# Patent

## Title
Channel characterization and training within multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMO wireless communications

## Abstract

Channel characterization and training within multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMO wireless communications. Within such communication systems, there can be a number of devices (e.g., STAs) that communicate with a single device (e.g., AP). A multi-cast sounding frame may be transmitted from a transmitting device to a number of receiving devices. Appropriate scheduling or ordering of feedback signals from some or all of the receiving devices may be performed explicitly (e.g., sounding frame sent from the transmitting device to a receiving device) or implicitly (e.g., control information sent from the transmitting device to the receiving device, sounding frame sent to the transmitting device from the receiving device). Such characterization and training is with respect to a channel or path in which data will subsequently follow. Such characterization and training can be performed in accordance with group membership (e.g., with respect to only some of the receiving devices).

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENTS/PATENT APPLICATIONS
Provisional Priority Claims
The present U.S. Utility patent application claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to the following U.S. Provisional patent applications which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and made part of the present U.S. Utility patent application for all purposes:

    
    
        1. U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/185,153, entitled “OFDMA cluster parsing and acknowledgement to OFDMA/MU-MIMO transmissions in WLAN device,” filed Jun. 8, 2009, now expired.
        2. U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/185,161, entitled “WLAN Multi-user/OFDM multiple access training,” filed Jun. 8, 2009, now expired.
        3. U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/186,119, entitled “WLAN Multi-user/OFDM multiple access training,” filed Jun. 11, 2009, now expired.
        4. U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/311,480, entitled “Next generation WLAN backwards compatible sounding frame,” filed Mar. 8, 2010, now expired.
        5. U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/250,491, entitled “Multi-user multiple input multiple output preamble,” filed Oct. 9, 2010, now expired.
        6. U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/255,690, entitled “Multi-user multiple input multiple output preamble,” filed Oct. 28,2009, now expired.
        7. U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/257,323, entitled “Multi-user multiple input multiple output preamble,” filed Nov. 2, 2009, now expired.
        8. U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/321,430, entitled “Multi-user multiple input multiple output preamble,” filed Apr. 6, 2010, now expired.
    
    


CONTINUATION-IN-PART (CIP) PRIORITY CLAIMS, 35 U.S.C. §120
The present U.S. Utility patent application claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §120, as a continuation-in-part (CIP), to the following U.S. Utility patent application which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and made part of the present U.S. Utility patent application for all purposes:
1. U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 12/794,707, entitled “Cluster parsing for signaling within multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMO wireless communications,” filed on Jun. 4, 2010, pending, which claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and made part of the present U.S. Utility Patent Application for all purposes:

    
    
        a. U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/184,420, entitled “OFDMA cluster parsing and acknowledgement to OFDMA/MU-MIMO transmissions in WLAN device,” filed Jun. 5, 2009, now expired.
        b. U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/185,153, entitled “OFDMA cluster parsing and acknowledgement to OFDMA/MU-MIMO transmissions in WLAN device,” filed Jun. 8, 2009, now expired.
    
    


The present U.S. Utility Patent Application also claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §120, as a continuation-in-part (CIP), to the following U.S. Utility Patent Application which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and made part of the present U.S. Utility Patent Application for all purposes:
2. U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 12/794,711, entitled “Transmission acknowledgement within multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMO wireless communications,” filed on Jun. 4, 2010, pending, which claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and made part of the present U.S. Utility Patent Application for all purposes:

    
    
        a. U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/184,420, entitled “OFDMA cluster parsing and acknowledgement to OFDMA/MU-MIMO transmissions in WLAN device,” filed Jun. 5, 2009, now expired.
        b. U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/185,153, entitled “OFDMA cluster parsing and acknowledgement to OFDMA/MU-MIMO transmissions in WLAN device,” filed Jun. 8,2009, now expired.
    
    


INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
The following U.S. Utility Patent Application is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and is made part of the present U.S. Utility Patent Application for all purposes:
1. U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 12/796,655, entitled “Group identification and definition within multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMO wireless communications,” filed concurrently on Jun. 8, 2010, pending.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Technical Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to communication systems; and, more particularly, it relates to channel characterization and training within shared communication media of multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMO wireless communication systems.
2. Description of Related Art
Communication systems are known to support wireless and wire lined communications between wireless and/or wire lined communication devices. Such communication systems range from national and/or international cellular telephone systems to the Internet to point-to-point in-home wireless networks. Each type of communication system is constructed, and hence operates, in accordance with one or more communication standards. For instance, wireless communication systems may operate in accordance with one or more standards including, but not limited to, IEEE 802.11x, Bluetooth, advanced mobile phone services (AMPS), digital AMPS, global system for mobile communications (GSM), code division multiple access (CDMA), local multi-point distribution systems (LMDS), multi-channel-multi-point distribution systems (MMDS), and/or variations thereof.
Depending on the type of wireless communication system, a wireless communication device, such as a cellular telephone, two-way radio, personal digital assistant (PDA), personal computer (PC), laptop computer, home entertainment equipment, et cetera communicates directly or indirectly with other wireless communication devices. For direct communications (also known as point-to-point communications), the participating wireless communication devices tune their receivers and transmitters to the same channel or channels (e.g., one of the plurality of radio frequency (RF) carriers of the wireless communication system) and communicate over that channel(s). For indirect wireless communications, each wireless communication device communicates directly with an associated base station (e.g., for cellular services) and/or an associated access point (e.g., for an in-home or in-building wireless network) via an assigned channel. To complete a communication connection between the wireless communication devices, the associated base stations and/or associated access points communicate with each other directly, via a system controller, via the public switch telephone network, via the Internet, and/or via some other wide area network.
For each wireless communication device to participate in wireless communications, it includes a built-in radio transceiver (i.e., receiver and transmitter) or is coupled to an associated radio transceiver (e.g., a station for in-home and/or in-building wireless communication networks, RF modem, etc.). As is known, the receiver is coupled to the antenna and includes a low noise amplifier, one or more intermediate frequency stages, a filtering stage, and a data recovery stage. The low noise amplifier receives inbound RF signals via the antenna and amplifies then. The one or more intermediate frequency stages mix the amplified RF signals with one or more local oscillations to convert the amplified RF signal into baseband signals or intermediate frequency (IF) signals. The filtering stage filters the baseband signals or the IF signals to attenuate unwanted out of band signals to produce filtered signals. The data recovery stage recovers raw data from the filtered signals in accordance with the particular wireless communication standard.
As is also known, the transmitter includes a data modulation stage, one or more intermediate frequency stages, and a power amplifier. The data modulation stage converts raw data into baseband signals in accordance with a particular wireless communication standard. The one or more intermediate frequency stages mix the baseband signals with one or more local oscillations to produce RF signals. The power amplifier amplifies the RF signals prior to transmission via an antenna.
Typically, the transmitter will include one antenna for transmitting the RF signals, which are received by a single antenna, or multiple antennae (alternatively, antennas), of a receiver. When the receiver includes two or more antennae, the receiver will select one of them to receive the incoming RF signals. In this instance, the wireless communication between the transmitter and receiver is a single-output-single-input (SISO) communication, even if the receiver includes multiple antennae that are used as diversity antennae (i.e., selecting one of them to receive the incoming RF signals). For SISO wireless communications, a transceiver includes one transmitter and one receiver. Currently, most wireless local area networks (WLAN) that are IEEE 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b, or 802.11g employ SISO wireless communications.
Other types of wireless communications include single-input-multiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input-single-output (MISO), and multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO). In a SIMO wireless communication, a single transmitter processes data into radio frequency signals that are transmitted to a receiver. The receiver includes two or more antennae and two or more receiver paths. Each of the antennae receives the RF signals and provides them to a corresponding receiver path (e.g., LNA, down conversion module, filters, and ADCs). Each of the receiver paths processes the received RF signals to produce digital signals, which are combined and then processed to recapture the transmitted data.
For a multiple-input-single-output (MISO) wireless communication, the transmitter includes two or more transmission paths (e.g., digital to analog converter, filters, up-conversion module, and a power amplifier) that each converts a corresponding portion of baseband signals into RF signals, which are transmitted via corresponding antennae to a receiver. The receiver includes a single receiver path that receives the multiple RF signals from the transmitter. In this instance, the receiver uses beam forming to combine the multiple RF signals into one signal for processing.
For a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication, the transmitter and receiver each include multiple paths. In such a communication, the transmitter parallel processes data using a spatial and time encoding function to produce two or more streams of data. The transmitter includes multiple transmission paths to convert each stream of data into multiple RF signals. The receiver receives the multiple RF signals via multiple receiver paths that recapture the streams of data utilizing a spatial and time decoding function. The recaptured streams of data are combined and subsequently processed to recover the original data.
With the various types of wireless communications (e.g., SISO, MISO, SIMO, and MIMO), it would be desirable to use one or more types of wireless communications to enhance data throughput within a WLAN. For example, high data rates can be achieved with MIMO communications in comparison to SISO communications. However, most WLAN include legacy wireless communication devices (i.e., devices that are compliant with an older version of a wireless communication standard). As such, a transmitter capable of MIMO wireless communications should also be backward compatible with legacy devices to function in a majority of existing WLANs.
Therefore, a need exists for a WLAN device that is capable of high data throughput and is backward compatible with legacy devices.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to apparatus and methods of operation that are further described in the following Brief Description of the Several Views of the Drawings, the Detailed Description of the Invention, and the claims. Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention made with reference to the accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless communication system.
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless communication device.
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a radio frequency (RF) transmitter.
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of an RF receiver.
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method for baseband processing of data.
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method that further defines Step 120 of FIG. 5.
FIGS. 7-9 are diagrams illustrating various embodiments for encoding the scrambled data.
FIGS. 10A and 10B are diagrams illustrating embodiments of a radio transmitter.
FIGS. 11A and 11B are diagrams illustrating embodiments of a radio receiver.
FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of an access point (AP) and multiple wireless local area network (WLAN) devices operating according to one or more various aspects and/or embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 13A is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a structure employed by an access point (or WLAN) device supporting orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) cluster parsing.
FIG. 13B is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a structure employed by an access point (or WLAN) device supporting multi-user OFDMA (MU-OFDMA).
FIG. 14A is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a structure used for conveyance of slotted start time within an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)/multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) frame as media access control (MAC) frames.
FIG. 14B is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a structure used for indicating multiple SACK fields in one MAC frame.
FIG. 14C is a diagram illustrating an alternative embodiment of a structure used for indicating multiple SACK fields in one MAC frame.
FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a structure used for the conveyance of slotted start time within an OFDMA/MU-MIMO frame as a PHY Header extension.
FIG. 16A is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a frame format that may be used in conjunction with a wireless communication device such as a WLAN device.
FIG. 16B is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a Greenfield frame format that may be used in conjunction with a wireless communication device such as a WLAN device.
FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a transmitter structure that may be implemented within a wireless communication device, such as a WLAN device, in accordance with adaptively and selectively framing data to be transmitted to at least one additional wireless communication device.
FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a radio transmit chain that may be implemented within a wireless communication device such as a WLAN device.
FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating embodiments of various bandwidth allocations that may be implemented within a wireless communication device such as a WLAN device.
FIG. 20, FIG. 21, and FIG. 22 illustrate various embodiments of method for operating one or more wireless communication devices.
FIG. 23A is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a signal timing diagram illustrating a MU-MIMO/OFDMA sequence without training exchange.
FIG. 23B is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a signal timing diagram illustrating a MU-MIMO/OFDMA sequence with a training exchange.
FIG. 24 is a signal timing diagram illustrating a MU-MIMO/OFDMA sequence with a feedback exchange.
FIG. 25A is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a signal timing diagram illustrating a MU-MIMO/OFDMA sequence with a feedback exchange being interrupted.
FIG. 25B is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a signal timing diagram illustrating a MU-MIMO/OFDMA sequence with a feedback exchange being interrupted and then continued after interruption.
FIG. 26A is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a signal timing diagram illustrating a MU-MIMO/OFDMA sequence with a feedback exchange being interrupted and then continued with delayed feedback after interruption.
FIG. 26B is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a signal timing diagram illustrating a MU-MIMO/OFDMA sequence with a feedback exchange being interrupted and then continued with delayed feedback that is aggregated with data after interruption.
FIG. 27, FIG. 28, FIG. 29A, FIG. 29B, FIG. 30, FIG. 31A, and FIG. 31B illustrate various embodiments of method for operating one or more wireless communication devices.
FIG. 32 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of VHT-SIG A and VHT-SIG B fields used for sounding.
FIG. 33 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of various group identification fields being transmitted to one or more receiving wireless communication devices.
FIG. 34 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a multi-cast sounding frame being transmitted to multiple receiving wireless communication devices and the corresponding feedback frames.
FIG. 35 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of stream number indication within VHT-SIG A.
FIG. 36 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a novel preamble for use among multiple users.
FIG. 37A is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of multiple very high throughput long training fields (VHT-LTFs) being sent in parallel.
FIG. 37B is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of processing for use in accordance with channel estimation.
FIG. 38 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of space time block coding (STBC) bits employed in VHT-SIG A processing for use in accordance with channel estimation.
FIG. 39, FIG. 40A, FIG. 40B, and FIG. 41 illustrate alternative embodiments of method for operating one or more wireless communication devices.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless communication system 10 that includes a plurality of base stations and/or access points 12-16, a plurality of wireless communication devices 18-32 and a network hardware component 34. The wireless communication devices 18-32 may be laptop host computers 18 and 26, personal digital assistant hosts 20 and 30, personal computer hosts 24 and 32 and/or cellular telephone hosts 22 and 28. The details of an embodiment of such wireless communication devices is described in greater detail with reference to FIG. 2.
The base stations (BSs) or access points (APs) 12-16 are operably coupled to the network hardware 34 via local area network connections 36, 38 and 40. The network hardware 34, which may be a router, switch, bridge, modem, system controller, et cetera provides a wide area network connection 42 for the communication system 10. Each of the base stations or access points 12-16 has an associated antenna or antenna array to communicate with the wireless communication devices in its area. Typically, the wireless communication devices register with a particular base station or access point 12-14 to receive services from the communication system 10. For direct connections (i.e., point-to-point communications), wireless communication devices communicate directly via an allocated channel.
Typically, base stations are used for cellular telephone systems (e.g., advanced mobile phone services (AMPS), digital AMPS, global system for mobile communications (GSM), code division multiple access (CDMA), local multi-point distribution systems (LMDS), multi-channel-multi-point distribution systems (MMDS), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA and/or variations thereof) and like-type systems, while access points are used for in-home or in-building wireless networks (e.g., IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth, ZigBee, any other type of radio frequency based network protocol and/or variations thereof). Regardless of the particular type of communication system, each wireless communication device includes a built-in radio and/or is coupled to a radio. Such wireless communication device may operate in accordance with the various aspects of the invention as presented herein to enhance performance, reduce costs, reduce size, and/or enhance broadband applications.
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless communication device that includes the host device 18-32 and an associated radio 60. For cellular telephone hosts, the radio 60 is a built-in component. For personal digital assistants hosts, laptop hosts, and/or personal computer hosts, the radio 60 may be built-in or an externally coupled component. For access points or base stations, the components are typically housed in a single structure.
As illustrated, the host device 18-32 includes a processing module 50, memory 52, radio interface 54, input interface 58 and output interface 56. The processing module 50 and memory 52 execute the corresponding instructions that are typically done by the host device. For example, for a cellular telephone host device, the processing module 50 performs the corresponding communication functions in accordance with a particular cellular telephone standard.
The radio interface 54 allows data to be received from and sent to the radio 60. For data received from the radio 60 (e.g., inbound data), the radio interface 54 provides the data to the processing module 50 for further processing and/or routing to the output interface 56. The output interface 56 provides connectivity to an output display device such as a display, monitor, speakers, et cetera such that the received data may be displayed. The radio interface 54 also provides data from the processing module 50 to the radio 60. The processing module 50 may receive the outbound data from an input device such as a keyboard, keypad, microphone, et cetera via the input interface 58 or generate the data itself. For data received via the input interface 58, the processing module 50 may perform a corresponding host function on the data and/or route it to the radio 60 via the radio interface 54.
Radio 60 includes a host interface 62, a baseband processing module 64, memory 66, a plurality of radio frequency (RF) transmitters 68-72, a transmit/receive (T/R) module 74, a plurality of antennae 82-86, a plurality of RF receivers 76-80, and a local oscillation module 100. The baseband processing module 64, in combination with operational instructions stored in memory 66, execute digital receiver functions and digital transmitter functions, respectively. The digital receiver functions, as will be described in greater detail with reference to FIG. 11B, include, but are not limited to, digital intermediate frequency to baseband conversion, demodulation, constellation demapping, decoding, de-interleaving, fast Fourier transform, cyclic prefix removal, space and time decoding, and/or descrambling. The digital transmitter functions, as will be described in greater detail with reference to later Figures, include, but are not limited to, scrambling, encoding, interleaving, constellation mapping, modulation, inverse fast Fourier transform, cyclic prefix addition, space and time encoding, and/or digital baseband to IF conversion. The baseband processing modules 64 may be implemented using one or more processing devices. Such a processing device may be a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on operational instructions. The memory 66 may be a single memory device or a plurality of memory devices. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. Note that when the processing module 64 implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory storing the corresponding operational instructions is embedded with the circuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry.
In operation, the radio 60 receives outbound data 88 from the host device via the host interface 62. The baseband processing module 64 receives the outbound data 88 and, based on a mode selection signal 102, produces one or more outbound symbol streams 90. The mode selection signal 102 will indicate a particular mode as are illustrated in the mode selection tables, which appear at the end of the detailed discussion. For example, the mode selection signal 102, with reference to table 1 may indicate a frequency band of 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz, a channel bandwidth of 20 or 22 MHz (e.g., channels of 20 or 22 MHz width) and a maximum bit rate of 54 megabits-per-second. In other embodiments, the channel bandwidth may extend up to 1.28 GHz or wider with supported maximum bit rates extending to 1 gigabit-per-second or greater. In this general category, the mode selection signal will further indicate a particular rate ranging from 1 megabit-per-second to 54 megabits-per-second. In addition, the mode selection signal will indicate a particular type of modulation, which includes, but is not limited to, Barker Code Modulation, BPSK, QPSK, CCK, 16 QAM and/or 64 QAM. As is further illustrated in table 1, a code rate is supplied as well as number of coded bits per subcarrier (NBPSC), coded bits per OFDM symbol (NCBPS), data bits per OFDM symbol (NDBPS).
The mode selection signal may also indicate a particular channelization for the corresponding mode which for the information in table 1 is illustrated in table 2. As shown, table 2 includes a channel number and corresponding center frequency. The mode select signal may further indicate a power spectral density mask value which for table 1 is illustrated in table 3. The mode select signal may alternatively indicate rates within table 4 that has a 5 GHz frequency band, 20 MHz channel bandwidth and a maximum bit rate of 54 megabits-per-second. If this is the particular mode select, the channelization is illustrated in table 5. As a further alternative, the mode select signal 102 may indicate a 2.4 GHz frequency band, 20 MHz channels and a maximum bit rate of 192 megabits-per-second as illustrated in table 6. In table 6, a number of antennae may be utilized to achieve the higher bit rates. In this instance, the mode select would further indicate the number of antennae to be utilized. Table 7 illustrates the channelization for the set-up of table 6. Table 8 illustrates yet another mode option where the frequency band is 2.4 GHz, the channel bandwidth is 20 MHz and the maximum bit rate is 192 megabits-per-second. The corresponding table 8 includes various bit rates ranging from 12 megabits-per-second to 216 megabits-per-second utilizing 2-4 antennae and a spatial time encoding rate as indicated. Table 9 illustrates the channelization for table 8. The mode select signal 102 may further indicate a particular operating mode as illustrated in table 10, which corresponds to a 5 GHz frequency band having 40 MHz frequency band having 40 MHz channels and a maximum bit rate of 486 megabits-per-second. As shown in table 10, the bit rate may range from 13.5 megabits-per-second to 486 megabits-per-second utilizing 1-4 antennae and a corresponding spatial time code rate. Table 10 further illustrates a particular modulation scheme code rate and NBPSC values. Table 11 provides the power spectral density mask for table 10 and table 12 provides the channelization for table 10.
It is of course noted that other types of channels, having different bandwidths, may be employed in other embodiments without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. For example, various other channels such as those having 80 MHz, 120 MHz, and/or 160 MHz of bandwidth may alternatively be employed such as in accordance with IEEE Task Group ac (TGac VHTL6).
The baseband processing module 64, based on the mode selection signal 102 produces the one or more outbound symbol streams 90, as will be further described with reference to FIGS. 5-9 from the output data 88. For example, if the mode selection signal 102 indicates that a single transmit antenna is being utilized for the particular mode that has been selected, the baseband processing module 64 will produce a single outbound symbol stream 90. Alternatively, if the mode select signal indicates 2, 3 or 4 antennae, the baseband processing module 64 will produce 2, 3 or 4 outbound symbol streams 90 corresponding to the number of antennae from the output data 88.
Depending on the number of outbound streams 90 produced by the baseband module 64, a corresponding number of the RF transmitters 68-72 will be enabled to convert the outbound symbol streams 90 into outbound RF signals 92. The implementation of the RF transmitters 68-72 will be further described with reference to FIG. 3. The transmit/receive module 74 receives the outbound RF signals 92 and provides each outbound RF signal to a corresponding antenna 82-86.
When the radio 60 is in the receive mode, the transmit/receive module 74 receives one or more inbound RF signals via the antennae 82-86. The T/R module 74 provides the inbound RF signals 94 to one or more RF receivers 76-80. The RF receiver 76-80, which will be described in greater detail with reference to FIG. 4, converts the inbound RF signals 94 into a corresponding number of inbound symbol streams 96. The number of inbound symbol streams 96 will correspond to the particular mode in which the data was received (recall that the mode may be any one of the modes illustrated in tables 1-12). The baseband processing module 60 receives the inbound symbol streams 90 and converts them into inbound data 98, which is provided to the host device 18-32 via the host interface 62.
In one embodiment of radio 60 it includes a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter may include a MAC module, a PLCP module, and a PMD module. The Medium Access Control (MAC) module, which may be implemented with the processing module 64, is operably coupled to convert a MAC Service Data Unit (MSDU) into a MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) in accordance with a WLAN protocol. The Physical Layer Convergence Procedure (PLCP) Module, which may be implemented in the processing module 64, is operably coupled to convert the MPDU into a PLCP Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) in accordance with the WLAN protocol. The Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) module is operably coupled to convert the PPDU into a plurality of radio frequency (RF) signals in accordance with one of a plurality of operating modes of the WLAN protocol, wherein the plurality of operating modes includes multiple input and multiple output combinations.
An embodiment of the Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) module, which will be described in greater detail with reference to FIGS. 10A and 10B, includes an error protection module, a demultiplexing module, and a plurality of direction conversion modules. The error protection module, which may be implemented in the processing module 64, is operably coupled to restructure a PPDU (PLCP (Physical Layer Convergence Procedure) Protocol Data Unit) to reduce transmission errors producing error protected data. The demultiplexing module is operably coupled to divide the error protected data into a plurality of error protected data streams The plurality of direct conversion modules is operably coupled to convert the plurality of error protected data streams into a plurality of radio frequency (RF) signals.
As one of average skill in the art will appreciate, the wireless communication device of FIG. 2 may be implemented using one or more integrated circuits. For example, the host device may be implemented on one integrated circuit, the baseband processing module 64 and memory 66 may be implemented on a second integrated circuit, and the remaining components of the radio 60, less the antennae 82-86, may be implemented on a third integrated circuit. As an alternate example, the radio 60 may be implemented on a single integrated circuit. As yet another example, the processing module 50 of the host device and the baseband processing module 64 may be a common processing device implemented on a single integrated circuit. Further, the memory 52 and memory 66 may be implemented on a single integrated circuit and/or on the same integrated circuit as the common processing modules of processing module 50 and the baseband processing module 64.
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a radio frequency (RF) transmitter 68-72, or RF front-end, of the WLAN transmitter. The RF transmitter 68-72 includes a digital filter and up-sampling module 75, a digital-to-analog conversion module 77, an analog filter 79, and up-conversion module 81, a power amplifier 83 and a RF filter 85. The digital filter and up-sampling module 75 receives one of the outbound symbol streams 90 and digitally filters it and then up-samples the rate of the symbol streams to a desired rate to produce the filtered symbol streams 87. The digital-to-analog conversion module 77 converts the filtered symbols 87 into analog signals 89. The analog signals may include an in-phase component and a quadrature component.
The analog filter 79 filters the analog signals 89 to produce filtered analog signals 91. The up-conversion module 81, which may include a pair of mixers and a filter, mixes the filtered analog signals 91 with a local oscillation 93, which is produced by local oscillation module 100, to produce high frequency signals 95. The frequency of the high frequency signals 95 corresponds to the frequency of the RF signals 92.
The power amplifier 83 amplifies the high frequency signals 95 to produce amplified high frequency signals 97. The RF filter 85, which may be a high frequency band-pass filter, filters the amplified high frequency signals 97 to produce the desired output RF signals 92.
As one of average skill in the art will appreciate, each of the radio frequency transmitters 68-72 will include a similar architecture as illustrated in FIG. 3 and further include a shut-down mechanism such that when the particular radio frequency transmitter is not required, it is disabled in such a manner that it does not produce interfering signals and/or noise.
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of an RF receiver. This may depict any one of the RF receivers 76-80. In this embodiment, each of the RF receivers 76-80 includes an RF filter 101, a low noise amplifier (LNA) 103, a programmable gain amplifier (PGA) 105, a down-conversion module 107, an analog filter 109, an analog-to-digital conversion module 111 and a digital filter and down-sampling module 113. The RF filter 101, which may be a high frequency band-pass filter, receives the inbound RF signals 94 and filters them to produce filtered inbound RF signals. The low noise amplifier 103 amplifies the filtered inbound RF signals 94 based on a gain setting and provides the amplified signals to the programmable gain amplifier 105. The programmable gain amplifier further amplifies the inbound RF signals 94 before providing them to the down-conversion module 107.
The down-conversion module 107 includes a pair of mixers, a summation module, and a filter to mix the inbound RF signals with a local oscillation (LO) that is provided by the local oscillation module to produce analog baseband signals. The analog filter 109 filters the analog baseband signals and provides them to the analog-to-digital conversion module 111 which converts them into a digital signal. The digital filter and down-sampling module 113 filters the digital signals and then adjusts the sampling rate to produce the digital samples (corresponding to the inbound symbol streams 96).
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method for baseband processing of data. This diagram shows a method for converting outbound data 88 into one or more outbound symbol streams 90 by the baseband processing module 64. The process begins at Step 110 where the baseband processing module receives the outbound data 88 and a mode selection signal 102. The mode selection signal may indicate any one of the various modes of operation as indicated in tables 1-12. The process then proceeds to Step 112 where the baseband processing module scrambles the data in accordance with a pseudo random sequence to produce scrambled data. Note that the pseudo random sequence may be generated from a feedback shift register with the generator polynomial of S(x)=x7+x4+1.
The process then proceeds to Step 114 where the baseband processing module selects one of a plurality of encoding modes based on the mode selection signal. The process then proceeds to Step 116 where the baseband processing module encodes the scrambled data in accordance with a selected encoding mode to produce encoded data. The encoding may be done utilizing any one or more a variety of coding schemes (e.g., convolutional coding, Reed-Solomon (RS) coding, turbo coding, turbo trellis coded modulation (TTCM) coding, LDPC (Low Density Parity Check) coding, etc.).
The process then proceeds to Step 118 where the baseband processing module determines a number of transmit streams based on the mode select signal. For example, the mode select signal will select a particular mode which indicates that 1, 2, 3, 4 or more antennae may be utilized for the transmission. Accordingly, the number of transmit streams will correspond to the number of antennae indicated by the mode select signal. The process then proceeds to Step 120 where the baseband processing module converts the encoded data into streams of symbols in accordance with the number of transmit streams in the mode select signal. This step will be described in greater detail with reference to FIG. 6.
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method that further defines Step 120 of FIG. 5. This diagram shows a method performed by the baseband processing module to convert the encoded data into streams of symbols in accordance with the number of transmit streams and the mode select signal. Such processing begins at Step 122 where the baseband processing module interleaves the encoded data over multiple symbols and subcarriers of a channel to produce interleaved data. In general, the interleaving process is designed to spread the encoded data over multiple symbols and transmit streams. This allows improved detection and error correction capability at the receiver. In one embodiment, the interleaving process will follow the IEEE 802.11(a) or (g) standard for backward compatible modes. For higher performance modes (e.g., IEEE 802.11(n), the interleaving will also be done over multiple transmit paths or streams.
The process then proceeds to Step 124 where the baseband processing module demultiplexes the interleaved data into a number of parallel streams of interleaved data. The number of parallel streams corresponds to the number of transmit streams, which in turn corresponds to the number of antennae indicated by the particular mode being utilized. The process then continues to Steps 126 and 128, where for each of the parallel streams of interleaved data, the baseband processing module maps the interleaved data into a quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) symbol to produce frequency domain symbols at Step 126. At Step 128, the baseband processing module converts the frequency domain symbols into time domain symbols, which may be done utilizing an inverse fast Fourier transform. The conversion of the frequency domain symbols into the time domain symbols may further include adding a cyclic prefix to allow removal of intersymbol interference at the receiver. Note that the length of the inverse fast Fourier transform and cyclic prefix are defined in the mode tables of tables 1-12. In general, a 64-point inverse fast Fourier transform is employed for 20 MHz channels and 128-point inverse fast Fourier transform is employed for 40 MHz channels.
The process then proceeds to Step 130 where the baseband processing module space and time encodes the time domain symbols for each of the parallel streams of interleaved data to produce the streams of symbols. In one embodiment, the space and time encoding may be done by space and time encoding the time domain symbols of the parallel streams of interleaved data into a corresponding number of streams of symbols utilizing an encoding matrix. Alternatively, the space and time encoding may be done by space and time encoding the time domain symbols of M-parallel streams of interleaved data into P-streams of symbols utilizing the encoding matrix, where P=2M In one embodiment the encoding matrix may comprise a form of:




   
  
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The number of rows of the encoding matrix corresponds to M and the number of columns of the encoding matrix corresponds to P. The particular symbol values of the constants within the encoding matrix may be real or imaginary numbers.

FIGS. 7-9 are diagrams illustrating various embodiments for encoding the scrambled data.
FIG. 7 is a diagram of one method that may be utilized by the baseband processing module to encode the scrambled data at Step 116 of FIG. 5. In this method, the encoding of FIG. 7 may include an optional Step 144 where the baseband processing module may optionally perform encoding with an outer Reed-Solomon (RS) code to produce RS encoded data. It is noted that Step 144 may be conducted in parallel with Step 140 described below.
Also, the process continues at Step 140 where the baseband processing module performs a convolutional encoding with a 64 state code and generator polynomials of G0=1338 and G1=1718 on the scrambled data (that may or may not have undergone RS encoding) to produce convolutional encoded data. The process then proceeds to Step 142 where the baseband processing module punctures the convolutional encoded data at one of a plurality of rates in accordance with the mode selection signal to produce the encoded data. Note that the puncture rates may include 1⁄2, 2⁄3 and/or 3⁄4, or any rate as specified in tables 1-12. Note that, for a particular, mode, the rate may be selected for backward compatibility with IEEE 802.11(a), IEEE 802.11(g), or IEEE 802.11(n) rate requirements.
FIG. 8 is a diagram of another encoding method that may be utilized by the baseband processing module to encode the scrambled data at Step 116 of FIG. 5. In this embodiment, the encoding of FIG. 8 may include an optional Step 148 where the baseband processing module may optionally perform encoding with an outer RS code to produce RS encoded data. It is noted that Step 148 may be conducted in parallel with Step 146 described below.
The method then continues at Step 146 where the baseband processing module encodes the scrambled data (that may or may not have undergone RS encoding) in accordance with a complimentary code keying (CCK) code to produce the encoded data. This may be done in accordance with IEEE 802.11(b) specifications, IEEE 802.11(g), and/or IEEE 802.11(n) specifications.
FIG. 9 is a diagram of yet another method for encoding the scrambled data at Step 116, which may be performed by the baseband processing module. In this embodiment, the encoding of FIG. 9 may include an optional Step 154 where the baseband processing module may optionally perform encoding with an outer RS code to produce RS encoded data.
Then, in some embodiments, the process continues at Step 150 where the baseband processing module performs LDPC (Low Density Parity Check) coding on the scrambled data (that may or may not have undergone RS encoding) to produce LDPC coded bits. Alternatively, the Step 150 may operate by performing convolutional encoding with a 256 state code and generator polynomials of G0=5618 and G1=7538 on the scrambled data the scrambled data (that may or may not have undergone RS encoding) to produce convolutional encoded data. The process then proceeds to Step 152 where the baseband processing module punctures the convolutional encoded data at one of the plurality of rates in accordance with a mode selection signal to produce encoded data. Note that the puncture rate is indicated in the tables 1-12 for the corresponding mode.
The encoding of FIG. 9 may further include the optional Step 154 where the baseband processing module combines the convolutional encoding with an outer Reed Solomon code to produce the convolutional encoded data.
FIGS. 10A and 10B are diagrams illustrating embodiments of a radio transmitter. This may involve the PMD module of a WLAN transmitter. In FIG. 10A, the baseband processing is shown to include a scrambler 172, channel encoder 174, interleaver 176, demultiplexer 178, a plurality of symbol mappers 180-184, a plurality of inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT)/cyclic prefix addition modules 186-190 and a space/time encoder 192. The baseband portion of the transmitter may further include a mode manager module 175 that receives the mode selection signal 173 and produces settings 179 for the radio transmitter portion and produces the rate selection 171 for the baseband portion. In this embodiment, the scrambler 172, the channel encoder 174, and the interleave 176 comprise an error protection module. The symbol mappers 180-184, the plurality of IFFT/cyclic prefix modules 186-190, the space time encoder 192 comprise a portion of the digital baseband processing module.
In operations, the scrambler 172 adds (e.g., in a Galois Finite Field (GF2)) a pseudo random sequence to the outbound data bits 88 to make the data appear random. A pseudo random sequence may be generated from a feedback shift register with the generator polynomial of S(x)=x7+x4+1 to produce scrambled data. The channel encoder 174 receives the scrambled data and generates a new sequence of bits with redundancy. This will enable improved detection at the receiver. The channel encoder 174 may operate in one of a plurality of modes. For example, for backward compatibility with IEEE 802.11(a) and IEEE 802.11(g), the channel encoder has the form of a rate 1⁄2 convolutional encoder with 64 states and a generator polynomials of G0=1338 and G1=1718. The output of the convolutional encoder may be punctured to rates of 1⁄2, 2⁄3, and 3⁄4 according to the specified rate tables (e.g., tables 1-12). For backward compatibility with IEEE 802.11(b) and the CCK modes of IEEE 802.11(g), the channel encoder has the form of a CCK code as defined in IEEE 802.11(b). For higher data rates (such as those illustrated in tables 6, 8 and 10), the channel encoder may use the same convolution encoding as described above or it may use a more powerful code, including a convolutional code with more states, any one or more of the various types of error correction codes (ECCs) mentioned above (e.g., RS, LDPC, turbo, TTCM, etc.) a parallel concatenated (turbo) code and/or a low density parity check (LDPC) block code. Further, any one of these codes may be combined with an outer Reed Solomon code. Based on a balancing of performance, backward compatibility and low latency, one or more of these codes may be optimal. Note that the concatenated turbo encoding and low density parity check will be described in greater detail with reference to subsequent Figures.
The interleaver 176 receives the encoded data and spreads it over multiple symbols and transmit streams. This allows improved detection and error correction capabilities at the receiver. In one embodiment, the interleaver 176 will follow the IEEE 802.11(a) or (g) standard in the backward compatible modes. For higher performance modes (e.g., such as those illustrated in tables 6, 8 and 10), the interleaver will interleave data over multiple transmit streams. The demultiplexer 178 converts the serial interleave stream from interleaver 176 into M-parallel streams for transmission.
Each symbol mapper 180-184 receives a corresponding one of the M-parallel paths of data from the demultiplexer. Each symbol mapper 180-182 lock maps bit streams to quadrature amplitude modulated QAM symbols (e.g., BPSK, QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM, 256 QAM, et cetera) according to the rate tables (e.g., tables 1-12). For IEEE 802.11(a) backward compatibility, double Gray coding may be used.
The map symbols produced by each of the symbol mappers 180-184 are provided to the IFFT/cyclic prefix addition modules 186-190, which performs frequency domain to time domain conversions and adds a prefix, which allows removal of inter-symbol interference at the receiver. Note that the length of the IFFT and cyclic prefix are defined in the mode tables of tables 1-12. In general, a 64-point IFFT will be used for 20 MHz channels and 128-point IFFT will be used for 40 MHz channels.
The space/time encoder 192 receives the M-parallel paths of time domain symbols and converts them into P-output symbols. In one embodiment, the number of M-input paths will equal the number of P-output paths. In another embodiment, the number of output paths P will equal 2M paths. For each of the paths, the space/time encoder multiples the input symbols with an encoding matrix that has the form of




   
  
    
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The rows of the encoding matrix correspond to the number of input paths and the columns correspond to the number of output paths.
FIG. 10B illustrates the radio portion of the transmitter that includes a plurality of digital filter/up-sampling modules 194-198, digital-to-analog conversion modules 200-204, analog filters 206-216, I/Q modulators 218-222, RF amplifiers 224-228, RF filters 230-234 and antennae 236-240. The P-outputs from the space/time encoder 192 are received by respective digital filtering/up-sampling modules 194-198. In one embodiment, the digital filters/up sampling modules 194-198 are part of the digital baseband processing module and the remaining components comprise the plurality of RF front-ends. In such an embodiment, the digital baseband processing module and the RF front end comprise a direct conversion module.
In operation, the number of radio paths that are active correspond to the number of P-outputs. For example, if only one P-output path is generated, only one of the radio transmitter paths will be active. As one of average skill in the art will appreciate, the number of output paths may range from one to any desired number.
The digital filtering/up-sampling modules 194-198 filter the corresponding symbols and adjust the sampling rates to correspond with the desired sampling rates of the digital-to-analog conversion modules 200-204. The digital-to-analog conversion modules 200-204 convert the digital filtered and up-sampled signals into corresponding in-phase and quadrature analog signals. The analog filters 208-214 filter the corresponding in-phase and/or quadrature components of the analog signals, and provide the filtered signals to the corresponding I/Q modulators 218-222. The I/Q modulators 218-222 based on a local oscillation, which is produced by a local oscillator 100, up-converts the I/Q signals into radio frequency signals.
The RF amplifiers 224-228 amplify the RF signals which are then subsequently filtered via RF filters 230-234 before being transmitted via antennae 236-240.
FIGS. 11A and 11B are diagrams illustrating embodiments of a radio receiver. These diagrams illustrate a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a receiver. FIG. 11A illustrates the analog portion of the receiver which includes a plurality of receiver paths. Each receiver path includes an antenna, RF filters 252-256, low noise amplifiers 258-260, I/Q demodulators 264-268, analog filters 270-280, analog-to-digital converters 282-286 and digital filters and down-sampling modules 288-290.
In operation, the antennae receive inbound RF signals, which are band-pass filtered via the RF filters 252-256. The corresponding low noise amplifiers 258-260 amplify the filtered signals and provide them to the corresponding I/Q demodulators 264-268. The I/Q demodulators 264-268, based on a local oscillation, which is produced by local oscillator 100, down-converts the RF signals into baseband in-phase and quadrature analog signals.
The corresponding analog filters 270-280 filter the in-phase and quadrature analog components, respectively. The analog-to-digital converters 282-286 convert the in-phase and quadrature analog signals into a digital signal. The digital filtering and down-sampling modules 288-290 filter the digital signals and adjust the sampling rate to correspond to the rate of the baseband processing, which will be described in FIG. 11B.
FIG. 11B illustrates the baseband processing of a receiver. The baseband processing includes a space/time decoder 294, a plurality of fast Fourier transform (FFT)/cyclic prefix removal modules 296-300, a plurality of symbol demapping modules 302-306, a multiplexer 308, a deinterleaver 310, a channel decoder 312, and a descramble module 314. The baseband processing module may further include a mode managing module 175, which produces rate selections 171 and settings 179 based on mode selections 173. The space/time decoding module 294, which performs the inverse function of space/time encoder 192, receives P-inputs from the receiver paths and produce M-output paths. The M-output paths are processed via the FFT/cyclic prefix removal modules 296-300 which perform the inverse function of the IFFT/cyclic prefix addition modules 186-190 to produce frequency domain symbols.
The symbol demapping modules 302-306 convert the frequency domain symbols into data utilizing an inverse process of the symbol mappers 180-184. The multiplexer 308 combines the demapped symbol streams into a single path.
The deinterleaver 310 deinterleaves the single path utilizing an inverse function of the function performed by interleaver 176. The deinterleaved data is then provided to the channel decoder 312 which performs the inverse function of channel encoder 174. The descrambler 314 receives the decoded data and performs the inverse function of scrambler 172 to produce the inbound data 98.
FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of an access point (AP) and multiple wireless local area network (WLAN) devices operating according to one or more various aspects and/or embodiments of the invention. The AP point 1200 may compatible with any number of communication protocols and/or standards, e.g., IEEE 802.11(a), IEEE 802.11(b), IEEE 802.11(g), IEEE 802.11(n), as well as in accordance with various aspects of invention. According to certain aspects of the present invention, the AP supports backwards compatibility with prior versions of the IEEE 802.11x standards as well. According to other aspects of the present invention, the AP 1200 supports communications with the WLAN devices 1202, 1204, and 1206 with channel bandwidths, MIMO dimensions, and at data throughput rates unsupported by the prior IEEE 802.11x operating standards. For example, the access point 1200 and WLAN devices 1202, 1204, and 1206 may support channel bandwidths from those of prior version devices and from 40 MHz to 1.28 GHz and above. The access point 1200 and WLAN devices 1202, 1204, and 1206 support MIMO dimensions to 4×4 and greater. With these characteristics, the access point 1200 and WLAN devices 1202, 1204, and 1206 may support data throughput rates to 1 GHz and above.
The AP 1200 supports simultaneous communications with more than one of the WLAN devices 1202, 1204, and 1206. Simultaneous communications may be serviced via OFDM tone allocations (e.g., certain number of OFDM tones in a given cluster), MIMO dimension multiplexing, or via other techniques. With some simultaneous communications, the AP 1200 may allocate one or more of the multiple antennae thereof respectively to support communication with each WLAN device 1202, 1204, and 1206, for example.
Further, the AP 1200 and WLAN devices 1202, 1204, and 1206 are backwards compatible with the IEEE 802.11(a), (b), (g), and (n) operating standards. In supporting such backwards compatibility, these devices support signal formats and structures that are consistent with these prior operating standards. With the structure of FIG. 13, the access point enacts OFDMA cluster parsing to support MU-MIMO. With the structure and operation of FIG. 13, data intended for each user may be encoded separately. The structure of FIG. 13 supports K users, with detail shown for the Kth user. Cn is the cluster number. Generally, operation of such structure is described with the following equations:



  
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FIG. 13A is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a structure employed by an access point (or WLAN) device supporting orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) cluster parsing. In a multi-user embodiment, each user is encoded separately. This diagram shows encoding and interleaving for only one user. When multiple encoders are employed for a single user, scrambled bits are assigned to various respective encoders in a round robin fashion on a per bit basis. The cluster parser (in accordance with performing spatial multiplexing) allocates encoded bits to clusters assigned to the same user. Generally speaking, a cluster is a depiction of the mapping of tones, such as for an OFDM symbol, within or among one or more channels (e.g., sub-divided portions of the spectrum) that may be situated in one or more bands (e.g., portions of the spectrum separated by relatively larger amounts). As an example, various channels of 80 MHz may be situated within or centered around a 5 GHz band. The channels within any such band may be continuous (e.g., adjacent to one another) or discontinuous (e.g., separated by some guard interval or band gap). Oftentimes, one or more channels may be situated within a given band, and different bands need not necessarily have a same number of channels therein.
In the equation shown above, s(iSS,c) is the number of coded bits per dimension on the iSS'th spatial stream of cluster c. The value, S(c), is the sum of s(iSS,c) over all spatial streams in cluster c and T is the sum of S(c) over all clusters. Consecutive blocks of S(c) bits are assigned to different clusters in a round robin fashion. If multiple encoders are used, T consecutive encoded bits from a single encoder are used for one round robin cycle across the clusters. Operating together, the different encoders are used in a round robin fashion. For example, a first group of consecutive bits generated by a first encoder are allocated across the clusters (e.g., a first group of those consecutive bits going to a first cluster, then a second group of those consecutive bits going to a second cluster, and so on until the first group of consecutive bits are all employed). Then, a second group of consecutive bits generated by a second encoder are allocated across the clusters (continuing from where the first group of consecutive bits had ended). This process continues across all of the encoders and will return back to the first encoder after processing the consecutive bits generated by the last encoder in the group.
Various embodiments may operate in accordance with stream parsing that is in accordance with the IEEE 802.11n specification. Each of the respective stream parsers allocates bits within a cluster to spatial streams in accordance with the IEEE 802.11n specification. Each spatial stream is frequency interleaved according to 20 MHz interleaver corresponding to a frame type for the respective user. Again, this diagram shows encoding and interleaving for only one user.
FIG. 13B is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a structure employed by an access point (or WLAN) device supporting multi-user OFDMA (MU-OFDMA). Again, as described above, each user is encoded separately. Whereas the previous diagram shows encoding and interleaving for only one user, this diagram shows, in each layer, encoding and interleaving for one user (Same as previous slide for each user). However, the multiple layers then correspond to multiple users. The beamforming matrix ViCj may be found to maximize the aggregate capacity for all users, where i is a user index and Cj is a cluster index. The size of ViCj is NtCi×Nstsi where NtCi is the number of transmit antennae for cluster Ci and Nstsi is the number of space-time stream for user i. The transmit antennae for each cluster is conceptual: operating at carrier frequency for cluster Ci. Physically, nCith transmit antenna for cluster Ci may be shared with mCjth transmit antenna for cluster Cj. The cluster parser allocates encoded bits to clusters assigned to the same user, where s(iSS,c) is the number of coded bits per dimension on the iSS'th spatial stream of cluster c.
Analogous to the previous embodiment, the value, S(c), is the sum of s(iSS,c) over all spatial streams in cluster c and T is the sum of S(c) over all clusters. Consecutive blocks of S(c) bits are assigned to different clusters in a round robin fashion. If multiple encoders are used, T consecutive encoded bits from different encoders are used in a round robin fashion. Various embodiments may operate in accordance with stream parsing that is in accordance with the IEEE 802.11n specification. Each of the respective stream parsers allocates bits within a cluster to spatial streams in accordance with the IEEE 802.11n specification. Each spatial stream is frequency interleaved according to 20 MHz interleaver corresponding to a frame type for the respective user.
The structure employed within FIG. 13A and alternatively, FIG. 13B, includes at least one encoder for encoding one or more information bits thereby generating coded bits. Again, any of a variety of ECCs may be employed by the at least one encoder, and different ECCs may be employed for different of the encoders. Moreover, various of the encoders may operate not only in accordance with different ECCs, but may have other different operational parameters such as different code rates, etc. The one or more cluster parsers are implemented for assigning the coded bits among various clusters corresponding to the various wireless communication devices to which communications are to be made. For example, a cluster mapping provides an assignment of the coded bits based on the particular wireless communication devices to which communications are to be made. The antennae of the transmitting device are for transmitting the coded bits, using the plurality of clusters, to the plurality of wireless communication devices.
There are a variety of means by which the coded bits may be assigned among the clusters. For example, a first subset of the coded bits may be assigned among a first cluster, and a second subset of the coded bits may be assigned among a second cluster. A first subset of the antennae operate by transmitting the first subset of coded bits, using the first cluster, to a first wireless communication device, and a second subset of the antennae operate by transmitting the second subset of coded bits, using the second cluster, to a second wireless communication device. The various subsets of the antennae may include one or more common antennae (e.g., one of the antennae may be in more than one subset employed for transmitting signals).
Alternatively, a first subset of the coded bits maybe assigned among a first group of clusters (e.g., more than one cluster), and a second subset of the coded bits may be assigned among a second group of clusters (e.g., also more than one cluster). In such an instance, the transmitting communication device may include the stream parsers for allocating the first subset of coded bits to a first spatial stream and allocating the second subset of coded bits to a second spatial stream. Respective subsets of the antennae may be employed for each of the spatial streams (e.g., a first subset of the antennae for transmitting the first spatial stream, and a second subset of the antennae for transmitting the second spatial stream). Also, the various subsets of coded bits need not have identical number of bits.
The various clusters employed for communications may be varied in nature. For example, a cluster may be composed with as few as one channel within one band. Alternatively, a cluster may be composed with a first channel in a first band and a second channel in a second band. A cluster may alternatively be composed with a first number of channels in a first band and a second band and a second number of channels in a third band and a fourth band. In some instances, the third band is the first band, and the fourth band is the second band.
With the structure of FIG. 13B, an AP may simultaneously transmit a multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) and/or orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) frame (alternatively, referred to as packet) to a plurality of WLAN devices.
In some embodiments, acknowledgement (ACK) of these respective transmissions within such an MU-MIMO and/or OFDMA frame must be received from each WLAN device. Several of the following diagrams and related written description describe embodiments for acknowledgement for such transmissions. The transmissions may be OFDMA, MU-MIMO or MU-MIMO/OFDMA. OFDM is a subset of OFDMA when a single user transmits at a given time. MIMO also includes SISO, SIMO, and MISO. OFDMA clusters may be continuous or discontinuous. Transmissions on different OFDMA clusters may be simultaneous or non-simultaneous. Any communication device may be capable of supporting a single cluster or multiple clusters. Again, a cluster may be composed on one or more channels within or among one or more bands. A cluster may be as few as a single channel within a single band.
A MU-MIMO/OFDMA capable transmitter (e.g., an AP) may transmit packets to more than one wireless station (STA) on a same cluster in a single aggregated packet (in accordance with time multiplexing). Channel characterization and training may be performed for each of the different communication channels corresponding to the various respective wireless communication devices (e.g., STAs).
Generally, some data transmissions may be targeted for reception by multiple individual receivers—e.g. MU-MIMO and/or OFDMA transmissions, which are different than single transmissions with a multi-receiver address. For example, a single OFDMA transmission uses different tones or sets of tones (e.g., clusters or channels) to send distinct sets of information, each set of set of information transmitted to one or more receivers simultaneously in the time domain. Again, an OFDMA transmission sent to one user is equivalent to an OFDM transmission. A single MU-MIMO transmission may include spatially-diverse signals over a common set of tones, each containing distinct information and each transmitted to one or more distinct receivers. Some single transmissions may be a combination of OFDMA and MU-MIMO. MIMO transceivers illustrated may include SISO, SIMO, and MISO transceivers. Transmissions on different OFDMA clusters may be simultaneous or non-simultaneous. Legacy users and new version users (e.g., TGac MU-MIMO, OFDMA, MU-MIMO/OFDMA, etc.) may share bandwidth at a given time or they can be scheduled at different times for certain embodiments.
The intended receivers of the MU-MIMO/OFDMA transmissions need to respond to the transmitter an acknowledgement (e.g. either a single acknowledgement or a block acknowledgement may be provided). Acknowledgements need to be separated at the receiver, the separation performed through any of several means, or combinations of these means: temporally divided, frequency divided, code divided, e.g. multi-user precoding. For temporal separation, a scheme to define the time slotting is required, which may be slotted, polled, or a combination thereof. Any acknowledgement scheme may, if desired, have an option for reverse-data-aggregation such that data may be combined with an ACK. Hereinafter, the terms “ACK”, “acknowledgement”, and “BA” are all meant to be inclusive of either ACK or BA (block acknowledgement). For example, even if only one or ACK or BA is specifically referenced, such embodiments may be equally adapted to any of ACK or BA.
Different embodiments of ACK operations may be made in accordance with time slotted ACK transmissions or time scheduled ACK transmissions.
A first embodiment of ACK operations is to have time slotted ACK transmissions. Such embodiment may include an assignment of an order for clusters used for the data transmission such that ACK responses are ordered according to the cluster order, e.g. one slot of time for each cluster. The intended receivers respond in the order provided at fixed time points that are known separately from information that is conveyed within the MU-MIMO/OFDMA transmission (e.g., information regarding the size of each slot is exchanged, or they respond in the ordered sequence based on the detection of the respondents ACK transmissions).
This embodiment works well for OFDMA, but may be slightly more complicated for the combination of OFDMA and MU-MIMO. For such an OFDMA/MU-MIMO combination, receiving devices within a cluster are ordered. Such ordering is required when the data transmitter is SU-MIMO receiver, but is less efficient in such operations because there will be no ACKs on some clusters but not others. Such is the case because some clusters may have no transmission while other clusters are grouped but receiving devices are unaware of the absence of data for “other” clusters, so they still wait their turn to send and ACK for the cluster, even when no ACK is required for “missing” transmissions corresponding to the previous slot. This inefficiency can be avoided if the data transmitter does not schedule a time for clusters having no data transmitted, e.g., the transmitter may require an explicit signaling of which clusters have been used during this data transmission so that later users know that they do not need to wait for an ACK for a cluster that does not need one.
A second embodiment of ACK operations is to have time scheduled ACK transmissions. Such an embodiment may include an assignment of a set of specific times for clusters used for the data transmission such that ACK responses are transmitted according to the set of specific times (e.g., one start time and one end time for each cluster). The intended receivers respond according to the start and end times provided.
According to some aspects presented herein, the data and the ACK transmissions are protected by the network allocation vector (NAV), so no CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) is needed between the transmission of the data and ACKs. In such case, the data transmitter may specify either time for the ACK per cluster and the cluster to use for ACK transmission or a slotted order for the ACK transmissions. In such instances, the data transmitter knows the data transmission time and knows the BA (e.g., ACK) size, so it can accurately schedule a time for each receiver's ACK or BA, or provide an ordering for each receiver's ACK or BA knowing that the slot time is fixed through some other exchange of information regarding the size of the slots, or knowing that the slot time has an upper bound based on the duration of the ACK transmission. The scheduled transmission time for the ACK can be aggregated with data and transmitted with the data transmission. The scheduling information may be located within the MU-MIMO/OFDMA transmission as a separate control or management frame and may contain duration information that determines if aggregation of acknowledgements with data is permitted. The OFDMA/MU-MIMO data transmitter may assign the ACK for data to appear on the cluster on which it has transmitted that data in order to avoid cluster switching by the receiving device. Time slotted and scheduled acknowledgements reduce collision overhead compared to a scheme that employs CSMA-determined ACK responses.
FIG. 14A is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a structure used for conveyance of scheduled or slotted start time within an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)/multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) frame as media access control (MAC) frames. The time slotted acknowledgement information is contained in MAC Headers that are part of the OFDMA/MU-MIMO transmission. Multiple MAC frames exist according to MU-MIMO and OFDMA dimensions of the transmission. Each MAC frame has information unique and specific to the receivers applicable for those dimensions.
With such structure: AID=STA identifier (e.g. 11-bit association identifier AID); Sack_end=STA scheduled acknowledgement slot end time, first start time begins at end of OFDMA/MU-MIMO packet reception; and Sack_clusters=Scheduled acknowledgement cluster assignment, e.g. set of clusters for acknowledgement, and the duration of the acknowledgement time slot is previous Sack_end time to this Sack_end time. The SAC field can occur in multiple MAC frames within the OFDMA/MU-MIMO frame, e.g., zero or once or multiple times for any given RA.
FIG. 14B is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a structure used for indicating multiple SACK fields in one MAC frame. This is another diagram illustrating a structure used for conveyance of slotted start time within an OFDMA/MU-MIMO frame as MAC frames. The structure of FIG. 14B is similar to that of FIG. 14A. With the structure of FIG. 14B, the SACK field may occur multiple times within a single frame, e.g., if multiple recipients are sent frames sequentially within a single cluster. In such case, the MAC header field (e.g., NSACK) indicates the number of SACK fields that will appear and each SACK field needs to be accompanied by an AID or 48-bit MAC address. In such case, each SID contains an AID or 48-bit address. The SACK field structure previously described may be employed and the SID+SACK may be repeated NSACK times.
FIG. 14C is a diagram illustrating an alternative embodiment of a structure used for indicating multiple SACK fields in one MAC frame. With the structure of FIG. 14C, the SAC can occur as an independent MAC frame, which contains mostly only the SACK field—that is, no MAC payload as in the case of an IEEE 802.11 control type frame.
FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a structure used for the conveyance of start time within an OFDMA/MU-MIMO frame as a PHY Header extension. The acknowledgement information is contained in multiple PHY Header extension fields that exist for OFDMA and MU-MIMO dimensions. Multiple PHY Header extension fields exist according to MU-MIMO and OFDMA dimensions of the transmission. Each MAC frame has information unique and specific to the receivers applicable for those dimensions.
With such structure: AID=STA identifier (e.g. 11-bit association identifier AID); Sack_end=STA scheduled acknowledgement slot end time, first start time begins at end of OFDMA/MU-MIMO packet reception; and Sack_clusters=Scheduled acknowledgement cluster assignment, e.g. set of clusters for acknowledgement, and the duration of the acknowledgement time slot is previous Sack_end time to this Sack_end time.
FIG. 16A is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a frame format that may be used in conjunction with a wireless communication device such as a WLAN device. Packet construction in accordance with the various principles presented herein, generally speaking, may include a preamble, a signal field, and a payload. Again, generally, the preamble is used for carrier acquisition, synchronization, channel estimation, etc. The signal field is used to communicate frame specific parameters (e.g., coding rate, frame length, etc.) to a receiving device. The payload is the data portion of the packet.
A frame format may be modified based on a number of parameters, including, dependence upon the presence of other wireless communication devices in a communication system. In some instances, a communication may include various types of wireless communication devices having different respective capability sets (e.g., legacy devices, newer devices, mixed mode devices, etc.).
For example, with some embodiments, in the 5 GHz spectrum, legacy devices may include those being compliant in accordance with IEEE 802.11(a) and IEEE 802.11(n). Legacy devices must be able to recognize a packet has been transmitted and remain off the air for the duration of the packet (i.e., remain off of the communication channel or communication medium giving access to other communication devices). Thus, packets formed in accordance with the various aspects presented herein may include certain portions therein that are compliant with legacy or prior standards, recommended practices, etc. As one example, a new packet may include a legacy preamble and a signal field along with a new, modified version of a payload. With such a novel packet structure, a legacy device will still be able to recognize the legacy preamble and decode the legacy signal field. The legacy signal field contains information that tells the legacy devices how long the packet will be on the air (i.e., occupy or be using the communication channel or communication medium). The legacy signal field does not contain IEEE 802.11 ac specific parameters (that is done in the IEEE 802.11 ac signal field).
A packet having a particular type of frame format, such as a Greenfield packet (non legacy supporting), may be used when only new version devices are present (e.g., no legacy or prior devices having compatibility with previous standards and/or recommended practices). Such a packet structure (Greenfield) need not include a legacy compatible preamble or a legacy compatible signal field, since no such devices are present. The Greenfield packet may have a shorter preamble and a signal field that yields a higher throughput.
Referring particularly to FIG. 16A, various packet structures are illustrated as being compliant with various IEEE 802.11x standards (e.g., where x is a, n, ac, respectively). An IEEE 802.11a packet is shown including a legacy short training field (L-STF), a legacy long training field (L-LTF), a legacy signal field (L-SIG), followed by a data field.
An IEEE 802.11n mixed mode packet is shown including a legacy short training field (L-STF), a legacy long training field (L-LTF), a legacy signal field (L-SIG), a high throughput signal field (HT-SIG), multiple high throughput long training fields (HT-LTF), followed by a data field.
An IEEE 802.11ac mixed mode packet is shown including a legacy short training field (L-STF), a legacy long training field (L-LTF), a legacy signal field (L-SIG), a high throughput signal field (HT-SIG), a very high throughput signal field (VHT-SIG), a very high throughput short training field (VHT-STF), a very high throughput long training field (VHT-LTF), followed by a data field.
As may be seen when comparing the various types of packets, the IEEE 802.11ac mixed mode packet does have some similarity with respect to the IEEE 802.11n mixed mode packet, as shown by a legacy portion (e.g., similar to the IEEE 802.11n mixed mode packet and having some similarity to the IEEE 802.11a packet) and an IEEE 802.11ac portion including the very high throughput portions.
The IEEE 802.11ac packet includes the IEEE 802.11a preamble and signal field for detection by devices compliant with and operable with IEEE 802.11a. Such a packet may have set of fixed rate information of 6 Mbps and a corresponding length based on its respective time on the air (i.e., time being transmitted via the communication channel or communication medium). The IEEE 802.11ac mixed mode packet is limited to the time on the air (channel/medium) corresponding to the maximum size of an IEEE 802.11a packet.
The IEEE 802.11ac mixed mode packet includes the IEEE 802.11n preamble and signal field for detection by devices compliant with and operable with IEEE 802.11n. When using the structure that is compatible with devices compliant with and operable with IEEE 802.11n, the rate is set to modulation code set (MCS) 0, regular Guard interval (GI), no space time block coding (STBC), and a corresponding length based on time on air (channel/medium). The HT-SIG cyclic redundancy check (CRC) must be valid so that HT device accepts the signal field and defers the medium (i.e., does not occupy the channel/air. This structure includes the VHT-SIG field shown as being immediately after the HT-SIG field. The VHT-SIG field is 90 degrees rotated with respect to HT-STF field to allow for better discrimination between the two respective fields. Other rotations (e.g., besides only 90 degrees) are alternatively and also possible to assist in such discrimination as preferred in other embodiments. As such, the probability of considering the HT-SIG field and thereby treating a VHT mixed mode frame as in fact being a valid HT frame should be relatively small. This problem typically occurs when an HT device finds its MAC address and the frame check sequence (FCS) passes in its decoding of an IEEE 802.11ac mixed mode frame. The VHT short training field (VHT-STF), VHT long training field (VHT-LTF), and payload data portion all follow VHT-SIG field in the 802.11ac mixed mode packet.
FIG. 16B is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a Greenfield frame format that may be used in conjunction with a wireless communication device such as a WLAN device. Again, the IEEE 802.11ac Greenfield frame format is used when compatibility with 802.11a and 802.11n devices is not required (e.g., legacy type devices are currently not present in the communication system). With the Greenfield frame format, the lack of an IEEE 802.11a,n preamble and signal field yields higher throughput. The novel format of a Greenfield frame has some similarities to an IEEE 802.11n Greenfield frame, but it also contains VHT-SIG field and allows for features not present or available in accordance with IEEE 802.11n operation. The novel Greenfield frame format of this diagram provides increased transmitter bandwidth and possibly additional VHT-LTFs for transmission beyond four space-time MIMO streams (e.g., when using more than four space-time MIMO streams).
The Greenfield frame may include Cyclic Shift Diversity (CSD). Also, the IEEE 802.11ac mixed mode packet of FIG. 16A may also employ CSD. With such structure of Cyclic Shift Diversity, a signal coupled to an antenna is cyclically shifted relative to signals coupled via the other antennas. Among other benefits that this may provide, unintentional beamforming may be prevented. The value of the cyclic shift on each antenna may be determined by simulation. The non-VHT portion of the IEEE 802.11 ac mixed-mode frame begins from the start of frame up to and including the VHT-SIG field, which makes the frame capable of handling more than four space-time MIMO streams. The VHT portion of the IEEE 802.11ac mixed-mode frame resides from the start of VHT-STF to end of DATA field. Different cyclic shift values from the non-VHT portion may be employed; such the shift values may be determined off-line, based upon simulations, etc. The novel IEEE 802.11ac Greenfield frame has cyclic shift values that may be the same as the IEEE 802.11ac mixed-mode frame of the prior diagram.
Some or more tones of OFDM symbols employed in communications compliant in accordance with OFDM and/or OFDMA, whether single receiver or multiple receiver intended, may undergo phase shifts to reduce the Peak-to-Average-Power-Ratio (PAPR) of the respective transmissions. In such case, the amount of phase shift may be a function of channel width. For example, for a 20 MHz channel, all tones may be transmitted without phase shift. For a 40 MHz channel, the upper 20 MHz tones may be rotated 90 degrees, as is the case with 802.11n transmissions. For an 80 MHz channel, each set of 20 MHz tones may be rotated 90 degrees with respect to adjacent set of 20 MHz tones. For example, the lowest 20 MHz tones (Cluster 1) may have a 0 degrees phase shift, the next lowest 20 MHz tones (Cluster 2) may have a +90 degrees phase shift with respect to cluster 1, Cluster 3 (next 20 MHz tones) may have +90 degrees phase shift with respect to Cluster 2 (180 degrees with respect to Cluster 1), and Cluster 4 (next 20 MHz tones) may have a +90 degrees phase shift with respect to Cluster 3 (+270 degrees with respect to Cluster 1). Other phase shift values may be possible that reduce PAPR as may be desired within alternative embodiments.
FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a transmitter structure that may be implemented within a wireless communication device, such as a WLAN device, in accordance with adaptively and selectively framing data to be transmitted to at least one additional wireless communication device. This diagram shows an embodiment for supporting supports multi-access, Multi-Channel (MC), Multi-User (MU), and multiple input multiple output (MIMO). Such architecture may be employed for MU-MIMO and/or OFDMA communications (including OFDM communications).
The various functional blocks of this diagram are allocated across multiple users, which operates to, among other things, minimize constraints on per user resources. The architecture supports continuous and discontinuous bandwidth to single or multiple users. The multiplicity of blocks within the system varies based on functionality. Generally, a separate scrambler and encoder are allocated for each user (receiving device). As mentioned with respect to other embodiments herein, the various encoders need not all employ an identical code (e.g., different encoders may employ different ECCs, etc.).
The cluster parser allocates the encoded bits (e.g., encoded data that are output from the respective one or more encoders) to each interleaver and mapper for each spatial stream and each respective frequency cluster. The reader is reminded of the relationships of clusters as employed herein that correspond to one or more channels within one of more bands within one or more portions of the used frequency spectrum.
The STBC block converts the spatial streams into space-time streams. The structure allows for separately and independently selectable cyclic shift diversity (CSD) for each respective space-time stream. The spatial/frequency mapper allocates the space-time streams to the respective transmit (TX) chains. Separate inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) blocks, guard interval (GI) insertion, windowing, and analog/RF blocks are allocated for each respective TX chain. The blocks of this diagram can be mixed and matched across the various users to provide a very flexible system.
This architecture structure provides a wide range of bandwidth and spatial configurations, and can handle both continuous and non-continuous clusters, and supports Multi-Channel (MC), MU, MIMO, and/or combinations thereof. It is also noted that, generally speaking, a Multi Channel (MC) can be regarded as OFDMA where an OFDMA “cluster” may be referred to regarded here as “Channel” (e.g., a channel or cluster employed for OFDMA communications).
Using such an architecture, the number of spatial steams and clusters can be tailored easily thereby allowing for a very configurable device (e.g., the architecture of which may be viewed as being a reconfigurable channel circuitry or the various blocks within such an architecture may be viewed as being coupled to and governed by a reconfigurable channel circuitry). In other words, the entire architecture itself of such an embodiment may be viewed as being a reconfigurable channel circuitry; the respective TX chains in this diagram may corporately be viewed as being a reconfigurable channel circuitry. Alternatively, the respective TX chains may be governed by and controlled by a separate reconfigurable channel circuitry (such as shown near the bottom of the diagram).
Though the number of various configurations by which such architecture may be configured in accordance with various operational parameters [e.g., cluster assignment (e.g., channel and/or band), antenna configuration, and one or more users with which communications are to be supported] is extremely large, some examples of possible configurations, for illustration for the reader, may include:

    
    
        One user with 4 spatial streams (MIMO);
        two (2) users, with 3 spatial streams transmitted to a first user and one spatial stream to second (MU-MIMO);
        Two users, with 2 spatial streams transmitted to each (MU-MIMO);
        Single user on 4 different channels that are widely separated in frequency (separate interleaver and mapper per each channel) (MC);
        Two users on 2 different channels (one channel each) that are widely/closely separated in frequency each with 2 spatial streams (MC, MIMO);
        Four users on 4 different channels (one channel each) that are widely/closely separated in frequency each with 1 spatial stream (MC);
        Two users, one user on two different channels with 1 spatial stream on each channel and second user on a single channel with 2 spatial streams (MC, MIMO); and
        Three users, one user on one channel with 1 spatial stream while second and third user on a single channel with 1 and 2 spatial streams, respectively (MC, MU, MIMO), for example.
    
    


Basically, any of a very wide variety of combinations of MIMO, Multi-User and Multi-Channel, and/or other operational parameters can be supported in this configuration (being limited only by the number of configurable TX paths available and/or the number of respective blocks therein).
This architecture provides similar flexibility in allocating space-time streams and TX Chains. The number of supported configurations is limited only by the total number of space-time streams (or TX chains, respectively). The structure allows many different STBC modes, spatial mappings, and cluster (channel) assignments/configurations, etc.
FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a radio transmit chain that may be implemented within a wireless communication device such as a WLAN device. Of course, while this diagram shows only one radio transmit chain, certain embodiments may include multiple radio transmit chains to support multiple streams.
Referring again to the diagram, each radio is specified by a carrier frequency (fC) and Low Pass Filter (LPF) bandwidth. Each radio can be tuned and adjusted independently to a different respective Carrier Frequency (fC). Also, the bandwidth of each radio's LPF may be adjusted independently as well. In accordance with such adjustable flexibility, such operation defines some of the Multi-Channel aspects of such a configurable system. If desired in particular embodiments, each respective radio can be tuned to a common or same Carrier Frequency (fC) to support a Multi-User or MIMO operations in accordance with such a configurable system.
In another embodiment, each respective radio can be tuned to a different respective Carrier Frequency (fC) to support a flexible, mixed, Multi-User, MIMO, Multi-Channel System. Here, as with respect to other embodiments, continuous or discontinuous clusters (e.g., channel, band, and/or frequency combinations) may be employed for the various communications.
The structure can be implemented to support a LPF bandwidth being a multiple of a given cluster size (e.g., consider a cluster composed of a 20 MHz channel, such as may be employed in accordance with VHT). The one or more gain stages on each respective radio chain can be adjusted independently as well. For example, the gain may be adjusted according to the power constraints associated with each respective radio's Carrier Frequency (fC). The structure allows simultaneous transmission across multiple regulatory classes.
These adjustable and reconfigurable concepts may be applied both separately and independently with respect to both the Uplink and Downlink directions. Of course, both of the Uplink and Downlink directions may alternatively, be adjusted in synchronization with respect to each other. The transceiver can be configured differently depending on the type of packets being employed at a given time or in a given implementation (e.g., DATA, acknowledgement (ACK), legacy, TGac, etc.). For example, the configuration associated with Multi-Channel (MC) or Multi-User (MU) may be suitable for ACK transmission/reception. In other words, certain of the configurations may be suitable for more than one type of operation.
The structure also supports flexible fast Fourier transform (FFT) sizes. A relatively narrowband FFT can be obtained by selecting appropriate points of a wideband FFT, and a wideband FFT can be obtained by combining narrowband FFTs (which may possibly be phase shifted).
FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating embodiments of various bandwidth allocations that may be implemented within a wireless communication device such as a WLAN device. As may be seen, the multiple user examples of this diagram may include various clusters in discontinuous bandwidth and/or continuous bandwidth implementations.
It is of course noted that there are numerous combinations of cluster assignment that may be employed in accordance with various aspects of the invention, and this diagram does not show an exhaustive list of various options.
As may be understood with respect to other embodiments disclosed herein, a communication may include various types of wireless communication devices having different respective capability sets (e.g., legacy devices, newer devices, mixed mode devices, etc.). Generally, there may be a mixture of older, legacy wireless communication devices and newer wireless communication devices that all operate within a common frequency spectrum. For one example, older legacy wireless communication devices (e.g., those operating using 20 MHz TGa and 20/40 MHz TGn) may be mixed with newer wireless communication devices (e.g., those operating using TGac, Very High Transmission “VHT”) in the 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum within a particular region. VHT devices may be capable of using 20/40/80 MHz signal bandwidth and/or multiples of 20 MHz or 40 MHz.
A single VHT access point (AP) (possibly being a multi-channel capable AP) may serve a mix of different devices (e.g., legacy and newer wireless communication devices). In some embodiments, the legacy devices may be pooled together to be served at the same time instance, sharing multiple channels available.
In other embodiments, newer TGac devices may be pooled together to be served at another time instance, sharing multiple channels available. This may be viewed as being a time-divided manner of operation in which different groups of wireless communication devices (the members within each group having similar capability) are serviced at different times. For simplicity, in some implementations, newer TGac devices that support MU-MIMO functionality may be pooled together that use a same channel or set of channels (bandwidth).
Alternatively, in even other embodiments, legacy and newer TGac devices may be served at the same time such that a mix of wireless communication devices operate by sharing multiple channels that are available. This concurrent operation may require a higher level of coordination among the various wireless communication devices and may also require some mixed packet types (e.g., modified headers for coordinating such concurrent operation). If desired, legacy wireless communication devices may use a lower set of channels, and the newer TGac wireless communication devices may use higher set of channels in accordance with division of available and used channels.
Of course, depending on the considerations of a particular implementation or application context, other combinations of pooling, mixing or separation (in time or frequency) of devices may be preferable (e.g., for some complexity and/or performance reasons/considerations).
Devices may be able to exploit the following dimensions (subset or combinations or possibly all): Single user (SU), Multi-User (MU), Multi-Channel (MC, may be continuous or discontinuous channels), and MIMO.
In communication systems operating in accordance with TGac or other newer standards and/or recommended practices, channel switching (frequency channel allocation, global channel selection) may be expected to happen on a relatively longer term basis when compared to prior standards and/or recommended practices. As described elsewhere, newer TGac (VHT) devices may be mixed with legacy TGa and TGn devices. Legacy and TGac devices may be pooled separately and served at different times. Legacy and TGac devices may be mixed in time and frequency. For an efficient channel allocation of a mix of devices, it may be desirable to know the channel conditions (statistics) for each of the respective wireless communication devices within the communication system.
Each wireless communication device within the communication system (e.g., one or more APs and/or one or more STAs) may collect statistics in terms of current and neighboring channel occupancy, signal to interference noise ratio (SINR), delay, jitter, throughput, etc. for their respective communication channels. These could be main operating channel statistics but also for neighboring/surrounding channels. This information may be exchanged between the wireless communication devices (APs, STAs). Further, the information could be exchanged between neighboring devices for intelligent channel selection. The channel statistics may be collected at an AP or over multiple APs (e.g., having some overlapping service areas) where channel allocation decisions may be determined.
Each STA collects long term statistics on each channel and reports the results to AP(s) or other STAs. Reporting may be done as a part of a separate feedback communication to the AP (e.g., such as in accordance with an ACK frame), or it may otherwise be included with uplink data. Other IEEE 802.11 mechanisms may be also used that allow exchange between the devices (e.g., 0.11 k measurements, TGz, Direct Link Setup (DLS), etc.). Further, an IP network may be used for information exchange, e.g., backbone network between APs. The channel allocation(s) may be determined independently for each service area with a corresponding AP. Channel allocation may also be coordinated between different service areas (e.g., as various APs exchange information).
Devices that support narrower bandwidth and legacy or narrow/wide bandwidth TGac devices, may switch channels in order to collect statistics for them (may be over a wide channel range, i.e. many channels). In some embodiments, the AP collects channel statistics and may relay information to other APs and/or STAs. As described above, a STA may collect channel statistics when asked by an AP, when asked by another STA, or may be based upon some other data collection requirements.
In some embodiments, the AP may determine one or more channels for which statistics are to be collected. The AP may relay information to a particular STA for which channels statistics should be collected. The STA collects the information (e.g., in accordance with such instructions as provided by the AP) and relays such information back to one or more APs and/or one or more other STAs.
In situations where the STA sends information to one or more APs and/or STAs, this may be performed after every hop, with aggregated information, only if channel statistics changes are encountered, on a scheduled basis, or upon some other event/time as desired in a particular embodiment.
In situations where the STA collects channel statistics independently (e.g., without AP direction) and/or occasionally, the STA can hop to a certain channel and/or among different channels at some rate. If desired, such rates can be based upon possible coordination with AP. The STA may send information to AP/STA in accordance with any of a number of options including: after every hop, with aggregated information, and/or only if channel statistics changes are encountered.
In some implementations, SNR/SINR/throughput/etc. values may be useful or alternatively, required. With some implementations, a signal may be sent from AP to a device (STA). Such information within such a signal may include any one or more of: channel estimation field, a sounding packet (e.g., sounding frame for use in channel estimation/characterization), or regular data packet. This information may be performed on multiple channels. Such multiple channel operation may be performed using AP and/or STA coordination. Channel hopping may be required when operating using multiple channels.
FIG. 20, FIG. 21, and FIG. 22 illustrate various embodiments of method for operating one or more wireless communication devices.
Referring to FIG. 20, the method 2000 operates an AP for directing serviced STAs to collect channel statistics, as shown in a block 2002. Parameters relating to collected channel statistics may include channel bandwidth, center frequencies of channels (fc), times at which such collection is to be performed, times for reporting such collected channel statistics, and/or other parameters, etc. Directions to collect channel statistics may also be sent from one AP to another AP. Further, one STA may direct another STA to collect channel statistics. Of course, as mentioned above, the AP may direct the operation to be performed by the STAs.
Operation of the method 2000 may then include the AP polling one or more STAs or one or more other APs to report their respective collected channel statistics, as shown in a block 2004. The AP then receives the channel statistics from the STAs and/or the other APs, as shown in a block 2006. The AP then allocates channels/OFDMA space/MIMO space to STAs based upon the collected channel statistics and the capabilities of the serviced STAs/other APs, as shown in a block 2008. It is noted that other STAs/APs may be legacy devices that are not capable of OFDMA operations or MU-MIMO operations.
Referring to FIG. 21, the method 2100 shows an embodiment by which a station (STA) may operate for performing channel data gathering and reporting operations. Operation commences with the STAs receiving directions from an AP or other STA to collect channel statistics, as shown in a block 2102. These directions may include sub-directions to collect channel statistics for certain signal channel bands, certain center frequencies, times for collection, times for reporting, etc., which the STA implements for data collection operations. The STA then collects the channel statistics based upon the directions received from the AP or other STA, as shown in a block 2104. The STA may then receive a poll from an AP or other STA to report the channel statistics, as shown in a block 2106. The STA then reports the channel statistics to the AP or other STA, as shown in a block 2108. The AP is then allocated channel(s) with operational parameters based upon the reported channel conditions/statistics as well as upon the capabilities of the STA, as shown in a block 2110.
Referring to FIG. 22, the method 2200 shows an embodiment by which each of a station (STA) and an access point (AP) operate in coordination with one another for performing channel data gathering and reporting operations. In other words, either one or both of the STA and AP can perform the various operations of the method 2200.
As shown in a block 2202, the method 2200 operates such that at least one of an AP and a STA determines when to sample the communication channel. Then, the method 2200 operates by at least one of the AP and the STA performs actual estimation of the communication channel, as shown in a block 2204, and then, based upon the channel estimation, determines the appropriate filter settings to be used for the communication channel, as shown in a block 2206. Once those appropriate filter settings are determined, then the method 2200 operates by having the at least one of the AP and the STA to apply those appropriate filter settings to perform channel equalization, as shown in a block 2208. A linear channel equalizer may be employed to perform such equalization operations.
With respect to transmissions of sounding feedback signals in accordance with any of the aspects presented herein, such sounding feedback signals may be provided back to a transmitting wireless communication device in accordance with analogous manner by which ACKs may be provided back to a transmitting wireless communication device (e.g., scheduled, ordered, slotted, polled, various combinations, etc.).
FIG. 23A is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a signal timing diagram illustrating a MU-MIMO/OFDMA sequence without training exchange. With the embodiment of FIG. 23A, the MU-MIMO/OFDMA frame is transmitted by the transmitter without being preceded by any training of the communication channel. Each MU-MIMO/OFDMA receiver receives the frame and reports a (successful) receipt of the transmission via an ACK (Acknowledgement) frame. In this embodiment, four receiving wireless communication devices receive the MU-MIMO/OFDMA frame, and as such, four ACKs are shown.
FIG. 23B is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a signal timing diagram illustrating a MU-MIMO/OFDMA sequence with a training exchange. With the embodiment of FIG. 23B, a multi-cast sounding frame is transmitted with an AID/time list of the particular recipients that are to respond with feedback (for use in training and characterization of the communication channel). The multi-cast sounding frame can be sent as a MU-MIMO/OFDMA combination frame, which provides sounding on multiple clusters or cluster combinations. Feedback frames are transmitted in sequence according to AID/time list as indicated and directed by the multi-cast sounding frame. Next, a MU-MIMO/OFDMA frame is transmitted and acknowledgements to the MU-MIMO/OFDMA frame are transmitted by the receiving devices.
Each of the MU-MIMO/OFDMA recipients transmits a respective feedback frame in the same manner as is prescribed for the ACK frames. It is noted that any MU-MIMO/OFDMA recipients receiving the sounding frame, but not being given a feedback scheduled time, may calculate feedback anyway. Feedback may be requested for the complete AID list of MU-MIMO/OFDMA recipients. Feedback may be requested only for only one of the MU-MIMO/OFDMA recipients or a subset of MU-MIMO/OFDMA recipients on the AID list for any given “feedback window”. A STA (receiving device) with no AID in the transmitted list does not respond. A subset of the MU-MIMO/OFDMA recipients may be signaled in a separate MU-MIMO/OFDMA frame that is used for normal MU-MIMO/OFDMA data or other MU-MIMO/OFDMA purposes, i.e. AID/time list can be placed into non-sounding frame to request feedback from a previously received multi-cast sounding frame. A subset may be determined based on the received SINR/MCS, traffic, QoS, existing queue, etc. Such operations are useful, for example, for controlling power consumption at power-sensitive MU-MIMO/OFDMA recipients.
In certain modulations, the MU-MIMO/OFDMA transmitting wireless communication device (e.g., the AP) does not have to wait for the feedback information from all of the MU-MIMO/OFDMA recipients to initiate the MU-MIMO/OFDMA transmission(s). The MU-MIMO/OFDMA transmitting wireless communication device (e.g., the AP) may interrupt the feedback information, if desired, and may then start a MU-MIMO/OFDMA transmission to multiple MU-MIMO/OFDMA recipients based on both previously received information and the latest information. In this instance, the MU-MIMO/OFDMA transmitting wireless communication device (e.g., the AP) interrupts the feedback sequence by transmitting ahead of a next expected feedback transmission. The interrupting transmission may cancel any pending feedback—those STAs wait for new AID list to send feedback, or they can send feedback in their own TXOP. Thus, the training/feedback can be done before the start of the scheduled transmission.
FIG. 24 is a signal timing diagram illustrating a MU-MIMO/OFDMA sequence with a feedback exchange. This diagram illustrates the transmission of a multi-cast (MCAST) sounding frame that contains an AID list from the MU-MIMO/OFDMA transmitter to a plurality of receiving wireless communication devices (e.g., STAs). With the embodiment of FIG. 24, the multi-cast sounding frame is transmitted only once to the various receiving wireless communication devices.
FIG. 25A is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a signal timing diagram illustrating a MU-MIMO/OFDMA sequence with a feedback exchange being interrupted. With the embodiment of this diagram, the multi-cast sounding frame is transmitted only once to the various receiving wireless communication devices. However, in this embodiment, feedback from recipient devices 0-4 is received prior to transmission of a MU-MIMO/OFDMA sequence that contains an ACK AID list. Then, after transmission of the MU-MIMO/OFDMA sequence, ACKs from the recipient devices 0-7 is received.
FIG. 25B is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a signal timing diagram illustrating a MU-MIMO/OFDMA sequence with a feedback exchange being interrupted and then continued after interruption. With this embodiment, the sounding frame transmitter can request feedback to be provided in different times. With the embodiment of this diagram, the multi-cast sounding frame is transmitted only once to the various receiving wireless communication devices. In this embodiment, feedback from recipient devices 0-4 is received prior to transmission of a MU-MIMO/OFDMA sequence that contains an ACK AID list. Then, after transmission of the MU-MIMO/OFDMA sequence, ACKs from the recipient devices 0-4 is received and combine feedback along with ACKs are received from the recipient devices 5-7. This embodiment illustrates interrupting the feedback sequence (from at least some of the recipients) by allowing enough time within the ACK window for both an ACK and the feedback (of the sounding frame) for at least some of the recipient devices.
FIG. 26A is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a signal timing diagram illustrating a MU-MIMO/OFDMA sequence with a feedback exchange being interrupted and then continued with delayed feedback after interruption. Within this embodiment, the feedback based upon the original request (e.g., the originally transmitted multi-cast sounding frame) can be delivered at the convenience of the responding devices, e.g., later in a TXOP operation. For example, this diagram shows that recipients 6 and 5 each provide their respective feedback signals at times being very different from the feedback from recipient devices 0-4 (that is received prior to transmission of a MU-MIMO/OFDMA sequence).
FIG. 26B is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a signal timing diagram illustrating a MU-MIMO/OFDMA sequence with a feedback exchange being interrupted and then continued with delayed feedback that is aggregated with data after interruption. Within this embodiment, feedback to the sounding frame from the original request can be delivered in an aggregated format such that the feedback is aggregated with data in a later TXOP operation. Each of the recipients 6 and 7 provide not only respective feedback signals but also includes a respective data portion therewith. In other words, a receptive feedback signal may accompanied with or aggregated with data that is transmitted from one of the recipient devices to the transmitting wireless communication device (e.g., AP).
With the embodiment of FIG. 26B (and also within other embodiments), the MU-MIMO/OFDMA transmitter can relay received feedback (e.g., as V matrices) to other MU-MIMO/OFDMA recipients as well to allow them to cancel cross talk (interference). A supplied transmit vector (TXV) may be used to increase SINR (signal to interference noise ration) at a receiver. The feedback relay may be accomplished through various means. For example, a directed transmission(s) may be sent using management frames that contain only this information. The MU-MIMO/OFDMA transmitter knows which destination or recipient devices to target in a single MU-MIMO transmission, and therefore, in cases that TXV is provided to the destination or recipient devices, it can send only the needed TXV values to the specific targeted destinations or recipient devices.
For example, if STA1 and STA2 will be paired in a MU-MIMO transmission, the transmitter sends the TXV for STA1 to STA2 and sends the TXV for STA2 to STA1, but it is not necessary to send the TXV for STA1 to STA3 if there will not be a MU-MIMO transmission to the pair STA1 and STA3. Alternately, the feedback may be returned in aggregate transmissions, e.g. management frames with relayed feedback aggregated with data frames. The feedback relay may also be accomplished by multicast transmissions.
The V matrix can be aggregated in data frames—preferably first in the aggregate. The MU-MIMO/OFDMA transmitter includes an indication of the fact that a frame is MU-MIMO/OFDMA by setting a bit in PHY header and then including appropriate TXV values in the frame. Alternately, this operation may be accomplished by providing AID values in PHY header (or at front of aggregate) that indicate which other MU-MIMO/OFDMA recipients are MU-MIMO/OFDMA targets. In such case, the MU-MIMO/OFDMA recipient uses AID values provided to locate locally stored TXV that was delivered previously and retrieves locally stored TXV values to cancel crosstalk and increase SINR of a current reception.
The MU-MIMO/OFDMA recipients may send sounding request(s) to MU-MIMO/OFDMA transmitter in order to re-sound the channel. The beamformee receives beamformed frames and therefore has a good vantage point to determine if a beamforming vector is no longer as effective (e.g., beamformee might have better knowledge of the right time to refresh the transmit vector TXV). A request is accommodated through a request bit in any transmitted frame from the beamformee to the beamformer. The beamformer then responds with a sounding communication, which may be a sounding frame directed to only the requestor or may be a sounding frame that is directed to multiple users.
With respect to sounding frames various candidates exist for formation of a PHY header. According to one aspect of the present invention a generic frame structure may be employed that is similar to a data frame. With this structure a non-sounding bit (or sounding bit) may be employed to distinguish the structure from a data carrying structure. With MU-MIMO, the sounding frame must include a GroupID assignment to indicate for which STAs the sounding frame is intended. Certain embodiments (e.g., IEEE 802.11n) may use a sounding frame that includes an announcement frame and an NDP (Greenfield) structure. Further, other embodiments may include staggered sounding frames, which inform the number of additional VHT-LTFs to be expected over the actual number of time-space frames. These embodiments may be used for MU-MIMO.
Referring back again to FIG. 28B, a sounding/management frame constructed according to one or more embodiments or aspects of the present invention may be transmitted with a GroupID/AID list of recipients that are to respond to the AP with feedback signals. Such structure may be viewed as a management action frame without traffic data. Sounding feedback signals (frames) may be transmitted in sequence according to the order of AID list in the sounding frame. If the AP does not receive a sounding feedback signal (frame) from a certain STA in time, the MU-MIMO transmission may start with corresponding Nsts—k=0 in VHT-SIGA. The MU-MIMO frame is then transmitted by the AP and acknowledgements to the MU-MIMO frame are transmitted by the STAs.
FIG. 27, FIG. 28, FIG. 29A, FIG. 29B, FIG. 30, FIG. 31A, and FIG. 31B illustrate various embodiments of method for operating one or more wireless communication devices.
Referring to method 2700 of FIG. 27, within a wireless communication device (e.g., a transmitting wireless communication device such as an AP), the method 2700 begins by generating a multi-cast sounding frame, as shown in a block 2710. The method 2700 continues by operating at least one antenna for transmitting the multi-cast sounding frame to other wireless communication devices, as shown in a block 2720. Then, in response to the multi-cast sounding frame, method 2700 then operates by receiving sounding feedback signals (scheduled, polled, aggregated, etc.) from the other wireless communication devices or from a first subset thereof, as shown in a block 2730. The method 2700 continues by generating a multi-user packet based on the feedback signals, as shown in a block 2740. The method 2700 then operates by operating the at least one antenna for transmitting the multi-user packet to all of the wireless communication devices, to the first subset, or to a second subset of the wireless communication devices, as shown in a block 2730.
It is noted that the various signals, frames, packets, etc. employed in this embodiment as well as other embodiments described herein may be of a variety of types including MU-MIMO, OFDMA, or combination MU-MIMO/OFDMA. Also, the manner in which the sounding feedback signals may be provided in different manners as well. For example, they may be explicitly scheduled as directed by the transmitting wireless communication device (e.g., AP). Polling, as described elsewhere herein, may be used to direct the manner in which the sounding feedback signals are sent back. Also, data may be aggregated with or combined with the sounding feedback signals that are sent back to the transmitting device.
Referring to method 2800 of FIG. 28, within a receiving wireless communication device, the method 2800 begins by receiving a multi-cast sounding frame from a transmitting wireless communication device, as shown in a block 2810. The method 2800 continues by determining if multi-cast sounding frame is intended for the receiving wireless communication device (e.g., by analyzing the GroupID therein to determined if the receiving wireless communication device is included within the list), as shown in a block 2820.
If it is not intended for this wireless communication device, as determined by a decision block 2820, the method 2800 then operates by discarding the multi-cast sounding frame or calculating the feedback, as shown in a block 2860. In some embodiments, the method 2800 may also operate (or alternatively operate) by calculating the feedback and storing it for later transmission(s), as shown in a block 2870. Alternatively, if the multi-cast sounding frame is intended for the receiving wireless communication device, then based on at least one instruction within the multi-cast sounding frame, the method 2800 then operates by transmitting a feedback signal to the transmitting wireless communication device, as shown in a block 2840.
In some embodiments, the method 2800 also operates by aggregating data with the feedback signal, as shown in a block 2840.
Referring to method 2900 of FIG. 29A, the method 2900 begins by operating at least one antenna for transmitting a multi-cast sounding frame to other wireless communication devices, as shown in a block 2910. The method 2900 continues by receiving a first group of sounding feedback signals (scheduled, ordered, etc.) from a first subset of the other wireless communication devices in response to the multi-cast sounding frame, as shown in a block 2920. The method 2900 then operates by operating the at least one antenna for transmitting a multi-user packet to the wireless communication devices, as shown in a block 2930.
The method 2900 continues by receiving a second group of sounding feedback signals (scheduled) from a second subset of the other wireless communication devices, as shown in a block 2940. The method 2900 then operates by receiving acknowledgements (ACKs) from the other wireless communication devices or any subset thereof, as shown in a block 2950.
Referring to method 2901 of FIG. 29B, the method 2901 begins by operating at least one antenna for transmitting a multi-cast sounding frame to other wireless communication devices, as shown in a block 2911. The method 2901 then operates by receiving a first subset of sounding feedback signals (scheduled, ordered, etc.) from a first subset of the other wireless communication devices in response to the multi-cast sounding frame, as shown in a block 2921.
The method 2901 continues by operating the at least one antenna for transmitting a multi-user packet to the wireless communication devices, as shown in a block 2931. The method 2901 then operates by receiving a second subset of sounding feedback signals (scheduled) combined with acknowledgements (ACKs) from a second subset of the other wireless communication devices, as shown in a block 2941.
Referring to method 3000 of FIG. 30, the method 3000 begins by operating at least one antenna for transmitting a multi-cast sounding frame to other wireless communication devices, as shown in a block 3010. The method 3000 continues by receiving a first sounding feedback signal (scheduled) from a first of the wireless communication devices in response to the multi-cast sounding frame, as shown in a block 3020. In some embodiments, data may be aggregated with or combined with the first sounding feedback signal.
The method 3000 then operates by operating the at least one antenna for transmitting a multi-user packet to the wireless communication devices or subset thereof, as shown in a block 3030. The method 3000 continues by receiving acknowledgements (ACKs) from the other wireless communication devices or any subset thereof, as shown in a block 3040. In some embodiments, data may be aggregated with or combined with at least one of the ACKs sent back to the transmitting wireless communication device.
The method 3000 then operates by receiving a second sounding feedback signal (scheduled) from a second of the wireless communication devices, as shown in a block 3050. In certain embodiments, data may be aggregated with or combined with the first sounding feedback signal.
The method 3000 continues by transmitting an ACK to the first or second of the wireless communication devices in response to the first or the second sounding feedback signal, as shown in a block 3060. As with other embodiments, data may be aggregated with or combined with at least one of the ACKs sent back to the transmitting wireless communication device.
Referring to method 3100 of FIG. 31A, the method 3100 begins by operating antennae for transmitting a multi-cast sounding frame to other wireless communication devices on each of a plurality of clusters, as shown in a block 3110. The method 3100 continues by receiving a first sounding feedback signal (scheduled) from a first of the wireless communication devices via a first cluster, as shown in a block 3120. The method 3100 then operates by receiving a second sounding feedback signal (scheduled) from a second of the wireless communication devices via a second cluster, as shown in a block 3130.
Referring to method 3101 of FIG. 31B, the method 3101 begins by operating a first antenna for transmitting a multi-cast sounding frame to a first wireless communication device on a first cluster, as shown in a block 3111. The method 3101 then operates by operating a second antenna for transmitting the multi-cast sounding frame to a second wireless communication device on a second cluster, as shown in a block 3121.
The method 3101 continues by receiving a first sounding feedback signal (scheduled) from the first wireless communication device via the first or a third cluster, as shown in a block 3131. The method 3101 then operates by receiving a second sounding feedback signal (scheduled) from the second wireless communication device via the second or a fourth cluster, as shown in a block 3141.
FIG. 32 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of VHT-SIG A and VHT-SIG B fields used for sounding. With the structure of this diagram, a non-sounding bit is included in the VHT-SIG A field. When the non-sounding bit is set to 1, the packet is a SU/MU-MIMO DATA packet. Each recipient STA acknowledges it STA number by detecting a pre-assigned GroupID. If a pre-assigned group ID (NOTE: group ID, GroupID, Group ID, and/or their respective equivalents, may be used interchangeably herein) is not used, the GroupID=0 and only the first 3 bits of the Nsts field indicates the number of VHT-LTFs present in the structure.
When the non-sounding bit is set to 0 the packet is a sounding packet. For such operation, typically the GroupID=0 and the first 3 bits in the Nsts field indicates the number of VHT-LTFs to be sounded (other bits: b3-b8 can be used for some other feature). If the GroupID is non-zero (when the AP wants to reuse pre-assigned GroupID to sound STAs), all 9 bits in Nsts field are used. However, only Nsts_k for STA to be sounded are not zero and the number of VHT-LTFs=sum(Nsts-k).
From certain perspectives, the use of Group ID and group definition fields in accordance with the various aspects resented herein may be viewed as moving addressing information from the media access control (MAC) to the physical layer (PHY) addressing information. This way, the receiving wireless communication device is operative to determine (e.g., at the PHY level) if it is an intended receiving wireless communication device and also how it is to process a received transmission.
In accordance with the description herein, unresolvable LTFs may be encountered and have respective advantages (e.g., having a shorter preamble) and disadvantages. Some disadvantages may include being incompatible with high-performance multi-user (MU) downlink processing methods, being incompatible with certain antenna configurations, and in some instances, being incompatible with interference suppression.
The # LTF symbols=maxi(# spatial streams for user i). Each user can estimate HiQi reliably, assuming ∥HiQj∥=0. This assumption may not be applicable for all antenna configurations.
In other embodiments that include resolvable LTFs (e.g., the number of LTFs >=total # of streams), a mechanism is employed to identify which streams are for which user. In some of the illustrations, embodiments of up to 8 transmit antennae on a transmitting wireless communication device (e.g., AP) are used and up to 4 receiving wireless communication devices (e.g., 4 users or STAs) are employed for MU-MIMO communications. Of course, it is noted that other embodiments may alternatively include different numbers of users, different numbers of transmit antennae, etc. without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
FIG. 33 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of various group identification fields being transmitted to one or more receiving wireless communication devices. a group definition field (GDF) may be defined as a group ID (e.g., y bits, where y is an integer) is used to specify a group of n MU-MIMO users in a specified order. The group ID is defined by the transmitting wireless communication device (e.g., AP) and is communicated to the receiving wireless communication devices (e.g., STAs). The group ID may be transmitted within the body of a management frame that may take any of a variety of formats including MU-MIMO, OFDMA, MU-MIMO/OFDMA, etc.
For example, such a management frame may be a multi-cast sounding frame (e.g., as described elsewhere herein) or a non-sounding frame. In one embodiment, a management frame without sounding (non-sounding type) may be used to indicate an AID list (e.g., AID=STA identifier, such as an 11-bit association identifier AID) list for a Group ID without requesting channel measurement feedback frame (e.g., when the management frame transmitter already has channel state information (CSI). A group ID is modified or created by transmitting a group-definition-field. Until a subsequent group-definition-field is received, the last received group-definition-field is used to interpret and analyze any received group ID. In some instances where the Group ID may be overloaded, the transmitting wireless communication device (e.g., AP) may assign same Group ID to mutually exclusive sets of users. For example, a receiving wireless communication device can be a member of up to 2^y groups, where y is an integer.
The group definition field (GDF) may be defined as follows: n number of MU-MIMO users per group (n=4 for example). Also, several GDFs may be transmitted in one management or sounding frame (e.g., for specifying different groups of users, etc.). Another field within the transmission may be used to indicate how many GDFs are included in the management or sounding frame. Upon reception of GDF, each of the receiving wireless communication devices (e.g., STAs) knows its own respective number (STA number), such as from 1-4 in this embodiment) associated with group ID.
FIG. 34 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a multi-cast sounding frame being transmitted to multiple receiving wireless communication devices and the corresponding feedback frames. In each sounding packet of the illustrative embodiment, four AIDs are included in MAC header. Each AID represents MAC address to sound for MU-MIMO. Then, from this order, each destination STA knows the assigned number (e.g., 1 to 4). The multi-cast sounding packet includes the MAC addresses of recipients to sound (possible candidates for MU-MIMO). The order of AIDs (Associated ID) in the GDF in the PHY payload indicates the station number (e.g., 1 to 4). A feedback frame (e.g., sounding feedback signal) may be sent in the order of AIDs in the AID list in the GDF by a polling basis. The transmitting wireless communication device (e.g., AP) may choose the participating receiving wireless communication devices (e.g., STAs) for a MU-MIMO packet based on available downlink traffic and current channel state information for all the STAs.
FIG. 35 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of stream number indication within VHT-SIG A. VHT-SIG A tells the number of columns of Qk (i.e., the steering matrix for user k) in the order of assigned user number in the sounding frame. All STAs can listen to VHT-SIG A, so each participating user knows when to start its own steering matrix. The VHT-SIG A may also include following bits (called MU-MIMO bits).
When the MU indication bit=0, it is SU-MIMO and only the first field of 3 bits is meaningful. If the multi-cast sounding frame was never sent (i.e., open-loop), the first 3 bits (to represent 1 to 8) are used and all other fields above are ignored (or used for some other usage for SU).
If the STA k is not a part of MU-MIMO, corresponding 3 bits are set to 0. The number of columns of Qk for STA k will be stacked in the order of STA number. The group ID value of 0 may be used to ignore pre-assigned STA number, such that each recipient assumes it is STA1. It may be used with unresolvable LTFs if necessary.
For example with AP chooses STA2 and STA4 for MU-MIMO, each user has 2 streams, then 3 bits in “# of columns of Q for STA2” and “STA4” are set to 2 (i.e., Nsts2 =Nsts4=2, other Nss=0), and the steering matrix Q=[Q2(:,1) Q2(:,2) Q4(:,1) Q4(:,2)]. As another example with STA1 with 2 streams and STA3 with a single stream, Q=[Q1(:,1) Q1(:,2) Q3(:,1)] with Nsts1=2, Nsts3=1 and other Nss=0.
It is also noted that the MU-MIMO bits may be provided in a compressed format. For example, the number of MU-MIMO bits (e.g., 12 bits in total in this embodiment) by excluding certain cases that may not be supported (e.g., IEEE 802.11ac).
As one example, the MU-MIMO bits may be reduced from 12 bits down to 9 bits in total. With the columns of Qk of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 (8 choices), there may be unused cases that need not be represented (e.g., SU-MIMO, columns of Q>8, et. al.). By counting the meaningful cases only (even with 9 choices (0 to 8) for the column number of Qk), then 9 bits would be sufficient to cover all of these cases in such an instance. With 1 bit MU-MIMO indication and y=4 bits for Group ID, there would then be 14 bits MU-MIMO bits in total.
Additional savings may be achieved by not allowing arbitrary number of columns for Qk. For example, no more than 4 streams for each user may be considered when it is under MU-MIMO operation. For SU-MIMO, the first 8 elements in a look up table (LUT) (or some other memory storage means) of compressed format (3 bits) can be used to indicate the number of LTFs (1 to 8), and other 6 bits can be used for other usage. In one implementation, a LUT may be employed to represent all cases for a given application. The LUT operates as a means to control how subsequent received transmissions (e.g., MU-MIMO packets, etc.) are to be processed. This will ensure the proper information with respect to coding type, code rate, modulation types, etc. is known with respect to the portion of the received transmission that is intended for the receiving wireless communication device.
FIG. 36 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a novel preamble for use among multiple users. In this diagram, the different rows represent different users within the system, and VHT-SIG Bk is steered by sum_i(Qk(:,i)) over all columns for user k with a single stream information. In this diagram, M represents the total # of space-time streams. M′ represents the number of 2^n satisfying 2^(n−1)<M<=2^n where n=1, 2, 3.
Training seq. (M′×M′), where Xk is Nss_k×Nss_k diagonal matrix and where Nss_k is the number of streams for user k. When M′>M, the difference can be added diagonally. Also, in this diagram, the number of columns of the steering matrix for user k, Qk, is the same as the number of space-time streams for user k.
FIG. 37A is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of multiple very high throughput long training fields (VHT-LTFs) being sent in parallel. If desired in some embodiments, a common or same preamble structure may be used for the unresolvable case. For example, the group ID having a value of 0 may be used to ignore pre-assigned STA #, such that each recipient assumes it is STA1. An additional bit may be defined also (e.g., VHT-LTF Mode). The sounding/management identification may not be performed. In VHT-SIG A, only the number of Q matrix columns for STA1 is useful. In the uresolvable LTFs case, the total number of LTFs is based on the largest user Nsts. For example, if 2 users are present, one with Nsts=1 and second one with Nsts=2, then 2 VLTFs may be used. For the first user, the 1st column of the Q matrix is repeated, Q1(:,1)=Q1(:,2). For the second user, columns of the Q matrix are different, Q2=[(Q2(:,1) Q2(:,2)].
In the case of larger number of VLTFs, users with smaller Nsts may use a simple rule for repeating columns. This may be achieved firstly by assembling all different columns of Q matrix and then repeating the columns form the start and so on until the maximum number of columns is reached. Other simple ordering may alternatively be used (e.g., repeating adjacent columns). VLTFs corresponding to each user are sent in parallel thus reducing required number of VLTFs when compared to the resolvable VLTFs case.
With respect to the VHT-SIG b transmission, the VHT-SIG-Bk is steered by sum_i(Qk (:,i)) over all columns corresponding to user k using a single stream information. The same steering may also be used for VHT-STF. Since VHT-SIG-Bk has a single stream, its detection may be more reliable since diversity gain may be exploited at the receiver. Summing each user's columns of Q matrix for VHT-SIG-Bk transmission is equivalent to transmitting VHT-SIG-Bk on multiple spatial dimensions (same as for each user's VHT-Datak). Therefore, there is no power fluctuation over VLTF, VHT-SIG-Bk and VHT-Datak which is important for the preamble design.
FIG. 37B is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of processing for use in accordance with channel estimation. At the STA k, channel estimation may be performed as follows:

Hk[Q1Q2 . . . QK]=VLTF× xH×PH 

The P matrix can be extended using P11n matrix specified in IEEE 802.11n spec to cover 8 transmitters as follows:



  
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It is noted that any P matrix could be used as long as P is a unitary matrix with equal power over rows and columns. Since the P matrix is defined for M′=2, 4 and 8, we have additional LTFs when M is 3 or 5, 6 and 7. In order to avoid this extra overhead, we may introduce P3x3 for M′=3 (e.g., Fourier matrix) and P6x6 for M′=6 with Hadamard of P3x3, for example:




  
    
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where

Pm,n=exp(−j2π(m−1)(n−1)/3) for (m,n)th element of P3x3. In such an instance, extra LTFs will be existent only when M is 5 or 7.
The following depicts certain proposed fields within VHT-SIG-A (2 OFDM symbols with 48 bits).

    
    
        Length/Duration (predetermined number of bits)
        
            Defined as “number of OFDM symbols”
            12 bits for example
        
        
        Bandwidth (2 bits)
        Coding Type (1 bit)
        Not Sounding (1 bit)
        Smoothing (1 bit)
        SGI (1 bit)
        MU-MIMO bits (14 bits (1+4+9), assuming y=4 and n=4 fixed) (with y and n being defined in previous illustration)
        
            For an uncompressed indication of the number of LTFs per user, 12 bits might be needed, for example. With compressed indication, 9 bits may be used (again, with y and n being defined in previous illustration)
            For MU-MIMO, 1 bit for MU-MIMO indication, 9 bits for example, to provide, a compressed indication of the number of LTFs per user and the 4 bits for groupID may be used
            For SU-MIMO, 1 bit for MU-MIMO indication, 3 bits for the number of LTFs may be used and the 10 bits (left) may be defined differently
        
        
        CRC (8 bits)
        BCC tail bits (6 bits)
        Reserved bits (2 bits assuming Length/Duration is 12 bits)
    
    


The following depicts certain (preliminary) fields within VHT-SIG B.

    
    
        Aggregation (1 bit) (which could be in VHT-SIG-A, or Not necessary)
        MCS (predetermined number bits)
        STBC (predetermined number bits)
        CRC (predetermined number bits) (e.g., <8 bits in one embodiment)
        BCC tail bits (6 bits)
        This embodiment assumes total of 24 bits available
    
    


FIG. 38 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of space time block coding (STBC) bits employed in VHT-SIG A processing for use in accordance with channel estimation. The various aspects of the invention provided herein also allow for significant flexibility to have STBC for multi-user operation. Although the current IEEE 802.11n specification allows for hybrid STBC/SDM (one pair of STBC and other streams without STBC) per user, the IEEE 802.11n usage models do not justify support for such cases.
In some instances, STBC modes with only pairs of STBC coding may be supported without the hybrid mode when Nsts is an even number. When Nsts is an odd number, we may have first n pairs are encoded with STBC with one additional SDM stream. The STBC bits associated with MU-MIMO bits may be implemented as depicted in this diagram.
The STBC bits (4 bits in this illustrative embodiment) indicates which STA is encoded by STBC. Sequentially, the first bit is for STA1 and the last bit is for STA4. When STBC bit for user k is set, first even columns of corresponding Qk are with STBC pairs.
For example, when Nsts2=2 with STBC2=0 and Nsts4=2 with STBC4=1, although the total number of spatial streams is 3 (STA 4 has a single stream), Q2 has two columns and Q4 has two columns where Q=[Q2 Q4].
For another example, when Nsts1=3 with STBC1=1 and Nsts3=2 with STBC3=0, Q=[Q1 Q3] has 5 columns in total where Nss1=2 (first stream is encoded by STBC) and Nss3=2.
For a single user, the recipient assumes it has STA number 1 (ignoring the field for STA2-4).
An Alternative Proposal for VHT-SIG-A (2 OFDM symbols with 48 bits).

    
    
        Length/Duration (predetermined bits)
        
            Defined as “number of OFDM symbols”
            12 bits for example
        
        
        Bandwidth (2 bits)
        SGI (1 bit)
        MU-MIMO bits (14 bits (1+4+9), assuming y=4 and N=4 fixed) (again, with y and n being defined in previous illustration)
        
            For an uncompressed indication of the number of LTFs per user, 12 bits might be needed, for example. With compressed indication, 9 bits may be used (again, with y and n being defined in previous illustration)
            For MU-MIMO, 1 bit for MU-MIMO indication, 9 bits for example, to provide, a compressed indication of the number of LTFs per user and the 4 bits for groupID may be used
            For SU-MIMO, 1 bit for MU-MIMO indication, 3 bits for the number of LTFs may be used and the 10 bits (left) may be defined differently
        
        
        STBC bits (4 bits)
        
            These bits may be reduces by limiting certain cases; for example, by not allowing other users have pure SDM when some users have STBC, or we may mandate all users with even number of Nsts (or (Nsts−1)/2 pairs when Nsts is odd) to have STBC when the STBC bit (1 bit) is set.
        
        
        CRC (8 bits)
        BCC tail bits (6 bits)
        Reserved bits (1 bit assuming Length/Duration is 12 bits)
    
    


The following depicts (preliminary) fields within VHT-SIG B.

    
    
        Aggregation (1 bit)
        
            This could be in VHT-SIG-A, or not necessary in the case all packets are in Aggregation mode
        
        
        MCS (predetermined bits)
        Smoothing (1 bit)
        Coding Type (1 bit)
        Not Sounding (1 bit)
        CRC (predetermined bits) (e.g., <8 bits in one embodiment)
        BCC tail bits (6 bits)
        Assume total of 24 bits available
        Smoothing, Coding Type, and Not Sounding bits are moved from SIG-A, but some of them can be moved back to SIG-A if there is enough room.
    
    


FIG. 39, FIG. 40A, FIG. 40B, and FIG. 41 illustrate alternative embodiments of method for operating one or more wireless communication devices.
While many of the embodiments described herein employ a first subset of wireless communication devices and a second subset of wireless communication devices, it is of course noted that the principles herein may be extended generally to embodiments including partitioning of the wireless communication devices into n different subsets of wireless communication devices (e.g., where n is any integer greater than or equal to one).
Referring to method 3900 of FIG. 39, the method 3900 begins by transmitting a Group Definition Field (GDF) to a plurality of wireless communication devices or a subset thereof from a first wireless communication device (e.g., AP), as shown in a block 3910. The method 3900 continues by transmitting one or more multi-user packets to the plurality of wireless communication devices or a subset thereof from the first wireless communication device, as shown in a block 3920.
In some embodiments, the multi-user packet includes a group identification field (group ID) indicating a first field therein to be processed by a first of the plurality of wireless communication devices based on the group definition field, as shown in a block 3920a. Also, the group ID may also indicate a second field therein to be processed by a second of the plurality of wireless communication devices based on the group definition field, as shown in a block 3920b. 
In this as well as other embodiments, it is noted that the various signals, frames, packets, etc. employed in this embodiment as well as other embodiments described herein may be of a variety of types including MU-MIMO, OFDMA, or combination MU-MIMO/OFDMA. For example, the GDFs and multi-user packets may be transmitted in accordance within frames of any type including MU-MIMO, OFDMA, or combination MU-MIMO/OFDMA.
Referring to method 4000 of FIG. 40A, the method 4000 begins by receiving a group definition field (e.g., within management frame or other communication), as shown in a block 4010. The method 4000 continues by receiving a multi-user packet including a GroupID, as shown in a block 4020. The method 4000 then operates by processing a portion of the multi-user packet in accordance with the GroupID based on the group definition field, as shown in a block 4030. Stated another way, the latest or currently operative group definition field is interpreted and analyzed in accordance with the GroupID. As such, different GroupIDs that may include similar or identical content may be interpreted differently in accordance with two different, respective group definition fields.
Referring to method 4001 of FIG. 40B, the method 4001 begins by receiving a first group definition field, as shown in a block 4011. The method 4001 then operates by receiving a first multi-user packet including a first GroupID, as shown in a block 4021. The method 4001 continues by processing a portion of the first multi-user packet in accordance with the first GroupID based on the first group definition field, as shown in a block 4031.
The method 4001 then operates by receiving a second group definition field, as shown in a block 4041. The method 4201 then operates by receiving a second multi-user packet including a second GroupID, as shown in a block 4051. The method 4001 continues by processing a portion of the second multi-user packet in accordance with the second GroupID based on the second group definition field, as shown in a block 4061.
Referring to method 4100 of FIG. 41, within a receiving wireless communication device, the method 4100 begins by receiving a multi-user packet from a transmitting wireless communication device, as shown in a block 4110. The method 4100 continues by determining if multi-user packet is intended for the receiving wireless communication device (e.g., by analyzing the GroupID therein to determined if the receiving wireless communication device is included within the list), as shown in a block 4120.
If the multi-user packet is intended for the receiving wireless communication device as determined in the decision block 4130, then the method 4100 operates by processing the multi-user packet based on a GroupID and a previously received group definition field, as shown in a block 4140. Alternatively, if the multi-user packet is not intended for the receiving wireless communication device as determined in the decision block 4130, then the method 4100 operates by discarding multi-user packet, as shown in a block 4150.
It is noted that the various modules and/or circuitries (e.g., baseband processing modules, encoding modules and/or circuitries, decoding modules and/or circuitries, etc., etc.) described herein may be a single processing device or a plurality of processing devices. Such a processing device may be a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on operational instructions. The operational instructions may be stored in a memory. The memory may be a single memory device or a plurality of memory devices. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. It is also noted that when the processing module implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory storing the corresponding operational instructions is embedded with the circuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry. In such an embodiment, a memory stores, and a processing module coupled thereto executes, operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the steps and/or functions illustrated and/or described herein.
It is also noted that any of the connections or couplings between the various modules, circuits, functional blocks, components, devices, etc. within any of the various diagrams or as described herein may be differently implemented in different embodiments. For example, in one embodiment, such connections or couplings may be direct connections or direct couplings there between. In another embodiment, such connections or couplings may be indirect connections or indirect couplings there between (e.g., with one or more intervening components there between). Of course, certain other embodiments may have some combinations of such connections or couplings therein such that some of the connections or couplings are direct, while others are indirect. Different implementations may be employed for effectuating communicative coupling between modules, circuits, functional blocks, components, devices, etc. without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
As one of average skill in the art will appreciate, the term “substantially” or “approximately”, as may be used herein, provides an industry-accepted tolerance to its corresponding term. Such an industry-accepted tolerance ranges from less than one percent to twenty percent and corresponds to, but is not limited to, component values, integrated circuit process variations, temperature variations, rise and fall times, and/or thermal noise. As one of average skill in the art will further appreciate, the term “operably coupled”, as may be used herein, includes direct coupling and indirect coupling via another component, element, circuit, or module where, for indirect coupling, the intervening component, element, circuit, or module does not modify the information of a signal but may adjust its current level, voltage level, and/or power level. As one of average skill in the art will also appreciate, inferred coupling (i.e., where one element is coupled to another element by inference) includes direct and indirect coupling between two elements in the same manner as “operably coupled”. As one of average skill in the art will further appreciate, the term “compares favorably”, as may be used herein, indicates that a comparison between two or more elements, items, signals, etc., provides a desired relationship. For example, when the desired relationship is that signal 1 has a greater magnitude than signal 2, a favorable comparison may be achieved when the magnitude of signal 1 is greater than that of signal 2 or when the magnitude of signal 2 is less than that of signal 1.
Various aspects of the present invention have also been described above with the aid of method steps illustrating the performance of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries and sequence of these functional building blocks and method steps have been arbitrarily defined herein for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries and sequences can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships are appropriately performed. Any such alternate boundaries or sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claimed invention.
Various aspects of the present invention have been described above with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the performance of certain significant functions. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries could be defined as long as the certain significant functions are appropriately performed. Similarly, flow diagram blocks may also have been arbitrarily defined herein to illustrate certain significant functionality. To the extent used, the flow diagram block boundaries and sequence could have been defined otherwise and still perform the certain significant functionality. Such alternate definitions of both functional building blocks and flow diagram blocks and sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claimed invention.
One of average skill in the art will also recognize that the functional building blocks, and other illustrative blocks, modules and components herein, can be implemented as illustrated or by discrete components, application specific integrated circuits, processors executing appropriate software and the like or any combination thereof.
Moreover, although described in detail for purposes of clarity and understanding by way of the aforementioned embodiments, various aspects of the present invention are not limited to such embodiments. It will be obvious to one of average skill in the art that various changes and modifications may be practiced within the spirit and scope of the invention, as limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
Mode Selection Tables:







TABLE 1







2.4 GHz, 20/22 MHz channel BW, 54 Mbps max bit rate


















Code









Rate
Modulation
Rate
NBPSC
NCBPS
NDBPS
EVM
Sensitivity
ACR
AACR




















Barker










1
BPSK



Barker


2
QPSK


5.5
CCK


6
BPSK
0.5
1
48
24
−5
−82
16
32


9
BPSK
0.75
1
48
36
−8
−81
15
31


11
CCK


12
QPSK
0.5
2
96
48
−10
−79
13
29


18
QPSK
0.75
2
96
72
−13
−77
11
27


24
16-QAM
0.5
4
192
96
−16
−74
8
24


36
16-QAM
0.75
4
192
144
−19
−70
4
20


48
64-QAM
0.666
6
288
192
−22
−66
0
16


54
64-QAM
0.75
6
288
216
−25
−65
−1
15
















TABLE 2







Channelization for Table 1











Frequency



Channel
(MHz)














1
2412



2
2417



3
2422



4
2427



5
2432



6
2437



7
2442



8
2447



9
2452



10
2457



11
2462



12
2467

















TABLE 3







Power Spectral Density (PSD) Mask for Table 1










PSD Mask
1







Frequency Offset
dBr



−9 MHz to 9 MHz
0



+/−11 MHz
−20



+/−20 MHz
−28



+/−30 MHz and
−50



greater

















TABLE 4







5 GHz, 20 MHz channel BW, 54 Mbps max bit rate


















Code









Rate
Modulation
Rate
NBPSC
NCBPS
NDBPS
EVM
Sensitivity
ACR
AACR



















6
BPSK
0.5
1
48
24
−5
−82
16
32


9
BPSK
0.75
1
48
36
−8
−81
15
31


12
QPSK
0.5
2
96
48
−10
−79
13
29


18
QPSK
0.75
2
96
72
−13
−77
11
27


24
16-QAM
0.5
4
192
96
−16
−74
8
24


36
16-QAM
0.75
4
192
144
−19
−70
4
20


48
64-QAM
0.666
6
288
192
−22
−66
0
16


54
64-QAM
0.75
6
288
216
−25
−65
−1
15
















TABLE 5







Channelization for Table 4













Frequency


Frequency



Channel
(MHz)
Country
Channel
(MHz)
Country















240
4920
Japan





244
4940
Japan


248
4960
Japan


252
4980
Japan


8
5040
Japan


12
5060
Japan


16
5080
Japan


36
5180
USA/Europe
34
5170
Japan


40
5200
USA/Europe
38
5190
Japan


44
5220
USA/Europe
42
5210
Japan


48
5240
USA/Europe
46
5230
Japan


52
5260
USA/Europe


56
5280
USA/Europe


60
5300
USA/Europe


64
5320
USA/Europe


100
5500
USA/Europe


104
5520
USA/Europe


108
5540
USA/Europe


112
5560
USA/Europe


116
5580
USA/Europe


120
5600
USA/Europe


124
5620
USA/Europe


128
5640
USA/Europe


132
5660
USA/Europe


136
5680
USA/Europe


140
5700
USA/Europe


149
5745
USA


153
5765
USA


157
5785
USA


161
5805
USA


165
5825
USA
















TABLE 6







2.4 GHz, 20 MHz channel BW, 192 Mbps max bit rate















TX
ST Code







Rate
Antennas
Rate
Modulation
Code Rate
NBPSC
NCBPS
NDBPS

















12
2
1
BPSK
0.5
1
48
24


24
2
1
QPSK
0.5
2
96
48


48
2
1
16-QAM
0.5
4
192
96


96
2
1
64-QAM
0.666
6
288
192


108
2
1
64-QAM
0.75
6
288
216


18
3
1
BPSK
0.5
1
48
24


36
3
1
QPSK
0.5
2
96
48


72
3
1
16-QAM
0.5
4
192
96


144
3
1
64-QAM
0.666
6
288
192


162
3
1
64-QAM
0.75
6
288
216


24
4
1
BPSK
0.5
1
48
24


48
4
1
QPSK
0.5
2
96
48


96
4
1
16-QAM
0.5
4
192
96


192
4
1
64-QAM
0.666
6
288
192


216
4
1
64-QAM
0.75
6
288
216
















TABLE 7







Channelization for Table 6










Channel
Frequency (MHz)














1
2412



2
2417



3
2422



4
2427



5
2432



6
2437



7
2442



8
2447



9
2452



10
2457



11
2462



12
2467

















TABLE 8







5 GHz, 20 MHz channel BW, 192 Mbps max bit rate
















ST Code







Rate
TX Antennas
Rate
Modulation
Code Rate
NBPSC
NCBPS
NDBPS

















12
2
1
BPSK
0.5
1
48
24


24
2
1
QPSK
0.5
2
96
48


48
2
1
16-QAM
0.5
4
192
96


96
2
1
64-QAM
0.666
6
288
192


108
2
1
64-QAM
0.75
6
288
216


18
3
1
BPSK
0.5
1
48
24


36
3
1
QPSK
0.5
2
96
48


72
3
1
16-QAM
0.5
4
192
96


144
3
1
64-QAM
0.666
6
288
192


162
3
1
64-QAM
0.75
6
288
216


24
4
1
BPSK
0.5
1
48
24


48
4
1
QPSK
0.5
2
96
48


96
4
1
16-QAM
0.5
4
192
96


192
4
1
64-QAM
0.666
6
288
192


216
4
1
64-QAM
0.75
6
288
216
















TABLE 9







channelization for Table 8













Frequency


Frequency



Channel
(MHz)
Country
Channel
(MHz)
Country















240
4920
Japan





244
4940
Japan


248
4960
Japan


252
4980
Japan


8
5040
Japan


12
5060
Japan


16
5080
Japan


36
5180
USA/Europe
34
5170
Japan


40
5200
USA/Europe
38
5190
Japan


44
5220
USA/Europe
42
5210
Japan


48
5240
USA/Europe
46
5230
Japan


52
5260
USA/Europe


56
5280
USA/Europe


60
5300
USA/Europe


64
5320
USA/Europe


100
5500
USA/Europe


104
5520
USA/Europe


108
5540
USA/Europe


112
5560
USA/Europe


116
5580
USA/Europe


120
5600
USA/Europe


124
5620
USA/Europe


128
5640
USA/Europe


132
5660
USA/Europe


136
5680
USA/Europe


140
5700
USA/Europe


149
5745
USA


153
5765
USA


157
5785
USA


161
5805
USA


165
5825
USA
















TABLE 10







5 GHz, with 40 MHz channels and max bit rate of 486 Mbps













TX
ST Code

Code



Rate
Antennas
Rate
Modulation
Rate
NBPSC















13.5 Mbps 
1
1
BPSK
0.5
1


 27 Mbps
1
1
QPSK
0.5
2


 54 Mbps
1
1
16-QAM
0.5
4


108 Mbps
1
1
64-QAM
0.666
6


121.5 Mbps  
1
1
64-QAM
0.75
6


 27 Mbps
2
1
BPSK
0.5
1


 54 Mbps
2
1
QPSK
0.5
2


108 Mbps
2
1
16-QAM
0.5
4


216 Mbps
2
1
64-QAM
0.666
6


243 Mbps
2
1
64-QAM
0.75
6


40.5 Mbps 
3
1
BPSK
0.5
1


 81 Mbps
3
1
QPSK
0.5
2


162 Mbps
3
1
16-QAM
0.5
4


324 Mbps
3
1
64-QAM
0.666
6


365.5 Mbps  
3
1
64-QAM
0.75
6


 54 Mbps
4
1
BPSK
0.5
1


108 Mbps
4
1
QPSK
0.5
2


216 Mbps
4
1
16-QAM
0.5
4


432 Mbps
4
1
64-QAM
0.666
6


486 Mbps
4
1
64-QAM
0.75
6
















TABLE 11







Power Spectral Density (PSD) mask for Table 10










PSD Mask
2







Frequency Offset
dBr



−19 MHz to 19 MHz
0



+/−21 MHz
−20



+/−30 MHz
−28



+/−40 MHz and
−50



greater

















TABLE 12







Channelization for Table 10













Frequency


Frequency



Channel
(MHz)
Country
Channel
(MHz)
County















242
4930
Japan





250
4970
Japan


12
5060
Japan


38
5190
USA/Europe
36
5180
Japan


46
5230
USA/Europe
44
5520
Japan


54
5270
USA/Europe


62
5310
USA/Europe


102
5510
USA/Europe


110
5550
USA/Europe


118
5590
USA/Europe


126
5630
USA/Europe


134
5670
USA/Europe


151
5755
USA


159
5795
USA

## Claims

1. An apparatus, comprising:
a baseband processing module for generating a multi-cast sounding frame, the multi-cast sounding frame includes a sounding feedback instruction; and
a plurality of antennae for transmitting the multi-cast sounding frame to a plurality of wireless communication devices; and wherein:
in response to the multi-cast sounding frame, the plurality of antennae receiving a plurality of sounding feedback signals from the plurality of wireless communication devices or from a first subset of the plurality of wireless communication devices based upon an order according to the sounding feedback instruction by which the plurality of sounding feedback signals are provided, the order configured to accommodate a feedback exchange interruption;
based on the plurality of sounding feedback signals, the baseband processing module generating a multi-user packet; and
the plurality of antennae transmitting the multi-user packet to the plurality of wireless communication devices or to a second subset of the plurality of wireless communication devices.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the multi-cast sounding frame being a multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) frame or an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) frame; and
the multi-user packet being a multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) packet or an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) packet.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the multi-cast sounding frame including a plurality of feedback instructions corresponding respectively to each of the plurality of wireless communication devices.

4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein:
the plurality of sounding feedback instructions directing the order by which the plurality of wireless communication devices or the first subset of the plurality of wireless communication devices providing the plurality of sounding feedback signals.

5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein:
the order providing for a first of the plurality of wireless communication devices providing a first of the plurality of sounding feedback signals during a first time; and
the order providing for a second of the plurality of wireless communication devices providing a second of the plurality of sounding feedback signals during a second time.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the second subset of the plurality of wireless communication devices being the first subset of the plurality of wireless communication devices.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the plurality of antennae receiving the plurality of sounding feedback signals from the first subset of the plurality of wireless communication devices;
the plurality of antennae transmitting the multi-user packet to the second subset of the plurality of wireless communication devices;
in response to the multi-cast sounding frame and after the plurality of antennae transmitting the multi-user packet, the plurality of antennae receiving at least one additional plurality of sounding feedback signals from a third subset of the plurality of wireless communication devices;
based on the at least one additional plurality of sounding feedback signals, the baseband processing module generating at least one additional multi-user packet; and
the plurality of antennae transmitting the at least one additional multi-user packet to the third subset of the plurality of wireless communication devices.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the plurality of antennae transmitting the multi-cast sounding frame to the plurality of wireless communication devices on each of a plurality of clusters.

9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein:
the plurality of antennae receiving the plurality of sounding feedback signals respectively via the plurality of clusters such that each of the plurality of sounding feedback signals being received on a respective one of the plurality of clusters.

10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein:
a first of the plurality of clusters being composed of at least one channel within a first band; and
a second of the plurality of clusters being composed of at least one channel within a second band.

11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein:
a first of the plurality of clusters being composed of a first plurality of channels among a first band and a second band; and
a second of the plurality of clusters being composed of a second plurality of channels among a third band and a fourth band.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein:
the third band being the first band; and
the fourth band being the second band.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the plurality of antennae transmitting at least one additional multi-cast sounding frame to at least one additional plurality of wireless communication devices; and
in response to the at least one additional multi-cast sounding frame, the plurality of antennae receiving at least one additional plurality of sounding feedback signals from the at least one additional plurality of wireless communication devices or from a subset of the at least one additional plurality of wireless communication devices.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein:
the plurality of wireless communication devices having a first capability; and
the at least one additional plurality of wireless communication devices having a second capability.

15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the multi-user packet including a plurality of acknowledgement instructions corresponding respectively to each of the plurality of wireless communication devices or each of the second subset of the plurality of wireless communication devices.

16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein:
the plurality of acknowledgement instructions indicating a plurality of clusters for use, respectively, by the plurality of wireless communication devices for providing the plurality of acknowledgements.

17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the apparatus being an access point (AP); and
the plurality of wireless communication devices being a plurality of wireless stations (STAs).

18. An apparatus, comprising:
a baseband processing module for generating a multi-cast sounding frame; and
a plurality of antennae for transmitting the multi-cast sounding frame to a plurality of wireless communication devices; and wherein:
the multi-cast sounding frame including a plurality of sounding feedback instructions corresponding respectively to each of the plurality of wireless communication devices;
in response to the multi-cast sounding frame, the plurality of antennae receiving a plurality of sounding feedback signals from the plurality of wireless communication devices or from a first subset of the plurality of wireless communication devices based upon an order according to the plurality of sounding feedback instructions by which the plurality of sound feedback signals are provided, the order configured to accommodate a feedback exchange interruption;
based on the plurality of sounding feedback signals, the baseband processing module generating a multi-user packet;
the plurality of antennae transmitting the multi-user packet to the plurality of wireless communication devices or to a second subset of the plurality of wireless communication devices; and
the multi-user packet including a plurality of acknowledgement instructions corresponding respectively to each of the plurality of wireless communication devices or each of the second subset of the plurality of wireless communication devices.

19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein:
the multi-cast sounding frame being a multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) frame or an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) frame; and
the multi-user packet being a multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) packet or an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) packet.

20. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein:
the plurality of sounding feedback instructions directing the order by which the plurality of wireless communication devices or the first subset of the plurality of wireless communication devices providing the plurality of sounding feedback signals;
the order providing for a first of the plurality of wireless communication devices providing a first of the plurality of sounding feedback signals during a first time; and
the order providing for a second of the plurality of wireless communication devices providing a second of the plurality of sounding feedback signals during a second time.

21. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein:
the second subset of the plurality of wireless communication devices being the first subset of the plurality of wireless communication devices.

22. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein:
the plurality of antennae transmitting the multi-cast sounding frame to the plurality of wireless communication devices on each of a plurality of clusters.

23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein:
the plurality of antennae receiving the plurality of sounding feedback signals respectively via the plurality of clusters such that each of the plurality of sounding feedback signals being received on a respective one of the plurality of clusters.

24. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein:
one of the plurality of clusters being composed of at least one channel within at least one band.

25. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein:
the apparatus being an access point (AP); and
the plurality of wireless communication devices being a plurality of wireless stations (STAs).

26. A method for operating a wireless communication device, the method comprising:
generating a multi-cast sounding frame, which includes a sounding feedback instruction;
operating a plurality of antennae for transmitting the multi-cast sounding frame to a plurality of wireless communication devices;
in response to the multi-cast sounding frame, receiving a plurality of sounding feedback signals from the plurality of wireless communication devices or from a first subset of the plurality of wireless communication devices based upon an order according to the sounding feedback instruction by which the plurality of sounding feedback signals are provided, the order configured to accommodate feedback exchange interruption;
based on the plurality of sounding feedback signals, generating a multi-user packet; and
operating the plurality of antennae for transmitting the multi-user packet to the plurality of wireless communication devices or to a second subset of the plurality of wireless communication devices.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein:
the multi-cast sounding frame being a multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) frame or an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) frame; and
the multi-user packet being a multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) packet or an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) packet.

28. The method of claim 26, wherein:
the multi-cast sounding frame including a plurality of sounding feedback instructions corresponding respectively to each of the plurality of wireless communication devices.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein:
the plurality of sounding feedback instructions directing the order by which the plurality of wireless communication devices or the first subset of the plurality of wireless communication devices providing the plurality of sounding feedback signals;
the order providing for a first of the plurality of wireless communication devices providing a first of the plurality of sounding feedback signals during a first time; and
the order providing for a second of the plurality of wireless communication devices providing a second of the plurality of sounding feedback signals during a second time.

30. The method of claim 26, wherein:
the second subset of the plurality of wireless communication devices being the first subset of the plurality of wireless communication devices.

31. The method of claim 26, wherein:
operating the plurality of antennae transmitting the multi-cast sounding frame to the plurality of wireless communication devices on each of a plurality of clusters.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein:
the plurality of antennae receiving the plurality of sounding feedback signals respectively via the plurality of clusters such that each of the plurality of sounding feedback signals being received on a respective one of the plurality of clusters.

33. The method of claim 26, wherein:
the multi-user packet including a plurality of acknowledgement instructions corresponding respectively to each of the plurality of wireless communication devices or each of the second subset of the plurality of wireless communication devices.

34. The method of claim 33, wherein:
the plurality of acknowledgement instructions indicating a plurality of clusters for use, respectively, by the plurality of wireless communication devices for providing the plurality of acknowledgements.

35. The method of claim 26, wherein:
the wireless communication device being an access point (AP); and
the plurality of wireless communication devices being a plurality of wireless stations (STAs).