United States of America

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION

1120 20th Street, N.W., Ninth Floor

Washington, DC 20036-3457

SECRETARY OF LABOR,

Complainant,

v. OSHRC Docket No. 13-1817

MISSOURI BASIN WELL SERVICE, INC.,

Respondent.

ON BRIEFS:

Ronald J. Gottlieb, Attorney; Charles F. James, Counsel for Appellate Litigation; Heather R. 

Phillips, Counsel for Appellate Litigation; Ann Rosenthal, Associate Solicitor of Labor for 

Occupational Safety and Health; M. Patricia Smith, Solicitor of Labor; U.S. Department of Labor, 

Washington, DC

For the Complainant

David E. Jones; Shontell Powell; Ogletree, Deakins, Nash, Smoak & Stewart, P.C., Washington, 

DC and Atlanta, GA

For the Respondent

DECISION

Before: MACDOUGALL, Chairman; ATTWOOD and SULLIVAN, Commissioners.

BY THE COMMISSION:

Missouri Basin Well Service, Inc. (MBI) is an oil and gas well-servicing company based 

in Belfield, North Dakota. After a fire at an MBI worksite injured an employee and the 

Occupational Safety and Health Administration conducted an inspection, OSHA issued MBI a 

citation alleging a violation of the general duty clause of the Occupational Safety and Health Act, 

29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1), for exposing its employees to fire and explosion hazards.

1 Administrative 

 

1 The general duty clause provides that “[e]ach employer . . . shall furnish to each of his employees 

employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing 

or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees.” 29 U.S.C. 

§ 654(a)(1).
2

Law Judge Brian Duncan vacated the citation, finding that the Secretary failed to prove two 

elements of the alleged general duty clause violation: recognition of the hazard and the existence 

of a feasible and effective means to abate the hazard. For the reasons discussed below, the citation

is vacated. 

BACKGROUND

On April 2, 2013, MBI was servicing an oil well owned by Abraxas Petroleum Corporation

when a fire occurred. Specifically, MBI was “circulating the well,” a process which involved

pumping large amounts of water into the well and back out to remove debris, such as leftover 

drilling mud and sand. MBI’s supervisor on the project was Mike Fifer. The day before the fire,

Fifer had his crew set up a 500-barrel, enclosed tank to serve as the water “supply tank,”

2

a 120-

barrel, open-top “discharge tank” to receive the water discharged from the well, and a dieselpowered “mud pump” to circulate the water from the tank into the well and out again (by drawing

water out of the supply tank, pushing it down the well, and out into the discharge tank). Fifer 

testified that he followed his usual practice and separated the discharge tank approximately 75 feet 

from the mud pump in order to address his concern that combustible fumes or vapors might 

emanate from the discharge tank and migrate to the mud pump, which is a potential ignition source. 

Fifer selected an open-top tank to hold the discharge water to encourage the dissipation of any 

combustible vapors. The supply tank, discharge tank, and mud pump were each placed at least 

100 feet from the wellhead.

The next day, the day of the fire, an Abraxas official instructed Fifer to move the mud 

pump closer to the discharge tank—from approximately 75 feet away to less than 30 feet away—

and also to use a 500-barrel, enclosed discharge tank, known as a “frac tank,” instead of the 120-

barrel, open-top tank.

3

 Fifer testified that he was concerned about moving the mud pump closer

to the discharge tank. He agreed to do so, however, thinking that it “would be good enough” so 

long as the enclosed tank’s “top hatch” remained closed, forcing any vapors to be released through 

a 3-inch vent opening on the back of the 50-foot long discharge tank so that any gas would emanate 

 

2 The supply tank and the water were supplied by Abraxas. MBI presumed the water was saltwater. 

Neither freshwater nor saltwater are combustible or flammable.

3 The Abraxas representative indicated he wanted to use 500-barrel tanks for both the supply and 

discharge so that the discharge tank did not need to be emptied during the circulation process; thus, 

saving Abraxas money.
3

from the tank at about 80 feet from the mud pump. Fifer testified that he instructed all members 

of his crew to keep the hatch on the discharge tank closed.

With this new set-up in place, the crew began “circulating the well.” After they had been 

doing so for one to two hours, a fire broke out near the pump, which engulfed an MBI employee 

who sustained second-degree burns to his face. The fire then migrated from the mud pump to the 

hatch of the discharge tank, which was now open, and continued to burn through the open hatch 

for fifteen to twenty minutes until it was extinguished by the fire department.

DISCUSSION

To prove a violation of the general duty clause, the Secretary must establish the following:

(1) a condition or activity in the workplace presented a hazard; (2) the employer or its industry 

recognized the hazard; (3) the hazard was causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm; 

and (4) a feasible and effective means existed to eliminate or materially reduce the hazard. 

Arcadian Corp., 20 BNA OSHC 2001, 2007 (No. 93-0628, 2004). Here, the judge found that the 

Secretary established the presence of the alleged hazard at the worksite, but he failed to establish 

the hazard recognition and abatement elements of the violation. As to the recognition element, the 

judge framed the issue as a question of whether MBI or its industry recognized that the Secretary’s 

proposed abatement measures were required and concluded that the Secretary had not made this 

showing. As to the abatement element, the judge found that MBI already had adequate safety 

measures in place to address the risk of a fire at the worksite and that there was insufficient 

evidence to show the Secretary’s proposed abatement measures would have materially reduced the 

hazard. Each of these issues are addressed in turn below.

Hazard

In a general duty clause case, “[the] hazard must be defined in a way that apprises the 

employer of its obligations, and identifies conditions and practices over which the employer can 

reasonably be expected to exercise control.” Arcadian Corp., 20 BNA OSHC at 2007. The hazard 

must be defined “in terms of the physical agents that could injure employees rather than the means 

of abatement.” Chevron Oil Co., 11 BNA OSHC 1329, 1331 n.6 (No. 10799, 1983); see MorrisonKnudsen Co./Yonkers Contracting Co., 16 BNA OSHC 1105, 1121 (No. 88-572, 1993) (hazard is 

not absence of abatement method). In his amended complaint, the Secretary describes the 

allegedly hazardous condition as an unsafe distance between the mud pump and discharges of oil 
4

and gas from the discharge tank.4 On review, MBI challenges the Secretary’s definition, arguing 

the Secretary inappropriately defined the hazard in terms of an abatement method. 

This argument lacks merit.

5 MBI is correct that the alleged hazard and the Secretary’s 

main proposed abatement method overlap to some extent in that both implicate the spacing 

between the discharge tank and the mud pump. But the hazard allegation itself does not specify 

an abatement method, it only references an insufficient amount of spacing. Thus, the Secretary 

has not, as MBI contends, defined the hazard in terms of the distance or space that must be 

maintained to abate the hazard. See Morrison-Knudsen, 16 BNA OSHC at 1122 (distinguishing 

 

4 The judge found that the alleged hazard was present but redefined it as “the existence of possible 

ignition sources on oil well worksites where flammable hydrocarbons are typically present in some 

quantity.”

5 Since Chairman MacDougall joins Commissioner Sullivan in concluding that the Secretary failed 

to meet his burden to prove that MBI should have implemented the proposed abatement measures 

he advocated, there is agreement to vacate the citation regardless of how the hazard at issue is 

defined or whether the hazard was recognized by MBI. See, e.g., Inland Steel Corp., 12 BNA 

OSHC 1968, 1970 (No. 79-3286, 1986) (“Since the Secretary has not established that [the 

respondent] should have implemented the abatement measure he advocates—the use of 

handbrakes—the citation allegation must be vacated regardless of how the recognized hazard in 

issue is defined.”) (citing Pelron, 12 BNA OSHC at 1835)). Thus, Chairman MacDougall does 

not join her colleagues’ discussion on either of these issues.

However, Chairman MacDougall notes that her colleagues overstate the record evidence that 

flammable vapors were released from the discharge tank—particularly given the evidence that 

MBI reasonably presumed the tank contained “pure water” and the compliance officer’s 

acknowledgement that a discharge tank containing water with an ignition source nearby “doesn’t 

raise any red flags.” Chairman MacDougall notes, as did the judge, that the Secretary’s theories 

of how flammable vapors could have been generated from the discharge tank were too speculative. 

As stated by the judge, the “key facts, as well as the precise cause of the fire, are still 

undetermined.” 

In addition, Chairman MacDougall notes the Secretary’s difficulty in defining the alleged hazard 

and is concerned that the Secretary’s definition is too broad. As the Commission observed 

in Pelron, an employer cannot reasonably be expected to free its workplace of inherent risks that 

are incident to its normal operation. See Pelron Corp., 12 BNA OSHC 1833, 1835 (No. 82-388, 

1986) (“[d]efining the hazard as a ‘possibility’ that a condition will occur defines not a hazard but 

a potential hazard”). Therefore, to respect Congress’s intent, hazards must be defined in a way 

that gives an employer fair notice of its obligations under the Act by identifying the conditions or 

practices over which the employer can reasonably be expected to exercise control. See The Ruhlin 

Co., 21 BNA OSHC 1779, 1784-85 (No. 04-2049, 2006) (employer did not have fair notice that it 

had an obligation under section 5(a)(1) to require employees to wear high-visibility vests); FMC 

Corp., 12 BNA OSHC 2008, 2009-2010 (No. 83-488, 1986) (consolidated) (defining the hazard 

as those practices, procedures or conditions that increase the likelihood of an explosion). 
5

hazard—“excessive levels of airborne lead”—from abatement method—use of protective 

clothing). Moreover, the Secretary’s definition is consistent with the Commission’s requirement 

that it identify “the physical agents that could injure employees”—the tank (a source of 

hydrocarbon vapors) and the mud pump (an ignition source). See Chevron Oil Co., 11 BNA OSHC 

at 1331 n. 6; see also Pelron Corp., 12 BNA OSHC 1833, 1835 (No. 82-388, 1986) (“To respect 

Congress’ intent, hazards must be defined in a way that apprises the employer of its obligations, 

and identifies conditions or practices over which the employer can reasonably be expected to 

exercise control.”). 

The evidence also establishes that this hazard was present at the worksite. There is no 

dispute that the mud pump was an ignition source and that it was less than thirty feet from the 

discharge tank. In addition, four MBI employees identified the open hatch of the discharge tank 

as the source of the combustible vapors that were ignited, and Fifer testified that he saw flames 

coming through the open hatch. In a post-accident investigation, MBI’s vice-president of health, 

safety, and environment, Tim Brown, determined that the discharge tank emitted flammable 

vapors. MBI’s expert witness, Ron Britton, agreed that the fire resulted from flammable vapors 

that escaped from the discharge tank and were ignited. Although the source of the flammable 

vapors was never determined, there was near unanimity among the witnesses, including Britton, 

that the source was either the water or the discharge tank provided by Abraxas. Thus, the record 

shows that discharges of flammable vapors were released from the discharge tank at an unsafe 

distance from the mud pump, posing a fire hazard. 

Hazard Recognition

To establish hazard recognition, the Secretary must show that MBI or its industry 

recognized that locating the mud pump—an undisputed ignition source—an unsafe distance (less 

than thirty feet) from discharges of gas from a tank presented a fire or explosion hazard. Kokosing 

Constr. Co., 17 BNA OSHC 1869, 1873 (No. 92-2596, 1996) (“Hazard recognition may be shown 

by either the actual knowledge of the employer or the standard of knowledge in the employer’s 

industry—an objective test.”). Whether a work condition is recognized as a hazard is a question 

of fact. See, e.g., Waste Mgmt. of Palm Beach, 17 BNA OSHC 1308 (No. 93-128, 1995); SeaWorld

of Florida, LLC v. Perez, 748 F.3d 1202, 1208 (D.C. Cir. 2014). 

Based on Fifer’s testimony, it is clear MBI recognized that allowing discharges of gas

vapors to emanate from a tank located less than thirty feet away from a pump presented a fire 
6

hazard.6 Fifer, who had worked in the oil and gas industry for 45 years, testified that he understood 

there was a risk the pump would ignite flammable vapors emanating from the tank, and for this 

reason, he decided to use an open-top tank to better disperse such vapors and placed the tank at 

least 75 feet away from the pump:

Q: Your practice is to try to keep the discharge tank 75 feet—at least 75 feet from 

the engine of the mud pumping unit? 

A: Yes. 

Q: . . . And you did that because you know that vapors could come from the 

discharge tank? 

A: Yes. 

Q: Combustible vapors? You did that because of combustible vapors? 

A: Yes. 

. . .

Q: And you . . . prefer [open-top tanks] because open tanks disperse whatever 

combustible vapors might be in the tank better . . . ? 

A: Well, there’s always a possibility that it can, yes. 

Q: But that’s the purpose . . . ? 

A: Yes.

Although Fifer consented when Abraxas directed him to move the mud pump to a location less 

than 30 feet from the tank, he testified that he “still really didn’t like it.” As a supervisor, Fifer’s

recognition that the distance between the pump and the discharges of gas vapors from the tank 

posed a fire hazard is imputed to MBI. Peter Cooper Corp., 10 BNA OSHC 1203, 1210 (No. 76-

596, 1981) (finding general manager’s knowledge of hazard was imputable to employer and 

sufficient to establish employer recognition of hazard); Caterpillar, Inc., 17 BNA OSHC 1731, 

1732 (No. 93-373, 1996) (applying agency law’s long-standing principle that corporation is 

charged with knowledge of its agents), aff’d, 122 F.3d 437 (7th Cir. 1997). 

Although the judge acknowledged Fifer’s attempt to maintain a 75-foot distance between 

the tank and the pump, he found this only reflected Fifer’s “personal practice and preference” and 

did not show MBI recognized that such spacing was required under the Act. Fifer made clear, 

however, that this practice was not just his personal preference. Indeed, he had been taught the 

 

6 Because the Secretary established that MBI recognized the hazard, there is no need to address 

whether MBI’s industry also recognized it. 
7

75-foot rule by two of the oil and gas servicing companies for whom he had previously worked 

and carried that practice with him to MBI. MBI’s vice-president Brown testified that MBI “trusts 

[its supervisory] personnel” to make these types of judgments. The judge’s requirement that the 

Secretary show that MBI recognized that the 75-foot abatement method was required by the Act 

is erroneous. Litton Sys. Inc., 10 BNA OSHC 1179, 1182 (No. 76-900, 1981) (citation omitted) 

(“The means of abatement, unlike the hazard itself, does not have to be recognized by an employer 

or the employer’s industry.”). 

The judge also cited to Commission precedent noting a reluctance to rely solely on an 

employer’s safety precaution to find hazard recognition. See Pepperidge Farm, Inc., 17 BNA 

OSHC 1993, 2006 (No. 89-265, 1997). Here, however, Fifer clearly understood that the conditions

at the worksite posed a fire risk. He “didn’t like” Abraxas’ decision to move the pump to within 

30 feet of the tank and discussed his reasons for keeping the two pieces of equipment farther apart. 

“We talked about it and decided that it would work if—if that hatch was closed, it would vent out 

the back of the tank if there was any gas coming off of it.” Fifer testified that ultimately “I went 

along with his thinking . . . thinking that that would be good enough, you know, if you would vent 

out the back.” See id at 2007 (finding no need to rely solely on the existence of an employer safety 

practice to establish recognition when there was evidence the employer was “actually aware” of 

the hazard); cf. Cotter & Co v. OSHRC, 598 F.2d 911, 914-15 (5th Cir. 1979) (employer’s optional 

payroll deduction for steel-toed shoes, which employer established “merely to accommodate the 

preferences of the employees,” did not establish that it recognized a hazard was present). 

Accordingly, the record establishes that MBI recognized the condition posed a fire hazard.7 

 

7 Chairman MacDougall does not believe it is necessary to join her colleagues’ discussion on this 

issue since she agrees that the citation must be vacated regardless of whether there was a

recognized hazard. Chairman MacDougall notes, however, that her colleagues’ characterization 

of the record evidence regarding Fifer’s practice of spacing a mud pump at least 75 feet from a 

tank is overstated. It is the Secretary who in questioning called it a “rule,” while Fifer characterized 

it is as “more or less a preventative measure.” 

In addition, in her view, her colleagues’ finding that a supervisor’s voluntary safety measure 

should be imputed to his employer as its recognition of the hazard—particularly where MBI’s 

expert witness, Britton, testified that Fifer’s measure was merely a cautious approach not based on 

any recognized practice in the industry—creates a new standard; one that may have the undesired 

consequence of discouraging voluntary safety practices. Chairman MacDougall notes that 

longstanding precedent holds that voluntary safety measures an employer offers do not establish 
8

Feasibility of Abatement

To establish the feasibility of a proposed abatement measure, the Secretary must 

“demonstrate both that the measure[] [is] capable of being put into effect and that [it] would be 

effective in materially reducing the incidence of the hazard.” Arcadian, 20 BNA OSHC at 2011 

(citing Beverly Enters. Inc., 19 BNA OSHC 1161, 1190 (No. 91-3344, 2000) (consolidated)). The 

Secretary need only show that the abatement method would materially reduce the hazard, not that 

it would eliminate the hazard. Id. (citing Morrison-Knudsen, 16 BNA OSHC at 1122). Where an 

employer has undertaken measures to address the hazard, the Secretary must show that such 

measures were inadequate. U.S. Postal Serv., 21 BNA OSHC 1767, 1773-74 (No. 04-0316, 2006).

Here, the judge found that MBI had already instituted a number of safety precautions to 

address the risk of a fire or explosion at the worksite and the Secretary failed to establish that these 

measures were inadequate. Specifically, the judge cited evidence that MBI, among other things,

 

the employer’s recognition of the hazard. See Pepperidge Farm, Inc., 17 BNA OSHC 1993, 2006 

(No. 89-265, 1997), and cases cited therein.

In her view, if the Commission is to rely on Fifer’s spacing practice, there should be either: (i) 

corroborating independent evidence of hazard recognition, see, e.g., Diebold v. Marshall, 585 F.2d 

1327, 1338 (6th Cir. 1978): 

[A]n employer’s attempts to render . . . working premises more safe, without 

anything more, cannot reasonably support an inference that the attempts were made 

because the employer believed them to be legally required. Further, the drawing of 

such an inference would be repugnant to the purposes of the Act. Congress expected 

that safety in the nation's workplaces would be achieved as much by the voluntary 

efforts of employers as by the enforcement programs of the government. If 

employers are not to be dissuaded from taking precautions beyond the minimum 

regulatory requirements, they must be able to do so without concern that their 

efforts will later provide the sole evidentiary basis for an adverse finding of the sort 

urged here. (citations omitted)

or (ii) a framework that allows for the Secretary’s prima facie showing to be rebutted with evidence 

that MBI took reasonable measures to prevent the occurrence of the alleged violation. See, e.g., 

Aquatek Sys., 21 BNA OSHC 1400, 1401 (No. 03-1351, 2006) (“An employer may rebut the 

Secretary’s prima facie showing of knowledge with evidence that it took reasonable measures to 

prevent the occurrence of the violation.”). Chairman MacDougall notes that her colleagues find 

no corroborating independent evidence of hazard recognition. As to MBI’s reasonable measures 

to prevent the occurrence of fire hazards from flammable hydrocarbon liquids and gases, Britton 

stated that the company’s safety practices were “outstanding” and that it did everything that a safe 

well servicing company should have done at this worksite to mitigate, and attempt to eliminate, 

this hazard. Even the compliance officer acknowledged that MBI had installed “prudent safety 

measures to . . . mitigate vapor explosions or fires . . . .” 
9

used a diesel pump with spark arresters and a kill switch, required employees to wear fire resistant 

clothing that protect the body (but not the face), prohibited smoking and cell phone use, banned 

open flames on location, made fire extinguishers readily available, and trained employees on fire 

prevention and control. While these general fire-related safety measures are commendable, they 

fell short of abating the specific fire hazard at issue here. As demonstrated by the facts of this 

case, spark arresters and the prohibition of cell phone use, smoking, and open flames are

insufficient to prevent the ignition of the flammable vapors. As for the other measures cited by 

the judge, they can only reduce the extent of a fire and/or its consequent injuries after it has 

occurred—these measures would not prevent the ignition of such flammable vapors in the first 

place. 

The judge correctly found, however, that the Secretary failed to prove his proposed 

abatement measure would materially reduce the risk of a fire.8 The Secretary’s method involves

ensuring that “[d]ischarges of oil and gas to the atmosphere” are “to a safe area, preferably on the 

downwind side of the well and a minimum of 100 feet (30.5 m) from the wellhead, open flame, or 

other sources of ignition,” as “described in Section 12 of the America[n] Petroleum Institute 

Recommended Practice 54, ‘Occupational Safety for Oil and Gas Well Drilling and Servicing 

Operations.’ ”9 In support of this measure, the Secretary relies heavily on testimony from the 

OSHA compliance officer who inspected the worksite. The compliance officer testified that, in

his opinion, maintaining a 100-foot distance between the tank and the pump would materially 

reduce the likelihood of a vapor cloud migrating to the pump. 

Whether increasing the spacing between the pump and tank from 30 feet to 100 feet would 

materially reduce the chances of a fire occurring is a technical/scientific question that requires 

expertise to answer. As the compliance officer was never proffered as an expert with the 

 

8 As explained in her dissent below, Commissioner Attwood departs from her colleagues on this 

finding.

9 At the hearing, the Secretary also proposed the use of gas meters to protect employees from the 

fire hazard. However, the evidence fails to establish that gas meters would materially reduce the 

alleged hazard. Britton, MBI’s expert witness, testified that gas meters might be useful for initial 

monitoring prior to initiating “hot work,” but he did not say whether they would be effective for 

continuous monitoring while an ignition source is operational. Additionally, there is unrebutted 

testimony from MBI vice-president Brown that the company had experienced problems with using 

gas meters because they would continually alarm and then need to be recalibrated, which could 

only be done by leaving the area. As a result, MBI’s contention that it lacked sufficient notice of 

this alternative abatement theory need not be addressed. 
10

qualifications necessary to opine on this question under Federal Rule of Evidence 702, his opinion 

on this question is given no weight.

10

 See Doddy v. Ocy USA, Inc., 101 F.3d 448, 460 (5th Cir. 

1996) (lay witness not permitted to give opinion testimony about toxicity of chemicals such as 

benzene under Federal Rule of Evidence 701); S. Pan Servs. Co., 21 BNA OSHC 1274, 1276-77 

(No. 99-0933, 2005) (relying on structural engineer’s expert testimony on feasibility of fall 

protection). 

The Secretary also contends that testimony from MBI’s expert witness, Britton, supports 

the efficacy of the proposed measure. According to the Secretary, Britton’s opinion is that the 

accident would not have occurred if the vapors had discharged 75 feet from the pump. This 

ignores, however, that Britton’s testimony on this point was predicated on the tank being 

completely sealed, with no fumes escaping it.11 As Fifer testified, the tank used here had a vent

 

10 The compliance officer admitted during the hearing that he obtained some of the information he 

relied on during his investigation, such as the fact that a mud pump can act as an ignition source, 

from his own internet research. This indicates that the compliance officer lacked expertise 

regarding the technical/scientific question of whether a mud pump may ignite flammable vapors 

emanating from a tank 100 feet away. Apart from the compliance officer, no witness could say 

with any confidence that the abatement method would substantially reduce the hazard, and even 

the compliance officer could not say that the method would reduce the hazard by 50 percent:

Q. [Y]ou can’t say whether spacing the mud pump and frac tank 75 to 100 feet apart would 

have materially reduced the hazard by, say, 50%, could you?

A. In this condition, without knowing what’s in the tank, I cannot. 

11 Britton’s understanding that fumes would not escape if the tank’s hatch was kept closed is 

reflected in his testimony that “[when] you start pumping into the frac return tank, as you pump 

more fluid in, you’re going to try to compress whatever vapors are in there; air, whatever’s in 

there, it will be compressed up against the [hatch] of the frac tank . . . .” (Emphasis added.) 

Indeed, he made clear that, in his opinion, a 75-foot separation would be ineffective if fumes did 

escape the tank—as they would if the hatch was open:

Q. And would that 75-foot distance, if the hatches were open, would that eliminate 

or substantially reduce—the 75 feet eliminate or substantially reduce the 

hazard?

A. No. Because again, you've got the same problem, where's your wind coming 

from, what direction it's coming from. Is it early morning? You have these wide 

swings in temperature, and that affects it tremendously. You have 60 below 

zero up here.

Q. How about 100 feet spacing?

A. Same thing.
11

line at the back, and the Secretary’s proposed abatement measure does not mention ensuring that 

no vapors escape the tank. In addition, Britton denied that a 100-foot separation would eliminate 

or substantially reduce the hazard. Further, while the Secretary argues that generally increasing 

the distance decreases the risk of explosion, he makes no attempt to quantify the rate at which the 

risk decreases as the amount of distance increases.

Finally, the Secretary citesthe American Petroleum Institute (API) safety recommendation,

on which the wording of his proposed abatement measure is based, as evidence that a 100-foot 

separation would be effective.

12

 The API standard, however, does not appear to have been 

intended to address the circumstances at issue here. The standard’s 100-foot provision is located 

within a section titled “Special Services,” which is defined as “[t]hose operations utilizing 

specialized equipment and personnel to perform work processes to support well drilling and 

servicing operations.” Both Britton and the compliance officer testified that MBI’s well 

circulation did not involve any specialized equipment or personnel.

13

 The API standard contains 

a separate section titled, “Fire Prevention and Protection,” which does not have a similar scope 

 

In her dissent, Commissioner Attwood contends that Britton was not responding to the question 

that was asked—whether 75 or 100-foot separations would eliminate or substantially reduce the 

hazard—and was instead only answering whether it would eliminate the hazard. There is nothing 

in his response that provides a basis for her conclusion or that otherwise indicates Britton was not 

in fact responding to the entire question that was asked. 

12 The API recommendation states: 

Discharges of oil or gas to the atmosphere should be to a safe area, preferably on 

the downwind side of the well and a minimum of 100 ft (30.5 m) from the wellhead, 

open flame, or other source of ignition. At locations where this recommendation 

may be impractical, appropriate safety measures should be implemented. 

Section 12.1.8 of API Recommended Practice 54.

13 In her dissent, Commissioner Attwood relies heavily on the API standard as evidence that the 

abatement measure would be effective but does not point to any expert testimony explaining the 

standard’s relevance to the circumstances in this case. When considering the efficacy of an 

abatement method, the Commission looks to industry standards and testimony by experts in the 

industry. See Pepperidge Farm, Inc., 17 BNA OSHC at 2034 (noting “successful use of a similar 

approach elsewhere, industry standards and expert testimony” as integrated elements of an 

effective abatement method) (emphasis added). In this case, the Secretary failed to produce an 

expert witness to address whether the 100-foot separation would be sufficient to substantially 

reduce the hazard. Without such testimony, the API standard—which is inapplicable to the instant 

facts (and whose meaning, given the unanswered questions about whether the standard treats the 

wellhead as a source of ignition, is unclear)—is insufficient standing alone to establish that this 

method would have materially reduced the hazard in this case.
12

limitation. Since the 100-foot provision is located within the “Special Services” section, rather 

than the generally applicable “Fire Prevention and Protection” section, the standard’s structure 

shows that the provision was intended to apply only to the activities specifically defined as 

“Special Services.”14 Moreover, the 100-foot spacing recommendation contained in this API 

standard is in reference to spacing equipment from the wellhead, spacing with which MBI 

complied; it does not state that equipment should be placed 100 feet from a mud pump. In sum,

the API recommendation is insufficient to establish that the Secretary’s proposed abatement 

measure would be effective. 

As the Secretary has thus failed to prove that materially effective means existed to abate 

the hazard, he has failed to establish a general duty clause violation. Accordingly, the citation is 

vacated. 

SO ORDERED.

/s/

Heather L. MacDougall

Chairman

/s/

Cynthia L. Attwood

Commissioner

/s/

Dated: March 1, 2018 James J. Sullivan, Jr. 

Commissioner

 

14 The Secretary also argues that, irrespective of whether the API standard applies here, the logic 

of its provision for separation from a wellhead demonstrates that the same separation would be 

effective here, since the wellhead, the Secretary asserts, is “the main source of combustible vapors 

at an oil field,” and a tank would emit fewer vapors. The Secretary, though, cites no evidence to 

support this assertion and there is no evidence as to the manner or extent to which combustible 

vapors at the wellhead are controlled. In addition, the API provision treats the wellhead as an 

ignition source rather than a source of hydrocarbon vapors: “Discharges of oil or gas to the 

atmosphere should be to a safe area, preferably . . . a minimum of 100 ft (30.5m) from the 

wellhead, open flame, or other sources of ignition,” which none of the witnesses explained. 

(Emphasis added.) 
13

ATTWOOD, Commissioner, dissenting in part:

Because I find that it is more likely than not that the Secretary’s proposed abatement 

measure would materially reduce the incidence of the proven hazard, I dissent. 

First, as the following colloquy between MBI’s attorney and its expert, Ron Britton, 

establishes, there is no room for debate on this record regarding the cause of the flash fire: 

Q. It’s apparent, is it not, that when the hatch for . . . the discharge frac tank was 

open, vapors escaped from that discharge frac tank, went over into the area around 

the first [sic] pump, and ended up being ignited; is that correct?

A. That’s correct.

Second, Britton, the CO, and Tim Brown, MBI’s vice president for safety, health, and 

environment, all acknowledged, as the judge put it, “the general principle that longer distances 

create greater opportunities for flammable vapors to dissipate.” Indeed, Britton testified that: 

[T]he whole idea of distance is to dilute the fumes to where they won’t be explosive. 

That’s the whole purpose of distance. That’s the only reason you put something 

farther away.

In all [the] . . . rules on [hydrogen disulfide] exposure, on radius of exposure, 

they’re all done in distances from the well bore, and the farther you get away from 

the well bore, the easier it is to dissipate the fumes because you’re mixing it with 

more air.

The CO’s testimony was based on the same general principle:

[A]s a vapor cloud or gas cloud were to migrate, it would dissipate and expand. 

Again, that would be based on pressure, temperature, humidity. But the farther the 

distance, the less – the less likely it is to ignite.

Finally, Brown and the Secretary’s counsel engaged in the following exchange:

Q. To prevent a recurrence of the accident, your report describes measures to 

ensure proper spacing of frac tanks – and discharge tanks and mud pumping unit. 

A. Yes, sir.

Q. And for you, proper spacing is as far away as possible?

A. Yes, it is, sir.

(Emphasis added). Thus, there is clear unanimity among three witnesses, including an expert in 

the oil and gas servicing industry, that increasing the distance between an ignition source and a 

source of flammable vapors will decrease the likelihood of a fire or explosion.

In an exchange with MBI’s attorney, Britton applied this common-sense principle to the 

facts of this case:
14

Q. Do you have an opinion on whether or not this incident would’ve been prevented 

had the hatch on top of the discharge frac tank been kept closed—

* * * *

A. My answer was – let’s see. Your question was: If the hatch had been closed, 

would the accident have happened, and my answer is: No, it would not.

In addressing this testimony my colleagues claim that Britton’s response “on this point was 

predicated on the tank being completely sealed, with no fumes escaping it.” This ignores, however, 

that Britton, an industry expert with an in-depth familiarity with frac tanks, had already heard 

Fifer’s earlier testimony that the discharge tank had one hatch on top and a vent at the back of the 

tank, and that Fifer’s plan had been to keep the hatch closed so that the fumes would escape out of 

that vent almost 50 feet farther away from the pump than the hatch. Thus, it is unreasonable to 

conclude that Britton, in responding to this question, was assuming that with the hatch closed, the 

tank would have somehow been “completely sealed.” 

Moreover, my colleagues misinterpret the meaning of the second quoted passage from 

Britton’s testimony—MBI’s counsel asked Britton the following: “would that 75-foot distance, if 

the hatches [sic] were open, would that eliminate or substantially reduce the hazard?” And 

Britton’s response reflects that he is only answering whether such an abatement method would 

eliminate the hazard:

A. No. Because again, you’ve got the same problem, where’s your wind coming 

from, what direction it’s coming from. Is it early morning? You have these wide 

swings in temperature, and that affects it tremendously. You have 60 below up 

here.

Q. How about 100 feet spacing?

A. Same thing.

Elsewhere in his testimony Britton brings this point into focus by acknowledging that there are 

factors, such as wind and temperature, that can also play a role in the behavior of a flammable 

vapor cloud:

[N]obody’s talked about the wind direction. What direction is the wind coming 

from? Are you putting the tank in a direct line where it would blow back over the 

frac tank, or is it going to be the opposite, is the frac tank blowing directly towards 

the reverse unit?

If the pump and the motor is 100 feet away downwind from the frac tank, then 

you’re going to blow the fumes right over it. Even if it’s 100 feet away, you’ll 

probably have an accident there.
15

So you’ve got to look at the wind and stuff.

The fact that several variables may affect the behavior of a vapor cloud appears to be at the heart 

of Britton’s conclusion that even a 100-foot distance between the frac tank and the pump may not 

eliminate the hazard. However, he never claims that—holding those other variables constant—

increasing the distance between the pump and the discharge tank would not have materially 

reduced the incidence of the hazard. And his emphatic declaration that “the whole idea of distance 

is to dilute the fumes to where they won’t be explosive” leads to the exact opposite conclusion. 

Of course, only two of the variables mentioned by Britton are actually subject to employer 

control: distance and wind direction vis-a-vis the vapor cloud and the ignition source. Presumably 

it is for that very reason that the Secretary based the wording of his proposed abatement measure 

on Section 12.1.8 of the American Petroleum Institute’s Recommended Practice 54, “Occupational 

Safety for Oil and Gas Well Drilling and Servicing Operations,” which only recommends controls 

for distance and wind direction:

Discharges of oil or gas to the atmosphere should be to a safe area, preferably on 

the downwind side of the well and a minimum of 100 ft . . . from the wellhead, 

open flame, or other source of ignition 

(emphasis added).1 My colleagues seek to minimize the significance of this API provision, noting 

that it is contained in a section dealing with “Special Services,” which are not implicated in this 

case, and that the “Fire Prevention and Protection” section of the API standard does not contain 

such a provision. But the Secretary does not argue that this API provision is directly applicable 

(or establishes feasibility); rather he relies on the common-sense logic supporting it, along with 

Britton’s expert testimony that the accident would not have occurred,

2

to establish that a 100-foot 

 

1

 My colleagues’ discussion of the API recommendation is misleading. The only API provision 

on which the Secretary relies to prove efficacy is contained in the “Special Services” section and 

is quoted above. Thus, it is irrelevant that MBI complied with a separate API provision that 

recommends a mud pump be placed at least 100 feet from the wellhead. 

2

 My colleagues argue that there is no “expert testimony explaining the [API] standard’s relevance 

to the circumstances in this case.” This is plainly erroneous. As I emphasize above, Britton 

testified that “[i]f the hatch had been closed,” the accident “would not” have happened. And, of 

course, Britton, an expert in the industry, must have known that with the hatch closed any discharge 

of gases would occur from the frac tank’s rear vent line approximately 75 feet from the mud pump. 

Thus, this testimony establishes the relevance and efficacy of the API “Special Services” 

provision—if Britton believed a 75-foot distance would have prevented the accident, it is obvious 

that the API’s 100-foot requirement would also be effective.
16

downwind distance between a discharge of oil or gas and an ignition source is materially safer.3 

See ACME Energy Servs., 23 BNA OSHC 2121, 2128 (No. 08-0088, 2012), aff’d, 542 F. App’x 

356 (5th Cir. 2013) (finding that being farther away from a falling object was an obvious means 

of materially reducing the hazard the object posed). I find this evidence more than sufficient to 

establish that the Secretary’s proposed abatement method would materially reduce the hazard. 

Accordingly, because I find the Secretary established a feasible and effective means of 

abatement, I dissent.

/s/

Dated: March 1, 2018 Cynthia L. Attwood

Commissioner

 

3 At the hearing, Britton testified to the veracity of the API recommendation, stating that the API 

is “the only group that has credibility” and that “everybody believes in them.” 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION

 

 

 DOCKET NO. 13-1817

 

Appearances:

Ronald Gottlieb, Esq., Office of the Solicitor, U.S. Dept. of Labor, Denver, CO/Washington, DC

For Complainant

David E. Jones, Esq., Ogletree, Deakins, Nash, Smoak & Stuart, P.C., Atlanta, GA

For Respondent

Before: Administrative Law Judge Brian A. Duncan

DECISION AND ORDER

Procedural History

This matter is before the United States Occupational Safety and Health Review 

Commission (“Commission”) pursuant to Section 10(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 

of 1970, 29 U.S.C. § 651 et seq. (“the Act”). On April 2, 2013, the Occupational Safety and Health 

Administration (“OSHA”) investigated a flash fire that occurred the previous day at Well Site 

Ravin 26-35-3H in Watford City, North Dakota (“worksite”). (Tr. 48–50; Ex. C-1). As a result of 

that inspection, OSHA issued a Citation and Notification of Penalty (“Citation”) to Respondent. 

The Citation alleges a single, serious violation of Section 5(a)(1) of the Act (also known as the 

“General Duty Clause”), with a proposed penalty of $7,000.00. Respondent timely contested the 

SECRETARY OF LABOR, 

 

 Complainant,

 

 v. 

MISSOURI BASIN WELL SERVICE, INC.

and its successors, 

 

 Respondent.
2

Citation. A trial was conducted in Bismarck, North Dakota on September 9–10, 2014. The parties 

each submitted post-trial briefs for consideration.

Six witnesses testified at trial: (1) John Young, OSHA Compliance Safety and Health 

Officer (“CSHO”); (2) Mike Fifer, Respondent’s worksite foreman, also known as a “tool pusher”; 

(3) Tim Brown, Respondent’s Vice President of Health, Safety, and Environment; (4) Ron Britton, 

a Petroleum Engineer and Registered Professional Engineer called by Respondent as an expert 

witness; (5) Brian Bosch, Respondent’s Health, Safety, and Environment Manager for the 

Workover Rig Division; and (6) Mitchell McGowan, a former employee of Respondent.

Jurisdiction

The parties stipulated that the Commission has jurisdiction over this proceeding pursuant 

to Section 10(c) of the Act. (Tr. 35). The parties also stipulated that, at all times relevant to this 

proceeding, Respondent was an employer engaged in a business and industry affecting interstate 

commerce within the meaning of Sections 3(3) and 3(5) of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 652(5). (Tr. 35).

Slingluff v. OSHRC, 425 F.3d 861 (10th Cir. 2005). 

Background

Respondent is an oil and gas well-servicing company based in Belfield, North Dakota. (Tr. 

458). As is relevant to this case, Respondent operates pulling units, also known as workover units 

or rigs. (Tr. 379, 398). These rigs are mounted onto 18-wheel trucks, which travel to a customer’s

well site. (Tr. 379). Typically, the customer, also known as the “operator”, owns the well and is 

represented on site by a “company man”. (Tr. 399–400). The company man provides direction to 

the well-servicing company regarding the job it has been hired to perform. (Tr. 299, 401). In this 

instance, Respondent was hired by Abraxas Petroleum Corp. to perform well servicing operations

at the Ravin Well. (Tr. 248). On April 1, 2013, Respondent’s crew was performing a well 
3

circulation, which uses water to clean out impediments inside upper well piping, such as leftover 

drilling mud and sand. (Tr. 276, 318, 420, 423, 513). 

Prior to discussing the specific incident and conditions at issue, it is important to discuss 

some general oil/gas drilling principles applicable to this case. According to Ron Britton,

Respondent’s expert, oil wells generally go through four stages: (1) Exploration, negotiation, and 

preparation of the site for drilling; (2) Drilling, wherein a drilling rig and derrick are moved onto 

the well site, a hole is drilled from the surface of the earth, and pipe is run into the hole in various 

lengths and directions; (3) Well servicing, wherein workover units are brought on site to handle 

smaller pipes, fracking (if implemented), well completion, and other service-type work; and (4) 

Production, wherein oil and gas are extracted from the earth, separated, and stored. (Tr. 378–380). 

 The Ravin well is known as a directional well. (Tr. 404). It was first developed by drilling 

straight down roughly 10,000 feet (nearly 2 miles). (Id.). Using a series of attachments, the drill 

was slowly turned until the hole ran horizontal (parallel with the earth’s surface) at a distance of 

approximately 11,270 feet below the ground. (Tr. 405). The well then continues laterally (parallel 

to the surface) for approximately 10,000 additional feet, for a total well bore length of 21,350 feet. 

(Tr. 405; Exs. R-3, R-4). The end product was an L-shaped hole running from the surface of the 

well site for approximately 4 miles underground. (Tr. 405). 

The well contains a series of progressively smaller pipes, including a seven-inch string that 

stretches from the surface down to the turn at 11,270 feet. (Tr. 408; Ex. R-3). Cement was pumped 

into the well through the seven-inch pipe, which then flowed out of that pipe and back up toward 

the surface to a depth of 4,200 feet, in what is known as the “annular space”. (Id.). The annular 

space is the gap between the outside of the seven-inch pipe and the walls of the drilled hole. (Exs. 
4

R-3, R-4). Once that was completed, the remaining horizontal portion of the hole was drilled, and 

four-and-a-half-inch pipe was inserted all the way to the end of the hole. (Tr. 409). 

The horizontal section of pipe in the Ravin well, known as the “pay zone”, is where

hydraulic fracturing or “fracking” had recently occurred. (Tr. 410–411). Fracking was described 

during the trial as the forcing of sand and water down into a well, then out perforations in well 

piping, to over-pressurize and expand cracks in the earth around the pipe, then reducing that 

pressure so that oil/gas will flow back into the pipe and out of the well. (Tr. 158–159, 220–221, 

379-380). The pay zone piping is typically divided into 1,000-foot sections, which are fracked in 

succession. (Tr. 412). Once the flowback of oil/gas ends, typically 2–3 months after the fracking 

process, the operator calls out a well servicing company like Respondent to circulate the well, 

which involves flushing water through the upper piping. (Tr. 411-413). It’s the circulation of the 

well which led to the events that are at issue in this case. 

On the morning of April 1, 2013, Abraxas called in Respondent to circulate the well. The 

first step was to run a “bridge plug” down the four-and-a-half-inch pipe. (Tr. 414). The bridge 

plug was designed to expand inside the pipe and seal off the pay zone to prevent hydrocarbons

(oil/gas) from escaping from the well during the circulation process. (Tr. 415; Ex. R-4). Once the 

plug was set, it was tested with several thousand pounds of pressure to ensure a proper seal. (Id.). 

A perforating gun was then sent down the four-and-a-half inch pipe to punch an 18-inch diameter 

hole in the pipe just above the bridge plug. (Tr. 417; Ex. R-4). This hole would allow water to be 

circulated down through the four-and-a-half-inch pipe and then back up to the surface through the 

annular space between the four-and-a-half-inch pipe and the seven-inch pipe. (Tr. 319, 416). 

Wells are typically circulated to either improve production or to prepare for the removal of 

the frack string (the pay zone piping). (Tr. 420). In this particular case, Respondent circulated the 
5

well in order to prepare for the removal of the frack string. (Tr. 301). In order to accomplish this, 

Respondent’s crew, led by tool pusher Mike Fifer, set up the circulation equipment the day before 

the accident. (Tr. 303). The initial set-up included a diesel pump (which pulls water out of a supply 

tank, forces it down the well, and back out into a receiving tank); a 500-barrel enclosed frack tank 

(which was supplied by Abraxas and contained the source water that was to be pumped down into 

the well); and a 120-barrel, open-top tank (which was intended to receive the circulated water after 

it came back out of the well). (Tr. 302–305, 320). 

There is no dispute that the diesel pump, the 500-barrel tank, and the 120-barrel tank were 

each placed at least 100 feet from the wellhead. (Tr. 80, 306-307). According to Mr. Fifer, the 

120-barrel receiving tank was also placed approximately 75 feet away from the diesel pump as a 

preventative measure to address the possibility that fumes or vapors from the tank might travel

toward the diesel pump motor, which is a potential ignition source.

1

(Tr. 252, 306). 

The next day, however, Mr. Fifer’s original equipment configuration was overridden by 

Abraxas’ company man, Scott Hutzenbiler.2(Tr. 264). Mr. Hutzenbiler wanted to use 500-barrel 

frack tanks for both the water supply tank and the circulated water receiving tank, because the 120-

barrel open top tank would have to be emptied two or three times during this process, which would 

cost Abraxas more money. (Tr. 310, 431). The water in the 500-barrel supply tank had been 

delivered by trucks at the direction and control of Abraxas. (Tr. 250-251). 

Mr. Hutzenbiler also instructed Mr. Fifer and his crew to move the diesel pump closer to 

the tanks. (Tr. 264–265; Ex. C-1(c), (j), (p)). Mr. Fifer expressed reservations about these 

instructions, because of his 75-foot spacing preference. However, he consented because he could 

 

1. Mr. Fifer testified that he had learned this practice during his time with two previous well-servicing companies, 

but that Respondent did not have such a spacing requirement with respect to the frack tank and mud pump. (Tr. 262-

263, 305, 468). 

2. Mr. Hutzenbiler was not called as a witness by either party. 
6

keep the top hatch of the receiving tank closed, and allow any possible gases or vapors to escape 

through the vent line at the back of the frack tank, which, in his estimation, was still 75 feet away 

from the diesel pump. (Tr. 264–266, 308–309, 311; Ex. C-1(k), (l), and (p)). As an added

precaution, Mr. Fifer directed his crew to keep the top hatch of the receiving tank closed during 

the circulation process. (Tr. 265-266). This was confirmed by crew member Mitchell McGowan, 

who testified that Mr. Fifer told the crew to “stay away from that hatch.” (Tr. 526). According to 

Mr. Fifer, the top hatch of the receiving tank was closed when they began to circulate the well. 

(Tr. 268).

The well circulation process began by “topping off” the well with 60 barrels of water, 

which came from the 500-barrel water supply tank. (Tr. 279). Once the diesel pump was in 

operation and water was being forced into the well, Mr. Fifer went to sit in his work truck. After 

approximately one hour, Mr. Fifer got out of his truck and began walking back toward the pump. 

(Tr. 270-271). As he was walking, he observed “sparkly things” in the air above the diesel pump. 

(Tr. 271, 280-281). Almost immediately afterward, “it just flashed up into a big ball of fire.” (Id.). 

Unfortunately, one of Respondent’s crew members, D.B., was standing next to the pump

and experienced second degree burns on his head and neck from the flash fire.

3

(Tr. 271–272). 

The fire quickly dissipated, and co-workers helped D.B., but he missed 33 days of work as a result 

of his injuries. D.B. has since returned to full time employment with Respondent. (Tr. 85, 272). 

After the accident, Mr. Fifer observed a “lazy flame” hovering over the top hatch of the circulated 

water receiving tank, which was open at that point. (Tr. 65, 272, 333). 

The accident was reported to OSHA, and CSHO John Young traveled to the worksite the 

next day: April 2, 2013. (Tr. 48). CSHO Young met with both Respondent and Abraxas 

 

3. D.B.’s full name is not being used due to privacy concerns.
7

representatives, interviewed employees, and took photographs of the worksite, which illustrate the 

layout of the pump, wellhead, and frack tanks as they were on the day of the accident. (Tr. 49; Ex. 

C-1). After completing his investigation, CSHO Young recommended the issuance of the violation 

at issue in this case: 

Citation 1, Item 1

Section 5(a)(1): The employer did not furnish employment and a place of employment 

which were free from recognized hazards that were causing or likely to cause death or 

serious physical harm to employees in that employees were exposed to fire and explosion 

hazards:

(a) On or about April 1, 2013, an employee received hand and face burns from a vapor 

explosion during a down hole well cleaning operation at Well Site 26-35-3H, Watford City, 

ND. The employer did not ensure that an ignition source, the generator pumping unit it 

used during the down hole well cleaning operation, was located a safe distance from 

discharges of oil and gas to the atmosphere from the frack tank used for the cleaning 

operation. The generating pump unit was less than thirty feet from the frack tank. 4

Abatement Note: Among other methods, on feasible and acceptable method to abate this 

hazard would be to ensure that: “Discharges of oil and gas to the atmosphere should be to 

a safe area, preferably on the downwind side of the well and a minimum of 100 feet (30.5 

m) from the wellhead, open flame, or other sources of ignition.”, [sic] as described in 

Section 12 of the America Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice 54, “Occupational 

Safety for Oil and Gas Well Drilling and Servicing Operations”. 

The cited provision in the Act provides:

Each employer shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of 

employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause 

death or serious physical harm to his employees . . . .

29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(2).

Applicable Law

To establish violation of the general duty clause, Complainant bears the burden of proving, 

by a preponderance of the evidence, that: (1) a condition or activity in the workplace presented 

a hazard; (2) the employer or industry recognized that hazard; (3) the hazard was likely to cause 

 

4. As amended by Order dated July 1, 2014.
8

death or serious physical harm; and (4) a feasible and effective means existed to eliminate or 

materially reduce the hazard. Pelron Corp., 12 BNA OSHC 1833, 1835 (No. 82-388, 1986); 29 

U.S.C. § 654(a)(1); see also Fabi Constr. Co. v. Sec’y of Labor, 508 F.3d 1077, 1081 (D.C. Cir. 

2007) (“In other words, ‘the Secretary must prove that a reasonably prudent employer familiar 

with the circumstances of the industry would have protected against the hazard in the manner 

specified by the Secretary’s citation.’” (quoting L.R. Willson & Sons, Inc. v. OSHRC, 598 F.2d 

507, 513 (D.C. Cir. 1983))). Complainant must also prove that Respondent knew, or with the 

exercise of reasonable diligence, could have known, of the violative condition. Tampa Shipyards, 

15 BNA OSHC 1533, 1535 (Nos. 86-360, 86-469, 1992). 

A violation is “serious” if there was a substantial probability that death or serious physical 

harm could have resulted from the violative condition. 29 U.S.C. § 666(k). Complainant need not 

show that there was a substantial probability that an accident would actually occur; he need only 

show that if an accident occurred, serious physical harm could result. Phelps Dodge Corp. v. 

OSHRC, 725 F.2d 1237, 1240 (9th Cir. 1984). 

Discussion

The focus of the violation alleged in this case is on the physical placement of the 500-barrel 

circulated water receiving tank less than 100 feet from the diesel pump.5 To be clear, the issue is 

not the distance of any piece of equipment from the wellhead itself. It is undisputed that the pump 

and tanks were all at least 100 feet from the wellhead. (Tr. 307; Ex. R-25 at 17). In addition, as 

with most OSHA cases, the actual cause of the accident is not the issue to be decided, it is whether 

the working conditions and practices in place prior to accident were violated the requirements of 

the Act. 

 

5. This is best illustrated by the amended Citation language described in Complainant’s June 16, 2014 Motion to 

Amend Complaint: “The generator pumping unit was less than thirty feet from the frack tank.”
9

The decision in this case was a difficult one. On one hand, Complainant has demonstrated 

legitimate concerns about the safety and health of employees in an industry that both parties agree, 

is inherently dangerous due to the ever-present risks associated with flammable liquids and 

gaseous hydrocarbons. Complainant advocates for practices and procedures which might 

minimize or even eliminate fires and employee injuries in this industry. On the other hand, 

Respondent established that it is an employer who recognizes and works diligently to address all 

of the possible hazards associated with oil and gas field work; has worked to be an industry leader 

in safety and health by hiring over 100 health, safety, and environment (HSE) employees and 

managers; was already in the process of building an 80-acre accident prevention training facility

to avoid work-related accidents; and had implemented the use of fire-resistant clothing (FRC) at 

its well sites prior to OSHA issuing a memorandum mandating the same. (Tr. 196, 441, 469-473, 

481; Exs. R-7 through R-14, R-20A). 

A Condition in the Workplace Presented a Hazard which was Recognized by the Employer

“A safety hazard at the worksite is a condition that creates or contributes to an increased 

risk that an event causing death or serious bodily harm to employees will occur.” Baroid Div. of 

NL Indust., Inc., 660 F.2d 439, 444 (10th Cir. 1981); Otis Elevator Co., 21 BNA OSHC 2204 (No. 

03-1344, 2007). Although an employer may not foresee the precise circumstances of a specific

accident, the focus is on whether the employer knew the potential dangers associated with the 

location where its employees were working. Id.; Associated Underwater Svcs., 24 BNA OSHC 

1248 (No. 07-1851, 2012) (finding that, in an underwater diving accident, the hazard was that a 

piling could fall, not that the jaws of a vibratory hammer were too small for the pad-eye to hold

the piling). However, “[h]azards must be defined in a way that apprises the employer of its 

obligations, and identifies conditions or practices over which the employer can reasonably be 
10

expected to exercise control.” Pelron Corp., 12 BNA OSHC 1833 (No. 82-388, 1986) (citing 

Davey Tree, 11 BNA OSHC 1898, 1899 (No. 77-2350, 1984)). 

On a basic level, and stripped of context in this case, the general hazard identified in the 

Citation is one that is very familiar to OSHA and the oil and gas industry—the existence of possible 

ignition sources on oil well worksites where flammable hydrocarbon vapors are typically present 

in some quantity. (Tr. 212; Ex. C-23). Both parties agree that fire and explosion hazards from 

hydrocarbon vapors are always a primary safety concern for employees working at oil well sites

and can never be completely eliminated. (Tr. 206, 448; Ex. C-23; Resp’t Br. at 7, 10, 27). 

Unfortunately, the constant presence of this hazard on oil well sites was illustrated by the flash fire 

and employee injury which occurred on April 1, 2013.6 

Respondent Implemented Numerous Protective Measures to Address the Hazard

The Court accords the testimony of Ronald Britton, an expert witness called by 

Respondent, significant weight. Mr. Britton has over 50 years of experience in the oil and gas 

industry; holds numerous oil and gas industry certifications; is a board-certified forensic examiner 

in oil and gas technology; serves on two American Petroleum Institute subcommittees; and has 

consulted and testified on behalf of both industry employers and OSHA in proceedings before the 

Commission. (Tr. 374–387, 395). In summary, Mr. Britton testified that Respondent did

everything that a safe oil well servicing company should have done at this worksite to mitigate, 

and attempt to eliminate, fire hazards from flammable hydrocarbon liquids and gases. (Tr. 442).

 

6. Respondent also argues, as a general challenge to the legal sufficiency of the Citation, that 5(a)(1) violations 

cannot be based on non-mandatory industry standards. This argument is rejected, as “[i]t is well established that 

voluntary industry standards are admissible and probative evidence of industry recognition of hazards.” Cargill, 10 

BNA OSHC 1398 (No. 78-5707, 1982). The Court does recognize, however, that under certain circumstances, the 

fair notice doctrine may prevent non-mandatory industry standards from being enforced under Section 5(a)(1). The 

Ruhlin Co., 2006 WL 6936753 at *6–7 (No. 04-2049, 2006).
11

More specifically, before the accident, Respondent had implemented the following 

measures, programs, and actions in an attempt to protect employees from a variety of oil well 

worksite hazards, including fire and explosion hazards: 

1) Locating the water supply tank, the circulated water receiving tank, and the diesel pump 

at least 100 feet from the wellhead, pursuant to multiple industry guidelines (Tr. 307; 

Ex. R-25 at 17);

2) Training employees on fire prevention and control (Tr. 204–205, 321);

3) Ensuring the use of blowout preventers on the well to keep sudden, uncontrolled 

hydrocarbon emissions from coming up the well and affecting the entire well site (Tr. 

198, 321);

4) Using a diesel pump equipped with spark arresters, to keep sparks from escaping the 

muffler (Tr. 195, 320, 509–510; Exs. C-24 at § 9.15, C-25, R-24);

5) Requiring all employees on the work site to wear Fire Resistant Clothing (FRC) (Tr. 

205-206);

6) Using a diesel pump equipped with a kill switch, immediately shuts down the engine 

upon activation (Tr. 195, 320; Exs. C-24 at § 9.15, C-25);

7) Implementing and enforcing work rules prohibiting smoking, except in certain 

designated safe areas (199–200, 301);

8) Banning open flames on location (Tr. 201, 322);

9) Prohibiting cell phone use (Tr. 202, 322);

10) Training employees on well control issues (Tr. 197, 321);

11) Ensuring that fire extinguishers were available and accessible on location (which were 

immediately used in this case to extinguish the flames on D.B.) (Tr. 203, 323);
12

12) Establishing emergency action plans (Tr. 203, 320; Ex. R-12);

13) Conducting a Job Safety Analysis for the well circulation operation (Tr. 300-301, 320); 

14) Constructing and training its employees at an 80-acre accident prevention training 

center, which Mr. Britton testified, was the only one of its kind to his knowledge (Tr. 

441). 

CSHO Young even acknowledged Respondent’s overall implementation of safety 

measures to protect employees from hydrocarbon gas vapor fires: “They had installed prudent 

measures to—what was your term—mitigate vapor explosions or fires, yes.” (Tr. 205). 

Complainant, however, argues that Respondent’s implemented safety measures were not enough. 

Complainant argues that, in addition to the actions above, the circulated water receiving tank 

should have been placed at least 100 feet from the diesel pump. 

The Additional Protective Measure Argued by Complainant in the Citation 

was not Recognized by the Employer or the Industry

None of the witnesses called by either party at trial had knowledge of this specific type of 

accident ever occurring before. (Tr. 141). While the occurrence or non-occurrence of an accident 

does not prove or disprove a violation, the fact that no witness from either side had ever heard of 

this type of accident occurring is relevant to a determination of whether this configuration of diesel 

pump and circulated water receiving tank was a prohibited practice under the Act.

Both parties agreed that fire hazards are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to 

completely eliminate from oil well worksites. In a memorandum issued in March of 2010 

regarding the use of FRC, OSHA stated that “[i]nherent flash fire hazards are associated with oil 

and gas well drilling, servicing, and production-related operations.” (Ex. C-23). Further, in 

stressing the importance of FRC, OSHA also noted, “Engineering and administrative controls 

serve to reduce, but do not eliminate, the potential for flash fires occurring during...well 
13

servicing...Flammable liquids or gas could be released and migrate to ignition sources because of 

an inadequacy or failure in these engineering and administrative controls.” (Id.). 

According to Mr. Britton, Respondent engaged in normal tank and pump placement for 

well circulation, with several other protective measures implemented to minimize fire hazards to 

employees. The additional protective measure Complainant advocates for in this case was simply 

not industry practice. (Tr. 438-440). “To permit the normal activities in such an industry to be 

defined as a “recognized hazard” within the meaning of section 5(a)(1) is to eliminate an element 

of the Secretary’s burden of proof and, in fact, almost to prove the Secretary’s case by definition, 

since under such a formula the employer can never free the workplace of inherent risks incident to 

the business. To respect Congress’ intent, hazards must be defined in a way that apprises the 

employer of its obligations, and identifies conditions or practices over which the employer can 

reasonably be expected to exercise control.” See Pelron, citing Davey Tree, 11 BNA OSHC at 

1899.

Complainant cites to several published guidelines from the Association of Energy Service 

Companies (“AESC”) and the American Petroleum Institute (“API”) to support its position. These 

references are problematic for several reasons. First, the Court finds that none of the referenced 

provisions from either of these industry publications specifically deal with the factual conditions 

alleged to violate the Act in this case: failure to separate a diesel pump (as a possible ignition 

source) and a circulated water receiving tank (as a possible source of oil/gas vapors) by a distance

of 100 feet. 

For example, the Citation itself references Section 12 of the America Petroleum Institute 

Recommended Practice 54, “Occupational Safety for Oil and Gas Well Drilling and Servicing 
14

Operations”. Specifically, CSHO Young discussed Section 12.1.8 during his testimony, which 

states:

Discharges of oil or gas to the atmosphere should be to a safe area, preferably on 

the downwind side of the well and a minimum of 100 ft (30.5 m) from the wellhead, 

open flame, or other sources of ignition. At locations where this recommendation 

may be impractical, appropriate safety measures should be implemented.

(Ex. C-24, API Recommended Practice 54, “Occupational Safety for Oil and Gas Well 

Drilling and Servicing Operations § 12.1.8). 

The Court agrees with Respondent that this and other API and AESC references address 

discrete hazards—discharges of oil and gas into the atmosphere, and storage or circulation of 

flammable hydrocarbons—and provide guidelines for abating those hazards, including, amongst 

other things, adequate spacing from the wellhead. (Exs. C-24, C-25). The two tanks used in the 

well circulation process by Respondent, which were delivered to the site by Abraxas, were 

supposed to contain water (supply tank) and receive water (discharge tank). There was no evidence 

of any intentional, or known, “discharge of oil and gas into the atmosphere” as discussed by 

industry standards referenced by Complainant. (Exs. C-24, C-25). 

Mr. Britton further explained that well servicing operations, such as those performed by 

Respondent in this case, do not fall under the rubric of “special services”, under which API 12.1.8 

falls. (Tr. 419; Ex. C-24). Mr. Britton said this particular standard is directed towards a discrete 

hazard; namely, the use of flare lines during the flowback stage. (Tr. 438). During flowback, oil 

and gas run through a separator, with oil intentionally directed into to a battery of receiving tanks 

while the separated gas vapors are burned off. (Tr. 438–439). 

The Court notes that the spacing recommendations referenced in the API and AESC 

publications referenced by Complainant are all based on a 100-foot distance from the wellhead, 
15

which represents the primary source of hydrocarbons at a well site. 7(Tr. 440; Exs. C-24, C-25). 

Complainant’s position seems to be that the wellhead as a source of oil/gas is no different from 

any other possible source of oil/gas at a worksite. Mr. Britton agreed that there are several industryrecognized practices which recommend 100-foot spacing from the wellhead; however, he also 

testified that there is no published rule or recommendation requiring an additional 100 feet of 

lateral spacing between a circulated water receiving tank and an ignition source such as a dieselpowered pump.8

(Tr. 440). Although Complainant continues to reference various API and AESC 

standards in its argument, it stopped just short of acknowledging the lack of a specific, on-point, 

industry standard for the configuration at issue in this case: “It is thus immaterial that, as Mr. 

Britton testified, the industry does not have a mandatory 100-foot spacing rule for discharge tanks 

and mud pumps.” Compl’t Br. at 30. 

Complainant offered several speculative theories during the trial of how flammable vapors 

could have been generated in this case. Compl’t Br. at 12. Complainant’s initial contention was 

that the well circulation process must have caused oil and gas contaminants to be flushed out of 

the well and into the receiving tank. (Tr. 70). Mr. Britton testified, however, that the bridge plug,

installed before the circulation process began, completely prevented the release of hydrocarbon 

vapors during well circulation and any amount of fugitive oil and gas remaining in the section of 

pipe being circulated would have been too small to measure considering the 365 barrels of water 

pumped in. (Tr. 161, 421–426, 428, 457). Mr. Britton reiterated this point multiple times

throughout the course of his testimony. Complainant now appears to have abandoned this theory.

 

7. CSHO Young also discussed API Recommended Practice 54 § 9.11.1, which similarly refers to distances of 

equipment from the wellhead. 

8. Neither party disputes that the diesel pump, even with spark arresters and a kill switch, was a possible ignition 

source. (Tr. 86–95, 455–456; Exs. C-24, C-25 ). 
16

Complainant’s alternative theories are that: (1) the receiving tank itself was contaminated 

with hydrocarbon residue from previous use; or (2) that the water supply tank was contaminated 

with hydrocarbon residue from previous use; or (3) that the delivered water was already infused 

with hydrocarbons when it was delivered by Abraxas. (Tr. 71–73, 96–98; Compl’t Br. at 14, 27). 

However, these key facts, as well as the precise cause of the fire, are still undetermined. The Court 

notes that during OSHA’s investigation: (1) neither the supply water or the discharge water were 

ever sampled or tested; (2) the tank interiors were not examined or tested; (3) no documentation 

concerning prior worksite uses for either tank was introduced; (4) no invoices concerning the 

source of the delivered water was introduced; (5) it was never conclusively determined how, when, 

or why the top hatch of the receiving tank was opened; and (6) no witnesses from Abraxas were 

called to testify by either party. (Tr. 268–270, 443, 497–498, 526; Compl’t Br. at 18, Nos. 76 & 

78). 

In an effort to connect the referenced industry standards, which deal with discharge of oil 

and gas to the atmosphere, Complainant argues that “[R]egardless of whether discharge tanks are 

always classified as tanks used to circulate flammable liquids, the record—including Mr. Britton’s 

testimony—show that the industry views discharge tanks as potential sources of discharges of 

combustible vapors . . . .” Compl’t Br. at 29. In other words, when a tank of water is received at 

an oil well worksite, and an empty tank is set up to receive circulated water, Complainant urges 

that both should be presumed to contain flammable liquids because there is always the possibility 

they were used to hold hydrocarbons previously. This argument runs afoul of the holding in 

Pelron, wherein the Commission held that “defin[ing] the alleged hazard as the ‘possibility’ of 

accumulations of unreacted [flammable] is to define it in a way that it can never be prevented, 

since the ‘possibility’ would always exist unless there were absolutely no chance at all that 
17

unreacted vapors could accumulate. Defining the hazard as the ‘possibility’ that a condition will 

occur defines not a hazard, but a potential hazard.” Pelron, 12 BNA OSHC 1833. 

Tim Brown, Respondent’s Vice President of Safety, Health, and Environment, testified 

that such a presumption would be inappropriate, as there is an industry practice of maintaining 

tanks in the same line of service, such as well circulation. (Tr. 482). According to Mr. Brown, this 

is standard practice because it’s “incredibly difficult to change services in anything whenever you

pollute or contaminate it.” (Id.). Mr. Brown’s testimony was supported by Mr. Britton, who stated 

that he, and others in the industry, would have assumed that Abraxas provided pure water. (Tr. 

252, 428-430). In other words, based on industry practice, when an operator provides a well 

servicing company with delivered water, and tanks to supply and receive that water, it reasonable 

to assume that it is water they are getting. (Tr. 482–483). CSHO Young acknowledged that a frack 

tank containing water, with an ignition source nearby, “doesn’t raise any red flags.” (Tr. 194).

In addition, though not dispositive, Respondent is correct that the AESC and API 

publication references are couched in aspirational language—“Recommended Safe Procedures and 

Guidelines” and “API Recommended Practice 54”. Section 12.1.8 of the API Recommended 

Practices indicates what should be done with respect to discharges of oil and gas to the atmosphere,

while further indicating that alternative measures are sometimes acceptable if the recommended 

practice is “impractical.” (Ex. C-24 § 12.1.8); see also id., Foreword (defining “should” as a 

“recommended practice: (1) where a safe comparable alternative practice is available; (2) that 

may be impractical under the circumstances; or (3) that may be unnecessary for personnel safety 

under certain circumstances”). Likewise, the AESC publication also states that “mud pits and 

tanks should be set a minimum distance of 100 ft (30 m) from the well”, but also states that 

“[e]quivalent safety measures should be taken where . . . conditions do not permit maintaining 
18

such distance.” (Ex. C-25 at 95); see also id. (defining “shall” as “not optional” and should as 

“recommended”). 

Complainant also argues that, even if the industry does not mandate the abatement method 

in the Citation, Respondent specifically recognized a 75-foot spacing requirement between tanks 

and pumps, through the actions and testimony of Mr. Fifer, the toolpusher and crew supervisor. 

(Tr. 261). Because Mr. Fifer was a supervisory employee at the time, Complainant asserts that his 

knowledge and recognition of the hazards associated with this pump/tank configuration should be 

imputed to Respondent. See St. Joe Minerals Corp. v. OSHRC, 647 F.2d 840, (8th Cir. 1980); 

Peter Cooper Corps., 10 BNA OSHC 1203 (No. 76-596, 1981); but see Deep South Crane & 

Rigging Co., 535 Fed. Appx. 386, 24 BNA OSHC 1089 (5th Cir. 2013).

Mr. Fifer testified that his preference, derived from two past employers during his 45 years 

working in this field,

9 was to space discharge tanks at least 75 feet away from a pump engine. (Tr. 

247, 284). He stated that his practice was a preventative measure because he believes there is 

always a possibility that flammable vapors could come from tanks. (Tr. 261-262). Mr. Fifer also 

testified, however, that “I did not know we were going to get gas like that.” (Tr. 252, 262). The 

Court’s conclusion from Mr. Fifer’s testimony is that he was discussing a personal practice and 

preference that he believed made his worksites safer. There was no industry standard or 

Respondent-specific work rule upon which it was based. While he is to be commended for his 

cautious approach, the question is whether or not his practice and preference should be legally 

interpreted as a recognized standard to which this employer is held in an OSHA enforcement 

proceeding. 

 

9. There were no details about when he learned that practice, or how that practice was conveyed to him. Complainant 

also refers to Respondent’s reference to a 75 foot rule in its post-accident investigation report, but the Court is 

convinced that reference came from Mr. Brown’s conversations with CSHO Young. (Tr. 347, 466-467; Ex. C-3). 
19

Mr. Britton strongly disputed Mr. Fifer’s personal practice and preference as being any 

type of recognized practice in the industry:

They put them all distances. Some of them [pumps] are put up right next to it [frack

tank], 4 and 5 feet away, some put it 30 or 40. I don’t know anybody that strings 

100 foot of iron to get it 100 foot away, because they’d have to put it 100 foot away 

from the frack tank as well as 100 foot away from the well, and so they don’t do 

that. (Tr. 438). 

Now, when you’re talking about from the frack tank to the reverse unit [pump], 

that’s what I’m telling you, that there’s no standard that I’m aware of in 60 years in 

the oil business that says you have to do that. There are people, like the tool pusher, 

who says, well, he uses 75 feet. It’s his rule. Some people use 50. Some use other 

figures, but there really isn’t a rule that I’m aware of that is mandatory for us to use.

(Tr. 440).

The Commission and courts have been reluctant to rely solely on voluntary safety efforts 

by employers, or their employees, to find that an employer recognized a hazardous condition. 

Pepperidge Farm, Inc., 17 BNA OSHC 1993 (No. 89-265) (citing General Motors, Corp., GM 

Parts Div., 11 BNA OSHC 2062, 2065–66 (No. 78-1443, 1984), aff’d, 764 F.2d 32 (1st Cir. 1985); 

Cotter & Co. v. OSHRC, 598 F.2d 911, 914–15 (5th Cir. 1979); Diebold, Inc. v. Marshall, 585 

F.2d 1327, 1337–38 (6th Cir. 1978)). The Sixth Circuit explained its rationale in Diebold as 

follows:

Considered simply in terms of probative value, an employer’s attempts to render 

machinery or working premises more safe, without anything more, cannot 

reasonably support an inference that the attempts were made because the employer 

believed them to be legally required. Further, the drawing of such an inference 

would be repugnant to the purposes of the Act. Congress expected that safety in the 

nation’s workplaces would be achieved as much by the voluntary efforts of 

employers as by the enforcement programs of the government. See Dunlop v. 

Rockwell International, 540 F.2d 1283, 1292 (6th Cir. 1976). If employers are not 

to be dissuaded from taking precautions beyond the minimum regulatory 

requirements, they must be able to do so without concern that their efforts will later 

provide the sole evidentiary basis for an adverse finding of the sort urged here. 
20

See Cape and Vineyard Div’n of New Bedford Gas Co. v. OSHRC, 512 F.2d 1148, 1154 

(1st Cir. 1975).

The Commission has applied the same rationale to analyses of general duty clause 

violations. See Pepperidge Farm, 17 BNA OSHC 1993. In the present case, unlike many of those 

cited above, there was no evidence of prior accidents or injuriesfrom this pump/tank configuration; 

no memoranda or warnings regarding this configuration; and no independent sources indicating 

that the industry or specialists in the field recognized this configuration as a prohibited practice. 

In fact, during his deposition, CSHO Young testified, “Hindsight is 20/20. They realized it 

immediately, but at the time I don’t think it was a cognitive thought.” (Tr. 135–137). 

Complainant failed to introduce sufficient evidence justifying the imputation of Mr. Fifer’s 

personal practice and preference in this situation to Respondent as a recognized industry, or 

employer, practice. Accordingly, the Court finds that Complainant failed to prove that 

Respondent, or its industry, recognized a requirement to space water well circulation receiving 

tanks at least 100 feet away from possible ignition sources, as an additional protective measure 

required beyond the fourteen measures (listed above) already implemented by Respondent. 

Complainant Failed to Prove that the Abatement Method in the Citation 

Would have Eliminated or Materially Reduced the Hazard 

In order to establish a violation of the general duty clause, Complainant must “‘specify the 

proposed abatement measures and demonstrate both that the measures are capable of being put 

into effect and that they would be effective in materially reducing the incidence of the hazard.’” 

Arcadian Corp., 20 BNA OSHC 2001 (quoting Beverly Enters., Inc., 19 BNA OSHC 1161 (No. 

91-3144 et al., 2000)). “Feasible means of abatement are established if ‘conscientious experts, 

familiar with the industry’ would prescribe those means and methods to eliminate or materially 

reduce the recognized hazard.” Id. (quoting Pepperidge Farm, Inc., 17 BNA OSHC 1993)). 

Where an employer has taken steps to abate the recognized hazard, Complainant must show those 
21

measures are inadequate. Alabama Power Co., 13 BNA OSHC 1240 (citing Cerro Metal Prods. 

Div., Marmon Grp., Inc., 12 BNA OSHC 1821, 1822 (No. 78-5159, 1986)). Complainant submits 

that the measures Respondent took to protect employees from fire hazards associated with 

hydrocarbon vapors and ignition sources were inadequate, and alleges in the Citation that 

Respondent should have also maintained a 100-foot distance between the diesel pump and the 

tanks.

10

CSHO Young acknowledged, however, that Respondent took significant measures to 

protect employees from vapor fires and explosions: “They had installed prudent measures to—

what was your term—mitigate vapor explosions or fires, yes.” (Tr. 205). CSHO Young also said 

that he believes the hazard would have been materially reduced had the top hatch of the circulated 

water receiving tank remained closed and the gases vented only out the back, as intended and 

ordered by Mr. Fifer. (Tr. 121–122; 179–180). The Court notes that the approximate distance from 

the rear vent of the circulated water receiving tank to the diesel pump was 75–80 feet, only 20–25

feet closer than the abatement method identified in the Citation. (Tr. 116–117, 121–122; Compl’t

Br. at 16; Resp’t. Br. at 14).

At least with respect to the facts of this case, there was little dispute that maintaining a 100-

foot distance between the pump engine and the receiving tank is both technologically and 

economically feasible.11 Additionally, both sides acknowledged the general principle that longer 

 

10. Respondent also added at trial (though not in the Citation), that four-gas meters or an intrinsically 

safe pump engine would also abate the condition. Complainant did not pursue the intrinsically safe pump 

engine abatement method in post-trial argument. With regard to the four-gas meter, the Court accepts 

Mr. Britton’s and Mr. Brown’s testimony about the multitude of problems inherent in using them as an 

additional preventative measure for this type of work. (Tr. 446-447, 464-465, 515). 

11. Even with that in mind, both the AESC and API publications indicate that, in certain circumstances, the 100-foot 

spacing guidelines may not be practicable. (Ex. C-24, C-25). In those instances, industry guidelines indicate that 
22

distances create greater opportunities for flammable vapors to dissipate. (Tr. 116, 347, 448). That 

does not mean, however, that Complainant proved that spacing the equipment 100 feet apart would 

have materially reduced the hazard in this case. 

CSHO Young testified that, regardless of whether the spacing was 75, 100, or 150 feet, he 

could not conclusively determine whether the hazard could have been avoided. (Tr. 179–180, 

234). When asked whether such distances would have abated the hazard, or even reduced the risk 

of a fire by fifty percent, CSHO Young stated, “Conclusively, no...in this condition, without 

knowing what’s in the tank, I cannot.” (Tr. 180, 234). The Court is very concerned with these 

responses, and other unanswered investigative questions discussed above. As Mr. Britton pointed 

out, “I think [CSHO Young] just didn’t go far enough. I think he should have done samples, more 

measurements. I commend him for what he did. I just think that we could have had a lot of 

answers had we gone a little bit further in the inspection of the site.” (Tr. 443). 

In response to similar questions regarding whether spacing of 75, 100, or 150 feet would 

have materially reduced the hazard, Mr. Britton stated:

Maybe. That’s a possibility, but I don’t deal in possibilities in safety on oil fields. 

To me—nobody’s talked about the wind direction. What direction is the wind 

coming from? Are you putting the tank in a direct line where it would blow back 

over the frack tank, or is it going to be the opposite, is the frack tank blowing 

directly towards the reverse unit? 

If the pump and the motor is 100 feet away downwind from the frack tank, then 

you’re going to blow the fumes right over it. Even if it’s 100 feet away, you’ll 

probably have an accident there. 

(Tr. 442-443). Mr. Britton also noted that wide swings in temperature impact the dissipation and 

transmission of flammable vapors. (Tr. 447). Again, even Respondent’s expert, with extensive 

experience in the oil and gas field, including certification as a forensic examiner in oil and gas, 

 

alternative, equivalent measures to abate the hazard should be used. (Id.). The Court points this out only to note that 

the 100-foot spacing rule for intentional discharge of oil/gas (as opposed to circulated water) is not a panacea.
23

could do no more than speculate as to the efficacy of the spacing requirement espoused by 

Complainant. 

Considering the totality of circumstances and evidence presented in this record, the Court 

finds that Complainant failed to prove that a 100-foot spacing requirement would have eliminated 

or materially reduced the hazard of a hydrocarbon vapor flash fire during this well circulation 

operation. 

Conclusion

The Court is not convinced that Respondent failed to implement reasonably prudent 

measures to protect its employees from recognized fire and explosion hazards during the well 

circulation process performed on April 1, 2013, or that the recommended abatement measure of 

100-foot spacing between the diesel pump and the circulated water receiving tank would have 

eliminated or materially reduced the hazard.

ORDER

Based upon the foregoing Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, it is ORDERED

that Citation 1, Item 1 is hereby VACATED.

/s/ Brian A. Duncan

Date: March 23, 2015 Judge Brian A. Duncan

Denver, Colorado U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission