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		<title>SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL CORP., d/b/a SAIC, OSHRC Docket No. 14-1668</title>
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							<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; margin-left:48px; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHRC Docket No. 14-1668</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL CORP., d/b/a SAIC,</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:right; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">ON BRIEFS:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:42px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Jin</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Y. Chong</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Attorney, Office of the Solicitor; Charles F. James, Counsel for Appellate Litigation; Ann Rosenthal, Associate Solicitor of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health; Katherine E. Bissell, Deputy Solicitor for Regional Enforcement; U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For the Complainant</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:42px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Robert D. Peterson, Esq.; Robert D. Peterson Law Corporation, Rocklin, CA</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">DECISION</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Before: SULLIVAN, Chairman; ATTWOOD and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-variant:small-caps; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">LAIHOW</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Commissioner</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BY THE COMMISSION:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Science Applications International Corporation (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SAIC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">contracts<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">with the U.S. Navy’s Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SPAWAR</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">train</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>marine mammals to detect</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>trespassing swimmers in and around Navy installations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In April 2014, an SAIC employee drowned d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">uring a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sea lion training exercise<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in San Diego Bay</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in Coronado, California. After an inspection, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration issued SAIC a citation alleging<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>serious violation of the O</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ccupational<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">afety and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">H</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ealth</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Act’s general duty clause, 29 U.S.C. §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">654(a)(1),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">for</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>expos</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ing employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to “drowning hazards while swimming during marine mammal training operations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> The Secretary proposed a $5,000 penalty for this citation item. </span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Following a hearing, Administrative Law Judge Patrick B. Augustine affirmed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the violation and assessed the proposed penalty.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref2" href="#ftn2">1</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">For the following reasons, we affirm</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">BACKGROUND</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SAIC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Mark 6 Sea Lion Program</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">train</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>sea lions to detect and locate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">trespassing swimmers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in and around Navy installations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">requires<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the company’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees to swim in open water and scuba dive, as well as work with the animals in floating pens. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The training operations at issue here were conducted<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">San Diego Bay</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, with approximately fifteen to twenty percent of them occurring at night.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On the night of April 28, 2014, SAIC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">supervisor<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Trevor Thissell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and two other members of the Mark 6 team—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Shelby Peters</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Employee #1—conducted a sea lion training exercise near the Naval Air Station (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">NAS</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">) North Island. Thissell and Peters handled the sea lions<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">aboard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a boat while Employee #1 volunteered to act as the “enemy swimmer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a role in which he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was expected to evade detection by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sea lion</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by, for example,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">holding his breath underwater. Employee #1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">wearing a wetsuit, mask, fins, gloves, booties, and a weight belt</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">entered the water</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which was about 20 feet deep,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at around 8:30 or 9:00 p.m.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At this time of evening, w</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ithout</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>use of a flashlight<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">which SAIC swimmers typically use only in an emergency</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, subsurface visibility was about<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">one</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>foot</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>W</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hile some ambient light was present in the area,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Thissell testified that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a swimmer hiding in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">nooks<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>crannies or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. . .<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">behind something<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. . . couldn’t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>see<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">very<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">well.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">After Employee #1 entered the water, Thissell<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">released</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a sea lion<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">tasked with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">attempt</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to find Employee #1. The SAIC team<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">successfully<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">completed two runs where</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>sea lion detected Employee #1. On the third run,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">however,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the sea lion<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">became</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>distracted by a wild sea lion and did not attempt to locate Employee #1. After five minutes, the team retrieved the sea lion and then re-released him, with Employee #1 remaining in the water the entire time, apparently<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">unaware</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">operation’s delay</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. The sea lion was unable to locate Employee #1, who was eventually found unresponsive. He was pronounced dead at a hospital</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and the autopsy report stated the cause of his death as drowning. SAIC stipulated that the drowning occurred while Employee #1 was “engaged in activities in the course and scope of his employment.”</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:10.667px; line-height:1.0791666666666666; page-break-before:page; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "></span> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">DISCUSSION</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The general duty clause provides that “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ach employer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>. . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm.” 29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1). To prove a violation, the Secretary must establish that: (1) a condition or activity in the workplace presented a hazard; (2) the employer or its industry recognized the hazard; (3) the hazard was causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm; and (4) a feasible and effective means existed to eliminate or materially reduce the hazard. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Arcadian Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC 2001, 2007 (No. 93-0628, 2004). The Secretary must also show that the employer knew or, with the exercise of reasonable diligence, could have known<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the hazardous condition</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>existed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at its worksite</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Tampa Shipyards</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 1533, 1537 (No. 86-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">0</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">469, 1992).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Here, the Secretary alleges in the citation that:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[A]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">n animal trainer, engaged in training captive sea lions, was exposed to drowning hazards while swimming at night in areas containing underwater hazards including pier support pilings, where the employer failed to maintain contact with the deployed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">swimmer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> . . </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The judge found that the Secretary established each element of the alleged violation, and that SAIC had actual</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—or, in the alternative, constructive—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">knowledge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the hazardous condition</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. On review,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SAIC challenges the judge’s findings on the elements of hazard, hazard recognition, and abatement. T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he parties were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">asked to address the threshold question of whether the Secretary exceeded his authority in issuing the citation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>We begin with this jurisdictional question before turning to the disputed elements of the Secretary’s case</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_Heading1 style_Heading1 " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">I.</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Jurisdiction</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">parties were asked to address<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">whether “Congress intended, in enacting the OSH Act, to authorize the Secretary to regulate the cited activity via the general duty clause”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—in other words, whether OSHA has statutory jurisdiction to regulate the cited hazard under the general duty clause.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> SAIC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">has<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">not address</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>this question in either its<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">opening or reply<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">brief on review</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, asserting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">nstead that the Secretary exceeded his authority in issuing the citation because the company lacked notice that the cited activity is hazardous. The Secretary, on the other hand, briefly addresse</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">jurisdictional</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>issue in his brief</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on review</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">arguing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that there is no limitation in the OSH Act “on the types of recognized hazards for which the Secretary may issue citations”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>under the general duty clause.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Commission’s recent decision in</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Integra Health Management, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">27 BNA OSHC 1838 (No. 13-1124, 2019)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">squarely addresse</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e jurisdictional</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">issue raised here and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">establishes</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a framework for determining whether a cited hazard falls within the scope of the general duty clause</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Integra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an employee of a private social services company was killed by a client during a home visit. OSHA issued the company a citation alleging a violation of the general duty clause for exposing employees to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a workplace violence</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>hazard. In response, the company argued that “certain hazards,” like workplace violence, simply “cannot be the basis of a general duty clause violation” because they fall “beyond the scope of the [OSH] Act itself.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 1841-42.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In rejecting this argument, the Commission explained that because the general duty clause references both “employment” and “place of employment,” the “hazards” covered by the provision include not only risks arising out of the physical setting of the work, but also those arising out of an employee’s work generally—“in a broad sense.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 1843.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Commission therefore held that, in light of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Integra requir</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>its<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">meet face</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to-face with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[clients]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, many of whom have been diagnosed with mental illness and have criminal backgrounds as well as a history of violence and volatility</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">there was “a direct nexus between the work being performed . . . and the alleged risk of workplace violence.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 1844.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Accordingly, the Commission concluded that the “risk at issue [in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Integra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">] [was] a ‘hazard’ that fits plainly within the text of the general duty clause.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Applying this framework here, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he hazard alleged by the Secretary</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>plainly fits within<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the broad range of “hazards” covered by the general duty clause</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> 29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Drowning is an obvious risk of swimming</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and swimming—in this case, often at night and amidst underwater obstacles—was a required work activity for SAIC’s employees. Moreover, swimming was integral to SAIC’s work for SPAWAR.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, as was the case in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Integra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, there is a “direct nexus” between</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the cited drowning hazard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and the work being performed.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">deed, “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the hazard identified by the Secretary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>rooted in the very reason for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[SAIC’s]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>services</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Integra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 27 BNA OSHC at 1844.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As such</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the cited hazard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">here<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">covered by</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">general duty clause</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref3" href="#ftn3">2</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SAIC’s related assertion—that because<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“OSHA</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>. . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">not</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>formed an opinion that the swimming activity in question was contrary to the general duty<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">clause</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> . . </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">during the 50 years this [work] procedure was occurring</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Secretary exceeded his authority in issuing the citation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">by failing to provide adequate notice—is also without merit. There is no precedent, or any other support for that matter,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for the notion that the Secretary’s prior silence regarding a work activity prevents him from citing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, under the general duty clause,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a recognized hazard associated with that activity. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Indeed, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he general duty clause’s recognition element<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">addresses this very issue by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ensuring</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that an employer will be responsible<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">only<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">for duties for which there is sufficient notice of the cited obligation.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref4" href="#ftn4">3</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">e.g., Kokosing Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1869</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 1873-74</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">No. 92-2596,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1996) (recognition<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of fall hazard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>established<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">by</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>evidence that industry understood climbing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">formwork</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>walls posed a fall risk, not based on evidence that industry<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was generally aware</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that falling from heights is dangerous);</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>see also Pepperidge Farm</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1993, 2003 (No. 89-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">0</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">265, 1997) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A hazard is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>deemed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">‘</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">recognized</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>when the potential danger<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">of a condition or activity</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is either actually known to the particular employer or generally known in the industry.”) (emphasis added)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Because, for the reasons discussed above, the drowning hazard cited here falls within the broad range of hazards covered by the OSH Act’s general duty clause, we conclude<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA has jurisdiction to regulate this hazard under that provision.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref5" href="#ftn5">4</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_Heading1 style_Heading1 " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">II.</span>Existence of a Hazard</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To prove that a condition presents a hazard under the general duty clause, the Secretary is required to show that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. . .<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>[were exposed]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">‘</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">significant risk</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of harm.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">A.H. Sturgill Roofing, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 27 BNA OSHC 1809, 1810-11 (No. 13-0224, 2019) (quoting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Beverly Enters., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC 1161, 1170-72 (No. 91-3144, 2000) (consolidated)). However, “[p]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">roof that a cited activity actually caused harm or necessarily could have caused harm under the precise physical conditions that happened to be present at the time of the violation, or at any other specific time, is not required.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Quick Transport of Ark.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">LLC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 27 BNA OSHC 1947, 1949 (No. 14-0844, 2019). Instead, the Secretary must show that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">harm<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">could result “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">upon other than a freakish or utterly implausible concurrence of circumstances</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Titanium Metals Corp. of Am. v.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Usery</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 579 F.2d 536, 541 (9</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Cir. 1978).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">We find that the Secretary has carried this burden here. SAIC’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">own<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Dive Safety Officer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Wayne<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Knorek</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, testified at the hearing that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“anytime a person is in the water, there’s a risk for drowning.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Similarly,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">John Barron, a retired Navy captain and former Navy helicopter pilot who at the time of the hearing was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">deputy<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">head of the Science and Technology Department at the U.S. Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, testified that in his experience open-water swimming poses a drowning hazard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">particularly in an environment</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,” such as this one,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that has other conditions such as currents, visibility issues, obstacles, and obstructions.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SAIC does not address this testimony on review but instead asserts, as it did before the judge, that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“the hazard did not exist,”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">citing its 50-year fatality-free history<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">prior to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">drowning in 2014.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The judge rejected this argument</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, albeit as part of his hazard recognition analysis, stating</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that “the purpose of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[OSH]<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Act is to prevent the first injury, [and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>so</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">] recognition of a hazard does not wait upon the occurrence of a fatal accident.” We agree<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">with the judge on this point, but reject SAIC’s argument for an additional reason—the absence of prior fatalities is not dispositive as to the existence of a hazard because such an absence may be the result of SAIC “having had adequate abatement measures in place” (an element of the violation discussed below) or “simply<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of luck.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Peacock Eng’g, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 26 BNA OSHC 1588, 1590 (No. 11-2780, 2017).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Indeed, the record contains evidence of a “near-miss” in the same location as the accident here—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Knorek</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in the 1990s, while working for SAIC, he was involved in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>rescue of a Navy swimmer who nearly drowned<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in San Diego Bay<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">during a dolphin training exercise in the harbor entrance.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref6" href="#ftn6">5</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SAIC also argues</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—citing the Commission’s decision in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pelron</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 12 BNA OSHC 1833 (No. 82-0388, 1986)—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that “there is no evidence in this case that the ongoing work activity would have apprised [the company] that [it] was engaged in a procedure over which [it] could have reasonably been expected to exercise control</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the extent SAIC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is arguing that a hazard may be found only where<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the nature of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">cited<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">activity<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>such that it puts the employer on notice that some action must be take</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">n, its<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">claim lacks merit. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pelron</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>does not address a notice problem</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Rather</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Commission held</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazards must be defined as, and therefore an</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employer may only be held responsible under the general duty clause</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“conditions or practices over which the employer can reasonably be expected to exercise control.” 12 BNA OSHC at 1835 (citation omitted).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Here,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the citation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">identifies</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“practices” that SAIC can control</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">specifically</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">manner in which</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the company</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>conducts its swimming activities</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and it proposes<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">maintaining contact with swimmer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s in order to exercise such control</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Therefore,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pelron</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>does not support<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SAIC’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">argument</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that the hazard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as defined in the citation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is deficient.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">For all these reasons, we</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">conclude that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Secretary has established<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the existence of a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazard.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_Heading1 style_Heading1 " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">III.</span>Hazard Recognition</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Hazard recognition “may be shown by proof that ‘a hazard . . . is recognized as such by the employer’ or by ‘general understanding in the [employer’s] industry.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’ ”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Otis Elevator Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 21 BNA OSHC 2204, 2207 (No. 03-1344, 2007) (quoting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Kokosing Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1869, 1873 (No. 92-2596, 1996));<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see Kelly Springfield Tire Co. v. Donovan</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 729 F.2d 317, 321 (5</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cir. 1984) (“Establishing that a hazard was recognized requires proof that the employer had actual knowledge that the condition was hazardous or proof that the condition is generally known to be hazardous in the industry.”).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The judge concluded that SAIC recognized the hazard, citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the testimony of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Knorek</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, who stated that he was aware that the risk of drowning was present during swimming operations.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref7" href="#ftn7">6</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he judge rejected SAIC’s argument</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">which the company<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">has<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">also raised on review</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that it did not recognize the hazard of drowning because it had never had an employee drown, finding that it was “of no import for purposes of this element” because “recognition of a hazard does not wait upon the occurrence of a fatal accident.”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref8" href="#ftn8">7</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">We agree with the judge—it is well established that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>recognition of a hazard is not dependent on an accident having previously occurred “because the purpose of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[OSH]<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Act is to prevent the first<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">injury.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Elliot Constr. Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC 2110, 2119 (No. 07-1578, 2012) (invoking this “well-established principle”) (citing<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Lee Way Motor Freight, Inc. v. Sec’y of Labor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 511 F.2d 864, 870 (10th Cir. 1975)</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Hyperlink style_Hyperlink " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span class="IDPA32WCX3L3W0B2CHVNLXC0KF4OEAXBI5OHDU4WHQNZRTL2WFYIGK">);<span>
							</span></span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Hyperlink style_Hyperlink " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span class="IDRWQ5YHYXOWJHGHSG4EDNTL1J4FDJKFL1XO0U2GN4SSMB3NKCAHJG">Mineral Indus. & Heavy Const</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Hyperlink style_Hyperlink " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span class="IDDLV4EGO1FABXOX3TGOAIOKRRBITOMS0MVU2FYONAY1ZV3UND1IC">r</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Hyperlink style_Hyperlink " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span class="IDNVBXVWCOZPXZHE3YQA14IQEQKG4WNKQ1HFRYTLCTNFJPLLVJ2W0H">. Grp.<span>
							</span></span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Hyperlink style_Hyperlink " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span class="IDJWIYRFMQ5D1IJQSBYRZDSZDZGMS5W00RGTJYVYE5SQMTNMQ3QWOJ">v</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Hyperlink style_Hyperlink " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:WindowText; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span class="IDPQIHJ52M3O2NBUHMDPHUH4AN5DFP04NZD5UKOHENW0JFHVESWAUO">. OSHRC</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Hyperlink style_Hyperlink " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:WindowText; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span class="IDM2XT2QLVE5NIEL04VN2HJG2SVK4WUVHZ01PXFEEFYFGZFF3MNWLD">, 639 F.2d 1289, 1294 (5th Cir. 1981) (“</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The goal of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[OSH]<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Act is to prevent the first accident, not to serve as a source of consolation for the first victim or his survivors.”).  In any event,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Knorek’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testimony about the near-drowning incident to which<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SAIC responded in the 1990s shows that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the company</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—at least as of the time<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Knorek</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>became a supervisor</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref9" href="#ftn9">8</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">itself<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">aware that there was a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">drowning hazard, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Knorek</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">conceded</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, as discussed above with respect to the hazard element, that a drowning hazard was present. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ee</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Mo. Basin Well Serv., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 26 BNA OSHC 2314, 2317-18 (No. 13-1817, 2018) (supervisor’s recognition of hazard imputed to company)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citing to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Alabama Power Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 13 BNA OSHC 1240 (No. 84-357, 1987)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, SAIC </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">claims that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">if<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“a twenty-four (24) year history of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">no accidents</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for truck drivers delivering truckloads of coal was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">more than adequate</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to support the employer’s contention that the employer had taken all reasonable steps to ensure a safe workplace for its truck drivers”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(emphasis in original),</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the same should be true with respect to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SAIC’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>50 year fatality-free history.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This argument, however, overlooks that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">abatement</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the hazard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—not recognition</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of it</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>issue</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Alabama Power</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. 13 BNA OSHC at 1243. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Indeed, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Commission considered<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Alabama Power’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>existing work rules and its 24-year fatality-free history<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in finding</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that the Secretary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">failed to show that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">its<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">methods of protecting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">its truck drivers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>from the cited hazard were inadequate. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t 1244-46. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Alabama Power</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, therefore,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>does not support SAIC’s assertion that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">its</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>long history without a fatality<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">precludes finding that it</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>recognize</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>hazard.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref10" href="#ftn10">9</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In sum, we<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">find that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Knorek’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>direct</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testimony</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that an</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>SAIC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>swimmer had nearly drowned during a previous training exercise, as well as his testimony</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that a drowning hazard is present whenever a swimmer is in the water</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>establishes<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the company’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>recognition of the cited hazard.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_Heading1 style_Heading1 " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">IV.</span>Feasible and Effective Means of Abatement</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To establish the feasibility</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and efficacy</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of a proposed abatement measure</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the Secretary must “demonstrate both that the measure[] [is] capable of being put into effect and that [it] would be effective in materially reducing the incidence of the hazard.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Arcadian Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 2011 (citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Beverly Enters.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC at 1190)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. The Secretary need only show that the abatement method would materially reduce the hazard, not that it would eliminate the hazard. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Arcadian</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC at 2011 (citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Morrison-Knudsen Co./Yonkers Contracting Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC 1105, 1122 (No. 88-572, 1993)). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Where an employer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">has undertaken measures to address the cited hazard, the Secretary</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, in establishing efficacy,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>must</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>show that such measures were inadequate. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">U.S. Postal Serv.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 21 BNA OSHC 1767, 1773-74 (No. 04-0316, 2006).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Here, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Secretary propose</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the following means of abatement in the citation: “When a single swimmer is deployed a dedicated person must maintain contact with the swimmer at all time[s].” </span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_Heading2 style_Heading2 " style="outline-width:2; " xmlns:text="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:text:1.0" text:is-list-header="true">Feasibility</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The judge found that the Secretary’s proposed abatement was capable of being put into effect because SAIC had implemented it, along with several other measures, within a month after the accident. On review, SAIC argues that it is not feasible to “maintain constant contact” with a single swimmer because it would undermine the swimmer’s purpose of avoiding detection by a sea lion and “would thwart the purpose of the work and make the performance of the program moot, if not impossible, as well as negatively impact national security.” The Secretary disputes this claim, asserting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as the judge found<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that SAIC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">had already<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">implemented the proposed abatement, along with several other procedures.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">We agree with the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">judge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Following</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the accident and before the citation was issued, SPAWAR issued<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">written Standard Operating Procedure (SOP</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">34-14</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">) for SAIC’s training operations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which requires as follows:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[W]hen a single swimmer is deployed a dedicated person<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">must have visual contact with the swimmer at all times</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. The stand-by swimmer must be capable of entering the water within 30 seconds and the swim boat must be capable of reaching the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">swimmer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s location within 30 seconds.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Captain<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Barron, who had a significant role in drafting SOP 34-14, specifically testified that this written procedure could have been implemented before the accident. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SAIC cites no evidence in support of its<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">claim that implementation of this procedure has thwarted the purpose of the training operations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> In any event, such a claim is belied by the fact that SPAWAR itself issued the SOP. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Therefore, we<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">find that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Secretary has<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">established</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that his proposed abatement measure was feasible.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See SeaWorld of Fla.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">v</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">. Perez</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 748 F.3d 1201, 1214 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (proposed abatement measures feasible where cited employer “implemented many of [them] on its own”).</span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_Heading2 style_Heading2 " style="outline-width:2; " xmlns:text="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:text:1.0" text:is-list-header="true">Efficacy</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To assess the efficacy of a proposed abatement measure, we first consider the adequacy of the employer’s existing safety procedures. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">U.S. Postal Serv.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 21 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1773-74.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Here, the record establishes that at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the time of the accident, SAIC lacked safety policies that addressed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">its<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">swimming</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>operations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the Secretary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">notes,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>SAIC had: (1) no safety rule or guideline on how long a swimmer should stay underwater; (2) no rule requiring spotters;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(3) no rule on regularly checking on a deployed swimmer;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">4</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">) no daily briefing that occurred before swimming operations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">5</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">) no</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>document outlining what crews should discuss before swimming operations. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In response,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SAIC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">simply declares</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that “[t]o<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">suggest</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>[it] had no safety program for swimmers is specious”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">but</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>cites no<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">record<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">evidence in rebuttal of the Secretary’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">evidence</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as to what its program<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">lacked.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Testimony by SAIC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>supervisors supports the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">conclusion that the company had no safety procedures in place for its swimmers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Knorek</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">acknowledged</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that SAIC did not have a swimming plan<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">similar to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>SAIC’s Dive Plan:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Q: “[W]as there, at the time of the accident, a similar plan for swimming operations in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> . . Sea Lion Program prior to this accident?”<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A: “No.”</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Also, Thissell testified</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[t]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">here was no specific surface swimming safety kind of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>. . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>protocol.” According to Thissell, at the time of the accident, SAIC did not use a dedicated spotter when a swimmer was in the water during an animal training operation. As the judge noted, Thissell explained that “[b]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">efore</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>[the accident], we had visual spot checks where the person could be seen at different intervals. But there wasn’t—especially when you’re training the animal, the swimmer was—unless it was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an emergency situation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, has to be fairly discreet so no verbal communications.” Given that SAIC had no safety rules for its swimming operations and instead conducted only ad hoc visual spot checks, we<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">find that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the Secretary has shown that SAIC’s measures were</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">inadequate to address the cited drowning hazard.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Turning to whether the Secretary established that his proposed abatement measure would materially reduce the hazard, the judge found that it would</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. He relied<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">principally on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">testimony from<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Captain<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Barron, who<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">stated</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that the new<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">operating<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">procedure</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">which, as discussed above, also required maintaining contact with the swimmer at all times</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“provides a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">more safe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>environment and probably prepares the folks that aren’t in the water, that aren’t at risk of drowning easier access to someone that could be in trouble.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The judge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also relied on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Thissell’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testimony,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in which he</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>explained that before the accident, SAIC relied on “visual spot checks where the person could be seen at different intervals,” but under the new procedure, the boat and swimmer must communicate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">verbally<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at no longer than 5-minute intervals</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In addition, the judge cited to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Knorek’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testimony that under the new procedure, “there has to be continuous contact with the swimmer.”</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">We</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>agree with the judge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Taken together, this testimony establishes that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Secretary’s proposed abatement method would<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">materially improve the safety of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SAIC’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">swimming</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">operation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by allowing the swimmer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to alert someone more quickly and easily<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in the event of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>trouble, and provide the crew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">more time and opportunity to conduct a rescue</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>if needed.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Captain<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Barron testified</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">under these new procedures, “there’s some more rigor involved in the operation itself and how the boats are manned and things like that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Indeed, h</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e explained that the purpose of adopting SOP 34-14 was “to prevent this kind of [accident] from occurring in the future” and “to kind of infuse a higher sense of safety<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">with regard to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[training]<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">operations.”</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">For<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">all<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">these reasons, we<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">conclude that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Secretary has shown that the use of a dedicated person to maintain constant contact with a deployed swimmer<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is feasible and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">materially reduces the cited hazard.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_Heading2 style_Heading2 " style="outline-width:2; " xmlns:text="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:text:1.0" text:is-list-header="true">Reasonably Prudent Employer</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Finally,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the parties were asked to brief the issue of whether, as part of his burden to show feasibility of abatement, “the Secretary [was] required to establish that a reasonably prudent employer in the industry would have known that this proposed abatement was required.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SAIC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">appears to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">argue</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that such a requirement exists,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">but</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the company</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>cites no case law in support of this proposition. The Secretary responds that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">there is no such requirement</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Peter Cooper Corps.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 10 BNA OSHC 1203, 1210 (No. 76-596, 1981)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for the proposition that he need not show that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an employer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s industry recognized<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>proposed abatement<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">measure<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as “the appropriate means of abatement.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary is correct that under Commission<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">precedent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>his burden is limited to showing that a proposed abatement measure is feasible and that it would materially reduce the hazard, not that the employer’s industry<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">has<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">recognized the proposed measure. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Chevron Oil Co., Cal. Co. Div</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 11 BNA OSHC 1329, 1330 (No. 10799, 1983) (“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Commission has repeatedly held that the Secretary need not prove that the cited employer or his industry recognizes the abatement measures<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">recommended</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by the Secretary.”) (citing<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_counderline style_counderline " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Kansas City Power & Light Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">10 BNA<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHC 1417, 1422</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 76</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">5255, 1982) (“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[T]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he recognition element of an employer’s duty under the general duty clause refers to knowledge of the hazard, not recognition of the means of abatement</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”)).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">However,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the Ninth Circuit, one of two relevant circuits here,</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref11" href="#ftn11">10</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>has stated in response to an employer’s vagueness challenge to a general duty clause citation that “problems of fair notice [posed by general duty clause citations] . . . dissipate when we read the clause as applying when a reasonably prudent employer in the industry would have known that the proposed method of abatement<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">was required</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>. . . .” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Donovan v. Royal Logging</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 645 F.2d 822, 831 (9th Cir. 1981)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(emphasis added</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Nevertheless, the Third<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ircuit, also relevant here, has not addressed this issue, so<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Royal Logging</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is not necessarily controlling. As such, we apply the Commission’s own precedent. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Bethlehem Steel Corp</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 9 BNA OSHC 1346, 1349 n.12 (No. 76-3444, 1981) (consolidated);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Raybestos</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Friction Materials Co</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 9 BNA OSHC 1141,1143 (No. 80-2793, 1980);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">but see Dana Container</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 25 BNA OSHC 1776, 1780 n.10 (No. 09-1184, 2015)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 847 F.3d 495 (7th Cir. 2017)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">In any event, even if<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Royal Logging</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>were controlling, the Secretary has established that a reasonably prudent employer in the industry<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">at issue here<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">would have known that the proposed method of abatement was required. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">As we have already found, m</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">aintaining contact with the swimmer at all times</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">presents an obvious way of materially reducing the recognized drowning hazard because it provides immediate notice of a swimmer in trouble and allows a rescue to occur more quickly, thereby decreasing the risk.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>ACME Energy Servs.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC 2121, 2128 (No. 08-0088, 2012),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">542 F.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">App’x</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>356 (5th Cir. 2013) (unpublished) (finding that being farther away from a falling object was an obvious means of materially reducing the hazard the object posed);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">compare Whirlpool Corp v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 645 F.2d 1096, 1101 (D.C. Cir. 1981) (repudiating the Commission’s finding of “apparent” feasibility of implementation of an abatement method, not the “apparent” utility of such a method in materially reducing a hazard). In this regard, “a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">reasonably prudent employer in the industry would have known that the proposed method of abatement was required.”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref12" href="#ftn12">11</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Royal Logging</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 645 F.2d at 831.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ORDER</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>We affirm Serious Citation 1, Item 1, and assess<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">$5,000</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>penalty assessed by the judge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref13" href="#ftn13">12</a></span></p>
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						</span>ORDERED.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">James J. Sullivan, Jr.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Chairman</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:336px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cynthia L. Attwood</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:288px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Commissioner</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; margin-left:288px; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; margin-left:288px; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:288px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Amanda Wood Laihow</span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Dated:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">April 16, 2020</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Commission</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">er</span></p>
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				<p> </p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:10.667px; line-height:1.0791666666666666; page-break-before:page; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:1; text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">United States of America</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1; text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1; widows:0; orphans:0; "> </p>
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							<p style="line-height:1; "><span style="font-family:Times; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times; ">SECRETARY OF LABOR,</span></p>
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							<p style="line-height:1; text-indent:1.238cm; "><span style="font-family:Times; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times; ">Complainant,</span></p>
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							<p style="line-height:1; "> </p>
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							<p style="line-height:1; margin-left:94.8px; "><span style="font-family:Times; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times; ">v.</span></p>
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							<p style="line-height:1; "><span style="font-family:Times; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times; ">OSHRC Docket No. 14-1668</span></p>
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							<p style="line-height:1; "> </p>
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							<p style="line-height:1; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL CORP</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
									</span>D/B/A SAIC, and its successors.</span></p>
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							<p style="line-height:1; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">.,</span></p>
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							<p style="line-height:1; "> </p>
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							<p style="line-height:1; margin-left:46.8px; "><span style="font-family:Times; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times; ">Respondent.</span></p>
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							<p style="line-height:1; "> </p>
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							<p style="line-height:1; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:1; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-1.27cm; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:1; margin-left:48px; "><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">Isabella M.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">Finneman</span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">, Senior Trial Attorney, U.S. Department of Labor, San Francisco, CA.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For the Complainant.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:1; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">Robert D. Peterson, Esq., Robert D. Peterson Law Corporation, Rocklin, CA.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">For the Respondent.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1; "> </p>
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				<p><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">Before:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">Administrative Law Judge Patrick B. Augustine</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">DECISION AND ORDER</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">This proceeding is before the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (“the Commission”) pursuant to Section 10(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 29 U.S.C. § 651 et seq. (“the Act”).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) conducted an inspection of<span>
					</span>a Science Applications International Corp. (“SAIC” or “Respondent”) worksite at the U.S. Space and Naval Warfare Center along San Diego Bay in Coronado, California<span>
					</span>on<span>
					</span>April 29, 2014.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>As a result of the inspection, a Citation and Notification of Penalty (“Citation”)<span>
					</span>was issued<span>
					</span>to Respondent<span><span></span>
					</span>on October 23, 2014. The Citation contains two items alleging serious violations of § 5(a)(1) of the Act<span><span></span>
					</span>and proposes a total of $10,000 in penalties. (Stip. 4.)</p>
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			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Respondent filed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">a timely<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">N</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">otice of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">C</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">ontest</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(“NOC”) on October 27, 2014</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, bringing this matter before the Commission.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Stip. 5.) A hearing was held on September 1 and 2, 2015</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">. </span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">The parties filed post-hearing briefs. For the reasons set forth below, Item 1 of the Citation is AFFIRMED, and Item 2 of the Citation is VACATED. </span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">I.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">Jurisdiction</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Section 10(c) of the Act confers jurisdiction<span>
					</span>upon the Commission<span><span></span>
					</span>over this action<span><span></span>
					</span>by Respondent filing its NOC. 29 USC § 659(c).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>The parties have stipulated,<span><span></span>
					</span>and the record establishes,<span><span></span>
					</span>that<span>
					</span>at all times<span><span></span>
					</span>relevant to this action, Respondent was an employer engaged in a business and industry affecting interstate commerce within the meaning of 29 U.S.C. § 652(5). (Stip. 1-3.) <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Slingluff</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>v. OSHRC</span>, 425 F.3d 861, 866–67 (10th Cir. 2005).</p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">II.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">Factual Background</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>SAIC contracts with the U.S. Navy’s Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command to provide marine mammal training for dolphins and sea lions. (Tr. 38, 59-60, 112, 267; Stip. 2.) Its Mark VI Sea Lion Program trains sea lions to detect and locate swimmers in and around Navy installations. (Tr. 68, 71, 217.) The program includes surface swimming and scuba diving exercises in open water as well as working with the animals in floating pens. (Tr. 72, 104, 110, 141-42; Stip. 2.) The work occurs in and around San Diego Bay at the U.S. Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center in Coronado, California. (Tr. 37, 56, 68, 72; Stip. 2.) </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">On the night of April 28, 2014, an SAIC employee drowned (herein referred to as “decedent”) while conducting animal training as part of the Mark VI Sea Lion Program. (Tr. 71; Stip. 6.) At the time of his death, decedent was working with Trevor<span>
					</span>Thissell, a supervisor and the senior ranking team member, and Shelby Peters. (Tr. 65-66, 71-72; Stip. 6.) The team was engaged in training sea lions in San Diego Bay. (Tr. 65-66, 71-72, 206-7.) As part of that training, decedent played the role of the “enemy swimmer.” (Tr. 71, 73, 81, 87, 200.) He entered the water from a Sea Ark Boat near Seaplane Ramp No. 10. (Tr. 71-72, 76-77.) Consistent with how the work was done in the past,<span>
					</span>Thissell<span><span></span>
					</span>expected the employee working as the “enemy swimmer” to hide from the sea lions in the area using whatever style of hiding that he choose, including by going below the surface of the water. (Tr. 78-82, 211, 223-24.) The water was about 20 feet deep and decedent was wearing a weight belt. (Tr. 77-78.) The sea lions were unable to locate the swimmer as part of the exercise and his body was later found beneath Seaplane Ramp 10. (Tr. 75, 174, 221.) The autopsy report indicated that the cause of death was drowning. (Tr. 141.) SAIC stipulates that the drowning occurred while the decedent was “engaged in activities in the course and scope of his employment.” (Stip. 6.) </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">III.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">Applicable Law</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">The Secr</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">etary alleges that SAIC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">violated § 5(a)(1) of the Act,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">which is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">also known as the general duty clause. <span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1). </span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Under the general duty clause, each employer must “furnish to each of his employees a place of employment free from recognized hazards that are causing or likely to cause death or serious injury to the employees.”</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1).</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Whirlpool Corp. v. Marshall</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 445 U.S. 1 (1980), the Supreme Court held, “[a]s the legislative history of this provision reflects, it was intended itself to deter the occurrence of occupational deaths and serious injuries by placing on employers a mandatory obligation independent of the specific health and safety standards to be promulgated by the Secretary.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">445 U.S. at 13.</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">The general duty clause<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">provides protection for “employees who are working under such<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">unique</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>circumstances that no standard has yet been enacted to cover this situation.” </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">SeaWorld of Fla. LLC v. Perez</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 748 F.3d 1202, 1207 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 91-1291 at 21-</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">22 (1970)). Employers must exclude all preventable hazardous conditions from the workplace.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">at 1207,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">quoting</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Nat’l Realty & Constr. Co. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 489 F.2d 1257, 1266-67 (D.C. Cir. 1973). </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See also Cont’l Oil Co. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 630 F.2d 446, 448 (6th Cir. 1980);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Gen.Dynamics</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp., Quincy Shipbuilding Div. v. OSHRC,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>599 F.2d 453, 458, 464 (1st Cir. 1979);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Titanium Metals Corp. of Am. v.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Usery</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 579 F.2d 536, 543–44 (9th Cir. 1978);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Getty Oil Co. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 530 F.2d 1143, 1145 (5th Cir. 1976);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Brennan v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 501 F.2d 1196, 1198, 1200 (7th Cir. 1974);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Brennan v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 502 F.2d 946, 951–52 (3d Cir. 1974);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">REA Express, Inc. v. Brennan</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 495 F.2d 822, 826 (2d Cir. 1974).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Courts have consistently held that mandatory health and safety standards promulgated by the Secretary under the special duty clause are the preferred enforcement mechanism and the general duty clause serves only as an enforcement tool of last resort, as a “catchall provision” to cover dangerous conditions of employment not specifically covered by existing health and safety standards</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">. See e.g., Roberts Sand Co., LLLP v. Sec’y of Labor</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 568 F.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">App'x</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>758, 759 (11th Cir. 2014) (unpublished) (the Secretary “can only issue general duty clause citations where [he] has not promulgated a regulation covering a particular situation at an employer's worksite”). In the present case, there is no applicable special duty clause standard governing the cited hazard.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Under Commission precedent, to establish a violation of the general duty clause, the Secretary must show that: (1) the condition or activity in the workplace presented a hazard; (2) the employer or its industry recognized the hazard; (3) the hazard was likely to cause death or serious physical harm; and (4) there is a feasible and effective way to eliminate or materially reduce the hazard (abatement). </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Arcadian Corp</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">., 20 BNA OSHC 2001, 2007-8 (No. 93-0628, 2004) (affirming a § 5(a)(1) violation related to a pressurized urea reactor). In addition, the Secretary must show that the employer had actual or constructive knowledge of the hazardous condition. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Burford’s Trees, Inc</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">., 22 BNA OSHC 1948, 1950 (No. 07-1899, 2010).</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">IV.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">,</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
					</span>Item 1 – Drowning Hazards During Swimming Operations</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">In Item 1, the Secretary alleges SAIC failed to furnish a place of employment free from recognized hazards that were causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm by exposing animal trainers, engaged in training captive sea lions: “to drowning hazards while they were swimming at night in areas containing underwater hazards including pier support pilings, where the employer failed to maintain contact with the deployed swimmer.” (Ex. C-2 at 6 (the Citation).) According to the Secretary, a feasible and acceptable method of abatement<span>
					</span>would be to have a dedicated person maintain contact with the swimmer at all times. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span> For the reasons set forth below, the Court finds the Secretary met his burden and established a violation of § 5(a)(1)<span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="text-decoration:underline ;padding-right:20px;">a.</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Hazard</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;">.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">A hazard, for purposes of the general duty clause, is a worksite or condition that creates or contributes to an increased risk that an event causing death or serious bodily harm to employees will occur. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Baroid</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Div. of NL Indus., Inc. v. OSHA</span>, 660 F.2d 439, 444 (10th Cir. 1981). A hazard can be present even if the employer has no record of accidents or injuries. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Titanium Metals</span>, 579 F.2d at 542. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The hazard, as described by the Secretary, is that employees engaged in swimming operations were at risk of drowning. (Ex. C-2 at 6.) <span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">SAIC’s operations included having employees swim in San Diego Bay. (Tr. 68, 138; Stip. 2.) On the night of April 28, 2014,</span><span><span></span>
					</span>operations took place in an area where the water’s depth was up to twenty feet. (Tr. 77.) SAIC employees frequently worked in this location. (Tr. 74, 225.) It was an area of open water with possible undercurrents, as well as rocks and pier pilings that could cause serious injury if a swimmer ran into them. (Tr. 46, 82, 172, 179-80, 211, 224.) SAIC permitted swimmers to go underwater and hold their breath to attempt to avoid detection by the sea lions. (Tr. 79-84, 225.) It was acceptable for employees to engage in swimming operations without wearing any<span>
					</span>particular kind<span><span></span>
					</span>of gear. (Tr. 80-81, 225.) These operations took place at night 15-20% of the time. (Tr. 85, 225.) Night operations limit the visibility of the swimmer and the rest of the team. (Tr. 76, 86-88, 207.)<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">There is no dispute that a swimmer is at risk for drowning. (Resp’t<span><span></span>
					</span>Br. at 5-10.) John Barron is<span>
					</span>a retired Navy captain and former Navy helicopter pilot<span><span></span>
					</span>who currently heads the Science and Technology Department at the U.S. Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center. (Tr. 36-38.) Barron<span>
					</span>has<span><span></span>
					</span>engaged in water rescues in the course of his duties as a<span>
					</span>naval<span>
					</span>helicopter pilot and that he was familiar with the hazards associated with open water swimming. (Tr. 38-40.) He testified that drowning is a hazard of swimming, particularly in an environment that has other conditions such as currents, visibility<span><span></span>
					</span>issues, obstacles, and obstructions. (Tr. 45-46.) Barron also testified anytime a person goes into any body of water there is a risk of drowning. (Tr. 45-46, 57.) Likewise, Wayne<span>
					</span>Knorek, SAIC’s Dive Safety Officer who had responsibility for ensuring that the Mark VI Sea Lion Program complied with OSHA regulations, testified that whenever a person is in the water there is a risk for drowning, even if the person is an experienced swimmer. (Tr. 109, 122.) Knorek<span><span></span>
					</span>had previously assisted in the rescue of an experienced swimmer who nearly drowned while engaging in free diving (or swimming under water while holding your breath). (Tr. 121.) For these reasons, the Court finds the Secretary established the hazard of drowning was present at SAIC's worksite. </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">b.</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Employer Recognition of Hazard</span>.</p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">To find a violation of the general duty clause, the hazard must<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">be recognized either by the individual employer itself, or by its industry.</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "> <span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Wiley Organics, Inc.</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1587, 1591 (No. 91-3275, 1996),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">a</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">ff’d without published opinion</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 124 F.3d 201 (6th Cir. 1997).</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Whether a work condition poses a recognized hazard is a question of fact.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Baroid</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 660 F.2d<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">at</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>446.</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "> </span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">“[W]</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">hether</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or not a hazard is ‘recognized’ is a matter of objective determination.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Ed Taylor Const. Co. v.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">OSHRC</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 938 F.2d 1265, 1272 (11th Cir. 1991).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">A “recognized hazard” is a condition that is “known to be hazardous.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Georgia Elec</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">. Co. v. Marshall</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 595 F.2d<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">309,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>321</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">(5th Cir. 1979)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">(citation omitted).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">This element can be established by proving that the employer had actual knowledge that a condition is hazardous.</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Magma Copper Co. v. Marshall,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">608 F.2d 373, 376 (9th Cir. 1979). It also can be shown by the employer’s adoption of a work rule to address the hazard. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Otis Elevator Co</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">., 21 BNA OSHC 2204, 2207</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 03-1344, 2007)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">(work rule establishes haz</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">ard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">recognition under § 5(a)(1));</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Ted Wilkerson, Inc</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">., 9 BNA OSHC 2012, 2016 (No. 13390, 1981)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(same). Alternatively, t</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">“</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">obvious and glaring nature of a hazard</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">” may show</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">employer</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">’s</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>recognition</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the hazard. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Kelly Springfield Tire Co. v. Donovan,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">729 F.2d 317</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 321</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(5th Cir. 1984).</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Knorek</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, an SAIC supervisor, testified he was aware the risk of drowning was present during swimming operations. (Tr. 120, 122,<span>
						</span></span>141, 151<span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">.) As noted above, he had been previously involved with the rescue of a Navy swimmer who nearly drowned while free diving in San Diego Bay. (Tr. 120-21; 162.) Rescue personnel resuscitated the swimmer, but the incident highlights that even experienced swimmers can drown. (Tr. 121-22.) </span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Knorek’s</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>actual knowledge of the hazard is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">sufficient</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to prove that SAIC recognized the hazard. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See Magma Copper,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">608 F.2d at 376 (supervisor knowledge is imputed to employer). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">SAIC’s recognition of the drowning hazard is also shown by how it managed and supervised its diving operations. SAIC adopted a Diving Policy and Safety Manual (the “Diving Manual”) that includes specific instructions as to how to conduct diving safely and outlines the precautions employees should take for all diving related activities. (Tr. 114-20; Ex. C-3.) The Diving Manual requires employees to complete a Dive Plan outlining every aspect of a diving operation before beginning the activity. (Tr. 117-19;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">. C-3, C-4 (dive plan form).) This Dive Plan specifies various anticipated safety hazards employees may face when engaged in diving in San Diego Bay. (Ex. C-4 at 1-4.) These include entanglement risks and hazards related to limited visibility during nighttime operations. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">. The Diving Manual shows Respondent adopted policies to address drowning hazards when employees were engaged in open water diving operations. (Ex. C-3.) Adopting work rules is further evidence that SAIC recognized the hazard of drowning. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Ted Wilkerson,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 9 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">at</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>2016 (work rule establishes hazard recognition under<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">§<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">5(a)(1));<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Ulysses Irrigation Pipe Co</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">., 11 BNA OSHC 1272, 1275<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">No. 78-799,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">1993) (finding hazard recognition when employee was advised to take<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">vehicle with headlights to navigate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">yard)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Puffer’s Hardware, Inc. v. Donovan</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 742 F.2d 12, 18 (1st Cir. 1984) (safety program showed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">employer was aware of the hazards). </span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">SAIC argues that prior to the incident that led to the Citation it never had an employee drown. (</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Resp’t</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br. at 2; Tr. 268.) This is of no import for purposes of this element. A<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">particular accident</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>rate, or even any accident at all, is not required to show that the employer recognized the hazard. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Ryder Truck Lines, Inc. v. Brennan,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">497 F.3d 230, 233 (5th Cir. 1974</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Signode Corp</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">., 4 BNA OSHC 1078</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 1079<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">(No. 3257, 1976)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(noting, in connection with a § 5(a)(2) violation, that the likelihood of an accident relates to the degree rather than the kind of violation),</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">petition for review denied</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 549 F.2d 804 (7th Cir. 1977). </span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">It is “[t]he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">hazard</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, not the specific incident resulting in injury, [that] is the relevant consideration in determining the existence of a recognized hazard.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Kansas City Power & Light Co</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">., 10 BNA OSHC 1417, 1422 (No. 76-5255, 1982);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">see Arcadian</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC at 2008</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">. Thus, it is the hazard - in this case drowning - that is relevant, not whether employees previously had died while training animals. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id. </span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Further, because t</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">he purpose of the Act is to prevent the first injury</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, r</span>ecognition of a hazard does not wait upon the occurrence of a fatal accident<span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See Elliot Constr. Corp</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC 2110, 2119 (No. 07-1578, 2012);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Mineral Indus. & Heavy Constr. Co. v.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>OSHRC</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 639 F.2d 1289, 1294 (5th Cir. 1981)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">;</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Lee Way Motor Freight, Inc. v. Sec</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">’</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">y of Labor</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 511 F.2d 864, 870 (10th Cir., 1975) (“One purpose of the Act is to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">prevent the first accident”);</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Brennan v. Smoke-Craft, Inc.</span>, 530 F.2d 843, 845 (9th Cir. 1976);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Titanium Metals</span>, 579 F.2d at<span>
					</span>542. The Act imposes obligations on employers to “prevent hazards before they produce disaster.” <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">McLaughlin v. Union Oil Co. of California,<span>
						</span></span>869 F.2d 1039, 1045 (7th Cir. 1989). <span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Accordingly, even though no SAIC employee had previously drowned, SAIC was aware of the hazard posed by having employees work in the water and took steps to address it in its diving program.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref14" href="#ftn14">13</a></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "> (Tr. 114-20, 122; Ex. C-3.)<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="text-decoration:underline ;padding-right:20px;">c.</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Hazard is Likely to Cause Serious Injury or Death</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span><span></span>
					</span>and is Serious.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Not every recognized hazard can support a § 5(a)(1) violation. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Beverly Enters</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">., 19 BNA OSHC 1161, 1188 (No. 91-3144, 2000)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">(consol.)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">. The hazard, if it were to occur, must be likely to cause death or serious physical harm. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id. </span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">A violation is classified as serious under section 17(k) of the Act if “there is substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result” if an accident occurred. 29 U.S.C. § 666(k);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Compass<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Envtl</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">., Inc</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">., 23 BNA OSHC 1132, 1136 (No. 06-1036, 2010),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">aff'd</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 663 F.3d 1164 (10th Cir. 2011). Substantial probability “refers not to the probability that an accident will occur but to the probability that, an accident having occurred, death or serious injury could result.” </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Illinois Power Co. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 632 F.2d 25, 28 (7th Cir. 1980). </span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">For the following reasons, t</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">he Court finds the violation is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">likely to cause serious injury or as in this case death by drowning and is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">properly classified as a serious citation. (Tr. 141.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">While some risks are more theoretical, here, the Secretary relies on an actual drowning that resulted in the death of an employee to meet this element of his burden. (Stip. 6; Tr. 141, 151.) The fact that an employee died due to his exposure to the hazard is prima facie evidence that the hazard was serious. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">W. Mass. Elec. Co</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">., 9 BNA OSHC 1940, 1947 (No. 76-1174, 1981). Respondent counters that a drowning was not “likely” to occur in the course of swimming operations. (</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Resp’t</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br. at 5.) That is not the appropriate test. The Secretary does not have to establish actual injuries or even a “significant risk of the hazard coming to fruition.” </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Waldon Healthcare Ctr</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">., 16 BNA OSHC 1052,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1060<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">(No. 89-2804, 1993) (consol.)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">(employer’s claim that “disease is fatal only 1 percent of</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the time is self-defeating”). The test is whether there would be a significant risk to employees if the hazardous event occurred. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>In other words, the Secretary does not need to prove a “significant risk” or likelihood of death occurring —his burden is to show that the likely consequence of exposure to the hazard would cause serious physical harm. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Kelly Springfield,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">729 F.2d</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 321;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Arcadian</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC at 2010. The CO testified that drowning can, and in this case did, result in a fatality. (Tr. 151.) By proving that drownings can be fatal, the Secretary satisfied this element.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="text-decoration:underline ;padding-right:20px;">d.</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;">F</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;">easible and Effective Means of Abatement</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;">.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Secretary must specify an abatement method that: (a) is capable of being implemented (i.e.,<span>
					</span>is<span>
					</span>feasible), and (b) will significantly reduce the hazard<span><span></span>
					</span>(i.e., is effective). <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Arcadian</span>, 20 BNA OSHC at 2011. The Secretary is not required to show the proposed abatement would eliminate the hazard<span>
					</span>completely. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Acme Energy Servs.</span>,<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>23 BNA OSHC 2121, 2127 (No. 10-0108, 2011). The Secretary contends that SAIC could feasibly and significantly reduce the hazard of drowning by requiring that: “[w]hen a single swimmer is deployed a dedicated person must maintain contact with the swimmer at all time.” (Ex. C-2 at 7.)</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">As to the feasibility of the abatement, SAIC implemented the Secretary’s proposed abatement, along with several other procedures, within a month of the accident. (Tr. 40-41, 95-97;<span>
					</span>Exs. C-7 at 3, C-8, C-9 at 3.1 (“The lead swimmer and the safety swimmer are to remain in continuous voice communication during the swim”), C-10.) In addition, prior to the accident, the company already had similar procedures in place for its diving operations. (Tr. 116, 133-34; Ex. C-3 at 7, 33.) Thus, it was feasible to have such abatement. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See SeaWorld</span>, 748 F.3d at 1215 (finding abatement feasible when the company had already implemented it in connection with certain operations and the Secretary was seeking to require it in another situation). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">As<span><span></span>
					</span>to the abatement’s effectiveness,<span>
					</span>Knorek<span><span></span>
					</span>explained that the new procedures require continuous contact with the swimmer. (Tr. 134.) Barron, the Deputy Head of the Navy’s Science and Technology Department, testified that the procedures adopted by SAIC are intended to provide a safer environment for SAIC’s employees. (Tr. 45.) And<span>
					</span>Thissell<span><span></span>
					</span>described how the new procedures allow a<span>
					</span>swimmer to alert another team member if there are any problems. (Tr. 97, 100.) The Court finds that the Secretary set forth a feasible and effective means of abatement.<span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref15" href="#ftn15">14</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">At the hearing, SAIC appeared to insinuate that as a subcontractor it was not free to adopt its own policy for swimming operations. (Tr. 53-54.) This position is not tenable. Barron testified SAIC could have adopted policies along the lines of what is set forth in Exhibit C-7 (Standard Operating Procedure for Swimmer Operations) prior to the accident. (Tr. 44, 47, 60-61, 181-83.) One of SAIC’s supervisors, Scott<span>
					</span>Klappenback, testified that the company previously consulted with the Navy about swimmer equipment, padding, and shin guards. (Tr. 283.) Likewise,<span>
					</span>Thissell<span><span></span>
					</span>was aware that he could make safety suggestions. (Tr. 226.) There was a system in place to resolve any issues with policies or procedures SAIC wished to implement. (Tr. 226, 283-85.) In fact, after the accident, SAIC and the Navy worked together to develop new safety procedures. (Tr. 123.) Further, SAIC already had implemented its own policy for diver safety. (Ex. C-3, 92.) The Navy neither authored nor dictated SAIC diver safety policies and procedures. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id. </span>By its own terms, the Diving Manual could be followed at all SAIC sites, even those without a connection to its Navy partner. (Ex. C-3 at 3 (“Document Transmittal and Acknowledgement Record”).) Although the Diving Manual has a specific section concerning diving at government facilities or property, nothing in it suggests any limitation on SAIC having its own policies to govern the safety of its own workers. (Ex. C-3 at § 10-7; Tr. 181-83.) What is more, the contract between the Navy and SAIC specified SAIC was the entity responsible for the workplace safety of its own employees. (Tr. 182-83.) In any event, even if that were not the case, under long standing Commission precedent, SAIC cannot delegate or contract away its duty<span>
					</span>to comply with the Act.<span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref16" href="#ftn16">15</a></span>
					<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See e.g., IRA Holliday Logging Co., Inc.,<span>
						</span></span>1 BNA OSHC 1200 (No. 273, 1973) (“To hold that<span>
					</span>[r]espondent<span><span></span>
					</span>could delegate or contract away this duty which is clearly enjoined upon it would nullify the effectiveness of the particular safety standard and defeat the manifest legislative intent of the Act”);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Brock v. City Oil Well Serv., Co.</span>, 795 F.2d 507, 512 (5th Cir. 1986) (rejecting employer’s attempt to point “a finger” at the operator because “an employer may not contract out of its statutory responsibilities under the OSH Act”). </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="text-decoration:underline ;padding-right:20px;">e.</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Knowledge.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">To prove a violation, t</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">he Secretary must also establish actual or constructive knowledge of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">hazardous condition constituting a violation. <span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Burford’s Trees,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">22 BNA OSHC at 1950.</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "> <span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">When an employee has delegated authority over other employees, even if it is only temporary, his or her knowledge can be imputed to the employer. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Access Equip. Sys., Inc.</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 1718, 1726 (No. 95-1449, 1999);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Pride Oil Well Serv.</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 1809, 1814-15 (No. 87-692, 1992).</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:192px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:192px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">(i)</span>Actual Knowledge.</p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">At least three SAIC supervisors (Knorek,<span>
					</span>Thissell, and Williamson) were aware that the Mark VI Sea Lion Program involved having employees go beneath the surface of the water<span>
					</span>in an attempt to<span><span></span>
					</span>evade detection by the sea lions. (Tr. 65, 82-84, 113.) Three SAIC supervisors (Thissell,<span>
					</span>Knorek<span><span></span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>Klappenback) all testified that the Diving Manual did not cover swimming. (Tr. 91-94, 120, 273). Thus,<span>
					</span>SAIC knew that its employees swam in open water<span>
					</span>without any SAIC policy covering swimming<span>
					</span>while conducting animal training operations.<span>
					</span>Thissell<span><span></span>
					</span>was specifically aware that there would be open water swimming on the night of April 28, 2014. (Tr. 227-28.) As discussed above,<span>
					</span>Knorek<span><span></span>
					</span>admitted that anytime a person is in the water, there was a risk for drowning, even if the person is an experienced swimmer. (Tr. 122, 141, 151.) The<span>
					</span>knowledge of these supervisors is imputable to SAIC. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Access Equip.</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC at 1726 (supervisor’s knowledge is imputable to employer). T</span>he Secretary has established that SAIC had actual knowledge that open water swimming was occurring and that there was a risk for drowning. </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:192px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:192px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">(ii)</span>Constructive knowledge.</p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">The Secretary also can establish knowledge by showing that an<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">employer could have discovered the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">hazardous<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">condition through the exercise of reasonable diligence. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Pride Oil</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">at</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1814-15. </span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">An employer’s duty to exercise reasonable diligence includes the obligation to anticipate hazards and develop and implement work rules that are<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">sufficient</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to prevent their occurrence in the workplace. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">. Thus,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">the Secretary may prove constructive knowledge by showing that the employer failed to establish an adequate program to promote com</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">pliance with safety standards. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">PSP<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Monotech</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Indus.</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 22 BNA OSHC 1303, 1306 (No. 06-1201, 2008),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">New York State Elec. & Gas. Corp. (NYSEG) v. Sec’y of Labor</span>,<span>
					</span>88 F.3d 103, 106 (2nd Cir. 1996)<span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">In determining whether a safety program is adequate, the Co</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">urt</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>considers whether the employer “has established<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">workrules</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>designed to prevent the hazards from occurring, has adequately communicated the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">workrules</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the employees, has taken steps to discover noncompliance with the rules, and has effectively enforced the rules in the event of noncompliance.”</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Inland Steel Co</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">., 12 BNA OSHC 1968, 1976 (No. 79-3286, 1986). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Thissell</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, the onsite supervisor, knew that there were hazardous conditions which SAIC’s swimmers were exposed to when conducting swimming operations as part of the Mark VI Sea Lion Program. Prior to the accident,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Thissell</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>swam on numerous occasions in the area around Seaplane Ramp 10 and knew that the water was about 20 feet deep. (Tr. 77, 85.) He also knew that swimmers wore weight belts and that SAIC did not provide any guidelines as to how much weight employees should put on the weight belt during swimming operations. (Tr. 78.) On the night of the accident,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Thissell</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, consistent with company practices, did not give any instructions to the decedent as to what maneuvers he should use to evade detection by the sea lions. (Tr. 78-79.) </span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Thissell</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was relying solely on the swimmer’s ability to signal him when he was in distress. </span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Thissell</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>knew that swimmers went underwater to challenge the sea lions and that they were required to hold their breath while holding onto a piling or rock. (Tr. 79-84.) In fact,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Thissell</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>himself had done this previously. (Tr. 79, 82.) The rocks and pilings also presented a collision risk. (Tr. 172, 179.) In addition,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Thissell</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was aware that there was limited visibility under the water around Seaplane Ramp 10 at night. (Tr. 76, 86-87.) Although swimmers had flashlights, SAIC instructed them not to turn them on in order to train the sea lions to detect persons swimming at night in the dark. (Tr. 89-90, 227.) Besides the low visibility, the nature of the open water conditions created unpredictable currents that presented risks to employees.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref17" href="#ftn17">16</a></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "> (Tr. 46, 76, 86.) </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">The hazards associated with swimming operations were open and obvious, and capable of being discovered had SAIC been reasonably diligent as required.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>See Schuler-Haas Elec. Corp.</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 21 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">1489, 1493 (No. 03-0322, 2006) (finding constructive knowledge when an employer failed to determine conditions on a second floor despite the company’s knowledge that conditions were similar known hazards on another floor). Indeed, SAIC identified similar hazards swimmers faced in connection with its diving operations. (Ex. C-3.) In addition, it was able to identify and specify multiple hazards associated with its swimming operations after the accident. (</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">. C-7, C-10.)<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Despite recognizing these hazards, SAIC never adopted any policies related to avoiding drownings during swimming operations. (Tr. 42-43, 78, 91, 93-94, 117-20, 125, 144, 152.) </span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">There were no documents or standard operating procedures outlining what the swimming operation crews were supposed to discuss before they went out<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">on the water<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">even<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">ho</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">w employees were to conduct the operations</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">. (Tr. 80-81, 91, 119-20, 125-27.) There were no dedicated spotters and SAIC did not provide any<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">training<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">with regard to</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>watching swimmers</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>during<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">o</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">perations. (Tr. 78, 91, 116-17.) SAIC did not train employees as to how long a swimmer should be underwater or provide guidelines on how much weight should be on the weight belt during swimming operations. (Tr. 78, 91, 112.) Nor did SAIC discuss hazards that might exist in the area where operations took place, such as pilings or riprap. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">172, 179,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">225, 230.)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>It never told its employees that swimming in the area of the accident could be hazardous. (Tr. 120, 225, 230.) SAIC’s failure to implement an adequate safety program for its swimming operations is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">sufficient</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to meet the Secretary’s burden of proving constructive knowledge. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Pride<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Oil</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">1814-15</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(failing</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">to formulate and implement adequate work rules and training programs</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was indicative of a lack of reasonable diligence). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">SAIC does not allege that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Thissell</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, or any other supervisor, engaged in misconduct. Indeed, the company did not even have a policy covering swimming operations, so employees were not violating any policy on the night of April 28, 2014. (Tr. 42-43; 91.) </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Cf.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">ComTran</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 722 F.3d at 1317 (declining to find knowledge when a supervisor engaged in misconduct but noting that the Secretary can show constructive knowledge if there was a failure to implement an adequate safety program);</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Mountain States Tel. & Telegraph Co. v. OSHRC,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">623 F. 2d 155, 157-58 (10th Cir. 1980) (supervisory employee engaged in misconduct by violating company’s safety policy);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Ocean Elec. Corp. v. Sec’y of Labor</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 594 F.2d 396 (4th Cir. 1979) (same);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">W.G. Yates Constr. Co. Inc. v</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">. OSHRC</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 459 F.3d 604 (5th Cir. 2006) (same). Therefore, the fact that operations took place without a dedicated<span>
						</span></span>person maintaining contact with the swimmer<span>
					</span>at all times<span><span></span>
					</span>was foreseeable because SAIC failed to establish an adequate safety program. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">NYSEG</span>,<span>
					</span>88 F.3d at 105-06; <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Pride Oil</span>, 15 BNA OSHC at 1814;<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Brennan v. OSHRC,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>511 F.2d 1139, 1143 n.5 (9th Cir. 1975) (noting that proof of a failure to provide safety instructions establishes an employer’s knowledge of its own acts of omission). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">SAIC argues that it should not be charged with knowledge because it had no prior drownings. (Resp’t<span><span></span>
					</span>Br. 4, 10.) The Court rejects this argument. While prior history is a factor to consider in connection with penalties, an accident is not a prerequisite for a violation of the general duty clause to be found. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Titanium Metals</span>, 579 F.2d at 542. SAIC knew that operations taking place in San Diego Bay created a risk for drowning and that the conditions around Seaplane Ramp 10 included obstacles and significant water depths. (Tr. 46, 122; Ex. C-3.) The dangers associated with the location where the swimmers worked were open and obvious and a supervisor was aware that any work in water created a risk of drowning. (Tr. 122.) SAIC may not have anticipated the exact sequence of events that led to the employee’s death,<span>
					</span>but it was aware of potential dangers associated with its operations. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See Pressure Concrete Constr. Co.</span>, 15 BNA OSHC 2011, 2017 (No. 90-2668, 1992) (precise circumstances of incident might not have been foreseen but the company knew generally about the risk of flooding). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Further, as noted above, the purpose of the Act is to prevent the first accident. “There is no ‘one explosion rule’ in [the Act] comparable to the fabled ‘one bite’ rule of tort liability for injury inflicted by a house pet.” <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Union Oil,<span>
						</span></span>869 F.2d at 1045. The Act does not permit SAIC to allow a known hazard to persist without implementing any abatement. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(finding that even though no accidents related to the hazard had occurred before, it is unreasonable for the employer to believe that its operations were “immune to the peril”).<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>f.<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Penalty</span>.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">The Co</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">urt</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, as the final arbiter of penalties, must give due consideration to the gravity of the violation</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and to the employer's size, history</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and good faith. </span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">J.A. Jones Constr. Co</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">., 15 BNA OSHC 2201, 2213-14 (No. 87-2059, 1993)</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">; 29 U.S.C. § 666(j)</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>These factors are not necessarily accorded equal weight, and gravity is generally the most important factor.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "> </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Trinity Indus., Inc</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">., 15 BNA OSHC 1481, 1483 (No. 88-2691, 1992).<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">The gravity of a violation depends upon such matters as the number of employees exposed,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">duration of exposure, precautions taken against injury, and the likelihood that an injury would result. </span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">J.A. Jones</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC at 2213-14.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">With respect to the gravity of the violation, as discussed above, the hazard was likely to cause death or serious injury. (Tr. 141.) Indeed, the hazard resulted in a death on April<span>
						</span></span>28, 2014<span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">. </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "> SAIC regularly exposed its employees to the hazard, as swimming operations occurred one to two times per week. (Tr. 143, 151.) Further, the likelihood of injury is increased by SAIC’s failure to have a safety and health policy for swimming operations. (Tr. 143-44.) The lack of a policy also militates against awarding much credit for good faith. </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See Ed Taylor Constr. Co.,</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>15 BNA OSHC 1711, 1717 (No. 88-2463, 1992) (noting company-wide safety program but concluding that the factor weighed against the employer because it had not been implemented well at one worksite). As to size, SAIC is a large employer with over 250 employees and does not warrant a reduction in the penalty amount. (Tr. 143.) </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See George Campbell Painting Corp</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">., 18 BNA OSHC 1929, 1935 (No. 94-3121, 1999) (no penalty reduction based on size for a “substantial company” with between 200 and 250 employees).<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Finally, with respect to history, according to the CO, SAIC has been inspected before and has not received any willful, repeat, or “high gravity serious” violations. (Tr. 144.) The Court finds that this history does not warrant an increase in the penalty amount. Having taken into consideration, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">gravity of the violation</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, SAIC</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">'s size, history</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">level of<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">good faith</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, the Court finds that the proposed penalty of $5,000 is appropriate. </span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">V.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 2 – Drowning Hazards Around Pens and Accessing Boats.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">In this Item, the Secretary alleges that SAIC failed to furnish a place of employment free from the recognized hazard of drowning when employees worked on or near “waters<span><span></span>
					</span>edge surfaces” in San Diego Bay. (Ex. C-2 at 7.) Specifically, “animal trainers engaged in training captive sea lions were exposed to<span>
					</span>drowning hazards when falling into the water.” <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span> The Secretary contends that a feasible and effective way to address the hazard would be to: (1) provide life rings to all working edge platforms; (2) provide fixed rescue ladders for working edge platforms; and (3) have fixed rescue ladders on its boats. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span> According to the Secretary, these failures exposed employees to the hazard of drowning. (Sec’y Br. at 21.) </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">As discussed above, in order to meet his burden of proof for a § 5(a)(1) violation, the Secretary must show that:<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">(1) the condition or activity in the workplace presented a hazard; (2) the employer or its industry recognized the hazard; (3) the hazard was likely to cause death or serious physical harm; and (4) there is a feasible and effective way to eliminate or materially reduce the hazard (abatement). </span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Arcadian</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC at</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>2007-8</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">. For the reasons set forth below, the Court finds that Secretary failed to meet his burden.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; padding-right:20px;">a.</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Hazard.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">The hazard cited by the Secretary in connection with Item 2 is the same as with Item 1—drowning. (Tr. 146.) The primary distinction between the two Citation items is that Item 1 involves work conducted while employees were swimming in the water and Item 2 focuses on work conducted along floating platforms above the water or from the Sea Ark Boat where employees can accidentally fall into the water. (Ex. C-2.) The floating platforms were sometimes wet and slippery, and, occasionally, employees had fallen into the water while working from them. (Tr. 128-29, 146, 148, 166.) With respect to the Sea Ark Boats, there was no evidence of SAIC employees falling into the water from them, but Barron testified about past water rescues necessitated by boaters ending up in the water accidentally. (Tr. 39.) In addition, SAIC’s Dive Safety Officer,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Knorek</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, acknowledged that most people who work around the water will fall in at some point. (Tr. 128.) Because of this likelihood, and the fact that anytime a person is in the water, there is a risk of drowning, the Court finds that the Secretary established that there was a hazard at the worksite. (Tr. 45-46, 122.) </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Cf. United Geophysical Corp</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">., 9 BNA OSHC 2117 (No. 78-6265, 1981) (discussing the hazard of drowning).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-family:Times New Roman; padding-right:20px;">b.</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Employer Recognition of the Hazard.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Consistent with the Court’s findings in connection with Item 1, SAIC recognized that the hazard of drowning was present even when employees were not engaged in swimming or diving operations. </span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Knorek</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was aware that most people who work around the water fall in at some point, and whenever this occurs, there is a risk of drowning. (Tr. 122, 128-29, 141.) “[A]</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">ctual</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>knowledge of a hazard is sufficient to prove that the hazard was recognized.” </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Magma Copper</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 608 F.2d at 376 (internal quotations omitted). SAIC’s lack of prior drownings, does not preclude a finding of hazard recognition. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See Signode</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">, 4 BNA OSHC at 1079. </span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">SAIC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">adopted rules to address the hazard in connection with its diving operations<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">but had no discernable policies or practices in place<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">as it relate</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the type of activities i</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">dentified in Item 2 that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">was open and obvious. (Ex. C-3.) </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Ted Wilkerson,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>9 BNA OSHC at 2016 (work rule shows employer recognition);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Kelly Springfield,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">729 F.2d at 321 (subjective belief that there was a hazard is not required). The Court finds SAIC recognized the hazard of drowning.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:102px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; padding-right:20px;">c.</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Hazard is Likely to Cause Serious Injury or Death.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">To show that a hazard is likely to cause death or serious physical harm, the Secretary does not have to show an actual injury or even that one is likely to occur. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Duriron</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Co., Inc.,<span>
						</span></span>11 BNA OSHC 1405, 1407 (No. 77-2847, 1983);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Waldon,<span>
						</span></span>16 BNA OSHC at 1060. Rather, the test is, if an accident occurred, could it result in death or serious physical harm. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id. </span>According to the Secretary, if an employee fell into the water from the floating platforms or the Sea Ark Boat, they could drown if they were unable to get out of the water. (Sec’y Br. 23-24.) The Secretary’s position is supported by Barron, who testified that anytime a person is in the water, even if it was a pool, there is a risk of drowning. (Tr. 46.) As the incident on April 28, 2014 shows, drownings can be fatal. (Tr. 141.) Accordingly, the Secretary met his burden of showing that the hazard is likely to cause death or serious physical harm.</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:102px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; padding-right:20px;">d.</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Feasible and Effective Means of<span>
					</span></span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Abatement.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Secretary must also show a feasible means to materially reduce the hazard. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Arcadian</span>, 20 BNA OSHC at 2011. The Secretary is not required to show that the proposed abatement would<span>
					</span>completely eliminate<span><span></span>
					</span>the hazard.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Acme Energy Servs</span>., 23 BNA OSHC 2121, 2127 (No. 08-0088, 2012),<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span>, 542 F.<span>
					</span>App’x. 356 (5th Cir. 2013);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Morrison-Knudsen Co./Yonkers Contracting Co.</span>, 16 BNA OSHC 1105, 1122 (No. 88-572, 1993). The Secretary must prove that a reasonably prudent employer would have protected against the hazard in the manner specified in the Secretary’s citation. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Fabi</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Constr. Co. v. Sec’y of Labor,<span>
						</span></span>508 F.3d 1077, 1081 (D.C. Cir. 2007). “Feasible means of abatement are established if ‘conscientious experts, familiar with the industry’ would prescribe those means and methods specified in the citation to eliminate or materially reduce the hazard.” <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Arcadian,<span>
						</span></span>20 BNA OSHC at 2011,<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">quoting Nat’l Realty</span>, 489 F.2d at 1266-67. A method of abatement is feasible under<span>
					</span>§<span><span></span>
					</span>5(a)(1) if the Secretary “demonstrate[s] both that the measure[] [is] capable of being put into effect and that [it] would be effective in materially reducing the incidence of the hazard.”<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Beverly</span>, 19 BNA OSHC<span>
					</span>at<span><span></span>
					</span>1190;<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">see Champlin Petroleum Co. v. OSHRC,</span><span><span></span>
					</span>593 F.2d 637, 640 (5th Cir. 1979) (“It is the Secretary’s burden to show that demonstrably feasible measures would materially reduce the likelihood that such injury as that which resulted from the cited hazard would have occurred.”).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>The Secretary’s proposed abatement would be for SAIC to:</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_Quote style_Quote " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:96px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-style:normal; padding-right:20px;">a)</span><span style="font-style:normal; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-style:normal; ">Provide US Coast Guard approved life ring buoy with at least 90 feet of line to all water working edge platforms including, but not limit[ed] to Naval Base Point Loma sea lion pens. U.S. Coast Guard approved ring life buoy shall be located on each staging alongside of a floating vessel on which work is being performed.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1; text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:96px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">b)</span>Provide fixed rescue ladders to all water working edge platforms including but not limited to Naval Base Point Loma sea lion pens and Sea Ark Boat 33. The ladder shall be of<span>
				</span>sufficient<span><span></span>
				</span>strength and length to assist employees to reach safety in the event they fall into the water.</p>
			<div>
				<p> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; ">(Ex. C-2 at 7.) As discussed below, the Secretary failed to establish how these steps would materially reduce the risk of drowning after falling into the water. The proposed abatement by the Secretary focuses on what should happen once an employee falls into the water. The Secretary does not address abatement methods which could be implemented to prevent employees from falling into the water in the first place. That should be the primary goal of the abatement—keep employees from falling into the water and being subjected to the hazard of drowning. This is analogous to other standards adopted by the Secretary whose goal is to prevent an accident. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See e.g.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Brand Energy Solutions LLC</span>, 25 BNA OSHC 1386, 1389 (2015) (purpose of standard is to prevent trips and falls);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Delek</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Refining, LTD</span>., 25 BNA OSHC 1365, 1369 (No. 08-1386, 2015) (purpose of standard is prevent chemical releases);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">E.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Smalis</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Painting Co., Inc</span>., 22 BNA OSHC 1553 (No. 94-1979, 2009) (purpose of training standard is to prevent accidents);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">General Elec. Co.</span>, 10 BNA OSHC 1144 (No. 76-2879, 1981) (“A primary purpose of the standards in Subpart D of Part 1910 is to prevent falls”). In the Court’s opinion the appropriate focus of abatement would be to propose methods that can be used on the floating platforms or the Sea Ark Boat 33 to prevent the employee from falling into the water in the first place. The Secretary’s proposed abatement fails to address this very critical element. In addition, for the reasons stated below, even if the employee were to fall into the water, the abatement identified by the Secretary fails to effectively and feasibly prevent the employee from drowning. Accordingly, the Secretary has failed to identify reasonable feasible and effective means of abatement. </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:144px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:144px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">(i)</span>Platform Ring Buoys.</p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The CO testified if an employee working by the sea lion pens fell in, it could be difficult to swim back to the floating platforms. (Tr. 145.) She said that providing ring buoys would make it “easier” for the employee to get back to the platforms. (Tr. 145, 170.) The Secretary did not explain how<span>
					</span>ring<span><span></span>
					</span>buoys<span>
					</span>could materially reduce the hazard<span>
					</span>when currents in the area move an employee far enough away from the platforms. (Tr. 170.) Indeed, the CO acknowledged that “most likely” employees would fall in right next to the platforms. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span> In addition, a buoy cannot be used by a single employee to get out of the water—someone else needs to throw the buoy to the person in the water. (Tr. 168.) There was no evidence SAIC had multiple employees on the platforms such that there would be someone to make use of the buoys; nor does the Secretary’s proposed abatement require this.<span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref18" href="#ftn18">17</a></span> (Ex. C-2 at 7.) While it is possible that a buoy could be of assistance in some circumstance, the Secretary failed to offer anything more than conjecture that the abatement method set forth in the Citation is a feasible and effective means of reducing the hazard. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See Nat’l Realty</span>, 489 F.2d at 1263 (vacating a citation when the “Secretary neglected to present evidence demonstrating in what manner the company’s conduct fell short of the statutory standard.”). </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:144px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:144px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">(ii)</span>Sea Lion Pen Ladder.</p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The sea lion pen is a 30 x 30 enclosure in open water with floating platforms on the outside and smaller chain-link pens for individual animals inside of it. (Tr. 104, 131) There<span><span></span>
					</span>is a net on the interior side<span>
					</span>of the enclosure attached at the bottom of the pen to prevent the animals from swimming off by going under the platforms. (Tr. 104-5.) The net at the bottom of the pen is four to eight feet below the surface, and the water depth varied between eight to ten feet. (Tr. 105, 132.) </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The CO testified that the floating platforms were approximately one foot above the water line. (Tr. 148.) She surmised that it would be easier for people to pull themselves out of the water using a ladder rather than their own strength. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span> While SAIC employees were experienced swimmers, according to the CO, it could be difficult to get out of the water if a person was wearing heavy clothing. (Tr. 145-46.) </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The CO’s argument only has plausibility if the employee had the good fortune to fall in near a fixed rescue ladder. Otherwise, they would have to make their way through the pen in<span>
					</span>water logged<span><span></span>
					</span>clothes, which the CO herself described as difficult, rather than pulling themselves up on the nearest platform edge. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span> Further, if the person fell off the platform on the outside of the enclosure, a ladder located on the interior side would be of no use.<span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref19" href="#ftn19">18</a></span>
				</p>
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			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Other than the CO’s unsupported assertion that it was the case, the Secretary offered no evidence of how fixed rescue ladders materially reduce the hazard. That it could make exiting the water easier in some circumstance is not<span>
					</span>sufficient—the Secretary must show that the abatement materially reduces the hazard. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Waldon,</span><span><span></span>
					</span>16 BNA OSHC at 1061. The Secretary failed to present evidence about the use or effectiveness of fixed ladders in connection with any type of open water enclosures or pools. When pressed as to how she determined that a fixed ladder would be a reasonable and feasible means of abatement, the CO indicated that she went on the internet. (Tr. 140, 158-60.) She noted that she looked for “Navy policies,” but fails to describe what, if anything, she found. (Tr. 160-61.) There is no evidence as to when she conducted the search, what her specific search terms where, what websites she reviewed, what information she found, or why the Court should consider anything from her search to be reliable evidence. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span> While using the internet could aid the Secretary in determining appropriate abatement in the present matter, the Secretary offered no evidence as to what information the CO found, how it supports the proposed abatement, or why it is reliable. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See e.g.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Estate of Fuller v. Maxfield &<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Oberton</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Holdings, LLC</span>, 906 F. Supp. 2d 997, 1003-4<span><span></span>
					</span>(N.D. Cal. 2012)<span><span></span>
					</span>(taking judicial notice of a scientific article found on the internet but refusing to take judicial notice of information on a webpage when the party failed to provide sufficient information as to its reliability);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Gonzales<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am.</span>, 861 F. Supp. 2d 1099, 1104 n.4 (S.D. Cal. 2012) (declining evidence from the website Wikipedia). Therefore, the Court finds that the Secretary failed to meet his burden of proof that a fixed ladder on the platform is a reasonable and effective means of abatement. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See Nat’l Realty</span>, 489 F.2d at 1263. </p>
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				<span style="padding-right:20px;">(iii)</span>Sea Ark Boat Ladder.</p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Instead of a fixed ladder, the Sea Ark Boat had a small cut out approximately four to eight inches above the water line. (Tr. 102, 149.) The cutout was designed to facilitate a person’s egress from the water into the boat. (Tr. 149, 167.) According to the CO, it would be easier for people to pull themselves into the boat after swimming or if they had fallen into the water if they could use a ladder rather than the cut out. (Tr. 149-50.) The Secretary did not identify the distance from the cut out to the top of the boat. (Tr. 167.) Further, the Secretary offered no evidence that a ladder could safely be attached to the Sea Ark Boat or why he believed it would be any easier than using the cutout.<span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref20" href="#ftn20">19</a></span>
					<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span> Thus, the Court finds that the Secretary failed to establish that a fixed ladder on the Sea Ark Boat would materially or effectively<span>
					</span>reduced<span><span></span>
					</span>the hazard. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See Nat’l Realty,</span><span><span></span>
					</span>489 F.2d at 1268 (“Only by requiring the Secretary, at the hearing, to formulate and defend his own theory of what a cited defendant should have done can the Commission and the courts assure evenhanded enforcement of the general duty clause.”). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Secretary failed to establish that feasible means of abatement<span>
					</span>identified by<span>
					</span>‘conscientious experts, familiar with the industry’ would prescribe the methods the Secretary identified as means and methods to eliminate or materially reduce the hazard.<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Arcadian</span>, 20 BNA OSHC at 2011,<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">quoting Nat’l Realty</span>, 489 F.2d at 1266-67.<span>
					</span>The abatement proposed by the Secretary is based on faulty conclusions, unsubstantiated testimony of the CSHO based on research from the internet that can neither be identified or verified as applicable or being reliable. For the foregoing reasons,<span>
					</span>the Court finds the Secretary failed to meet his burden of<span>
					</span>identifying feasible<span>
					</span>and effective means of abatements for the hazard. Accordingly, Citation 1, Item 2 is VACATED.<span>
					</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:normal; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">ORDER</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">The foregoing Decision constitutes the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law in accordance with Rule 52(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Based upon the foregoing<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">F</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">indings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, it is ORDERED that</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; ">:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:1px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Item 1 of Citation 1, alleging a<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">serious<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">violation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Section 5(a)(1) of the Act<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">is<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">AFFIRMED, and a penalty of $5,000</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is assessed</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; ">.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:1px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Item 2 of Citation 2, alleging a serious violation of Section 5(a)(1) of the Act is VACATED.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:1px; line-height:normal; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">SO</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>ORDERED.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:1px; line-height:normal; text-indent:-.159cm; "><span style="font-family:Lucida Calligraphy; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Lucida Calligraphy; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Lucida Calligraphy; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Lucida Calligraphy; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Lucida Calligraphy; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Lucida Calligraphy; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Lucida Calligraphy; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Lucida Calligraphy; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Lucida Calligraphy; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Lucida Calligraphy; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Lucida Calligraphy; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Lucida Calligraphy; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Lucida Calligraphy; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Lucida Calligraphy; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Lucida Calligraphy; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Lucida Calligraphy; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>/s/ Patrick B. Augustine</span></p>
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							<p style="line-height:1; margin-bottom:0cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Patrick B. Augustine</span></p>
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							<p style="line-height:1; margin-bottom:0cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Judge, OSHRC</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1; text-indent:-.152cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Dated: May 17, 2016</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1; text-indent:-.152cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Denver, CO</span></p>
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				<p> </p>
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					<a name="ftn-1" href="#ftnref-1"></a> </p>
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					<a name="ftn0" href="#ftnref0"></a> </p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn2" href="#ftnref2"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">1 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The citation alleged another general duty clause violation based on the “hazard of falling into water and drowning while working on or near<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">water[</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">’]s edge surfaces.” The judge vacated this citation item</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and the Secretary did not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">file a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">petition for review.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn3" href="#ftnref3"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In accordance with his concurring opinion in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Integra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Chairman Sullivan would find that the hazard here is cognizable under the general duty clause not due to any “nexus” between it and the work being performed by SAIC’s employees, but rather because a reasonable employer in the circumstances presented would have foreseen that employees were at risk of drowning during this<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Strong style_Strong " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:normal; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; ">particular<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">night training exercise.  In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Integra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Chairman Sullivan<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">observed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that “when dealing with a broad hazard such as workplace violence, a check on the application of the general duty clause is necessary” to ensure that “the constitutional requirement of fair notice” is satisfied, and to give employers “some way of evaluating whether they could be held in violation . . . in the event of a violent incident.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Integra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 27 BNA OSHC at 1852 (Sullivan, Comm’r, concurring). That check on the general duty clause is foreseeability—indeed, in such cases, “proof of reasonable foreseeability is the only way . . . that the Secretary can prove that a hazard ‘exists’ or is ‘cognizable’ under the general duty clause.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In Chairman Sullivan’s view, the risk of drowning here is a broad hazard analogous to the workplace violence hazard in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Integra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, such that reasonable foreseeability must be assessed.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Applying this framework, Chairman Sullivan would find—given that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SAIC’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>training exercise occurred at night and among underwater obstacles—that the cited drowning hazard was reasonably foreseeable by a reasonable employer and is therefore cognizable under the general duty clause. To be sure, in Chairman Sullivan’s view, the “nexus” between a cited hazard and the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">particular work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>involved is relevant, but it is simply part of the foreseeability question.  For example, in this case, if the drowning hazard were not “related” to SAIC’s work or workplace, foreseeability would likely not be established, as the risk of drowning would simply be the same risk presented to the general public engaged in such activity in San Diego Bay.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Commissioner Laihow agrees with Chairman Sullivan that the reasonable foreseeability of a hazard is a vital concept in general duty clause jurisprudence, as “employers cannot be left only to guess at their legal obligations.” <span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Integra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 27 BNA OSHC at 1852 (Sullivan, Comm’r, concurring).  However, as Chairman Sullivan himself noted in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Integra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, foreseeability is already “an important consideration with regard to . . . hazard recognition.” <span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 1853 (quotation marks omitted).  Indeed, as explained below, we conclude that SAIC recognized the drowning hazard in this case based largely on the testimony of the company’s own Dive Safety Officer that “anytime a person is in the water, there’s a risk for drowning.”  In other words, SAIC—through its supervisory employee—foresaw the drowning hazard, and so it was recognized. The “nexus” concept, by contrast, is in Commissioner<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Laihow’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>view a framework used to address a separate, jurisdictional issue.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Commissioner Attwood notes her disagreement with Chairman Sullivan’s assertion that under the general duty clause a hazard is cognizable where “a reasonable employer in the circumstances presented would have foreseen that employees were at risk of drowning during . . .<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>night training exercise.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In her view, the nexus test established in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Integra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is the proper framework for the inquiry at hand and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>given the result of its application here, she finds it unnecessary to further address the basis for the Chairman’s assertion.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn4" href="#ftnref4"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>SAIC also argues that because OSHA had not “formulated any position regarding the ongoing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">activity .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> . . notwithstanding the lengthy nature of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[it]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">” and lack of prior accidents, issuance of the citation “may only have been the consequence of arbitrary and capricious conduct of [OSHA]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">” which violated SAIC’s constitutional rights. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">It is well-established that t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Secretary has broad prosecutorial discretion and “authority to determine if a citation should be issued to an employer for unsafe working conditions.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Cuyahoga Valley Ry. Co. v. United Transp. Union</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 474 U.S. 3, 6-7 (1985). As SAIC has not raised any substantive due process claims, its argument that the issuance of the citation was arbitrary and capricious fails. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See DeKalb Forge Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 13 BNA OSHC 1146, 1153 (No. 83-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">0</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">299, 1987) (Secretary’s use of “broad prosecutorial discretion” is not a constitutional violation simply because of “the conscious exercise of some selectivity in enforcement”) (citations omitted).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn5" href="#ftnref5"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">4 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The parties were also asked to address, regarding the hazard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">recognition element, the issue of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">whether some activities, though dangerous, are among the normal activities intrinsic to an industry such that they cannot be regulated under the general duty clause. To the extent this question bears on the jurisdictional issue, the scope of the general duty clause is limited to “hazards that arise out of (that is, have a sufficient nexus with) the work at issue.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Integra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 27 BNA OSHC at 1845. Thus, there is “no basis for [the] implication that, beyond [this restriction], there are other, implicit jurisdictional limitations that exclude certain types of workplace hazards, particularly in light of the broad language of the general duty clause.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> Indeed, the OSH Act’s legislative history shows that Congress rejected the idea that dangers inherent to work must be accepted without mitigation. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Legislative History of the Occupational Safety & Health Act of 1970, Report of Committee on Labor and Public Welfare at 149 (June 1971) (“The committee believes that employers are equally bound by this general and common duty to bring no adverse effects to the life and health of their employees throughout the course of their employment. Employers have primary control over the work environment and should insure [sic] that it is safe and healthful.”). In addition, numerous hazards regulated under established federal standards or industry consensus standards at the time the OSH Act was enacted were the result of “normal activities intrinsic to an industry,” and these standards were eligible for adoption as OSHA standards under section 6(a) of the Act. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">., Point of Operation Guarding, 41 C.F.R. § 50-204.5 (1969), promulgated under Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act at 34 Fed. Reg. 788, 789 (1969), and then substantially adopted by section 6(a) of the OSH Act into 29 C.F.R. § 1910.212; Safety Requirements for Transportation, Storage, Handling, and Use of Commercial Explosives and Blasting Agents in the Construction Industry, ANSI A10.7-1970, substantially adopted by section 6(a) of the OSH Act into 29 C.F.R. § 1910.109.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn6" href="#ftnref6"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">5 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Knorek</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>explained that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Navy diver</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">who was “free-diving,”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that is,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>swimming under his own breath</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">failed to surface from an observation free dive.” The diver was eventually found, brought to the surface, and resuscitated.</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn7" href="#ftnref7"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">6 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The judge also relied on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">SAIC’s Diving Policy and Safety Manual,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">which<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">address</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">es</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>drowning hazards<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">in</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">diving operations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. Absent proof from the Secretary, however, that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the risk of drowning<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">diving<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">operations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the same as in SAIC’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">swimming operations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, the judge’s reliance on the manual as support for hazard recognition is error. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">As the manual makes<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">clear</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, diving and its related equipment pose numerous hazards that are<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">not</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>present when swimming without such equipment,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">like those dealing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">with decompression, use and storage of oxygen, use of pneumatic and power tools underwater, underwater welding and burning, jetting and water blasting, use of lift bags, and use and storage of compressed gas.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The judge did not address this distinction</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, despite<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">acknowledg</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">not only<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that SAIC has consistently treated swimming and diving<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">separately</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, but</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that three SAIC employees testified<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">diving manual</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>did not cover swimming</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">s such, we<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">find</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the manual irrelevant to whether SAIC recognized the drowning hazard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. However,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">because we conclude that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">other evidence establishes SAIC’s recognition of the hazard, the judge’s error in this regard is harmless.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn8" href="#ftnref8"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">7 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>SAIC also suggests that it did not recognize the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">cited<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">hazard because the Navy had not previously issued a standard operating procedure that pertained to SAIC’s swimming operations. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The company provides no legal support for this argument, and the claim that it can delegate OSH Act responsibilities</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">where</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>its own employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">re exposed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to a hazard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is contrary to Commission precedent. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g., Acchione & Canuso, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 7 BNA OSHC 2128</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 2131 (No. 16180, 1980) (“[A]n employer remains accountable for the health and safety of its employees . . . and cannot divest itself of its obligations under the [OSH] Act by contracting the responsibility to another employer.”).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn9" href="#ftnref9"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">8 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Knorek testified that he has worked for SAIC since 1988 and has been in the position of Dive Safety Officer since 2004.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn10" href="#ftnref10"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">9 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The other cases SAIC cites are similarly unpersuasive.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Like<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Alabama<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Power</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the issue in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">National Realty<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">& Construction Co. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was abatement, not hazard recognition</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> 489 F.2d 1257, 1265 (D.C. Cir. 1973)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Several others</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, including<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Austin Bridge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>& Road, L.P.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, No. 05-1376, 2006 WL 2781631 (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Aug. 12, 2006)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(ALJ),</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">HWS Consulting</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Group</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, No. 04-1219, 2005 WL 1541106 (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>June 20, 2005)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(ALJ),</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Darby Creek Excavating, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, No. 03-1541, 2004 WL 2857354 (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dec. 9, 2004)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(ALJ),</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>are not precedential, as they are unreviewed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">administrative law judge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>decisions</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Leone Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 3 BNA OSHC 1979, 1981</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 4090, 1976) (unreviewed part of judge’s decision does not constitute binding Commission precedent). And, in any event, th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ose cases</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>are inapposite, as unlike this<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">one</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the employers there</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>lacked actual knowledge of the hazard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Finally, in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">UXB International</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 22 BNA OSHC 1824, 1829-31 (No. 08-0137, 2009) (ALJ),</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Jesse Remodeling, LLC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 24 BNA OSHC 2072, 2075 (No. 12-2086, 2013) (ALJ)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—both<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">unreviewed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">judge’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>decision</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the judge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>found<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazard recognition on the part of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn11" href="#ftnref11"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">10 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">This case arises in the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Ninth</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">and Third<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Circuit</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, as the worksite was in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">California</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">SAIC is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">headquartered in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Delaware</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 U.S.C. § 660(a)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Any </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">person</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> adversely affected or aggrieved by an order of the </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Commission</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> . . may</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">obtain</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> . . </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">review</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> . . </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">in any United States court of appeals for the circuit in which the violation is alleged to have occurred or where the employer has its principal office, or in the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</span> . . . .<span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">”);</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ee<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Kerns Bros. Tree Serv</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">., 18 BNA OSHC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">2064, 2067 (No. 96-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">1719, 2000) (Commission<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">generally<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">applies law of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">circuit</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>where it is probable a case will be appealed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn12" href="#ftnref12"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">11 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>SAIC claim</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that the Secretary failed to make such a showing because “there was no evidence in this record that an ‘industry’ existed from which [SAIC] could have established that such a procedure could be viable.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">But<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SAIC offers no support for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">its contention<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that the general duty clause is inapplicable to an employer in an industry of one, and we are aware of none. Indeed, where the Secretary cites the sole employer in its industry, no inherent unfairness results because in such a situation proof of employer recognition, as a practical matter, is his only avenue of establishing the recognition element, and employer recognition is sufficient to establish this element. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Coleco</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Indus., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 14 BNA OSHC 1961, 1964</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 84-546, 1991) (noting that because Commission found that Secretary established employer recognition, it need not reach industry recognition).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn13" href="#ftnref13"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">12 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>SAIC does not contest<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">characterization or the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">penalty<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">amount<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on review. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See KS Energy Servs., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 22 BNA OSHC 1261, 1268 n.11 (No. 06-1416, 2008) (assessing proposed penalty where not in dispute).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn14" href="#ftnref14"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">13 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>At<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the hearing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">’s counsel</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>appeared to suggest that swimming and diving were equivalent activities. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 184.) </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">While the two operations may have some similarities, SAIC consistently treated them<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">separately. (Tr. 120</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 276.) Even after the accident, it adopted substantially different policies for the two types of operations. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Compare<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Ex. C-3 (the dive policy)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">with</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Exs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. C-7, C-8</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and C-9 (swimming policies adopted after the accident).) Th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ree SAIC employees—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Thissell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Knor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ek</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Klappenback</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">—all testifi</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ed that the Diving Manual</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>did not cove</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">r swimming. (Tr. 91-94</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">120,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">273.) Further, even</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>if</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">SAIC meant for its Diving Manual</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to address swimming operations, this<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">would only support</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the Secretary’s argument that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">SAIC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">had adopted work rules and thus<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">recognized that working in open water created a risk of drowning</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Otis Elevator</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 21 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>2207 (work rule prohibiting activity recognized the hazard).</span>
				</p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn15" href="#ftnref15"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">14 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Court notes that there is some theoretical overlap between the Secretary’s burden of proving a feasible means of abatement and the affirmative defense of infeasibility</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(which employers typically raise in the context of violations of specific standards)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">SAIC did not raise</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">infeasibility in its Answer, or</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in response to the Court’s direct inquiry as to wha</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">t affirmative defenses it was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>pursuing. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 9-10.) Commission Rule 34(b)(3) provides that the “answer shall include all affirmative defenses being asserted.” 29 C.F.R. § 2200.34(b)(3). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Further</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">this rule<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">cautions<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">litigants<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">that “[t]he failure to raise an affirmative defense in the answer may result in the party being prohibited from raising the defense at a later stage in the proceedin</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">g.” 29 C.F.R. § 2200.34(b)(4). Although the Secretary did not object to SAIC offering evidence on feasibility, this is not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">sufficient</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to find implied consent to try the issue because such evidence also related to the pled issue of a feasible means of abatement. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">McWilliams Forge. Co., Inc.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">11 BNA OSHC 2128, 2130 (No. 80-5868, 1984) (“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">consent is not implied by a party's failure to object to evidence that is relevant to both pleaded and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">unpleaded</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>issue</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">”);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Consol. Data Terminals v. Applied Digital Data Sys., Inc.,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>708 F.2d 385, 396-7 (9th Cir. 1983). In any event, the Court finds that SAIC failed to show that it was not feasible to adopt the method of abatement set forth in the Citation. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Seibel Modern Mfg. & Welding Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 1218, 1226 (No. 88-821, 1991);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Brock v.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Dun-Par Engineered Form Co</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">., 843 F.2d<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ll35,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1138-1139 (8th Cir. l988) (the employer, not the Secretary, bears burden of p</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">roof of both prongs of the infeasib</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">li</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ty test).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> As discussed above, SAIC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">could have adopted a rule to have a dedicated person maintain contact at all times</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>when there was only a single swimmer. (Tr. 97; Ex. C-7.) Further, because SAIC did not adopt any safety policies governing its swimming operations, it failed to show that it employed alternative means of protection, or that there were no feasible alternatives. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Dun-Par,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">843 F.2d at 1129. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 42-43, 78, 91, 93-94, 117-20, 125, 144, 152</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 273</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.)<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn16" href="#ftnref16"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">15 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The Court notes that the record lacks<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">sufficient</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>evidence to support the multi-employer worksite defense. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Grossman Steel & Alum. Corp</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">., 4 BNA OSHC 1185, 1190 (No. 12775, 1976) (employer bears the burden of establishing multi-employer defense). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">o establish the multi-employer worksite defense,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the employer<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that it</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(1) did not crea</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">te the violative condition;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">(2) did not control the violative condition; and (3) (a) made reasonable alternative efforts to protect its employees from the violative condition; or (b) did not have, and with the exercise of reasonable diligence could not have had, notice that the violative condition was hazardous.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Capform</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Inc</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">., 13 BNA OSHC 2219, 2222 (No. 84-556, 1989)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff'd</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 901 F.2d 1112 (5th Cir. 1990).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> SAIC does not assert that its worksite involved multiple employers or that it lacked<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">sufficient</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>control over the worksite. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Union Boiler Co</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">., 11 BNA OSHC 1241, 1246 (No. 79-232, 1983) (defense requires showing that the employer did not possess the expertise, personal or means to correct the hazard). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Further, SAIC did not establish that it made reasonable alternative efforts to protect its employees from the hazard of drowning during swimming operations as it had not adopted any safety policy covering these operations. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 42-43, 78, 91, 93-94, 117-20, 125, 144, 152</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 273</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Rockwell Int’l Corp</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">., 17 BNA OSHC 1801, 1808 (No. 93-45, 1996)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(defense fails when employer did not do everything reasonable to protect its employees). And, even if that were not the case, the Court finds that the hazard was open and obvious and could have been discovered through the exercise of reasonable diligence. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Capform</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 13 BNA OSHC at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">2222</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn17" href="#ftnref17"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">16 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">SAIC also noted these risks in its Standard Operating Procedure for Swimmer Operations. (Ex. C-7 at 3.) Although SAIC adopted this procedure after the accident, there was no indication that anything in the conditions had changed after the accident. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, this SAIC policy supports the testimony regarding the hazards at the worksite. </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn18" href="#ftnref18"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">17 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Further, as noted above, a ring buoy on a platform does nothing to prevent a person from falling into the water.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn19" href="#ftnref19"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">18 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Secretary did not propose the use of portable ladders or that there be ladders on both the interior and exterior sides of the enclosure. (Ex. C-2 at 7.) The court also notes, as referenced above, that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">while it is possible that a ladder could lessen the time an employee was in the water, it does nothing to prevent an employee from falling into the water in the first place.</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; ">
					<a name="ftn20" href="#ftnref20"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">19 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">As with the Secretary’s other proposed methods of abatement, a ladder on the boat would not prevent an employee from being in the water in the first place. It would only aid a swimmer to get back onto the boat. (Tr. 167.)</span></p>
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