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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">United States of America</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION<span>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SECRETARY OF LABOR</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
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								</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainan</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t,</span></p>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> v. </span></p>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BERGELECTRIC CORP.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span></p>
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								</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHRC Docket No</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">16-0728</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Appearances:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Nancy Steffan, Esq. & Luis A. Garcia</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, Department of Labor, Office of Solicitor,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Los Angeles, California</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">For Complainant</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Robert Peterson, Esq., Robert D. Peterson Law Corporation, Rocklin, California</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">F</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">or Respondent</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Be</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">fore: Administrativ</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">e Law Judge<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Peggy S. Ball</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">DECISION AND ORDER</span></p>
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				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">I.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Procedural History</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>This proceeding is before the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (“the Commission”)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pursuant to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ection 10(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 29 U.S.C. §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">659(c) (“the Act”).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Beginni</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">n</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">g on</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">February 24, 2016</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Compliance Safety and Health Officer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(“CSHO”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Eric Christensen<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">conducted a two-day</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>inspection of the Hangar 5 renovation project, located at Marine Corps Air Station Miramar (“MCAS Miramar”) in San Diego, California</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">25–26</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">had been</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>hired to install photovoltaic<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">panels</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on the roof of Hangar</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>5</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">26–27</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-15</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Due to the scope of the project and the number<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">contractors involved</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, CSHO Christensen</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">did not open an inspection of Respondent until<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">his<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">second</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>day</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at the worksite</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>February 25, 2016. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">27</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">During his inspection of Respondent, CSHO Christensen observed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s employees working on the hangar roof without safety nets, personal fall arrest systems (PFAS), or guardrails. Instead, Respondent informed CSHO Christensen that they were relying on the combination of a 6-foot warning line and a safety monitor in order to comply with its fall protection obligations. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">42–43</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-8, C-14, C-15</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Based on his observations and additional research, CSHO Christensen determined that Respondent had committed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>multiple violations of the fall protection standards found in Subpart M of the Act. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based on</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Christensen’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">findings</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Complainant issued</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Citation and Notification of Pena</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">lty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(“Citation”)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to Respond</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>alleging</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">three</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>serious</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>violation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the Act,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">with</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">total<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">proposed penalty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of $</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">4,500</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.00</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>timely conte</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sted the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">trial took place on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">October 13, 2016</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">following witnesses testified: (1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO Eric Christensen; (2) Calvin King, Respondent’s Safety Manager; (3) John Hernandez,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s crew supervisor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; and (4) Minh (Mike) Phung, a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>subordinate</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employee of Respondent.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Both parties timely submitted post-trial briefs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">II.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Stipulations</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On October<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">5, 2016, the parties submitted an<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Amended Joint Stipulation Statement</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which included agreements on a number of basic jurisdictional and violation-related facts. In lieu of reproducing all twenty-one stipulations in their entirety, the Court shall refer to individual stipulations as necessary, and in the following form: (“Stip. No. __”).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">III.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Jurisdiction</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he parties</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Amended Joint Stipulation Statement</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>acknowledges</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an employer engaged in</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>business affecting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">commerce within the meaning of S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ection 3(5) of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission has jurisdiction<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of this proceeding<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pursuant to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Section 10(c) of the Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stip. Nos. 1 & 2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">IV.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Factual Background</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The basic facts of this case are largely undisputed.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On the morning of February 25, 2016, Respondent’s employees were installing photovoltaic<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">panels</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on the upper roof of Hangar 5. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">26–27</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-15</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). In order to access the upper roof, Respondent’s employees climbed a fixed ladder to the lower roof, walked across a portion of the lower roof, and then climbed another fixed ladder to the upper roof. (Stip. No. 10). The lower roof was approximately 43 feet above the ground level, and the upper roof was an additional 17 feet above the lower roof. (Stip. Nos. 11 & 12). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO Christensen began his inspection by conducting an opening conference with Brian Andreasen, Respondent’s site foreman. (Tr. 28). During the opening conference, CSHO Christensen had Andreasen fill out a worksheet with basic company information and the nature of the work occurring at the worksite. (Tr. 29). From there, CSHO Christensen and Andreasen traveled up the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">first fixed ladder to access the lower roof. (Tr. 33). When they arrived on the first level, CHSO Christensen observed a warning line staged on the perimeter of the roof, which was attached to the cage of the lower roof fixed ladder. (Tr. 35; Ex. C-6, C-8). Just to the right of the ladder cage, the warning line was sagging just inches above the walking surface. (Tr. 33).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO Christensen measured the distance from the warning line to the edge of the lower roof and found that it was 96 inches. (Tr. 37).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">After he completed his measurements and inspection of the lower roof, CSHO Christensen proceeded to the upper roof, where he observed four employees installing photovoltaic<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">panels</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 41</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. C-15</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The four employees were John Hernandez, Minh Phung, Zachary Ledbetter, and Rodolfo Chaparro. (Stip. No. 7). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The employees were working in two sets of two, with Hernandez and Phung working towards the middle of the roof and Ledbetter and Chaparro working towards the far end</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, roughly 50 feet</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref2" href="#ftn2">1</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>away from Hernandez and Phung</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 42; Ex. C-15). Hernandez was serving in the role of supervisor and safety monitor. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stip. Nos. 8 & 9</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As with the lower roof, Respondent utilized a warning line system, wherein cables and stanchions were installed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>around the perimeter of the upper roof</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at a distance of roughly 6 to 7 feet from the edge. (Stip. Nos. 14 & 15). Hernandez was charged with observing the employees on the upper roof and notifying them if they strayed too close to the warning lines or edge. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">138</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). None of the employees were wearing PFAS, there were no guardrails, and there was no safety net. (Tr. 42; Stip. No. 13).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> CSHO Christensen</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, during the roughly 7–10 minutes that he was on the upper roof, Hernandez had his back to Ledbetter an</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d Chaparro the entire time</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">44–45, 49, 55</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. C-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">21, C-22, C-38</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> According to Hernandez</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, he</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was helping Phung install<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">panels</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and quality-check the installation, but he was “constantly” looking over to check on Chaparro and Ledbetter. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">140</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Christensen testified that Chaparro and Ledbetter were approximately 8–9 feet from the edge of the upper roof. (Tr. 55–56; Ex. C-22).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">After he completed his inspection of the upper roof, CSHO Christensen asked the employees to come down to ground level so that he could conduct interviews. (Tr. 63). Once the interviews were complete, CSHO Christensen held a brief closing conference with King and discussed his concerns regarding the distance of the warning lines from the roof’s edge and Hernandez’s job duties interfering with his responsibility as safety monitor. Based on his observations and research, CSHO Christensen recommended the following Citation items, which were issued by Complainant on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">March 29, 2016</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">V.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Discussion</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The primary issue in this case is whether Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>must comply with the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">principal</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>fall protection standard—29 C.F.R. § 1926.501(b)(1)—or whether it can<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">instead<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fulfill its obligations through the use of a warning line-safety monitor combination, as provided in 29 C.F.R. § 1926.501(b)(10). As will be discussed in detail below, the alternatives to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">principal</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>fall protection standard, such as 1926.501(b)(10), do not apply to Respondent’s work. Thus, Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">wa</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s obligated to provide PFAS,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">safety nets, or guardrails, which it did not do.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Accordingly, Respondent violated 1926.501(b)(1) as alleged in Citation 1, Item 1a. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">With respect to the remaining Citation items, however, the Court finds Complainant failed to establish the cited standards apply to Respondent. Items 1b and 1c allege Respondent failed to comply with the criteria governing the use of safety monitors and warning lines</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">However, as noted above the Court finds<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent was obligated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to comply with 1926.501(b)(1) and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>cannot avail itself of alternatives such as warning lines an</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d safety monitors</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>which are found in 1926.501(b)(10). As such, Respondent cannot be cited for failure to comply with criteria which are contingent upon the application of a standard that does not apply to the work performed by Respondent. Acco</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">rdingly, Items 1b and 1c are</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>vacated.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Applicable Law</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To establish a violation of an OSHA standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>pursuant to 5(a)(2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">must<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">prove</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">: (1) the standard applies to the facts; (2) the employer failed to comply with the terms of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>standard; (3) employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were exposed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the hazard covered by the standard, and (4) the employer had actual or constructive knowledge of the violation (i.e.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the employer knew</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with the exercise of reasonable diligence</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>could have known of the violative condition).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Atlantic Battery Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">16 BNA OSHC 2131, 2138 (No. 90-1747, 1994).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant has the burden of establishing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>each element by a preponderance of the evidence.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Hartford Roofing Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1361 (No. 92-3855, 1995). “Preponderance of the evidence” has been defined as:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:53.733px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The greater weight of the evidence, not necessarily established by the greater number of witnesses testifying to a fact<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">but by evidence that has the most convincing force</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; superior evidentiary weight that, though not sufficient to free the mind wholly from all reasonable doubt, is still sufficient to incline a fair and impartial mind to one side of the issue rather than the other. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Black’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s Law Dictionary, “Preponderance of the Evidence” (10th ed. 2014)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(emphasis added)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">B.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">a</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant alleged a serious violation of the Act in Citation 1, Item 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as follows:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 CFR<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926.501</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(b)(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Each employee on a walking/working surface with an unprotected side or edge which was 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above a lower level was not protected from falling by the use of guardrail systems, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest systems.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:0cm; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">(a)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On or about February 24, 2016, at the MCAS Miramar worksite, employees installing photo voltaic panels on the roof of Hangar 5 were exposed to falls 17 feet to the lower level.<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Citation and Notification of Penalty<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 6</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The cited standard provides:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Each employee on a walking/working surface (horizontal and vertical surface) with an unprotected side or edge which is 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above a lower level shall be protected for falling by the use of guardrail systems, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest systems.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">26.501(b)(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Standard Applies</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The cited standard has four prerequisites: (1) an employee on (2) a walking/working surface, which (3) has an unprotected edge and (4) is six feet above a lower level.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">According to 29 C.F.R. § 1926.500, a “walking/working surface” is defined as “any surface, whether horizontal or vertical on which an employee walks or works, including, but not limited to, floors,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">roofs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, ramps, bridges . . . .” An “unprotected edge” is “any side or edge of a walking/working surface . . . where there is no wall or guardrail system at least 39 inches (1.0 m) high.” 29 C.F.R. § 1926.500. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s employees traversed and worked on</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the lower and upper roofs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, respectively. (Stip. No</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">7, 8, 10</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). By definition, those areas</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>are<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">walking/working surfaces; they were</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>both more than 6 feet above the level below, and neither of the roof levels was protected by a guardrail or wall. Thus, on the face of it, the standard applies.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Respondent contends, however, that 29 C.F.R. § 1926.501(b)(10) is the more applicable standard. That standard states:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Roofing work on Low-slope roofs.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (b) of this section, each employee engaged in roofing activities on low-slope roofs, with unprotected sides and edges 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above lower levels shall be protected from falling by guardrail systems, safety net systems, personal fall arrest systems, or a combination of warning line system and guardrail system, warning line system and safety net system, or warning line system and personal fall arrest system, or warning line system and safety monitoring system.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-right:5.733px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.501(b)(10). On the face of it, Respondent’s argument carries some cachet: its employees were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">performing work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a flat roof</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The problem for Respondent, as Complainant points out, is the standard is limited to “roofing work”. Roofing work is defined as “the hoisting, storage, application, and removal of roofing materials and equipment, including related insulation, sheet metal, and vapor barrier work, but not including the construction of the roof deck.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1926.500. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">While photovoltaic panels are typically installed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on roofs, they do not</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>fall under the rubric of “related insulation, sheet metal, and vapor barrier work”.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-right:5.733px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The reason for th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">low slope<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">roofing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">standard’s limited applicability</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is elucidated</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in the regulatory history of the standard. Under the initial formulation of the standard,</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref3" href="#ftn3">2</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>OSHA “intends that this final standard cover only<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">built-up roofing work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>performed on low pitch roofs.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Guarding of Low-Pitched-Roof Perimeters During the Performance of Built-Up Roofing Work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 45 Fed. Reg. 75618, 75619 (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Nov. 14, 1980) (emphasis added). “Built-up roofing work”, according to OSHA involved the “application of water membranes (usually felt and tar) and related insulation and sheet metal work.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Based on comments and analysis, OSHA determined that the application of such materials involved “unique difficulties”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and that “the provisions of this standard are directed at these special circumstances.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(discussing the problems associated with conventional guarding systems that will be avoided “by allowing the use of a warning line and/or safety monitoring system”). Clarifying the limited s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">cope of the standard, OSHA noted</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“[t]he standard does not apply to other types of roofing work such as shingle application and removal.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 75620. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-right:5.733px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Along with the rest of Subpart M, the current version of the standard was revised in 1994.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Safety Standards for Fall Protection in the Construction Industry</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 59 Fed. Reg. 40672 (August 9, 1994). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">According to the preamble of the revised Subpart M, the standard no longer refers to ‘</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">built-up roofing work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’, “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">because the Agency has determined</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>. . .<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that there is no need to provide for different fall protection requirements for low-slope roofs based on the type of work (e.g., built-up roofing) being performed.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 40677. While this</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>deletion</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>would appear to provide an opening for Respondent’s more expansive interpretation, the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>preamble</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the revised</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and subsequent interpretations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>indicate the scope of 1926.501(b)(10)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is still limited in its application.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-right:5.733px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA originally proposed to redefine<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the activity<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">‘built-up roofing’ to mean “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the hoisting, storage, application and removal of roofing materials and equipment, including related insulation, sheet metal, and vapor barrier work, but not including the construction of the roof deck.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 40679;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.500(a). However, in response to comments that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the foregoing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>definition described roofing generally and did not mirror the industry’s use of the term, OSH</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A deleted ‘built-up roofing’ along with</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>its previous definition,</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref4" href="#ftn4">3</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and supplanted it with the more general term, ‘roofing work’.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">When discussing (b)(10) specifically, OSHA noted that the final rule was vastly different than the proposed rule due, in part, to the issues noted<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in defining ‘</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">built-up roofing’. The earlier</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">proposed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">rule effectively created a distinction between roofers applying hot tar on low-pitched roofs, who would be subject to the existing 1926.500(g), and every other roofer on low-pitched roofs, who would be subject to current paragraph (b)(1).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">59 Fed. Reg. at 40689. To<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">avoid a meaningless distinction</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, OSHA used the general term ‘roofing work’ in the revised (b)(10), stating, “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA also agrees with commenters who stated there is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">no need to distinguish between the application of hot and cold materials</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to determine the appropriate fall protection measures, hence the final provision will apply to all roofing operations on low-slope roofs and not just<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">‘</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">built- up</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>roofing activities.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 40691 (emphasis added). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, while the scope of the low-pitched roof provisi</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on was arguably broadened, this</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was done to resolve an otherwise<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">unnecessary</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>distinction</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(insofar as fall protection was concerned)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>between the types of work associated with different roofing materials,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">e.g.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, hot and cold</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> OSHA’s resolution of that distinction makes clear that, although the language of the standard seems to indicate an exception based solely on location,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">i.e.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, a flat roof, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">application of the standard is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">contingent, in part, upon</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">type</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of work performed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>- roofing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The final rule in 29 C.F.R. § 1926.501(b) makes this clear.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-right:5.733px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The structure and language of paragraph (b), as a whole, indicates that the default provision is (b)(1), which requires PFAS, safety nets, or guardrails. 29 C.F.R. § 1926.501(b)(1). Each subsequent provision describes a discr</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ete set of circumstances in response to which</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>particular forms of protection are required or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">are<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">considered to be<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">alternatives to the primary set found in (b)(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1926.501(b)(2) (allowing exceptions upon proof of infeasibility while constructing leading edges</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">id.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">§ 1926.501(b)(3) (discussing the interplay of guardrails and PFAS when performing hoist work);</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1926.501</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(b)(9) (discussing requirements for bricklaying work). Paragraph (b)(10) is merely another set of discrete circumstances which OSHA has determined justifies a departure from the principal requirement found in (b)(1). There is no indication that installation of ancillary building systems, such as photovoltaic panels or HVAC systems, qualifies under any of the alternatives to (b)(1).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>As such, the default standard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(b)(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>applies</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-right:5.733px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Complainant’s interpretations of (b)(10)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">have reiterated the same position for years: it is specifically applicable to the work of installing, removing, or repairing the roof of a building</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; all other work not specifically mentioned in paragraph (b)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(10)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is subject to the requirements of (b)(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA Letter of Interpretation, Russell B. Swanson, Director of Directorate of Construction to Mark Troxell, Re:</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 CFR 1926.501(b)(10) Roofing work and other trades working on low slope roofs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(August 1, 2000).</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref5" href="#ftn5">4</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> In the letter to Mr. Troxell, the Directorate of Construction stated that there are limited sets of circumstances warranting departure from (b)(1) and concluded that “other trades”, as indicated by Mr. Troxell, were nonetheless subject to the primary requirement found in (b)(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In one such circumstance</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA created a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">de minimis</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>exce</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ption to the guardrail standard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">wherein an employer, such as the “other trades” mentioned by Mr. Troxell (or Res</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pondent in this case), substituted</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>warning lines<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">set<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fifteen feet back from the unprotected edge.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Such exception created</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">de minimis</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>violation of (b)(1), insofar</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as the warning line constitutes</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a poorly substituted guardrail that would warn an employee he was too close to an unprotected edge long before he could tumble over it.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Strictly l</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">imiting the (b)(10)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">exception</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to roofing activity<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">has been Complainant’s position since the revision of Subpart M, and the Court sees no reason to depart from it in this case.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Compl’t<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ex. No. 36, OSHA Letter of Interpretation, Russell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>B. Swanson, Director of Directorate of Construction to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Anthony O’Dea, Re: Fall protection requirements for construction workers doing work while on a roof (December 15, 2003).</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref6" href="#ftn6">5</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-right:5.733px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court rejects Respondent’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s argument</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that (b)(10) is the applicable standard. The language, structure, regulatory history, and subsequent interpretations all support Complainant’s citation pursuant to 29 C.F.R. § 1926.501(b)(1). Accordingly, the Court finds the standard applies.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">2.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Terms of the Standard Were Violated</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Because the standard applies to Respondent’s work, it is easy to conclude that the terms of (b)(1) were violated. The only<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">acceptable<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">methods of compliance<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>PFAS, safety nets, or guardrails. The parties stipulated that no safety nets were present, and the evidence is clear that the employees were not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">using</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>fall arrest systems.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">42</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Ex. C-22;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stip. No.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">13</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Though Complainant maintains a policy permitting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">de minimis<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">violations of the guardrail standard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">when warning lines are placed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at a distance of 15 feet (amongst the other criteria for warning lines</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>found at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.502</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(f)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, CSHO Christensen’s measurements show that Respondent’s warning line was no more than 96 inches from the edge at its farthest. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">37</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-10</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Thus, the terms of the standard were violated.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">3.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Respondent’s Employees Were Exposed to the Hazard</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Exposure to a violative condition may be established either by showing actual exposure or that access to the hazard was reasonably predictable.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Phoenix Roofing, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1076 (No. 90-2148, 1995).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Regarding access, “the ‘inquiry is not simply into whether exposure is theoretically possible,’ but whether it is reasonably predictable ‘either by operational necessity or otherwise (including inadvertence), that employees have been, are, or will be in the zone of danger.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Nuprecon LP dba Nuprecon Acquisition LP</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC 1817 (No. 08-1037, 2012) (quoting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Fabricated Metal Products, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 1072, 1074 (No. 93-1853, 1997)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Commission has found exposure and/or access to a fall hazard in a number of different situations.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Dic-Underhill</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 8 BNA OSHC 2223 (No. 10798, 1980) (finding access to fall hazard where employees grinding ceiling seams more than 25 feet away from unguarded edge had to move closer to edge to sand seems extending to side of building);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">N&N Contractors, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 2121 (No. 96-0606, 2000) (stumbling near unprotected edge resulted in employee falling to his death);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Lancaster Enters.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC 1033 (No. 97-0771, 2000) (finding exposure where employees used a hatchway and ladder “closely adjacent” to a fall hazard);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Phoenix Roofing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC at 1079 (finding exposure where employees were “about 12 feet” from unguarded skylights).<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The photographs and testimony illustrate that, at the very least, Ledbetter and Chaparro were exposed to a fall hazard. At the time of the inspection, both Chaparro and Ledbetter were working within 8 or 9 feet of an unprotected edge. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">56–57</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-22, C-23</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">According to CSHO Christensen, it would only have taken a matter of seconds for either Ledbetter or Chaparro to approach the unprotected edge, which was 17 feet above the lower roof level. (Tr. 57).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In terms of distance, Ledbetter and Chaparro were closer to the unprotected edge than the employees in the cases mentioned above</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and well within the 15-foot buffer zone, which Complainant has<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">repeatedly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">determined represents the distance at which a warning line would prove effective at preventing a fall</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA Letters of Interpretation,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">V.B.1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Further, though not specifically testified to by CSHO Christensen, the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>photographs of the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>upper roof surface<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">show</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>raised seams running the entire length of the roof</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Ex. C-15, C-17). In addition,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the pictures show<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">conduit and a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">wire cable</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>run</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ning</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>adjacent to the warning line. (Ex. C-15, C-17, C-18, C-19). Thus, in addition to mere proximity, the structure of the roof presented the potential for inadvertent tripping, stumbling, or falling over the unprotected edge.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See N&N Contractors</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Accordingly, the Court finds Complainant established<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s employees were exposed to a fall hazard.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Nuprecon LP</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC 1817</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">4.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Respondent Had Knowledge of the Conditions</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>“To establish knowledge, the Secretary must prove that the employer knew or, with the exercise of reasonable diligence, should have known of the conditions constituting the violation.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Central Florida Equip. Rentals, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 25 BNA OSHC 2147 (No. 08-1656, 2016).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> To satisfy this burden, Complainant must show “knowledge of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">conditions</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that form the basis of the alleged violation; not whether the employer had knowledge that the conditions constituted a hazard.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">When a corporate employer entrusts to a supervisory employee its duty to assure employee compliance with safety standards, it is reasonable to charge t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he employer with the supervisor’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s knowledge actual or constructive of noncomplying conduct of a subordinate.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Mountain States Tel. & Tel. Co. v. Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm'n</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 623 F.2d 155, 158 (10th Cir. 1980</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also Hamilton Fixture</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">6</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>BNA OSHC 1073 (No. 88-1720, 1993) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">holding that where a supervisor is in close proximity to an apparent safety violation, the supervisor may be charged with constructive knowledge of the violation).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">M</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ultiple members of Respondent’s management team were aware of the non-complying conditions on the roof of Hangar 5. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Hernandez was the supervisor for the crew on the roof, and was specifically designated to be the safety monitor, whose job<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was to monitor the employees and the conditions on the roof. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">137–38</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">King</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">safety manager,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>established the site-specific fall protection plan based on his determination that warning lines six feet from the edge were compliant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with the standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 132</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">–34</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. C-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3, C-37).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Through its supervisors, Respondent was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">aware of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">both<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the non-complying conditions and the site-specific plan calling for their implementation.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">5.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Violation Was Serious</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A v</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">iolation is “serious” if there wa</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s a substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">have<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">result</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>from the violative condition. 29 U.S.C. §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">666(k). Compla</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">inant need not show that there wa</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s a substantial p</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">robability that an accident would</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">actually occur;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he need only show that if an accident o</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ccurred, serious physical harm c</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ould result. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Phelps Dodge Corp. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 725 F.2d 1237, 1240 (9</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Cir. 1984)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">If the possible<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">injury addressed by a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">regulation is death or serious physical harm, a violation of the regulation is serious.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">M</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">osser Construction</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC 1044 (No. 08-0631, 2010);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Dec-Tam Corp</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 15 BNA OSHC 2072</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 88-0523, 1993).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The upper roof, where the work took place, was located 17 feet above the lower roof. According to CSHO Christensen, falls from that height could result in contusions, lacerations, head/neck/back injuries, and possibly death. (Tr. 76). Respondent did not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">counter this conclusion.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant’s characterization of this citation comports with Commission precedent.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, e.g.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Kulka Constr. Mgmt. Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 1870 (No. 88-1167, 1992) (finding falls of 10 to 20 feet present possibility of serious injury);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Whiting-Turner Contracting Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 13 BNA OSHC 2155 (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">87-1238, 1989) (“Here, there was testimony that the second floor of each building was twelve feet above the ground. A fall from even that modest height could result in a serious injury . . . .”). Citation 1, Item 1a shall be affirmed as serious.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">C.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Cited Standards in Citation 1, Item 1b & Item 1c Do Not Apply</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Subpart M has four primary sections.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 C.F.R. §§ 1926.500–.503. The first section lays out the applicable definitions for fall protection in the construction industry.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1926.500. The second section establishes the principal duty to have fall protection and, as discussed above, establishes the required and/or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">alternative</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>forms of fall protection based on the work being performed.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1926.501.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The third section establishes the minimum criteria and standard practices for the fall protection systems discussed in 1926.501.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">§ 1926.502. Finally, the brief</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>fourth section discuses training requirements.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1926.503. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item 1a was issued pursuant to 1926.501(b)(1), which requires the use of PFAS, safety nets, or guardrails. Thus, full compliance requires the chosen form of fall protection to comport with the criteria laid out in 1926.502.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1926.502(b) (guardrail requirements);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">id.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">§ 1926.502(c) (safety net systems);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1926.502(d) (personal fall arrest systems).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Similarly, a warning line-safety monitor fall protection system implemented pursuant to 1926.501(b)(10) requires compliance with 1926.502(f) and 1926.502(h).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. § 1926.502(f) (criteria for warning line systems);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1926.502(h) (criteria for safety monitors).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant successfully argued</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for the application of 1926.501(b)(1) to Respondent and further established</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that 1926.501(b)(10), which allows for the use of safety monitors and warning lines, was inapplicable to Respondent.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citing Respondent pursuant to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926.501(b)(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926.502(f)(2)(ii)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926.502(h)(1)(v)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, as Complainant has done here, is duplicative.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See J.A. Jones Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 2201, 2207 (No. 87-2059, 1993) (holding violations may be found duplicative where they require the same abatement measures);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Capform, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 13 BNA OSHC 2219, 2224 (No. 84-556, 1989) (finding violation duplicative where abatement of one citation item will necessarily result in abatement of the other item as well)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Because (b)(10) is not applicable to Respondent’s work activities, Respondent cannot be required to comply with the criteria for its implementation.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The standard, preamble, and subsequent letters of interpretation make it clear that non-roofing contractors are required to comply with 1926.501(b)(1) and cannot rely on the provisions of (b)(10), even if the roof could be characterized as “low-slope”. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">V.B.1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Again, as noted above, 1926.501(b)(1) is the primary obligation to provide fall protection; whereas the remaining subsections of 1926.501(b) describe particular situations wherein departure from the primary obligation is warranted or allowed. No such situation was present here, as established by Complainant.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hus, the only applicable fall protection criteria are those related to PFAS, safety nets, or guardrails.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.502(b)–(d).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Abatement of the hazard through application of 1926.501(b)(1) would necessarily abate the other items related to safety monitors and warning lines</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>because they would not be necessary if Respondent used guardrails, PFAS, or safety nets. Accordingly, sub-items 1b and 1c are duplicative.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The foregoing is true even taking into consideration the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">de minimis</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>exception described in the aforementioned letters of interpretation. According to each of those letters, Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">stated</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>he would “consider the use of cert</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ain physical barriers that fail</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to meet the criteria<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">for a guardrail a de minimis violation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">of the guardrail criteria</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in § 1926.502(b)” insofar as the warning line is 15 feet from the edge and meets or exceeds the requirements of 1926.502(f)(2), there is no work occurring in between the warning line and the unprotected edge, and a work rule is in place to prevent employees from going outside the warning line.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>OSHA Letter of Interpretation, Russell B. Swanson, Director of Directorate of Construction to Mark Troxell, Re: 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(10) Roofing work and other trades working on low slope roofs (August 1, 2000)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(emphasis added). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In other words, under the terms of the “exception” laid out in the various letters of interpretation, the warning line is considered a non-complying guardrail.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Insofar as the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>noncompliant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“guardrail” meets the requirements laid out in the letters of interpretation, it will be considered a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">de minimis</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>violation of the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">guardrail standard,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1926.502(b).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">There is no additional requirement for a safety monitor under this “exception” as in 1926.501(b). Further, though the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">de minimis</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>policy enunciated in the letters of interpretation reference 1926.502(f) as part of the criteria for determining whether a violation of the guardrail standard occurred, it is merely a condition precedent for compliance with 1926.502(b).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, under the terms of this<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">de minimis<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">exception, the failure to ensure the warning line’s compliance with 1926.502(f) is still a violation of 1926.502(b).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s failure in this case was singular—it failed to provide PFAS, guardrails, or safety nets as required by 1926.501(b)(1). Its noncompliance with the guidelines for warning lines and safety monitors is irrelevant because Respondent could not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">have<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">use</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>those implements to comply with its primary obligation.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Accordingly, Citation 1, Items 1b and 1c shall be vacated.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">VI.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Penalty<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.422cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In calculating appropriate penalties for affirmed violations, Section 17(j) of the Act requires the Commission give due consideration to four criteria: (1) the size of the employer’s business, (2) the gravity of the violation, (3) the good faith of the employer, and (4) the employer’s prior history of violations. Gravity is the primary consideration and is determined by the number of employees exposed, the duration of the exposure, the precautions taken against injury, and the likelihood of an actual injury.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">J.A. Jones Construction Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 2201 (No. 87-2059, 1993). It is well established that the Commission and its judges conduct<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">de novo</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>penalty determinations and have full discretion to assess penalties based on the facts of each case and the applicable statutory criteria. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Valdak Corp</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 17 BNA OSHC 1135 (No. 93-0239, 1995);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Allied Structural Steel</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 2 BNA OSHC 1457 (No. 1681, 1975).</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant determined that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>should be classified as high severity and low probability. (Tr. 78). At least two of Respondent’s employees were exposed to falls of up to 17 feet or more,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>which could be deadly,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>but its attempts to comply with the standard, coupled with training and education, mitigated the likelihood that an accident would occur. (Tr. 78). Further, Respondent has over 2000 employees, which means<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant did not provide</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a discount based upon its size; however, because previous OSHA inspections did not result in a citation,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant proposed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a 10 percent penalty reduction. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant did not, however, assess any credit for good faith due to the deficiencies noted during the inspection. </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>With the exception of good faith, the Court generally agrees with Complainant’s assessments. CSHO Christensen determined that Respondent was not eligible for a good faith discount because of the deficiencies<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">noted during the inspection</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; however, he also noted that Respondent “did make some attempts to comply with the standard, provide training and education to their employees. They had attempted to be in compliance, so there were some factors that helped keep those employees safe.” (Tr. 78–79). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">For the most part, Respondent attempted to develop a fall protection plan based on a good faith, albeit mistaken, interpretation of the fall protection standard. The moment that its deficiencies were pointed out, Respondent quickly implemented changes both at the site and within the site-specific fall plan. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">67</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-25 to C-30</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Accordingly, the Court finds that a penalty of $3,000.00 is appropriate for this violation.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.422cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">ORDER</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The foregoing Decision constitutes the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law in accordance with Rule 52(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based upon the foregoing Findings of Fact and Conclus</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ions of Law, it is ORDERED that:</span></p>
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			<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>AFFIRMED as serious, and a penalty of<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">$</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3,000.00</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>is ASSESSED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">2.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item 1b</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">VACATED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">3.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1c</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">VACATED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SO ORDERED</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/</span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Peggy S. Ball</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Judge, OSHRC</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Date:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> July 17, 2017</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Denver, Colorado</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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			<hr/>"
      <div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn-1" href="#ftnref-1"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn0" href="#ftnref0"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn1" href="#ftnref1"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn2" href="#ftnref2"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">1 </span></a>. CSHO Christensen testified that he had been told the “runs”, or grouping of panels, were roughly<span>
					</span>55<span><span></span>
					</span>feet long. Based on his observation, Ledbetter and Chaparro were roughly one “run” away from Phung and Hernandez. (Tr.<span>
					</span>53; Ex.<span>
					</span>C-22). <span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn3" href="#ftnref3"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">2 </span></a>. The Court references the “initial formulation”, because the version of the standard discussed above was previously found at 29 C.F.R. § 1926.500(g)(1) and applied to heights over 16 feet.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span>45 Fed. Reg. at 75620. The standard was renumbered and changed in<span>
					</span>1994.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Safety Standards for Fall Protection in the Construction Industry</span>, 59 Fed. Reg. 40672 (August 9, 1994). <span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn4" href="#ftnref4"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">3 </span></a>. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span>59 Fed. Reg.<span>
					</span>at 40676–77.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn5" href="#ftnref5"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">4 </span></a>.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span>https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=INTERPRETATIONS&p_id=23873.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn6" href="#ftnref6"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">5 </span></a>. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span>https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=INTERPRETATIONS&p_id=24682.</p>
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