T hi s or derand j udgm enti s notbi ndi ng pr ece dent , exce ptundert he * d o ctri n es o f law o f th e c ase , res jud icata, and co ll ateral estop p el. T h is co u rt gener al l ydi s favor s t he ci t at i on of or der s and j udgm ent s ; neverthel es s , an or der and j udgm entm aybe ci t ed undert he t erm s and condi t i ons of 10th C i r . R . 36. 3. 

## F I LED United States C ourt of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### Ju n e9,2006 Elisab eth A. Shumaker C l erk of C ourt UNI TED S TATES CO URT O F AP PEALS

T E N T H C IR C U IT UNI T E D S T AT E S OF AM E RI CA , Pl ai nt i ff - A ppel l ee, vs. G A BR I EL Z EU S K A G U RA S, D e fe n d a n t - A p p e llan t. N o. 05- 8103 ( D. C. No . 0 5 - CR- 7 5 - B) (D . W y o .)

ORDE R AND J UDGM EN T * B efor e KELLY , M c KAY , and O’ BRI EN , C i rcui tJudg es. M r . K agur as ent er ed a c ondi t i onal pl ea of gui l tyt o pos s es s i on w i th i nt ent t o di s t r i but e more t han 40 butl es s t han 60 ki l ogr ams of mar ij uana i n vi ol at i on of 2 1 U .S .C . § 8 4 1 (a )(1 ), (b )(1 )(D ). H e re tain e d th e rig h t to a p p e a l th e d e n ial o f h is m o ti o n to su p p ress. A p lt . A p p . at 14 0 , 1 4 9 . T h e d istri ct co u rtsen tenc ed M r. K agur as t o 27 m ont hs i m pr i s onm ent , and thr ee y ear s s upervi s ed r el eas e. A panel o f th e c o u rt c o n tin u e d h is re lea se p e n d in g a p p e a l. T h e iss u e o n a p p e a l is str aigh tfo rw ard : w h ethe r, af ter ha v ing b ee n issue d a w arn ing ti ck et, M r.- 2 -

K ag u ras’s co n ti n u ed d eten ti o n w as ju sti fied b yrea so n ab le su sp ici o n . M r. K a g u ra s re f

u se d to c o n se n t to f

u rth e r d e ten tio n , so th e o ffice r re q u ire d re a so n a b le s us pi ci on t o det ai n hi m , s ubj ecthi m t o fur therques t i oni ng, and conduc ta ca ni ne sn iff. O u r ju risd ictio n a rise s u n d e r 2 8 U .S .C . § 1 2 9 1 . W e h o ld th a t re a so n a b le s us pi ci on di d notexi s t , and r ever s e and r emand.

B ackgr ound O n J anuary19, 2005, W y om i ng H i ghw ayPatr ol T r ooperD w ayne H untw as parked i n t he medi an on I nt er s t at e 90 nea rm i l epos t144. M r . K agur as , tr avel i ng ea stbo u n d in a tan , C h ev rolet S u b u rba n , p asse d b y . T h e troo p er fo ll o w ed M r. K agur as , s us pect i ng t hatt he vehi cl e’ s r egi s tr at i on w as expi r ed. A ft erver i fy i ng th a t th e v e h icle w a s v a lid lyre g iste re d , the tro o p e r p a ss e d M r. K a g u ra s. A p lt. A pp. at63. N earm i l epos t153, t he tr oopers t opped t o r emove a pi ece of w ood fr om t he r oad. M r . K agur as change d l anes t o avoi d hi m , butdi d nots i gnal w hen he r etur ned t o t he r i ghtl ane of t r avel . T he tr ooperobs erved the fa i l ur e t o s i gnal i n vi ol at i on of W y o. St at . A nn. § 31- 5- 217( a) . A tthatpoi nt , the tr oopers t opped M r. K a g u ra s . A p lt. A p p . a t 6 4 . M r . K agur as pr ovi ded hi s val i d dr i ver ’ s l i cens e and e xpl ai ned thathe had r ent ed the Suburban i n Seat t l e. M r . K agur as pr ovi ded the tr ooperw i th the r ent al contr act , w hi ch i ndi cat ed thatM r . K agur as w as t o r etur n the ca ri n Seatt l e on Ja n u a ry2 6 , 2 0 0 5 . T h e tro o p e r te stified th a t h e n o tice d th a t M r. K a g u ra s le f t h is- 3 -

tur n s i gnal on w hen he pul l ed over , and thathe appe ar ed “pa l e” a nd “nervous . ” A pl t . A pp. at65, 69. T he tr ooperal s o t es t i fi ed thathe s m el l ed a “ s tr ong odor ” of ai r fr eshene r aft er he w ent up t o the w i nd ow and st art ed spea king t o M r. K agu ras . T h e tr o o p e r a ls o o b s e rv e d p a rt ia lly e a te n fo o d in th e v e h ic le . H e in fo rm e d M r. K a g u ra s o f th e re a so n fo r th e sto p a n d in q u ire d a b o u t h is t r avel pl ans . M r . K agur as t ol d t he tr ooperthathe w as headi ng t o C hi cago f r om Seat t l e, w her e he r ent ed the ca r . H e s ai d he w as vi s i t i ng hi s gi r l fr i end for“as l ong as pos s i bl e. A s l ong as s he put s up w i th [hi m ] . ” M r . K agur as t ol d the t r ooperhe w as goi ng t o be i n C hi cago foran i ndefi ni t e amountof t i m e, and that he had l eftSeat t l e tw o day s pr i or . A pl t . R epl yB r . A ppx. A . T he tr ooper ob served t w o lar ge p l ast i c con t ai ners i n the back of the subu rban, as w el l as a la rg e s u itc a s e a n d re d d u ffe l b a g . A p lt. A p p . a t 6 6 -6 9 . T h e tro o p e r re tu rn e d to h is p a tro l ca r w h ile M r. K a g u ra s w a ited in sid e h is vehi cl e. D ur i ng t hi s t i m e, t he tr oopercal l ed i n M r . K agur as ’ s l i cens e i nform at i on a n d th e n c a lle d a d e p u ty w h o h a p p e n e d to b e a d ru g d e te c tin g c a n in e h a n d le r. D i s pat ch r eport ed thatM r . K agur as ’ s l i cens e w as val i d. T he tr ooperpr epar ed a w a rn in g tic k e t a n d re tu rn e d to s p e a k to M r. K a g u ra s . T he tr oopergave M r . K agur as the w arni ng and hi s dr i ver ’ s l i cens e, but re tain e d th e re n tal c o n tra c t. H e c o n tin u e d to q u e stio n M r. K a g u ra s a b o u t h is t r avel pl ans . T he tr ooperi nqui r ed how M r . K agur as w as pl anni ng on gett i ng the v e h icle b a c k to S e a ttl e , an d M r. K a g u ra s e x p lain e d th a t H e rtz to ld h im h e c o u ld- 4 -

“j us tdo a one- w ay . ” A pl t . R epl yB r . at27. A tthatpoi nt , the tr ooperr eturned t he rent al con t ractt o M r. K agu ras . T h e tr o o p e r a s k e d M r. K a g u ra s if h e c o u ld a s k a c o u p le m o re q u e s tio n s . M r . K agur as s ai d no, t hen as ked i f theyw er e done. T he tr ooperthen s ai d he w o u ld lik e to a sk so m e m o re q u e stio n s. M r. K a g u ra s tw ice sta ted th a t h e w o u ld l i ke t o getgoi ng. T he tr oopert ol d M r . K agur as t o hol d on. A tthatpoi nt , the t r ooperas ked the deputy , w ho had bee n w ai t i ng i n hi s patr ol car , t o run the cani ne. T he tr ooperi nform ed M r . K agur as thattheyw er e goi ng t o run the ca ni ne, and he i m m edi at el yr eques t ed a l aw y er . T he ca ni ne al er t ed, and off i cer s found 1 1 0 p o u n d s o f

m a riju a n a in M r. K a g u ra s ’s v e h ic le . M r . K agur as m oved t o s uppr es s the mar ij uana f ound i n hi s carbas ed on th e u n la w f

u ln e s s o f

h is d e te n tio n a n d s u b s e q u e n t s e a rc h . A p lt. A p p . a t 9 , 2 8 . T he di s t r i ctcourtdeni ed the mot i on aft eran evi dent i aryhear i ng. I n an or al rul i ng fol l ow ed byw r i t t en di s pos i t i on, the di s tr i ctcourtconcl uded that( 1) the t r ooper ’ s i ni t i al s t op w as j us t i fi ed, and ( 2) bas ed on the t ot al i tyof the ci r cumst ance s , t he tr ooperhad deve l oped r eas onabl e s us pi ci on bythe t i m e he r etur ned M r . K agur as ’ s document s , ther ebyj us t i fy i ng cont i nued det ent i on. I d. at 12 2-125 , 13 5-38. Th e dis t ri ctcou rtrel i ed o n the foll ow i ng fact ors as givi ng ri se t o r eas onabl e s us pi ci on: ( 1) M r . K agur as ’ s tr avel pl ans w er e i ncons i s t entw i th t he r ent al contr act ’ s r equi r ementt hatthe vehi cl e be r eturned t o Seatt l e; ( 2) the s tr ong s centof ai rfr es hener ; ( 3) M r . K agur as w as s o nervous thathi s l eftl eg s hook; ( 4)- 5 -

tr av el fro m a k n o w n d rug so u rce to a k n o w n d rug d esti n ati o n ; ( 5 ) S ea tt le’s pr oxi m i t yt o B r i t i s h C ol um bi a; ( 6) part i al l yeat en food i n the ca ras evi dence d by food w r apper s ; and ( 7) l ar ge l uggage, “the verys i ze of w hi ch w oul d m ake a n offi cers us pi ci ous . ” A pl t . A pp. at136; s ee a l s o i d. at123- 25. O n appea l , the governm entdoes notr el yon t hr ee of the s even fact or s , i n par t i cul ar( 4) , ( 5) , and ( 6) , comm endabl yconce di ng thattheyar e ei therw eak a nd/ ordo notpr ovi de s us pi ci on of cr i m i nal act i vi t y . A pl ee. B r . at8, n. 4.

D i s cus s i on W hen r evi ew i ng a di s t r i ctcour t ’ s deni al of a mot i on t o s uppr es s , w e vi ew t he evi dence i n t he l i ghtm os tfavor abl e t o the governm entand ac ceptthe di s tr i ct cour t ’ s fi ndi ngs of fa ctunl es s t heyar e cl ear l yerr oneous . U ni t ed St at es v. R os bor ough, 366 F. 3d 1145, 1148 ( 10th C i r . 2004) . W e r evi ew the ul t i m at e i s s ue of Four t h A m endmentr eas onabl enes s de novo. U ni t ed St at es v. A l car az- A r el l ano, 4 4 1 F . 3 d 1 2 5 2 , 1 2 5 8 (10 th C ir . 2 0 0 6 ); R o sb o rou g h , 3 6 6 F . 3 d at 11 4 8 . M r. K agur as bear s t he bur den t o pr ove the cha l l enged s ear ch and s ei zur e w as i l l egi t i m at e. R os bor ough, 366 F. 3d at1148; U ni t ed St at es v. L ong, 176 F. 3d 1 3 0 4 , 1 3 0 7 (1 0 th C ir . 1 9 9 9 ). T h e F o u rth A m e n d m e n t g u a ra n tee s th e rig h t o f th e p e o p le to “ b e se c u re in t hei rper s ons , hous es , paper s , and effec t s , agai ns tunr eas onabl e s ear ches and s ei zur es . ” U . S. C ons t . A m end. I V ; s ee a l s o M app v. O hi o, 367 U . S. 643, 655- 56- 6 -

( 1961) ( i ncorpor at i ng t he Four t h A m endment ’ s pr ovi s i ons t o the s t at es thr ough t he Four t eenth A m endment ) . A tr aff i c s t op i s a s ei zur e forthe purpos es of the Four t h A m endment . D el aw ar e v. Pr ous e, 440 U . S. 648, 653 ( 1979) ; U ni t ed St at es v . L a u g h ri n , 4 3 8 F .3 d 1 2 4 5 , 1 2 4 7 (1 0 th C ir . 2 0 0 6 ). D ur i ng a r out i ne tr aff i c s t op, an off

i cerm ayr eques ta dr i ver ’ s l i cens e, r egi s t r at i on, and otherr equi r ed pape r s , run r equi s i t e comput erchec ks , and i s s ue ci t at i ons orw arni ngs . R os bor ough, 366 F. 3d at1148 ( ci t i ng U ni t ed St at es v. G onzal ez- L erm a, 14 F. 3d 1479, 1483 ( 10th C i r . 1994) ) . D ur i ng the s t op, an offi cerm ayr out i nel yi nqui r e aboutthe dr i ver ’ s tr avel pl ans . U ni t ed St at es v. W i l l i ams, 271 F. 3d 1262, 1267 ( 10th C i r . 2001) ; U ni t ed St at es v. W es t , 219 F. 3d 1 1 7 1 , 1 1 7 6 (1 0 th C ir. 2 0 0 0 ). T h e o ffice r m a ye v e n g o f u rth e r, in q u irin g in to m at t er s unr el at ed t o t he s t op. M uehl erv. M ena, 544 U . S. 93, 101 ( 2005) . “Even w hen off

i cer s have no ba s i s fors us pect i ng a part i cul ari ndi vi dual , theym ay g en era ll yask q u esti o n s o f th at i n d ividu al; ask to ex am ine th e ind ividu al’s i dent i fi cat i on; and r eques tcons entt o s ear ch hi s orherl uggage. ” I d. ( quot i ng F lori d a v . B o sti ck , 5 0 1 U . S . 4 2 9 , 4 3 4 (19 9 1 ). A tra ffic s to p m a yn o t ex ten d th e sto p b e y o n d th e tim e re a so n a b ly r equi r ed t o effectuat e i t s purpos e. M uehl er , 544 U . S. at101; A l car az- A r el l ano, 441 F. 3d at1258. C ont i nued det ent i on i s appr opr i at e onl yi f dur i ng the i ni t i al t r aff i c s t op, t he off

i cerdevel ops a r eas onabl e s us pi ci on of cr i m i nal act i vi ty , ort he encount erbecomes cons ens ual . R os bor ough, 366 F. 3d at1148; W es t , 219 F. 3d at- 7 -

1176. “A s ei zur e thati s j us t i fi ed s ol el ybythe i nt er es ti n i s s ui ng a w arni ng t i cket to th e d riv e r c a n b e c o m e u n law f u l if it is p ro lo n g e d b e y o n d th e tim e re a so n a b ly r equi r ed t o compl et e thatm i s s i on. ” I l l i noi s v. C abal l es , 543 U . S. 405, 407 (2 0 0 5 ). A tr affic stop that is ex tend ed w ith o u t con sen t, ev en fo r a relati v elysh o rt dur at i on, i s uncons t i tut i onal abs enta r eas onabl e and a r t i cul abl e s us pi ci on j us t i fy i ng t he furt herdet ent i on. See U ni t ed St at es v. W al ker , 933 F. 2d 812, 816 (10 th C ir . 1 9 9 1 ); U n it ed S tat es v . G u zm an , 8 6 4 F . 2 d 1 5 1 2 , 1 5 1 9 n . 8 (10 th C ir . 1988) , overrul ed on othergr ounds , U ni t ed St at es v. B ot er o- O s pi na, 71 F. 3d 783 ( 10t h C i r . 1995) ( en banc ) . W e have uphel d the cons t i tut i onal i tyof empl oy i ng a cani ne t o s ni ff forcontr aband w hen i ti s conduct ed dur i ng the l aw ful det ent i on of a v e h ic le . U n ite d S ta te s v . M o ra le s -Z a m o ra , 9 1 4 F .2 d 2 0 0 , 2 0 3 (1 0 th C ir . 1 9 9 0 ). E v e n a d d iti o n a l q u e stio n in g th a t ex ten d s th e tim e o f d e ten tio n re q u ire s a d e q u a te j us t i fi cat i on. See A l car ez- A r el l ano, 441 F. 3d at1258. I n or dert o as s es s w hetherr eas onabl e s us pi ci on exi s t ed, w e l ook t o the “t ot al i t yof the ci r cumst ance s ” t o s ee i f the off i cerhad a “ part i cul ar i zed a nd obj ect i ve bas i s fors us pect i ng l egal w r ongdoi ng. ” See e . g. , U ni t ed St at es v. B ra d fo rd , 4 2 3 F .3 d 1 1 4 9 , 1 1 5 7 (1 0 th C ir . 2 0 0 5 ) ( in te rn a l q u o ta tio n s o m itte d ). R eas onabl e s us pi ci on m ayexi s teven w her e ea ch fa ct ori ndi vi dual l yhas an in n o c e n t ex p lan a tio n . U n ited S tate s v . A rv izu , 5 3 4 U .S . 2 6 6 , 2 7 7 (2 0 0 2 ); C ervi ne, 347 F. 3d at871, 872. B uts om e s eemi ngl yi nnocuous fac t or s can- 8 -

d e sc rib e su c h a lar g e n u m b e r o f tra v e ler s, th a t p ra c tica llyra n d o m se a rc h e s w o u ld b e p e rm itt e d if

th e c o u rts d e e m e d th e m su fficie n t to fo rm th e b a sis fo r re a so n a b le suspi ci on . R ei d v . G eorgi a, 44 8 U . S . 43 8, 44 1 (198 0). R easona ble s uspici on i s a “fl ui d conce pt ” thati s cont extdepende nt . O rnel as v. U ni t ed St at es , 517 U . S. 690, 6 9 6 (1 9 9 6 ); L a u g h rin , 4 3 8 F .3 d a t 1 2 4 7 . W e re q u ire th e o ffice r to “ a rticu late s om ethi ng m or e than an i nchoat e and unpa r t i cul ar i zed s us pi ci on orhunch. ” U ni t ed St at es v. Sokol ow , 490 U . S. 1, 7 ( 1989) ( i nt ernal quot at i ons and ci t at i ons o m itte d ). T h e re m u s t e x is t s o m e m in im u m le v e l o f o bje c tiv e ju s tific a tio n . Id . I f the tr ooperi n t hi s cas e det ai ned M r . K agur as aft erthe purpos e of the t r aff i c s t op w as acc om pl i s hed, w i th nei thercons entnorr eas onabl e s us pi ci on, t hen t he frui t s of thatdet ent i on ar e i nadmi s s i bl e. See W ong Sun v. U ni t ed St at es , 371 U . S. 471, 484 ( 1963) . O n appea l , M r . K agur as does notchal l enge the cons t i tut i onal i t yof the i ni t i al t r aff i c s t op, and the governm entdoes notar gue ( nor c o u ld it o n th is re c o rd ) t h a t M r. K a g u ra s c o n s e n te d to a le n g th e n e d d e te n tio n . T h u s, th e a p p e a l tu rn s o n w h e th e r th e tro o p e r h a d re a so n a b le s u sp icio n to d e tain M r. K a g u ra s a f

te r h e is s u e d th e w a rn in g . T h e leg iti m a te d e ten tio n o f M r. K a g u ra s, b a se d o n th e in iti a l traffic vi ol at i on, ended w hen the tr ooperi s s ued the w arni ng t i cket . See C abal l es , 543 U . S. at407. T he tr oopercont i nued t o ques t i on M r . K agur as r egar di ng hi s tr avel pl ans w hi l e r et ai ni ng t he ca rr ent al agr eement ; thes e i nqui r i es w er e not c o n s e n s u a l b e c a u s e M r . Ka g u r a s wa s n o tf r e e t o l e a v e . F o rr e a s o n s th a tfo l l o w,I n a l et t ers ubm i t t ed pur s uantt o Fed. R . A pp. P. 28(j ) , t he governm ent 1 a r g u e s t h a tAl c a r a z s t a n d s “ fo rt h e p r o p o s i t i o n t h a ta t r a ffi c s t o p d o e s n o tb e c o me unr eas onabl e mer el ybeca us e the off i ceras ks ques t i ons unr el at ed t o i ni t i al [s i c] r eas on fort he s t op, as l ong as t hos e ques t i ons do notunr eas onabl yext end the s t op. ” R el evanther e, how ever , i s t he A l car az c ourt ’ s anal y s i s r egar di ng the offi cer ’ s ques t i oni ng aft erhe r eturned the dr i ver ’ s document at i on. A l car az, 441 F .3 d a t 1 2 5 9 -6 0 . T h e c o u rt th e re p ro p e rlyfo u n d th a t o n lyc o n se n t o r re a so n a b le s us pi ci on att hatpoi ntj us t i fi ed furtherdel ay . I d. at1259. H er e the fortys econd i nt erval betw een the i s s uance of the w arni ng t i cketand the r eturn of the r ent al contr acthad t o s uppor t ed byei t herr eas onabl e s us pi ci on orcons entbeca us e the p u rp o s e o f

th e s to p — th e is s u a n c e o f th e w a rn in g — h a d b e e n a c c o m p lis h e d . - 9 - w e c o n c lu d e th a t th e tro o p e r la c k e d a n o bjec tiv e b a sis fo r c o n tin u in g to d e tain M r . K agur as aft er t he t i m e t he t r ooper i s s ued the w arni ng t i cket . D ur i ng the 1 su p p re ss io n h e a rin g , the g o v e rn m e n t su g g e ste d se v e ra l fa c to rs a s c o n trib u tin g to t he tr ooper ’ s r eas onabl e s us pi ci on: ( 1) nervous nes s , ( 2) part i al l yeat en food a nd w r apper s , ( 3) amount of l uggage, ( 4) s centof ai rfr es hener , ( 5) addi t i onal key s on t he keyr i ng t o t he r ent al car , ( 6) M r . K agur as ’ s pl ans t o s t ayi n C hi cago in d e fin itelyw h ile th e re n tal c o n tra c t in d ica ted th e c a r w a s to b e re tu rn e d in Seat t l e, ( 7) t r avel fr om Seat t l e t o C hi cago, and ( 8) t hatM r . K agur as w as dr i vi ng a rent al car. W e hav e con si dered all t he fa ct ors i n thi s case i n tot al i ty , bu tfor ease of di s cus s i on addr es s t hem one byone. T h e g o v e rn m e n t m a in ta in s th a t th e s tr o n g e s t fa c to r h e re is n e rv o u s n e s s . A p lee . B r. at 1 4 . A s w e h a v e n o ted , “n e rv o u sn e ss is a su fficie n tly comm on— i ndeed na tur al

— r eac t i on t o confr ont at i on w i th the pol i ce, ” and i s of “l i m i t ed s i gni fi canc e” i n ourr eas onabl e s us pi ci on anal y s i s . U ni t ed St at es v. S a n to s , 4 0 3 F .3 d 1 1 2 0 , 1 1 2 7 (1 0 th C ir . 2 0 0 5 ). T h a t c e rt a in ly is tr u e in th is c a s e .- 10 -

T he tr oopert es t i fi ed thathe had a t t ended c l as s es s how i ng hi m w hatt o l ook for i ns ofaras nervous behavi orand i ncons i s t ents t or i es w hen i tcame t o drug i nt er di ct i on. A pl t . A pp. at60. H e s ugges t ed many , m anyfac t or s dur i ng the s uppr es s i on hear i ng t hatw er e i ndi cat i ve of ne r vous nes s . Forexampl e, he t es t i fi ed thatone i ndi cat orof extr eme ner vous nes s w as l eavi ng one’ s tur n s i gnal o n w h e n s to p p e d w h ic h o c c u rr e d in th is c a s e (a lth o u g h it w a s la te r t u rn e d o ff ). I d. at66. Fur t her , t he tr oopert es t i fi ed thatM r . K agur as ’ s hands w er e s haki ng w hen he h and ed h i m t he rent al con tract , and that “one k nee w as r eal l ynervou s, kind of j i t t ery , bu ti tseem ed a n ervous t i ck. O nce som ebo dygets real l ynervou s, y ou do s om ethi ng y ou don’ tr eal l yr eal i ze thaty ou’ r e doi ng. ” I d. at72. T he t r ooperal s o m ent i oned thatM r . K agur as s eemed t o s peak i n a s cr at chy , hi gh pit ched , broken vo i ce and t hat w hil e M r. K agu ras l oo ked athim , M r. K agu ras al so lo o k e d a w a yw h e n th e tro o p e r sp o k e to h im . Id . at 7 2 -7 3 . In th e h e a rin g a n d its w r i t t en or der , t he di s t r i ctcour tfocus ed on the s haki ng knee a s confi r m at or yof extr eme ner vous nes s , concl udi ng thati tw as unus ual , s om ethi ng the courthad not e v e r se e n . Id . at 1 2 3 , 1 3 5 . B e th a t as it m a y , w e d o u b t th e o ffice r is q u a lifie d to te s tif ya s to th e e tio lo g yo f M r. K a g u ra s ’s “ n e rv o u s tic k .” T he vi deot ape a nd t r ans cr i pti ndi cat e thatM r . K agur as w as r es pons i ve, and i ndeed, j oked ar ound w i t h t he tr ooper . H e di d notdel ayi n r es pondi ng t o the tro o p e r’s q u e stio n s, p ro v id in g th e re q u e ste d d o c u m e n tatio n , an d u lti m a tely as s er t i ng hi s cons t i tut i onal r i ght s . H i s voi ce w as cons i s t entand di r ect- 11 -

th ro u g h o u t. M o re o v e r, th e tro o p e r’s tes tim o n yth a t M r. K a g u ra s w a s “ p a le” is w i t houts i gni fi canc e gi ven that( 1) the tr ooperhad no bas i s of compar i s on, and (2) M r. K ag u ras w as d ri v ing fro m S ea tt le, in Ja n u ary . W e sim p lyd o n o t acc o rd anynervou sness on t he p artof M r. K agu ras m uch w ei gh ti n the analy si s, par t i cul ar l ybeca us e s o m uch of w hatcontr i but ed t o the tr ooper ’ s char act er i zat i on s i m pl ydoes notdi ffe r ent i at e thi s cas e fr om anyotheri nnocentm ot or i s ts t opped b ya s ta te tr o o p e r. T he tr ooperal s o t es t i fi ed thatM r . K agur as ’ s fai l ur e t o s how s uffi ci ent r el i ef a ft err ece i vi ng a w arni ng al s o w as i ndi cat i ve of c ont i nued nervous nes s and r eas onabl e s us pi ci on. I d. at83. T he governm entpr es s es a s i m i l arar gum ent c o n c e rn in g re a so n a b le s u sp icio n . A p lee . B r. at 1 6 . W e d o n o t d e c id e th is dubi ous pr opos i t i on beca us e w hen the tr ooperobs erved thi s l ack of r el i ef, the t r ooperhad al r eadyi s s ued the w arni ng and w as det ai ni ng M r . K agur as aft erhe had ful fi l l ed the “mi s s i on” of the or i gi nal , j us t i fi ed s t op. O bs ervat i ons m ade d u r i n g a n i l l e g a l d e t e n t i o n c a n n o tb e u s e d t o b o o t s tr a p r e a s o n a b l e s u s p i c i o n . As s uch, w e dec l i ne t o even c ons i derM r . K agur as ’ s “cont i nued nervous nes s ” i n our analy si s. T he r ecor d does nots uppor tthe cha r act er i zat i on thatM r . K agur as ’ s tr avel pl ans w er e vague , evas i ve, i m pl aus i bl e ori ncons i s t ent . See e. g. , A pl ee Br. at19; A pl t . A pp. at123. M r . K agur as m ai nt ai ned thr oughoutthe ent i r e tr aff i c s t op that he w as goi ng t o C hi cago t o vi s i thi s gi r l fr i end, and thatthe l ength of hi s s t ay- 12 -

d e p e n d e d o n h o w th in g s in th e ir re latio n sh ip d e v e lo p e d . A p lt. A p p . at 1 0 4 (Q : [ to T roo p er H u n t] H e w as v eryclea r fro m [] start t o fin ish, he w as g o ing to staythere as l ong as hi s gi r l fr i end l ethi m s t ayther e? A : T hat ’ s corr ect . ) . A l though the r e n t a l a g r e e m e n tp r o v i d e d t h a tt h e c a rw a s t o b e r e tu rn e d i n S e a t t l e s e v e n d a ys l at er , M r . K agur as i nform ed the tr ooperthatH er t z t ol d hi m he coul d r eturn the c a r i n C h ic a g o in s te a d . Id . a t 8 1 . T hi s courthas caut i oned aga i ns t“r eadi ng t oo m uch” i nt o a ca rr ent al agr eement . Sant os , 403 F. 3d at1129 ( “C om m on exper i ence s ugges t s thati ti s not unus ual fora dr i vert o r enta ca rfora ce r t ai n per i od, and then t o ext end the r ent al w i t houti ncurr i ng a pena l t yorpay i ng a hi gherr at e. Such an arr angementm ay su g g e st th a t th e d riv e r' s tra v e l p lan s a re u n c e rta in o r su bjec t to c h a n g e , b u t, w ith o u t m o re , n o t th a t th e ya re im p lau sib le.” ). A lth o u g h th e g o v e rn m e n t p ro p e rly not es , A pl ee. B r . at19, t hatunus ual ori m pl aus i bl e tr avel pl ans , ori ncons i s t ent ans w er s aboutt r avel pl ans , can gi ve r i s e t o r eas onabl e s us pi ci on, Sokol ow , 490 U .S . at 9 , U n ited S tate s v . K o p p , 4 5 F .3 d 1 4 5 0 , 1 4 5 4 (1 0 th C ir. 1 9 9 5 ), th a t sim p ly w a s n o t th e c a s e h e re . T he governm ental s o ar gues thatM r . K agur as “s tut t er ed [] l i ke he w as t r y i ng t o t hi nk of s om ethi ng t o s ay ” and r epea t ed the ques t i ons the tr ooperas ked h im re g a rd in g th e re n tal c o n tra c t’s re tu rn d a te. A p lt. A p p . at 8 1 . W e d e c lin e to c o n sid e r th is in o u r to talityo f th e c irc u m sta n c e s a n a ly sis b e c a u se th is conver s at i on t r ans pi r ed af t ert he Troope rhad i s s ued M r . K agur as the w arni ng,I f M r . K agur as had pac ked veryl i t t l e, t he ar gum entm i ghthave be en that 2 s uch l i ghtt r avel w as i ncons i s t entw i th hi s hope t o s t ayas l ong as hi s gi r l fr i end l et hi m . R eas onabl e s us pi ci on m us tbe r eas onabl e. A l though w hol l yi nnocent fa c t o r s s o me t i me s c o n t r i b u t e t o r e a s o n a b l e s u s p i c i o n , t h e i n fe r e n c e s t o b e d r a wn fr om t hos e fa ct or s m us tbe pl aus i bl e, notconveni ent l yt ai l or ed t o tr ap a d e fe n d a n t. W e a re c a u tio u s a b o u t en d o rsin g “ c a tch -2 2 ” fa c to rs fo r re a so n a b le s us pi ci on. - 13 - and ther efor e af

t ert he poi ntatw hi ch he ne eded r eas onabl e s us pi ci on t o cont i nue to d e ta in M r. K a g u ra s . M or eover , t he amountand s i ze of l uggage i n M r . K agur as ’ s carw as e n t i r e l yc o n s i s t e n twi t h h i s t r a v e l p l a n s . T h e g o v e rn me n t ’ s p o s i t i o n th a tth e “ t wo l ar ge, pl as t i c cont ai ner s , t he enorm ous , bl ack s ui t cas e and the l ar ge, r ed duffel b a g w e re n o t c o n s is te n t w ith a n ‘i n d e fin ite v is it,’ ” A p le e . B r. a t 1 8 , is u n te n a b le . A n i ndefi ni t e vi s i tcoul d be forday s orm onths ory ear s and ther e w as no bas i s for th e tro o p e r to re g a rd th e a m o u n t p a c k e d a s s u sp icio u s, o r fo r th e g o v e rn m e n t to cat ego ri ze i t as i nco nsi st ent. T he si tuati on here i s ent i rel ydiffer ent than t ho se 2 w h e re “ lu g g a g e ” w a s p ro p e rlyc o n sid e re d a s a fa c to r g iv in g rise to re a so n a b le s us pi ci on. See U ni t ed St at es v. Sharpe, 470 U . S. 675, 687 ( 1985) ( carappea r ed over l oaded a nd t he bac k of the ca rw as w ei ghed dow n) ; U ni t ed St at es v. M endez , 118 F. 3d 1426, 1431 ( 10t h C i r . 1997) ( no l uggage e i theri n trunk orback s eaton a lon g d ist an ce tr ip co u ld b e su sp ici o u s). N o r ca n w e e n d o rse the d istri ct co u rt ’s obs ervat i on t hatl ar ge l uggage i nher ent l ygi ves r i s e t o s us pi ci on beca us e i tm i ght be us ed t o carr ym ar ij uana w hi ch r equi r es a l otof s pace . A pl t . A pp. at124, 136. T he tr ooperfur t herci t ed M r . K agur as ’ s t r avel fr om “one know n drug- 14 -

so u rc e a re a to k n o w n d ru g so u rc e a re a d e stin a tio n ” a s a fa c to r g iv in g rise to rea so n ab le su sp ici o n . Id. at 10 5 . T h e d istri ct co u rtreli ed u p o n this an d S ea tt le’s pr oxi m i t yt o B r i t i s h C ol um bi a i n i t s anal y s i s . I d. at124 ( “N ow , w e’ ve gott o t ake i nto consi derat i on t hat Seat t l e i s verynear the p rovi den ce [si c] of B ri t i sh C ol um bi a, w her e B r i t i s h C ol um bi a mar ij uana i s verydes i r abl e on the drug m arket . I w ou l d thi nk t hat that w ou l d b e qu i t e i m po rt ant. ”), 13 5-136 . In San t os, w her e tr avel betw een a drug s our ce l ocat i on ( San Fr anci s co) t o a drug des t i nat i on ( Ne w Yo r k Ci t y ) wa s c i t e d a s a fa c t o rj u s t i f y i n g r e a s o n a b l e s u s p i c i o n , we cauti on ed: “I f t ravel betw een tw o o f t his cou ntry ’s l argestpo pu l at i on center s i s a gr ound on w hi ch r eas onabl e s us pi ci on m aybe pr edi cat ed, i ti s di ffi cul tt o i m agi ne an ac t i vi t yi ncapa bl e of j us t i fy i ng pol i ce s us pi ci on and an a ccompany i ng in v e stig a tiv e d e ten tio n . O u r h o ld in g th a t suspi ci ou s tr avel pl ans can for m an el ementof r eas onabl e s us pi ci on s houl d notbe t aken a s an i nvi t at i on t o fi nd tr avel s us pi ci ous pers e. ” Sant os , 403 F. 3d at1132 ( emphasi s i n or i gi nal ) . T he i dea th a t th e s o u rc e c ity is i n c lo s e p ro x im ity to a n o th e r s o u rc e c ity is e v e n w e a k e r. Indeed , t he tr oo per adm i t t ed that“everyplace uses drug s” and thatthe “v ast m aj or i t yof pl ace s on t he w es tcoas t ” ar e s our ces of drugs . T r avel betw een maj or ci t i es i s perhaps t he w eake s tfac t ori n the t ot al i tyof ci r cumst ance s anal y s i s , and is e n tit led to p ra c tica llyn o w e ig h t. T he mer e fa ctt hatM r . K agur as ’ s vehi cl e w as r ent ed, A pl t . A pp. at79, i s of no val ue i n as s es s i ng w hethert he tr ooperhad obj ect i vel yr eas onabl e s us pi ci on of- 15 -

cr i m i nal act i vi t y , and i s nota fa ct oron w hi ch r eas onabl e s us pi ci on can be l egi t i m at el ypr edi cat ed. Si m i l ar l y , the tr ooper ’ s t es t i m onythathe thoughti tw as “odd, ” i d. at75, t hatM r . K agur as had extr a key s aff i xed t o the r ent al carkey chai n contr i but es not hi ng t o t he r eas onabl e s us pi ci on anal y s i s . N o evi dence appea r s as t o w hyextr a key s att ache d t o the keychai n ar e i ndi cat i ve of c r i m i nal act i vi t y . T he tr ooper ’ s expl anat i on i s i nadequa t e: “M os tpeopl e I have s t opped t hatdr i ve r ent al car s don’ thave e xtr a s et s of key s on the keychai n t o the r ent al car . A nd m e per s onal l yr ent i ng car s , I don’ tputm yextr a s etof key s on ther e. ” Id . A lso u n av ail ing is th e troo p er’s o b serv ati o n s o f fo o d w rap p ers in the ca r, and the di s t r i ctcourt ’ s r el i ance t her eon. B r adfor d, 423 F. 3d at1157 ( “[F] as tfood w ra p p e rs h a v e b e c o m e u b iq u ito u s in m o d e rn in ter sta te tra v e l an d d o n o t se rv e to s epar at e the s us pi ci ous fr om t he i nnocenttr avel er . ”) ( i nt ernal quot at i ons and c itatio n s o m itt e d ). T h e su sp icio n a ss o c iate d w ith fa st fo o d w ra p p e rs is “ v irtu a lly nonexi s t ent . ” W ood, 106 F. 3d at947. T he tr oopert es t i fi ed thathe thoughtthe food w r apper s w er e s i gni fi cantbeca us e he’ s “s een thatpeopl e tr avel i ng acr os s t he countr yw i t h i l l egal nar cot i cs t r yt o do s o as qui ckl yas theycan a nd they g e n e ra llyju st e a t o n th e g o .” A p lt. A p p . at 9 0 . E v e n w ith d e fe re n c e to h is t r ai ni ng and expe r i ence , t he tr ooperconce ded thatM r . K agur as had l eft W a sh in g to n tw o d a y s p rio r, a r e a so n a b le a m o u n t o f tim e to c o v e r th e d ista n c e in q u e stio n , an d th a t in lig h t o f th a t, th e p re se n c e o f

fo o d w ra p p e rs w a sn ’t “ w o rthT h e d istric t co u rt’s b e lief th a t “w h e n y o u ’v e g o t th a t o d o r o f a ir 3 f re sh e n e rs, y o u p ro b a b lyg o t a d ru g c a se ” is n o t p a rticu lar lyh e lp f u l– su ffice it t o s a y , th a t c o n c lu s io n is o v e rb ro a d a n d e a c h c a s e m u s t b e d e c id e d o n its o w n fa c ts . A pl t . A pp. at72. - 16 - v e ry m u c h .” Id . a t 1 0 4 . T h e sc en t of

air fresh en er, st an d ing alon e, i s ina d eq u ate to su p p o rt r eas onabl e s us pi ci on abs entot heri ndi ci a of c r i m i nal act i vi ty . U ni t ed St at es v. V i l l a- C haparr o, 115 F. 3d 797, 802 ( 10th C i r . 1997) . T he fa ctthata r ent al carhad a strong o do r of ai r fr eshene r m i gh treas on ablycause an offi cer t o b e suspi ci ou s, buti n t hi s cas e, t her e i s no actual i ndi ci a of c r i m i nal act i vi ty . W e al s o not e that t he tr ooperdi d nott es t i fyas t o anyai rfr es hener s i n the ca r , and thus the s cent c o u ld ju st a s e a silyh a v e b e e n f ro m c lea n in g th e c a r p rio r to re n tal. 3 A s a w hol e, i n t ot al i t y , t hes e fa ct or s do notgi ve r i s e t o obj ect i ve, r eas onabl e s us pi ci on. A l t hough w e w i l l cons i derfac t or s t hatcoul d have a n in n o c e n t ex p lan a tio n , the re m u st b e so m e th in g to in d ica te th a t cr im in a l ac tiv ityis afoot . W hi l e s t at e tr ooper s ’ t r ai ni ng and expe r i ence ar e i m por t ant , s us pi ci ons and hunches l i ke thos e pr offe r ed her e ar e i ns uffi ci entas a mat t erof l aw . W ood, 106 F. 3d at946. T he tr ooperdi d nothave a pr operbas i s forr eas onabl e s us pi ci on and hi s det ent i on of M r . K agur as aft erhe i s s ued the w arni ng w as i n vi ol at i on of the Four t h A m endment . A ccor di ngl y , t he di s tr i ctcourts houl d have gr ant ed the m oti on t o sup press .- 17 -

R E V E R S E D A N D R E M A N D E D . E n tered fo r th e C o u rt P au l J. K ell y , Jr. C i r cui tJ udge