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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:14pt; color:#00B050; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:14pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Some personal identifiers have been redacted for privacy purposes.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">United States of America</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1120 20th Street, N.W., Ninth Floor</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Washington, DC 20036-3457</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:7.667px; margin-bottom:3.467px; line-height:1; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SECRETARY OF LABOR,</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:7.667px; margin-bottom:3.467px; line-height:1; text-indent:2.514cm; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">v.</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:7.667px; margin-bottom:3.467px; line-height:1; text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHRC Docket No. 1</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">9</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">0</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">372</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:7.667px; margin-bottom:3.467px; line-height:1; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">P.M.I. INTERNATIONAL STONE IMPORTERS</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:7.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-indent:1.244cm; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-1.27cm; ">Appearances:</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; ">Elena S. Goldstein, Deputy Solicitor of Labor</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; ">Jeffrey S. Rogoff, Regional Solicitor</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; ">Matthew M. Sullivan, Senior Trial Attorney</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; ">U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Regional Solicitor, New York, NY</p>
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					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For the Complainant</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; ">Michael Gaviria,<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">p</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ro se</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; ">Marlboro, NJ<span><span></span>
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					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For the Respondent</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">Before: Covette Rooney,<span>
					</span>Chief<span><span></span>
					</span>Administrative Law Judge</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">DECISION AND ORDER</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">Respondent, P.M.I. International Stone Importers<span><span></span>
					</span>(“PMI”), is a company “engaged in<span>
					</span>[the]<span>
					</span>business of buying and selling stone slabs which are shipped to<span>
					</span>[R]espondent<span><span></span>
					</span>from various international locations” with<span>
					</span>its<span><span></span>
					</span>principal office and place of business<span><span></span>
					</span>located<span><span></span>
					</span>in Marlboro, New Jersey. (Joint Pre-Hr’g<span><span></span>
					</span>Statement ¶ 4.1). Following a worker’s<span><span></span>
					</span>injury on September 4, 2018, the local police referred the<span><span></span>
					</span>matter to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) for investigation. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>at ¶¶ 4.2 &<span>
					</span>4.3) On February 20, 2019,<span>
					</span>OSHA’s investigation resulted in<span>
					</span>the issuance of a one-item citation (the “Citation”) to Respondent, alleging a serious violation of<span>
					</span>section 5(a)(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 29 U.S.C. §§ 651-678 (the “Act”).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Specifically, the Citation alleged that Respondent’s employees were<span>
					</span>“exposed to struck-by, caught in between and crushed-by hazards while they worked consistently within the fall shadow of approx. 7000 lb. bundles o[f]<span>
					</span>stone slabs without protection of bracing or supports.”<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(Citation at 6). The Citation proposed a penalty of $5,304. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>at 7).<span>
					</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">On February 28, 2019, Respondent<span>
					</span>timely filed a<span><span></span>
					</span>notice of contest, thereby bringing this matter before the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (the “Commission”). <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span>29 U.S.C. § 659(c). A one-day hearing was held on November 9, 2020, by way of<span>
					</span>Cisco<span>
					</span>WebEx videoconferencing technology.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref1" href="#ftn1">1</a></span> The Secretary presented two<span><span></span>
					</span>witnesses: 1) the injured worker,<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>; and 2) the Compliance Safety and Health Officer (“CO”) who investigated the accident, Brian Crain.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref2" href="#ftn2">2</a></span> Respondent was represented by its<span>
					</span>president, Michael Gaviria, who cross-examined the Secretary’s witnesses but did not<span>
					</span>present a case-in-chief.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref3" href="#ftn3">3</a></span> The Secretary filed a post-hearing<span><span></span>
					</span>brief; Respondent did not.</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">For the reasons that follow, the Citation is affirmed as a serious violation of<span>
					</span>section 5(a)(1) of the Act,<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref4" href="#ftn4">4</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>and a penalty of $5,304 is assessed.</p>
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				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">I.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Jurisdiction</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">The parties stipulated that Respondent is engaged in a business affecting commerce and an employer within the meaning of sections 3(3) and 3(5) the Act, 29 U.S.C. §§ 652(3) & (5),<span><span></span>
					</span>and consented to the Commission’s jurisdiction over this proceeding. (Joint Pre-Hr’g<span><span></span>
					</span>Statement ¶¶ 5.1 & 5.2). The<span>
					</span>Commission’s jurisdiction is supported by the record. (Joint Pre-Hr’g<span><span></span>
					</span>Statement<span>
					</span>¶¶ 4.1,<span>
					</span>4.2, &<span>
					</span>4.13).</p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">II.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Background</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><a name="ftnref5" href="#ftn5">5</a></span></p>
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				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">A.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">P.M.I. International Stone Importers</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">Respondent is a company “engaged in<span>
					</span>[the]<span>
					</span>business of buying and selling stone slabs which are shipped to<span>
					</span>[R]espondent<span><span></span>
					</span>from various international locations.” (Joint Pre-Hr’g<span><span></span>
					</span>Statement ¶ 4.1). Mr. Gaviria has been the president of Respondent for 30 years. (Gaviria Dep. 8).<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref6" href="#ftn6">6</a></span> At the time the Citation was issued, Respondent employed no more than 25 employees.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref7" href="#ftn7">7</a></span> The<span><span></span>
					</span>following<span>
					</span>five<span><span></span>
					</span>employees<span>
					</span>were<span>
					</span>identified at the hearing<span><span></span>
					</span>and<span><span></span>
					</span>are relevant to the<span><span></span>
					</span>events leading to the issuance of the<span><span></span>
					</span>Citation: </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">(1)<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>was a warehouse worker who had worked for Respondent for seven years. (Tr. 16).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>started<span><span></span>
					</span>as a<span><span></span>
					</span>warehouse<span><span></span>
					</span>cleaner<span>
					</span>but, after working at PMI for three or four years, took on other duties such as sealing stone slabs and assisting in unloading stone slab bundles from shipping containers. (Tr. 16-17;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 8-9). Over his seven years working for Respondent,<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>assisted in unloading “hundreds” of shipping containers containing stone<span>
					</span>slab bundles.<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 32-33, 70-71;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 22). [redacted]<span>
					</span>was the employee injured<span>
					</span>in<span><span></span>
					</span>the accident<span><span></span>
					</span>leading to the issuance of the Citation<span><span></span>
					</span>(Joint Pre-Hr’g<span><span></span>
					</span>Statement ¶ 4.4);</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">(2) Christopher Solan was another warehouse worker who also assisted in unloading bundles of stone slabs from shipping containers (Tr. 32; Solan Dep. 10). Mr. Solan was<span>
					</span>working with<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>in the same container when the accident<span>
					</span>occurred;<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">(3) Kevin Maher<span><span></span>
					</span>was<span>
					</span>the warehouse manager and Mr.<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>’s direct supervisor (Tr. 31). Mr. Maher was operating the forklift being used to unload the bundles from the shipping container.<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 31);<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">(4)<span>
					</span>Christopher Hankins<span><span></span>
					</span>was<span>
					</span>Respondent’s operations manager<span><span></span>
					</span>to whom Mr. Maher reported and who reported to Mr. Gaviria<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr.<span>
					</span>31-33; Hankins Dep. 7);<span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">(5) Brian Brown was Respondent’s safety manager (Tr. 34, 47-48, 113-15).</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">B.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Stone Bundles and the Fall Shadow Hazard</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">One of Respondent’s regular business activities<span>
					</span>involves<span>
					</span>unloading “bundles” of stone slabs from shipping containers<span><span></span>
					</span>into<span>
					</span>its<span><span></span>
					</span>warehouse. (Tr. 32-33, 70-71; Hankins Dep. 8;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 22; Solan Dep. 28-29). The bundles are delivered to Respondent in quantities of six<span>
					</span>or seven<span><span></span>
					</span>per container,<span><span></span>
					</span>with each individual bundle weighing as much as 7,000<span><span></span>
					</span>or 8,000<span><span></span>
					</span>pounds. (Tr. 88, 121;<span><span></span>
					</span>Gaviria Dep. 48;<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Exs. C-50 p.1, C-51 p.1). An individual bundle can be six to eight feet high, five to seven feet wide, and vary in thickness depending on the type of stone. (Tr. 28-29;<span>
					</span>Ex. C-2).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">The bundles arrive at Respondent’s warehouse in a small shipping container, which is approximately the height of the stone bundles, i.e., approximately<span>
					</span>six to<span>
					</span>eight feet high. (Tr.<span><span></span>
					</span>28-29;<span><span></span>
					</span>Exs.<span><span></span>
					</span>C-1, C-2, C-17). Typically, the bundles are arranged in the container in two rows of three bundles each. (Tr. 23-26; Gaviria Dep. 48;<span>
					</span>Ex. C-55). The bundles are “interlocked”<span><span></span>
					</span>inside the<span>
					</span>container,<span><span></span>
					</span>such that, if the container is viewed facing the front, the bundle on the far right would touch the front wall of the container, the next bundle would touch the back wall of the container, and so forth.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref8" href="#ftn8">8</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 36-37;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 27-28; Ex. C-55).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>This interlocking provides some protection from the bundles falling during shipment and<span>
					</span>while<span>
					</span>unloading<span><span></span>
					</span>the bundles. (Tr. 37;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 27-28). Additionally, however, the bundles are packed with wooden “bracing,” which holds the bundles upright. (Tr. 29-30, 35-36;<span><span></span>
					</span>Gaviria Dep. 46-48). The bracing is physically attached to the<span><span></span>
					</span>bundles and the<span><span></span>
					</span>container and must be<span>
					</span>removed<span><span></span>
					</span>to unload the bundles. (Tr. 29-30, 35-36; Gaviria Dep. 48).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; "><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The unloading of stone bundles poses a safety hazard with regard to an unsecured bundle’s “fall shadow.” (</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Joint Pre-</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">H</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’rg</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Statement ¶ 4.9; Tr. 51-52, 133; Gaviria Dep. 40-42;<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Dep. 17-18</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent’s “Stone Slab Handling & Storage Safety Plan” defines the fall shadow as follows:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; margin-right:24px; "><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[T]he region swept by a slab during its toppling movement from vertical to when it stops falling. The term is used to include the complete slab and any pieces if it breaks. The term is relevant when slabs are not restrained or there is a potential for restraints to fail, (Wood supports, Strapping, etc.). “Fall shadow” is the minimum danger zone derived from the actual slab dimensions. Additional clearance around that zone must be considered and applied. The “Fall Shadow” will move with the slab/s when<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it’s</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>moved by a forklift and/or by cranes.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; margin-right:24px; ">The “Fall Shadow” may be less than the area above when there is a barrier that the slab will strike thru its fall. This barrier may be the wall of the container itself, an adjacent A-Frame or a structure put in place to limit the amount of vertical falling (Rack Systems).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">(Ex. C-47 p. 8;<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span>Join Pre-H’rg<span><span></span>
					</span>Statement ¶<span>
					</span>4.9).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">In short,<span>
					</span>a bundle’s<span>
					</span>fall shadow is the area where<span>
					</span>an<span><span></span>
					</span>upright,<span><span></span>
					</span>unsecured bundle could potentially fall<span><span></span>
					</span>and thereby injure a worker. (Tr. 51-52, 61, 198; Ex. C-57). The fall shadow of an unsecured<span>
					</span>bundle presents a crushed-by, struck-by, or<span>
					</span>caught-in-between<span><span></span>
					</span>hazard<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref9" href="#ftn9">9</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>for a worker<span>
					</span>located<span><span></span>
					</span>in the bundle’s<span>
					</span>fall<span>
					</span>shadow. (Tr. 108-09, 160-61, 172;<span>
					</span>Exs. C-50 p.1, C-51 p.1, C-52 p.1).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Generally, the fall shadow for an unsecured bundle is coterminous with the area of the bundle itself. (Tr. 51-52, 198;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 17-18; Solan Dep. 18-19; Ex. C-52 p.1). However,<span>
					</span>the fall shadow<span><span></span>
					</span>could also be slightly larger<span><span></span>
					</span>if the bundle shatters when it falls or smaller if there is an object in the shadow that could limit the range of toppling. (Joint Pre-H’rg<span><span></span>
					</span>Statement ¶ 4.9; Tr. 198; Ex. C-52 p.1).</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">C.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">PMI Safety Program</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">and</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
					</span>Practices</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-style:italic; padding-right:20px;">i.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Safety Program and Training</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">To address the hazard posed by the fall shadow when unloading bundles, Respondent had, at the time<span><span></span>
					</span>of the accident,<span>
					</span>a written safety program comprised of two documents: 1) a 10-page “Stone Slab Handling & Storage Safety Plan”<span><span></span>
					</span>(“Safety Plan”); and 2) a 3-page “Health and Safety Solution”<span><span></span>
					</span>(“Safety Solution”)<span><span></span>
					</span>from a company called<span>
					</span>“WorkSafe Victoria.” (Tr. 152, 157-60;<span>
					</span>Exs. C-47, 53). Both documents recognize the existence of the<span><span></span>
					</span>hazard posed by the<span><span></span>
					</span>fall shadow when unloading stone bundles and set forth methods to address the hazard. (Exs. C-47 p. 8, C-53 pp. 1-2). More specifically, the Safety Plan states<span>
					</span>“[b]efore<span><span></span>
					</span>[s]tone crates are released from transit restraints, ensure that no person/s are in the ‘Fall Shadow’ of<span><span></span>
					</span>any Crates and/or single/groups of slabs” and “[s]tone handling employees must guide stone crates and/or slabs from the end most distant<span><span></span>
					</span>from the forklift to ensure that workers remain outside the moving<span>
					</span>‘Fall Shadow’ Area.” (Ex. C-47 p.8). Similarly, the Safety Solution states that “[b]efore<span><span></span>
					</span>stone slabs are released from<span>
					</span>any transport restraints, ensure that no person is in the fall shadow of any slabs or crates at any time” and “[w]orkers<span><span></span>
					</span>should guide stone slabs from the end most distant from the forklift using an appropriate method to ensure that workers remain outside the moving fall shadow.” (Ex. C-53 pp. 2-3). Both documents suggest the use of “temporary restraints”<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref10" href="#ftn10">10</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>to minimize the fall shadow hazard when unloading stone bundles. (Exs. C-47 p.8, C-53 p.2). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">Respondent’s employees received both<span>
					</span>the Safety Plan and the Safety Solution<span><span></span>
					</span>as part of their training with Mr. Brown<span><span></span>
					</span>and Mr. Hankins. (Tr. 13-15, 33-34, 48-49, 87, 149; Solan Dep. 18, 71). In addition, the employees watched a safety video and received hands-on training in the warehouse. (Tr. 13-15, 33-34, 48-49, 149). The fall shadow hazard posed by unloading unsecured bundles was addressed by this training. (Solan Dep. 18, 71).</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-style:italic; padding-right:20px;">ii.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Respondent’s Actual Practices</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">Despite<span>
					</span>purportedly requiring its employees to remain out of the fall shadow while moving<span>
					</span>stone<span>
					</span>bundles, Respondent’s actual activities did not<span>
					</span>follow<span><span></span>
					</span>the rules set forth in its training documents. Rather, Respondent’s employees unloaded shipping containers in<span>
					</span>the following<span><span></span>
					</span>way. First, the wooden transit bracing was removed from a bundle. (Tr. 29-30, 35-36; Gaviria Dep. 48). Next, a forklift was used to drag the bundle out of the container.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref11" href="#ftn11">11</a></span> (Tr. 72; Hankins Dep. 8;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 17-18). For bundles in the front row, the bundle could be supported in between the forks of the forklift. (Tr.<span>
					</span>31, 72).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>However,<span>
					</span>Respondent’s<span><span></span>
					</span>forklift could not reach into the back of the container. (Tr. 60-61, 72;<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span>Exs. C-4, 16).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Thus, for the back row of bundles,<span>
					</span>the forklift was attached to the bundle<span><span></span>
					</span>by a cable<span>
					</span>and then dragged from the container. (Tr. 37-38, 140-46; Gaviria Dep. 36;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 65;<span>
					</span>Exs.<span>
					</span>C-23,<span>
					</span>C-24,<span><span></span>
					</span>C-26).<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">As part of the unloading process,<span>
					</span>Respondent instructed its warehouse<span><span></span>
					</span>employees to enter the container and help “guide” the bundle while it was being dragged by the forklift. (Tr. 41-44, 70, 87). The<span>
					</span>“guiding”<span><span></span>
					</span>process involved<span><span></span>
					</span>two<span>
					</span>employees placing their hands flat on the side of the bundle, following it while is being dragged from the container,<span><span></span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>alerting<span><span></span>
					</span>the forklift driver if there was any “pressure,” indicating the bundle was<span>
					</span>becoming<span>
					</span>unstable. (Tr. 70, 87, 91, 94). Respondent’s<span>
					</span>method for guiding the bundles<span><span></span>
					</span>placed the two employees in the container in the fall shadow of the moving bundle. (Tr. 42, 68-69, 76, 150, 162-63; Gaviria Dep. 42;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 18; Ex.<span>
					</span>C-57). Respondent did not direct its employees to use temporary restraints at any point of the unloading process.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref12" href="#ftn12">12</a></span> (Joint Pre-H’rg<span><span></span>
					</span>Statement ¶ 4.13;<span>
					</span>Tr.<span><span></span>
					</span>39-41, 46; Solan Dep. 44-45).</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-style:italic; padding-right:20px;">iii.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Respondent’s Practices Following the Accident</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">Following the accident that led to the issuance of the Citation, Respondent has modified its practices for unloading bundles from shipping containers. Workers no longer place their hands on the side of the bundle in the fall shadow to guide it; rather, they now stand in front of the bundle, outside of the fall shadow. (Tr. 84). Additionally,<span>
					</span>Respondent now requires the use of<span>
					</span>temporary restraints<span><span></span>
					</span>while the bundle is being dragged with the forklift. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">(</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.<span>
						</span></span>at<span><span></span>
					</span>83-84). </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">D.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Accident</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">and OSHA Inspection</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-style:italic; padding-right:20px;">i.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">The Accident</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">The accident leading to the issuance of the Citation occurred on September 4, 2018. (Joint Pre-Hr’g<span><span></span>
					</span>Statement ¶ 2; Tr. 72, 109). On that day, Messrs.<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>,<span><span></span>
					</span>Solan, and Maher were<span>
					</span>in<span>
					</span>the warehouse<span>
					</span>unloading stone slab bundles from a shipping container.<span>
					</span>(Tr. 70-73).<span><span></span>
					</span>More specifically, Mr. Maher was operating the forklift used to drag the bundles, and Messrs.<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>and Solan were aiding him by guiding the bundles from inside the container. (Tr. 70, 72;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 20-21;<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span>Exs. C-1, 7, 16).<span>
					</span>
				</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">The container was a typically packed<span><span></span>
					</span>container, containing six interlocked bundles of stone. (Tr.<span>
					</span>23-24,<span>
					</span>71;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 31;<span>
					</span>Ex. C-55). Five of the six bundles were removed without incident. (Tr. 71). The final bundle to be removed was located in the back left corner of the container. (Tr. 23-24, 71;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 31; Ex. C-55). The fall shadow hazard posed by<span>
					</span>this bundle was particularly acute<span>
					</span>for at least three reasons. First,<span><span></span>
					</span>with the other bundles having already been removed, the final bundle received<span><span></span>
					</span>no additional support from the interlocking of the bundles. (Tr. 37;<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span>Gaviria Dep. 49). Second, the final bundle’s fall shadow<span>
					</span>was<span><span></span>
					</span>far larger because it<span>
					</span>was<span><span></span>
					</span>furthest from the opposite wall of the container and thereby could<span><span></span>
					</span>potentially completely fall over inside the container. (Tr. 133; Ex. C-17). In other words,<span><span></span>
					</span>the fall shadow of the final bundle comprised<span><span></span>
					</span>the entire interior of the container. (Tr. 133; Ex. C-17). Finally,<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Respondent’s forklift<span><span></span>
					</span>was unable<span>
					</span>to<span><span></span>
					</span>reach the back of the container. (Tr. 60-61, 72, 123-24; Ex. C-4). Thus, the final bundle needed to be<span><span></span>
					</span>dragged completely unsecured until it reached<span><span></span>
					</span>the front of the container, at which point it could<span><span></span>
					</span>be steadied between<span><span></span>
					</span>the forks of the forklift.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref13" href="#ftn13">13</a></span> (Tr. 79; Gaviria Dep. 49;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 30, 54-55; Solan Dep. 42).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">To remove the final bundle,<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>removed the wooden bracing from the bundle<span><span></span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>attached<span>
					</span>“lancing” so that it could be dragged with the forklift. (Tr. 71-72;<span>
					</span>Exs.<span>
					</span>C-23, 24, 26). Thereafter,<span>
					</span>Mr. Maher slowly started to drag the final bundle with the forklift. (Tr. 72). As the<span>
					</span>bundle was being dragged out, Mr. Solan and<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>were directly next to each other with their palms flat on the right side of the bundle. (Tr. 70;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 20-21, 46-47;<span>
					</span>Ex. C-57). Mr. Solan was nearer to the front of the container and the front right corner of the bundle, while<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>was further inside the container, fully<span><span></span>
					</span>on the right side of the moving bundle. (Tr. 69-70;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 46-47; Ex. C-57). This positioning placed most of Mr. Solan’s body in the fall shadow of the unsecured bundle and<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">all</span><span><span></span>
					</span>of Mr.<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>’s body in the fall shadow.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref14" href="#ftn14">14</a></span> (Tr 68-69, 73;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 17-18, 30-31; Ex. C-57).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">As Mr. Maher continued to drag out the final bundle,<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>saw the<span>
					</span>ski-style<span>
					</span>cleats<span><span></span>
					</span>on the bundle<span>
					</span>get caught on<span><span></span>
					</span>a bump on<span><span></span>
					</span>the floor of the container.<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 73-77). At this point, the bundle started separating from the cleats, which<span><span></span>
					</span>caused the bundle to become unsteady. (Tr. 73-74, 76;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 52-53).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>indicated to Mr. Maher that the bundle was becoming unsteady and<span>
					</span>told him to<span><span></span>
					</span>stop dragging it from the container. (Tr. 74;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep.<span>
					</span>53). However, Mr. Solan<span>
					</span>told<span><span></span>
					</span>Mr. Maher<span>
					</span>to<span><span></span>
					</span>continue<span><span></span>
					</span>dragging the bundle. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 53). Evidently,<span><span></span>
					</span>Mr. Maher<span><span></span>
					</span>agreed<span><span></span>
					</span>with Mr. Solan<span><span></span>
					</span>and<span><span></span>
					</span>continued dragging the bundle. (Tr. 75;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 53). Just as the bundle neared the front of the container,<span><span></span>
					</span>it<span><span></span>
					</span>became<span>
					</span>more unsteady and started “twisting”<span><span></span>
					</span>inside the container. (Tr. 77-79;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 53-54;<span>
					</span>Ex. C-57).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Soon after,<span>
					</span>the bundle<span>
					</span>started falling<span><span></span>
					</span>inward toward<span><span></span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>right<span><span></span>
					</span>side of the container. (Tr. 77-78;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 54;<span>
					</span>Exs. C-17, 57). When it became apparent the bundle was going to fall,<span><span></span>
					</span>Mr. Solan managed to exit the container without being struck by the falling bundle. (Tr. 79;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Dep.<span><span></span>
					</span>54;<span>
					</span>Solan Dep. 56-58). However,<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>was unable to exit the container quickly enough and was<span>
					</span>pinned<span><span></span>
					</span>between the fallen bundle and the container wall. (Joint Pre-Hr’g<span><span></span>
					</span>Statement ¶ 2;<span><span></span>
					</span>Tr. 79-81;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 54;<span>
					</span>Solan Dep. 56-58;<span>
					</span>Exs. C-17A, 57).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Ultimately,<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>was able to be extracted from underneath the fallen bundle<span>
					</span>but<span>
					</span>suffered a<span>
					</span>“lower leg fracture”<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref15" href="#ftn15">15</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>as a result of<span><span></span>
					</span>the accident. (Joint Pre-Hr’g<span><span></span>
					</span>Statement ¶ 4;<span><span></span>
					</span>Tr. 81).</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-style:italic; padding-right:20px;">ii.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">OSHA’s Inspection</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">Following the accident, the local police were called to the warehouse. (Joint Pre-H’rg<span><span></span>
					</span>Statement ¶ 3; Tr. 109). Upon<span><span></span>
					</span>learning that it was a workplace accident, the police referred the matter to OSHA. (Joint Pre-Hr’g<span><span></span>
					</span>Statement ¶ 3; Tr. 109). OSHA assigned CO Crain to investigate the matter, and he did so on the same day.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 109).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">After arriving at Respondent’s warehouse, the CO<span>
					</span>first<span>
					</span>spoke briefly with Mr. Brown, Respondent’s safety manager, but learned he had not witnessed the accident. (Tr.<span><span></span>
					</span>113-15). The CO then investigated the scene of the accident and took several photographs of the warehouse, the forklift, the container, and the fallen bundle inside the container. (Tr. 115-16;<span>
					</span>Exs. C-1, 2, 4, 7, 16, 17 ,18, 23, 24, 26). The CO<span>
					</span>met<span><span></span>
					</span>with Messrs. Gaviria, Brown, and Hankins, at which point he received Respondent’s training documents and other safety materials. (Tr. 146-47). The CO also<span>
					</span>interviewed Mr. Solan in person and<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>over the phone. (Tr. 148-52). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">After conducting his investigation and reviewing Respondent’s training and safety materials, the CO concluded that Respondent’s employees had been directed to “stabilize” unsecured bundles inside shipping<span><span></span>
					</span>containers<span><span></span>
					</span>while standing in the<span>
					</span>bundles’<span>
					</span>fall shadows. (Tr.149-54). As a result of the CO’s inspection, the Secretary issued Respondent the one-item serious Citation for a violation of the general duty clause.</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">III.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Analysis</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; widows:0; orphans:0; ">Respondent was cited with a violation of the general duty clause, which<span>
					</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">requires that each employer “furnish to each of his<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employees</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees ....”<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1).<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To prove a violation of the general duty clause, the Secretary must show that:<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(1) a condition or activity in the workplace presented a hazard; (2) the employer or its industry recognized the hazard; (3) the hazard was likely to cause death or serious physical harm; and (4) a feasible means existed to eliminate or materially reduce the hazard.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">K.E.R. Enters</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BNA OSHC</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>2241</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>2242<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">No. 08-1225</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 2013);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pegasus Tower</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 21 BNA OSHC 1190, 1191 (No. 01-0547, 2005)</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also W</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>World, Inc.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 604<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">F</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">App’x</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>188,</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">192-93 (3d Cir. 2015) (unpublished);</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Bab</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">c</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ock & Wilcox Co.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 622 F.2d 1160, 1164 (3d Cir. 1980).</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> The Secretary must</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also prove that the employer knew or, with the exercise of reasonable diligence, could have known of the hazardous condition.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Cranesville</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Block Co., Inc.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BNA OSHC</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1977</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1985</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">No. 08-0316,<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2012)</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(consolidated)</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Burford</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">’</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">s Tree, Inc.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 22 BNA OSHC 1948,</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1950<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(No. 07-1899, 2010).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">Here, the Secretary alleged that Respondent violated the general duty clause as follows:</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:24px; ">The employer did not furnish employment and a place of employment which were free from recognized hazards that were causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees in that, employees were exposed to the hazard of being struck-by, caught in between and/or crushed by stone slabs: ...<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:24px; ">Employees who remove bundles of stone slabs from shipping containers were exposed to struck-by, caught in between and crushed-by hazards while they worked consistently within the fall shadow of approx. 7000 lb. bundles of stone slabs without protection of bracing or supports.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:24px; ">The employer failed to implement an effective stone slab-handling program, which addressed and[/]or eliminated the practice of working in shipping containers within the fall shadow of unsupported slabs.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">The Secretary<span>
					</span>set forth<span><span></span>
					</span>five<span><span></span>
					</span>feasible means of abatement:</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:24px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">1)</span>Implement the requirements of the Marble Institute of America “Stone Industry Health and Safety Handbook” published 2014.</p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:24px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:24px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">2)</span>Implement the requirements/recommendations of the Marble Institute of America “Safety in the Stone Business” technical guide.</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-right:24px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:24px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">3)</span>Implement the requirements/recommendations of the Marble Institute of America “Safe Stone Handling II” video.</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-right:24px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:24px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">4)</span>Implement the requirements/recommendations of the Marble Institute of America “Slab Clamp Safety” video.</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-right:24px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:24px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">5)</span>Implement the requirements/recommendations of OSHA Safety and Health Information Bulleting SHIB 08-12-2008 “Hazards of Transporting, Unloading, Storing and Handling Granite, Marble and Stone Slabs.</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">Although Respondent did not put forth any evidence at trial to rebut the Secretary’s case, the Secretary nonetheless bears the burden of proof on each element<span><span></span>
					</span>of the violation<span><span></span>
					</span>by a preponderance of the evidence. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Trinity Indus., Inc.</span>, 15 BNA OSHC 1788, 1790 (No. 89-1791, 1992). As detailed below, the Secretary has met his burden on each element of his case.</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">A.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Existence of a Hazard</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">To establish a violation of the general duty clause, the Secretary must first define the hazard at issue. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">K.E.R. Enters.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 2242.</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>“A safety hazard at the worksite is a condition that creates or contributes to an increased risk that an event causing death or serious bodily harm to employees will occur.” <span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Baroid</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Div. of NL Indus., Inc. v.<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm’n</span>,<span>
					</span>660 F.2d 439, 444<span><span></span>
					</span>(10th Cir.<span>
					</span>1981).<span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">When the Secretary proceeds under the general duty clause he must define the hazard “</span>in a way that apprises the employer of its obligations and identifies conditions or practices over which the employer can reasonably be expected to exercise control.” <span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Arcadian Corp.</span>, 20 BNA OSHC 2001, 2007 (No. 93-0628, 2004);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Waldon Health Care Ctr.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BNA OSHC</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1052</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1060<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">No.<span>
						</span></span>89-2804<span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 1993)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(consolidated)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">W</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">]</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hen the Secretary proceeds under the general duty clause, he must meet the same minimal criterion<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">regarding the nature of the alleged hazard as he does when promulgating a section 5(a)(2) standard.”)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">here is no requirement that there be a significant risk of the hazard coming to fruition, only that if the hazardous event occurs, it<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">would</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>create a<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">significant risk</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of harm</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to employees.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Waldon</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Health Care Ctr.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>16 BNA OSHC at<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1060</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Commission has held that “</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the existence of a hazard is established if the hazardous incident can occur under other than a freakish or utterly implausible concurrence of circumstances.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Waldon Health Care Ctr.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BNA OSHC at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1060</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Nat</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">’l</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Realty & Constr. Co. v. O</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ccupational Safety & Health Review Comm’n</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">,</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> 489 F.2d 1257, 1265 n.33</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(D.C. Cir. 1973).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">The Citation framed the hazard here as “the hazard of being struck-by, caught in between and/or crushed by stone slabs.” (Citation at 1). The Citation further specified that Respondent’s employees were “exposed to<span><span></span>
					</span>struck-by, caught in between and crushed-by hazards while<span>
					</span>they worked consistently within the fall shadow of approx. 7000 lb. bundles o[f]<span><span></span>
					</span>stone slabs without protection of bracing or supports.”<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref16" href="#ftn16">16</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">The record evidence stablishes the existence of the<span>
					</span>fall shadow hazard.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>assisted other PMI workers to unload “hundreds”<span>
					</span>of unsecured<span><span></span>
					</span>bundles while working in the bundles’ fall shadows. (Tr. 32-33, 70-71;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 22). In his estimation, Mr.<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>personally observed<span><span></span>
					</span>“40-plus” bundles become unsteady inside their shipping containers while he was helping to unload them. (Tr.<span><span></span>
					</span>42). He had been inside the container during “at least half” of these incidents. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>). [redacted]<span>
					</span>saw<span><span></span>
					</span>three bundles fall over completely inside their containers, and<span>
					</span>a number of<span><span></span>
					</span>others fall over partially. (Tr. 44). He<span>
					</span>also saw a<span><span></span>
					</span>number of bundles become unsteady<span>
					</span>under<span><span></span>
					</span>the same circumstances as the bundle that injured him, namely by getting “stuck” on the floor of the container. (Tr. 46). Although not<span>
					</span>with<span><span></span>
					</span>the frequency testified to by<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>,<span><span></span>
					</span>Respondent’s other employees had personally seen bundles become unsteady during the unloading process. (Gaviria Dep. 25-26; Hankins Dep. 18; Solan Dep. 31). Further still, Respondent’s own training materials acknowledged the hazard associated with moving unsecured stone bundles. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span>Joint Pre-Hr’g<span><span></span>
					</span>Statement ¶¶ 4.8 & 4.9;<span>
					</span>Exs. C-47 p.6, C-52 p.1;<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">cf.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Gen</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dynamics Land Sys</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Div., Inc.,</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> 15 BNA OSHC 1275,<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1285</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 83-1293, 1991)</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(employer’s<span>
					</span>safety bulletins<span><span></span>
					</span>were evidence of its recognition of an existing hazard)<span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>985 F.2d 560 (6th Cir. 1993) (table)</span>. Finally, the CO testified that he had investigated the worksite of another employer in the same industry as Respondent. (Tr. 108-09, 178). An employee of that employer was killed after being crushed by an unsecured stone slab. (Tr. 108-09, 178). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">The Secretary has established<span>
					</span>the existence of<span>
					</span>the fall shadow<span><span></span>
					</span>hazard at Respondent’s worksite.</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">B.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Hazard Recognition</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">The Secretary can establish hazard recognition<span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>either “by proof that a hazard is recognized as such by the employer or by general understanding in the employer’s industry.” </span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Integra Health Mgmt., Inc.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">No. 13-1124</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span>2019 WL 1142920<span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, at *7 (</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">O.S.H.R.C.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Mar. 4,<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2019)<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(internal punctuation omitted). </span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Secretary argues<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that he has established both types of recognition</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>here</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Sec’y’s Br. 23-26.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; padding-right:20px;">i.</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Respondent’s recognition of the hazard</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; "><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">With regard to</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>an employer’s recognition of a hazard, work rules and safety precautions taken by the employer are evidence that the employer recognized the hazard. </span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Integra</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Health Mgmt., Inc.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span>2019 WL 1142920<span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, at *8</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(“Work rules addressing a hazard have been found to establish recognition of that hazard.”);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Waldon Health Care Ctr.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BNA OSHC at<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1061<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(“Commission precedent establishes that precautions taken by an employer can be used to establish recognition in conjunction with other evidence.”). “While an employer</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s safety precautions alone do not<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">establish that the employer believed that those precautions were necessary for compliance with the Act ... precautions taken by an employer can be used to establish hazard recognition in conjunction with other evidence.” </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Beverly Enters, Inc.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 19<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BNA OSHC</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1161</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1186</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">No. 91-3144</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 2000)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(consolidated)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; "><span style="color:WindowText; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Here, the record demonstrates Respondent’s recognition of the fall shadow hazard. Respondent’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">training materials both recognize and<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">define the fall shadow hazard.</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s Safety Plan defines the fall shadow as follows:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Default style_Default " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; margin-right:24px; "><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[T]he region swept by a slab during its toppling movement from vertical to when it stops falling. The term is used to include the complete slab and any pieces if it breaks. The term is relevant when slabs are not restrained or there is a potential for restraints to fail, (Wood supports, Strapping, etc.). “Fall shadow” is the minimum danger zone derived from the actual slab dimensions. Additional clearance around that zone must be considered and applied. The “Fall Shadow” will move with the slab/s when<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it’s</span><span style="color:WindowText; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>moved by a forklift and/or by cranes.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; margin-right:24px; ">The “Fall Shadow” may be less than the area above when there is a barrier that the slab will strike thru its fall. This barrier may be the wall of the container itself, an adjacent A-Frame or a structure put in place to limit the amount of vertical falling (Rack Systems).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:24px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">(Ex. C-47 p. 8;<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span>Join Pre-Hr’g<span><span></span>
					</span>Statement ¶ 4.9).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">Similarly, Respondent’s Safety Solution<span><span></span>
					</span>document<span><span></span>
					</span>defines the “fall shadow” as “the region swept by a slab during its toppling movement from vertical to when it stops falling” and goes on to note that<span>
					</span>“[w]orkers<span><span></span>
					</span>have been trapped and crushed while unloading stone slabs ... often due to one or more slabs ‘toppling’ (i.e., falling from vertical).” (Ex. C-52 p.1).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">Respondent’s training materials also contain work rules designed to address the fall shadow hazard. Respondent’s Safety Plan states “[b]efore<span><span></span>
					</span>[s]tone crates are released from transit restraints, ensure that no person/s are in the ‘Fall Shadow’ of<span><span></span>
					</span>any Crates and/or single/groups of slabs” and “[s]tone handling employees must guide stone crates and/or slabs from the end most distant from the forklift to ensure that workers remain outside the moving “’Fall Shadow’ Area.” (Ex. C-47<span>
					</span>p.8). Similarly, the Safety Solution states that “[b]efore<span><span></span>
					</span>stone slabs are released from any transport restraints, ensure that no person is in the fall shadow of any slabs or crates at any time” and “[w]orkers<span><span></span>
					</span>should guide stone slabs from the end most distant from the forklift using an appropriate method to ensure that workers remain outside the moving fall shadow.” (Ex. C-53 pp. 2-3). Respondent’s employees were trained using both documents. (Tr. 13-15, 33-34, 48-49, 87, 1 49; Solan Dep. 18, 71). The fact that Respondent had<span><span></span>
					</span>work rules and safety protocols in place to address the fall shadow hazard is significant evidence of<span>
					</span>Respondent’s<span>
					</span>recognition of the hazard. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Integra Health Mgmt., Inc.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span>2019 WL 1142920<span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, at *8</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(employer’s work rule directed at workplace violence indicated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employer<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">recognized the hazard);</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Waldon</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Health Care Ctr.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1062</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(employer’s safety manual which defined and set forth “</span>precautionary steps” to prevent the hazard was evidence of employer’s recognition of the hazard);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Gen</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Dynamics Land Sys</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Div., Inc.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> 15 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1285</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(safety bulletins issued by employer to employees was evidence of employer’s recognition of hazard).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; "><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The evidence also demonstrates that Respondent’s supervisory personnel recognized the fall shadow hazard. Mr. Hankins, Respondent’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">o</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">perations manager</span>, recognized the fall shadow hazard and<span><span></span>
					</span>identified the<span><span></span>
					</span>work rules designed to address it. (Tr. 31-33;<span>
					</span>Hankins Dep.<span><span></span>
					</span>7,<span><span></span>
					</span>21-22, 24-29). Likewise, Mr. Gaviria, Respondent’s president, recognized the existence of the fall shadow hazard. (Gaviria Dep. 16, 40-42). Because Respondent had “<span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">work rules addressing the hazard” and “through its supervisory personnel, otherwise recognized this hazard,” the Secretary has sufficiently established hazard recognition. </span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Integra Health Mgmt., Inc.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span>2019 WL 1142920<span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, at *8</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Beverly Enters, Inc.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1186</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(finding employer had actual recognition where “managers at the highest level of the corporation recognized the hazard posed”);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Waldon</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Health Care Ctr.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC at</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1061-62<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(precautions taken by an employer can be used to establish recognition in conjunction with other evidence).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-style:italic; padding-right:20px;">ii.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Industry recognition</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; widows:0; orphans:0; ">In his post-hearing brief, the Secretary also argues for a finding of industry recognition<span><span></span>
					</span>of the<span><span></span>
					</span>fall shadow<span><span></span>
					</span>hazard. Sec’y’s Br. 24-26. For support, the Secretary relies on a publication from the Marble Institute of America (“MIA”)<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref17" href="#ftn17">17</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>and OSHA’s Safety Health and Information Bulletin (“SHIB”) Number 08-12-2008. (Ex. C-50);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span>Sec’y’s Br. 25-26. As to the MIA publication, this publication was never offered into evidence and thus cannot support the Secretary’s case.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref18" href="#ftn18">18</a></span> As to the SHIB,<span><span></span>
					</span>which by its own terms “creates no new legal obligations” and is “advisory in nature,”<span><span></span>
					</span>the undersigned does not find that it alone can establish industry recognition. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Waste M</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">gmt.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of Palm Beach, Div. of Waste M</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">gmt.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc. of Fl</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">a.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1308,<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1310</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(No. 93-128, 1995)</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Commission relies on “safety experts familiar with the general workplace conditions or practice being charged” in determining whether there is industry recognition</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">cf. Beverly Enters</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">19<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BNA OSHC</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1181<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">recognizing that “</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">voluntary industry codes and guidelines<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">are<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">evidence of industry recognition</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>but also relying on expert testimony to establish industry recognition</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Reynolds, Inc.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 21<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1581</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1584-85</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">No. 05-0023</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 2006)</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(ALJ)</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(referencing a SHIB along with a significant amount of other evidence to find industry recognition<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">for a general duty clause violation). </span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Because the only evidence of industry recognition submitted by the Secretary is the SHIB, the Secretary has failed to establish industry recognition of the hazard.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">However, because the Secretary<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">can</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>establish<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazard recognition</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by showing<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">either<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the employer’s recognition</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">or</span><span><span></span>
					</span>industry recognition,<span><span></span>
					</span>he has sufficiently established<span>
					</span>this element of the violation. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Integra Health Mgmt., Inc.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span>2019 WL 1142920<span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, at *8</span>.</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">C.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Death or Serious Physical Harm</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; "><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To determine</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>whether a hazard is “causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm”<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Commission does not look to</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the likelihood of an accident or injury</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>occurring</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, but whether, if an accident occurs, the results are likely to cause death or serious harm.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Babcock & Wilcox Co.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 622 F.2d<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 1164</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Beverly Enter</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">s.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 19<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BNA OSHC at</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1188</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Waldon Health Care Ctr.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BNA OSHC at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1060</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">R.L. Sanders Roofing Co.,</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> 7 BNA OSHC 1566,<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1569</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(No. 76–2690, 1979)</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">rev</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">’</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">d</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on other grounds</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> 620 F.2d 97 (5th Cir.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1980).</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The stone bundles Respondent’s employees handled weighed as much as 7,000 pounds. (Tr. 88;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ex. C-50 p.1 (recognizing that stone slabs can weigh thousands of pounds); C-51 p.1 (same)). The possibility of death or serious physical harm resulting from an employee being<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">struck by a 7,000-pound</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>bundle</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of stone</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is “supplied by [a] common sense understanding of physical law.” </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Ill</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Power Co.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>v.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm’n</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 632 F.2d 25</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 28 (7th Cir. 1980)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>A</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ddition</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">al evidence in this record supports this</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>commonsense</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>conclusion.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>The CO testified that he had investigated the worksite of another employer in the same industry as Respondent. (Tr. 108-09, 178). An employee of that employer was killed after being crushed by an unsecured stone slab. (Tr. 108-09, 178). <span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>In the instant case, the accident from the falling bundle</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>resulted in serious physical harm to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in the form of a broken bone</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Joint Pre-</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">H</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">r’g</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Statement ¶ 4.4</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Waldon</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Health Care Ctr.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC at<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1060</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>n.6</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(broken bones constitute serious physical harm even if a worker recovers with no permanent side effects). </span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">While not dispositive, the existence of an actual injury</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employees from the cited hazard</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is evidence that the hazard presented a risk of death or serious physical harm. </span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Beverly Enters., Inc.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC at</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1188-90</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">citing</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">actual<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">back injuries<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">suffered by the</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employer’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">workers as evidence</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that the hazard posed a risk of serious harm</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; "><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Additionally,<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s own training materials indicate that “a number of serious crushing incidents [involving stone slabs] ... have resulted in fatalities, amputations, and musculoskeletal injuries affecting the trunk, back, shoulders and arms.” (Ex. C-52 p.1). </span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">F</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">urther still</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, a</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ccording to<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA SHIB 08-11-2008, at least 46 documented fatalities</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>were</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>associated with the handling of stone slabs from 1984-2006.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ex. C-50 p.1</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Met</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">W</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">est</span><span style="font-style:italic; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">22 BNA OSHC 1066,<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1071</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(No.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">04-0594, 2007</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(referencing an OSHA SHIB for a technical fact contained within it).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; "><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary has sufficiently<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">established</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>fall shadow hazard presented by the bundles<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was likely to cause death or serious physical harm.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">D.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Feasible<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Means of Abatement</span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; ">To demonstrate a “feasible” means of abatement, the Secretary “<span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">must specify the proposed abatement measures and demonstrate both that the measures are capable of being put into effect and that they would be effective in materially reducing the incidence of the hazard.” </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Beverly Enters., Inc.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC at</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1191.</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span>The Secretary must also show that<span>
					</span>the<span><span></span>
					</span>proposed abatement measures are economically feasible. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Waldon</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Health Care Ctr.</span>, 16 BNA OSHC at<span>
					</span>1063.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-indent:.635cm; ">As feasible means of abatement, the<span>
					</span>Citation<span>
					</span>set forth<span><span></span>
					</span>the following<span><span></span>
					</span>five methods:</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:24px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">1)</span>Implement the requirements of the Marble Institute of America “Stone Industry Health and Safety Handbook” published 2014.</p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:24px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:24px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">2)</span>Implement the requirements/recommendations of the Marble Institute of America “Safety in the Stone Business” technical guide.</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-right:24px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:24px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">3)</span>Implement the requirements/recommendations of the Marble Institute of America “Safe Stone Handling II” video.</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-right:24px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:24px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">4)</span>Implement the requirements/recommendations of the Marble Institute of America “Slab Clamp Safety” video.</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-right:24px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:24px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">5)</span>Implement the requirements/recommendations of OSHA Safety and Health Information Bulletin SHIB 08-12-2008 “Hazards of Transporting, Unloading, Storing and Handling Granite, Marble and Stone Slabs.</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">In his post-trial brief, the Secretary<span>
					</span>specifically refers<span>
					</span>only<span><span></span>
					</span>to<span><span></span>
					</span>abatement<span><span></span>
					</span>method (2),<span>
					</span>implementing<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>recommendations of the<span>
					</span>MIA’s “Safety in the Stone Business”<span><span></span>
					</span>technical guide,<span><span></span>
					</span>and method (5), implementing the recommendations from OSHA SHIB 08-12-2008, as feasible means of abatement.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Sec’y’s Br. 27-30. The Secretary has therefore abandoned any reliance on the<span><span></span>
					</span>rest of the abatement measures<span>
					</span>set forth<span><span></span>
					</span>in the Citation. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Peacock Eng</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">’</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">g Inc.</span>, 26 BNA OSHC 1588,<span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>1593<span><span></span>
					</span>(No. 11-2780, 2017) (failing to consider abatement measures which were set forth in the citation but not addressed at the hearing);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">cf.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Ala. Power Co.</span>, 13 BNA OSHC 1240,<span>
					</span>1246<span>
					</span>(No. 84-357, 1987) (excluding abatement measure because it “would be unfair for us to find [a] violation for failing to institute [a] . . . method that was not raised [or] litigated below”). Furthermore, as<span>
					</span>laid<span><span></span>
					</span>out<span>
					</span>in note<span>
					</span>,<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>supra</span>, Exhibit C-46, which<span>
					</span>apparently was meant to be the MIA’s<span>
					</span>“Safety in the Stone Business”<span>
					</span>publication,<span><span></span>
					</span>was never<span>
					</span>offered<span><span></span>
					</span>into evidence.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref19" href="#ftn19">19</a></span> Therefore, the abatement<span><span></span>
					</span>element of the Secretary’s case<span>
					</span>turns on the abatement methods set forth in OSHA SHIB 08-12-2008.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">As a more specific proposed abatement measure, the Secretary points to the SHIB’s admonition that employees should “[a]lways<span><span></span>
					</span>walk at the end of the slab. Never walk in the ‘fall shadow’ of a slab ... the ‘fall shadow’ is the area on both sides of the slab where the slab could land and<span>
					</span>topple, if<span><span></span>
					</span>it were to fall.”<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref20" href="#ftn20">20</a></span> (Ex. C-50 p.5). The Secretary points out that Respondent already had such a rule in its training program and argues that mere enforcement of the rule by Respondent is therefore a feasible means of abatement. Sec’y’s Br. 29 (citing<span>
					</span>Exs. C-47 p.8, C-52 p.2). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">The Secretary’s assertion that requiring workers to avoid a bundle’s fall shadow altogether would materially reduce<span><span></span>
					</span>or even eliminate<span><span></span>
					</span>the risk of harm to those workers from the fall shadow hazard is a reasonable one, and there is no evidence in the record to undermine it. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Cf</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Chevron Oil Co.</span>, 11<span><span></span>
					</span>BNA OSHC<span>
					</span>1329,<span>
					</span>1334<span><span></span>
					</span>(No. 10799, 1983)<span><span></span>
					</span>(finding that “[t]he presence of flotation devices in the water would materially reduce the likelihood of an employee drowning in the water.”);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Nelson Tree Servs.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.</span>,<span><span></span>
					</span>No. 93-1665,<span>
					</span>1994 WL 184445, at *3 (O.S.H.R.C.A.L.J., May 9, 1994)<span><span></span>
					</span>(“Requiring workers not actually felling a tree, who may not be focused on felling conditions, to stay clear of the area in which felling operations are taking place, would plainly reduce the chance of injury to those workers.”),<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span><span></span>
					</span>60 F.3d 1207, 1211<span><span></span>
					</span>(6th Cir. 1995)<span>
					</span>(“[S]ubstantial<span><span></span>
					</span>evidence supports the administrative law judge’s finding that there existed feasible means, which [the employer] could and should have taken, to eliminate or substantially reduce the hazard of being struck by a prematurely felled tree.”). Indeed, Respondent’s own training materials already required<span><span></span>
					</span>this practice as a means to reduce the risk of employee exposure to the fall shadow hazard.<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Cf.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pelron</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp.</span>, 12<span><span></span>
					</span>BNA OSHC<span>
					</span>1833,<span><span></span>
					</span>1837-38<span><span></span>
					</span>(No. 82-388, 1986)<span>
					</span>(the<span>
					</span>Secretary failed to establish abatement measure of further training would materially reduce hazard where the employer’s “extensive” training program was already being fully enforced).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">The Secretary has further shown that this proposed abatement measure is practically and economically feasible. As noted by the Secretary, Respondent already had included this abatement measure in its training materials. (Exs. C-47 p.8; C-52 p.2). Moreover, after the accident at issue here, Respondent actually implemented the<span><span></span>
					</span>Secretary’s<span><span></span>
					</span>proposed measure. Respondent now prohibits its employees from guiding bundles out of the container while in the fall shadow. (Tr. 83-84, 189-90). Instead, employees are positioned in front of the bundle with their bodies outside of the fall shadow. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>). This post-accident implementation<span>
					</span>demonstrates<span><span></span>
					</span>that the proposed abatement measure is feasible. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Sci. Applications Int’l Corp.</span>,<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>No.<span>
					</span>14-1668,<span>
					</span>2020 WL 1941193 at,<span><span></span>
					</span>*8<span><span></span>
					</span>(O.S.H.R.C.,<span>
					</span>Apr. 6,<span>
					</span>2020)<span><span></span>
					</span>(post-accident implementation of proposed abatement methods demonstrated<span><span></span>
					</span>feasibility).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">The Secretary has sufficiently established a feasible means of abatement.</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">E.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Knowledge</span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; ">The Secretary can establish Respondent’s knowledge of a general duty clause violation by establishing either its actual knowledge of the hazard or its constructive knowledge such that it could have learned of the hazard with the exercise of reasonable diligence. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Otis Elevator Co.</span>, 21 BNA OSHC 2204,<span>
					</span>2207<span>
					</span>(No. 03-1344, 2007);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Tampa Shipyards</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Inc.</span>, 15<span><span></span>
					</span>BNA OSHC<span>
					</span>1533,<span>
					</span>1537<span style="background-color:#FFFF00; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>(No. 86–360, 1992) (consolidated). The Secretary argues that he has established both actual and constructive knowledge in this case. Sec’y’s Br. 30-33.</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-style:italic; padding-right:20px;">i.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Actual Knowledge</span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; ">The<span><span></span>
					</span>Secretary can establish an employer’s actual knowledge of a<span>
					</span>violative<span><span></span>
					</span>condition by demonstrating that a supervisor directly observed a subordinate’s violation. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Halmar Corp.</span>,<span><span></span>
					</span>18<span><span></span>
					</span>BNA OSHC<span>
					</span>1014,<span><span></span>
					</span>1016<span>
					</span>(No. 94-2043, 1997);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Ormet</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp.</span>,<span><span></span>
					</span>14<span><span></span>
					</span>BNA OSHC<span>
					</span>2134,<span>
					</span>2137<span>
					</span>(No. 85-531, 1991);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">H.E. W</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ie</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">se</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.</span>, 10<span><span></span>
					</span>BNA OSHC<span>
					</span>1499,<span>
					</span>1505<span>
					</span>(No. 78-204, 1982) (consolidated);<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "> Kan</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Power & Light Co.</span>, 5<span>
					</span>BNA OSHC<span><span></span>
					</span>1202,<span>
					</span>1204<span>
					</span>(No. 11015,<span>
					</span>1977)<span><span></span>
					</span>(holding that because the supervisor directly saw the violative conduct without stating any objection, “his knowledge and approval of the work methods employed will be imputed to the respondent”). The<span><span></span>
					</span>supervisor’s knowledge is then imputed to Respondent. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Calpine</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp.</span>,<span>
					</span>No. 11-1734,<span>
					</span>2018 WL 1778958, at *5 (O.S.H.R.C., Apr. 6,<span>
					</span>2018);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">H.E. Wiese, Inc.</span>, 10 BNA OSHC at<span>
					</span>1505.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; ">Here, on the date of the accident, Mr. Maher, the direct supervisor of Messrs.<span><span></span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>and Solan, observed them working in the fall shadow of an unsecured bundle. (Tr.<span>
					</span>31,<span>
					</span>72-73;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 44-45, 52-54). Mr. Maher thus had actual knowledge of the hazardous conduct. Because Mr. Maher was a supervisor,<span>
					</span>his knowledge is imputed to Respondent. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Calpine Corp.</span>, 2018 WL 1778958, at *5;<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">H.E. Wiese, Inc.</span>, 10 BNA OSHC at<span>
					</span>1505.</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-style:italic; padding-right:20px;">ii.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Constructive Knowledge</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">The Secretary can establish constructive knowledge of a violative condition by demonstrating that the employer failed to exercise reasonable diligence to uncover the condition. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Ragnar Benson</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.</span>, 18<span><span></span>
					</span>BNA OSHC<span>
					</span>1937,<span>
					</span>1939<span><span></span>
					</span>(No. 97-1676, 1999). “Reasonable diligence involves the consideration of several factors, including the employer’s obligation to have adequate work rules and training programs, to adequately supervise employees, to anticipate hazards, and to take measure to prevent the occurrence of violations.” <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Danis Shook</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Joint Venture XXV</span>, 19 BNA OSHC 1497,<span>
					</span>1501<span>
					</span>(No. 98-1192, 2001),<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>aff’d</span><span><span></span>
					</span>319 F.3d 805 (6th<span><span></span>
					</span>Cir. 2003).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; ">Here,<span>
					</span>Respondent purportedly had a work rule in place instructing employees not to work in bundles’ fall shadows while unloading them from their shipping containers. (Exs. C-50 p.8, C-52 p.2). However, that written work rule was not enforced. In fact, Respondent’s supervisors<span>
					</span>instructed employees to act in direct contravention to that rule and stand in the fall shadows of moving bundles<span>
					</span>while<span><span></span>
					</span>unloading them from their container. Mr. Maher,<span><span></span>
					</span>Respondent’s warehouse manager,<span><span></span>
					</span>Mr. Hankins, Respondent’s operations manager, and Mr. Brown, Respondent’s safety manager, had<span>
					</span>all<span>
					</span>instructed<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>and other warehouse workers to enter the shipping containers and guide the bundles out while in the bundles’ fall shadows.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref21" href="#ftn21">21</a></span> (Tr. 53-54;<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span>Tr. 42, 68-69, 76, 150, 162-63; Gaviria Dep. 42;<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 18; Ex.<span><span></span>
					</span>C-57). Mr. Gaviria, Respondent’s president, admitted that Respondent’s employees regularly worked in<span>
					</span>the fall shadows of unsecured bundles.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref22" href="#ftn22">22</a></span> (Gaviria Dep. 26, 40-42). According to<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>,<span><span></span>
					</span>he had unloaded “hundreds” of stone bundles with Mr. Solan<span><span></span>
					</span>and<span><span></span>
					</span>other warehouse workers<span><span></span>
					</span>in the manner prescribed by Respondent’s supervisors. (Tr. 30-33, 70-71). Respondent’s supervisors directed employees to guide bundles while in their fall shadows despite recognizing the hazard it posed to those employees. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span>Part<span><span></span>
					</span>III.B.i,<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; ">Respondent’s<span>
					</span>complete<span><span></span>
					</span>failure to enforce its written work rule is sufficient to find that it had constructive knowledge of the violation. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Gen. Motors</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp.</span>, 22<span><span></span>
					</span>BNA OSHC<span>
					</span>1019,<span>
					</span>1037<span>
					</span>(No. 91-2834E, 2007) (consolidated)<span><span></span>
					</span>(finding that the employer’s “widespread failure to enforce its employees’<span><span></span>
					</span>use of [lockout/tagout] demonstrates a lack of diligence in detecting hazardous<span>
					</span>conditions and enforcing work rules.”)<span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10.5pt; ">;</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Atl</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Battery Co., Inc.</span>, 16 BNA OSHC 2131, 2160 (No. 90-1747, 1994) (failure to enforce written work rule was basis for finding constructive knowledge). The constructive knowledge of Respondent’s supervisors is imputed to Respondent. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Calpine Corp.</span>, 2018 WL 1778958, at *5;<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">H.E. Wiese, Inc.</span>, 10 BNA OSHC at<span>
					</span>1505.</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">F.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Serious Classification</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary classified<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s general duty clause</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>violation as serious. A violation is classified as serious under the Act if “there is substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result.” 29 U.S.C. § 666(k). The Secretary need not show there was a<span>
						</span></span>substantial<span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>probability an accident would occur, only that if an accident did occur,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">death or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">serious physical harm could result. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Mosser Constr., Inc.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC 1044, 1046 (No. 08-0631, 2010).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Commission’s test for determining whether a violation is likely to cause death or serious harm for purposes of a violation of the general duty clause is nearly identical to the test for determining whether a violation is serious for purposes of section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">17(k) of the Act. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Compare<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Waldon Health Care Ctr.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1060</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">with</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Mosser Constr., Inc.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1046</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, a</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>finding</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that a</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>violation is “likely to cause death or serious harm [under the general duty clause]<span>
						</span></span>is equivalent to a finding under section 17(k) that the violation gives rise to a substantial probability of death or serious harm<span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Gearhart-Owen Indus.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 10 BNA OSHC 2193</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2199</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 4263, 1982)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Accordingly</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, for the reasons stated in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Part</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">III.D</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s violation of the general duty clause was serious. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; c</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">f.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Acme Energy Servs.</span>,<span>
					</span>23 BNA OSHC 2121,<span>
					</span>2129<span>
					</span>(No. 08-0088, 2012)<span><span></span>
					</span>(finding a<span><span></span>
					</span>general duty clause violation was serious<span>
					</span>based<span>
					</span>on the same factors considered in finding<span>
					</span>the general duty clause<span><span></span>
					</span>violation).</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">IV.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Penalty</span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; ">Section 17(j) of the Act requires the Commission to give due consideration to four criteria in assessing penalties:<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>the size of the employer’s business, the gravity of the violation, the employer’s good faith, and its prior history of violations. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span>29 U.S.C. § 666(j);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Compass<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Envtl</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span>,<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Inc.</span>, 23 BNA OSHC<span><span></span>
					</span>1132,<span><span></span>
					</span>1137<span><span></span>
					</span>(No. 06-1036, 2010),<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span><span></span>
					</span>663 F.3d 1164<span><span></span>
					</span>(10th<span><span></span>
					</span>Cir. 2011).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>The gravity of the violation is generally accorded greater weight<span><span></span>
					</span>than the other factors.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See J. A. Jones Constr. Co.</span>, 15 BNA OSHC<span><span></span>
					</span>2201,<span><span></span>
					</span>2214<span><span></span>
					</span>(No. 87-2059, 1993).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; ">Here,<span>
					</span>the maximum<span>
					</span>statutory<span><span></span>
					</span>penalty for this<span>
					</span>serious<span>
					</span>violation was $13,260.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref23" href="#ftn23">23</a></span> The CO<span><span></span>
					</span>found the gravity was high in this instance. (Tr. 182). The CO reached this determination by first assessing the severity of the hazard and the probability of an accident. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>). As to severity, i.e., the “most severe injury that could potentially take place as a result of exposure to this hazard,” the CO found it was high because death could potentially result from a falling stone slab. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id</span>. at 181). As to probability, i.e., “the potential of an actual exposure resulting in injury,” the CO found it was “greater” because an actual accident did occur and resulted in the injury of Respondent’s employee. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>). The result of the CO’s assignment of severity and probability in OSHA’s system resulted in a high gravity designation, which warranted the maximum penalty. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>at 182-83).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; ">The CO reduced the penalty by sixty percent based on Respondent’s size. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>at 183). The CO did not reduce the penalty for Respondent’s good faith because although Respondent had a safety program in place, including work rules designed to address the hazard, “the non-enforcement of those work rules”<span>
					</span>disqualified<span><span></span>
					</span>Respondent for a good faith reduction. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>at 184). The CO did not<span>
					</span>adjust<span><span></span>
					</span>the penalty based on Respondent’s history.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref24" href="#ftn24">24</a></span> (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>). With the reduction for Respondent’s size, the proposed penalty for the violation was $5,304. (Citation at 7).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; ">The Secretary<span><span></span>
					</span>has given due consideration to all the necessary criteria established by the Act; Respondent made no contrary arguments<span><span></span>
					</span>as to the appropriate penalty. Therefore, a penalty of $5,304 is appropriate and is assessed against Respondent.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:center; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ORDER</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; widows:0; orphans:0; ">The foregoing Decision constitutes the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law in accordance with Rule 52(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Based upon the foregoing Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, it is ORDERED that:</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; font-weight:normal; padding-right:20px;">1.</span>Item 1 of Citation 1, alleging a serious violation of section 5(a)(1) of the OSH Act, is<span>
				</span>AFFIRMED and a penalty of $5,304 is ASSESSED.</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">SO</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span>ORDERED.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span style="font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/Covette Rooney</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>COVETTE ROONEY</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Chief Judge, OSHRC</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">Dated: April 19, 2021</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Washington, DC</p>
			</div>
			<hr/>"
      <div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">
					<a name="ftn-1" href="#ftnref-1"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">
					<a name="ftn0" href="#ftnref0"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn1" href="#ftnref1"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">1 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>As the undersigned noted at the start of the hearing, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic left the availability of physical courtroom space unclear for the foreseeable future. (Tr. 4-5). The undersigned finds that the use of the WebEx technology did not deprive either party of its ability to effectively present its case, nor did it hinder the undersigned from effectively assessing the demeanor of the witnesses or examining the documentary evidence.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn2" href="#ftnref2"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">2 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Both witnesses testified succinctly, credibly, and without hesitancy, and their testimonies are therefore given significant weight.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn3" href="#ftnref3"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">3 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Mr. Gaviria joined the videoconference without a video feed but otherwise fully participated in the hearing.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn4" href="#ftnref4"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">4 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Section 5(a)(1) of the Act is commonly referred to as the “general duty clause.”</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn5" href="#ftnref5"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">5 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>The parties stipulated to thirteen factual matters touching upon disparate issues. (Joint Pre-Hr’g<span><span></span>
					</span>Statement ¶¶ 4.1 - 4.13). Rather than<span>
					</span>being set<span><span></span>
					</span>forth in their entirety, the stipulated facts will be referenced as necessary in discussing the background of the case.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn6" href="#ftnref6"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">6 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>The deposition excerpts submitted by the Secretary<span><span></span>
					</span>were admitted as Exhibits C-58 to C-61 but will be referenced by the name of the deponent.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn7" href="#ftnref7"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">7 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>The CO indicated that he reduced the proposed penalty by 60% based on Respondent’s size. (Tr. 183). According to the OSHA Field Operations Manual (“FOM”)<span>
					</span><span style="color:#212121; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">(Directive CPL 02-00-163) (2019), Chapter 6, VI.B., at 6-9,<span>
						</span></span>effective at the time of the accident, the CO’s reduction would suggest Respondent had between 11 and 25 employees. In addition to the employees directly identified at the hearing,<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>testified there were four warehouse workers and one or two drivers employed by Respondent. (Tr. 17-18).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn8" href="#ftnref8"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">8 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>’s drawing of a bird’s eye view of a packed container, Exhibit C-55, is particularly illustrative of the interlocking of the bundles.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn9" href="#ftnref9"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">9 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>According to the CO, a struck-by hazard involves any object that might strike a worker while in motion. (Tr. 106). A caught-in-between hazard involves any standing object that could possibly topple and pin a worker between the wall or the floor. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>at 107). A crushed-by hazard involves something being lifted or moved that could potentially fall and crush an employee. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>). Although the three hazards are similar, they are<span>
					</span>each<span>
					</span>considered distinct workplace hazards. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>at 107-08).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn10" href="#ftnref10"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">10 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>According to the Safety Plan, temporary restraints are “wood blocks, strapping etc., to limit vertical movement of crated slabs<span>
					</span>not be removed [sic].” (Ex. C-47 p. 8). According to the Safety Solution, temporary restraints are “straps, chains or purpose-made mechanical devices to restrain slabs that aren’t being removed and to limit movement of slabs being removed only to vertical.” (Ex. C-52 p. 2).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn11" href="#ftnref11"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">11 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Attached to the bottom of the bundles were “ski-style cleats” meant to aid in dragging the bundles from the container. (Tr. 73). According to<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>, these “ski-style cleats” were “attached to the actual bundle itself, the legs or the wood” and were meant to “help pull the bundle out straight.” (Tr. 73;<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 49 (describing the cleats as “[l]ong boards nailed into the bottom of the bundles to make it come out straight.”)).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn12" href="#ftnref12"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">12 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>According to<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>, Respondent possessed “hook straps,” which were used to restrain bundles once they had been unloaded from the shipping container,<span><span></span>
					</span>but<span><span></span>
					</span>warehouse workers<span><span></span>
					</span>did not employ them when unloading the bundles. (Tr. 40).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn13" href="#ftnref13"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">13 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>It is noted that the final bundle still has wooden bracing attached for support; however, this bracing must be removed before the bundle is unloaded from the container. (Tr. 29-30, 35-36; Gaviria Dep. 48).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn14" href="#ftnref14"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">14 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>There is some contrary evidence in the record on this point. In a portion of his deposition<span><span></span>
					</span>submitted by the Secretary, Mr. Solan stated that once Mr. Maher started dragging the bundle, he and<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>were “[n]ever on the side of it.” (Solan Dep. 43). In Mr. Solan’s telling, he was in front of the bundle with his right hand on the side, while<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>was “directly parallel [to him] doing the same thing with his hand.” (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>at 51-52). However, Mr. Solan’s account of the<span>
					</span>workers’ respective positions inside the container<span>
					</span>fails to explain how the fallen bundle was able to pin<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>to the side of the container if he was never positioned on the side of the bundle. (Tr. 56-63;<span>
					</span>Exs.<span>
					</span>C-17,<span>
					</span>C-57). Additionally, the undersigned was able to observe<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>’s demeanor at the hearing and found him to be a forthright and credible witness. No such opportunity was presented for Mr. Solan. The undersigned therefore credits<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>’s testimony over the account of Mr. Solan.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn15" href="#ftnref15"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">15 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>’s deposition testimony clarifies that he suffered a broken ankle. ([redacted]<span>
					</span>Dep. 58).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn16" href="#ftnref16"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">16 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Hereafter collectively referred to as the “fall shadow hazard.”</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn17" href="#ftnref17"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">17 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>At the hearing, the CO referenced publications and videos from the MIA in the context of<span><span></span>
					</span>feasible<span><span></span>
					</span>means of abatement. (Tr. 187-88). The CO apparently believed Respondent was a member of the MIA. (Tr. 200-201). However, Respondent’s representative asserted (though he did not testify,<span><span></span>
					</span>since he was never under oath as a witness) that Respondent was<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">not</span><span><span></span>
					</span>actually a member of the MIA, as the CO believed. (Tr. 156, 200-201). Because Respondent put<span>
					</span>forth<span><span></span>
					</span>no actual testimonial or documentary evidence<span>
					</span>on the issue, the record remains unclear as to Respondent’s membership in the MIA. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn18" href="#ftnref18"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">18 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>In referencing the MIA publication, the Secretary’s brief alternatively cites<span><span></span>
					</span>to<span><span></span>
					</span>Exhibit C-46, which is not an admitted exhibit, and Exhibit C-47, which is PMI’s “Stone Slab Handling & Storage Safety Plan.” <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span>Sec’y’s Br. 25. The quotes attributed to Exhibit C-47<span><span></span>
					</span>in this portion of the Secretary’s brief<span><span></span>
					</span>do not appear anywhere in the document. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn19" href="#ftnref19"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">19 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>In passing, the Secretary cites a portion of the CO’s testimony for the assertion that “all five of the referenced publications [in the Citation] instruct stone industry employers to avoid fall shadow hazards by keeping employees away from and out of the fall shadow of unsecured slabs.” Sec’y’s Br. 28 (citing Tr.<span><span></span>
					</span>186-89). However, of the publications listed in the Citation, only OSHA SHIB<span><span></span>
					</span>08-12-2008<span><span></span>
					</span>was<span>
					</span>offered<span><span></span>
					</span>into evidence. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span>Ex. C-50. The CO’s testimony as to the contents of documents not in the record will not be considered in support of the Secretary’s case. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Fed. R. Evid. 1002, 1003; 29 C.F.R. § 2200.71.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn20" href="#ftnref20"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">20 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>The Secretary also briefly mentions the use of temporary restraints. Sec’y’s Br. 29. However, he has not cited to any portion of the SHIB which specifically mentions the use of temporary restraints.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn21" href="#ftnref21"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">21 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>In the deposition excerpts for Mr. Hankins submitted by the Secretary, Mr. Hankins stated that it was not Respondent’s policy to allow employees inside container while in a bundle’s fall shadow and that<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>broke safety protocol by doing so. (Hankins Dep. 24-25). However, he then went on to state that employees<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">are</span><span><span></span>
					</span>allowed to be in a bundle’s fall shadow so long as it’s “safe,” which he defined as “[t]he<span>
					</span>bundle not moving.” (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>at 29). The consistent testimony of<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>, whose demeanor the undersigned was able to observe, is credited over the inconsistent deposition testimony of Mr. Hankins, whose demeanor the undersigned was not able to observe.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn22" href="#ftnref22"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">22 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>In the deposition excerpts for Mr. Gaviria submitted by the Secretary, Mr. Gaviria admitted that Respondent’s policy allowed for employees to be in the container while guiding stone bundles but stated that the employees were required to be on one end of the bundle or the other, not on the side of the bundle in its fall shadow. (Gaviria Dep. 26-28). However, he then stated that employees were allowed to walk in a bundle’s fall shadow “so long as there’s not anything wrong with the pallet at issue.” (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>at 42). He also stated that when a pallet breaks, an employee is “expected to get out of the fall zone, get away from the fall zone” (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>at 26), a statement which makes little sense if the employees are not in the bundle’s fall shadow while it is being moved. The consistent testimony of<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span>
					</span>, whose demeanor the undersigned was able to observe, is credited over the inconsistent deposition testimony of Mr. Hankins, whose demeanor as a witness the undersigned was not able to observe.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn23" href="#ftnref23"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">23 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 incorporated the Inflation Adjustments Act of the same year and required the Secretary to increase OSHA’s statutory penalty annually.  Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, Pub. L. 114-74, § 701; 28 U.S.C. §§ 1 note and 2461 note. The Secretary assessed his penalty for this alleged violation by issuing the Citation on February 20, 2019. (Citation at 1). The maximum penalty amount was therefore governed by the Secretary’s adjustment rule effective January 23, 2019. </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act Annual Adjustments for 2019, 84 Fed. Reg. 213, 219 (Jan. 23, 2019) (to be codified at 29 C.F.R. pt. 1903).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn24" href="#ftnref24"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">24 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Respondent had a history with OSHA involving a forklift training violation. (Tr. 154). According to the CO, Respondent was not entitled to any reduction based on this history, nor did this history “rise to the level ... for a potential negative history penalty increase.” (Tr. 184).</p>
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