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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">United States of America</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">1120 20</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">th</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Street, N.W., Ninth Floor</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">v.</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; margin-left:10.067px; widows:0; orphans:0; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHRC Docket No. 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">4</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1268</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">DOVER HIGH PERFORMANCE PLASTICS</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
									</span>INC.,</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:right; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ON BRIEFS:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; margin-left:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Ronald J. Gottlieb, Senior Appellate Attorney; Charles F. James, Counsel for Appellate Litigation; Ann S. Rosenthal, Associate Solicitor</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of Labor<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">for Occupational Safety and Health</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">; Katherine E. Bissell, Deputy Solicitor for Regional Enforcement</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">For the Complainant</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Mark D. Katz, Esq., Ulmer & Berne LLP, Cleveland, OH</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">For the Respondent</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">DECISION</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Before: SULLIVAN, Chairman; ATTWOOD and LAIHOW, Commissioners</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BY THE COMMISSION:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Dover High Performance Plastics</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fabricat</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">es</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">custom</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>plastic parts</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">April 2014</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Occupational Safety and Health Administration<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">conducted<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an inspection of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the company’s Dover, Ohio, facility<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in response to an employee complaint</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Following the inspection,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA issued<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Dover a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">single</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">item<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">willful<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">citation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">alleging<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a violation of 29 C.F.R.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">§</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1910.212(a)(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>failing to provide adequate guarding</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">seven of its<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">computer-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">numerically-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">controlled<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">machines, specifically five<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">lathes and two mills.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Following a hearing, Administrative Law Judge Dennis L. Phillips affirmed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the citation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as willful</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and assessed the proposed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">$49,000</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>penalty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. For the reasons set forth below, we</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">affirm<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the citation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">only<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">with respect to the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>lathes</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, recharacterize the violation as serious, and assess a $3,500</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>penalty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-1.27cm; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">BACKGROUND</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Dover uses lathes and mills to manufacture a variety of plastic parts.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Both types of machines are enclosed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and have</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">opening</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">doors</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that provide operators access to the inside of the machine</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref2" href="#ftn2">1</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">It is undisputed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at the time of the citation,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Dover</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>operators use</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>both the lathes and mills with the doors</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>either</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>open</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or removed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">When<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">operating</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the lathes,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Dover<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">operat</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ors<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">place a plastic blank on the machine’s spindle by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">reach</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>approximately<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">two</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>feet inside<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">lathe’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">o</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pening</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">which is approximately 17 inches wide and extends from the operator’s hips to shoulder</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he operator then presses a button outside the enclosure t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">o begin the production cycle</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, during which</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he spindle<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">rotates at speeds of 250 to 1200 revolutions per minute, while cutting tools held in a turret move into the blank and fashion the plastic part.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">lathe’s production cycle last</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">anywhere from<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">en</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>seconds to two minutes</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at which point the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">turret automatically withdraws from the finished part and the spindle stops</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>rotating</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">operator</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>then reaches<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">back<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">into the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">machine</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, removes</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the completed part</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and begins the process again by inserting a new blank</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref3" href="#ftn3">2</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">When<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">operating</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the mills,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Dover<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">operat</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ors<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">plac</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>plastic</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>blank on a fixture<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that is mounted to a moveable table positioned near<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">each</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>mill’s opening. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">operator<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">then<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">activates the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">mill</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by pressing a button outside the opening</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>mill’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">table move</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">back approximately 32 inches and a vertical</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>spindle</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that is holding and spinning a cutting tool</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">descend</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>into the blank.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Once the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">cutting tool</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is finished</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>it automatically ascends</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the table</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">returns to its original position</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A hand-held air hose hangs near<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">each</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>mill’s opening, and inside<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">each</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>mill near the cutting tool is an<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">air</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">line</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>designed to keep chips off the tool.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:line-through ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In 2012,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Dover<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">operator</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was injured while operating a lathe. The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">operator</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had reached his hand into the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">opening<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to adjust a “crooked” part. At the time</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the lathes were programmed to start automatically</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>so operators had a predetermined amount of time to unload a completed part and load a new blank</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">before the next<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">production<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">cycle<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">began</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">operator</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">did not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">withdraw his<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hand<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">before the next cycle began<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">cutting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">tool cut the back of his hand. After the accident, Dover reprogrammed its lathes so that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">machines</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">stop but do not power off</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>between production cycles</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">operators must<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">manually<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">push a button to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">initiate the next</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>cycle</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">DISCUSSION</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The cited provision</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, in relevant part,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>requires that:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">One or more methods of machine guarding shall be provided to protect the operator and other employees in the machine area from hazards such as those created by point of operation, ingoing nip points, rotating parts, flying chips and sparks.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1910.212(a)(1).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The only element of the Secretary’s prima facie case<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at issue<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on review is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">whether<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Dover</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>lathe and mill operators<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were exposed to the violative condition</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref4" href="#ftn4">3</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">A.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Exposure</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To prove exposure, “the Secretary must show either that Respondent’s employees were actually exposed to the violative condition or that it is ‘reasonably predictable . . . by operational necessity or otherwise (including inadvertence), that employees have been, are, or will be in the zone of danger.’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">S & G Packaging Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC 1503, 1506 (No. 98-1107, 2001) (quoting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Fabricated Metal</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Prods.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1072, 1074 (No. 93-1853, 1997)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(citations omitted)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also Phoenix Roofing, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1076, 1079 (No. 90-2148, 1995) (“Exposure to a violative condition may be established by showing actual exposure<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">or</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that access to the hazard was reasonably predictable.”),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 79 F.3d 1146</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(5th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Cir. 1996) (unpublished)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(emphasis added)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The “zone of danger” is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">defined as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the “area surrounding the violative condition that presents the danger to employees [that] the standard is intended to prevent.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">RGM Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1229, 1234 (No. 91-2107, 1995);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also Gilles</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>& Cotting, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>3 BNA OSHC 2002, 2003 (No. 504, 1976)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(identifying three different zones of danger relating to a scaffolding violation:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the swing platform employees were working on; the impact area under the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">platform where tools and equipment could be strewn; and the rooftop area affected by the platform’s supporting structure);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Fabricated Metal</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1074 (finding that the zones of danger were the unguarded points of operation and camshafts, as the citation alleged violations of 29 C.F.R. §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1910.212(a)(3)(ii) (unguarded point of operation) and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">§ </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1910.219(c)(2) (unguarded horizontal shafting)).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> “The scope of the zone of danger is relative to the wording of the standard and the nature of the hazard at issue.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Fabricated Metal</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC at 1074 n.7 (citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Gilles</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>& Cotting</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 3 BNA OSHC at 2003). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Here, the citation does not define the zone of danger</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on either machine</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, but simply states that “employees operated [the machines] without adequate guarding to protect employees from the moving parts.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Before the judge, the Secretary maintained that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the zone of danger is within the confines of the machines</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">where the employees are exposed to the hazards of moving parts, pinch points, rotating parts, and entanglements.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The judge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>agreed,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>f</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">inding</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that “the zone of danger includes the confines of the machine” because the Secretary established that “the machine’s moving parts can be accessed from any place within the machine when the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> . . . </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">door is open.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>On review, Dover argues this was error, pointing to the fact that the rotating spindle and tool are both<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">located<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at least two feet within each machine’s enclosure.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">We agree</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with the company</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">text<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">§ 1910.212(a)(1)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">dictates that the zone of danger only include</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>areas<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that present</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“hazards such as those created by</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> . </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">point of operation ingoing nip points, rotating parts, [or] flying chips and sparks.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> 29 C.F.R. §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1910.212(a)(1).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Because there is no dispute that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">se “hazards”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">require contact with the unguarded moving parts, the zone of danger does not include the entire enclosure of each machine</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—that is, areas within the enclosure where contact is not possible</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Rather,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the zone of danger</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is limited to the area surrounding the rotating spindle or tool</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>where contact<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">may be<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">possible</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Thus</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">question<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">before us is whether</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Secretary has<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">established</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that it was reasonably predictable<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Dover’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">operators</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>would come sufficiently close to the moving parts in</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">side</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">lathes and mills<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">so as to be exposed to the cited hazard. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Fabricated Metal</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC at 1074.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Lathes</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_NormalWeb style_NormalWeb " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The judge<span>
					</span>concluded<span>
					</span>that it was “reasonably predictable that a lathe operator would misjudge the<span>
					</span>machine’s<span>
					</span>timing and make contact with the point of operation during a production cycle,” as “employees will not be able to maintain the constant vigilance and perfect timing” that the fast-paced, repetitive production cycle requires. Specifically, the judge found that because the operator manually unloads the finished part but does not manually control the end of the cycle<span>
					</span>(i.e., stopping the spindle from spinning), the operator can<span>
					</span>easily<span>
					</span>misjudge when the spindle will stop and reach in to unload<span><span></span>
					</span>the finished part, clean shavings, or adjust air hoses while the spindle is still rotating. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_NormalWeb style_NormalWeb " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">On review, Dover argues that the judge’s reasoning is flawed because the operators, “due to their familiarity with the equipment, could easily determine when the rotation of the spindle had stopped” and would therefore only perform tasks inside the confines of the machines between production cycles.<span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref5" href="#ftn5">4</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>We disagree.<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>The<span><span></span>
					</span>record shows that the<span>
					</span>lathe’s<span><span></span>
					</span>production cycle takes<span>
					</span>anywhere from ten<span><span></span>
					</span>seconds<span><span></span>
					</span>to two minutes. Therefore, as the Secretary estimates—without challenge from Dover—each<span>
					</span>operator<span><span></span>
					</span>places<span><span></span>
					</span>their hands inside the lathe “up to 600 times or more a day, when they insert and remove plastic on the spindle.” The record<span><span></span>
					</span>also<span><span></span>
					</span>shows that<span>
					</span>their<span>
					</span>hands come within less than an inch of the spindle each time they reach into the lathe. Thus, as<span><span></span>
					</span>the judge<span><span></span>
					</span>found,<span>
					</span>operating the lathes<span><span></span>
					</span>requires Dover’s<span>
					</span>operators<span>
					</span>to time<span><span></span>
					</span>their<span>
					</span>entry<span>
					</span>to the end of a production cycle,<span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>making<span><span></span>
					</span>such quick, repetitive judgments<span>
					</span>is<span>
					</span>subject to error, particularly when performed by less experienced<span>
					</span>operators. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Slyter Chair, Inc</span>., 4 BNA OSHC 1110,<span>
					</span>1111-12 (No. 1263, 1976) (protections included in machine guarding standard were designed to protect against human error).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Indeed,<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>lathe<span><span></span>
					</span>operator’s injury in 2012 occurred when he<span><span></span>
					</span>misjudged the<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">start</span><span><span></span>
					</span>of the production cycle, which<span>
					</span>at the time was programmed to<span>
					</span>occur automatically,<span><span></span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>made<span>
					</span>contact with the<span>
					</span>cutting tool<span><span></span>
					</span>as it moved towards the spindle.<span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref6" href="#ftn6">5</a></span> Under these circumstances, we<span>
					</span>conclude<span>
					</span>that it is<span>
					</span>reasonably predictable, irrespective of their experience or familiarity with the lathes,<span><span></span>
					</span>that<span>
					</span>operators<span><span></span>
					</span>could misjudge when the spindle<span>
					</span>stopped<span><span></span>
					</span>rotating and thereby inadvertently<span>
					</span>enter the zone of danger posed by the lathes’<span><span></span>
					</span>unguarded moving parts.<span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref7" href="#ftn7">6</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_NormalWeb style_NormalWeb " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Mills</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_NormalWeb style_NormalWeb " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The<span>
					</span>judge<span>
					</span>concluded<span>
					</span>that it was reasonably predictable<span>
					</span>the mill operators<span>
					</span>would enter the<span>
					</span>machine’s<span>
					</span>zone of danger<span><span></span>
					</span>based on two factual findings: (1) the operator could reach into the<span>
					</span>mill<span>
					</span>to remove debris during the<span>
					</span>production<span>
					</span>cycle;<span><span></span>
					</span>and (2) while standing outside the mill during the operating cycle,<span>
					</span>the operator<span>
					</span>could “somehow” enter the confines of the<span>
					</span>mill, including by being accidently bumped into it by another worker. On review, the<span>
					</span>Secretary<span>
					</span>adds<span>
					</span>that employee exposure was<span><span></span>
					</span>also<span><span></span>
					</span>reasonably predictable whenever<span><span></span>
					</span>an<span>
					</span>operator<span>
					</span>had to<span>
					</span>adjust air nozzles that are mounted inside<span>
					</span>each<span><span></span>
					</span>mill. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_NormalWeb style_NormalWeb " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The record, however,<span><span></span>
					</span>does not support finding<span><span></span>
					</span>exposure under any of these theories. With regard to the<span>
					</span>judge’s<span>
					</span>first theory, George<span>
					</span>Bitikofer, the employee who operates both mills at issue, testified that<span>
					</span>when clearing accumulated debris<span><span></span>
					</span>with the<span>
					</span>hand-held air hose<span>
					</span>that<span>
					</span>hangs<span><span></span>
					</span>by the<span>
					</span>machine’s<span>
					</span>opening,<span>
					</span>there is no need to lean into the machine to get the hose’s nozzle closer to the shavings. Similarly, he testified that when debris accumulates in a chip tray, he removes and cleans the tray when the mill is in shutdown mode, “completely stopped.”<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_NormalWeb style_NormalWeb " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "> As to the<span><span></span>
					</span>judge’s<span><span></span>
					</span>second theory, the<span><span></span>
					</span>Secretary has provided<span>
					</span>no evidence regarding the actual distances<span>
					</span>among<span><span></span>
					</span>the<span><span></span>
					</span>facility’s<span><span></span>
					</span>machines, all of which<span>
					</span>are located in<span><span></span>
					</span>the same work area. As such,<span>
					</span>there is<span><span></span>
					</span>simply<span><span></span>
					</span>no basis<span>
					</span>on which<span>
					</span>to find that the<span><span></span>
					</span>machines<span><span></span>
					</span>are in<span>
					</span>close proximity. Moreover,<span><span></span>
					</span>the record lacks details regarding the arrangement of the<span>
					</span>machines<span>
					</span>or<span>
					</span>how close employees were to each other<span><span></span>
					</span>such that<span><span></span>
					</span>accidental<span><span></span>
					</span>contact between<span><span></span>
					</span>or among<span><span></span>
					</span>them<span>
					</span>was possible.<span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref8" href="#ftn8">7</a></span> In<span><span></span>
					</span>fact,<span>
					</span>Matthew<span>
					</span>Bitikofer, with twenty-two years of experience as an operator at Dover, and vice-president<span>
					</span>Jeffrey<span>
					</span>Stingel, who has<span>
					</span>worked for<span><span></span>
					</span>Dover since it was formed in 1990,<span><span></span>
					</span>both<span><span></span>
					</span>testified that they had neither “experienced such a bumping [n]or had [they] seen or heard of any such incident.”<span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref9" href="#ftn9">8</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_NormalWeb style_NormalWeb " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Finally, as to the Secretary’s theory that exposure was reasonably predictable when operators adjust air nozzles mounted inside the mills, there is no evidence that<span>
					</span>the mills<span><span></span>
					</span>were<span><span></span>
					</span>running when<span>
					</span>operators<span>
					</span>performed this task<span><span></span>
					</span>or that there was any reason why<span>
					</span>they<span>
					</span>might be inclined to do so.<span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref10" href="#ftn10">9</a></span> For all these reasons, we<span><span></span>
					</span>find<span><span></span>
					</span>that the Secretary<span>
					</span>has<span>
					</span>failed to establish<span><span></span>
					</span>exposure<span>
					</span>with respect to<span><span></span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>mills<span>
					</span>and affirm the citation only<span><span></span>
					</span>with<span>
					</span>respect<span><span></span>
					</span>to the lathes.</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">B.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Characterization</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“Willful violations are characterized by an intentional or knowing disregard for the requirements of the Act or a plain indifference to employee safety, in which the employer manifests a heightened awareness that its conduct violates the Act or that the conditions at its workplace present a hazard.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Barbosa Gr</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">p.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 21 BNA OSHC 1865, 1868 (No. 02-0865, 2007) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">quot</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ations omitted</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">However,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[t]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Commission, and many circuit courts, have long held that a violation is not willful if the employer shows that it ‘exhibited a good faith, reasonable belief that its conduct conformed to law</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Jim Boyd Constr., Inc</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 26 BNA OSHC 1109, 1112 (No. 11-2559, 2016)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(quoting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Am. Wrecking Corp. v. Sec</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">y of Labor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 351 F.3d 1254, 1263 (D.C. Cir. 2003)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To establish good faith, the employer bears the burden of proving that its belief was objectively reasonable under the circumstances or</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in other words, “nonfrivolous.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "> Morrison-Knudsen Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC 1105, 112</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">4</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 88-0572, 1993)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(quoting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">McLaughlin v. Union Oil<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Co. of Cal.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 869 F.2d 1039, 1047 (7th Cir. 1989))</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also N. Landing Line Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC 1465, 1476 (No. 96-0721, 2001). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In affirming the violation as willful, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he judge found that Dover had a heightened awareness of the cited standard’s requirement to guard against moving parts due to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1) the 2007<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">prior<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">citation and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the company’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">means of abatement (installing guards);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2) warnings given to operators and posted on the machines;</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref11" href="#ftn11">10</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3) the 2012 accident involving<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the lathe operator</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. The judge also found that “[d]espite its heightened awareness </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dover continued to operate with the [machine] doors open in disregard of the standard’s requirements and with indifference to the safety of its employees.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Finally, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he judge rejected Dover’s good faith belief defense, finding the company’s belief that it<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was in compliance with</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the standard was not objectively reasonable.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On review, Dover<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">asserts</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, as it did before the judge,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it reasonably believed its reprogramming of the lathes following the 2012 accident obviated the need for guards</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">because</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">reprogramming eliminated the most obvious aspect of the hazard—that an employee could<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">be<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">injured<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>component of the lathe that begins to move when the production cycle automatically commences.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> In other words, Dover contends that it reasonably believed the employees’<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">only</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>exposure to moving parts was from<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the lathe’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">automatic start-up, so the programming change e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ffectively e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">liminated all exposure to the lathe’s moving part</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s and thus it was complying with the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>cited</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> In response, the Secretary contends that Dover’s belief was frivolous because the reprogramming did not make a material change to the way the lathes operate. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">We find that t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he record supports Dover’s contention. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Contrary to the Secretary’s assertion,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the reprogramming<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">did make<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a material change—it eliminated the commencement of the production cycle before the operator has withdrawn his hand from the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ar</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ea</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>surrounding the rotating spindle or tool where contact is possible.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> And, given that Dover was focus</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on the cause of the 2012 accident</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>when it made that change</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">we find it</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was objectively reasonable for the company to believe this eliminated all exposure to the moving<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">parts</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref12" href="#ftn12">11</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Compare Morrison-Knudsen</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC at 1127 (employer’s failure to implement engineering controls and respiratory program was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“unreasonably limited”),</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with Spirit Homes</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1629,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1631</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Nos. 00-1807, 00-1808, 2004)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(finding employer’s numerous effective measures to prevent any unsecured tools and roofing material from being knocked off the scaffold were not implemented in a “’half-hearted’ manner so lacking in good faith and reasonableness as to establish willfulness”). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he reasonableness of Dover’s belief</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is further bolstered by the testimony of its operators,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>who explained that they performed tasks</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>inside the machine</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, such as inserting and removing parts, adjusting mounted air nozzles, and removing debris,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">only after the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">lathe’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">parts stopped moving. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Dover’s operators</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">stated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">while the lathe was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">running</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>they remained stationed at the opening of the enclosure, approximately two feet away from the moving parts. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testimony, coupled with Dover’s efforts to reprogram the machine to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">address<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the cause of the 2012 accident, establish</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">es</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the reasonableness of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the company’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>belief</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>it<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was in compliance with</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the standard.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> For the same reasons, we reject the judge’s reliance<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on the lathe’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">warning<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">signs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as a basis for willfulness</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Dover could reasonably have believed were rendered inapplicable given the programming change</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and the fact that the company was machining plastic not metal</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref13" href="#ftn13">12</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Accordingly</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, we recharacterize the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">violation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as serious.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">C.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Penalty</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he judge assessed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the proposed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>$7,000 penalty for each of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">seven</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>instances alleged in the citation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for a total penalty of $49,000</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On review,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Dover</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>do</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">es</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>not dispute the penalty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>amount</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Because</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>we affirm the citation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">only with respect to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the lathes and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">re</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">characteriz</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the violation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as serious, we<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">find that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a total penalty of $3,500</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is appropriate</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>under the circumstances</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 U.S.C. §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">666(j) (penalty assessment factors). </span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="page-break-before:page; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "></span> </p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ORDER</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">W</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e affirm the citation only with respect to the lathes, recharacterize the violation as serious, and assess a total penalty of $3,500.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SO</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>ORDERED.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:336px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">_________________________<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:336px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">James J. Sullivan, Jr. </span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:18.667px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:336px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Chairman</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:18.667px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:336px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:336px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">_________________________<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:336px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cynthia L. Attwood<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:336px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Commissioner<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:336px; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:336px; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:336px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">_________________________<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:336px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Amanda W</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ood</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Laihow</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Dated: </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">September 25, 2020</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Commissioner</span></p>
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				<p> </p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">United States of America</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">1120 20</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">th</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Street, N.W., Ninth Floor</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washington, DC 20036-3457</span></p>
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							<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Secretary of Labor,</span></p>
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							<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> Complainant,</span></p>
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							<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> </span></p>
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							<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">                        v.</span></p>
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							<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> OSHRC Docket No. 14-1268</span></p>
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							<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Dover High Performance Plastics, </span></p>
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							<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> </span></p>
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							<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">           Respondent.</span></p>
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							<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> </span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">APPEARANCES:           </span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Patrick<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">DePace</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, Esquire,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor,<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Cleveland, Ohio</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">For the Secretary</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Mark D. Katz, Esquire,<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Ulmer & Berne LLP,<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Cleveland, Ohio</span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For Respondent</span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">BEFORE:</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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				<p style="text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Dennis L. Phillips</span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">            Administrative Law Judge</span></p>
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				<p> </p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">DECISION AND ORDER</span></p>
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				<p style="text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">This proceeding is before the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (the Commission or OSHRC) pursuant to § 10(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 29 U.S.C. § 659(c) (the Act). On April 4, 2014, Compliance Officer (CO) Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>began an inspection of Dover High Performance Plastics (Dover or Respondent) in response to a complaint of several safety issues, including Computer Numerical Control (CNC) lathes and mills being operated without necessary guards.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref14" href="#ftn14">13</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> Dover is located at 140 Williams Drive NW, Dover, Ohio and manufactures plastic products.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">On July 23, 2014, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) issued a citation and notification of penalty (citation) to Respondent. The citation alleged one willful violation of the machine guarding standard with a proposed penalty of $49,000. Dover timely contested the citation.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">A two-day hearing was held in Cleveland, Ohio on May 5-6, 2015. Seven witnesses testified at the hearing: CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">; Jeffrey<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, vice president of manufacturing; Paul Palmer, vice president of sales and marketing; George<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, mill operator; Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, lathe operator; Brian<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, sales and new business development manager; and Seth McCoy, lathe operator. Both parties simultaneously filed post-hearing briefs and reply briefs. Respondent filed a supplemental brief and the Secretary filed a reply to the supplemental brief.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref15" href="#ftn15">14</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> The primary issue in dispute is whether Dover’s employees were exposed to the unguarded moving parts of the cited CNC</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref16" href="#ftn16">15</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>lathes and mills.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">For the reasons that</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>follow, the Court affirms the citation and assesses a total penalty of $49,000. </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; ">Admitted Facts</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The parties submitted the following admitted facts in their Joint Pre-Hearing Statement. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Joint Pre-Hearing Statement, pp. 4-5 Admitted Facts #1 through #10 (JPHS Fact #)).</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>1.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The moving parts of the cited machines are approximately two feet within the confines of the machine.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>2. OSHA took no measurements of the distance between any part of the operator’s body and the moving parts of the machines.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>3. OSHA took no photos of any part of an operator’s body entering the zone of danger on the cited machines.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>4. None of OSHA’s interview statements of the machine operators state the distance of any part of their bodies from the moving parts of the machines while they are operating.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>5. The same condition was previously cited by OSHA, however the alleged hazard was designated to have “Low probability” at that time.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>6. Interlocks are not required under the cited standard. </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>7. The alleged hazard of parts being manufactured and/or tooling from the machines being ejected from the machine are not mentioned anywhere in the OSHA investigation file.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>8. There is no operational need for the operator to have any part of his body within the zone of danger or the confines of the cited machines.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref17" href="#ftn17">16</a></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>9. There was no oil or other substance on the floor<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">in the area of</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the cited machines which cause an operator to lose his footing.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>10. The Compliance Officer, in recommending the subject citation used as a standard that 1910.212 was violated if it was “possible” that an employee could have any part of his body enter the zone of danger on the cited machines.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; ">Jurisdiction</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Based upon the record, the Court finds Respondent, at all relevant times, was engaged in a business affecting commerce and was an employer within the meaning of sections 3(3) and 3(5) of the Act, 29 U.S.C. §§ 652(3) and (5)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref18" href="#ftn18">17</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> The Court concludes that the Commission has jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter in this case.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; ">Background & Relevant Testimony</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Dover fabricates high performance plastic parts for companies throughout the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">world;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>including valve manufacturers, such as Warren Rupp, and the automotive, aerospace, and road equipment industries. Dover has approximately 40 employees. It produces parts<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">made out of</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>polytetrafluoroethylene, also known as Teflon, and other materials including nylons. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Dover’s machines</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>compress and mold polytetrafluoroethylene. The company uses 25 to 30 machines to manufacture more than 7,000 different parts. These parts include gaskets, washers,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">insulators</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and seals. (Tr. 47-50, 53). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">Machines at Dover</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Dover uses different machines to manufacturer its parts, including automatic molding pressers, Brown & Sharpe screw machines, drill presses, CNC mills, CNC lathes and engine lathes.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref19" href="#ftn19">18</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> The citation alleges five<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Miyano</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>CNC lathe and two<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Excell</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>CNC mill machines were operated without proper guarding of the machine’s moving parts. The five CNC lathes are referred to individually as lathe #7, lathe #15, lathe #19, lathe #37, and lathe #38. The two CNC mills are referred to individually as mill #510 and mill #810. Dover purchased the machines in used condition in the late 1990s,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">with the exception of</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>mill #810, which was purchased in about 2007. (Tr. 53-55, 145, 171). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span><span></span>
						</span>The CNC lathes and CNC mills are used to tool (or machine) blank plastic workpieces into finished parts by means of a spindle that rotates at speeds from 250-1,200 revolutions per minute (rpm). The primary difference between a CNC lathe and CNC mill is the position of the workpiece during production. In a CNC lathe, the blank workpiece is attached to a spindle, which rotates, as a tool is applied to produce the finished part. In a CNC mill, the tool is attached to a rotating spindle and the blank workpiece remains stationary on the table during the machining process. (Tr. 62, 67-68, 222, 298; Ex. 15). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">The CNC Lathes</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The five lathes produced finished parts through either a hand-loading or a rod-loading process. For a rod-loaded job, multiple finished parts are produced from a 6-foot section of blank workpieces loaded into the CNC lathe. The CNC lathe automatically feeds each individual workpiece through the tooling process until all the workpieces have been machined, at which point the machine “shuts off.”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref20" href="#ftn20">19</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> A rod-loaded job can take three to four hours to complete, allowing an operator to run more than one machine at a time. For a hand-loaded job, operators place their hands inside the machines and load each blank workpiece to be manufactured onto the spindle of the lathe. After the cycle is complete, operators again place their hands inside the machines to remove each finished part. (Tr. 73, 214, 311, 441-42, 437). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Along the front of each CNC lathe, a “splash guard” door</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref21" href="#ftn21">20</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>moved on a track from left to right to either enclose the machine’s moving parts or be open to provide access to the point of operation where the workpiece was loaded. The splash guards could be closed and when closed serve as a barrier between the operators and the point of operation. Lathe ##7, 19, 37 and 38 each have a window through which an operator can observe the progress of the machining operation, without being exposed to the lathes’ moving parts when the splash guard door is closed. (Tr. 278;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 17-18, 21-26). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Each CNC lathe’s control panel was above the splash guard door. When the splash guard door was open, the opening into the CNC lathe was about 17 inches wide<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">and the height was roughly the distance from an employee’s hip to shoulder. The splash guard door had a window area to allow a view into the machine with the door closed. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">(Tr. 81, 272, 276, 278, 280;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 17, 19-23, 25-26). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Each CNC lathe was manufactured with an interlock device; however, none of the interlocks were functional when Dover purchased the machines.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref22" href="#ftn22">21</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> An interlock is an “electronic safety device” within the meaning of the cited standard. A functional interlock would not allow the machine to run the production cycle with an open splash guard door. A label</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref23" href="#ftn23">22</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on lathe #7 indicated it had a LS-26 splash guard interlock system, but the mechanism was broken and nonfunctional. The splash guard door on lathe #7 did not easily move on its track. CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>observed an employee attempting to open the door on lathe #7 by using two hands and then jerking the door up and down to get it to move along its track. (Tr. 87, 269-73, 332, 345-46;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 17-18). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Instead of plastic or glass, lathe #15’s splash guard door had a fabricated guard over the missing window area that consisted of approximately six vertical bars with several inches of space between each bar. The “window” opening was 12 inches from top to bottom. Lathe #15’s fabricated guard would not prevent an employee from reaching into the point of operation through the gaps between the metal bars while the machine was running. The bars would also not prevent items from coming out of the machine. The interlock mechanism on lathe #15 was held back by a wire making the interlock not functional. Lathe #15 could not be operated by rod feeding. (Tr. 74, 273-76;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 15,19-20). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Lathe #19 had signs indicating there were two interlock devices, LS-</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">26</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and LS-27;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref24" href="#ftn24">23</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the interlocks were not functional. CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>observed lathe #19 in operation with its door open. (Tr. 276-79; Ex. 21).</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Lathe #37 did not have a splash guard door. It was missing when Dover purchased the machine. Instead, a large piece of cardboard was used to cover the open area of the CNC lathe to keep debris chips or oil used for production from coming out of the machine onto the floor. CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>photographed a warning sign on lathe #37 and testified that similar signs appeared on most of the other machines. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The sign had the word DANGER across the top and included the warning, “Do Not Open Oil Guard Safety Door While Machine is in Operation.” The warning sign also listed eight specific items to do “BEFORE STARTING MACHINE CYCLE,” including “Splashguard must be in closed position and engaged in interlock system” and “Do not attempt to put your hand in beyond oil guard, while machine is in operation.” (Tr. 171, 279-81;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 23-24). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>observed lathe #38 in operation and saw that when the door was opened during operation it did not stop, so the interlock was not functional. The plastic in the window of lathe #38’s door was so aged, dirty, and distorted an operator could not see through it to check the progress of the production cycle. CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>observed</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>its</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>operator, Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, open the door a few inches so he could see the production cycle. (Tr. 282-84;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 25-26). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">The CNC Mills</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">CNC mills at Dover are used to profile (reshape or tool) or drill holes into a blank plastic workpiece. Both CNC mill machines h</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">ad a sliding splash guard door that could be shut and latched. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Neither mill #510 nor mill #810 were manufactured with an interlock system. Both CNC mills had a warning sign above the spindle area that read:</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">WARNING</span></p>
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				<p style="text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The CNC unit may suddenly run Table, Spindle head, or Spindle rotation. </span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">DO NOT open door unless machine control is in manual mode and Spindle stop is depressed. </span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The warning sign also had a depiction of fingers being amputated when too close to a spinning tool and a warning symbol, consisting of an exclamation point inside a triangle, that preceded the word “WARNING.” (Tr. 223-25, 284-88;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 27, 29-30). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">Relevant Testimony</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">Jeffrey<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">Stingel</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Jeffrey<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>has been the vice-president of manufacturing at Dover since the company’s formation in 1990. His duties include purchasing, receiving, sales, operations, and safety. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>received no training on occupational safety or machine guarding at Dover. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>stated that Dover no longer had a safety officer and that safety was everyone’s responsibility. (Tr. 46-47, 57, 105, 463). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had 20 years of experience operating lathes. In the 1980s, he attended lathe training provided by the manufacturer,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Miyano</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had operated Dover’s CNC lathes and mills.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref25" href="#ftn25">24</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He had operated both a lathe and a mill as recently as a year and one-half ago. (Tr. 56-58). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified Dover’s screw machines were guarded with sliding doors. Its presses were also guarded with electric eyes, also referred to as light curtains. These machine guards did not impede the production of the screw machines or presses. (Tr. 50, 52-53).</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">After watching a video in the courtroom of Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>operating a CNC lathe demonstrating a hand-loaded job,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that there was nothing between the operator and the CNC lathe’s point of operation shown in the video. He said Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was shown standing before an open door about two feet away from the point of operation.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref26" href="#ftn26">25</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that he measured the distance himself. He testified that the CNC lathe automatically stops after the piece is done. After reaching into the point of operation work area and removing the finished piece, the operator replaces it with a new piece by again reaching into the point of operation work area. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified the operator then turns the CNC lathe back on manually. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also said that the operator can press a red button on the CNC lathe to stop it for any reason. He stated that the door on the CNC lathe served as a splash guard. The door was open in the video and remained open during the production cycle.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref27" href="#ftn27">26</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that Dover did not require operators to keep the splash guards closed during operation. He said that it was an option. (Tr. 64-65, 70, 74-75, 125; Ex. C).</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was also shown a video of the front and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">rear view</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>operation of a CNC mill. This too was a hand-loaded job. He testified that the video showed an operator first putting a part on an arbor and then capping the part so that the part stays on. He said the table then moves away from the operator and a drill comes down and drills a little hole in the part. The table then moves back toward the operator, who then manually indexes (turns) the part, and hits a button that moves the table back under the drill where the process is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">repeated</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and another hole is drilled. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified there were also splash guard doors for the CNC mills. These splash guard doors were not always closed during operation. It was the operator’s choice to close the splash guard doors. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that mill operator George<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>measured a distance of about 32 to 36 inches separating the front of the door of a mill and the point of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">operation.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref28" href="#ftn28">27</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He also testified that “[</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">i</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">]t could be about a foot” from where the table moves and the mill’s door. (Tr. 66-69, 74-76, 125; Ex. D). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that the CNC lathes had interlocks that were not being used at Dover. He explained that an interlock device would stop the machine’s operation when the access door was opened. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>knew the interlocks on the lathes at Dover were not “active” and did not work.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref29" href="#ftn29">28</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">said</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“I never felt it was necessary to have them [interlocks] work.” He explained that Dover had not disabled the interlocks on the CNC lathes; the lathes were purchased in used condition and the interlocks were not functional when bought. He also testified that he was unaware of machines that continued to operate after interlock alarms sounded. The two CNC mill machines also arrived at Dover without any interlock devices. (Tr. 85-88, 100, 117, 122, 126; Ex. 11, p 1).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that he had not read the CNC lathe operating manual at Dover in its entirety, which was 500 or so pages in length. He acknowledged that the CNC lathe operating manual contained the following material:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:-19.2px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><img style="" alt="Picture 4" height="751" width="626" src="Dover High Performance Plastics^14-1268^Decision 9-25-2020_files/image1.jpg" xmlns="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/package/2006/relationships"/></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>(Tr. 101-03, 292-94; Ex. 7, p. 6). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:-19.2px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The manual’s upper warning also had a depiction of a person pulling open the splash guard/door being struck in the head by a round object. The manual’s lower warning had a warning symbol consisting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">of a triangle sign with an exclamation point inside that preceded the word “WARNING.” </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that he read these warnings as requiring the splash guards/doors be shut only when there was “stuff that’s going to be flying around in there [inside the area that would be enclosed if the doors were shut] or splashing material.” He did not believe the warnings required the doors to be shut to protect against moving parts. He confirmed that it was Dover’s practice to operate the CNC mills and CNC lathes with the splash guard doors open. He knew Dover’s CNC lathes and CNC mills were regularly being operated without the splash guard doors being closed. He believed that, because Dover manufactured plastic parts instead of metal parts, the warnings to keep the splash guard doors closed did not apply.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref30" href="#ftn30">29</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He also felt the warning to close the splash guard doors did not apply because in his 40 years in the business he had never seen anything come out and hurt anyone. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>admitted that he made the “ultimate decision” that it was acceptable to run the machines with the splash/guard doors open. Dover had never required its operators to keep the splash guard doors closed during a production cycle. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>said operators sometimes watched the point of operation during the production cycle while the splash guard door was partially open to insure that “the chips are lapping up.”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref31" href="#ftn31">30</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He stated operators needed to occasionally look inside of the machines to observe progress being made on the part. (Tr. 75, 88-89, 98-103, 105, 113, 465, 473;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 7, at p. 6, 26). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>stated Dover had a general rule that no one was to reach past the door opening of CNC lathes while a workpiece was being tooled. He said it was a hazard for employees to do so for both CNC lathes and CNC mills. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>trained employees on CNC lathe operations and instructed them to keep their hands out of the machine. They were told to use the stop button before putting their hands in the machine to make an adjustment. He stated Dover had a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">disciplinary policy for employees that did not follow the rule; however, no one had ever been disciplined. (Tr. 71, 82, 94-95). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>admitted he had seen someone put their hands beyond the open door, within two feet of the point of operation, during the operation of a CNC lathe. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified Darren Mullet cut and injured his finger on a CNC lathe on October 3, 2012 during its production cycle.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref32" href="#ftn32">31</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> His injury was treated with one stitch. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was his supervisor. At that time, the CNC lathes were programmed to tool the workpiece and then pause for a programmed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">period of time</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. During the pause, the operator unloaded the finished part and loaded the next blank workpiece to be tooled. The machine began tooling the next workpiece based on its programmed timing. Mr. Mullet was injured when he attempted to straighten a workpiece on the spindle, at the point of operation beyond the splash door, and the machine started the tooling process while his hand was still at the point of operation.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref33" href="#ftn33">32</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He said Mr. Mullet violated a Dover work rule by reaching his hand into the machine while it was still cycling. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>did not know why the work rule had been insufficient to protect operators from the hazard. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified he verbally warned Mr. Mullet not to reach back into the point of operation once a part was inserted in the spindle even though he “really wasn’t doing anything at that point wrong.” Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>stated that on October 3, 2012 it was acceptable for a Dover operator to put their hand in the point of operation. He admitted that had the splash guard been closed Mr. Mullet would not have been exposed to injury. He further agreed there was no potential for operators to put their hand into the point of operation when the splash guard/door was closed. He also agreed the machine would stop if the interlocks were active and an operator opened the door. (Tr. 71-72, 76-78, 90-94, 476-77; Ex. 3). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>stated that he was familiar with three other reported CNC lathe-related injuries at Dover. In April 2012, Mr. Mullet cut himself on lathe #15 with an X-ACTO knife used to deburr a chip on a workpiece. His injury did not occur during the production cycle. In March 2013, Francisco<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Partillo</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">cut his hand on a part within a machine that was on, but not cycling, when he was cleaning out chips. He also testified that Chris McCoy sustained a minor injury when he reached into a machine that was “off” to clean off some chips. When removing his hand from inside the machine, Chris McCoy cut it on a sharp tool inside the machine. (Tr. 127-33, 468). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that one of the CNC lathes [lathe #37] displayed a splash guard label that stated:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:center; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#FF0000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">DANGER</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Do Not attempt to change,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">alter</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or modify the software or mechanism of the machine.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Any unauthorized change or modification of the software or mechanism will be cause for voiding the manufacturer’s warranties and liability, for any injury or damage claim resulting from such activities.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Do Not Open Oil Guard Safety Door While Machine is in Operation.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">BEFORE STARTING MACHINE<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">CYCLE<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>...</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>4)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; ">Splash guard must be in closed position and engaged in interlock system.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>...</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>8) Do not attempt to put your hand in beyond oil guard, while machine is in operation.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; margin-left:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">(emphasis in bold added)<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>admitted he had read the warning sign. He testified that he discounted its reference to an “Oil Guard.”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref34" href="#ftn34">33</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He further testified the CNC warning sign had been on the lathe since Dover bought the used CNC lathe more than ten years before. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">(Tr. 96, 100; Ex. 24).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also admitted that he had seen the warning sign on a CNC mill at Dover that stated the following:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#FF0000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">WARNING</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The CNC Unit may suddenly run</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Table, Spindle head, or Spindle rotation.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">DO NOT open door unless machine<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">control is in manual mode and</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Spindle stop button is depressed.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:center; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The warning sign also had a depiction of fingers being amputated when too close to a spinning tool and a triangle sign with an exclamation point inside that preceded the word “WARNING.”<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>admitted he understood the warning sign to mean “don’t open up the door if it’s [the CNC mill] running.” He testified that Dover operators did not heed the warning and kept the doors open when the CNC mills were running; just as seen on the video at Exhibit D. (Tr. 99-101;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 30, D). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">After Mr. Mullet’s 2012 accident, Dover changed the lathe’s programming so that the tooling process begins only after the operator manually hits the start button; it no longer had a pre-timed automatic start. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that Dover did not consider requiring the use of active interlocks on the machines after Mr. Mullet’s accident because he “never felt there was a safety reason for it.” He testified that since the programming<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">change</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>he had not seen anybody reach into the area of the point of operation while a CNC lathe was running. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>stated this change in procedure resulted in a faster overall production rate. He also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">testified that Dover had talked about requiring splash guards/doors to be closed at all times</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>during production; but that practice was never “put into place.” (Tr. 76, 91, 94, 105-06, 465).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>admitted opening and closing the splash guard door for each cycle could increase the production time of hand-loaded jobs. For a workpiece with a 5 minute production cycle there would be<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">little effect; however, if the production cycle for a workpiece was only 10 seconds long, the additional 5-10 seconds spent to open and close the door for each cycle would have a noticeable effect on overall production time.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref35" href="#ftn35">34</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> (Tr. 105-06, 120). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">On May 29, 2014, Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>gave the COs a signed witness statement consisting of two pages.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref36" href="#ftn36">35</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> In summary, Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>written statement<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">stated</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“The guards should always be put on.” Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that he was referring to “everything in that plant,” including “the CNC lathes.” At the trial, he clarified this broad-sweeping statement by saying he did not require splash guards on CNC lathes. He also clarified his written statement by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">testifying Dover</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>did not require “front door” guards on the CNC mills.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref37" href="#ftn37">36</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>written statement further stated: “I tell employees to close the doors.” At trial, Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that he was referring to only those rare instances, that occur maybe once or twice a year, where a job is run with coolant. He said:</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">I tell those guys on the CNCs, when<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">they’re</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>running coolant, I always tell them to close the doors, although I don’t have to because that’s like running through the carwash with your window down. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">There’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>nobody going to have those doors open with that coolant flying out. I<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">don’t</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>want it on the floor. They<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">don’t</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>want it on their clothes. And we<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">don’t</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>want to have a mess to clean up, or a possible safety problem.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref38" href="#ftn38">37</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">(Tr. 109-12; Ex. 11, p. 1).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">In both his written statement and courtroom testimony, Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>admitted at the time of the OSHA inspection lathe #37 had “a piece of cardboard where the splash guard would be.” His written statement further explained that “Machine #37 has not had a guard for 10 years because it did not come with one.”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref39" href="#ftn39">38</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He acknowledged that a splash guard has since been installed. In both his written statement and courtroom testimony, Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>admitted, at the time of the OSHA inspection, lathe #7 had a damaged roller door since it was purchased in the 1980’s. He testified that “the bearings are all wobbly.” He said that the door was “hard to open and close.” In his written statement he admitted that the machine’s operator “may not use this door every single time, ....” In both his written statement and courtroom testimony, Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>admitted “sometimes interlocks are broken” and one interlock was tied back with wire. (Tr. 114-16, 122-23;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 11, 23). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>stated that operators were paid a straight hourly rate and not paid based on production numbers, so there was no financial incentive to keep the splash guard doors open to speed up the process. He also said he never saw employees bumping into each other in the machine shop. He also testified he never heard of a tool or part breaking within a machine and either staying within, or flying out of, the machine. He also testified he did not know it was an OSHA violation to run CNC lathes with the splash guard doors open. He did not believe it was a hazard to do so. (Tr. 106, 470-72, 484).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was Dover’s vice president of manufacturing in 2008. He agreed Dover told OSHA in its<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">January,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>2008 Certificate of Abatement that operators were told to use all supplied machine guards. He did not recall Dover employees being informed that guards must remain on the machine while in operation. (Tr. 487-88; Ex. 6).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>acknowledged</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>there was a time when machine operators reached into machines, while the machines were running, to grab parts off the machine. He stated “[b]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">ut</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the first part off the machine sometimes it just wouldn’t face off right, they would reach in and they would grab it [the part].”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref40" href="#ftn40">39</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>further testified that this practice was eventually changed and the parts “now fall onto the wire” and the operator can “pull the parts out” from inside the machine after the cycle is complete.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref41" href="#ftn41">40</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> (Tr. 466-67, 477-80).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">Matthew M.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">Bitikofer</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>has worked as a machinist at Dover for 22 years. He was the senior lathe operator and wrote the programming for the CNC machines. He operated the CNC lathes, primarily lathes ##37 and 38. He has never had any specific training on machine guarding. He said he “very rarely” kept the doors closed on the two CNC lathes he operated. On May 29, 2014, he told OSHA COs “[w]e<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">are</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>told now to keep the doors closed.” (Tr. 206-10, 435-36; Ex. 10).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>ran both hand and rod-loaded operations. Most of the jobs he ran were rod-loaded jobs.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref42" href="#ftn42">41</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> Dover tries to keep<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">all of</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the rod-loaded jobs on his two CNC lathe machines. The hand-loaded jobs were generally assigned to newer employees. The production cycle for a rod-loaded job could last 3-4 hours. He just needs to check the machine every hour. The machine automatically stops when the rod is depleted. He could operate two or three machines at a time when running a rod-loaded job. His two CNC lathes are side by side so he can watch them both. (Tr. 206, 209, 213-14, 436-37, 449).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>usually ran a job with the splash guard doors open, depending on what job was in the machine, because he liked to watch the production cycle.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref43" href="#ftn43">42</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> However, he stated it was not necessary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">to watch the production cycle for a rod-fed job. He closed the splash guard door to keep coolant from spraying on him and if a job could get oil on the floor.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref44" href="#ftn44">43</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> Lathe #37 was missing its splash guard door, so he created a splash guard made of cardboard to cover the opening.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref45" href="#ftn45">44</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He used a splash guard made out of cardboard whenever a job required it. In one instance, he cut a hole in the cardboard and put tape over the hole so that he could<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">actually see</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>into the machine; but the cardboard got saturated with oil. He admitted it was Dover’s work practice to leave the splash guard doors open during production.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref46" href="#ftn46">45</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> On May 29, 2014, he told OSHA’s COs that interlocks on the machine and guarding would slow down all production by 20 percent. At the hearing, he testified that it would slow production on certain hand-loaded jobs if the splash guard door<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">was</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>closed while producing each finished part. (Tr. 206-07, 210-16, 438;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 10, 23). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">On April 4, 2014, Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>told CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>he only recalled that one CNC machine, lathe #15, had interlocks on it. He further told CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the interlock on lathe #15 had been “tied” more than 10 years before. He also stated that the interlocks<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">worked, but</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>were impeding Dover’s operation. (Ex. 15). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">For a hand-loaded job, the production cycle for a finished part could range from 30 seconds to 2 minutes. The operator watched the progress of the workpiece to determine when it was finished. He believed the operator developed a rhythm for the production cycle’s timing to unload the finished part and load the next blank workpiece. He testified that he had concerns operating CNC lathes with the splash guard closed would affect production during hand-loaded jobs. (Tr. 209, 216, 436-37, 452). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is shown operating lathe #19 in a video demonstrating a hand-loaded job.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref47" href="#ftn47">46</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He is seen inserting a circular plastic workpiece onto the spindle opening four separate times.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref48" href="#ftn48">47</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> After<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">inserting each workpiece, he quickly presses the green “CYCLE START” button located above the LS-26 Splash Guard Interlock label above the left side of the machine opening.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref49" href="#ftn49">48</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He is shown doing so four separate times. The spindle holding the workpiece starts rotating and the tool is shown moving to the workpiece to machine the workpiece at the point of operation. The tool then moves away from the point of operation and the turret turns to put a different tool in position to further machine the workpiece. The tool again moves to the point of operation to modify the workpiece and when finished returns to the home position. The machining of each workpiece shown in the video takes less than 20 seconds. The spindle holding the machined part usually stops rotating about a second and one-half after the tooling sequence is finished.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref50" href="#ftn50">49</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified he could see when the spindle stopped when he could read the writing on the “set screw.” (Tr. 442-43, 452;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 1, 2, C).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is seen in the video removing three workpieces that had been separately machined from the spindle inside lathe #19. On at least two occasions, he is also shown reaching inside lathe #19 after a workpiece had been machined to use his fingers to clear some of the plastic debris caught in, on or around the spindle and its opening. He stated “you need to get your finger in there and make sure everything goes up to the chip sucker. Because if it gets plugged, then they just start packing up.”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref51" href="#ftn51">50</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> The video also shows Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, during a machining cycle, holding another workpiece to be placed into the spindle in his left hand while his right arm is shown resting on the top of the opening of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">lathe #19. He testified at that time his hand was a “couple of inches” from being inside lathe #19. (Tr. 441-42, 450;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 2, C).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The CNC lathes were equipped with an air nozzle and hose positioned to help blow the debris chips away from the point of operation into the vacuum hose just below. If debris chips needed to be cleaned out during the machining cycle, Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified he “takes the continuous buttons off” shutting down the machine, cleans the chips out, and then restarts the machine by “hit[ting] the continuous and hit[ting] the green button.”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref52" href="#ftn52">51</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> (Tr. 438-41; Ex. 2). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>trained new employees on the operation of the CNC lathes. He told the operators that he trained the main safety rule was to “[k]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">eep</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>your hands out of the machine when it’s running.” He stated it took five to seven years before he could operate lathes independently.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref53" href="#ftn53">52</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> (Tr. 207-08, 435-36, 448, 460).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified there was no reason for an employee to put his hand into the machine during a production cycle.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref54" href="#ftn54">53</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He told the employees he trained that the machine could not tell the difference between a piece of plastic and a finger. He testified that if operators put their hand in a running machine, “chances are you’re going to lose it.” (Tr. 214-15, 436). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">In the last five years, he had not seen anyone put their hand in the machine during a production cycle. The only accident he knew of was Mr. Mullet’s in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">October,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>2012. At that time, the CNC lathe’s program ran a “continuous cycle” that included a pre-programmed pause for the operator to unload the finished part and then load the next blank workpiece. At the time, Mr. Mullet was a “tender” and had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">only worked at Dover for 2 years. Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>explained that a tender does not set-up a machine; he “babysits” it while it is cycling. He admitted that an operator could not put his hand into a running machine if the splash guard door<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">was</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>closed and interlocked because once an operator opened the door the interlock would stop the machine’s cycle. (Tr. 208, 214-16, 448, 456). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">After Mr. Mullet’s accident, Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>modified the CNC lathe’s programming so that an operator had to manually start the production cycle for each workpiece. There were no longer “continuous cycle” jobs at Dover. He somewhat recalled Dover having some problems with splash guards or interlocks in an OSHA inspection that preceded OSHA’s 2014 inspection. (Tr. 210-11, 214, 455). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had never seen an operator bump into another while operating a machine. He stated there was no dress code at Dover and machine operators could wear long sleeve shirts. He testified he knew of no event when clothing was caught in the equipment. (Tr. 437-38, 461-62).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">George<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">Bitikofer</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">George<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref55" href="#ftn55">54</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>has worked at Dover for 25 years.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref56" href="#ftn56">55</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He has been in the plastics manufacturing industry since 1966. He operated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Dover’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>two CNC mill machines, ##510 and 810, and makes secondary tooling. CNC mills typically perform drilling operations and part profiles.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref57" href="#ftn57">56</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He had not received any safety training at Dover. He learned the operation of CNC mill machines by reading the programming manual, which he said did not include information about safety and machine guarding. (Tr. 220-23, 234, 247). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">When the splash guard door was open, the CNC mill machine had a large doorway opening that allowed the operator to load and unload the workpieces being machined. The machine’s controls were to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">the right of the opening. George<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>generally did not shut the splash guard door during production. Occasionally, he shut the door to keep the debris created during the production cycle or coolant from coming out onto the floor and causing a hazard there. He estimated that it took about 5-10 seconds to open and close the door for each cycle.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref58" href="#ftn58">57</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He testified, depending on the part being made, the machine’s operating cycle can be a couple seconds or a couple minutes. (Tr. 227-30, 240-45;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 1, 13, D).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">George<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is the operator shown in the video demonstrating a hand-fed production cycle on mill #810.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref59" href="#ftn59">58</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> Just inside the doorway opening is a table that moves horizontally from the front of the machine (near the opened doorway) to the back of the machine (where the blank workpiece is tooled).</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref60" href="#ftn60">59</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> When the table is near the opened access door for loading and workpiece positioning it is in its “home” position. The video shows George<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>loading a blank workpiece</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref61" href="#ftn61">60</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>onto a “fixture” (also referred to as an arbor) that holds it in place on the table. The workpiece does not move during the production process. On the video, George<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>presses the start button and the table moves horizontally away from the door and toward the back to position the workpiece below the spindle that holds the rotating drill bit (or other machining tool). The drill bit moves vertically down to drill a hole in the blank workpiece. After the hole is drilled, the tool moves vertically up to its resting position and the table moves to its home position. George<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>then repositioned and rotated the workpiece 180 degrees by reaching into the CNC mill machine through the opened doors so another hole can be drilled and repeats the process. (Tr. 223-26, 346;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 1, D). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">George<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that while the workpiece is being tooled, an air hose inside the mill, near the tool, removes the powder and debris produced. Occasionally, while standing at the open<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">doorway, George<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>used a second air hose that hangs to the right of the access door to blow away excess debris chips during the production cycle.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref62" href="#ftn62">61</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He testified that he did not lean into the CNC mill machines to remove these chips. Chips and debris also accumulated in a tray that was removed and emptied when the CNC mill machine was shut down. (Tr. 230-33). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">George<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>measured the distance from the doorway opening to the spindle at 32 inches on both CNC mill machines. He stated that someone could lean into the CNC mill machine itself to get his hand or arm under the spindle. He testified he had not done so during a production cycle. George<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had also never seen anyone put their hand under the spindle of a CNC mill at Dover. He did not know the precise distance between the edge of the table, in its home position, and the machine’s opening.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref63" href="#ftn63">62</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> (Tr. 226-27, 234-36, 239). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">George<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that a warning was posted on one of the CNC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">mill</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>machines that stated “Do not open door unless machine control is in manual mode and spindle stop button is depressed.” He admitted that he did not heed the warning when operating the two CNC mill machines. He opened the door when the CNC machine was not in the manual mode. He also left the doors open while the spindle was operating. He further admitted that an operator could reach inside a mill machine to the spindle if the doors were open; but could not if the doors were closed. (Tr. 240-42; Ex. 30).<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">Paul Palmer</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Paul Palmer has been Dover’s vice president of sales and marketing since 1990. He accompanied CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>during his “walk-around” of the facility on April 4, 2014. Mr. Palmer had no experience as a lathe or mill operator. However, he had observed mills and lathes operate. (Tr. 55-56, 144-45, 155). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">In a written statement that he signed and gave to the COs on May 29, 2014, Mr. Palmer stated</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">: “</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Using these machines with guards adds to cost and time.” He also stated “[s]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">ome</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>parts need to be grabbed before they drop.”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref64" href="#ftn64">63</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He further stated that, although the CNC “machines were originally designed to default back to ‘zero’ after every piece, they could now “be stopped and started back up without going back to ‘zero.’”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref65" href="#ftn65">64</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He stated “I would guess that using the doors reduces production 25%.”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref66" href="#ftn66">65</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He also stated that Dover fabricated [splash] guards for the screw machines after OSHA’s 2008 inspection.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref67" href="#ftn67">66</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> At trial, Mr. Palmer did not dispute making these statements. (Tr. 148, 153-54; Ex. 12). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Court finds the explanations Mr. Palmer gave at trial<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">in an attempt to</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>undermine his May 29, 2014 written statement to lack credibility.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">Brian<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">Bitikofer</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Brian<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>has worked at Dover for 23 years. Several of his family members worked at Dover: George<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is his father, Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is his cousin, and his son, Cole, also worked at Dover. During the first 2 years, he operated lathes. He then became Dover’s Midwest sales manager and for the past two years was also responsible for new business development. He said he accompanied CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>during his April 4, 2014 inspection. (Tr. 164-66, 179). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Brian<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified the CNC lathes at Dover were “sometimes” operated with their splash guards open. The last time he operated a CNC lathe was about 5 years before, to fill in for a sick<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">employee. When he was a CNC lathe<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">operator</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>he generally had the splash guard door open. He stated that it had been many years since it had been a practice for an operator to put his hands in the machine during a cycle. (Tr. 165, 178). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>On May 29, 2014, he signed a written witness statement during OSHA’s second visit to Dover.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref68" href="#ftn68">67</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He asserted that Dover bought<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">all of</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>its machines in used condition in both his written statement and during his hearing testimony. He also testified he had seen a CNC machine [lathe #37] with cardboard on it a few times over the years, and never with a [splash guard] door. In both his written statement and during his hearing testimony, he stated that he made sure Dover made a door for lathe #37 within two days of the OSHA inspection. He testified that the machines’ “interlocks are not functioning.”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref69" href="#ftn69">68</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He agreed during his testimony that “[u]sing the interlocks will kill production 25-50% and would hurt competition.”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref70" href="#ftn70">69</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> At the trial his testified that he was referring to “hand load parts” and not to other unidentified product that would not be affected.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref71" href="#ftn71">70</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> (Tr. 166, 170-73, 176; Ex. 16). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>In both his written statement and hearing testimony, he acknowledged the cage screen on the one CNC machine [lathe #15] was an area where an employee could still put a hand or arm through the guard while the machine was running.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref72" href="#ftn72">71</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> (Tr. 173-75;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 16, 19-20). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Brian<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified the assertion in his written statement that “[p]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">rograms</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>are now created to still function in alarm” was an error. He testified “Programs aren’t<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">wrote</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>specifically to bypass safety.” He said an “alarm” was an event that immediately stops the machine in its production cycle. For example, a machine could go into alarm mode and stop if: a) the machine turret “over travels,” b)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">hydraulic oil pressure was low, or c) the operator hit the red emergency master stop button.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref73" href="#ftn73">72</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> (Tr. 173, 181-83).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">Seth McCoy</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Seth McCoy has worked for Dover for seven years. He is a CNC Machinist and operated lathe #7.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref74" href="#ftn74">73</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He learned to operate the lathe from Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref75" href="#ftn75">74</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> Mr. McCoy testified that he and other lathe operators at Dover “sometimes” operated the lathe with the splash guard door open. On May 29, 2014, Mr. McCoy asserted in a written statement to OSHA’s CO</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">: “</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Honestly, ‘I only close the door when it is convenient.’” He further asserted in the written statement: “I have heard of employees reaching into the machine while it is running and getting hurt.”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref76" href="#ftn76">75</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> Mr. McCoy testified that an operator could get his hand caught in a moving part if he reached an arm’s length, about two feet, into the machine, and this could be a hazard were he to do so. He closed the door if debris chips were flying out of the machine.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref77" href="#ftn77">76</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He testified that Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>has told him to keep the splash guard door closed. He said Dover had a rule to keep the splash guard door closed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">as long as</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>he worked there.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref78" href="#ftn78">77</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He also testified that the “DANGER” sign shown at exhibit 24 was posted on a machine at Dover. (Tr. 184-88, 193-96;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 14, 24). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">He witnessed Mr. Mullet’s lathe injury that occurred at Dover on October 3, 2012. Mr. Mullet had reached into a running lathe to adjust a workpiece on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">spindle, when</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the tool moved and cut the back of his hand. After the Mullet accident, Mr. McCoy testified that Dover was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">more firm</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>about<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">shutting the doors and operators took control of the start of the production cycle. (Tr. 188-90, 197; Ex. 3). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr. McCoy testified that, during his May 29, 2014 interview, he felt the COs had threatened him with jail if he did not tell the truth.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref79" href="#ftn79">78</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He said the COs threatened him after he initially told them he always operated his lathe with the splash guard door closed.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref80" href="#ftn80">79</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> Mr. McCoy admitted that he had lied during the May 29, 2014 interview when he told the COs he closed the CNC lathe’s door for each production cycle.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref81" href="#ftn81">80</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> (Tr. 201-04; Ex. 14). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">CO Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">Marcinko</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>has been an OSHA CO for 3 1⁄2 years. He is a member of an OSHA response team that responds to fatalities, accidents, and complaints. He received a bachelor’s degree in occupational safety and health from Columbia Southern University (CSU) in 2008. He earned a master’s degree in occupational safety and health from CSU in 2013.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref82" href="#ftn82">81</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He has completed OSHA’s training for safety and machine guarding.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref83" href="#ftn83">82</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He has conducted prior inspections of facilities with mills and lathes, including the inspection of CNC type machines. (Tr. 249, 256-57). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>He began Dover’s inspection on April 4, 2014, after OSHA received a complaint regarding safety problems at Dover. The complaint alleged that CNC machines were operated with guard doors open, guards were not on the screw machines, the light curtains on the presses were non-functional, eye protection was not being used, and exits were improper. (Tr. 258).<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>visited the Dover facility two times, April 4,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">2014</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and May 29, 2014. He began the first visit by conducting an opening conference with Mr. Palmer.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref84" href="#ftn84">83</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He reviewed the issues in the complaint that had prompted the inspection and then conducted a walk-around inspection of the facility. He interviewed Messrs. Palmer and Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on this visit. He observed the layout of the CNC lathes and the operation of four CNC lathes.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref85" href="#ftn85">84</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He immediately observed the splash guards were open on all four of the CNC lathes that employees were operating.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref86" href="#ftn86">85</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He was concerned about the open splash guard doors. He also investigated the safety issues related to the screw machines, presses, exit doors, and eye protection. He spent a total of 3-4 hours at Dover that day; 30-45 minutes of that time was spent on the production floor. (Tr. 258-65). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that during one of his inspections at Dover he took a photograph of lathe #7 showing a label and base (also referred to as the interlock block where a swing arm would normally be attached) for an interlock; but the rest of the interlock was missing.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref87" href="#ftn87">86</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He testified that an interlock was a device that provides guarding by “protecting the operator from going into the point of operation or any moving parts. Once that door is open, it stops the machine automatically and is considered a safe zone now for an employee to, you know, grab anything out, whatever they need to do inside that piece of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">equipment.”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref88" href="#ftn88">87</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that the interlock device was not functional on lathe #7. (Tr. 270-73, 285;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 17-18). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">On his May 29 visit, he held a second opening conference with Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. On this visit, he was accompanied by another CO he was mentoring, Jeff Bobo. CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>conducted interviews with several Dover employees and CO Bobo took notes. At the end of each interview, the COs asked the employees to sign a written statement. On May 29, 2014, CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>took a photograph of lathe #15 that shows “where the interlock was located that had the wire holding the interlock back.” He testified “there’s a swing arm there [at “B” on the photograph at exhibit 19] that had the tie wire around it holding it back.” He testified that the interlock device on lathe #15 was not functional because it “had been defeated with the tie wire.” CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified he personally saw the tie wire and identified the tie wire holding the interlock back on the photograph at exhibit 20, at “A”. On this visit, COs<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Bobo also measured a fabricated guard on the outside of the door of lathe #15. There were openings in the fabricated door guard. He also testified that he and CO Bobo measured the distance from the opening in lathe #19 to the point of operation.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref89" href="#ftn89">88</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> They also measured the width of the opening with the door in the open position at about 17 inches that he had observed in operation. CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also took a photograph of lathe #19 that showed two placards that stated “LS-26 Splash Guard Interlock” and “LS-27 Splash Guard Interlock.” He testified that the interlock device on CNC lathe #19 was not functional. CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also testified that he took the photograph at Exhibit 23 that showed the splash guard made of cardboard on lathe #37.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref90" href="#ftn90">89</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He also took the photograph at exhibit 24 that showed the danger label that was on the majority, if not all, of the CNC machines. He testified that item no. 8 on the danger label on lathe<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">#37 warned operators not to “attempt to put your hand in beyond oil guard, while machine is in operation.”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref91" href="#ftn91">90</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> (Tr. 265-66, 273-80, 307;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 19, at “B”, 20-24). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also testified that he took the photograph at exhibit 25 of lathe #38. He testified the photograph showed the absence of an interlocking device.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref92" href="#ftn92">91</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> The absence of a functioning interlock device was confirmed when he observed that lathe #38 did not turn off when the splash guard door was opened and closed while the lathe was operating. Either he or CO Bobo also took a photograph of Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>looking inside lathe #38 as it was operating with the splash guard door partially open. (Tr. 282-84;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 25-26).</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also testified that he took the photograph at exhibit 27 of mill # 510. He testified the photograph showed a latching mechanism to secure the door. He testified there was no interlock device on the doors of mill #510. CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>further testified that he took the photograph at exhibit 29 of mill #810. He testified that there was no interlock device on the doors of mill #810. CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that employees are still exposed to a moving parts hazard if the CNC mill splash guard doors are open even in rod-fed CNC mill jobs where operators are not required to put their hands into the machines repeatedly. (Tr. 285-87, 311, 345-46;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 27, 29). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>held a total of three closing conferences to apprise Dover of his findings; one each at the first and second visits and another prior to issuing the citation. He testified he based the citation on the hazard from moving parts and not of flying parts or objects. (Tr. 318, 320, 342-43). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>described the layout of the production area as a box-shaped formation where each machine’s door faced the interior of the box area and the operators stood facing away from each other looking toward each machine. He believed there was a risk of the operators accidentally bumping into<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">each other because they faced away from each other and it was “such a tight area.” He observed operators working at lathes ##7 and 19 in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">close proximity</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of each other and thought they could bump into each other. During his inspections, he observed the CNC lathes operating making small washers. He saw operators putting their hands in and out of the machines about every 20 seconds. (Tr. 261-62, 295, 299, 338-39).</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also observed lathe #38 running a rod-loaded job with the splash guard door open. He believed its operator, Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, was exposed to the hazard of moving parts during the production cycle. CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified Dover was cited for the potential of an amputation hazard resulting from moving parts of the machines. He said a hand caught in between the moving table and the edge of a CNC mill machine could cause a fracture to the hand or a finger amputation. (Tr. 311-12, 320, 344). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">He also believed Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>could have been exposed to the machine’s point of operation when he saw him use an air wand to clean off the workpiece during the production cycle. (Tr. 311-12). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was concerned that during certain production cycles the tooling could move at such a slow rate of speed as to appear to be at rest. H</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">e was concerned employees might not be able to readily tell when the spindle was spinning. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">When repetitively loading 300 to 600 identical parts per day, the operator could assume the cycle was finished and inadvertently reach his or her hand in and make contact with the point of operation with a spindle rotating at 250 to 1,200 rpms. (Tr. 299, 337-38). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was told there was no safety policy on clothing or jewelry worn by operators. He believed clothing, e.g., long sleeve shirts or hooded sweatshirts, could get caught on a moving part and pulled into the machine when an operator reached up to use the CNC lathe’s control panel located above the guard door opening. He also testified operators performing rod-fed operations were exposed to a rotating part hazard when the splash guard doors were open. He testified that employee exposure existed where it was possible for an employee to get his hand into the moving parts of a machine. He testified the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">phrase “electronic safety devices” in the cited standard, 29 C.F.R. § 1910.212, includes interlocks. (Tr. 295-97, 311, 316, 332, 345-46;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 1-2; JPHS Fact #10).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>On the CNC mills, CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified there was also a hazard if an employee’s hand was caught between the moving table and the machine’s front wall. (Tr. 343). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that he conducted the employee interviews at Dover according to his normal procedure where, before an employee signs a statement either the employee reads the statement or CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>reads it aloud, the employee can make any changes the employee wants to make. He did not coerce or threaten employees during his interviews.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref93" href="#ftn93">92</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> After his interviews with managers and employees, he had the impression that it would significantly affect production speed if the splash guard doors were closed for every production cycle. (Tr. 266-67, 361).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>recalled being told Dover changed its procedures to require operators “to manually hit the start button in order to start the operation” following Mr. Mullet’s injury. He said that change in a work practice rule was not the best way to eliminate exposure to the hazard. He stated that the best way to prevent hazard exposure altogether was by using an engineer control measure, such as guarding. He described a “hierarchy of controls” of best practices starting with engineer control measures,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">administrative control measures, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), and ending with work practices [rules]. (Tr. 359-60). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified Dover was previously cited by OSHA for point of operation and nip point hazards under 29 C.F.R. § 1910.212(a)(1)</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref94" href="#ftn94">93</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and (3)(ii) on CNC milling and Brown and Sharpe screw machines at the same plant location.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref95" href="#ftn95">94</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He further testified the prior citation was resolved by an informal settlement agreement dated January 2, 2008 where Dover agreed to abate the violations. He also testified that Dover provided a written certification dated January 10, 2008 that certified corrective action had been completed.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref96" href="#ftn96">95</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> (Tr. 289-91;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 5-6).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that he considered the citation to be willful because Dover had a heightened awareness of the standards and hazards at issue from the 2012 Mullet injury, previous citation violations, doors being left wide open, and lack of effort to prevent employees from reaching into the machines to the point of operation.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref97" href="#ftn97">96</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He said OSHA did not give Dover any credit for good faith since the violation was classified as willful. (Tr. 301-02).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:#000000; width: 0;text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">James<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:#000000; width: 0;text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">Washam</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Secretary presented James<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as an expert on machine guarding issues. The Secretary asserted Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testimony would show that it was reasonably predictable for an operator to place his hand in the zone of danger during a machine’s production cycle. (S. Br. 32). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>has over 50 years of experience in machine guarding safety. He started his career operating mills and lathes. From 1979 through 2007, he worked for OSHA in several capacities, including compliance officer, Assistant Area Director, and Region 5’s machine guarding lockout coordinator. Thereafter, he consulted and provided training to OSHA’s Training Institute and major corporations, including Siemens Corporation and Merrick, for three years. In 2010, he resumed working at OSHA as Region 5’s machine guarding lockout coordinator on a part-time basis, three days each week. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>has developed and presented training about machine guarding safety for employees, training centers, and associations during his career. Additionally, Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>participated in the ANSI committee for an industry consensus standard on machine guarding. He has been an expert witness in six OSHA cases, including three machine guarding cases and three machine lockout cases. (Tr. 371-85). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Court found Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>qualified as an expert in machine guarding based on his knowledge, skill, experience,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">training</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and education over the course of 50 years. Respondent had no issue with Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>qualifications regarding the technical aspects of how to guard a machine or whether the guards are adequate. He testified this case involved whether or not the: a) machines were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">guarded</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and b) employees were exposed. (Tr. 388, 395). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText " style="line-height:2; margin-left:0cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Arial; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_BodyText style_BodyText " style="line-height:2; margin-left:0cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Arial; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Arial; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Arial; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Washam</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Arial; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>prepared a written expert report dated February 10, 2015. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Arial; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Washam’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Arial; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>expert opinion was based on OSHA’s file,</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Arial; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref98" href="#ftn98">97</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Arial; font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>his experience observing CNC mills and CNC lathes, his knowledge, related ANSI industry standards, applicable OSHA standards, accident reports, and testimony at the hearing. (Tr. 389-99, 416, 420). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>stated he was generally familiar with the types of CNC mills and CNC lathes used at Dover’s facility and had previously observed them in operation. After watching t</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">he videos of Dover’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">CNC mill and CNC lathe, he determined</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dover’s use and operation was not unique. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">(Tr. 388-89, 399;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 1-2). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>stated the hazards presented by the lack of guarding on the CNC mills and CNC lathes at Dover included those from moving tables that may create pinch points, contact with moving parts, tooling and other parts being run, tooling breakage, and parts or tools flying out of machine. Entanglement of hair, jewelry, or clothing in moving parts also presented a hazard.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref99" href="#ftn99">98</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>stated amputations could occur from entanglements, contact with rotating parts, and/or pinch points created by moving tables. He testified that the hazards at Dover were recognized by the ANSI standards. (Tr. 399-403, 414-15, 427). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>stated the zone of danger for the CNC mills and CNC lathes was the area within the confines of the machine’s walls, including the wall formed when the moveable splash guard door was closed. He opined there was no operational necessity for an employee to be in the zone of danger (confines of the machine) when the machines were running during the machine’s production cycle. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">But,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that there was a need for employees to be in the zone of danger at other times. He stated that employees were “not protected” from the zone of danger. He explained “there is nothing to prevent employees from doing any of these tasks that they would do when the machine is not running or at least not in motion, there’s nothing to prevent them from doing the same types of tasks when the machine is operating or moving.” He testified that “[t]he problem is that there is nothing to prevent them from [extraneous words omitted] not paying full attention to the operation and performing some of those tasks when the machine is actually in operation. So there’s nothing to prevent them from getting into the actual hazardous motion of the machine while the machine is in operation, other than a work rule.”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref100" href="#ftn100">99</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> In his opinion, once an employee passed “the opening of the door opening [the employee] would be into the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">danger zone.” He opined that there would be an operational necessity to go beyond the door opening to: 1) catch a part before it dropped into a pan to avoid nick or scuffs marks and/or 2) hit a start button right above the doors because the operators were “right in front of the door” and there was the potential for tools breaking or parts flying out of the machine. (Tr. 399, 403-06; JPHS Fact #8). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>further testified there was a need for an employee to be in the zone of danger at other times, such as, when loading a workpiece.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref101" href="#ftn101">100</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>believed it was reasonably predictable an employee would be in the zone of danger during a production cycle, to adjust an air nozzle or a coolant hose, when using an air wand, or cleaning out debris, because there was no guard to keep an operator away from moving parts.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref102" href="#ftn102">101</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> Further, Dover’s standard practice had operators standing next to the open doors during a production cycle. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>believed an employee near the open door could inadvertently enter the zone of danger because of loss of attention due to the routine, repetitive nature of the work, by attempting to take a shortcut, by making an adjustment, or by misjudging the sequenced timing of the machine’s program.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref103" href="#ftn103">102</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He also testified when the [CNC mill] table moved back “fairly close” to the CNC mill machine opening it appeared to create a “potential pinch point.”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref104" href="#ftn104">103</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> (Tr. 403-06, 409-10, 422-23; JPHS Fact #8). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>opined that Dover’s programming change to the CNC lathe after the 2012 Mullet incident, which required the operator to manually start the next cycle rather than use a pre-timed automated start, had not eliminated the hazard to employees but lessened the probability of injury. He<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">said Dover could have eliminated the exposure to the hazard by using the existing machine guard doors with proper safety interlocks, which would automatically break that safety circuit and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">actually prevent</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>any motion from occurring inside the machine. (Tr. 408). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>stated that Dover’s employees were not protected while using a machine because Dover relied on a general instruction to employees to keep their hands out of the machine. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified a work rule, by itself, offers inadequate protection.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref105" href="#ftn105">104</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">There was no guard or other barrier to prevent an employee from being exposed to the point of operation during a production cycle. A closed splash guard door would prevent contact. A functioning interlock on a splash guard door would stop the production cycle if the door<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">was</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>opened and prevent accidental contact. (Tr. 404-10).</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified 29 C.F.R. § 1910.212 requires employers to guard against machine hazards in some manner. He said the standard does not specify a certain type of guard, such as an interlock, to use. He stated it was OSHA policy to use an ANSI standard as a guide to determine the proper application of safeguards where 29 C.F.R. § 1910.212 does not specify what type of guard must be used. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that testified ANSI B11.23-2002 applied to Dover’s two CNC milling machines and ANSI B11.22-2002 applied to Dover’s CNC lathes.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref106" href="#ftn106">105</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> (Tr. 412-13, 417;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 8-9, B, p.2).<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Overall, the Court finds Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testimony helpful to establish the type of hazards resulting from a lack of machine guarding and whether Dover had adequate measures in place. He is a credible source of information regarding safety and machine guarding for CNC lathes and CNC mills. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Based on his extensive experience in the field of safety and machine guarding, and courtroom demeanor, the Court finds his testimony credible and persuasive.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; ">CITATION</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">Secretary’s Burden of Proof</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">To establish a violation of an OSHA standard, the Secretary must show by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1) the cited standard applies; (2) the terms of the standard were violated; (3) the employer knew, or with the exercise of reasonable diligence could have known, of the violative condition; and (4) one or more employees had access to the cited condition. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Astra Pharm. Prods</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">., 9 BNA OSHC 2126, 2129 (No. 78-6247, 1981),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">aff’d in relevant part,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>681 F.2d 69 (1st Cir. 1982).</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">Citation 1, Item 1</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; "> </p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Secretary cited Dover for a willful violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.212(a)(1) which requires:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">(a) Machine guarding -- (1) Types of guarding. One or more methods of machine guarding shall be provided to protect the operator and other employees in the machine area from hazards such as those created by point of operation, ingoing nip points, rotating parts, flying chips and sparks. Examples of guarding methods are -- barrier guards, two-hand tripping devices, electronic safety devices, etc.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Specifically, the Secretary alleged that Dover did not provide adequate machine guarding to protect employees from the hazard of moving parts for seven pieces of equipment – five<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Miyano</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>CNC automatic lathes and two<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Excell</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>CNC mills.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref107" href="#ftn107">106</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> For each machine, the citation alleged there was a lack of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">“adequate guarding to protect the employees from the moving parts of the lathe,</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref108" href="#ftn108">107</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>thereby exposing the employees to an amputation hazard.”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref109" href="#ftn109">108</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> The seven cited machines are:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">a. Number 7<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Miyano</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Machinery USA CNC automatic lathe, model number BNC-34, serial number BN30982L.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">b. Number 15<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Miyano</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Machinery USA CNC automatic lathe, model number BNC-34, serial number BN30989C.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">c. Number 19<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Miyano</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Machinery USA CNC automatic lathe, model number BNC-34, serial number BN32101C.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">d. Number 37<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Miyano</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Machinery USA CNC automatic lathe, model number BNC-20S, serial number BN202765.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">e. Number 38<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Miyano</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Machinery USA CNC automatic lathe, model number BNC-34S, serial number BD10356.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">f.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Excell</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>510 CNC mill, model number XL-510, serial number ES78829.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">g.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Excell</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>810 CNC mill, model number XL-810, serial number ES81726.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Respondent admitted the interlocks on the lathes were not functioning and that it did not require its operators to close the doors on the CNC mills and CNC lathes during the production cycle. Respondent asserts the Secretary cannot prove the prima facie element of exposure to a hazard because its operators had no reason to be near the point of operation during a production cycle and the Secretary did not show inadvertent contact was reasonably predictable based on how operators used the machines. (R. Br. 4, 14-17). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">Applicability and Violation of the Standard</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>29 C.F.R. § 1910.212(a)(1) requires employers to use one or more methods of machine guarding to provide protection to operators and other employees in the machine area from hazards created by, for example, point of operation, rotating parts, and flying chips. Examples of guarding methods include barrier guards and electronic safety devices, including interlocks. The standard does not specify which guarding method shall be used; it just mandates that a guarding method shall be used. Respondent does not dispute that the standard is applicable to the seven cited CNC machines and that its employees routinely operated the CNC mills and CNC lathes without guarding.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref110" href="#ftn110">109</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> The Court further finds Respondent’s employees routinely operated the CNC mills and CNC lathes without guarding in violation of the standard’s requirements. The Court finds that the cited standard applies. (Tr. 412-13, 417). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Dover asserts the only hazard at issue in the instant case is related to employee exposure to a machine’s moving parts and no other hazards. Dover cited<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Carlyle Compressor v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 683 F.2d 673, 675 (2nd Cir. 1982) and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Sec’y of Labor v. Loren Cook Co.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">803 F.3d 935, 941 (8th Cir. 2015) to support its assertion that a tool or workpiece ejected from the machine is not covered under the cited standard. (R. Br. 5-7, 10; R. Supp. Br. 1-2). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Loren Cook</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is not apposite to the instant case. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Loren Cook</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>narrowly held that 29 C.F.R. § 1910.212 (a)(1) did not apply to the hazard of the anomalous ejection of a large 12-pound rotating metal workpiece from a lathe that was the basis of the alleged violation by the Secretary.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref111" href="#ftn111">110</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> 803 F.3d</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">at 937.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "> Carlyle</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>held the standard did not cover the hazard of a thrown machine shaft. 683 F.2d at 675. Neither case is relevant to the hazard of exposure to moving parts in the instant case.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Further, neither case is from the likely circuit of appeal for the instant case. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Kerns</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "> Bros. Tree Serv.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 2064, 2067 (No. 96-1719, 2000) (“Where it is highly probable that a Commission decision would be appealed to a particular circuit, the Commission has generally applied the precedent of that circuit in deciding the case—even though it may differ from the Commission's precedent”). The Court finds these cases are inapposite to the instant case.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">Knowledge</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Secretary must prove the employer either knew, or with the exercise of reasonable diligence could have known, of the violative condition. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Revoli</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 19 BNA OSHC 1682, 1684 (No. 00-0315, 2001). The employer’s knowledge is directed to the physical condition that constitutes a violation. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Phoenix</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1076, 1079-1080 (No. 90-2148, 1995),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">aff’d.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">79 F.3d 1146 (5</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">th</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Cir. 1996). It is not necessary to show that the employer knew or understood the condition was hazardous. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">
					</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Knowledge is imputed to the employer “through its supervisory employee.” </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Am. Eng’g & Dev. Corp.,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>23 BNA OSHC 2093, 2095 (No. 10-0359, 2012) (citations omitted). Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, vice president of manufacturing, admitted it was his decision to allow the employees to routinely operate the lathes and mills without use of machine guarding. (Tr. 99-100, 103, 105). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Here, Dover’s management knew that 29 C.F.R. § 1910.212(a)(1) required CNC lathe and CNC mill machines be adequately guarded from hazards created by moving parts.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref112" href="#ftn112">111</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> The Court finds that Dover also knew its employees routinely operated the CNC lathes and CNC mills without guarding. It further finds Dover’s management was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">well aware</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>its employees routinely operated the CNC lathes and CNC mills with the splash guard doors open, leaving no barrier between the operators and the point of operation, or other moving parts. (Tr. 68-69, 75-76, 98-100, 103, 125, 288-89; Ex. 5, p. 9). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Dover had ample warning that the splash guard doors on both the CNC lathes and CNC mills needed to be closed while the machines were operating. Lathe #37 and other machines had warning signs that said “DANGER,” “Do Not Open Oil Guard Safety Door While Machine is in Operation.” The warning signs also stated “Splashguard must be in closed position and engaged in interlock system” before starting the machine cycle. Both CNC mills also had warning signs above the spindle area that read “DO NOT open door unless machine control is in manual mode and Spindle stop is depressed.” The warning signs also had a depiction of fingers being amputated when too close to a spinning tool and a warning symbol consisting of a triangle sign with an exclamation point inside that preceded the word “WARNING.” </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Dover did not heed these warnings and chose to ignore them. (Tr. 99-101, 281,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">286-88</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 24, 29-30). </span></p>
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				<p style="text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Dover also ignored additional clear warnings in the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">CNC lathe operating manual<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">that said: “Keep splash guards closed while operating machine[.]” and “[t]o<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">protect</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>against MOVING PARTS while operating machine: Keep all splash guards, covers, doors, and other protective devices in place. If removed, replace before operating.” Another warning<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">had a depiction of a person pulling open the splash guard/door being struck in the head by a round object. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The manual also included a warning that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">said</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“FAILURE TO FOLLOW THESE<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">CAN</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>RESULT IN SEVERE INJURY OR DEATH.” (Tr. 101-03, 292-94; Ex. 7, p. 6).</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline ;">Exposure</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The parties agreed there was no operational necessity for an operator to have his hands in a machine during the production cycle. The citation is based on exposure through careless, inadvertent, or intentional contact with a machine’s moving parts. An employee would be exposed to a moving parts hazard by placing his or her hand within a CNC lathe or CNC mill while the machine is cycling. Lathe operators are repeatedly required to put and use their hands at the point of operation inside the machines to insert and retrieve parts and remove debris. This is expected to occur at a time when power is flowing to the lathes, but the lathes are not engaged in an active cycling manufacturing operation. There is a zone<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">of danger for employees within the confines of the CNC lathes and CNC mills at Dover. (Tr. 399, 405-06; JPHS Fact #8). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Court finds the Secretary has proven it is reasonably predictable for an operator to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">carelessly, inadvertently, or intentionally contact the point of operation</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>during a machine’s production cycle.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Commission has long held the definition of the hazard depends on how the machine functions and how it is operated. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Fabricated Metal Prods.,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>18 BNA OSHC 1072, 1074 (No. 93-1853, 1997). To establish exposure under the cited standard, “the Secretary . . . must show that it is reasonably predictable either by operational necessity or otherwise (including inadvertence), that employees have been, are, or will be in the zone of danger.” </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Id</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The zone of danger is “that area surrounding the violative condition that presents the danger to employees [that] the standard is intended to prevent.” </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">S&G Packaging Co., LLC</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 19 BNA OSHC 1503, 1506 (No. 98-1107, 2001) (citations omitted). Here, the cited<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">standard protects</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees from the moving parts of a CNC mill or CNC lathe. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Secretary asserts the zone of danger is the entire area with the walls of the machine and while in the zone of danger an employee can inadvertently contact moving parts. The Secretary’s expert stated that the zone of danger was “within the confines of the equipment.” For both CNC mills and CNC lathes, the Secretary asserts the point of operation exposes an operator to injury from moving parts. The Secretary also asserts the CNC mill’s moving table presents a hazard to the operator. (Tr. 320, 344, 399-401; S. Br. 24-25). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The point of operation “is the area on a machine where work is actually performed upon the material being processed.” 29 C.F.R. § 1910.212(a)(3)(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">i</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">). For the lathes, the point of operation is the location where the blank plastic workpiece is loaded onto the spindle about 2 feet away from the doorway’s threshold. During production, the tool moves to the rotating workpiece to produce the part. (JPHS Fact #1).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">For the mills, the blank workpiece is loaded onto a table near the doorway opening. When the production cycle begins, the table moves the blank workpiece toward the point of operation near the back of the machine, approximately two feet from the door’s threshold. The rotating tool then moves vertically down to produce the part. (Tr. 226, 235; JPHS Fact #1; S. Br. 13). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Respondent asserts the Secretary’s definition of the zone of danger is too broad and the Secretary has not shown that being next to the open doorway presents a danger to an operator. Respondent asserts the Secretary’s expert was considering hazards that are not at issue in the instant case. Nonetheless, while the Secretary’s allegations in the instant case do not include every hazard that could occur from a lack of guarding, the Court finds the Secretary has shown that the machine’s moving parts can be accessed from any place within the machine when the splash guard door is open. The zone of danger includes the confines of the machine. (R. Br. 7-13). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Secretary argues that Dover’s operators are exposed to the zone of danger in two ways. The first is when the operator misjudges the timing of the CNC lathe’s cycle and makes contact with the point of operation before the spindle stops rotating or a CNC mill operator enters the zone of danger; e.g., to remove debris. The second is when an operator stands by the open doorway of the CNC lathes and CNC mills during the production cycle. (S. Br. 29, 32).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">With respect to the Secretary’s first argument, that an operator could make contact because he misjudges the timing of the production cycle, the Court finds it is reasonably predictable a CNC lathe operator could carelessly, inadvertently or intentionally contact the point of operation. The Commission has long recognized the machine guarding standard is designed to protect employees from human mistakes such as distraction, carelessness, and fatigue. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">B. C. Crocker Cedar Prods.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 4 BNA OSHC 1775, 1777 (No. 4387, 1976). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Court finds the combined factors of the absence of the use of any guarding method, including splash guard doors left open</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref113" href="#ftn113">112</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and nonfunctioning interlocks, the repetitive steps in the workpiece hand-loading process, the production cycle’s automatic stop, the fast pace of production with operators standing alongside the open doors,</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref114" href="#ftn114">113</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the recurring need to clear out debris from inside the machines by hand and air wands,</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref115" href="#ftn115">114</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and the significant experience needed to master the lathe’s operation, make it reasonably predictable a CNC lathe operator would misjudge the lathe’s timing and make contact with the point of operation during a production cycle.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref116" href="#ftn116">115</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">
					</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Dover knew the interlocks on the five CNC lathes were not functional. Lathe #15’s interlock was “tied back” for more than a decade showing a continuing, conscious decision to render its interlock useless. Dover also knew the two CNC mills had no interlocks. An interlock is an “electronic safety device” within the meaning of the cited standard. A functional interlock would not allow part production to occur with an open splash guard door. Because the interlocks on Dover’s CNC lathes did not function and were missing on its CNC mills, doors could remain open during production and thus not provide a physical barrier between the operator and the point of operation. JPHS Fact #6 that states “[</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">i</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">nterlocks</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>are not required under the cited standard” does not absolve Dover from being found to have violated the cited standard. Interlocks were an electronic safety device that Dover could have used as a guarding method. It chose to not use interlocks, or any other suitable guarding method, as machine guarding to protect its employees from the hazard of moving parts. (Tr. 86-87, 275-76, 285-87, 332, 345-46;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 15, 20). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The steps of the workpiece hand-loading process for CNC lathes contribute to the likelihood of contact with the point of operation. The operator manually controls the start of the cycle, but not its end. The operator watches the production process and unloads the finished part when he believes the production cycle is finished. The spindle operates at 250 to 1,200 rpm during a production cycle. The spindle stops rotating after the tool backs away from the point of operation. When unloading the finished part, the operator can misjudge whether the spindle has stopped and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">make contact with</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the still rotating spindle. (Tr. 442). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Finally, the fast pace of successive production cycles contributes to the likelihood an employee will misjudge the timing and reach into a CNC lathe too soon. The CNC lathe operator unloads the finished part and loads the next blank workpiece in rapid succession. The record shows the full production cycle for a finished part can be 30 to 120 seconds. In the demonstration video, the production time for the finished part was less than 20 seconds. The video also shows that approximately three seconds elapse from the unloading of a finished part to the loading of the blank workpiece. This very rapid pace of production, with just seconds between cycles, done many times per day, makes it reasonably predictable an operator could misjudge the timing by a second or two and make contact with the rotating spindle.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref117" href="#ftn117">116</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> This would be especially true for less experienced employees because it can take 6-7 years for an employee to master the CNC lathe’s operation. (Tr. 448, 460;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 2, C).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr. Mullet’s 2012 accident demonstrates that misjudging the timing of a production cycle leads to injury. Mr. Mullet was injured when the production cycle started while he was adjusting the workpiece inside a CNC lathe. Just as Mr. Mullet misjudged the timing of the automatic start, an employee could misjudge when the production cycle had finished and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">make contact with</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the point of operation while the spindle was still rotating. Had a guard been in place and used, it would have prevented Mr. Mullet’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">injury. If interlocks were functioning on his CNC lathe, the interlock would have prevented him from even being able to open the splash guard door while the machine was engaged in a cycling operation. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Finally, a quick production pace was important to Dover. Brian<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that the ability to quickly hand-load workpieces gave Dover a competitive advantage. Messrs.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>acknowledged that closing the door for each production cycle could significantly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">effect</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>production time, especially for short-cycle jobs. This focus on the pace of production supports the assertion that the fast pace contributes to the likelihood of a mistake.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref118" href="#ftn118">117</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> (Tr. 105-06, 173, 176-77, 209, 216;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 13, 16).</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Here, the evidence shows the specific nature of how the CNC lathes and CNC mills are operated by Dover’s employees. By their own testimony, and by additional evidence including videos of the actual operation of both types of machines, it has been shown that Respondent’s employees who operate CNC lathes and CNC mills must necessarily do many of their required tasks either within the confines of the machines or immediately adjacent thereto. While they are performing these tasks, the machines are repeatedly placed into and taken out of the cycled operation. The production cycle occurs over and over, hands in and hands out of the CNC lathes, the machine’s operating cycle turned on and turned off, up to 600 times each day. It is reasonably predictable that Dover’s employees will not be able to maintain the constant vigilance and perfect timing needed to avoid another incident involving contact with moving parts. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">A repeat of Mr. Mullet’s accident is very possible through contact with moving parts an operator thought had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">stopped, but</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had in fact not stopped.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> (Ex. 7). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Secondly, the Secretary asserts that being next to the open door of these CNC machines during production also exposes an employee to the zone of danger. Leaving the splash guard doors</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>open while the CNC machines are operating is a ready invitation for operators to enter into the zone of danger for whatever reason, including accident, carelessness and inadvertence; thereby being exposed to the hazard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">of moving parts. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The record shows operators stood by the opening during the production cycle. The width of the lathe’s opening was 17 inches and the height<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">was</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>roughly the distance from an employee’s hip to shoulder. Operators routinely watched the process to determine if debris was accumulating on the workpiece. Further, to use the CNC lathe’s control panel, for example to hit the cycle start button, the operator had to reach across the open doorway. CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>observed an employee using an air wand in the CNC lathe’s doorway during a production cycle and an employee with his face next to an open door observing the workpiece’s progress. The door opening for the two CNC mill machines was substantial in size; large enough for the upper body of an operator to stumble or fall into the zone of danger. (Tr. 282-83, 311-12, 399, 406;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 21, 26; S. Br. 28). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Respondent refutes this argument by stating no Dover operator had ever contacted the machine’s moving parts while using an air wand or using the control panel. Further, Respondent asserts this is analogous to the alleged exposure in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Fabricated Metal Prod.,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>18 BNA OSHC at 1073-75. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">(R. Br. 12; R. Reply 3). In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Fabricated</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, an employee was observed using a hand wand to clean the equipment with compressed air 12-14 inches away from the point of operation. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Id.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">at 1073. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Commission found it “remote at best” an employee would<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">make contact with</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the point of operation as the result of a slip and fall.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Id.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">at 1074. </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The instant case differs from<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Fabricated</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in several ways. In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Fabricated,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">the Commission found there was no reasonably predictable exposure to the point of operation from a slip and fall because boxes limited direct access to the area, the machine was equipped with a sensor to shut it down if it detected an adjustment to the machine, and the opening to the points of operation were small -- between 1/4 inch to 3 inches. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">
					</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Court finds<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Fabricated</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is not analogous to the instant case. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">At Dover, there was no obstruction between the operator and the machine’s moving parts. The machines had no sensor or other device to automatically stop the machine. The door openings for both the CNC lathes at CNC mills at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Dover were substantially larger. Finally, the point of operation could be reached from anywhere within the confines of the machine and not the limited openings of 1/4 inch to 3 inches in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Fabricated.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">
					</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Further, Dover cannot rely on its belief that employees are safe because there had been no prior accident other than Mr. Mullet’s accident. The OSH Act is designed to prevent injury rather than waiting for “an employee to die or become injured.” </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Whirlpool Corp. v. Marshall</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 445 U.S. 1, 12 (1980). The Commission has held that a hazard is presumed to exist where a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">standard sets</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>forth a particular method for employee safety. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See Otis Elevator Co.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">24 BNA OSHC 1081, 1085 (No. 09-1278, 2013),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">aff’d<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">762 F.3d 116 (D.C. Cir. 2014). Here, the cited standard requires guarding of a machine’s moving parts to prevent an injury. Relying on an employee’s “common sense” or judgment rather than provide a guard is not a reasonable means of protection from a machine’s moving parts. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">H.B. Zachry Co. (Int’l.),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">8 BNA OSHC 1669, 1674 (No. 76-2617, 1980) (Machine guarding standard requires physical methods of guarding rather than methods of guarding that depend on human behavior; unguarded point of operation posed a hazard that could result in injury in the event of employee carelessness or inadvertence); </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">see also George C. Christopher & Sons, Inc.,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>10 BNA OSHC 1436, 1444 (No. 76-647, 1982) (Standards require guarding be provided by a device that itself prevents the operator from endangering himself; dependence upon employee behavior misplaced).<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Secretary also asserted that an operator could make inadvertent contact with moving parts if he stumbled or slipped his or her arm or hand into the opening of a CNC lathe or CNC mill machine. The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">close proximity</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the machines with the operators facing away from each other make it predictable operators could bump into each other causing an arm or hand to enter into the zone of danger. The door openings of both the CNC lathes and CNC mills are large. An operator could lose his balance and fall into the zone of danger of an operating CNC mill machine.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Respondent refutes this point by stating this had never occurred and asserts the instant case is analogous to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Buffets, Inc.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 21 BNA OSHC 1065, 1067 (No. 03-2097, 2005). In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Buffets</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the Commission found there was no evidence of conditions that a slip and fall was a likelihood. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Id. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Unlike<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Buffets,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">issue here is not whether there is any substance or obstacle that would cause an operator to slip or fall. The hazard in the instant case results from the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">close proximity</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the machines to one another, the operators’ difficulty in seeing each other while operating their machines, and the openness of the zone of danger when the splash guard doors are not closed. The door opening of a CNC lathe is large enough for an employee to insert his arm or hand into the machine after being bumped by another employee. The opening was 17 inches wide and the height was roughly the distance from an employee’s hip to shoulder. The CNC mill machine’s opening is even larger. When CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>observed the operation, he saw that operators stood close to each other and faced away from each other. As a result, he believed it was predictable an operator could accidentally back into another while operating a machine. CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testimony was straightforward and convincing. The Court agrees that a long sleeve shirt or hooded sweatshirt could get entangled on a moving part. (Tr. 399;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 21, 26; S. Br. 28). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Respondent also relies on other Commission cases to support its position its operators were not exposed to moving parts; e.g.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Delek</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Refining, Ltd.,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>25 BNA OSHC 1365, 1374 (No. 08-1386, 2015),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">appeal docketed</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, No. 15-60443 (5</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">th</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Cir. June 22, 2015);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">S. D. Beverly Enters., Inc.,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>21 BNA OSHC 1037, 1038-39, (Docket No. 01-202, 2005) (consolidated);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Miniature Nut & Screw Corp.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1557, 1561-63 (No. 93-2535, 1996);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Jefferson Smurfit Corp.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 1419, 1421 (No. 89-0553, 1990);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Syntron</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">11 BNA OSHC 1868, 1869</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">(No. 81-1491, 1984).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Delek</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">the Commission found that no one worked near or had duties on the machines, there was no evidence employees were near the zone of danger, and that being 5-10 feet away was too far for inadvertent contact. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Delek</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 25 BNA OSHC at 1374.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">By contrast, Dover’s employees had duties at the machines, they were in and out of the zone of danger many times a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">day, and</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>were routinely at the CNC lathe’s point of operation. The Court finds<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Delek</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>does not support Respondent’s position.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">In</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Beverly,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">the Secretary alleged employees were exposed to moving parts as an operational necessity. The Commission found there was no operational reason for an employee to have his hands at the point of operation and thus there was no exposure. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Beverly</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 21 BNA OSHC at 1038-39. The Commission noted that, unlike here, the Secretary “makes no claim that inadvertent contact with the rotating agitator could be made by Beverly’s employees during normal use of the unguarded A-200 mixer.” </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, at 1038-39.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Here, the violation is based on accidental, careless, inadvertent or intentional contact with the point of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">operation;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as such<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Beverly</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>does not support Respondent’s position. Neither does<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Miniature. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Miniature,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Commission found there was no violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.212(a)(1) because there was no employee exposure to an unguarded nip point in a flat die thread roller used about once a week where a barrier, the bulk of the machine itself, was between the operator and a small brush an operator might reach for while the machine was not running. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Miniature</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 17 BNA OSHC at 1561-63. The instant case is distinguishable from<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Miniature</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. Here, the operator stands next to the zone of danger throughout the production cycle<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">in order to</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>quickly load a workpiece for the next cycle. Further, the operator is placing his hands in and out of CNC lathes at a rapid pace due to short cycle times, and there is no barrier between the operator and moving parts. </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Jefferson</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, the Commission rejected testimony presented on behalf of the Secretary that straight-line gluer</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref119" href="#ftn119">118</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>operators routinely came within 2 to 5 inches of the unguarded nip points. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Jefferson</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">15 BNA OSHC at 1421. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Instead, the Commission found there was no evidence of an occasion where an operator would be closer than 16 inches to the machine’s nip points. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">at 1421. In contrast, here,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>it is undisputed operators are routinely at the point of operation to load and unload parts within CNC lathes<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">and clear debris in both CNC lathes and CNC mill machines. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Jefferson<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">does not support Respondent’s position.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Syntron</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the Commission found there was no violation because the evidence did not show the operator would have a reason to c</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">ome close enough to unguarded portion of a saw blade. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Syntron</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>11 BNA OSHC at 1869 (Commissioner Cleary dissenting – Majority taking no account that operator could be injured through inadvertence).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Here, the operators were routinely at the point of operation of CNC lathes. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Syntron</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>does not support the Respondent’s position.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Secretary also proved exposure to the hazard of moving parts for CNC mill operators. While a CNC mill operator does not load at the point of operation, the risks are the same for an operator standing near the CNC mill’s open doorway. Because there is no barrier between the operator and the point of operation, an operator<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">is able to</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>reach into the machine to make adjustments or clear debris at any time. Dover cannot rely on an employee’s judgement instead of providing a barrier or other guarding for protection from moving parts. Further, the CNC mill’s opening is large enough for an operator’s arm,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">hand</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or upper body part to enter into the zone of danger and make contact with moving parts. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 1, 28, 29).<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Court finds the Secretary has proved that it is reasonably predictable Dover’s CNC lathe and CNC mill machine operators are exposed to moving parts due to the specific nature of how the machines are operated. The Court further finds the Secretary demonstrated the operators’ practice of standing next to the open splash guard doorway during the production cycle makes it reasonably predictable careless, accidental, inadvertent, or intentional contact with the moving parts of a CNC lathe and CNC mill would occur. Finally, the Court finds the Secretary proved it was reasonably predictable operators were exposed to moving parts on the CNC lathes and CNC mills and did not provide the required guarding. The Secretary proved his prima facie case for Citation 1, Item 1.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">Willful Characterization</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Secretary classified this violation as willful.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref120" href="#ftn120">119</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> A willful violation is done “with intentional, knowing or voluntary disregard for the requirements of the Act or with plain indifference to employee safety.” </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Burkes Mech., Inc.,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>21 BNA OSHC 2136, 2140 (No. 04-0475, </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">2007) (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Burkes</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">) (citations omitted);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">see also</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Nat’l</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Eng’g & Contracting Co. v. Herman</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 181 F.3d 715, 721 (6th Cir. 1999) (finding conduct is willful if it is “intentional, deliberate, and voluntary”). “The Secretary must show that the employer was actually aware, at the time of the violative act, that the act was unlawful, or that it possessed a state of mind such that if it were informed of the standard, it would not care.” </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Propellex</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">18 BNA OSHC 1677, 1684 (No. 96-0265, 1999) (citations omitted). A willful violation differs from a serious violation by a heightened awareness and either conscious disregard or plain indifference. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Williams Enter., Inc.,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>13 BNA OSHC 1249, 1256 (No. 85-355, 1987). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Commission has repeatedly held that an employer who deliberately disregards known safety requirements acts willfully. In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Calang</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">., 14 BNA OSHC 1789, 1791 (No. 85-319, 1990), the Commission held that the "conscious disregard" of the requirements of the cited standards by an employer who had the standards explained to him was willful. In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Donovan v. Williams Enters.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 744 F.2d 170 (D.C. Cir. 1984), the court affirmed a Commission decision that an employer who had failed to heed warnings that it was not in compliance with OSHA standards and abate the violations acted willfully. The court stated, "These facts alone are sufficient to establish 'intentional disregard of' and 'plain indifference' to OSHA's regulations." 744 F.2d at 180, </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">accord</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Valdak</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">., 17 BNA OSHC 1135, 1137 (No. 93-239, 1995),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 73 F.3d 1464 (8th Cir. 1996) (permitting a dangerous condition to exist for a long period of time was willful);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Morrison-Knudsen Co./Yonkers Contracting, Joint Venture</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 16 BNA OSHC 1105,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">1127 (No. 88-572, 1993) (an employer who knowingly disregarded its consultant's advice acted willfully).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Secretary asserts Dover had a heightened awareness of the need to guard the moving parts of CNC lathes and CNC mill machines through an OSHA citation issued December 20, 2007, the abatement Dover implemented in response to that citation, Dover's warnings to its employees to keep their hands out of the machine, the warning in the CNC lathe’s operating manual, the warning labels on the CNC lathe and CNC mill machines, and the 2012 Mullet injury. Respondent asserts none of these are a basis to support a willful characterization. Respondent is wrong. In the aggregate here, they provide an ample basis to justify a willful characterization. (Tr. 71, 82, 95, 100, 207, 214;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 5, 6; S. Br. 34-38). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Secretary asserts the 2007 machine guarding citation, and the subsequent abatement, provided Dover with a heightened awareness of the unguarded condition of its machines and the standard’s requirement to guard against moving parts. The Court agrees. The 2007 citation included violations of two machine guarding standards: 29 C.F.R. § 1910.212(a)(1) and 29 C.F.R. § 1910.213(a)(3)(ii). Dover’s abatement certification to OSHA stated the machine guards had been installed on the machines and employees were instructed to use them during operations. (Ex. 6; S. Br. 34-35). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Respondent asserts two reasons why the 2007 citation and abatement did not provide heightened awareness: the machines were distinctly different than the instant case and current management team was not involved in the 2007 citation and abatement. Both arguments fail. (R. Br. 21-22). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The 2007 citation alleged a machine guarding violation for Dover's CNC milling machines. The difference between Dover’s CNC mills and CNC lathes is not such that it is reasonable for Dover’s management to believe machine guarding was required on a CNC mill, but not a CNC lathe. Both machines are used to modify blank workpieces and individually loaded by the operator. The primary<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">difference is the location of the workpiece. This difference does not support a reasonable belief the machine guarding requirement did not also apply to its lathes.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Respondent also states that, because Dover’s current management team was not significantly involved in the abatement of the 2007 citation, there is no heightened awareness. Current management's asserted lack of significant involvement in the prior citation does not deprive Dover of heightened awareness. Dover cannot claim ignorance of the 2007 citation and abatement; a corporate entity’s knowledge is through its key employees. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Caterpillar, Inc.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">17 BNA OSHC 1731, 1732 (No. 93-373, 1996),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">aff’d,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>122 F.3d 437, 440-41 (7th Cir. 1997). An employer does not lose its “knowledge” when a supervisory employee no longer works for the organization; the employer retains the knowledge. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> The knowledge Dover's safety officer, Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Wuske</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, gained during the 2007 citation and abatement was imputed to Dover and remained with the company after his employment ended. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Caterpillar, Inc. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 122 F.3d 437, 440-41 (7th Cir. 1997),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">aff’g</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>17 BNA OSHC 1731 (No. 93-373, 1996) (citations omitted). Further, Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>has worked for Dover since the company was formed in 1990 and as vice president of manufacturing likely would have known if guards were removed from storage and installed on machines. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>agreed Dover told OSHA in its<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">January,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>2008 Certificate of Abatement that operators were told to use all supplied machine guards.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 45-47, 57, 463; R. Br. 22). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Court finds that the 2007 citation and subsequent abatement provided Dover with a heightened awareness of the requirements of the cited standard and need to guard the moving parts on its machines. Dover allowed its operators to not use guarding in disregard of the standard’s requirements. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Secretary asserts that Dover’s warnings to its employees show a heightened awareness of the hazards. Further, Dover ignored the warnings on its machines and operating manual that stated the splash guard doors should be closed. Dover also ignored its own history and dismissed the hazard of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">making contact with</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>moving parts by consciously deciding not to use guards for the CNC lathe and CNC mill machines. (S. Br. 35-37;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 7, 24). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>admitted Dover’s machine operators did not comply with the warning signs on the machines. He testified that even though the warnings stated the “splash guard must be in closed position and engaged in interlock system,” he believed, based on his 41 years of industry experience, it did not apply to the Dover’s manufacturing process. (Tr. 98, 100; Ex. 24). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>admitted he made the decision that operators could operate with the guard doors open and he knew operators generally ran the lathes with the doors open. He also knew employees were warned to keep their hands out of the machine during their training. (Tr. 95, 99, 100, 103). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Court finds Dover’s warnings to its employees show Dover was aware of the risk of injury to an operator. The Court finds Dover’s choice to ignore the machine manufacturer’s warning labels based on Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>experience in the industry was not reasonable. Messrs.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, George<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, and Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>each admitted that they had no training on machine guarding or safety generally. Dover management replaced the manufacturer’s warnings with its own judgement, despite their lack of expertise in safety or machine guarding. This demonstrates a heightened awareness of the hazard as well as indifference to employee safety. (Tr. 47, 208, 234;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 7, 24, 30). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Finally, after the 2012 Mullet accident, Dover continued to allow operators to keep the splash guard doors open during production. Instead of following the warnings to close the splash guard doors, Dover changed the program for the production cycle and still relied on a general instruction to its employees. Despite its heightened awareness from the accident, Dover continued to operate with the doors open in disregard of the standard’s requirements and with indifference to the safety of its employees.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Dover asserts that a willful characterization is negated by its good faith belief that it<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">was in compliance</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. "It is well established that a willful charge is not justified if an employer has made an objectively reasonable, good faith effort to comply with the standard or to eliminate a hazard even though the employer's efforts are not entirely effective or complete."</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Spirit Homes, Inc.,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>20 BNA OSHC 1629, 1630 (No. 00-1807, 2004) (consolidated) (citations omitted);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">see also</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Calang</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">., 14 BNA OSHC at 1791. The employer’s belief must have been “non-frivolous.” </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Morrison-Knudsen Co./Yonkers Contracting Co.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 16 BNA OSHC at 1127 (citations omitted). (R. Br. 23). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Dover’s good faith belief is based on the lengthy experience of Messrs.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and George<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, its operators feeling safe with the doors open, its programming fix after the 2012 Mullet accident, a 2010 OSHA inspection, and its lack of significant injuries. Dover also points out that it did not require the operators to keep the doors open and it did not pay its operators based on production. (R. Br. 23-25).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Respondent bears the burden of proof to show good faith. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Morrison-Knudsen Co./Yonkers Contracting Co.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 16 BNA OSHC at 1127. An employer’s subjective belief that it<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">is in compliance with</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>an OSHA standard is not sufficient to overcome a finding of willfulness. The test is “an objective one -- whether the employer’s belief concerning a factual matter or concerning the interpretation of a standard was reasonable under the circumstances.” </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Williams Enters., Inc.,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>13 BNA OSHC at 1259. “[A]n employer is not necessarily spared from a finding of willfulness by taking any measure, regardless of how minimal, to enhance employee safety.” </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">J.A. Jones Constr. Co.,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>15 BNA OSHC 2201, 2209 (No. 87-2059, 1993). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">For the reasons that</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>follow, the Court finds that Dover’s beliefs and actions were not objectively reasonable and do not support a good faith belief it was in compliance or had abated the hazard. Neither management nor operators had safety training. Dover presented no evidence to show that management or operators<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">had an understanding of</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>safe operating practices or machine guarding requirements. Thus, Dover’s reliance on their experience in the industry for machine safety issues is not objectively reasonable. (Tr. 47, 234, 247). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Dover cannot rely on an operator’s belief he is safe or give employees the option to work safely. An employer “cannot shift to its employees the responsibility for assuring safe working procedures.” </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Pride Oil Well Servs.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">15 BNA OSHC 1809, 1851 (No. 87-692, 1992) (citations omitted). This is especially true here because Dover provided no safety training to its employees. The Court finds Dover’s reliance on its employees’ perceptions they were safe does not support an objective good faith belief that guarding was not required or needed. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Dover also asserts its response to the 2012 Mullet accident demonstrates good faith. After the accident, Dover modified the CNC lathe’s program to require a manual start of the production cycle in lieu of the automated start. This argument fails. The Mullet accident demonstrated that access to the point of operation during a production cycle could result in an injury. The Commission has consistently held the cited standard “requires physical methods of guarding rather than methods of guarding that depend on human behavior.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">H. B. Zachry Co. Int’l</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 8 BNA OSHC at 1674 (citations omitted). Instead of using the splash guard door with a working interlock or other guarding system, Dover simply changed the machine’s program and continued to rely on an operator to avoid placing his hands in the machine. Dover’s response did not solve the problem of accidental contact with the machine’s moving parts, as required by the cited standard and by the machine’s own warnings. Thus, its response does not support a good faith belief the hazard was abated. (R. Br. 21). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Further, Dover cannot rely on a lack of significant injury history to establish good faith. Dover provided no safety training to its employees and simply relied on an employee to keep his hand out of the machine. An employer cannot rely on luck to prevent an injury. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See generally,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Whirlpool Corp. v. Marshall</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 445 U.S. at 12 (“The Act does not wait for an employee to die or become injured. It authorizes the [...] issuance of citations in the hope that these will act to prevent deaths or injuries from ever occurring”). The Court finds Dover’s lack of a significant injury history does not provide a basis for a good faith belief that it<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">was in compliance with</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>safety standards or had abated the hazard.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Dover asserts that Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had a good faith belief it was safe for the operators to keep the doors open during the production cycle because Dover was not machining metal or using coolant. A supervisor’s belief that a condition is safe does not constitute reasonable, objective good faith. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See Sec’y<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">of Labor v. Capital City Excavating Co., Inc.,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>712 F.2d 1008, 1010 (6th Cir. 1983) (foreman's good faith belief that trench was safe does not mitigate willfulness);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Gen. Motors Corp.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">CPCG Oklahoma City Plant</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 22 BNA OSHC 1019, 1044 (No. 91-2834, 2007) (consolidated) (affirming a willful violation where the employer's belief was neither “plausible nor reasonable”). (Tr. 465, 474-75; R. Br. 24-25).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The record does not provide support for Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>belief that guarding was needed only when working with metal or when using coolant. The warning in the operator’s manual specifically states that the splash guard door should be closed while the machine is in operation.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Respondent also asserts that Dover had a good faith belief it<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">was in compliance</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>because it was not cited for a machine guarding violation after a 2010 OSHA inspection. This argument fails. “[I]t is well established that an employer cannot rely on the Secretary's failure to issue a citation” as proof of compliance. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Peterson Bros. Steel Erection Co</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">., 16 BNA OSHC 1196, 1201 (No. 90-2304, 1993) (citations omitted),</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>aff’d<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">26 F.3d 573 (5</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">th</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Cir. 1994). (Tr. 302; R. Br. 22).</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Finally, not having production quotas or compensation based on production speed does not provide an objective good faith belief that Dover<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">was in compliance</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or operating safely. </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Court finds Dover’s assertion it had a reasonable, good faith belief that it was operating its machines in compliance with OSHA standard or it had eliminated the hazard was not objectively reasonable and fails. The Court finds the record supports the characterization of a willful violation.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">Penalty Amount</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Secretary properly classified this citation item as willful. The maximum penalty for a willful violation is $70,000. 29 U.S.C. § 666(a). Section 17(j) of the Act requires the Commission to give due consideration to four criteria in assessing penalties: the size of the employer’s business, the gravity of the violation, the employer’s good faith, and its prior history of violations. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Compass<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Envtl</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">., Inc.,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>23 BNA OSHC at 1137. </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Secretary proposed a penalty of $49,000 which is a 30% reduction from the maximum penalty of $70,000. CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified there was no penalty adjustment for good faith. The record is silent on the level of gravity that was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">assessed</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or the penalty reduction provided due to Dover’s size by the Secretary. (Tr. 301-02). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Court finds that the Secretary’s proposed penalty of $49,000 is reasonable and appropriate. In assessing its penalty, the Court has considered the size of Dover’s business, the gravity of the violation, Dover’s good faith or lack thereof, and its prior history of violations. The Court assesses a penalty of $49,000.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">All findings of fact and conclusions of law relevant and necessary to a determination of the contested issues have been made above. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a). All proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law inconsistent with this decision are denied.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; "> </p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">ORDER</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:normal; margin-left:-5.933px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">            Based upon the foregoing findings of fact and conclusions of law, it is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; ">ORDERED</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that:</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; margin-left:-5.933px; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>1. Citation 1, Item 1, alleging a willful violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.212 (a)(1) is AFFIRMED, and a penalty of $49,000 is assessed.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span> </p>
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				<p style="margin-left:-5.933px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">                                                                        </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Dated: June 20, 2016</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Honorable Dennis L. Phillips</span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">           Washington, D.C.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>U.S. OSHRC Judge</span></p>
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					<a name="ftn-1" href="#ftnref-1"></a> </p>
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					<a name="ftn0" href="#ftnref0"></a> </p>
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					<a name="ftn1" href="#ftnref1"></a> </p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn2" href="#ftnref2"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>In 2007</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>OSHA issued Dover a citation for failing to guard its mills in violation of the same machine guarding standard at issue here. In settling that citation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the company represented to OSHA in a corrective action worksheet that it installed the doors on the machines.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn3" href="#ftnref3"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>This process is known as a “hand-fed” job. Lathe operators also perform “rod-fed” jobs, which can take up to four hours and do not require manually loading or unloading plastic pieces. Rather, the lathe automatically advances a portion of a plastic rod onto the spindle. An air nozzle mounted near the spindle is available to blow chips and shavings away from the moving parts. On review, the Secretary does not allege a violation with respect to rod-fed jobs.</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn4" href="#ftnref4"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>To establish a violation, “the Secretary must show by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the cited standard applies, (2) there was a failure to comply with the cited standard, (3) employees had access to the violative condition, and (4) the cited employer either knew or could have known of the condition with the exercise of reasonable diligence.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Astra Pharm. Prods., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 9 BNA OSHC 2126, 2129 (No. 78-6247, 1981),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d in relevant part</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 681<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">F.2d 69 (1st Cir. 1982). Dover does not challenge the judge’s finding that the Secretary established noncompliance with the cited standard. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On review</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the parties were asked to brief exposure and characterization, the only two issues raised in Dover’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">petition for discretionary review</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Commission</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>generally do</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">es</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>not consider issues not raised by the parties on review, and we therefore decline to review the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">judge’s finding of non</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">compliance here. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See P. Gioioso & Sons, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 6 BNA OSHC 1617, 161</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">8</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 16215, 1978) (Commission declined to review judge’s rulings on remaining alleged violations where the parties did not take issue with them);</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2200.92(a).<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn5" href="#ftnref5"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">4 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dover also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">contests the judge’s finding of exposure as to the lathes based</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in part</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on “the recurring need to clear out debris from inside the machines by hand and air wands</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[.]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">” Given our conclusion that exposure is established on other grounds, we need not address this claim. </span></p>
			</div>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn6" href="#ftnref6"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">5 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Quoting</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Rockwell Int</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ernational</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 9 BNA OSHC 1092, 1098 (No. 12470, 1980), Dover argues that the absence of any injuries since it reprogrammed its lathes following the 2012 incident “buttresses [its] contention of no exposure to injury.” In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Rockwell</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, however, the Commission found that the Secretary’s theory of exposure was “wholly speculative,” as operators did not hold the pieces being worked upon and had no cause to place their hands under the descending ram of the cited machines.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> In contrast, the operators here were required to repeatedly place their hands inside the lathe and time their actions to avoid contact</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the machine’s moving parts. </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn7" href="#ftnref7"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">6 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Dover<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">points to prior Commission cases where exposure was not established and argues that the distance between the operator and the moving parts here was greater than in those cases. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In all the cases cited by Dover,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">however,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Commission emphasized that there is no hard and fast rule for determining exposure<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in a machine guarding case—r</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ather, exposure must be determined on a case-by-case basis depending on “the manner in which the machine functions and the way it is operated.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Jefferson Smurfit Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1419,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1421</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 89-553, 1991)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Fabricated Metal</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC at 1074.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> As such, it is irrelevant that the distance between the operator and lathe’s moving parts may be greater here than in previous cases. It is simply enough that the Secretary established, based on “the manner in which the [lathe] functions,” that operator exposure to the moving parts of the lathes was reasonably predictable. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn8" href="#ftnref8"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">7 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Secretary does not rely on the possibility of tripping or slipping from something on the floor as the cause of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Dover’s employees bumping into each other. Indeed, aside from the parties’ stipulation that “[t]here was no oil or other substance on the floor in the area of the cited machines<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">which cause</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>[sic] an operator to lose his footing” (which would undermine any such claim), there is no mention in the record of anything on the floor that could cause a slip or trip. As for any other inadvertent contact between workers, the record fails to establish that such contact could result in reasonably predictable contact with a mill’s moving part, particularly where those parts are located at least two feet within the confines of the enclosed machine. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Fabricated Metal</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC at 1075 (inadvertent contact from slip or fall too remote where employees remained at least one to two feet away from shaft</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>splash guards</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>other containers blocked easy access to shaft, and shaft was two feet above the floor and slightly recessed). </span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn9" href="#ftnref9"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">8 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>To the extent the Secretary argues that contact with the mill’s spindle (which holds the tool) was reasonably predictable because operators rep</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">etitively reach in to load and unload parts, this theory is also unsupported by the record. Unlike the lathe, the blank is loaded onto—and the completed part is unloaded from—a stationary fixture on the mill’s table, and no machining takes place until the table moves from the “home” position near the operator to a point 32 inches away where the spindle descends from its retracted position. The spindle therefore does not come near the part being machined until the table moves 32 inches away from the operator. Similarly, when the operator rotates the part for additional machining, or removes the completed part, the table is in the home position and the spindle is in its retracted position. In short,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>unlike the lathes,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">re is no</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>possibility of mistiming<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a mill’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>cycle</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and inadvertently contacting the spindle.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_NormalWeb style_NormalWeb " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn10" href="#ftnref10"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">9 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Although not explicitly relied on by the Secretary, we note that testimony from his expert witness suggests that operators occasionally use<span>
					</span>the hand-held air hose to remove “[s]ome of the chips [that] get into every little ninny and crack in the back. [In] [s]ome cases you’ve got to get very close if you want to thoroughly get them out of there . . . .” At the same time, though, the expert acknowledged that “it doesn’t take a lot of air pressure to move the [plastic or] metal chips[,]” which undermines his claim that the air hose must be positioned close to the debris to remove it. </p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn11" href="#ftnref11"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">10 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The warning signs read “[d]o not attempt to put hands in beyond the oil guard while the machine is in operation and “[s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">]plash guards must be in closed position and engaged in interlock system” before starting the machine cycle. </span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn12" href="#ftnref12"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">11 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>We note that lathe operator Matthew Bitikofer testified that he writes the computer code for the lathes and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">mills,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>wrote</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>code for the lathe reprogramming after the 2012 accident. The fact that the machines’ programmer is also an operator further supports the reasonableness of Dover’s belief.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn13" href="#ftnref13"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">12 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Dover claims that the warning signs are inapplicable because it manufactures plastic parts, which<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">do not require oil or a similar lubricant when they are being tooled</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and the manufacturer expected the machines to be used for metal parts. We find Dover’s belief objectively reasonable yet misplaced. The distinction between machining plastic and metal does not change the fact that operators could still misjudge the end of a lathe’s production cycle and enter the zone of danger.</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn14" href="#ftnref14"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">13 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">ANSI B11.23-2002 (Safety Requirements for Machining Centers and Automatic, Numerically Controlled Milling, Drilling and Boring Machines) (Approved June 14, 2002) (ANSI B11.23-2002) defines guard as “[a] barrier, which prevents entry into the work zone or other hazard area [zone].” ANSI B11.22-2002 (Safety Requirements for Turning Centers and Automatic, Numerically Controlled Turning Machines) (ANSI B11.22-2002) similarly defines a guard. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 8, p. 11, 9, p. 11).<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn15" href="#ftnref15"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">14 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Court granted Respondent’s motion to file a supplement brief in response to the Eighth Circuit’s decision of October 13, 2015 in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Sec’y of Labor v. Loren Cook Co.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 803 F.3d 935 (8</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">th</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Cir. 2015) (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">en</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>banc</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn16" href="#ftnref16"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">15 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">ANSI B11.23-2002 defines<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">CNC as the automatic control of a process performed by a device that makes use of numeric data introduced while the operation is in progress. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">(Ex. 8, p. 12).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn17" href="#ftnref17"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">16 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>During the hearing, the parties clarified JPHS Fact # 8 applied when the machines are running. (Tr. 403-04).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn18" href="#ftnref18"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">17 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent admitted it was engaged in a business affecting interstate commerce and was an employer employing employees. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Answer,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">p. 1, ¶ III. The record supports this admission.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn19" href="#ftnref19"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">18 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Engine lathes are man-powered where a tool head (turret) is cranked in and out. (Tr. 53-54). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn20" href="#ftnref20"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">19 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Employees do not reach into the machines to insert blank workpieces or remove parts in a rod-fed operation. (Tr. 311).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn21" href="#ftnref21"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">20 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>This device was referred to as a “splash guard,” “door,” “guard,” or “oil guard” and in this decision these terms are used interchangeably.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn22" href="#ftnref22"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">21 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The parties do not dispute the interlocks were not functioning at the time of the OSHA inspection. (R. Br., p. 4).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn23" href="#ftnref23"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">22 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The photograph shows the label as “LS-26 SPLASH GUA INTERLOC”; the outer right edge of the label was missing. (Tr. 271-72;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 17-18).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn24" href="#ftnref24"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">23 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The photograph shows the labels as “LS-26 SPLASH GUARD INTERLOCK” and “LS-27 SPLASH GUARD INTERLOCK”. (Ex. 21).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn25" href="#ftnref25"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">24 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>has never operated a lathe or a mill on metal parts. (Tr. 473).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn26" href="#ftnref26"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">25 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also testified that the photograph of Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at Ex. 26 showed him standing at the splash guard/door about two feet from the point of operation. (Tr. 89-90; Ex. 26).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn27" href="#ftnref27"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">26 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that the splash guard on lathe #7 would not be closed during hand-loaded job operations. He said it would sometimes be closed during rod jobs. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn28" href="#ftnref28"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">27 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that he and George<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>made their measurements between the splash guard/doors and points of operation in the CNC lathes and mills because Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>thought there was a rule that operators had to be two feet away from moving parts. (Tr. 125).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn29" href="#ftnref29"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">28 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Q. Okay. Are the interlocks active on any of the CNC lathes?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">A. No.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">(Tr. 86).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn30" href="#ftnref30"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">29 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>He testified that his understanding, originating from someone called “Bro” at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Miyano</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, was splash guards were intended to prevent coolant,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">oil</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and other materials from splashing out of the machine. He said<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Miyano</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“taught us with the doors opened” in Chicago in the late 1980’s. He assumed “Bro” knew there were warnings on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Miyano’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>machines to the contrary. He could not say whether anyone else told him splash guards were only intended to prevent coolant, oil, and other materials from splashing out of the machine in the past 25 years. (Tr. 473-76).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn31" href="#ftnref31"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">30 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dover’s CNC lathes had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">vacuum hoses to help collect chips and debris inside the machines. (Tr. 439-42; Ex. C). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn32" href="#ftnref32"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">31 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dover’s Accident Report stated that a tool cut into the back of Mr. Mullet’s hand. (Ex. 3).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn33" href="#ftnref33"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">32 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dover’s Accident Report stated Mr. Mullet “[d]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">idn’t</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>get hand out of machine in time while fixing a crooked part.” (Tr. 77; Ex. 3).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn34" href="#ftnref34"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">33 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>At first, Mr.<span>
					</span>Stingel<span><span></span>
					</span>testified he did not know what an oil guard was and that it was not referring to the splash guard. Later, he testified that: “The term oil guard, I’m not sure if that means the same as a splash guard or not, I really don’t know.” Finally he said: “I would have thought it meant splash guard.” Based upon his demeanor in the courtroom, the Court views Mr.<span>
					</span>Stingel’s<span><span></span>
					</span>testimony to be somewhat evasive on this point. The Court finds Mr.<span>
					</span>Stingel<span><span></span>
					</span>had interpreted the label’s use of “oil guard” as synonymous to “splash guard.” (Tr. 97, 465, 483).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn35" href="#ftnref35"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">34 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that a portion of the written statement from his interview with the COs was incorrect. In particular, he felt the statement’s notation that he said “If the guards are always being used, it slows production down by 50%” did not accurately reflect what he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">actually told</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">COs.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> He testified when asked by the COs would production slow down if Dover closed the doors, he initially told the COs “if you add a step to any operation it has the possibility of slowing it down.” He also testified he told the COs in a 5 or 6 minute mill cycle closing the door would have no effect on production, but “if you’ve got something where one of those tools is just coming in and hitting it and they’re out of there in 10 seconds, and it takes you that to close the door, I don’t know, 50 percent.” (Tr. 107-08, 120-21; Ex. 11). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn36" href="#ftnref36"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">35 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The statement</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">: “</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">I have read and had the opportunity to correct this statement and these facts are true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. Public Law 91-596, Paragraph 17(g) makes it a criminal offense to knowingly make a false statement or misrepresentation in this statement[.]” appears above Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>signature on both pages. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified he signed his statement “under protest” after being told by the COs to sign it. He testified he told the COs he “didn’t agree with it [his statement].” (Tr. 107-08; Ex. 11). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn37" href="#ftnref37"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">36 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>At trial, Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Q. So why would you say the guards should always be put on?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">A. I<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">didn’t</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>say that. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">It’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>every machine. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">It’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a general statement. Guards should always be put on the machines if they are guards.”</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">(Tr. 110; Ex. 11, p. 1).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn38" href="#ftnref38"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">37 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Court finds Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>explanation clarifying at trial what he meant in his May 29, 2014 written statement when he said that he told employees to close the doors to be incredulous. The Court finds that Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was not truthful when he said in his written statement that he told employees to close the doors. This was an attempt by Dover management to mislead OSHA’s COs and evade responsibility for allowing employees to regularly operate CNC lathes and CNC mills with the splash guards/doors open.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn39" href="#ftnref39"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">38 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>At trial, Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>contradicted his prior written statement when he testified employees used cardboard to cover the opening “until they got the door re-retrofitted. Because the door wasn’t sliding.” The Court finds employees used cardboard not because the door was not sliding. Instead, they used cardboard as a substitute because the splash guard door was missing from lathe #37. (Tr. 114-15;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 11, p. 1, 23).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn40" href="#ftnref40"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">39 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>stated this “rarely happened.” (Tr. 466).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn41" href="#ftnref41"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">40 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Court is unable to conclude when this change occurred.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn42" href="#ftnref42"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">41 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>He also referred to rod-loaded jobs as “bar fed” jobs. (Tr. 209-10).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn43" href="#ftnref43"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">42 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified he did not perceive being exposed to a hazard when doing so because he really did not have to do anything other than just watch the parts drop into a pan. (Tr. 438).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn44" href="#ftnref44"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">43 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Oil that drips from air lines can get all over the floor and make it slippery. (Tr. 213).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn45" href="#ftnref45"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">44 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>told CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on April 4, 2014 that lathe #37 had been at Dover for about 10 years, and it never had a splash guard door on it. (Ex. 15).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn46" href="#ftnref46"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">45 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>He testified that there was no work rule that required employees to operate CNC lathes with the doors closed. “It is undisputed that Dover did not require that its operators close the doors of the cited machines while they were in operation.” (Tr. 207; R. Br., p. 4).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn47" href="#ftnref47"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">46 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The video of lathe #19 is less than about 2 minutes in duration. (Ex. C).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn48" href="#ftnref48"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">47 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The video shows Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>finishing a ball seed part eventually to be used as a valve in a pump. (Tr. 444).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn49" href="#ftnref49"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">48 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is not shown at any time in the video pressing either lathe #19’</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">s “</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Power On” or “Power off” buttons located to the far left of the green “CYCLE START” button. In its post-hearing brief, Respondent asserts lathes remain under power in hand-fed operations; but are “at rest” while blanks are hand loaded into the lathe. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 2, C; R. Br., pp. 2-4). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn50" href="#ftnref50"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">49 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Q. [Extraneous material omitted] When that tooling stops at the end of its cycle, what effect does it have on the spindle spinning?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">A. They usually stop. When the tools back out, the spindle stops. Because the last line the program reads is the spindle stop, which, I<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">don’t</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>know, maybe a second and a half at the most it takes to stop. I mean<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">it’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>pretty quick.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">(Tr. 442).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn51" href="#ftnref51"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">50 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified operators may need to interrupt an ongoing job to clear out debris chips and stringy or rubberish material from inside of the machines. He<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">stated</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“some of these materials are a real pain in the a**.” He testified this is done when the machine has stopped cycling. (Tr. 453-54). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn52" href="#ftnref52"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">51 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Court finds that the video of lathe #19 more accurately depicts how and when: 1) chips and debris are removed from the spindle by the operator reaching into the lathe with his fingers and 2) the green CYCLE START button is hit by the operator to start the machining cycle of a workpiece. The video does not show Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>hitting any button to cut the power to the machine before cleaning chips or debris out. The Court finds lathe #19’s power remained on throughout the video. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 2, C). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn53" href="#ftnref53"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">52 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>He testified that one of the current employees was still learning lathe operations after about 7 years, which is longer than most of the employees he trained. (Tr. 448, 459).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn54" href="#ftnref54"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">53 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Many years<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">ago</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the operators put their hands in to “catch” the finished parts for some jobs. A wire catcher is now used for that type of job. (Tr. 211-12, 444-46, 477-80).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn55" href="#ftnref55"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">54 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>George is the uncle of Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. (Tr. 179).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn56" href="#ftnref56"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">55 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>He had also been an original owner; h</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">e is no longer an owner or partner. Mary Lynn Schwab now owns Dover. (Tr. 220, 482). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn57" href="#ftnref57"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">56 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Part profiling shapes parts to whatever is required. (Tr. 223-24). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn58" href="#ftnref58"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">57 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>On May 29, 2014, George<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>told OSHA COs “[</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">i</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">nterlocks</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>would slow down production on the mill. It takes longer on certain parts to open and close the doors than to complete the parts.” (Ex. 13).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn59" href="#ftnref59"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">58 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The video shows a “Mill Rear View Operation” just over 1 and 1/2 minutes in duration and a “Mill Front View Operation” less than 2 minutes long. The video is dated October 27, 2014.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn60" href="#ftnref60"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">59 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The CNC mill door opening is high and wide. The door opening is as tall as the operator and begins above the operator’s knees, but below his waist. It appears to be wide enough for two operators to stand alongside each other before it. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 1, D).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn61" href="#ftnref61"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">60 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The blank workpiece is the piece of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">material;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>e.g., plastic, before it has been modified on a CNC lathe or CNC mill. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn62" href="#ftnref62"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">61 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>George<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>described the chips as “Teflon nylon chips” that were debris generated from the machining of a finished part. The chips may also be referred to as “shavings.” (Tr. 228; Ex. E).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn63" href="#ftnref63"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">62 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>He testified that the distance from the table’s edge, in its home position, to the opening was less than 32 inches. He also testified that a vice mounted to the table was also less than 32 inches from the opening when the table was in its home position. The video at Ex. D shows that the table’s edge and the vice, in the table’s home position, are very near the opening; much less than 32 inches. CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified the table came almost to the edge of the CNC mill machine. Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>estimated the table came within a foot of the door. (Tr. 66-69, 235-39, 343; Ex. D). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn64" href="#ftnref64"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">63 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Mr. Palmer testified at trial that he had just “assumed” operators were grabbing parts “a long time ago” to stop them from being dinged and rejected. He admitted operators had to have guard doors open to allow them to quickly grab parts inside the machine with their hands before parts fell to the ground. He further admitted operators could not grab the parts inside the machines at all if the guard doors were closed. (Tr. 150, 156-57, 160-161).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn65" href="#ftnref65"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">64 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>At trial, Mr. Palmer testified he was trying to show how “very intelligent” the operators were. (Tr. 152). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn66" href="#ftnref66"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">65 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Mr. Palmer testified at trial that the statement was “just a wild guess.” (Tr. 153, 157).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn67" href="#ftnref67"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">66 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>At trial, Mr. Palmer testified that was an assumption on his part. (Tr. 153).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn68" href="#ftnref68"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">67 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The witness statement included the following above his signature:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">I have read and had the opportunity to correct this statement and these facts are true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. Public Law 91-595, Paragraph 17(g) makes it a criminal offense to knowingly make a false statement or misrepresentation in this statement.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">(Ex. 16).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn69" href="#ftnref69"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">68 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>He pointed out an interlock device on CNC lathe No. 15, at “B”. (Tr. 180-81; Ex. 19).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn70" href="#ftnref70"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">69 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>This was consistent with the assertion made in his written statement. (Ex. 16).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn71" href="#ftnref71"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">70 </span></a><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Brian<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that he felt pressured to come up with a quantifiable number. (Tr. 178; Ex. 16). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn72" href="#ftnref72"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">71 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Although this was so, Brian<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>stated he had not seen it happen during his years of employment at Dover. (Tr. 173-75; Ex. 16). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn73" href="#ftnref73"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">72 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>He pointed out a Master alarm red button on lathe #15, at “C”. (Tr. 181; Ex. 19).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn74" href="#ftnref74"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">73 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>In his written statement to the OSHA COs dated May 29, 2014, Mr. McCoy described lathe #7 as “the machine with damaged rollers for door.” (Ex. 14).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn75" href="#ftnref75"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">74 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>He testified that Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had not talked about putting hands within the confines of the machine while it was running with “moving parts” during his training. (Tr. 195).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn76" href="#ftnref76"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">75 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Seth McCoy testified that his brother Chris McCoy, a CNC operator, sustained a small cut reaching into a lathe that had its power on to clear out a chip. The Court credits Seth McCoy’s testimony that the lathe’s power was on over Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testimony that it was his [Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">] understanding the “machine was off.” (Tr. 191-92, 199-200, 468). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn77" href="#ftnref77"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">76 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Seth McCoy testified that the chips he was referring to were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">similar to</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>those at Exhibit I. (Tr. 195-96; Ex. I).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn78" href="#ftnref78"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">77 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>He testified that Dover had never disciplined anyone for operating a CNC lathe with the door open. His testimony was consistent with his May 29, 2014 written statement where he stated</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">: “</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">I do not know anyone who has been disciplined for running machines without closing the doors.” (Tr. 187; Ex. 14). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn79" href="#ftnref79"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">78 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The witness statement that he signed included above his signature the following: “I have read and had the opportunity to correct this statement and these facts are true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. Public Law 91-596, Paragraph 17(g) makes it a criminal offense to knowingly make a false statement or misrepresentation in this statement.” (Ex. 14).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn80" href="#ftnref80"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">79 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Lathe #7, which Mr. McCoy operated, is the lathe where CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>observed an employee having significant trouble moving the splash guard door. (Tr. 269-71).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn81" href="#ftnref81"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">80 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>From the transcript of Mr. McCoy’s testimony:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Q. And on line 5<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">there's</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a sentence that starts halfway on the line. It says: I am always using the door and closing it while that machine is running. Do you see that?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">A. Yeah.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Q. Was that accurate?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">A. No.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Q. That<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">wasn't</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>true?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">A. No. That was when they threatened me.” (Tr. 204).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn82" href="#ftnref82"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">81 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that CSU was an online, nationally accredited university. (Tr. 304-05).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn83" href="#ftnref83"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">82 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>From about 2007 through 2011,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>worked as a civilian employee with the United States Army’s Corps of Engineers (COE). While there, he was a tools and parts attendant, maintenance mechanic, and a safety officer. He worked in the construction, maritime,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">manufacturing</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and general industries while at the COE. He received some general machine guarding and safety training while working there. He occasionally assisted machinists operating mills and lathes, that were not CNC, at the COE. He also served a total of seven years on active duty in the US Army from about 1998 through 2001, and 2002 through 2006. He also worked as a forklift operator at Northwest Pipe Company, for six months in about 2001, where he received machine guard training. (Tr. 249-256). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn84" href="#ftnref84"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">83 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>stated there was another employee at the opening conference. On direct examination, the CO identified the second person as Mike Poland. On cross-examination, he identified the person as Brian<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, but then stated he was unsure of the second person’s name. The Court notes Brian<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified he accompanied CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>during the April 4, 2014 inspection. (Tr. 259-60, 166, 307-08). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn85" href="#ftnref85"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">84 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>He testified that Dover had five CNC lathes in one room. (Tr. 261).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn86" href="#ftnref86"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">85 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>He testified that these CNC lathes included lathe ##7, 19 and 38</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Tr. 262).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn87" href="#ftnref87"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">86 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that “LS-26 splash [guard] interlock” appeared on the label. (Tr. 271;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 17-18).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn88" href="#ftnref88"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">87 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The machine manual states:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">19.2 Door interlock</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "> The door interlock switch is located on the door of the control box. When the door interlock switch is ON, if tried to open the door, the machine power goes OFF automatically. The door interlock switch has keys, called the door interlock keys, to turn the switch ON/OFF. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">(Ex. 7, p. 8). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn89" href="#ftnref89"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">88 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that he saw that CNC lathe operators were within arm’s reach of the point of operation. (Tr. 314-15).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn90" href="#ftnref90"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">89 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified he took the photograph showing the cardboard on April 4, 2014. He believed the cardboard has been replaced with a sliding door by May 29, 2014. (Tr. 334-35).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn91" href="#ftnref91"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">90 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that “oil guard” was the same as “splash guard.” (Tr. 280-81).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn92" href="#ftnref92"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">91 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that the two CNC mill machines were not manufactured with interlocks. He further testified that after 2001 ANSI required interlocks be placed on CNC milling machines as moveable doors. He said ANSI was not incorporated into the OSHA<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">standard, but</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>were considered nationally recognized consensus standards. He testified that this was a requirement ANSI imposed on the employer. (Tr. 355-56). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn93" href="#ftnref93"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">92 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">He did warn Seth McCoy to tell the truth. Seth McCoy had told him during the interview that he shut the splash guard door on lathe #7 “every single time” for every production cycle. CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>believed it was unlikely that Mr. McCoy closed the splash guard door numerous times a day given how difficult it was to close the door on lathe #7 because it had bad rollers on the bottom of the sliding door. CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>read section 17(g) of the Act to Seth McCoy to advise him of the consequences of providing false information. Seth McCoy then became defensive. Section 17(g) of the Act states:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:48px; "><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">(g) Whoever knowingly makes any false statement, representation, or certification in any application, record, report, plan or other document filed or required to be maintained pursuant to this Act shall, upon conviction, be punished by a fine of not more $10,000, or by imprisonment for not more than six months, or by both.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">The Court finds the COs did not threaten or coerce Seth McCoy during his May 29, 2014 interview. Seth McCoy admitted during his testimony that he had initially lied to the COs during the inspection interview. CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">Marcinko’s</span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testimony as to how he conducts interviews was consistent and credible. </span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">(Tr. 267-71;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">Exs</span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">. 14, 17). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn94" href="#ftnref94"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">93 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The citation stated:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">29 C.F.R. 1910.212(a)(1): Machine guarding was not provided to protect operator(s) and other employees from hazard(s) created by moving parts of the CNC Milling Machine. (Ex. 5, p. 9).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn95" href="#ftnref95"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">94 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Exhibit 5 shows the citation for these violations was issued by OSHA on December 20, 2007.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn96" href="#ftnref96"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">95 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Certification stated:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">Correction completed</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Additional machine guards were taken out of storage and placed on the machine. Employees were informed that the guards must remain on machine while in operation.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">(Ex. 6, pp. 1-2).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn97" href="#ftnref97"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">96 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>CO<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Marcinko</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that management representatives; including Messrs.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Stingel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, Palmer and Brian<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, told</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>him using interlocks and keeping the doors closed would reduce production by 25 to 50 percent. (Tr. 361). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn98" href="#ftnref98"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">97 </span></a><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt; ">The OSHA file included photographs, OSHA-1B’s/worksheets, the CO’s notes, witness statements, and Dover’s videos of its CNC lathe and CNC mill in operation. (Tr. 389, 416). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn99" href="#ftnref99"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">98 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>ANSI B11.23-2002 states that guards shall “[p]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">revent</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the accidental entry of clothing or body parts into the hazard area(s) that it is guarding.” Likewise, ANSI B11.22-2002 states that guards shall “[p]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">revent</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the accidental entry of clothing or body parts into the hazard area(s) that it is guarding.” (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 8, p. 38, 9, p. 43). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn100" href="#ftnref100"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">99 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified he has investigated many accidents over the years involving some intentional actions by employees taking shortcuts. (Tr. 405).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn101" href="#ftnref101"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">100 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified similar hazards were present in rod-fed operations because the door guards were not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">closed</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and tools or parts could fly out of the machine. (Tr. 429).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn102" href="#ftnref102"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">101 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified he was concerned operators would use air lines, nozzles, wands and hoses inside the machines to clean parts or blow chips away when the machines were not shut<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">off, but</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>were “at rest” between operational cycles. He opined it was “very likely” and “predictable” that another reach-in machine accident would occur at Dover even though no incidents occurred for several years. (Tr. 411, 426-27).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn103" href="#ftnref103"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">102 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>He testified that Dover’s practice allowing operators to run two machines at a time provided more reason for an operator to get out of sequence. He said “One machine is operating and the other one is down, vice versa, and that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">goes</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on all day. There might be more probability of reaching in to do something thinking the machine is off and it really is not.” (Tr. 406-07). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn104" href="#ftnref104"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">103 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>stated he could not say there actually was a pinch point until he knew the distance from the table’s edge to the machine’s wall. (Tr. 343, 423;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; width: 0;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">R. Br., p. 11).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn105" href="#ftnref105"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">104 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Q. And why isn’t a work rule adequate?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">A. Because you<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">can’t</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>rely on the work rule to – if you could rely on work rules, then most machines wouldn’t have to be guarded. Work rules and training are trying but they<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">don’t</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>prevent somebody from getting into the zone of danger during the operating cycle. And the 212 standards that’s been talked about here, they’re talking about guards and devices to prevent exposure to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">hazard as</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>opposed to a work rule. Or training or whatever it might be. A physical device that prevents it. (Tr. 410).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn106" href="#ftnref106"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">105 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The ANSI standards state “American National Standards are promulgated through ANSI for voluntary use.” (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 8, p. 2, 9, p. 2).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn107" href="#ftnref107"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">106 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent emphasized during the hearing and in its briefs the only hazard at issue was contact with a machine’s moving parts. A review of the Secretary’s post-hearing submissions shows the hazard alleged relates only to the moving parts on the lathes and mills; the Secretary presented no argument or instance for another hazard (for example, the hazard of ejected parts). Because the Secretary did not pursue an argument that Dover violated the machine guarding standard for the hazard of objects being ejected outside the machine, the Court will not address the arguments Respondent has set forth to refute this possible argument.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn108" href="#ftnref108"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">107 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Court finds the citation’s reference at paragraphs f. and g. relating to the two CNC mill machines to the moving parts of the “lathe,” instead of “mills,” as immaterial to the outcome of the case. Neither party raised this as an issue.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn109" href="#ftnref109"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">108 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>This violation description was used for each of the seven cited machines. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See Complaint and Citation.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn110" href="#ftnref110"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">109 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>In its Answer, Respondent asserted the alleged violations resulted from unpreventable employee misconduct and the alleged violations occurred more than 6 months prior to the issuance of the citation. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Answer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at ¶¶ VII, VIII. Respondent did not pursue either of these arguments. The Court deems these defenses abandoned. </span><a href="http://web2.westlaw.com/find/default.wl?mt=FederalGovernment&db=0003227&rs=WLW13.04&tc=-1&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&findtype=Y&ordoc=2009427901&serialnum=1991434471&vr=2.0&fn=_top&sv=Split&tf=-1&referencepositiontype=S&pbc=0CD84A80&referenceposition=1130&utid=1"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See Ga. Pac. Corp.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 1127, 1130 (No. 89-2713, 1991).</span></a>
				</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn111" href="#ftnref111"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">110 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>In its Response to Respondent’s Supplement to Post-Hearing Brief, the Secretary asserts that the<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Loren Cook</span><span><span></span>
					</span>holding<span>
					</span>should not be construed as a blanket determination that 29 C.F.R. § 1910.212(a)(1)<span><span></span>
					</span>does not cover ejecting parts. (Sec. Suppl. Post-Hrg. Br., p. 1). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn112" href="#ftnref112"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">111 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>In January, 2008, Dover certified to OSHA that: 1) “[a]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">dditional</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>machine guards were taken out of storage and placed on the [CNC mill] machine[.]” and 2) its employees “were informed that the guards must remain on machine while in operation.” (Tr. 289-91; Ex. 6, p. 2).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn113" href="#ftnref113"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">112 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Aside from just leaving all of the five CNC lathe’s splash guard doors open, lathe #7’s door did not move well on its rollers, lathe #15 had vertical bars over its opening where a door should have been, lathe #37 used cardboard as a window, and lathe #38’s window was so dirty its operators could not see through it. (Tr. 114-15, 123, 176, 269-71, 279, 283-84;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">. 11, 23, 26). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn114" href="#ftnref114"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">113 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The video at exhibit C shows Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>resting his hand inches from the inner confines of a lathe. Should his hand slide for any reason, it would be within the zone of danger.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn115" href="#ftnref115"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">114 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent does not dispute that operators have occasion to have their hands inside of the machines to clean out chips and unplug vacuum hoses while the machines are “at rest,” but powered on. (Tr. 439-42, 453; R. Br. 14-16). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn116" href="#ftnref116"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">115 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Secretary also asserted that running multiple machines could cause an operator to misjudge the timing. Matthew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Bitikofer’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testimony was that he ran multiple machines when he was running rod-loaded jobs that lasted several hours per cycle. (Tr. 437; S. Br. 26). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn117" href="#ftnref117"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">116 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>This Court’s finding is consistent with the opinion of the Secretary’s expert, James<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, a recognized expert in machine guarding with impressive experience. Respondent did not present any expert testimony rebutting Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Washam’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>opinion in this regard.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn118" href="#ftnref118"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">117 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>If the operator touches the spindle a second too<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">early</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>he is exposed to a spindle rotating at speeds up to 1,200 rpm. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn119" href="#ftnref119"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">118 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>A “straight-line gluer” processes flat cardboard into finished boxes by passing the cardboard through a series of older bars and glue applicators which gradually form it into boxes of the prescribed size and shape. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Jefferson</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 15 BNA OSHC at 1419).</span></p>
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					<a name="ftn120" href="#ftnref120"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">119 </span></a><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Secretary also asserted the violation was serious. (S. Br. 33). A violation is classified as serious under § 17(k) of the Act if “there is substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result” if an accident occurred. 29 U.S.C. § 666(k);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Compass<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Envtl</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">., Inc</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">., 23 BNA OSHC 1132, 1136 (No. 06-1036, 2010),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">aff'd</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 663 F.3d 1164 (10th Cir. 2011). The Secretary need only establish any possible accident would most likely result in serious injury. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Wis. Elec. Power Co.,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>4 BNA OSHC 1783, 1787, n. 18 (No. 5209, 1976),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">aff’d.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">567 F.2d 735 (7</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">th</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Cir. 1977). The Court finds that serious physical harm is the likely result if an employee’s hand is caught in the moving part of the machine. The Court finds the Secretary has shown employees are exposed to a serious hazard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">as a result of</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Dover’s violation of the cited standard. </span></p>
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