach the point of access on the manlift, i.e., opening the self-closing door and walking around the guardrail. The floor openings at issue were not just holes</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in the middle of a wide-open manufacturing floor with only partial openings to protect against accidentally tripping or walking into<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">them</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Rather, the first layer of protection was the enclosure that housed the manlift entry on each floor (except the basement). That first layer of protection was adorned with two separate warnings about the manlift inside the enclosure. Much like the self-closing gate, the door to each enclosure was also self-closing, thus preventing unwitting employees from entering the enclosure.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Once inside the enclosure, an employee is not immediately confronted with a floor opening; rather, the opening is protected by a guardrail on both sides, which an employee must walk around before getting to the point of access.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO Phillips’ concern about inadvertent exposure to the hazard is inconsistent with the manner in which the manlift is accessed.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Although the protective measures implemented at the Coorstek facility do not conform to the letter of Complainant’s proposed abatement, the Court finds</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the abatement measures used at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Coorstek’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>facility were the functional equivalent. There is no sense in which<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">one of Respondent’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employee</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">could</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>just accidentally walk or trip into the floor opening without taking very specific and intentional actions to get to the point of access in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the first place. Not only that, but prior to entering the enclosure specifically designed for the manlift, employees are confront</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed with warnings about what wa</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s located within the enclosure and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the requirements for using it. As such, the Court finds Complainant failed to show the measures implemented by Coorstek (and tacitly approved by Respondent) were insufficient to address the hazard of inadvertent exposure to the floor opening.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref11" href="#ftn11">10</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Thus, Respondent did not have an obligation to report the hazard or take alternative measures to prevent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>its employees’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>exposure to the hazard.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court finds Complainant failed to prove the existing abatement measures were insufficient to address the identified hazard. Accordingly, Citation 1, Item 1 shall be VACATED.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">ORDER</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The foregoing Decision constitutes the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law in accordance with Rule 52(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based upon the foregoing Findings of Fact and Conclus</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ions of Law, it is ORDERED that:</span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">VACATED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SO ORDERED</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/</span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Judge<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Peggy S. Ball</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Date:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>March 23, 2018</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Denver, Colorado</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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			<hr/>"
      <div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn-1" href="#ftnref-1"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn0" href="#ftnref0"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn1" href="#ftnref1"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn2" href="#ftnref2"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">1 </span></a>. The exact installation date of the manlift is uncertain. In the opening conference, CSHO Phillips was told Coorstek did not know who originally manufactured and installed the belt manlift but knew the manlift was at least 50 years old at that point in time. (Tr. 51). At trial, Respondent produced<span>
					</span>an invoice sent<span><span></span>
					</span>to<span>
					</span>Coorstek<span><span></span>
					</span>by The J.B.<span>
					</span>Ehrsam<span><span></span>
					</span>& Sons Manufacturing Co. The<span>
					</span>invoice<span><span></span>
					</span>listed<span><span></span>
					</span>blueprints and associated parts for a belt manlift. (Tr. 134; Ex. R-7). The<span>
					</span>invoice<span><span></span>
					</span>is dated March 3, 1954. (Ex. R-7).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn3" href="#ftnref3"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">2 </span></a>.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>In its Complaint, Complainant amended the citation to delete reference to the regulatory standard and instead, alleged a violation of section 5(a)(1) of the Act.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See Complaint</span><span><span></span>
					</span>at ¶ 3. In its Answer, Respondent objected to the modification of the Citation claiming that the Citation was barred by a more specific standard.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See Answer</span><span><span></span>
					</span>at ¶ 3. By Order dated October 24, 2016, the Court accepted the amendment of the Citation.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See Pretrial Conference Report and Order</span>, dated October 24, 2016.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn4" href="#ftnref4"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">3 </span></a>.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>The parties’ stipulations can be found in the parties’<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Joint Stipulation Statement</span>, which was filed with the Court on January 24, 2017.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 14).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>The parties broke the agreement into two sections—Proposed Stipulations and Undisputed Facts—with two separately numbered lists. For ease of reference, the Court renumbered the agreed upon facts and law to be one continuous list, which is reproduced above, and shall refer to stipulations in the<span>
					</span>record as<span><span></span>
					</span>“Stip. No. __”. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn5" href="#ftnref5"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">4 </span></a>. According to CSHO Phillips, the attic is primarily accessed by Coorstek maintenance workers. There was no evidence Respondent's employees accessed that area. (Tr.<span>
					</span>43).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn6" href="#ftnref6"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">5 </span></a>. The floor opening and manlift are protected on both sides by guardrails; it is only at the point of access where there is a gap in the guardrail. (Ex.<span>
					</span>C-2).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn7" href="#ftnref7"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">6 </span></a>. Respondent did not specifically object to the amendment itself through a motion (though it was invited to do so by the Court). Instead, in its<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Answer</span>, Respondent merely claimed that a specific standard applied, rendering citation to the general duty clause improper.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See Answer<span>
						</span></span>at<span>
					</span>2. Though it was not specifically identified as an affirmative defense, the Court shall treat it as such.<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn8" href="#ftnref8"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">7 </span></a>. As an aside, the Court notes the provision that purportedly exempts older manlifts does not appear as definitive as suggested<span>
					</span>by the parties in this case. The provision, 1910.68(b)(3), entitled “Design Requirements” is merely a short, isolated paragraph under the larger heading,<span>
					</span>entitled “General Requirements”, found at 1910.68(b).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>The first paragraph, (b)(1), indicates the standard generally applies to<span>
					</span>all<span>
					</span>manlifts that meet the characteristics described therein. Paragraph (b)(3), on the other hand,<span><span></span>
					</span>lays out<span>
					</span>a two-prong requirement for<span>
					</span>a specific subset of manlifts; namely, those installed after the effective date of the regulation. As the Court reads it, the standard requires that any lift installed after the effective date of the regulations shall (1) meet the design requirements of ANSI A90.1-1969, and (2) meet the requirements of this section.<span>
					</span>In other words, it appears that the intent of the standard is to require more of manlifts installed after a date certain, as opposed to requiring nothing at all of lifts installed<span>
					</span>prior to that date. However, the Court grants that<span><span></span>
					</span>it is unclear how<span>
					</span>(b)(3)<span>
					</span>applies to the<span>
					</span>standard as a whole. Given this ambiguity, the Court finds Complainant’s interpretation of (b)(3) is not unreasonable. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn9" href="#ftnref9"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">8 </span></a>. This absurdity apparently escaped Respondent when it repeatedly characterized 29 C.F.R. § 1910.68(b)(8) as “inapplicable” or “not applicable”.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Resp’t Br.<span>
						</span></span>at 10 (“The Secretary’s attempt to cite Respondent under the General Duty Clause in this case is particularly troublesome because the Secretary candidly admits he is attempting to enforce<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">an inapplicable regulation</span><span><span></span>
					</span>through the General Duty Clause.”).<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn10" href="#ftnref10"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">9 </span></a>. This is somewhat of a unique case considering Respondent does not have authority to make changes to the host employer’s facility. Insofar as it is or should be aware of a hazard, Respondent has the obligation to bring it to<span>
					</span>Coorstek’s<span><span></span>
					</span>attention. But, before we get to the question of Respondent’s obligations under this set of circumstances, there must be a triggering event, i.e., a recognized and improperly abated hazard, to determine whether Respondent fulfilled those obligations. As discussed further herein, the Court finds Respondent had nothing to report to Coorstek.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn11" href="#ftnref11"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">10 </span></a>. At one point, CSHO Phillips expressed concern about maintenance activities inside the manlift enclosure. (Tr. 89–90). There was no evidence to suggest Respondent’s employees ever performed maintenance, nor was there any evidence to suggest how maintenance is carried out or in what manner such employees would be exposed. Due to the lack of evidence on the topic, the Court gives CSHO Phillips’ testimony on this topic<span>
					</span>no<span><span></span>
					</span>weight.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
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