RENDERED: FEBRUARY 4, 2022; 10:00 A.M.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

OPINION OF JANUARY 28, 2022, WITHDRAWN

Commonwealth of Kentucky

Court of Appeals

NO. 2021-CA-0787-ME

KAYLA LEWIS APPELLANT 

v. 

APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT

HONORABLE GINA KAY CALVERT, JUDGE

ACTION NO. 18-D-501256-001

PATRICK LEWIS APPELLEE 

OPINION

AFFIRMING

**   **  **

BEFORE: CALDWELL, CETRULO, AND MAZE, JUDGES.

CETRULO, JUDGE: This is an appeal from a family court’s decision to deny an 

extension of a prior domestic violence order beyond the initial three-year period 

previously granted by the same family court judge. We affirm. 
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BACKGROUND

In May 2018, Kayla Lewis (“Kayla”) filed a petition seeking a 

domestic violence order of protection (“DVO”) for her and her children from her 

then husband, Patrick Lewis (“Patrick”). An emergency protection order (“EPO”) 

was granted immediately and then an evidentiary hearing was held on the DVO 

petition pursuant to Kentucky Revised Statute (“KRS”) 403.740(4). The family

court granted the petition and entered a three-year DVO for Kayla and her 

children. 

In January 2019, the DVO was amended to allow Patrick contact with 

the children in accordance with that granted in the parties’ divorce proceedings. 

The DVO was set to expire on May 14, 2021, but in April 2021, Kayla filed a 

motion to extend the DVO. The parties agreed to extend the DVO until after the 

mediation in their divorce case which was scheduled for May 26, 2021. In 

mediation, the parties were unable to reach an agreement, and thereafter Patrick 

filed a motion to permit the DVO to expire.

In June 2021, the family court conducted a hearing on Kayla’s motion 

to extend the DVO. Kayla did not submit evidence of any DVO violations; she 

stated that she suspected Patrick slashed her fiancée’s tires, but admitted she had 

no proof. Her testimony mainly related to the ongoing issues she and her children 

suffer as a result of incidents that occurred prior to the initial DVO petition. 
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The family court concluded that the DVO would not be extended. In 

so ruling, the family court stated that based on the totality of the circumstances a 

DVO extension was not necessary. The family court further stated that this was a 

familiar case due to the still-pending divorce action in the same court. The court

stated that there had been no evidence of a DVO violation in the past two years, 

nor any criminal case against Patrick. Further, the family court stated that if

Patrick’s behavior changed for the worse, any judge could sign another EPO and 

the family court would personally enter a new DVO. As a result, Kayla appealed

the denial of the DVO extension. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Appellate review of a family court’s decision to issue or extend a 

DVO is limited. We do not base our ruling on whether we may have reached a 

different conclusion, but rather whether the findings of the trial court were clearly 

erroneous or that it abused its discretion. Guenther v. Guenther, 379 S.W.3d 796, 

802 (Ky. App. 2012) (citations omitted). Findings are not clearly erroneous if they 

are supported by substantial evidence of probative value. Id. Abuse of discretion 

occurs when a court’s decision is unreasonable, unfair, arbitrary, or capricious. 

Kuprion v. Fitzgerald, 888 S.W.2d 679, 684 (Ky. 1994) (citations omitted). But 

we must give deference to the trial court’s decision because the trial court is in the 

best position to judge the credibility of the witnesses. Moore v. Asente, 110 
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S.W.3d 336, 354 (Ky. 2003). (See also Kentucky Rule of Civil Procedure (CR) 

52.01 that states “due regard shall be given to the opportunity of the trial court to 

judge the credibility of the witnesses.”) 

ANALYSIS

Kayla argues the court abused its discretion by denying the DVO 

extension. Kayla claims that the court merely paid lip service to the “totality of the 

circumstances” but didn’t fully consider the totality of the circumstances. Kayla 

argues the court erred by relying solely on Patrick’s lack of additional DVO 

violations. We do not agree.

First, we look at the statutes themselves. Following a hearing, a court

may only enter a DVO if the petitioner shows by “a preponderance of the evidence 

that domestic violence and abuse ha[ve] occurred and may again occur[.]” KRS 

403.740(1). Thereafter, KRS 403.740(4) states: 

A domestic violence order shall be effective for a period 

of time fixed by the court, not to exceed three (3) years, 

and may be reissued upon expiration for subsequent 

periods of up to three (3) years each. The fact that an 

order has not been violated since its issuance may be 

considered by a court in hearing a request for a 

reissuance of the order.

The statute clearly states that the fact that an order has not been

violated may be considered by the court in hearing a request for reissuance of an

order. In other words, “the absence of additional actions of domestic violence is
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merely one factor which the court may consider in deciding whether to extend a

DVO.” Cottrell v. Cottrell, 571 S.W.3d 590, 592 (Ky. App. 2019).

However, because the reissuance of a DVO has significant 

consequences for the parties, it is equally clear that it may not be extended as a 

matter of course upon request. Wright v. Wright, 181 S.W.3d 49, 52 (Ky. App. 

2005) (listing several severe consequences1 of an EPO or DVO and emphasizing

that EPOs/DVOs should not be entered “improperly, hastily, or without a valid 

basis”). The law requires some showing of a continued need for the DVO to be 

presented to the court, although additional acts of domestic violence need not be 

proven. Rupp v. Rupp, 357 S.W.3d 207, 209 (Ky. App. 2011) (citation omitted).

Kayla presents a compelling argument as to the intent of this statutory 

scheme which was to provide immediate short-term protection and immediate law 

enforcement action. We do not disagree. However, the courts are “tasked with a 

great responsibility in determining whether reissuance is warranted[.]” Id. 

In Cottrell, this Court held that “neither the statute nor due process 

requires an evidentiary hearing prior to the extension of a DVO.” 571 S.W.3d at

592 (citation omitted). In this case, however, the family court held a hearing and 

 

1 Such as “immediate loss of one’s children, home, financial resources, employment, and 

dignity[,]” and including the fact that “one becomes subject to immediate arrest, imprisonment, 

and incarceration for up to one year for the violation of a court order, no matter what the 

situation or circumstances might be.” Wright, 181 S.W.3d at 52.
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based upon the evidence presented at the hearing, concluded that the totality of 

circumstances did not support extending the DVO. It is apparent from the record 

that more than just the lack of a new violation was taken into consideration by the 

court. The court expressed familiarity with the issues and parties due to the 

divorce proceedings also in the same family court jurisdiction. Before rendering 

an opinion, the court heard testimony from both parties, including Kayla’s carrying

a weapon when around Patrick. The court asked about victim counseling and 

made known her awareness as to the degree of the trauma in the matter. The court 

stated to Patrick that “[t]his family has suffered a trauma at your hands, and they 

are still working on rebuilding.” 

After careful review of the record, we believe the family court did 

consider the totality of circumstances and based the extension denial on substantial 

evidence. As this Court held in Rupp, to reissue a DVO there must be some 

showing of a continued need. Rupp, 357 S.W.3d at 209. In this case, Kayla 

simply did not present sufficient evidence to prove an ongoing need, despite being 

given a full opportunity to do so. 

For the foregoing reasons, the trial court did not abuse its discretion 

when denying the extension of the DVO and therefore, we AFFIRM the ruling of 

the Jefferson Circuit Court. 

CALDWELL, JUDGE, CONCURS.
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MAZE, JUDGE, DISSENTS AND FILES SEPARATE OPINION.

MAZE, JUDGE, DISSENTING: As a general rule, I agree with the 

majority that the family court has considerable discretion whether to extend a 

domestic violence order. And as the majority observes, the family court correctly 

stated that it was applying the “totality of the circumstances” test which this Court 

has previously applied in Cottrell v. Cottrell, 571 S.W.3d 590 (Ky. App. 2019);

Rupp v. Rupp, 357 S.W.3d 207 (Ky. App. 2011); and Baird v. Baird, 234 S.W.3d 

385 (Ky. App. 2007). Nevertheless, I reluctantly conclude that the family court 

misapplied this test in denying Kayla’s motion to extend the DVO. Therefore, I 

respectfully dissent from the majority opinion.

As discussed in Cottrell, a court may consider “all facts and 

circumstances, including the nature, extent and severity of the original acts of 

domestic violence, in finding that there is a continuing need for the DVO.” 

Cottrell, 571 S.W.3d at 592 (citing Baird, 234 S.W.3d at 388). The original 

circumstances surrounding the entry of the DVO in this case were especially 

egregious. Kayla alleged that Patrick had made repeated threats to kill her and the 

children. He had also threatened to kill himself in front of the children, and he 

engaged in reckless and self-destructive behavior around her and the children. 

Kayla testified about several incidents of significant domestic violence, including 

sexual assault, by Patrick against her. Kayla also testified that the children 
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continue to have nightmares about Patrick, and they receive ongoing therapy to 

deal with what they witnessed. The family court acknowledged that fear of Patrick 

expressed by Kayla and the children is reasonable.

In my view, the family court placed an undue emphasis on the fact 

that no dependency/neglect/abuse (D/N/A) action was ever filed on behalf of the 

children. The court stated its belief that these issues should have been addressed 

on its D/N/A docket, rather than on its DVO docket. This is simply not a relevant 

consideration. KRS 620.070(1) permits “any interested person” to commence the 

filing of a D/N/A petition. However, the filing of a petition is not an exclusive 

remedy precluding relief in a different proceeding. In this case, the Cabinet elected 

not to file a D/N/A petition because Kayla obtained the DVO and the ongoing 

matters concerning custody could be addressed in the dissolution action. Neither 

Kayla nor the Cabinet were obligated to bring a D/N/A petition to protect the 

interests of the children, and the family court clearly erred in so finding.

In addition, KRS 403.740(4) provides, in pertinent part, “[the] fact 

that an order has not been violated since its issuance may be considered by a court 

in hearing a request for a reissuance of the order.” Here, the family court 

acknowledged Kayla’s allegation that Patrick had slashed the tires of her fiancé in 

2019. But the court never addressed whether it considered that allegation to be 

substantiated. The family court only stated that Patrick had not been criminally 
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charged since the issuance of the DVO, and there were no additional allegations of 

a violation of the DVO since the 2019 incident. In my view, any allegations of 

violations of the terms of a DVO during its effective period must be given 

considerable weight, regardless of whether they result in criminal or contempt 

charges.

A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision rests on an error of 

law (such as the application of an erroneous legal principle or a clearly erroneous 

factual finding), or when its decision cannot be located within the range of 

permissible decisions allowed by a correct application of the facts to the law. See 

Miller v. Eldridge, 146 S.W.3d 909, 915 n.11 (Ky. 2004). In this case, I believe 

that the family court gave inappropriate weight to irrelevant factors and failed to 

give proper weight to the relevant factors given the totality of the circumstances. 

As a result, I would conclude that the family court’s decision not to extend the 

DVO amounted to an abuse of its discretion. While the family court may still 

conclude that Kayla has not shown a continuing need for the DVO, she is entitled 

to have that determination made after a proper consideration of all relevant factors. 

Consequently, I would reverse the denial of the DVO in this case and remand for 

additional findings.
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BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:

Dina L. Abby

Louisville, Kentucky

BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Justin R. Key

Prospect, Kentucky