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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; ">United States of America</p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; ">1120 20th Street, N.W., Ninth Floor</p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; ">Washington, D.C. 20036-3457</p>
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							<p style="line-height:1.15; text-align:justify; "> A Simplified Proceeding</p>
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						<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_Heading2 style_Heading2 " style="text-align:justify; outline-width:2; " xmlns:text="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:text:1.0" text:is-list-header="true"><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-weight:bold; font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; "> OSHRC Docket No. 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-weight:bold; font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; ">9</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-weight:bold; font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; ">-0</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-weight:bold; font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; ">258</span></p>
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							<p style="line-height:1.15; ">Michael Barr dba Barr Construction, </p>
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							<p style="line-height:1.15; text-align:justify; margin-left:94.8px; text-indent:.635cm; ">Respondent.</p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText " style="line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Appearances:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Kate S. O’Scannlain, Solicitor of Labor</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText " style="line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Oscar L. Hampton III</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">, Regional Solicitor </span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText " style="line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>M</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">ichael P. Doyle</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Reginal Counsel for OSHA</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:67.2px; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Office of the Regional Solicitor</p>
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				<p style="margin-left:115.2px; ">U.S. Department of Labor<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
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				<p style="margin-left:67.2px; text-indent:1.27cm; ">170 S. Independence Mall West</p>
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				<p style="margin-left:67.2px; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Philadelphia,<span>
					</span>PA<span><span></span>
					</span>19106-3306</p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText " style="line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For the Secretary</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText " style="line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">James Michael Barr</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">pro se</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText " style="line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Michael Barr dba Barr</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Construction</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText " style="line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Cogan Station</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">PA</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>17728</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText " style="line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For Respondent</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText " style="line-height:1; "> </p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText " style="line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; ">Before:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Dennis L. Phillips</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText " style="line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:13pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Administrative Law Judge</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">DECISION AND ORDER</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">I.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">BACKGROUND</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">James<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Michael Barr is a sole proprietor doing business<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Bar</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">r Construction</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Respondent or Barr Construction)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(Tr. 86).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">On December 13</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 2018,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">OSHA</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>inspected<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">a w</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">orksite where<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">was re-roofing a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">residential<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">house<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">at 819 Park Place,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Williamsport,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">PA</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">17701<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(Worksite)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(Tr. 25-26).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Upo</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">n arriving at the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">W</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">orksite that morning, OSHA C</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ompliance</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>O</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">fficer<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Robert Dervin observed workmen on ladder jack<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">scaffold</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, approximately 18</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>f</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">eet above ground level,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">without fall protection.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Respondent’s employees donned fall protection gear when they realized that OSHA wa</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s on site, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dervin<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">left to co</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">nduct an inspection elsewhere.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">H</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">e returned<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">later<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">that afternoon, and upon his arrival he observed four of Respondent’s employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">standing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">on the house</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">’s steep roof</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref1" href="#ftn1">1</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">again<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">not wearing fall protection.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(Tr. 43).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">They were expos</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ed to falls exceeding 20 feet.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dervin<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">observed another employee using a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">l</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">adder that had a damaged<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">bottom<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">rung.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Neither<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Mr. Barr</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>nor anyone else in charge of safety was on</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">site to correct those unsafe<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">conditions. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">On February 5, 2019,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">OSHA issued to Respondent</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">two</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>citation</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s containing a total of three items</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Citation 1, Item 1 al</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">leges<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">a serious violation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 19</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">26.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">501(b)(13)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">for the employees w</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ork</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on the roof without fall protection</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with a proposed penalty of $3,978</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">; Citation 1,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Item 2 alleges</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">a serious violation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">29 C.F.R.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">§ 19</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">26.451(g)(1)(i)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">for the employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">work</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">scaffold</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>without fall protection</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with a proposed penalty of $2,842</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">; and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Citation 2, Item 1</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">alleges an other-than-serious violation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">29 C.F.R.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">§ 19</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">26.1053(b)(16) for exposure to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the damaged ladder</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">zero proposed penalty</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The total proposed penalty is $6,820.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr. 42-49;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Exs. C-1 through C-2).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Respondent filed a Notice of Contest dated February 21, 2019.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">On February 26, 2019, the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(Commission)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">docketed the matter as Docket No. 19-0258.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">On March 21, 2019, t</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">he case was placed on the simplified proceedings calendar</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. T</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">he parties submitted evidence and witness testimony on July 25, 2019</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at a trial conducted</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Harrisburg,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">PA</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The Secretary submitted his Post-Hearing Brief<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Post-Hr’g<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Br.)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">on August 27, 2019.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref2" href="#ftn2">2</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">T</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">he primary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">issue<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">is whether Respondent had constructive knowledge of the violative conditions, or whether, instead, the violations were the result of unp</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">r</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">eventable employee misconduct.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref3" href="#ftn3">3</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">II.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">STIPULATED FACTS</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-indent:1.27cm; ">The parties agreed<span><span></span>
					</span>to the following stipulated facts<span><span></span>
					</span>in their<span>
					</span>Joint<span>
					</span>Prehearing<span>
					</span>Statement,<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:-48px; text-indent:1.27cm; ">dated June 21, 2019:</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="widows:0; orphans:0; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>1.<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Respondent is a<span>
					</span>sole proprietor doing business under the name Barr Construction.  </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>2. <span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>On December 13, 2018, Respondent was performing residential roofing work at a<span>
					</span>
				</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; ">residence at 819 Park Place, Williamsport, PA 17701.  </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; widows:0; orphans:0; ">3.<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>In February 2015, OSHA and Respondent entered into an informal settlement<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; ">agreement to resolve citations and penalties issued under Inspection 100023[3]. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:0; orphans:0; ">4.<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Under the terms of the informal settlement for Inspection 100023[3], Respondent<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>agreed to accept a repeat violation of<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span>29 C.F.R. § 1926.501(b)(11), based on employees not wearing fall protection on a roof of a building in Danville, PA.  </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; widows:0; orphans:0; ">(Tr. 15).<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">I</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">II.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">STIPULATED<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">MATTERS OF LAW</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The parties agreed<span><span></span>
					</span>to the following stipulated<span>
					</span>matters of law in their Joint Prehearing Statement, dated June 21, 2019:</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; widows:0; orphans:0; ">Under Commission precedent the Secretary must prove an OSHA violation by showing, through a preponderance of the evidence, that (1) the cited standard applies; (2) the employer failed to comply with the terms of the cited standard; (3) employees had access to the violative condition; and (4) the employer either knew or could have known with the exercise of reasonable diligence of the violative condition. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Southwestern Bell Tele. Co</span>., 19 BNA OSHC 1097, 1098 (No. 98-1748, 2000).<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; widows:0; orphans:0; ">(Tr. 15-16).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; widows:0; orphans:0; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; widows:0; orphans:0; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">I</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">V</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">. </span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">JURISDICTION</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">filed a timely Notice of Contest. The Court finds</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that, as of the date of the alleged violations, it was an employer engaged in business affecting commerce within the meaning o</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">f<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">section</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>3(5) of the<span>
						</span></span>Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 29 U.S.C. §§ 651-678 (OSH Act).<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span>Stipulated Facts<span><span></span>
					</span>(Stip.)<span>
					</span>¶¶ 1-2<span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">; Tr.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">86-87</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="letter-spacing:.014cm; width: 105;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Based upon the record, the Court finds that at all relevant times<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was engaged in a business affecting commerce and was an employer within the meaning of<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">sections</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>3(3) and 3(5) of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">OSH<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Act. The Court concludes that the Commission has jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter in this case</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, and Respondent is covered under the OSH Act</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref4" href="#ftn4">4</a></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">V</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">RELEVANT FACTS</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Respondent<span><span></span>
					</span>is a sole proprietor doing business under the name Barr<span>
					</span>Construction.<span>
					</span>Respondent<span><span></span>
					</span>has been<span><span></span>
					</span>in business 36 years.<span>
					</span>Respondent’s business handles general construction, “mostly outsides of homes, from the roof down,” including roofing,<span>
					</span>spouting, siding, and windows.<span>
					</span>Respondent operates primarily in central<span>
					</span>PA, mostly in Lycoming County.<span>
					</span>(Tr.<span>
					</span>86-87; Stip. 1).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Respondent started working at the Worksite on December 12, 2018. (Tr. 39, 88-89).<span><span></span>
					</span>On that morning, Mr. Barr gave the workers their instructions and held a toolbox talk with them. He then left the site for the day, before the workers set up their equipment to start their work. (Tr. 89).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">On December 12, 2018, OSHA’s Wilkes-Barre Area Office received an online complaint about the lack of fall protection at the Worksite. (Tr. 24-25). The area office assigned<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dervin to conduct an OSHA inspection. (Tr. 24).<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>Dervin has 17 years’ experience as a compliance officer, and he has conducted about 600 construction-industry inspections, including over a hundred residential roofing inspections. (Tr. 22-23).</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">A.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">The December 13, 2018<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">OSHA<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">inspection.</span><span><span></span>
				</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; ">On December 13, 2018, Respondent<span>
					</span>continued to<span>
					</span>perform<span><span></span>
					</span>residential roofing work at<span>
					</span>the Worksite.<span>
					</span>(Stip. 2).<span>
					</span>The job consisted of re-roofing the house.<span>
					</span>(Tr. 89-90).<span><span></span>
					</span>Respondent<span>
					</span>had eight employees at the<span>
					</span>Worksite:<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Messrs.<span>
					</span>Ronald Crow, Kevin Denemon, Robert Klopp, Kyle Myers, Randy Payton, Gary Dowdy, Jeremy Hamm, and a worker named Caesar whose last name<span>
					</span>Mr. Barr<span><span></span>
					</span>did not know.<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 98-101). Of those eight<span><span></span>
					</span>employees, three<span>
					</span>(Messrs.<span>
					</span>Caesar<span><span></span>
					</span>[first name only], Dowdy, and Hamm)<span>
					</span>were<span>
					</span>hired on December 11, 2018<span>
					</span>just for this job. (Tr. 92, 99-101, 106-07; Ex. R-6). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; ">At trial,<span>
					</span>Mr. Barr<span><span></span>
					</span>testified that he<span>
					</span>returned to the<span>
					</span>Worksite early on the morning of December 13, 2018.<span><span></span>
					</span>He<span><span></span>
					</span>said he<span>
					</span>told the workers to make sure that they were “OSHA-compliant,” and again left before work started.<span>
					</span>(Tr. 90).<span>
					</span>Mr. Barr<span>
					</span>further<span>
					</span>testified that he later returned to the Worksite<span>
					</span>that day<span>
					</span>“probably 4:00 [p.m.]” after the job shut down for the day and “[e]verybody was gone.”<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref5" href="#ftn5">5</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 90-91).<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Mr. Barr<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">did not designate any employee<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">on either December 12 or December 13, 2018<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">as a foreman or delegate to any of them the task of ensuring that the employees were using fall protection.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr. 39-40, 95-96</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>CO<span><span></span>
					</span>Dervin arrived at the<span>
					</span>Worksite<span>
					</span>at about 10:45 a.m.,<span><span></span>
					</span>December 13, 2018.<span>
					</span>(Tr. 25,<span>
					</span>34).<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dervin testified that he observed<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">and photographed<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">three workers</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, including<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">two workers later identified as<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Messrs. Hamm and Payton,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on l</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">adder jack scaffolding. They were not wearing fall protection equipment.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr. 27-30</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 116-18</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">; Ex</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>C-2, at 5,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">C-3,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">at</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">-</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">3</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dervin estimated that the employees were<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">working<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">about 18 feet above ground level.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">30-32,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">45</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">; Exs.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">C-1, at 7,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">C-3, at 2)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>CO<span><span></span>
					</span>Dervin asked one of the workers who was in charge, and he was told that he needed to talk to “the boss, Mike.”<span>
					</span>(Tr. 26). The worker gave<span>
					</span>CO<span><span></span>
					</span>Dervin a<span>
					</span>telephone number<span><span></span>
					</span>for the “boss”, Mike,<span><span></span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>CO<span><span></span>
					</span>Dervin called that number and left a message.<span>
					</span>(Tr. 26, 50). Around that time, the workers came down from the scaffold, went to the job trailer, and donned personal fall<span>
					</span>protection<span><span></span>
					</span>equipment.<span>
					</span>(Tr. 27, 32-33, 52;<span>
					</span>Exs.<span>
					</span>C-5 through C-6). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>At about 11:45 a.m.,<span>
					</span>CO<span><span></span>
					</span>Dervin left the<span>
					</span>Worksite to conduct an unrelated inspection elsewhere<span><span></span>
					</span>at the direction, by telephone, of Assistant Area Director (AAD) Sarah Carle.<span>
					</span>(Tr.<span>
					</span>33-34).<span>
					</span>He returned to this<span>
					</span>Worksite at about 2:00<span><span></span>
					</span>p.m. that same afternoon.<span>
					</span>(Tr. 35). Upon his arrival,<span>
					</span>CO<span><span></span>
					</span>Dervin observed four workers on the roof with no fall protection equipment.<span>
					</span>(Tr. 35-36, 53). He t<span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ook photographs of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">four<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">worke</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">rs,</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref6" href="#ftn6">6</a></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>which show them on the roof without<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">fall protection.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr. 36</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">-37</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 43</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Ex</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">C-2, at 2,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">C-3,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">at<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">9</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">-</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">10</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dervin estimated that the distance from the roof’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">eave</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref7" href="#ftn7">7</a></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the ground below, based on the number of rungs on a ladder that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">workers had set</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>up against the house</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, was about 20 feet</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr. 44</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dervin<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">also<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">observed and photographed an<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">unidentified<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">employee using the ladder in question at a time<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">when the bottom rung was bent.</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>He testified that the OSHA standard required Respondent to take the ladder “out of service until it’s been repaired or --.”</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">45-</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">4</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">7</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">; Ex</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">C-2, at 6,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">C-3,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">at</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>10</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">-1</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">He did not see any guardrails or safety net systems in use at the Worksite. (Tr. 44).<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dervin</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>remained at the Worksite for a few minutes and left after taking some photographs. (Tr. 38; Ex. C-3, at 9-11).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>On December 14, 2018, some of Respondent’s employees who had worked on the roof the day before admitted to Mr. Barr that they had not worn fall protection on December 13, 2018.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Mr. Barr testified that his employees told him</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">:<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“We weren’t harnessed off.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(Tr. 92</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 115-16</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dervin spoke<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">with<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Mr. Barr</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">tele</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">phone on January 3, 2019.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>38-41</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 56</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">; Ex. C-4</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO Der</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">v</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">in noted in his handwritten notes of the conversation that Mr. Barr told him “[h]e was not on Job Site Thurs</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">[</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">day</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">] INSPECTION DATE, 12/13-[.]”</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref8" href="#ftn8">8</a></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">During that conversation,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Mr. Barr<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">told<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Dervin that<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“all guys on that site were his EEs [employees] (5 + 3 new guys hire for couple days).” He also said<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">no foreman was at the worksite, and that no one was in charge in his absence</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>because “[h]e’s had issues with<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">guys listening to forem</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">e</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">n in the past.”</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref9" href="#ftn9">9</a></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr. 39-40, 95-96</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">; Ex</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. C-2, at 2</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, C-4</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Mr. Barr</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also told<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">him</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">he “[g]uessed reasons guys<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">not wearing fall protection at time of inspection, they can’t stand wearing it.”</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr. 40-41, 96</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">; Ex</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">C-2, at 2,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">C-4</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. At trial, Respondent testified that he “absolutely” knew that workers did not like to wear fall protection.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr. 96</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. </span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>OSHA issued a Citation and Notification of Penalty to Respondent on February 5, 2019.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(Tr. 41-42;<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Ex</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. C-1</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>through C-2)</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">C</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">itation<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">I</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">tem</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1 and<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Citation 2,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">I</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">tem 1</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">pertained to<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">violations<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">observ</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ed</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dervin<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">during the afternoon of December 13, 2018. (Tr. 42-43).<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Citation<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">I</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">tem 2 pertained to observations made by<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dervin during the morning. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">45).</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">B</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "> Respondent’s enforcement of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">company<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">safety rules.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; ">At trial,<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>Respondent introduced documents, dated March 13, 2018, and December 11, 2018, to show<span>
					</span>that he had a work rule requiring that fall protection be worn when work is performed at heights above six feet.<span>
					</span>(Ex. R-1).<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Mr. Barr<span><span></span>
					</span>testified that<span>
					</span>on March 4, 2019 he<span>
					</span>suspended three of the employees<span><span></span>
					</span>who had been atop the roof without fall protection,<span>
					</span>Messrs.<span>
					</span>Klopp, Payton, and Crow,<span>
					</span>for the month of March 2019.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref10" href="#ftn10">10</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 99; Ex. R-4). He said<span><span></span>
					</span>he would have suspended the others as well, but that they<span>
					</span>were no longer in his employ<span><span></span>
					</span>at that time.<span>
					</span>(Tr. 99-100).<span>
					</span>Mr. Barr<span><span></span>
					</span>also testified that the only previous time he had<span>
					</span>“probably”<span>
					</span>suspended anyone was “after the 2014 violation, because I don’t believe we had any violations since then.”<span>
					</span>(Tr. 114). <span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">C</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">. Respondent’s OSHA violation history.</span>
				</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Prior to the events<span>
					</span>at issue<span><span></span>
					</span>here, OSHA had cited Respondent at least five times for violating safety standards, dating back to 2011.<span>
					</span>(Tr.<span>
					</span>62,<span>
					</span>87-88; Ex. C-6, at 7). CO Russell White testified that he inspected two of Respondent’s worksites, once in 2011<span>
					</span>at Montoursville, PA<span>
					</span>and once in 2014<span><span></span>
					</span>at Danville, PA.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref11" href="#ftn11">11</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>Both were commercial roofing<span>
					</span>jobs. OSHA’s Wilkes-Barre Area Office issued to Respondent fall protection citations following each of<span>
					</span>CO<span>
					</span>White’s<span>
					</span>two<span>
					</span>inspections.<span>
					</span>(Tr.<span>
					</span>59-61, 68; Ex. C-6 [pertaining to<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>Danville, PA<span><span></span>
					</span>inspection<span>
					</span>conducted by CO White and the past citation underlying its repeat citation that occurred at State College, PA<span><span></span>
					</span>conducted by a CO other than CO White]).<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Exhibit C-6 is the Citation and Notification of Penalty for<span>
					</span>CO<span><span></span>
					</span>White’s<span>
					</span>OSHA<span>
					</span>Inspection No. 1000233<span><span></span>
					</span>conducted on October 16, 2014 at 49 Woodbine Lane, Danville,<span>
					</span>PA<span><span></span>
					</span>17821.<span>
					</span>(Tr. 61; Ex. C-6). During that inspection,<span>
					</span>CO<span><span></span>
					</span>White observed nine workers on a steep roof, not wearing fall protection.<span>
					</span>(Tr. 62-63).<span>
					</span>Mr. Barr<span><span></span>
					</span>was at the worksite during the inspection, and he told<span>
					</span>CO<span><span></span>
					</span>White that the workers were supposed to be using a safety monitor.<span>
					</span>(Tr. 63-64). Use of a safety monitor, however, was not a compliant form of fall protection, given the roof’s steep pitch.<span>
					</span>(Tr. 64). OSHA cited Respondent for a repeat violation of<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span>29 C.F.R. § 1926.501(b)(11), which requires the use of fall protection when working on steep roofs. The predicate citation for the repeat characterization was issued by the Harrisburg,<span>
					</span>PA<span><span></span>
					</span>Area Office<span>
					</span>under OSHA inspection no. 116215658<span>
					</span>for a violation of<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span>§ 1926.501(b)(11)<span><span></span>
					</span>at a worksite in State College,<span>
					</span>PA.<span><span></span>
					</span>That citation became a final order<span>
					</span>of the Commission<span>
					</span>in August 2011.<span>
					</span>(Tr. 64, 81; Ex. C-6, at 7).<span>
					</span>Respondent accepted<span>
					</span>a<span><span></span>
					</span>repeat violation for Inspection 1000233 through an informal settlement agreement<span><span></span>
					</span>with OSHA, dated February 10, 2015.<span>
					</span>(Tr. 74-75;<span>
					</span>Ex. C-5;<span>
					</span>Stips. 3-4). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>OSHA’s<span>
					</span>Area<span>
					</span>Director<span>
					</span>(AD)<span>
					</span>for the Wilkes-Barre area office, Mark<span><span></span>
					</span>Lee<span><span></span>
					</span>Stelmack,<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref12" href="#ftn12">12</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>testified that he had spoken with<span>
					</span>Mr. Barr<span><span></span>
					</span>about fall protection issues during two or three informal conferences prior to the events at issue here; including an informal conference that occurred in February 2015.<span>
					</span>(Tr.<span>
					</span>73-78). Mr. Stelmack also spoke with<span>
					</span>Mr. Barr<span><span></span>
					</span>over the<span>
					</span>telephone on various occasions when<span>
					</span>Mr. Barr<span><span></span>
					</span>called<span><span></span>
					</span>him with questions about fall protection requirements.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref13" href="#ftn13">13</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 77-78). These discussions also dealt with getting employees to comply with fall protection requirements.<span><span></span>
					</span>AD<span><span></span>
					</span>Stelmack told<span>
					</span>Mr. Barr<span><span></span>
					</span>that he needed to have a competent person on site to<span>
					</span>do daily inspections of<span><span></span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>jobsite<span><span></span>
					</span>to ensure compliance<span>
					</span>and make sure safety requirements were being<span>
					</span>communicated,<span>
					</span>met<span><span></span>
					</span>and enforced.<span>
					</span>(Tr. 79-84).  </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">V</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">I</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">DISCUSSION</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span>Under Commission precedent<span><span></span>
					</span>and as stipulated by the parties, the Secretary must prove an OSHA violation by showing, through a preponderance of the evidence, that:<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(1) the cited standard applies; (2) the employer failed to comply with the terms of the cited standard; (3) employees had access to the violative condition; and (4) the employer either knew or could have known with the exercise of reasonable diligence of the violative condition.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><br/></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">S</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">w.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Bell Tele. Co.</span>, 19 BNA OSHC 1097, 1098 (No. 98-1748, 2000),<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d,<span>
						</span></span>277 F.3d 1374 (5<span style="position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">th</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Cir. 2001).<span><span></span>
					</span>The evidence shows that the Secretary has satisfied<span>
					</span>all<span><span></span>
					</span>these requirements here. Additionally, Respondent’s affirmative defense of unpreventable employee misconduct fails because Respondent<span><span></span>
					</span>did not adequately monitor his worksite to ensure compliance with OSHA safety requirements. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">A</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>cited</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>standard</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">s applied to Respondent’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">W</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">orksite.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The citations’<span><span></span>
					</span>three<span>
					</span>items allege violations of construction-industry standards. (Ex. C-1).<span>
					</span>Mr. Barr<span>
					</span>testified that<span>
					</span>Respondent<span><span></span>
					</span>is engaged in the general construction business, “from the roof down,” and that<span>
					</span>its<span><span></span>
					</span>work<span><span></span>
					</span>crew<span>
					</span>at the Worksite<span>
					</span>was re-roofing a house.<span>
					</span>(Tr.<span>
					</span>87,<span>
					</span>90).<span>
					</span>Residential roofing is a quintessential construction-industry<span>
					</span>activity.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span>29 C.F.R.<span>
					</span>§ 1926.32(g)<span><span></span>
					</span>(defining construction work to include work for “alteration and/or repair”);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><br/></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Daniel Crowe<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Roof Repair</span>,<span>
					</span>23 BNA OSHC 2001<span><span></span>
					</span>(No. 10-2090, 2011)<span><span></span>
					</span>(ALJ) (finding that roof repair qualifies as construction work under<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span>§ 1926.32(g)).<span>
					</span>Therefore, the cited standards applied to the<span>
					</span>Worksite at issue.<span>
					</span>(Sec’y Post-Hr’g Br., at 7).<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">B</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Respondent violated the cited standards.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Most of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">facts attested to at trial by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dervin that underly the citations’ items are not in dispute.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">During the trial, Mr. Barr stated that he did not “disagree on the record of anything that you [</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dervin] said<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">[at trial] okay?</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 51).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">1.</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Respondent violated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">29 C.F.R. §<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">1926.501(b)(13)</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Citation 1, Item 1</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">).</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">violated<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span>29 C.F.R. §<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1926.501(b)(13)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by allowing his employees to engage in residential roofing activities more than 6 feet above ground level without the use o</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">f appropriate fall protection.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Ex. C-1</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">6</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The cited standard provides:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Residential construction. Each employee engaged in residential construction activities 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above lower levels shall be protected by guardrail systems, safety net system, or personal fall arrest system unless another provision in paragraph (b) of this section provides for an alternative fall protection measure. Exception: When the employer can demonstrate that it is infeasible or creates a greater hazard to use these systems, the employer shall develop and implement a fall protection plan which meets the requirements of<span>
						</span></span>paragraph (k) of § 1926.502<span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span>29 C.F.R. §<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1926.501(b)(13)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>On the afternoon of December 13</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 2018,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Dervin ob</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">served four<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">of Respondent’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">employees on the roof of a residence withou</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">t any type of fall protection.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr. 35-37</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">; Ex. C-3, at 9)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Mr. Barr</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">confirmed at trial that the workers were re-roofing the house</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>which is a “residential construction activity” withi</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">n the meaning of the standard.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> (Tr. 89-90).</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">29 C.F.R.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">§ 1926.500(b)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(defining “roofing work”</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dervin took photographs of the workers, and the photographs plainly show that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">four<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">workers did not have fall protection and were more than</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>6 feet above and lower level.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Ex. C-3,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">at</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>9</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">-</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">10</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dervin estimated that the distance from the roof’s edge to the ground below was about 20 feet, based on the number of rungs on a ladder that the workers<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">had set up against the house.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr. 44</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Based upon this evidence, Respondent violated<span>
						</span></span>§<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1926.501(b)(13) in the manner alleged.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>(Sec’y Post-Hr’g Br., at 7-8).<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">2.</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Respondent violated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">29 C.F.R. §<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">1926.451(g)(1)(i)</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Citation 1, Item 2</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span>29 C.F.R. §<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1926.451(g)(1)(i)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>requires employees to use personal fall arrest systems when working on ladder jack scaffolds more tha</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">n 10 feet above a lower level.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Citation 1, Item 2 alleges that Respondent violated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">29 C.F.R.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span>§<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1926.451(g)(1)(i)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by permitting employees to work<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">about 18 feet above ground level on two ladder jack scaffolds without personal fall arr</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">est equipment</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, with a proposed penalty of $2,842. (</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Ex. C-1</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 7</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The evidence esta</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">blishes the alleged violation.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dervin testified that</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>he observed three workers on<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ladder jack scaffold</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ing</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with no personal fall arrest<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">equipment</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr. 27-30</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. He also took photographs of the workers</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">including Messrs. Payton and Hamm,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">which show them on the scaffold</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ing without<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">personal fall arrest equipment</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(Ex.C-3, at 2-3).<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Counting the rungs of a nearby ladder,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dervin estimated that the employees were about 18 feet above grou</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">nd level.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr. 45</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">These uncontradicted facts establish a violation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">29 C.F.R.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span>§<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1926.451(g)(1)(i)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>(Sec’y Post-Hr’g Br., at 8-9).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">3.</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Respondent violated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">1053(b)(16)</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Citation 2, Item 1</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span>29 C.F.R. §<span>
					</span>1926.<span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1053(b)(16)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">provides:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Portable ladders with structural defects, such as, but not limited to, broken or missing rungs, cleats, or steps, broken or split rails, corroded components, or other faulty or defective components, shall either be immediately marked in a manner that readily identifies them as defective, or be tagged with “Do Not Use” or similar language, and shall be withdrawn from service until repaired.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Citation 2, Item 1 alleges that Respondent violated this standard by permitting<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">its</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees to use a 16-foot extensi</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">on ladder with a<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">bottom<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">bent rung.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Ex. C-1</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 8</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dervin observed and photographed an employee using the ladder in question at a time when the bottom rung was bent. </span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">46; Ex. C-3,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">at</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>10</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">-</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">11</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. According to<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Dervin, the damaged rung required that the ladder be taken out of servi</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ce until it could be repaired.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr. 47</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">These facts<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">prove<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the physical conditions that establish a violation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">29 C.F.R.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span>§ 1926.<span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1053(b)(16)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>(Sec’y Post-Hr’g Br., at 9).<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">C</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Respondent’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Employees were exposed to the cited conditions.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Secretary has also establish</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ed</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employee<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">exposure</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for all three items</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. The photographs that<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dervin took during the inspection confirm his eyewitness testimony that<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">employees were on the scaffold and roo</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">f without any fall protection.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Ex. C-3,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">at</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>2</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">-</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">3</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>10</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The photograph at<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Exh</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ibit</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>C-3,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">at</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>10</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>shows an empl</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">oyee using the damaged ladder.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Therefore,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">this element of the Secretary’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">prima facie</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>case<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">has been established.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><br/></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">S & G Packaging Co.</span>, 19 BNA OSHC 1503, 1506 (No. 98-1107, 2001)(exposure element is established by actual exposure to hazard).<span>
					</span>(Sec’y Post-Hr’g Br., at 9).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">D</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Respondent had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">constructive<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">knowledge of the violative conditions.</span>
				</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Secretary also established that Respondent had constructive knowledge of the violative conditions.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref14" href="#ftn14">14</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>The conditions were in plain view of anyone who was onsite<span>
					</span>at the Worksite<span>
					</span>or in the vicinity, as evidenced by the photographs that<span>
					</span>CO<span><span></span>
					</span>Dervin took during the inspection.<span>
					</span>Mr. Barr<span>
					</span>was not<span>
					</span>at the Worksite<span><span></span>
					</span>at any time<span><span></span>
					</span>while work was being performed<span><span></span>
					</span>on December 13, 2018, and he left no one in charge of safety in his absence. A reasonably diligent employer with Respondent’s long history of fall protection violations would have left someone in charge at the<span>
					</span>Worksite who could have ensured that employees used fall protection, or<span>
					</span>who could have<span>
					</span>reported<span><span></span>
					</span>back to<span>
					</span>Mr. Barr<span><span></span>
					</span>in the event that employees refused to comply with<span>
					</span>fall protection requirements.<span>
					</span>By failing to do so, Respondent did not take all reasonable steps to protect<span>
					</span>its<span><span></span>
					</span>workers from falls.<span>
					</span>In short,<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“may not hide behind [</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">its</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">] lac</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">k of knowledge concerning [</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">its</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees’] dangerous working practices.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><br/></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Danco Constr. Co. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 586 F.2d 1243, 1247</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(8th Cir. 1978)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. </span>
				</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; "><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">To meet<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">[his]</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>burden of establishing employer knowledge, the Secretary must show that the cited employer either knew or, with the exercise of reasonable diligence, could have known of the presence of the violative condition.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(citations omitted)<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Reasonable diligence requires the formulation and implementation of adequate work rules and training programs to ensure that work is safe, as well as adequate supervision of employees.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(citations omitted)<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Reasonable diligence also requires an employer to inspect the work<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">area, anticipate hazards to which employees may be exposed, and take measures to prevent the occurrence of violations.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(citation omitted).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><br/></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">N & N Contractors, Inc.</span>,<span>
					</span>18 BNA OSHC 2121, 2122-23<span><span></span>
					</span>(No.<span>
					</span>96-0606, 2000),<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span>,<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span>255 F.3d 122 (4th Cir. 2001).<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“Effective<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">safety enforcement<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">requires a diligent effort to discover and discourage violations of safety rules</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by employees</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.”</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><br/></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Paul Betty d/b/a Betty Bros.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 9 BNA OSHC 1379, 1383</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 76-4271, 1981)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Here, Respondent did not make a diligent effort to discover violations of</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>fall protection requirements.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Mr. Barr<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">left the work site on the morning of December 12, 2018</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>–<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the morning before the inspection</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>– before the workers set up their equipment for the workday.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr. 89</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Although he testified that h</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">e did the same thing the morning of the inspection</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, the Court has found otherwise</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref15" href="#ftn15">15</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr. 90</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Mr. Barr</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>did not designate any employee as a foreman or delegate to any of them the task of ensuring that the employees were using fall protection</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at the Worksite</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">39-40,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">95-96</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 134</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">This<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">even though</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Mr. Barr</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>knew</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, with absolute certainty</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>from 36 years of experience</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that his employees did not like to wear fall protection equipment.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr. 87, 96</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. Under these circumstances, it is hardly surprising that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">all</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the workers<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">atop the roof<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">at the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Work</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">site chose to work w</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ithout fall protection</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. “</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Where all the employees</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">participating in a particul</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ar activity violate an employer’</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s work rule, the unanimity of suc</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">h noncomplying conduct suggests<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ineffective enforcement of the work rule.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><br/></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">GEM Indus</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1861, 1865</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 93-1122, 1996)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">149 F.3d 1183 (6th Cir. 1998)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The fact that the workers violated fall protection requirements<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">in the afternoon</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">even after<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Dervin<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">visited the site<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">in the morning</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">is further evidence that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Respondent’s employees</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>were not concerned about<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">compliance and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">discipline. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>This is not to say that every small employer must constantly monitor<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">its</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees in order to comply with the OSH Act. Monitoring efforts must be reasonable under the circumstances.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">I</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">f an employer has little or no history of OSHA<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">violations and</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>has an audit system in place that provides for regular safety inspections, that employer might be doing enough under the circumstances to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">discover violations.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">e.g.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><br/></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Stahl Roofing, Inc.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC 2179</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Nos. 00-1268 & 00-1637, 2003)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">But where an employer has an extensive OSHA history</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, as here,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and knows his employees are prone to disregard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">fall protection<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">safety rules, that employer must redouble its efforts at compliance before those efforts may be deemed reasonable. Increased monitoring<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">by management<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">is a necessity under such circumstances. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><br/></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Hackensack Steel Corp.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC 1387 (No. 97-0755</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 2003</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, illustrates this point.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">OSHA cited Hackensack Steel<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Corp.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">for fall protection and hardhat violations at a construction worksite where a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CO</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>observed employees working 43 feet above ground level without the necessary protectiv</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">e equipment.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><br/></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 1389-90</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Hackensack Steel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had been cited six previous times for fall protection violations, and eight previous</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>times for hardhat violations.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><br/></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 1390</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The onsite foreman was busy with other tasks and did not</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">see the employees working without the n</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ecessary protective equipment.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><br/></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1389</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The Commission found that Hackensack Steel<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Corp.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">had constructive knowledge, reasoning in part:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Under the circumstances and given Hackensack’s lengthy history of OSHA citations for failure to use safety belts and hardhats . . . we believe that the foreman<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">should have done more to discover safety violations than he did. This is not to suggest that he had to monitor the [workers] the entire time they were on the steel. However, we find that it is reasonable to expect him to have checked them from time-to-time or to direct another employee – such as the signalman, who was in vi</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">sual contact with the [workers</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">] – to apprise him of the situation.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><br/></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 1390</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><br/></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1394</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(“As we have already noted, given its long history of hardhat violations, Hackensack was sufficiently alerted to the need for increased monitoring of its employees to prevent future violations.”). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">At least Hackensack Steel<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Corp.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">had</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a foreman at its worksite, which cann</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ot be said of Respondent here.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">B</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">y<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">its</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>own count</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">had been cited five previous times for fall protection violations</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Mr. Barr</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was fully aware that employees did not like to wear fal</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">l protection equipment.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">88,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">96</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Given<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">its</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>lengthy OSHA violation history,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">including<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">a repeat citation in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">2015,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Respondent should have put someone at the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">W</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">orksite in charge of safety at times whe</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">n<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Mr. Barr</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was absent from the site.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Ex. C-6).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">This is especially so because three of the workers</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, including Mr. Hamm photographed on the roof with</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">out</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>any fall protection,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had just been hired on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">December 11, 2018<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">for this<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">roofing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">job</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>only three days before the OSHA inspection</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr. 92, 101</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">; Ex. C-3, at 9)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">’s lack of reasonable diligence in this regard compels<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">and justifies<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Court<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">finding that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">had constructive knowledge of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">all three</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>violations.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>(Sec’y Post-Hr’g Br., at 10-12).<span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">E</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Respondent has not established the employee misconduct defense. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>At trial, Respondent asserted the affirmative defense of unpreventable employee misconduct.<span>
					</span>(Tr. 131-35).<span><span></span>
					</span>An employer<span>
					</span>who raises<span><span></span>
					</span>that defense<span>
					</span>must show, among other things, that he<span>
					</span>has taken steps to discover violations<span><span></span>
					</span>and has enforced its work rules.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><br/></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Hackensack Steel</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC at 1391-92</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“Establishing adequate procedures for monitoring employee conduct for compliance with work rules is a critical part of any employer effort to eliminate hazards. It is not enough that an employer has developed an exemplary safety program on paper.”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><br/></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Am</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Sterilizer Co.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 1082, 1087</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 91-2194, 1997)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span>As discussed above, Respondent had constructive knowledge of the violative conditions on December 13,<span>
					</span>2018, because<span>
					</span>it<span><span></span>
					</span>did not make a diligent effort to discover those violations, and thus did not effectively implement<span>
					</span>its<span><span></span>
					</span>safety program. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>At trial, Respondent introduced evidence to show that he suspended, in March 2019, three of the workers who were violating safety rules on December 13, 2018.<span>
					</span>(Tr. 92-95, 113;<span><span></span>
					</span>Ex.<span><span></span>
					</span>R-4). Mr. Barr<span><span></span>
					</span>testified that the other five workers were no longer in his employ.<span>
					</span>(Tr. 101).<span>
					</span>Yet<span>
					</span>Mr. Barr<span><span></span>
					</span>also testified that the only prior suspension he had<span>
					</span>“probably”<span>
					</span>meted out was following the 2014 violation, which strongly<span>
					</span>suggests<span><span></span>
					</span>that he only suspends<span>
					</span>employees<span><span></span>
					</span>after OSHA cites<span>
					</span>Respondent.<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 113-14).<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Cf.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><br/></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Niagara Mohawk Power Corp.</span>, 7 BNA OSHC 1447, 1450<span><span></span>
					</span>(No. 76-2414, 1979)<span><span></span>
					</span>(“Safety instructions coupled with post-citation disciplinary measures, without more, are not enough to show that the employer adequately supervised its foreman about OSHA safety requirements.”).<span><span></span>
					</span>In any event, disciplinary measures of this sort are not an adequate substitute for effective monitoring to ensure that violations do not occur<span>
					</span>in the first place.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><br/></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Am</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Sterilizer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC at 1087</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(“[I]n the absence of evidence that the employer has attempted to discover violations of its work rules, we must conclude that the employer could not have enforced its work rules effectively.”) (internal quotati</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">on marks and citation omitted). Based on Respondent’s lack of effective monitoring,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">it</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>cannot establish unpreventable employee misconduct.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(Sec’y Post-Hr’g Br., at 13-14).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Therefore, Respondent’s employee misconduct defense fails. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">F.</span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Citation 1,</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Items 1 and 2</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">,</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">re</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>serious. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>OSHA properly characterized Respondent’s violations<span><span></span>
					</span>of<span>
					</span>29 C.F.R.§<span>
					</span>1926.501(b)(13) and<span>
					</span>29 C.F.R.<span>
					</span>§<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1926.451(g)(1)(i)<span>
						</span></span>as “serious” within the meaning of section 17(k) of the OSH Act.<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span>29 U.S.C. § 666(k)<span><span></span>
					</span>(violation is serious if “<span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">there is a substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">” from haz</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ardous condition or exposure).<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Under section 17(k),<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“s</span>ubstantial probability” refers to the probability of death or serious injury occurring as a result of an accident or incident, not to the probability of that accident or incident occurring. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><br/></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Sec</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">’</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">y of Labor v. Trinity Indus., Inc.,</span><span><span></span>
					</span>504 F.3d 397, 401 (3d Cir. 2007).<span>
					</span>There is a substantial<span>
					</span>probability of serious injury or death from a fall of 18 feet or more.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><br/></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Merchant’s Masonry, Inc.</span>, 17 BNA OSHC 1005, 1107<span><span></span>
					</span>(No. 92-424, 1994). Therefore,<span>
					</span>the Court affirms<span>
					</span>these<span><span></span>
					</span>two<span><span></span>
					</span>violations as serious.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref16" href="#ftn16">16</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>(Sec’y Post-Hr’g Br., at 14).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">G.</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">The Court assesses t</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">he proposed penalties</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span>
				</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Court assesses the<span>
					</span>proposed penalties<span><span></span>
					</span>of $3,978<span><span></span>
					</span>for Citation 1, Item 1<span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>$2,842 for Citation 1, Item<span>
					</span>2<span><span></span>
					</span>given the dangerousness of the fall hazards<span><span></span>
					</span>at issue and Respondent’s<span>
					</span>history of violations.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref17" href="#ftn17">17</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 47-49; Ex. C-1).<span><span></span>
					</span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
				</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Section 17(j) of the OSH Act directs the Commission to assess penalties “<span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">giving due consideration to the appropriateness of the penalty with respect to the size of the business of the employer being charged, the gravity of the violation, the good faith of the employer, and the history of previous violations.</span>”<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span>29 U.S.C. § 666(j).<span>
					</span>Gravity is usually the “principal factor.”<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><br/></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Nacirema Operating Co.</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 1 BNA OSHC 1001, 1003 (No. 4, 1972)</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">A 70 percent reduction was made to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">g</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ravity</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">-</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">based penalty of $13,260 for Citation 1, Item 1 and a 70 percent reduction was made to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">g</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ravity</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">-</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">based penalty of $9,472 for Citation 1, Item 2</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>because of Respondent’s small size</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. (Tr. 48-49; Ex. C-2 at 1, 4).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Here, employees were exposed to fall hazards ranging from 18 feet to over 20 feet. A fall could<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">have easily killed or badly<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">injured<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">one of<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">them.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Mr. Barr</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>pointed out that none of his employees has fallen off a roof in 36 years, but as the Commission has noted, “</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">a favorable safety record can be a matter of good fortune rather than an indica</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">tion of an effectively enforced<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">safety<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">program.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(Tr. 136).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><br/></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Stuttgart Machine Works, Inc.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 9 BNA OSHC 1366, 1369 (No. 77-3021</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 1981)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. That is the case here.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Prior to the events at issue,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Respondent had already been cited for a repeat f</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">all protection violation</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Ex. C-5</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">T</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Court agrees with the Secretary that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">proposed</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>penalties are the minimum necessary to bring Respondent into compliance.</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>(Sec’y Post-Hr’g<span><span></span>
					</span>Br., at 14-15).<span>
					</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
				</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">VII. </span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">All findings of fact and conclusions of law relevant and necessary to a determination of the contested issues have been made above.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a). All proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law inconsistent with this decision are denied.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">VIII. </span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">ORDER</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Based on these findings of fact and conclusions of law, it is<span>
					</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">ORDERED</span><span><span></span>
					</span>that:</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:24px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">1)</span>Citation 1, Item 1, alleging a<span>
				</span>serious<span><span></span>
				</span>violation of<span>
				</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 19</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">26.501(b)(13)<span>
					</span></span>is<span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
					</span>AFFIRMED</span><span><span></span>
				</span>and a penalty of $3,978<span>
				</span>is<span>
				</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ASSESSED</span>,<span>
				</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:24px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">2)</span>Citation 1, Item 2, alleging a<span><span></span>
				</span>serious<span><span></span>
				</span>violation of 29 C.F.R. § <span><span></span>
				</span>1926.451(g)(1)(i)<span><span></span>
				</span>is<span>
				</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">AFFIRMED</span><span><span></span>
				</span>and a penalty of $2,842<span><span></span>
				</span>is<span>
				</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ASSESSED</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">,<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:24px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">3)</span>Citation<span>
				</span>2, Item<span>
				</span>1, alleging an Other-than-Serious<span><span></span>
				</span>violation of 29 C.F.R. § <span><span></span>
				</span>1926.1053(b)(16)<span><span></span>
				</span>is<span>
				</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">AFFIRMED</span><span><span></span>
				</span>and<span>
				</span>no<span>
				</span>penalty is<span>
				</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ASSESSED.</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">SO ORDERED.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:240px; text-indent:1.27cm; ">__<span style="font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/</span>_________________________<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="margin-left:240px; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Honorable Dennis L. Phillips<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="margin-left:240px; text-indent:1.27cm; "> U.S. OSHRC Judge</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; ">Date:<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>_<span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;">November 18, 2019</span>_____</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Washington, D.C.</p>
			</div>
			<hr/>"
      <div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn-1" href="#ftnref-1"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn0" href="#ftnref0"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn1" href="#ftnref1"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">1 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">CO</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dervin testified that the steep roof had a 43-degree angle. (Tr. 43).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn2" href="#ftnref2"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">2 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent did not submit a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Post-Hr’g</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">B</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">r.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn3" href="#ftnref3"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">3 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Respondent has not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">timely, or otherwise,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">raised an infeasibility or greater hazard defense.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Joint Prehearing Statement (no mention); Tr. 128-132, 134-35).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:2.933px; margin-left:-.333px; margin-right:.267px; ">
					<a name="ftn4" href="#ftnref4"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">4 </span></a><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See Clarence M. Jones</span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">, 11 BNA OSHC 1529, 1531 (No. 77-3676, 1983) (even small construction projects that involve only local purchases affect interstate commerce);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Slingluff v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">, 425 F.3d 861, 866-67 (10th Cir. 2005) (the economic activity of construction affects interstate commerce). </span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">Barr</span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Construction was a covered employer under the OSH Act. 29 U.S.C. § 652(5) (defining “employer” as a “person engaged in a business affecting commerce who has employees”). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn5" href="#ftnref5"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">5 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Whether Mr. Barr visited the Worksite on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">the morning of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">December 13, 2018 is in dispute because CO Dervin noted in his record of a January 3, 2019 telephone conversation with Mr. Barr that Mr. Barr told him that he did not visit the Worksite that day. The Court finds that Mr. Barr was not at the Worksite on the morning of December 13, 2018. No one told CO Dervin during the OSHA inspection that Mr. Barr had been at the Worksite that morning. There is no evidence corroborating that he was there. CO Dervin’s record of the January 3, 2019 telephone conversation clearly states Mr. Barr told him that he was not at the Worksite on the day of the OSHA inspection. The Court finds CO Dervin’s testimony recounting that Mr. Barr told him that he was not at the Worksite that day entirely credible based upon the Court’s observations of his demeanor during his testimony. CO Dervin’s testimony was clear, precise and confidently conveyed. His body mannerisms, eye contact, and speech reflected that he was telling the truth when he testified. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn6" href="#ftnref6"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">6 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>These four workers included Respondent’s employees</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Messrs. Crow, Payton, and Hamm.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The fourth worker is unidentified</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by name</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">36-37,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">119</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">; Ex. C-3, at 9</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn7" href="#ftnref7"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">7 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">CO Dervin testified that a roof’s eave is “the lowest edge of the roof, primarily where you would put the gutters or whatnot.” (Tr. 44). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn8" href="#ftnref8"><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
							</span>CO Der</span></a><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">8 </span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">v</span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">in also testified that Mr. Barr told him on January 3, 2019 that he was not at the Worksite on December 13, 2018. (Tr. 39).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn9" href="#ftnref9"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">9 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr. Barr admitted that there was no foreman at the Worksite. (Tr. 95-96).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn10" href="#ftnref10"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">10 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr. Barr testified that the last working day for the job at the Worksite was December 14, 2018. He also said Respondent did not perform roofing work during the months of January through February. (Tr. 92-93).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn11" href="#ftnref11"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">11 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">CO White has served as a compliance officer at OSHA’s Wilkes-Barre, PA office for more than 18 years. He has conducted more than 800 inspections, with more than one hundred involving residential construction. (Tr. 57-58).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn12" href="#ftnref12"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">12 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>AD Stelmack has served as the AD for the Wilkes-Barre</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, PA</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>area office for about 11 years. (Tr. 72-73).</span></p>
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					<a name="ftn13" href="#ftnref13"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">13 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">At the trial, Mr. Barr acknowledged that he and AD Stelmack “have talked a lot.” (Tr. 82).</span></p>
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					<a name="ftn14" href="#ftnref14"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">14 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr. Barr testified that he had no actual knowledge of the misconduct that occurred at the Worksite on December 13, 2018. (Tr. 110-12). He said he was aware that the bottom rung of Respondent’s ladders bend in the middle and “wrecks many of our ladders a year.” He noted that the ladder at issue in Citation 2, Item 1 was “out of commission right now.” (Tr. 110-11). </span></p>
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					<a name="ftn15" href="#ftnref15"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">15 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>See n. 5, above.</span></p>
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					<a name="ftn16" href="#ftnref16"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">16 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Court also finds that the Secretary has properly characterized Citation 2, Item 1 as Other-than-Serious.</span></p>
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					<a name="ftn17" href="#ftnref17"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">17 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>No penalty was proposed for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">the Other-than-Serious<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Citation 2, Item 1.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Courier; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 47; Ex. C-1, at 8).</span></p>
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