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				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="color:#00B050; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">THIS CASE IS NOT A FINAL ORDER OF THE REVIEW COMMISSION AS IT IS PENDING COMMISSION REVIEW</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">United States of America</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1120 20th Street, N.W., 9</span><span style="position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">th</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Floor</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Washington, DC 20036-3457</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; margin-bottom:0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Secretary of Labor,</span></p>
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							<p style="line-height:1.5; margin-bottom:0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> Complainant</span></p>
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							<p style="line-height:1.5; margin-bottom:0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> v.</span></p>
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							<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; margin-bottom:0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">OSHRC Docket No.:<span>
									</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">19-0723</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
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							<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; margin-bottom:0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Midwest Equipment Company</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span></p>
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							<p style="line-height:1.5; margin-bottom:0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> Respondent.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:10.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Appearances:</span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Lisa A. Cottle</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, Esq.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Office of the Solicitor, U.S</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. Department of Labor, Cleveland, Ohio</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:10.667px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For Complainant</span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tod T. Morrow, Esq.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Morrow & Meyer LLC, Canton, Ohio</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:10.667px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For Respondent</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:10.667px; line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">BEFORE: Administrative Law Judge<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Sharon D. Calhoun</span></p>
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			<p class="style_Heading1 style_Heading1 " style="outline-width:1; " xmlns:text="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:text:1.0" text:is-list-header="true"><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">
				</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">DECISION AND ORDER</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Midwest Equipment Company (Midwest),<span><span></span>
					</span>located in Cleveland, Ohio,<span>
					</span>provides full-service crane rental and<span>
					</span>operation<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 256). On December 18, 2018,<span><span></span>
					</span>a Midwest employee was severely injured when attempting to mount a top jib and base section to the boom head of a Tadano, ATF 220G-5,<span><span></span>
					</span>all-terrain hydro mobile crane at a worksite<span><span></span>
					</span>located at 9539 Long Run Road Graysville,<span>
					</span>Ohio (Graysville<span>
					</span>worksite)<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 27). In response to the employee’s worksite injury the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)<span>
					</span>conducted<span>
					</span>an inspection<span><span></span>
					</span>of the Graysville worksite on December 19, 2018. The inspection was led by<span><span></span>
					</span>OSHA Compliance Safety and Health<span>
					</span>Officer (CSHO) Matthew Marcinko<span>
					</span>(Tr. 114). As a result of OSHA’s inspection, the Secretary of Labor (Secretary) issued a Citation and Notification of Penalty (Citation) to Midwest on April 9, 2019, alleging four serious violations of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 29 U.S.C. §§ 651-678 (Act) as follows:</p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Item 1a alleges a serious violation of 29 C.F.R.<span>
					</span>§ 1926.1403(a) for failing to comply with<span>
					</span>manufacturer procedures applicable to assembly and disassembly.<span>
					</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Item 1b alleges a serious violation of<span>
					</span>29 C.F.R. § 1926.1404(b)<span><span></span>
					</span>for failure of the Assembly/Disassembly (A/D)<span>
					</span>director to understand the applicable assembly/disassembly procedures. The Secretary proposes a grouped penalty of $9,282 for items 1a and 1b.</p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Item 2a alleges a serious violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.1404(d)(1) for failure of the A/D<span>
					</span>director to ensure the crew members understood their tasks, the hazards associated with their tasks, and the hazardous positions/locations they needed to avoid.</p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Item 2b alleges a serious violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.1400(f) for failing<span><span></span>
					</span>to establish, effectively communicate, and enforce work rules. The Secretary proposes a grouped penalty of $6,630 for items 2a and 2b.</p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; ">
					<span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">JURISDICTION AND COVERAGE</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Midwest filed a timely notice of contest bringing this<span><span></span>
					</span>matter before the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (Commission). Thereafter,<span>
					</span>the Court held<span>
					</span>a hearing<span>
					</span>on February 20-21, 2020, in Cleveland, Ohio. Both parties filed post-hearing briefs on June 8, 2020. The parties stipulated jurisdiction of this action is conferred upon the Commission pursuant to §10(c) of the Act (Tr. 26). Midwest also<span>
					</span>admits that at all times<span><span></span>
					</span>relevant to this<span>
					</span>proceeding<span><span></span>
					</span>it was an employer engaged in a business affecting interstate commerce within the meaning of § 3(5) of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 652(5) (Tr. 25-26).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Based on the stipulations and the record evidence, the Court finds the Commission has jurisdiction over this proceeding under § 10(c) of the Act and Midwest is a covered employer under § 3(5) of the Act.</p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">For the reasons that<span><span></span>
					</span>follow, the Court<span>
					</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">AFFIRMS<span>
						</span></span>Items 1a,<span><span></span>
					</span>1b, 2a and 2b of the Citation as serious,<span>
					</span>and assesses penalties in the amount of $9,282 for Items 1a and 2b,<span><span></span>
					</span>and $6,630 for Items 2a and 2b.</p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "> STIPULATIONS</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The parties<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">reached<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the following stipulations which were read into the record:</span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:48px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">1.</span>Jurisdiction of this action is conferred upon the Commission pursuant to Section 10(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 29 U.S.C. § 651<span>
				</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">et. seq.</span>, hereinafter the Act, 19 U.S.C. § 659(c).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:48px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">2.</span>At all times material to this action, Respondent, Midwest Equipment Company, had a worksite at 9539 Long Run Road, Graysville, Ohio, 45734, on December 18, 2018.</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:48px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">3.</span>Midwest Equipment Company is a full-service crane rental company that employed individuals for a cell tower erection project at the worksite on December 18, 2018 and December 21, 2018.</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:48px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">4.</span>On December 18, 2018, Respondent’s employees were working with a Tadano, ATF 220G-5, all-terrain hydro mobile crane.</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:48px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">5.</span>On December 18, 2018, Respondent’s employee,<span>
				</span>[R. B.],<span><span></span>
				</span>was injured when the crane’s jib rolled of the jib ramp.</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:48px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">6.</span>[R. B.]<span><span></span>
				</span>was hit by the falling jib and sustained serious injuries. He remains a Midwest employee, but has not yet been released to return to work.</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:48px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">7.</span>At all times relevant to this action, Midwest Equipment Company was an employer engaged in a business affecting commerce within the meaning of Section 3(5) of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 651(5).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:48px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">8.</span>The injuries sustained by<span>
				</span>[R. B.]<span><span></span>
				</span>are serious and if there is a violation, it would be properly characterized as serious.</p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:-48px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(Tr. 24-27). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">BACKGROUND</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Midwest operates as a full-service crane rental company (Tr. 26-27). It employs approximately 25<span>
					</span>employees at its Cleveland, Ohio facility (Tr. 256). In December 2018, Midwest was engaged in crane rental operations<span>
					</span>regarding<span><span></span>
					</span>a cell tower erection project on Long Run Road in Graysville, Ohio (Tr. 26-27). The multi-day project consisted<span><span></span>
					</span>of installing additional sections to the top of a cellular tower (Tr. 60-62). The Graysville<span>
					</span>worksite utilized<span>
					</span>three<span><span></span>
					</span>employees<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 26-27, 54-57). Midwest’s worksite management<span>
					</span>included<span><span></span>
					</span>A/D<span>
					</span>director<span>
					</span>Jon Rogers, assist crane operator Dennis Hosler and the injured crew member (Tr. 73-76, 226, 270, 320).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">OSHA initiated its<span><span></span>
					</span>inspection of the Graysville<span>
					</span>worksite following Midwest’s report to OSHA on December 19, 2018, of an accident at the worksite resulting in an employee suffering serious injuries (Tr. 24-25, 27, 114, 336-337, 377-378). The employee was engaged in<span><span></span>
					</span>installing<span><span></span>
					</span>components to the<span><span></span>
					</span>Tadano, ATF 220G-5, all-terrain hydro mobile crane<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tadano)<span><span></span>
					</span>when a<span><span></span>
					</span>jib weighing<span>
					</span>3,400<span><span></span>
					</span>pounds<span><span></span>
					</span>fell on<span>
					</span>him,<span><span></span>
					</span>causing severe injuries<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr.<span>
					</span>27,<span>
					</span>68-70, 152, 447). During OSHA’s inspection,<span>
					</span>CSHO Marcinko<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref1" href="#ftn1">1</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>met<span><span></span>
					</span>with<span>
					</span>Michael Simerale, a Field Superintendent and<span>
					</span>representative for Midwest. Jocko Vermillion, a consultant for Midwest,<span>
					</span>was present by<span>
					</span>telephone (Tr. 114-116). The<span><span></span>
					</span>CSHO<span>
					</span>then conducted<span>
					</span>an opening conference<span><span></span>
					</span>and<span><span></span>
					</span>began his walk around inspection where he took photographs of the worksite<span>
					</span>(Tr. 114-116). He<span><span></span>
					</span>conducted interviews on January 2, 2019<span>
					</span>(Tr. 117-118). Thereafter,<span>
					</span>the CSHO<span>
					</span>held a<span><span></span>
					</span>closing conference with<span>
					</span>Jocko<span>
					</span>Vermillion,<span>
					</span>Michael<span>
					</span>Simerale<span><span></span>
					</span>and Midwest’s president, Michael<span>
					</span>Ricchino<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 133). As a result of the inspection,<span><span></span>
					</span>OSHA issued citations for<span><span></span>
					</span>alleged violations<span>
					</span>of<span><span></span>
					</span>the<span><span></span>
					</span>crane<span><span></span>
					</span>and derrick<span><span></span>
					</span>safety<span>
					</span>standards pertaining to<span>
					</span>assembly/disassembly<span>
					</span>procedures and workplace rules.<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Midwest had been hired to install multiple sector frames to a TelCom Construction cellular tower at the Graysville worksite (Tr. 26-27, 274-275). On December 18, 2018,<span>
					</span>Midwest employees met<span>
					</span>in Cleveland, Ohio<span>
					</span>before leaving for the worksite<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 26-27, 274-275). A/D<span>
					</span>director Rogers did not discuss the hazards associated with the work to be performed that day (Tr. 53). The<span><span></span>
					</span>Midwest employees<span>
					</span>proceeded<span><span></span>
					</span>to the Graysville<span>
					</span>worksite.<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Rogers drove the Tadano<span><span></span>
					</span>mobile crane, Hosler drove a small boom truck with an assist crane mounted on it, and<span>
					</span>R. B.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref2" href="#ftn2">2</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>drove a flatbed truck containing counterweights for the Tadano (Tr. 53-54, 328, 367). Hosler proceeded directly to the worksite, while Rogers and<span>
					</span>R. B.<span>
					</span>met at a predetermined laydown site approximately three-quarters of a mile from the worksite (Tr. 54-56, 306). At the laydown site, Rogers and<span>
					</span>the injured employee<span>
					</span>refueled<span><span></span>
					</span>the Tadano (Tr. 55-56). Rogers<span>
					</span>did not discuss any hazards<span>
					</span>associated with the tasks to be performed that day<span>
					</span>with R. B. while at the laydown site<span>
					</span>(Tr.<span>
					</span>52,<span>
					</span>56).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Rogers and<span>
					</span>R. B.<span>
					</span>finished the last leg of their journey and arrived at the worksite<span><span></span>
					</span>where they met with<span>
					</span>Hosler (Tr. 55). Upon their arrival, the<span>
					</span>three<span><span></span>
					</span>employees formulated a plan<span>
					</span>regarding<span>
					</span>how they would move forward with the project (Tr. 331). The<span><span></span>
					</span>plan consisted of<span><span></span>
					</span>discussing the unevenness of the ground and steps to level it for the crane. It also included a discussion of<span>
					</span>tree and fence obstacles<span><span></span>
					</span>which<span><span></span>
					</span>needed to be avoided (Tr. 331-332). Because the<span>
					</span>Tadano did not arrive at the worksite fully assembled, the<span><span></span>
					</span>next steps would require<span>
					</span>installing the<span>
					</span>additional jib sections<span><span></span>
					</span>so<span><span></span>
					</span>the Tadano<span>
					</span>could reach<span>
					</span>to<span>
					</span>the top of<span>
					</span>the<span><span></span>
					</span>cell tower (Tr. 58-62). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Cautionary decals<span>
					</span>were located on the side of the Tadano<span>
					</span>warning the pivot pin was not to be removed until necessary to do so (Tr. 224-225; Ex. C-5). Rogers<span>
					</span>did not<span><span></span>
					</span>instruct the other employees not<span>
					</span>to<span>
					</span>remove the pivot pin (Tr. 396). However, he<span>
					</span>testified he visually inspected the pivot pin on at least three separate occasions: that morning in Cleveland,<span>
					</span>at the laydown site, and at the Graysville worksite (Tr.<span>
					</span>364,<span>
					</span>368-369,<span><span></span>
					</span>373, 385-386). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Once the<span><span></span>
					</span>Tadano<span><span></span>
					</span>arrived,<span>
					</span>the employees leveled the work area<span>
					</span>for the crane<span>
					</span>and extended its outriggers to<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>outrigger pads (Tr. 64-65, 127). Counterweights were<span><span></span>
					</span>then<span>
					</span>put in place (Tr. 65-66, 127). The outrigger pads and counterweights<span>
					</span>were not attached to the Tadano during transport. They were separately transported to the worksite<span>
					</span>on<span>
					</span>R. B.’s truck (Tr. 64-66, 127). Once the outrigger pads and counterweights were<span><span></span>
					</span>in place, the employees were to pull the swing away jib from the boom, attach it to the end of the main boom, and<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">then</span><span><span></span>
					</span>release the pivot pin (Tr. 66-67, 127). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">While attempting to swing the<span>
					</span>jib<span>
					</span>it<span>
					</span>stuck<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 66-68). Rogers<span>
					</span>then<span>
					</span>instructed<span>
					</span>R. B.<span>
					</span>to use a tag line to negotiate the jib into place (Tr. 66-68, 376). R. B.<span>
					</span>tugged on the 20-foot tag<span>
					</span>line, but<span><span></span>
					</span>was not able to shift the jib (Tr. 66-68, 376). Rogers<span><span></span>
					</span>noticed<span>
					</span>R. B.<span>
					</span>was having<span>
					</span>trouble with the tag line<span><span></span>
					</span>so he<span>
					</span>instructed Hosler to help R.<span><span></span>
					</span>B.<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 376-377). As Hosler approached<span>
					</span>R. B.<span>
					</span>he noticed the jib beginning to fall. He<span><span></span>
					</span>ran to get away (Tr.<span>
					</span>335). R. B.<span>
					</span>did not<span>
					</span>realize<span>
					</span>the jib<span>
					</span>was<span>
					</span>falling. He<span><span></span>
					</span>was crushed by<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>3,400 pound<span><span></span>
					</span>weight<span>
					</span>of the jib, and sustained<span>
					</span>serious injuries (Tr.<span>
					</span>24-27, 70).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">As a result of CSHO Marcinko’s investigation of the accident, OSHA issued Midwest<span>
					</span>four<span><span></span>
					</span>serious citations. One was<span>
					</span>issued<span>
					</span>for a violation of 29 C.F.R. §<span>
					</span>1926.1403(a)<span><span></span>
					</span>regarding<span><span></span>
					</span>Midwest’s failure<span><span></span>
					</span>to comply with manufacturer procedures applicable to assembly and disassembly<span>
					</span>by disregarding the use of a strap<span>
					</span>required by<span><span></span>
					</span>the manufacturer’s instructions,<span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>by releasing the pivot pin prematurely<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 134-136; Exs. C-5, C-5A). A<span>
					</span>citation for a violation<span>
					</span>of<span>
					</span>29 C.F.R.<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">§<span>
						</span></span>1926.1404(b)<span>
					</span>was issued<span>
					</span>for<span><span></span>
					</span>A/D<span>
					</span>director Rogers’s failure<span><span></span>
					</span>to understand the applicable assembly/disassembly procedures. OSHA issued a<span>
					</span>citation for a violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.1404(d)(1)<span>
					</span>due to<span><span></span>
					</span>A/D<span>
					</span>director Rogers’s failure to ensure<span><span></span>
					</span>his crew members understood their tasks, the hazards associated with those tasks, and the hazardous position/locations that they needed to avoid (Tr. 142-145). And OSHO issued a<span>
					</span>citation for<span>
					</span>a<span>
					</span>violation of 29 C.F.R.<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">§<span>
						</span></span>1926.1400(f)<span>
					</span>due to<span><span></span>
					</span>Midwest’s<span><span></span>
					</span>failure<span><span></span>
					</span>to establish, effectively communicate, and enforce work rules (Tr. 155-158).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">THE CITATION</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">The Secretary</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">'s Burden of Proof</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">In</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">order to establish a violation of</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a safety standard under the</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Ac</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">t</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the Secretary must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1) the cited standard applies; (2) the employer failed to comply with the terms of that standard; (3)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">employees had access to the hazardous condition covered by the standard; and (4)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the employer knew, or with the exercise of reasonable diligence could have known, of the violative condition. </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Astra Pharm. Prods</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">., 9 BNA OSHC 2126, 2129 (No. 78-6247, 1981),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d in relevant part,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> 681 F.2d 69 (1st Cir. 1982).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Assembly or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Set</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">-</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">up</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; "> Subpart CC of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards in Part 1926 addresses cranes and derricks used in construction. Section 1926.1400 elaborates on the scope of the standard and more specifically<span>
					</span>provides<span><span></span>
					</span>the standard is applicable to “mobile cranes (such as wheel-mounted, rough-terrain, all-terrain, commercial truck-mounted, and boom truck cranes).” The parties<span>
					</span>stipulated<span>
					</span>that<span>
					</span>on December 18, 2018, Midwest’s employees were working with a Tadano ATF 200G-5 all-terrain hydro mobile crane (Tr. 27). Therefore, the provisions of 1926.1400 are applicable.<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; "> Midwest does not argue the<span>
					</span>Tadano<span><span></span>
					</span>is not covered by the standard. Instead,<span><span></span>
					</span>it argues the<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">activi</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">ti</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">es</span><span><span></span>
					</span>it was engaged in at the time of the accident are not covered by the standard because it was engaged in<span>
					</span>set-up<span><span></span>
					</span>and not assembly. Section 1926.1401<span>
					</span>defines assembly as follows:</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-style:italic; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Assembly/Disassembly</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> means the assembly and/or disassembly of equipment covered under this standard.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">With regard to</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>tower cranes,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">‘</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">erecting and climbing</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">’</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>replaces the term<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">‘</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">assembly,</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">’</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">‘</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">dismantling</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">'</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>replaces the term<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">‘</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">disassembly.</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">’</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Regardless of whether the crane is initially erected to its full height or is climbed in stages, the process of increasing the height of the crane is an erection process.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; margin-left:-19.2px; text-indent:.635cm; ">29 C.F.R. §1926.1401. Although<span>
					</span>the term “assembly”<span>
					</span>may<span>
					</span>appear ambiguous,<span>
					</span>its meaning is<span>
					</span>
				</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; margin-left:-19.2px; text-indent:.635cm; ">clear. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; margin-left:4.8px; text-indent:.508cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">When interpreting a standard, the first consideration<span>
						</span></span>begins with the language of the statute itself. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See Consumer Product Safety Commission v. GTE Sylvania, Inc.,<span>
						</span></span>447 U.S. 102, 108 (1980)<span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. “If the meaning of the [regulatory] language is ‘sufficiently clear,’ the inquiry ends there.” </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Davey Tree Expert</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 25 BNA OSHC 1933, 1934, 1937 (No. 11-2556, 2016</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">),</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">quoting</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Beverly Healthcare-Hillview,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>21 BNA OSHC 1684, 1685 (No. 04-1091, 2006),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d in relevant part</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 541 F.3d 193 (3d Cir. 2008). The regulatory language is considered ambiguous where the meaning is “not free from doubt.” </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Martin v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">CF&I</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">), 499 U.S. 144, 150-51 (1991). Where the regulatory language is ambiguous,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">deference should be afforded to the Secretary’s reasonable interpretations of nebulous regulations promulgated under the Act. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 158. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">When considering the reasonableness of the Secretary’s interpretation, the Commission may consult the regulation’s preamble, the promulgation of interpretive rules, and agency enforcement guidelines</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">. Id.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 157.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“Where the language of the standard itself is not explicit on the matter in issue,” the Commission will look to the standard’s legislative history. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Superior Rigging & Erecting Co</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">., 18 BNA OSHC 2089, 2091 (No. 96-0126, 2000). The preamble to the standard provides the “most authoritative evidence of the meaning of the standard.” </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">.; Am. Sterilizer Co.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1476, 1478 (No. 86-1179, 1992).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">When interpreting terms that are disputed, the Commission looks to “the provisions of the whole law, and to its object and policy.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Phoenix Roofing, Inc.,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>17 BNA OSHC 1076, 1077 (No. 90-2148, 1995). The Commission applies the rule of statutory construction that “each part or section should be construed in connection with every other part or section so as to produce a harmonious whole.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Morrison-Knudsen Co. / Yonkers Contracting Co</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">., 16 BNA OSHC 1105, 1108 (No. 88-572, 1993) (citation omitted).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See Davey Tree</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 25 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">at</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1934.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See generally, Gen. Motors, Delco Chassis Div.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">17 BNA OSHC 1217, 1220 (No. 91-2973, 1995) (consolidated) (effect must be given to every clause and word in defining a standard’s application),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 89 F.3d 313 (6th Cir. 1996).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> Once nebulous, definitions<span>
						</span></span>become evident when words are placed in context.<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See American Federation of Govt. Employees, Local 2782 v. Fed. Labor Relations Authority,<span>
						</span></span>803 F.2d 737, 740 (D.C. Cir. 1986).<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">As there is no legislative history suggesting that Congress intended the word “assembly” to mean anything other than its ordinary meaning, its plain text guides. The plain text of the standard supports the Secretary’s interpretation that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">activities undertaken by Midwest’s employees on December 18, 2018</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>constitute</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“assembly.” The Secretary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">points out the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Merriam-Webster Dictionary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">provides<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“assembly” means the “fitting together of manufactured parts into a completed machine</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(Sec’y<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Br. at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">4).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> The Secretary’s interpretation that Midwest’s actions<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">constitute assembly as covered by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Subpart CC of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards in Part 1926</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is reasonable and entitled to deference. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See CF&I</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 499 U.S. at 150-51.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">The activities<span>
					</span>carried out by Midwest’s crew on December 18, 2018, are consistent with the afore-mentioned definition of “assembly.” The crew had begun the assembly of the Tadano mobile crane, using<span><span></span>
					</span>outriggers, counterweights, an<span><span></span>
					</span>assist crane, and additional sections of jib, with the objective of fitting together the manufactured jib parts into a completed crane that would ultimately allow them to work on the cell tower. Midwest’s crew had set aside the entire first day to assemble the crane and install various components and sections<span>
					</span>onto<span><span></span>
					</span>the crane (Tr.<span>
					</span>58,<span>
					</span>62-63, 64-66, 127). The Tadano<span>
					</span>mobile crane<span><span></span>
					</span>required assembly at the worksite<span>
					</span>for Midwest to<span><span></span>
					</span>complete<span>
					</span>work on the cell tower<span>
					</span>(Tr. 58-62). Specifically, Midwest’s crew had added outrigger pads and counterweights from<span>
					</span>a completely separate<span><span></span>
					</span>vehicle (Tr. 64-66, 127), with the intent to add additional sections of jib (Tr. 58-62).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">Dennis Eckstine,<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref3" href="#ftn3">3</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>the Secretary’s expert, testified<span>
					</span>“[a]ssembly is a complex process that has a lot of steps, takes additional” and<span>
					</span>a “considerable amount of time to set it up, attaching...” and “assembling the boom sections to the jib or to the crane, to put it together. It requires things like adding counterweights” and “assembling sections” (Tr. 220). Eckstine further clarified<span><span></span>
					</span>that “set-up” is the process followed to use an already-assembled crane (Tr. 219). He explained that<span>
					</span>set-up<span><span></span>
					</span>of an already-assembled crane would consist of a simple crane, without a jib, which could be used for work immediately after the crane has been leveled and the outriggers deployed (Tr. 219-220). In contrast, Midwest’s crew used the Tadano ATF 220G-5, all-terrain hydro-mobile crane, which is not a fully assembled crane<span><span></span>
					</span>and required the attachment of counterweights and additional sections (Tr. 219-221). Midwest’s crew was in the<span><span></span>
					</span>process<span><span></span>
					</span>of assembling the Tadano before they could begin any work on the cell tower<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 338-339). Midwest’s crew<span>
					</span>set aside<span><span></span>
					</span>the entire first workday to<span>
					</span>assemble the Tadano. They were planning to add sections which would be<span>
					</span>pinned to the crane.<span style="color:#FF0000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span>The assembly<span>
					</span>would<span>
					</span>also involve the use of the assist crane (Tr.<span><span></span>
					</span>161-162, 338-339). The record shows, and<span>
					</span>Eckstine’s testimony<span>
					</span>establishes<span><span></span>
					</span>Midwest was in the process of assembling the Tadano before<span>
					</span>R. B.<span><span></span>
					</span>was injured (Tr. 221-222, 338-339).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Nonetheless,<span><span></span>
					</span>Midwest<span><span></span>
					</span>argues the crew was engaged in set-up operations and never reached the assembly phase (Resp’t Br. at 22-24). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">Midwest’s<span>
					</span>expert in crane safety, Jocko Vermillion,<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref4" href="#ftn4">4</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>testified<span><span></span>
					</span>that because the crew had not yet implemented the use of an assist crane<span><span></span>
					</span>by the time of the accident<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 436), Midwest was only<span><span></span>
					</span>engaged in set-up (Tr.<span><span></span>
					</span>436,<span><span></span>
					</span>453-454).<span>
					</span>He provided no support for this opinion. Vermillion further testified that assembly would occur at the point additional pieces<span><span></span>
					</span>or sections are added to<span><span></span>
					</span>the length of the jib (Tr. 454). The<span><span></span>
					</span>Court<span>
					</span>is not persuaded. The crane did not arrive at the jobsite fully assembled. Components and jib sections had to be added onsite (Tr. 220-222, 333-334, 338-339). Midwest’s crew was involved in the process of assembling the Tadano and would have continued to add more sections of jib to the crane but for the jib falling on<span>
					</span>R. B.<span><span></span>
					</span>and causing serious injuries. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">In support of its position,<span>
					</span>Midwest<span>
					</span>relies on an OSHA<span>
					</span>October 15, 2014,<span><span></span>
					</span>Letter of<span>
					</span>Interpretation from James G. Maddux, Director, Directorate of Construction to Charlie Bird (Resp’t Br. at 23;<span>
					</span>Ex. R-10).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>The<span>
					</span>interpretation letter addresses<span><span></span>
					</span>the types of<span>
					</span>activities<span>
					</span>which<span>
					</span>constitute set-up<span><span></span>
					</span>and those which constitute<span><span></span>
					</span>assembly/disassembly (Ex. R-10). In describing assembly<span><span></span>
					</span>the letter provides<span>
					</span>“simple assembly of the boom...” or the addition of “counterweights or attachments, attaching outriggers/stabilizers, or using an assist crane to position the boom or jib for pinning/unpinning” are elements of assembly. The interpretation letter describes<span>
					</span>set-up<span><span></span>
					</span>as<span><span></span>
					</span>the deployment of an already assembled crane, and<span>
					</span>“includes activities like deploying and pinning outriggers, leveling the equipment, or unfolding and pinning a boom or swing-away jib”<span><span></span>
					</span>(Ex. R-10).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">Midwest’s activities regarding the crane fall squarely within the assembly description set forth in the June 15, 2014,<span><span></span>
					</span>Letter of Interpretation. The Tadano was not an already assembled crane. On December 18, 2018, Midwest’s employees<span><span></span>
					</span>were engaged in adding counterweights to<span>
					</span>the Tadano (setting outrigger pads down and extending the outriggers onto the pads,<span><span></span>
					</span>and pinning/unpinning the jib)<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 65-66, 127, 333,<span><span></span>
					</span>372-373).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>But<span>
					</span>for the<span>
					</span>injury to<span>
					</span>R. B.,<span><span></span>
					</span>Midwest<span>
					</span>would have continued to assemble<span><span></span>
					</span>the Tadano crane<span><span></span>
					</span>by<span>
					</span>adding an additional 82 feet of jib to the Tadano with an assist crane (Tr. 338-339).<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">As recognized by the Supreme Court in<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp.</span>, and further expounded upon by the Commission in<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Secretary of Labor v. TNT Crane & Rigging, Inc</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">., (</span>“a reviewing court should not confine itself to examining a particular statutory provision in isolation. The meaning—or ambiguity—of certain words or phrases may only become evident when placed in context.” <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp.</span>, 529 U.S. 120, 132 (2000);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Secretary of Labor v. TNT Crane & Rigging, Inc</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">., No.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">16-1587<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">2020 WL 1657789 (O.S.H.R.C.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Mar. 27, 2020</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span>
				</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">In<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">TNT Crane & Rigging, Inc.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the Commission held that a careful examination of the text and structure of the crane standard clearly indicated that the meaning of “disassembly” was intended to include antecedent tasks even before crane components are physically disassembled. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Secretary of Labor v. TNT Crane & Rigging, Inc</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">., No. 16-1587 2020 WL 1657789 (O.S.H.R.C., Mar. 27, 2020). Similarly, when scrutinizing the text and structure of the crane standard at issue here, it is clear that “assembly” was meant to include preliminary tasks</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>prior to the physical addition of crane sections. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp.</span>, 529 U.S. 120, 132 (2000). That<span>
					</span>R. B.<span>
					</span>was<span>
					</span>injured<span><span></span>
					</span>and the<span>
					</span>initial<span>
					</span>assembly process<span>
					</span>stopped,<span>
					</span>does not<span>
					</span>change the nature of the<span>
					</span>assembly<span>
					</span>activities being performed. Midwest’s argument<span>
					</span>its crew was engaged in set-up operations and not assembly/disassembly<span>
					</span>is<span><span></span>
					</span>contrary<span><span></span>
					</span>to the plain meaning of the applicable standard. Midwest’s crew was involved in the process of assembling the Tadano and would have continued<span>
					</span>the assembly had the jib<span><span></span>
					</span>not fallen.<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">Item 1</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">a</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">: Alleged Serious Violation of §<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">1926.1403(a)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Section 1926.1403(a)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Section 1926.1403(a) provides:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Assembly/Disassembly.</span> When assembling or disassembling equipment (or attachments), the employer must comply with all applicable manufacturer prohibitions and must comply with either:</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">(a) Manufacturer procedures applicable to assembly and disassembly...</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Alleged Violation Description</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">I</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">tem 1a alleges:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">On or about December 18, 2018, located at cell tower site ATT W044 at 9539 Long Run Road, in Graysville, Ohio, employees were assembling a Tadano, ATF 220G-5, all-terrain hydro mobile crane for the installation of sector antennas on a 285 foot tower. The employer did not follow the manufacturer’s instructions or develop instructions under (b) of this section for the assembly of the jib onto the main boom of the crane, thereby exposing the employees to a struck-by and/or caught-between hazard.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">(1) Applicability of the Cited Standard</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">As<span>
					</span>set forth above, Subpart CC of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards in Part 1926 addresses cranes and derricks used in construction. Section 1926.1400<span>
					</span>defines<span><span></span>
					</span>the scope of the standard and more specifically states that the standard is applicable to “mobile cranes (such as wheel-mounted, rough-terrain, all-terrain, commercial truck-mounted, and boom truck cranes).” Based on the parties’ stipulation that<span>
					</span>on December 18, 2018, Midwest’s employees were working with a Tadano ATF 200G-5 all-terrain hydro mobile crane, the Tadano mobile crane is within the defined scope of this subpart.<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Section<span>
					</span>1926.1403<span>
					</span>of Subpart CC<span>
					</span>requires<span>
					</span>assembly/disassembly of cranes and derricks<span>
					</span>be<span>
					</span>pursuant to the manufacturer’s procedures. As<span>
					</span>set forth<span><span></span>
					</span>above, Midwest’s crew was engaged in the assembly of the Tadano crane. The assembly of the Tadano on December 18, 2018,<span><span></span>
					</span>and subsequent serious injury to crew member<span>
					</span>R. B.<span>
					</span>is the exact scenario contemplated by § 1926.1403(a).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>The Tadano manufacturer provided procedures which require the use of a strap during assembly. Section 1926.1403(a) applies.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">(2) Compliance with the Terms of the Cited Standard</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The record reveals that Midwest<span>
					</span>failed to comply with<span><span></span>
					</span>Tadano manufacturer’s<span><span></span>
					</span>procedures pertaining to the Tadano, ATF 220G-5, all-terrain hydro mobile crane in violation of § 1926.1403(a). <span><span></span>
					</span>Midwest contends<span>
					</span>it<span><span></span>
					</span>complied with all the material terms of the Tadano Manual applicable to assembly/disassembly. It<span>
					</span>asserts<span><span></span>
					</span>the use of a tag<span><span></span>
					</span>line constitutes a similar device as called for in the Manual (Resp’t Br. at 12-15). <span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Tadano<span>
					</span>Manual requires<span>
					</span>the use of a strap to hold<span><span></span>
					</span>the jib in place (Tr. 137-138, 225; Exs. C-5, C-5A). The strap holds the jib in place as a safety precaution in case a procedural step is missed in the assembly process (Tr. 137-138, 225-226, 393). Rogers testified that the<span>
					</span>manufacturer’s procedure is to use the strap for safety so that it does not swing away during the assembly process (Tr. 392-393).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Midwest admits it did not use<span><span></span>
					</span>a strap (Tr. 138; Ex. C-2). Midwest also<span>
					</span>admits it did not have a strap for this<span>
					</span>purpose (Tr. 137-138, 225; Exs. C-2, C-5, C-5A). Instead,<span>
					</span>it<span><span></span>
					</span>used, as an alternative, a<span><span></span>
					</span>tag<span><span></span>
					</span>line<span><span></span>
					</span>which it contends is<span><span></span>
					</span>an acceptable<span><span></span>
					</span>similar device<span><span></span>
					</span>to the strap<span><span></span>
					</span>in the<span>
					</span>Tadano<span>
					</span>Manual (Resp’t Br. at 12-15). The evidence does not support this contention. The tag line<span>
					</span>does not serve the same purpose as the strap required by the manufacturer. The 20-foot tag line<span>
					</span>was used by Midwest<span><span></span>
					</span>to shift and negotiate the jib into place<span><span></span>
					</span>and provided<span><span></span>
					</span>no safety<span><span></span>
					</span>protection to workers (Tr.<span>
					</span>66-68,<span><span></span>
					</span>137-138, 225, 310, 376; Exs. C-5, C-5A). The strap required by the manufacturer provides stability and safety.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Tadano<span><span></span>
					</span>Manual<span><span></span>
					</span>also<span><span></span>
					</span>requires<span><span></span>
					</span>the crane operator confirm the pivot pin is in place before swinging the jib (Tr. 223-224, 252;<span>
					</span>Ex. C-11). This<span><span></span>
					</span>requirement is<span>
					</span>found not only in the manual<span><span></span>
					</span>but<span>
					</span>is also<span>
					</span>on the several decals attached to the Tadano<span>
					</span>crane (Tr. 223-226; Ex. C-11). Rogers testified<span><span></span>
					</span>it was his job to verify that the pivot pin was in place and functioning properly (Tr. 394). He<span><span></span>
					</span>contends he confirmed it was in place on<span>
					</span>three<span>
					</span>separate occasions (Tr.<span>
					</span>385-386). If<span>
					</span>the pivot pin had been in place, however, the jib would not have been dislodged and fallen.<span><span></span>
					</span>The record does not<span><span></span>
					</span>reflect why the pin was not in place<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref5" href="#ftn5">5</a></span>. Rogers’s testimony that he inspected the pin’s location lacks credibility and<span>
					</span>appears provided to absolve him of any responsibility. <span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The evidence adduced at trial shows<span><span></span>
					</span>Midwest did not follow the<span><span></span>
					</span>Tadano Manual procedures<span><span></span>
					</span>regarding the use of the strap and<span>
					</span>did not ensure<span><span></span>
					</span>the pivot pin was in place. Therefore,<span><span></span>
					</span>the terms of the standard were violated. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">(3) Access to the Violative Condition</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The Secretary bears the burden of proving employee exposure to the violative conditions. </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Fabricated Metal Products, Inc.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 1072, 1074 (No. 93-1853, 1997) (citations and footnotes omitted).<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The Commission has long held the test for hazard exposure requires the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Secretary to “show that it is reasonably predictable either by operational necessity or otherwise (including inadvertence), that employees have been, are, or will be in the zone of danger.” </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Delek Ref., Ltd.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 25 BNA OSHC 1365, 1376 (No. 08-1386, 2015) (</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">citing id.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See also Rockwell Intl. Corp.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 9 BNA OSHC 1092 (No. 12470, 1980);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Gilles & Cotting</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 3 BNA OSHC 2002 (No. 504, 1976).</span><span style="color:#000000; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref6" href="#ftn6">6</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The zone of danger is defined as the “area surrounding the violative condition that presents the danger to employees.”</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Boh Bros. Constr</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. Co., LLC, 24 BNA OSHC 1067, 1085 (No. 09-1072, 2013) (</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">citing RGM Constr. Co.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1229, 1234 (No. 91-2107, 1995)). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The zone of danger is determined by the hazard presented by the violative condition and is typically the area surrounding the violative condition that presents the danger to employees which the standard is intended to prevent. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">RGM Construction</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, Co., 17 BNA OSHC at 1234;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Gilles &<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Cotting</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">., 3 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">at</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>2003.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Midwest’s employee,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">R. B.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">actually</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>exposed to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>hazardous condition while assembling the Tadano crane</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>when Midwest failed to follow the manufacturer’s manual<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">regarding the use of the strap and appropriate removal of the pivot pin, resulting in the 3,400 pound jib falling on him<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(Tr. 137-138, 223-225, 252; Exs. C-5, C-5A, C-11). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">As a result,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">R. B.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>sustained<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">severe injuries</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. By failing to use the strap and by failing to confirm the placement of the pin, it was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">reasonabl</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">y</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>predictab</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">le that employees assembling the crane would be in the zone of danger. Access</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the violative conditions</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is established</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">(4) Knowledge of the Violative Conditions</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Respondent’s<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">knowledge of the violation may be established by showing the employer knew, or with reasonable diligence could have known of the violative condition. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">29 U.S.C. § 666(k)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Nat’l Eng’g & Contracting Co. v. Occupational Safety & Health Admin,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">928 F.2d 762, 767 (6th Cir. 1991). An employer’s awareness of the violation may be shown through actual or constructive knowledge of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>violation. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">In order to</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>establish constructive knowledge, an employer must fail to exercise reasonable diligence in discovering the noncomplying condition. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Precision Concrete Constr.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">19 BNA OSHC 1404, 1407 (No. 99-0707, 2001)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. Whether an<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">employer was reasonably diligent rests on a variety of factors, “including the employer's obligation to have adequate work rules and training programs, to adequately supervise employees, to anticipate hazards to which employees may be exposed, and to take measures to prevent the occurrence of violations.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Precision Concrete Constr.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC at 1407;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See Pride Oil Well Serv.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 1809, 1814 (No. 87-692, 1992). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Furthermore, the actual or constructive knowledge of a supervisor may</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">be imputed to the employer.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Danis-Shook Joint Venture XXV</span>, 319 F.3d 805 (6th Cir. 2003);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Regina Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 1044, 1046 (No. 87-1309, 1991). </span>The Sixth Circuit has long held that knowledge is imputable. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Danis-Shook</span>,<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">id</span>. In<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Danis-Shook</span>, the Sixth Circuit held in a case involving supervisory misconduct “knowledge of a supervisor may be imputed to the employer. Because Wagner was a foreman and knew of his own failure to wear personal protective equipment, this failure may be imputed to Danis-Shook.” <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">In<span><span></span>
					</span>order to<span><span></span>
					</span>prove knowledge, the Secretary can show<span><span></span>
					</span>a supervisor had either actual or constructive knowledge of the violation and such knowledge is generally imputed to the employer. An employee who has been delegated authority over another employee, even if only temporarily,<span>
					</span>is considered to be<span><span></span>
					</span>a supervisor for purposes of imputing knowledge to an employer. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">American Engineering & Development Corp</span>., 23 BNA OSHC 2093, 2012 (No. 10-0359, 2012);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Diamond Installations, Inc</span>., 21 BNA OSHC 1688 (Nos. 02-2080 & 02-2081, 2006);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Tampa Shipyards, Inc.</span>, 15 BNA OSHC 1533 (Nos. 86-360 and 86-469, 1992). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Midwest contends the Secretary cannot establish knowledge as<span>
					</span>Rogers did not know nor could have<span><span></span>
					</span>known<span><span></span>
					</span>with reasonable diligence that the pivot pin was disengaged (Resp’t Br. at 22). The Court disagrees.<span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span>Midwest had actual knowledge of the violation through its A/D director Rogers, who had authority over every employee on the work site (Tr. 371). The Tadano Manual and relevant safety decals require there be a strap and pivot pin holding the jib in place (Tr. 137-138, 225; Exs. C-5, C-5A). Midwest admits it did not have a strap to hold the jib in place (Tr. 138; Ex. C-2). Rogers testified that the manufacturer’s procedure is to use the strap for safety so that it does not swing away during the assembly process (Tr. 392-393). Instead,<span><span></span>
					</span>Midwest<span><span></span>
					</span>used a tag line to swing the jib into place. Rogers was aware no strap was available and observed<span>
					</span>R. B.<span>
					</span>utilizing the tag line. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Rogers<span>
					</span>also<span>
					</span>testified<span><span></span>
					</span>it was his job to verify that the pivot pin was in place and functioning<span>
					</span>properly (Tr. 394). Although it was his responsibility to ensure the pivot pin was in place, the<span>
					</span>Court does not find<span>
					</span>Rogers’s testimony credible he<span><span></span>
					</span>confirmed<span><span></span>
					</span>the pivot pin was in<span>
					</span>place<span><span></span>
					</span>before swinging the jib. Rogers knew or should have known that the pin was not in place.<span>
					</span>The record shows Rogers knew the strap was intended as a safety device and<span>
					</span>he<span>
					</span>knew there was no strap present at the worksite (Tr. 390-391, 394; Ex. C-2). <span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Actual knowledge is established when a supervisor directly engages in or sees a subordinate’s misconduct.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g., Secretary of Labor v. Kansas Power & Light Co.,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>5 BNA OSHC 1202, at p.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">3 (No. 11015, 1977) (holding because the supervisor directly saw the violative conduct without stating any objection, “his knowledge and approval of the work methods employed will be imputed to the respondent”). </span>
				</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Knowledge of the violative condition is established. The Secretary has proven all<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">elements of his prima facie case. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">Item 1</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">b</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">: Alleged Serious Violation of §<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">1926.1404(b)<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">1926.1404(b)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Section 1926.1404(b) provides:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">(b) Knowledge of procedures.</span> The A/D director must understand the applicable assembly/disassembly procedures.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Alleged Violation Description</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Item 1</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">b</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>alleges:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">On or about December 18, 2018, located at cell tower site ATT W044 at 9539 Long Run Road, in Graysville, Ohio, employees were assembling a Tadano, ATF 220G-5, all-terrain hydro mobile crane for the installation of sector antennas on a 285 foot tower</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. The A/D director did not understand the applicable assembly procedures to include securing the jib to the superstructure,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>thereby exposing the employees to a struck-by and/or caught-between hazard.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">(1) Applicability of the Cited Standard</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Tadano mobile crane is covered by<span>
					</span>Subpart CC of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards in Part 1926.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Section 1926.1404 applies to all assembly/disassembly operations of cranes and derricks. As<span>
					</span>shown<span><span></span>
					</span>above, Midwest’s crew,<span>
					</span>supervised by<span>
					</span>A/D director<span>
					</span>Rogers<span><span></span>
					</span>was engaged in the assembly of the Tadano crane<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 226, 270). The A/D director must<span>
					</span>understand<span><span></span>
					</span>the assembly and disassembly procedures<span>
					</span>as provided by §<span>
					</span>1926.1404(b). Section<span>
					</span>1926.1404(b)<span>
					</span>is applicable to the work being performed by the crew supervised by Rogers. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(2) Compliance with the Terms of the Cited Standard</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Rogers<span>
					</span>testified he was aware of<span><span></span>
					</span>the manufacturer’s strap requirement (Tr. 390-391,394)<span><span></span>
					</span>and that it<span><span></span>
					</span>was intended as a safety device (Tr.<span>
					</span>390-391,<span>
					</span>394). He was also aware<span>
					</span>there was no strap present at the worksite<span><span></span>
					</span>and that they used a tag line instead. Rogers<span>
					</span>testified use of the tag line was an adequate substitute for the strap.<span>
					</span>The tag line was used to swing the jib.<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>It was not<span>
					</span>used as<span>
					</span>a safety device<span>
					</span>to safely hold the jib in place. His testimony that the tag line, used in the manner they used it served the same purpose demonstrates his lack of understanding of the Tadano Manual requirements.<span>
					</span>(Tr. 390-391; Ex. C-2). Rogers’s failure to understand<span>
					</span>and follow the<span><span></span>
					</span>Tadano Manual requirements<span>
					</span>resulted in<span>
					</span>the jib becoming<span><span></span>
					</span>dislodged and falling<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 223-224). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">A/D<span>
					</span>director Rogers<span><span></span>
					</span>testified the manufacturer’s procedure is to use the strap for safety so that it does not swing away during the assembly process (Tr. 392-393). Significantly,<span>
					</span>he further testified<span><span></span>
					</span>he had never used a<span>
					</span>strap as required by the manual and<span><span></span>
					</span>there was “no need to put a strap on the jib because it’s really worthless” (Tr. 390-391). The Court finds<span>
					</span>Mr.<span>
					</span>Rogers’s<span><span></span>
					</span>failure to acknowledge or implement the procedures<span>
					</span>described in<span><span></span>
					</span>the Tadano manual<span>
					</span>demonstrates a lack of understanding of the applicable assembly/disassembly procedures.<span><span></span>
					</span>A/D director Rogers’s failure to understand and adhere to the proper assembly/disassembly procedures pertaining to the Tadano, ATF 220G-5, all-terrain hydro mobile crane constitutes<span><span></span>
					</span>a violation of § 1926.1404(b). The Secretary has established the terms of the standard were violated regarding<span>
					</span>Roger’s lack of understanding of the manufacturer’s procedures regarding the use of the strap.<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">(3) Access to the Violative Condition</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Midwest’s employee,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">R. B.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">actually<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">exposed</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the improperly secured jib</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>while assembling the</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Tadano crane<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(Tr. 137-138, 223-225, 252; Exs. C-5, C-5A, C-11). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Access to the violative condition is established.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">(4) Knowledge of the Violative Conditions</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The Court finds Midwest had actual knowledge. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Actual knowledge is established when a supervisor directly engages in or sees a subordinate’s misconduct.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g., Secretary of Labor v. Kansas Power & Light Co.,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>5 BNA OSHC 1202, at p.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">3 (No. 11015, 1977) (holding because the supervisor directly saw the violative conduct without stating any objection, “his knowledge and approval of the work methods employed will be imputed to the respondent”). </span><span><span></span>
					</span>The record shows that Rogers knew about the manufacturer’s strap requirement (Tr. 390-391,394), knew the strap was intended as a safety device (Tr. 394), and knew there was no strap present at the worksite<span><span></span>
					</span>when he engaged in the violative activity<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 390-391; Ex. C-2, RFA No. 13). He<span>
					</span>had authority over the employee injured by the falling jib and therefore is a supervisor for purposes of imputing knowledge to<span>
					</span>Midwest. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Knowledge of the violative condition is established. The Secretary has proven all<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">elements of his prima facie case</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>regarding Rogers’s lack of understanding of the manufacturer’s requirements for the strap</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref7" href="#ftn7">7</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">Item 2</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">a: Alleged Serious Violation of §<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">1926.1404(d</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">)</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">(1)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">1926.1404(d)(1)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1926.1404(d)(1)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">provides:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">(d) Crew instructions. </span>(1) Before commencing assembly/disassembly operations, the A/D director must ensure that the crew members understand<span>
					</span>all of<span><span></span>
					</span>the following:</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">(i) Their tasks.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">(ii) The hazards associated with their tasks.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">(iii) The hazardous positions/locations that they need to avoid.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:center; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Alleged Violation Description</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Item 2a alleges:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">On or about December 18, 2018, located at cell tower site ATT W044 at 9539 Long Run Road, in Graysville, Ohio, employees were assembling a Tadano, ATF 220G-5, all-terrain hydro mobile crane for the installation of sector antennas on a 285 foot tower. The employer did not ensure that crew members understood the tasks, the hazards associated with their tasks, and the hazardous positions/locations that they need to avoid when mounting the jib onto the main boom of the crane, thereby exposing the employees to a struck-by and/or caught-between hazard.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">(1) Applicability of the Cited Standard</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">As set forth in the applicability section above for Item 1(a), the standard is applicable. The parties stipulated that on December 18, 2018, Midwest’s employees were working with a Tadano ATF 200G-5 all-terrain hydro mobile crane (Tr. 27). Mobile<span>
					</span>cranes<span><span></span>
					</span>are specifically<span>
					</span>defined and covered in Subpart CC of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards in Part 1926. Section 1926.1404<span><span></span>
					</span>applies to all assembly/disassembly operations. Midwest’s crew was engaged in the<span>
					</span>assembly of the Tadano crane on December 18, 2018.  </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(2) Compliance with the Terms of the Cited Standard</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Midwest’s crew lacked a clear understanding of their tasks and potential hazards while assembling the Tadano crane<span><span></span>
					</span>in violation of<span>
					</span>§ 1926.1404(d)(1).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Nonetheless,<span>
					</span>Midwest argues<span><span></span>
					</span>the Secretary failed to show<span>
					</span>it did not comply with<span>
					</span>the terms of the cited standard. Midwest<span>
					</span>asserts it<span>
					</span>complied with all the material terms of the Tadano Manual applicable to assembly/disassembly, and<span>
					</span>there is no evidence in the record that the crew did not understand their tasks, the hazards, or the unsafe locations at the worksite<span><span></span>
					</span>(Resp’t Br. at<span>
					</span>19-22). The<span><span></span>
					</span>Court<span>
					</span>disagrees.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">A/D<span>
					</span>director<span><span></span>
					</span>Rogers<span>
					</span>was responsible for ensuring<span>
					</span>his crew members fully understood their tasks, the hazards associated with those tasks, and the hazardous locations they needed to avoid. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span><span></span>
					</span>29 C.F.R. 1926.1404(d)(1).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>The evidence shows that he did not. Before leaving for the Graysville<span>
					</span>worksite on December 18, 2018, Rogers did not discuss the hazards associated with the work to be performed that day (Tr. 53). Nor did he do so at<span>
					</span>the laydown site<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 56). It was not until Rogers’s arrival at the Graysville worksite that the<span>
					</span>three<span>
					</span>employees formulated a plan as to how they would move forward with the project (Tr. 331). This plan simply consisted of<span>
					</span>pointing out<span><span></span>
					</span>the unevenness of the ground,<span><span></span>
					</span>trees,<span><span></span>
					</span>and<span><span></span>
					</span>a fence<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 331-332). Rogers testified he did not discuss the tasks that were going to be performed that day (Tr. 331). Hosler<span>
					</span>testified that before beginning to move the jib and assemble the Tadano crane, the crew only discussed where the fence and trees were located (Tr. 340).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Rogers failed to inform the crew of their tasks, the hazards associated with the assembly process, or where the crew needed to be to stay out of harm’s way (Tr. 331-332, 340, 396). No evidence was adduced at the hearing to show the employees understood their tasks, the hazards associated with them or the hazardous locations they needed to avoid.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">CSHO Marcinko testified<span>
					</span>Midwest’s crew should have known their roles, their specific tasks,<span>
					</span>and what they needed to do if there was any change in the work plan (Tr. 142-145). When the jib got stuck and Rogers told<span>
					</span>R. B.<span><span></span>
					</span>to use the tag line, no further instructions were provided, nor was it confirmed he understood. R.<span><span></span>
					</span>B. was an apprentice. He had only<span><span></span>
					</span>been with the company for approximately 7 months (Tr. 49, 372). A<span><span></span>
					</span>clear indication R. B. did not understand the hazards is that he ran towards the falling jib which weighed 3,400 pounds<span>
					</span>in an effort to<span><span></span>
					</span>stop it from falling<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 336)<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref8" href="#ftn8">8</a></span>. As a result, he was<span>
					</span>crushed and severely injured by the jib when it fell on him<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr.<span><span></span>
					</span>24-27, 73-76).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Marcinko further testified that when<span><span></span>
					</span>Hosler<span><span></span>
					</span>was instructed to aid R.<span><span></span>
					</span>B. with the tag line, the crew should have all agreed to stop work and determine a new path forward to complete their modified tasks<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr.<span>
					</span>142-145). The crew did not stop working or reassess the situation under the now changed circumstances (Tr. 334-335). Neither<span><span></span>
					</span>Hosler nor Rogers instructed R.<span><span></span>
					</span>B. to avoid<span>
					</span>the hazardous position he was in when the jib fell (Tr. 347). A/D<span>
					</span>director Rogers failed to ensure his crew members understood their tasks or the hazards associated with these tasks. Therefore, as<span><span></span>
					</span>Midwest’s crew lacked a clear understanding of their tasks and potential hazards while assembling the Tadano crane, violation of the terms of<span>
					</span>§ 1926.1404(d)(1)<span>
					</span>is established.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">(3) Access to the Violative Condition</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Midwest’s injured employee</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">actually<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">exposed</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>hazardous condition while assembling the</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Tadano crane<span>
						</span></span>(Tr. 331-332, 340, 396). <span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The Secretary has met his</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>burden in establishing access to the violative conditions.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(4) Knowledge of the Violative Conditions</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Midwest had actual knowledge of the violation through A/D<span>
					</span>director Rogers<span><span></span>
					</span>who<span><span></span>
					</span>had control of the entire crew and directly engaged in the violative conduct (Tr. 371). At no point on December 18, 2018, were Midwest’s employees fully informed<span>
					</span>of<span>
					</span>the tasks they were to perform, the hazards associated with the assembly process, or where they needed to position themselves to avoid hazards (Tr. 331-332, 340, 396). Nor was there evidence R. B. understood his tasks and the hazards associated with them. As a supervisor for Midwest who engaged in the violative conduct and had<span>
					</span>authority over the employee injured by the falling jib, Rogers’s knowledge is<span>
					</span>imputed<span><span></span>
					</span>to Midwest. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Knowledge of the violative condition is established. The Secretary has proven all<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">elements of his prima facie case. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">Item 2b</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">: Alleged Serious Violation of §<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">1926.1400(f</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">1926.1400(f)<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1926.1400(f)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">provides:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">(f) Where provisions of this standard direct an operator, crewmember, or other employee to take certain actions, the employer must establish, effectively communicate to the relevant persons, and enforce, work rules to ensure compliance with such provisions.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Alleged Violation Description</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Item 2b alleges:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">On or about December 18, 2018, located at cell tower site ATT W044 at 9539 Long Run Road, in Graysville, Ohio, employees were assembling a Tadano, ATF 220G-5, all-terrain hydro mobile crane for the installation of sector antennas on a 285 foot tower. The employer did not ensure that work rules were effectively communicated to crew members when performing the tasks of mounting the jib onto the main boom of the crane, thereby exposing the employees to a struck-by and/or caught-between hazard.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">(1) Applicability of the Cited Standard</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">As<span>
					</span>discussed above, The Tadano is<span>
					</span>a mobile crane, and therefore<span><span></span>
					</span>is<span>
					</span>covered in Subpart CC of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards in Part 1926, § 1926.1400, which provides that the standard is applicable to mobile cranes. The A/D director provided direction to the crew to use the tag line to move the jib which was stuck. The standard found at §<span><span></span>
					</span>1926.1400(f)<span>
					</span>is applicable. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(2) Compliance with the Terms of the Cited Standard</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The only rules adduced at the hearing were those required by<span><span></span>
					</span>the Tadano Manual<span><span></span>
					</span>and safety decals. Midwest did not have, enforce, or effectively communicate any<span><span></span>
					</span>work rules at the Graysville<span>
					</span>worksite<span><span></span>
					</span>in violation of<span>
					</span>§ 1926.1400(f)<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 155-158). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Midwest<span>
					</span>contends<span><span></span>
					</span>it reviewed and communicated<span><span></span>
					</span>work rules,<span>
					</span>tasks, hazards, and unsafe locations to its crew on various occasions (Resp’t Br. at<span>
					</span>20-22). The record does not support this contention. R. B.<span>
					</span>did not know what to do when the jib started falling. Instead of moving away from it, he ran towards it. The record fails to demonstrate<span>
					</span>R. B.<span>
					</span>was instructed<span>
					</span>on<span>
					</span>what to do when a jib<span>
					</span>falls.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Midwest did not have, enforce, or effectively communicate any work rules at the Graysville worksite (Tr. 155-158, 230-231). It<span><span></span>
					</span>failed to effectively communicate or enforce any rules pertaining to the<span>
					</span>crew’s<span><span></span>
					</span>tasks, the hazards associated with the assembly process, or where the crew needed to be to<span>
					</span>avoid any potential hazards<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr.<span>
					</span>155-158, 230-231,<span>
					</span>331-332, 340, 396).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Violation of the terms of<span>
					</span>§ 1926.1400(f)<span><span></span>
					</span>is established.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">(3) Access to the Violative Condition</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Midwest’s employee, R.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">B., was directly exposed to a hazardous condition</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">while assembling the Tadano crane when<span>
						</span></span>Midwest failed to have, enforce, or effectively communicate any work rules (Tr. 155-158, 230-231).<span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> T</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">he Secretary has met<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">hi</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s burden in establishing access to the violative conditions.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(4) Knowledge of the Violative Conditions</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Midwest had actual knowledge of the violation through its<span><span></span>
					</span>supervisor, A/D<span>
					</span>director Rogers<span style="background-color:#FFFF00; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="background-color:#FFFF00; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>who<span><span></span>
					</span>was in charge of<span><span></span>
					</span>every employee on the work site (Tr. 371). <span><span></span>
					</span>At no point on December 18, 2018, were Midwest’s employees fully informed as to the tasks they were to perform, the hazards associated with the assembly process, or where they needed to position themselves to avoid hazards (Tr. 331-332, 340, 396). A/D<span><span></span>
					</span>Rogers<span><span></span>
					</span>neither had, enforced, nor<span><span></span>
					</span>effectively communicated<span><span></span>
					</span>any work rules<span><span></span>
					</span>to<span>
					</span>the<span><span></span>
					</span>employees<span><span></span>
					</span>at the<span>
					</span>worksite (Tr. 155-158, 230-231). As a supervisor for Midwest, who engaged in the violative conduct and had authority over<span>
					</span>the injured employee,<span>
					</span>A/D<span><span></span>
					</span>Rogers’s knowledge is imputed to Midwest. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "> Knowledge<span><span></span>
					</span>of the violative condition is<span>
					</span>therefore<span>
					</span>established. The Secretary has proven all<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">elements of his prima facie case. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">Characterization of the Violation</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">s</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Secretary characterized the violation</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the standards found at §</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">§</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1926.1403(a), 1926.1404(b), 1926.1404(d)(1),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1926.1400(f)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">as serious.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">A serious violation is committed where both a substantial probability of death or serious physical harm could have resulted from the violative condition and the employer knew, or with reasonable diligence could have known of the said condition. 29 U.S.C. § 666(k);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Nat’l Eng’g & Contracting Co.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">928 F.2d 762, 767 (6th Cir. 1991). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified to the hi</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">gh severity associated with these</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>violative condition</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(Tr. 152-159</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">). The parties</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>stipulated the employee sustained<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">erious injuries<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">which were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">properly characterized as serious (Tr. 24-27).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> The injured employee testified he sustained several broken</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and fractured</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>bones, including a broken neck, back</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>ribs, femur and</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>pelvis, a pubic bone fracture, fractured vertebrae, and fractured ribs (Tr. 73-76). He further testified he had sustained a traumatic brain injury, lacerated kidney, hernia, and nerve damage (Tr. 73-76). As of the hearing,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">R. B.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">was not able to return to work because of his injuries.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The violations were</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>properly characterized as serious.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">Employee Misconduct<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Midwest</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">raised</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, but failed to establish, the affirmative defense of employee misconduct</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The burden is on Midwest to prove the elements of employee misconduct. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">To establish the affirmative defense of unpreventable employee misconduct, the employer must prove: "(1) that it has established work rules designed to prevent the violation; (2) that it adequately communicated these rules to its employees; (3) that it has taken steps to discover violations; and (4) that it has effectively enforced the rules when violations have been discovered."<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">P. Gioioso & Sons, Inc. v. Occupational Safety and Health Review Comm’n</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 115 F.3d 100 (1st Cir. 1997);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Valdak v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 73 F.3d 1466 (8th Cir. 1996);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Precast Servs., Inc.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1454, 1455, (No. 93-2971, 1995)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">aff'd</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 106 F.3d 401 (6th Cir. 1997); </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Hosp. Mgmt., Inc., d/b/a Executive Inn</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, No. 96-1478, 1997 WL 185350 (O.S.H.R.C.A.L.J., Apr. 10, 1997), citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Nooter Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC 1572, 1578 (No. 91-237, 1996).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>The record reveals Midwest did not have, enforce, or effectively communicate any work rules at the Graysville<span>
					</span>worksite (Tr. 155-158, 230-231). It<span><span></span>
					</span>has not identified any specific rule, designed to prevent the alleged violations<span><span></span>
					</span>related to the Graysville<span>
					</span>worksite. Nor has<span>
					</span>Midwest shown it effectively enforced any rules when the alleged violations occurred. It<span><span></span>
					</span>did not discipline any<span>
					</span>crew member<span>
					</span>as a result of<span><span></span>
					</span>the December 18, 2018,<span><span></span>
					</span>accident (Tr. 302-303).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">A</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s Midwest has not met its burden in</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">establish</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>any of the elements of the</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>above-mentioned</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>affirmative defense</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, th</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">e</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Court</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">finds Midwest’s employee misconduct defense fails</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">PENALTY DETERMINATION</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Pursuant to Section 666(j) of the Act, the Commission is granted the authority to assess civil penalties for the violation of citations. 29 U.S.C. § 666(j). In assessing penalties,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the Act requires that due consideration be given to the employer's size, the gravity of the violation, the good faith of the employer, and any prior history of violations. </span><a href="https://1.next.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?findType=L&pubNum=1000546&cite=29USCAS666&originatingDoc=Iec8e1f76fa3811d9bf60c1d57ebc853e&refType=RB&originationContext=document&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.DocLink)#co_pp_267600008f864"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">29 U.S.C. § 666(j)</span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. </span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">These factors are not necessarily accorded equal weight. </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">J.A. Jones Constr.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 2201, 2216 (No. 87-2059, 1993) (</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">citation omitted</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">). When applying the penalty assessment factors, the Commission need not accord each one equal weight. </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Astra Pharm. Prods., Inc.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 10 BNA OSHC 2070, 2071 (No. 78-6247, 1982);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Orion</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC at 1867 (giving less weight to the size and history factors). Generally</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the gravity of the violation is afforded greater weight in assessing an appropriate penalty. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Trinity Indus.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 15 OSHC 1481, 1483, (1992). A violation’s gravity is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">determined by weighing the number of employees exposed, the duration of said exposure, preventative measures taken against injury, and the possibility that an injury would occur. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">J. A. Jones Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 2201, 2214 (No. 87-2059, 1993);</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Kus-Tum Builders, Inc.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 10 BNA OSHC 1128, 1132 (No. 76-2644, 1981).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">CSHO<span>
					</span>Matthew Marcinko testified how the<span>
					</span>penalties for the citation items were<span><span></span>
					</span>calculated and proposed (Tr.<span>
					</span>152-159). In evaluating grouped violations, items 1a and 1b, the gravity of the violations was<span><span></span>
					</span>assessed as high severity because of the high likelihood of permanent disability or death from a<span>
					</span>3,400 pound<span><span></span>
					</span>jib striking an employee (Tr. 152, 154).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Probability was assessed as greater<span><span></span>
					</span>due to<span>
					</span>Midwest’s failure to use a strap or<span>
					</span>other means to protect<span>
					</span>its employees (Tr. 152, 154). There was no reduction for good faith because of the severe nature of the violation, the fact that a serious injury<span>
					</span>actually occurred,<span><span></span>
					</span>and Midwest’s lack of a more robust safety and health program (Tr. 153-154). The gravity-based penalty was not increased because Midwest had no<span><span></span>
					</span>history<span>
					</span>of previous violations<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 153-154). However, the<span>
					</span>gravity-based penalty was reduced by<span><span></span>
					</span>30%<span>
					</span>due to Midwest having only<span><span></span>
					</span>25 employees (Tr. 153, 256).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">In evaluating grouped violations, items 2a and 2b, the gravity of the violations<span>
					</span>were<span><span></span>
					</span>also<span>
					</span>assessed as high severity because of the high likelihood of permanent disability or death from a 3,400 pound jib striking an employee (Tr.<span>
					</span>155, 158-159).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Probability was assessed as<span>
					</span>lesser<span><span></span>
					</span>due to<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Midwes</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">t retaining</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>experienced crane operators on the worksite</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 155, 158-159). There was no reduction for good faith<span>
					</span>because of<span>
					</span>the fact that<span><span></span>
					</span>a serious injury<span>
					</span>did indeed occur,<span><span></span>
					</span>and Midwest<span><span></span>
					</span>lacked<span><span></span>
					</span>a<span>
					</span>more detailed<span><span></span>
					</span>safety and health program (Tr. 153-155, 158-159). The gravity-based penalty was not increased because<span><span></span>
					</span>Midwest had no history of previous violations<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 153-155, 158-159). However, as stated above, the gravity-based penalty was reduced by<span>
					</span>30%<span><span></span>
					</span>due to Midwest’s size of only having 25 employees (Tr. 153, 256).<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">For serious Citation 1, Item</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">a</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and 1b</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the Secretary proposed, after adjustments,<span>
						</span></span>a grouped penalty of $9,282<span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">For</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>serious Citation 1, Items 2a and 2b</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the Secretary proposed, after adjustments, a grouped penalty of $6,630. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Upon due consideration of section 666 (j) of the Act, with regard given to the enumerated penalty calculation factors, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Court</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">finds the original penalt</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ies</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>proposed</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by the Secretary appropriate, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">assesses<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">grouped<span>
						</span></span>penalties in the amount of $9,282 for Items 1a and 2b and $6,630 for Items 2a and 2b.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The foregoing decision constitutes the findings of fact and conclusions of law in accordance with Rule 52(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. <span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">All proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law inconsistent with this decision are hereby denied. </span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">ORDER</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; ">Based upon the foregoing decision, it is ORDERED that:</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">1. Items<span><span></span>
					</span>1a<span><span></span>
					</span>and 1b of the Citation, alleging<span>
					</span>serious<span>
					</span>violations of<span>
					</span>§ 1926.1403(a)<span><span></span>
					</span>and<span><span></span>
					</span>§1926.1404(b),<span>
					</span>are<span>
					</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">AFFIRMED</span><span><span></span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>a grouped penalty in the amount of $9,282 is assessed.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">2.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Items<span><span></span>
					</span>2a and 2b of the Citation, alleging serious violations of § 1926.1404(d)(1) and §1926.1400(f), are<span>
					</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">AFFIRMED</span><span><span></span>
					</span>and a grouped penalty in the amount of $6,630 is assessed.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:1px; line-height:1.5; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">SO</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span>ORDERED.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">___________________________<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span> Sharon D. Calhoun</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:10pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-weight:bold; ">Dated: </span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-weight:bold; ">September 11</span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-weight:bold; ">, 2020</span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span> Administrative Law Judge, OSHRC</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> Washington, DC</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<hr/>"
      <div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn-1" href="#ftnref-1"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn0" href="#ftnref0"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn1" href="#ftnref1"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">1 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>CSHO Marcinko holds<span><span></span>
					</span>Bachelor’s and<span>
					</span>Master’s<span><span></span>
					</span>degrees<span><span></span>
					</span>in Occupational Safety and Health from Columbia Southern University (Tr. 109). He was an E-5 sergeant with the U.S. Army and a security officer for 3 years (Tr. 113). He worked for several years as a crane operator for the Army Corps of Engineers and Northwest Pipe Company (Tr. 110-111). Afterwards, CSHO Marcinko began work for OSHA, where he has been employed for over 8 years as a Safety Compliance Officer (Tr. 108). His duties consist of performing various inspections and investigations on behalf of OSHA (Tr. 108-109).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn2" href="#ftnref2"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">2 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>R. B. was very candid and testified without hesitation despite his traumatic injuries. His memory of the events leading up to the accident is solid and his ability to recall is strong. Although R. B. admits to blacking out from his injuries and suffering a traumatic brain injury (Tr. 70-71, 73-76), the Court finds his testimony honest and credible. However, his testimony regarding the distance from the laydown site to the Graysville worksite is inconsistent with the evidence, and the Court places no weight on his testimony regarding that distance (Tr. 55, 306, 396). The Court places more weight on<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>testimony in the record that the distance from the laydown site to the worksite was 3⁄4 mile.<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn3" href="#ftnref3"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">3 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>Dennis Eckstine holds both a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Maryland and a Master of Business Administration from Shippensburg University in Pennsylvania (Tr. 200). Throughout his career he has held numerous leadership positions in the crane industry<span><span></span>
					</span>including, chairing various international and national crane organizations (Tr.<span>
					</span>196,<span>
					</span>197-198; Ex. C-8 pp. at 33-37). Eckstine has<span>
					</span>also<span>
					</span>assisted in drafting international crane standards, maintains several professional memberships in the crane industry, and has been qualified as an expert on crane safety many times<span>
					</span>(Tr. 199, 202, 203; Ex. C-8 pp. at 33-37). The<span><span></span>
					</span>Court finds Eckstine’s testimony highly credible<span><span></span>
					</span>and places more weight on it than that of the Secretary’s expert.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn4" href="#ftnref4"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">4 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Jocko Vermillion has formalized education with crane safety from the Crane Institute of America (Tr. 427-428; Ex. R-12). Vermillion has over 10 years of experience working for OSHA in crane safety (Tr. 411). However, Vermillion has never drafted crane regulations or standards with any national or international bodies governing the crane industry (Tr. 430-431; Ex. R-12.) Aside from crane examiner and operator, Vermillion holds no memberships in the crane industry (Tr. 430; Ex. R-12). Prior to the instant matter, he<span>
					</span>had<span><span></span>
					</span>not previously<span>
					</span>been qualified as a crane safety expert (Tr. 420). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn5" href="#ftnref5"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">5 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>The evidence adduced at trial fails to clarify how the pivot pin became disengaged, resulting in the jib falling. Rogers claims he visually inspected the pivot pin at both the laydown site and worksite (Tr. 368-369, 373). However, when questioned about his visual inspections Rogers merely claimed the pivot pin was engaged because “it would probably fall” off if it had not been (Tr. 368-369).<span>
					</span>He<span>
					</span>also testified he verified the pivot pin was engaged at the<span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>worksite by visually inspecting it from the ground (Tr. 373-374). During his testimony regarding inspecting for the pin’s placement, Rogers appeared nervous and hesitant. His testimony on this issue lacked confidence and believability. Therefore, the Court places no weight on Roger’s testimony he inspected for the placement of the pin while onsite.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn6" href="#ftnref6"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">6 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>In<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Gilles & Cotting, Inc</span>., the Commission rejected the “actual exposure” test, which required evidence that someone observed the violative conduct, in favor of the concept of “access”, which focuses on the possibility of exposure under the conditions. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See Gilles & Cotting, Inc</span>., 3 BNA OSHC at 2002 (holding “that a rule of access based on reasonable predictability is more likely to further the purposes of the Act than is a rule requiring proof of actual exposure”). </p>
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					<a name="ftn7" href="#ftnref7"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">7 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">The Tadano Manual requires the crane operator to ensure the pivot pin is in place before swinging the jib (Tr. 223-224, 252; Ex. C-11). It was Rogers’s duty to confirm that the pivot pin was in place and functioning properly before swinging the jib (Tr. 394). Rogers checked on the placement of the pivot pin on three occasions (Tr. 385-386). He testified the pin was required to be in place and was to be removed last (Tr. 362-363). The Secretary has not established a violation regarding Rogers’s understanding of the procedures regarding the pivot pin.<span>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "> </p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn8" href="#ftnref8"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">8 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Although the Court has found R. B.’s<span>
					</span>testimony credible,<span>
					</span>his testimony regarding<span>
					</span>whether he ran toward the falling jib<span><span></span>
					</span>is<span><span></span>
					</span>inconsistent with the evidence (Tr. 68). The Court places more<span><span></span>
					</span>weight on<span>
					</span>Hosler’s<span><span></span>
					</span>eyewitness<span>
					</span>testimony<span>
					</span>that R.<span><span></span>
					</span>B. ran toward the falling jib<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr.<span>
					</span>336).<span>
					</span></p>
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