NO. 07-06-0099-CR

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

AT AMARILLO

PANEL A

OCTOBER 9, 2007

______________________________

CHARLES RAY GIBSON, JR., APPELLANT

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE

_________________________________

FROM THE 121 DISTRICT COURT OF TERRY COUNTY; ST

NO. 5273; HONORABLE KELLY G. MOORE, JUDGE

_______________________________

Before CAMPBELL and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.

OPINION

Appellant, Charles Ray Gibson, Jr., appeals his conviction for possession of a

controlled substance (cocaine) and sentence of 99 years incarceration in the Institutional

Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. We reverse.

Background

On October 1, 2004 at around 11:15 p.m., Rose Waitman called the Brownfield

Police Department out of concern that her daughter (C.W.), who was 15 years old at the
2

time, had not returned home from a high school football game. Officer Carrillo was

dispatched to the Waitman residence. Rose told Carrillo that C.W. may be in a blue 1989

“Pontiac Oldsmobile (sic)” and she gave him the license plate number of the vehicle. Rose

requested that Carrillo find her daughter and bring her home.

At approximately 11:45 p.m., Carrillo spotted a vehicle that matched the description

of the vehicle given by Waitman. Carrillo could not identify its occupants or even how

many occupants were in the vehicle. Carrillo pulled behind the vehicle, activated his

emergency lights, and followed the vehicle to effectuate the stop. At no time after Carrillo

spotted the vehicle did he observe the driver violate any traffic laws. After the vehicle

stopped, Carrillo spoke with the driver, who he identified as appellant, told him that he had

been stopped “for the juvenile,” and asked appellant to exit the vehicle. After appellant

exited the vehicle, Carrillo asked him for his driver’s license and proof of insurance.

Another officer, who was assisting Carrillo, removed C.W. from the vehicle. Appellant told

Carrillo that he did not have a license or proof of insurance. Carrillo ran a license inquiry

through dispatch and was able to verify that appellant did not have a valid driver’s license.

As a result, Carrillo placed appellant under arrest. Following appellant’s arrest, the vehicle

was searched incident to the arrest. Cocaine and marijuana were discovered in or next to

the vehicle.

Appellant filed a pre-trial Motion to Suppress the drugs contending that they were

discovered as a result of an illegal search and seizure. A hearing was held on the motion

with Carrillo being the only testifying witness. Carrillo testified that he was aware that

appellant did not have a driver’s license based on a past encounter with him, however, he
3

expressly stated that he did not pull the vehicle over for this reason. Rather, Carrillo

testified that he stopped the vehicle because it matched the description given by C.W.’s

mother, who was concerned about her daughter’s welfare. The trial court denied the

Motion to Suppress the evidence.

At trial, C.W. testified regarding the events of October 1, 2004. She testified that

she and appellant left the football game before it ended. Appellant stopped by a house for

a brief period while C.W. waited in the car. Appellant took C.W. back to the football game,

but the game had ended and C.W. could not find the person that was to give her a ride

home. As a result, appellant agreed to take C.W. home. As appellant was attempting to

give C.W. a ride home, Carrillo pulled appellant over. As Carrillo approached the vehicle,

appellant pulled drugs out of his pocket, handed them to C.W., and told her to “chunk them

out the window.” However, because another officer approached the passenger’s side

window at the same time that Carrillo approached the driver’s side, C.W. testified that she

laid the drugs beside the seat.

Also, at trial, C.W.’s mother, Rose, testified that she called the police to look for her

daughter because she was “concerned” when she did not come home with the people that

she went to the game with. Rose had been informed that C.W. was with appellant, but she

“didn’t want her in the car with him.” 

Carrillo testified that he went and spoke with Rose and that she was very concerned

about her daughter. He testified that Rose told him that C.W. had left the football game

around 10:20 with appellant. Carrillo spotted appellant’s vehicle driving in the direction of
 Further reference to provisions of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure will be 1

by reference to “article __.”

4

C.W.’s home at 11:48. After Carrillo stopped the vehicle, he testified that he approached

the driver, identified himself, and advised the driver that he was being stopped “for the

juvenile.” At the same time, another officer made contact with C.W. on the passenger’s

side of the vehicle. Carrillo asked appellant to step out of the vehicle and for his driver’s

license and proof of insurance. When appellant failed to produce these documents,

Carrillo called in a driver’s license check that indicated that appellant’s driver’s license had

expired in 1993. As a result, Carrillo arrested appellant. After appellant was placed under

arrest, his vehicle was searched and cocaine and marijuana were found on the floorboard

of the front passenger’s area.

At the close of evidence, the court took up the issue of the jury charge. The court’s

proposed charge included an instruction that an accomplice witness’s testimony must be

corroborated. The State objected to the inclusion of this instruction on the basis that the

evidence was insufficient to establish that C.W. was an accomplice, but the court overruled

the objection. Appellant then objected to the charge not including an instruction under

Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 38.23, which was overruled by the court. See

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.23 (Vernon 2005). 

1

The jury returned a verdict finding appellant guilty of possession of a controlled

substance, cocaine, in an amount more than four grams but less than 200 grams. The

indictment included enhancement allegations of two prior felony convictions to which

appellant pled true. The jury heard the punishment evidence and assessed a sentence of
5

incarceration in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice for

a period of 99 years. Appellant filed a Motion for New Trial, which was overruled by

operation of law.

Appellant presents four issues on appeal. Appellant’s first issue contends that the

trial court erred in denying appellant’s Motion to Suppress. By his second issue, appellant

contends that the evidence was insufficient to corroborate the testimony of C.W., who

appellant contends was an accomplice. Appellant’s third issue contends that the trial court

erred in failing to include an instruction under article 38.23 in the jury charge. Finally, by

his fourth issue, appellant contends that the evidence was legally insufficient to support his

conviction. We will address only appellant’s first and fourth issues. See TEX. R. APP. P.

47.1.

Legality of the Stop

By his first issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred in denying his Motion

to Suppress the cocaine found by the police when they searched his vehicle incident to

arrest because the initial stop of his vehicle was illegal in that it was not supported by

reasonable suspicion. The State contends that the initial stop of appellant was justified by

the community caretaking function of the officers. 

When reviewing a motion to suppress, we are to give great deference to a trial

court’s determination of historical facts and on mixed questions of law and fact that require

an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89

(Tex.Crim.App. 1997). However, mixed questions of law and fact not turning on an
6

evaluation of credibility and demeanor are reviewed de novo. Id. See also Villareal v.

State, 935 S.W.2d 134, 139 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996) (McCormick, P.J., concurring) (if trial

court “is not in appreciably better position” than the appellate court in deciding an issue,

the appellate court may independently determine the issue while affording deference to the

trial court’s finding on subsidiary factual questions). Where the facts relating to a motion

to suppress are undisputed and the trial court’s ruling does not turn on the credibility of the

witnesses, an appellate court reviews an order overruling the motion de novo. Johnson

v. State, 146 S.W.3d 719, 721 (Tex.App.–Texarkana 2004, no pet.). 

While not all encounters with the police implicate the Fourth Amendment’s

protection against unreasonable seizures, stopping an automobile and detaining its

occupants constitutes a seizure, even though the purpose of the seizure is limited and the

resulting detention brief. Del. v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 653, 99 S.Ct. 1391, 59 L.Ed.2d 660

(1979); Corbin v. State, 85 S.W.3d 272, 276 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002). Under the Fourth

Amendment, a seizure must be objectively reasonable in light of the particular

circumstances of the case. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21-22, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d

889 (1968); Corbin, 85 S.W.3d at 276. Assessing the reasonableness of a search or

seizure requires a balancing of the public interest and the individual’s right to be free from

arbitrary interference by law enforcement. Prouse, 440 U.S. at 654; Corbin, 85 S.W.3d at

276. A seizure based on reasonable suspicion or probable cause will generally be

reasonable. Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 818, 116 S.Ct. 1769, 135 L.Ed.2d 89

(1996); Corbin, 85 S.W.3d at 276. However, even without reasonable suspicion or

probable cause that an offense has been committed, a police officer may reasonably seize
7

an individual through the exercise of his community caretaking function. Corbin, 85 S.W.3d

at 276; Wright v. State, 7 S.W.3d 148, 151-52 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999). For a seizure to be

justified by the community caretaking function, it must have been primarily motivated by

the need to assist and the officer’s belief that the need exists must have been reasonable.

See Corbin, 85 S.W.3d at 277.

As part of a police officer’s duty to “serve and protect,” an officer “may stop and

assist an individual whom a reasonable person, given the totality of the circumstances,

would believe is in need of help.” Wright, 7 S.W.3d at 151. However, the community

caretaking function is “totally divorced” from the detection, investigation, or acquisition of

evidence relating to the violation of a criminal statute. Corbin, 85 S.W.3d at 276-77. Thus,

for the exercise of the community caretaking function to justify a seizure, its primary

purpose must be for the welfare of the individual in need of assistance. Id. at 277. 

If it is determined that a seizure was primarily motivated to fulfill the community

caretaking function, it must then be determined whether the officer’s belief that the person

needed help was reasonable. Corbin, 85 S.W.3d at 277; Wright, 7 S.W.3d at 151-52. In

evaluating the reasonableness of the officer’s belief that help was needed, courts may look

to four non-exclusive factors (hereafter, “the Wright factors”): (1) the nature and level of the

distress exhibited by the individual; (2) the location of the individual; (3) whether the

individual was alone and/or had access to assistance other than that offered by the officer;

and (4) to what extent the individual, if not assisted, presented a danger to himself or

others. Id. In reviewing these factors, the nature and level of distress exhibited is entitled

to the greatest weight. Corbin, 85 S.W.3d at 277.
 In analysis of the trial court’s ruling on the Motion to Suppress, we will assume, 2

without deciding, that the community caretaking function justifies a seizure of an individual

other than the individual believed to be in need of assistance. But see Wright, 7 S.W.3d

at 151-52 (may stop and assist the individual exhibiting distress and believed to be in need

of assistance).

8

In the present case, it is undisputed that Carrillo lacked reasonable suspicion or

probable cause to stop appellant’s vehicle. Carrillo provided no testimony that he was

aware of or suspected that appellant was involved in the commission of a crime at the time

Carrillo stopped his vehicle. Further, Carrillo specifically testified that he did not observe

appellant violate any traffic laws prior to the stop. Therefore, appellant contends that the

initial stop was illegal and that any evidence discovered as a result of the stop was tainted

by the illegality of the stop and the trial court erred in allowing this evidence over

appellant’s objection.

The State, however, contends that the stop of appellant’s vehicle was legal because

the stop was effectuated in furtherance of the officer’s community caretaking function.2

The record reflects that C.W.’s mother contacted the police when C.W. failed to return

home from the football game at the expected time. Carrillo testified that his “biggest

concern” in stopping appellant’s vehicle was “[t]he child’s safety being that she was a

juvenile and he was in his 30's (sic).” However, Carrillo further testified that he was aware

that appellant did not have a valid driver’s license, based on prior encounters with

appellant. Therefore, we conclude that this testimony raised a fact question as to the

primary motivation for the stop. This fact issue was impliedly resolved by the trial court in

favor of the valid exercise of the community caretaking function. In reviewing a trial court’s

ruling on a motion to suppress, we may not sit as a second trier of fact determining the
 While Carrillo specifically testified that he did not stop appellant’s vehicle based 3

on his knowledge that appellant did not have a driver’s license, we agree with appellant

that, at trial, this testimony was sufficient to raise a fact question as to the true motivation

for the stop. Therefore, we agree with appellant’s third issue that the trial court erred in

failing to submit an instruction in the jury charge in accordance with article 38.23. See

Murphy v. State, 640 S.W.2d 297, 299 (Tex.Crim.App. 1982) (jury instruction required

when evidence raises a fact question regarding the legality of the search or seizure).

However, because we conclude that the trial court erred in denying appellant’s Motion to

Suppress, the trial court’s erroneous failure to instruct the jury in accordance with article

38.23 is rendered moot.

9

credibility and demeanor of witnesses. See State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 858

(Tex.Crim.App. 2000). Thus, we must accept the trial court’s implied determination that

Carrillo effectuated the stop of appellant based on a primary motivation to fulfill his

community caretaking function.3

For a seizure to be justified as an exercise of the community caretaking function, an

officer’s subjective belief that the seizure is necessary to render assistance to a person in

need must be shown to have been objectively reasonable. Id. In assessing the

reasonableness of the officer’s belief, we look to the four Wright factors. 

The first, and most important, Wright factor is the nature and level of the distress

exhibited by the individual. Id. In the present case, Rose testified that she was

“concerned” about her daughter not returning home from the football game at the

designated time and in the designated manner. Rose also testified that she told the police

that she did not want her daughter in a car with appellant, but she provided no further

elaboration as to why she did not want her daughter with appellant. The only evidence of

the nature and level of C.W.’s distress at the time that appellant was stopped was that

C.W. was no more than one and a half hours late and that, for some unstated reason,
10

Rose did not want C.W. in a vehicle with appellant. We conclude that this evidence is

insufficient to establish that C.W. exhibited a nature and level of distress sufficient to

independently justify the stop of appellant as an objectively reasonable exercise of the

community caretaking function.

However, while the first Wright factor is entitled to the greatest weight, it is not

always dispositive. Id. The three remaining factors help to give more definition to the first

factor and may reveal that a particular level of distress is more or less serious depending

on the presence or absence of these factors. Id. In looking at the second factor, the

location of the individual, the record reflects that appellant was stopped a couple of houses

before he reached C.W.’s home and that Carrillo was aware of the proximity of the stop to

C.W.’s home as a result of his having recently spoken with Rose at the house. The

proximity of the stop to C.W.’s home and the reasonable inference that appellant was in

the process of taking C.W. home mitigates against C.W. being in sufficient distress to

justify the stop. The third factor asks whether the individual in distress was alone and/or

had access to assistance other than that offered by the officer. As to the initial stop,

Carrillo testified that he could not identify any individuals in appellant’s vehicle nor could

he identify the number of individuals in the vehicle. Therefore, this factor could not support

the initial stop. Finally, the fourth factor, the extent to which the individual, if not assisted,

posed a danger to himself or others, weighs against the stop. The record provides no

evidence of how C.W. was placed in danger by getting a ride home from appellant. To the

extent that the fourth factor is to be applied to appellant, there is no evidence that appellant

was driving erratically or in a manner that would pose a danger to himself or to others on
11

the roadways. Also, there was no evidence that appellant posed a threat to C.W, rather,

the only evidence was that Rose did not want C.W. with appellant. 

Considering the Wright factors in light of the totality of the circumstances, we

conclude that the evidence failed to establish that the stop of appellant’s vehicle was an

objectively reasonable exercise of the community caretaking function. As the State does

not dispute that the stop was not supported by probable cause or reasonable suspicion

and because we conclude that the stop was not shown to have been a valid exercise of the

community caretaking function, we conclude that the stop was illegal and, therefore, the

cocaine which was subsequently found was the fruit of the illegal stop. See Crosby v.

State, 750 S.W.2d 768, 780 (Tex.Crim.App. 1987). Therefore, we conclude that the trial

court erred in denying appellant’s Motion to Suppress this evidence.

Harm

Having found error in the denial of appellant’s Motion to Suppress, we must also

conduct a harm analysis to determine whether the error calls for reversal of the judgment.

TEX.R.APP.P. 44.2. The harm analysis for the erroneous admission of evidence obtained

in violation of the Fourth Amendment is Rule 44.2(a)'s constitutional standard. Hernandez

v. State, 60 S.W.3d 106, 108 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001). Accordingly, we must reverse the trial

court's judgment, unless we determine beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not

contribute to appellant's conviction or punishment. TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(a). The question

is whether the trial court's denial of Appellant's Motion to Suppress and its admission of the

evidence were harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See Williams v. State, 958 S.W.2d
12

186, 194 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997). In applying the "harmless error" test, we ask whether

there is a "reasonable possibility" that the error might have contributed to the conviction.

Mosley v. State, 983 S.W.2d 249, 259 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1070,

119 S.Ct. 1466, 143 L.Ed.2d 550 (1999). 

In the present case, the evidence obtained as a result of the illegal stop formed the

basis of appellant’s conviction. After carefully reviewing the record and performing the

required harm analysis under Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 44.2(a), we are unable

to determine beyond a reasonable doubt that the erroneous admission of the cocaine did

not contribute to appellant’s conviction. Therefore, because the trial court’s error in

denying appellant’s Motion to Suppress was harmful to appellant, we will reverse the

judgment. 

Legal Sufficiency

By his fourth issue, appellant contends that the evidence was legally insufficient to

support his conviction. Appellant’s argument concerning the sufficiency of the evidence

is that there were insufficient links to establish that appellant possessed the narcotics if

C.W.’s testimony had been properly excluded as insufficiently corroborated accomplice

testimony. 

However, even were we to determine that C.W. was an accomplice and her

testimony was not sufficiently corroborated, an issue we need not address in this opinion

due to our resolution of appellant’s challenge of the trial court’s denial of his Motion to

Suppress, see TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1, we would have to consider her testimony in
13

determining whether the evidence was legally sufficient. See Green v. State, 893 S.W.2d

536, 540 (Tex.Crim.App. 1995) (when sufficiency of evidence is challenged following a jury

trial, appellate courts consider all of the evidence, whether properly or improperly

admitted). While not expressly challenged by his legal sufficiency issue, we must also

consider the cocaine that we have previously concluded was improperly admitted in

assessing the legal sufficiency of the evidence. See id.

Considering all of the evidence, whether properly or improperly admitted, in the light

most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient to establish that

appellant intentionally and knowingly possessed a controlled substance, cocaine, in an

amount of four grams or more, but less than 200 grams. We overrule appellant’s legal

sufficiency challenge.

Conclusion 

Having determined that the trial court committed reversible error in denying

appellant’s Motion to Suppress, we reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Mackey K. Hancock

 Justice

Publish. 

Pirtle, J., concurring.