UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT 

_________________________________ 

RICK CALDWELL; SONYA 

CALDWELL, 

 Plaintiffs - Appellants, 

v. 

UNUM LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY 

OF AMERICA, 

 Defendant - Appellee. 

No. 17-8078 

(D.C. No. 2:16-CV-00236-SWS) 

(D. Wyo.) 

_________________________________ 

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

_________________________________ 

Before HARTZ, PHILLIPS, and EID, Circuit Judges. 

_________________________________ 

 Plaintiffs appeal the decision of the district court in Caldwell v. UNUM Life Ins. 

Co. of Am., 271 F. Supp. 3d 1252 (D. Wyo. 2017), which rejected their claim under the 

federal Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq., 

that Defendant had improperly denied benefits for accidental death and dismemberment 

arising from the death of Plaintiffs’ son when he was thrown from the vehicle he was 

driving at 74 mph on an unpaved road. Defendant relied on an exclusion in its policy for 

losses “caused by, contributed to by, or resulting from . . . an attempt to commit or 

 * This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines 

of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for 

its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

September 18, 2019

Elisabeth A. Shumaker 

Clerk of Court
2 

commission of a crime.” Aplt. App., Vol. 6 at 902–03. We affirm the district court for 

essentially the reasons set forth in its opinion. We add only two comments. 

 First, the district court wrote, “The term ‘crime’ is not ambiguous.” 271 F. Supp. 

3d at 1261. A little over a year later, however, the Supreme Court said, “The word 

‘burglary,’ like the word ‘crime’ itself, is ambiguous.” United States v. Stitt, 139 S. Ct. 

399, 405 (2018). We would therefore be reluctant to rely on the unambiguity of the term 

crime. But the district court did not so rely. As that court noted, “‘A decision denying 

benefits based on an interpretation of an ERISA provision survives arbitrary and 

capricious review so long as the interpretation is reasonable.’” 271 F. Supp. 3d at 1263 

(quoting Flinders v. Workforce Stabilization Plan of Phillips Petroleum Co., 491 F.3d 

1180, 1193 (10th Cir. 2007), abrogated on other grounds by Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. 

Glenn, 544 U.S. 105 (2008)). And the district court’s ultimate decision was that 

Defendant’s interpretation of its policy was reasonable. 

 Second, Plaintiffs’ best argument is that Defendant’s claims manual would treat 

the speeding in this case as a traffic violation not encompassed by the crime exclusion. 

The manual states that the exclusion “was not intended to apply to activities which would 

generally be classified as traffic violations,” although it also says that driving while 

intoxicated would “generally” be treated as a crime under the policy. Aplt. App., Vol. 12 

at 1784 (emphasis added). But we agree with the district court that the policy manual 

does not purport to be definitive and has substantial play in the joints. See 271 F. Supp. 

3d at 1263–64. At the end of its discussion of the crime exclusion, the manual states in 

bold type: “Reminder: Each claim is unique and must be evaluated on its own merits. 
3 

The actual policy governing the claim must be referenced.” Aplt. App., Vol. 12 at 1784. 

And this point is emphasized a few pages later, where the manual states that it “is not 

intended to offer a prescribed answer to each claim situation. Rather, such answers must 

be arrived at based on the specific and particular facts of the claim. Each claim is unique 

and must be evaluated on its own merits.” Id. at 1789. In this context it is reasonable to 

ask whether the decedent’s operation of his vehicle was more like (1) driving while 

intoxicated, which is apparently considered a species of traffic violation in Wyoming, see 

Whitfield v. State, 781 P.2d 913, 915 (Wyo. 1989) (the defendant “had accumulated

numerous traffic violations which included eight speeding citations and one charge of 

driving under the influence”), or (2) failing to signal a lane change. More importantly, 

however, judicial reliance on a claims manual in this context is problematic when there is 

no evidence that the manual was offered to, or even available to, an insured or otherwise 

used in advertising or closing a sale. Cf. Brown v. J.B. Hunt Transp. Servs., Inc., 586 

F.3d 1079, 1088–89 (8th Cir. 2009) (plan administrators are not required to disclose 

claims manuals to plan participants under ERISA; “the district court correctly held claims 

manuals are not the ‘other instruments’ mentioned in [29 U.S.C.] § 1024(b)(4)”). If 

claims manuals are, in essence, treated as part of the insurance contract, they will be 
4 

written with the technical precision so beloved by lawyers and defeat the purpose of 

providing general guidance to claims agents. We doubt that the interests of insureds 

would benefit from that process. 

Entered for the Court 

Harris L Hartz 

Circuit Judge 
No. 17-8078, Caldwell v. UNUM Life Insurance Company 

PHILLIPS, J., dissenting: 

Is speeding a crime? UNUM Life Insurance Company of America (Unum) 

determined that it is—at least within the meaning of William Caldwell’s insurance 

plan, which exempts from accidental-death-and-dismemberment coverage any “losses 

caused by, contributed to by, or resulting from” the actual or attempted “commission 

of a crime,” Appellants’ App. vol. 6 at 902–03, and at least when the speeding 

happens in Wyoming, where it is wholesale incorporated as a misdemeanor, see

Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ 31-5-301(b), 31-5-1201(a) (West 2018). But Rick and Sonya 

Caldwell (William’s parents and the beneficiaries of his insurance plan) disagree 

with this view. In this appeal, the Caldwells argue that Unum’s interpretation of the 

“crime” exclusion—and its resulting decision to deny their claim for accidental-death 

benefits—runs counter to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 

(ERISA), 29 U.S.C. §§ 1001–1461. 

William Caldwell’s insurance plan reserves to Unum discretion to interpret the 

plan and to determine his eligibility for benefits. Under the Supreme Court’s ERISA 

jurisprudence, this prevents us from disturbing Unum’s interpretation of the “crime” 

exclusion unless that interpretation is arbitrary or capricious. Apart from this, we 

must consider whether disputed policy language is ambiguous, and, if it is, we must 

consider extrinsic evidence of the parties’ intent. Here, I conclude that “crime” is 

ambiguous, and turn to Unum’s intended meaning of “crime” as stated in its informal 
2 

policy manual. The informal policy manual says that the crime exclusion is not 

intended to apply to offenses generally classified as traffic offenses. And under 

Wyoming law, speeding is considered a traffic violation. In view of this, I would 

hold that Unum acted arbitrarily and capriciously in unreasonably denying 

accidental-death benefits under the crime exclusion. On that basis, I would reverse 

the district court’s judgment in Unum’s favor. 

BACKGROUND 

In June 2015, William Caldwell, an employee of Sinclair Services Company, 

was speeding on Carbon County Road 605 N toward Rawlins, Wyoming. He was 

driving so fast that, as he navigated an S-shaped bend in the packed-dirt-and-gravel 

road, his car began fishtailing, and he lost control. He managed to straighten the car 

after the first turn in the S-bend, but not the second. As he oversteered, the car 

yawed, then skidded off the road and over a ditch at a 45-degree angle, hitting an 

embankment. The collision vaulted the car 30 feet into the air. After landing, the car 

slid more than 200 feet before coming to rest on its left side. William, who had not 

been wearing a seatbelt, was ejected—probably out the driver’s-side window as the 

car rolled—and he died at the scene. The highway-patrol trooper who investigated 

the accident estimated that William had been traveling 74 miles per hour right before 

the crash—well over a 35-mile-per-hour posted speed limit and even the 55-mile-perhour default speed limit for unpaved roads. See Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 31-5-301(b)(iv) 

(setting the maximum lawful speed “where the roadway is unpaved” at 55 miles per 

hour, and mandating that “no person shall drive . . . in excess of maximum limits”). 
3 

Acting as his beneficiaries, William’s parents submitted accidental-death and 

life-insurance claims to Unum, which administered the ERISA-governed groupinsurance plan that Sinclair provided its employees.1

 Unum granted the Caldwells’ 

life-insurance claim, paying them $247,351.90 in benefits. But Unum denied the 

Caldwells’ accidental-death claim, citing the accidental-death-and-dismemberment 

plan’s exclusion for any “accidental losses caused by, contributed to by, or resulting 

from[] . . . an attempt to commit or commission of a crime.” Appellants’ App. vol. 6 

at 902–03. Unum determined that because Wyoming law treats speeding as a 

misdemeanor, see Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 31-5-1201(a), William had committed a crime 

within the plan’s meaning. And because William’s speeding had caused his fatal 

crash, Unum determined that the plan prevented the Caldwells from recovering 

accidental-death benefits.2

 

 1

 The plan declares that Sinclair is “the Plan Administrator and named 

fiduciary.” Appellants’ App. vol. 6 at 913. But the plan also authorizes Sinclair to 

delegate its fiduciary duties. Consistent with that delegation (and as elaborated 

below), the plan reserves to Unum discretionary authority to determine eligibility for 

claims and to construe the plan’s terms. 

2

 In the facts section of their opening brief, the Caldwells contradict the district 

court’s and the highway patrol’s findings to assert that “[t]here was no speed limit 

sign posted for the section of road where Will died” and that “he never passed a 35 

MPH sign before the accident.” Appellants’ Opening Br. at 8 n.8. But earlier, during 

the district-court proceedings, the Caldwells submitted a photograph of a 35-mileper-hour-speed-limit sign, presumably taken somewhere along William’s route. 

Wyoming law allows “local authorities” (such as counties) to “determine the proper 

maximum speed” for roads in their jurisdiction, “which may be greater or less than 

the maximum speed” that the law otherwise specifies. Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 31-5-303(b) 

(West 2018). This means that, if the Caldwells’ photograph is accurate—if the 

Carbon County commissioners posted a 35-mile-per-hour limit on the dirt road where 
4 

In September 2016, after exhausting Unum’s internal appeals process, the 

Caldwells filed an ERISA action against Unum, alleging that the plan entitled them 

to accidental-death benefits. See 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(3)(B)(ii) (entitling the 

beneficiaries of an ERISA-governed employee-benefit plan to enforce the plan’s 

terms in court). 

Then, in July 2017, Unum and the Caldwells each moved for summary 

judgment. Two months later, the district court issued a written order resolving both 

their motions. As both sides agreed, the court noted, the plan gave Unum discretion 

to interpret its terms,3

 so the deferential, arbitrary-and-capricious standard of review 

 

William died—then William was traveling 39 miles per hour over the maximum 

lawful speed. Yet even if the Caldwells are correct that the commissioners never 

altered Wyoming’s 55-mile-per-hour default unpaved-road speed limit, William still 

exceeded that limit by 19 miles per hour. See Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 31-5-301(b)(iv). 

Whether by 19 or 39 miles per hour, William was speeding. 

3

 In the “Additional Summary Plan Description Information,” the plan states: 

The Plan, acting through the Plan Administrator [Sinclair], delegates to 

Unum . . . discretionary authority to make benefit determinations under 

the Plan. . . . Benefit determinations include determining eligibility for 

benefits and the amount of any benefits, resolving factual disputes, and 

interpreting and enforcing the provisions of the Plan. All benefit 

determinations must be reasonable and based on the terms of the Plan and 

the facts and circumstances of each claim. 

Appellants’ App. vol. 6 at 920. The plan’s “Certificate Section” further states: 

Benefits under this plan will be paid only if Unum as the claims 

administrator (or its designee) decides in its discretion that you are 

entitled to them. Unum also has discretion to determine eligibility for 

benefits and to interpret the terms and conditions of the benefit plan. This 

reservation of discretion by Unum does not prohibit or prevent you from 
5 

(sometimes called Firestone deference, after the eponymous Supreme Court case) 

applied to Unum’s denial of the Caldwells’ accidental-death claim. See Firestone 

Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 115 (1989) (holding that when an 

employee-benefit plan gives the plan administrator “fiduciary discretionary authority 

to determine eligibility for benefits or to construe the terms of the plan,” ERISA 

requires judicial deference to the administrator’s decisions. From this, the court 

framed the question before it as “whether Unum’s interpretation of ‘crime’ to include 

speeding for purposes of the Crime Exclusion was reasonable and made in good 

faith.” Caldwell v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am., 271 F. Supp. 3d 1252, 1261 (D. Wyo. 

2017). The court answered yes—concluding that Unum’s interpretation fell 

“somewhere on the continuum of reasonableness.” Id. at 1264 (quoting Joseph F. v. 

Sinclair Servs. Co., 158 F. Supp. 3d 1239, 1254 (D. Utah 2016)). It thus upheld 

Unum’s denial of the Caldwells’ accidental-death claim, granted Unum’s summaryjudgment motion, and denied the Caldwells’ competing motion. That same day, the 

court entered judgment for Unum and dismissed the Caldwells’ case. 

The Caldwells appealed. 

 

seeking judicial review in federal or state court of Unum’s claims 

determinations. 

Id. at 879. 
6 

DISCUSSION 

The Caldwells dispute the summary-judgment ruling by contesting the district 

court’s conclusion that, considering the administrative record and the language of the 

accidental-death-and-dismemberment plan, Unum’s interpretation of the “crime” 

exclusion was reasonable.4

 

I. Judicial Review of ERISA Claims 

First, I describe the two-layered standard of review governing our analysis: 

one standard applicable to the district court’s summary-judgment ruling, another 

applicable to Unum’s decision to deny the Caldwells’ accidental-death-benefits 

claim. Next, I apply that layered standard to determine whether the district court 

reversibly erred by ruling in Unum’s favor. 

A. Standard of Review 

In an ERISA case, we review the district court’s summary-judgment ruling de 

novo, applying the same standards that a district court would. See LaAsmar v. Phelps 

Dodge Corp. Life, Accidental Death & Dismemberment & Dependent Life Ins. Plan, 

605 F.3d 789, 795 (10th Cir. 2010). In this case, the Caldwells and Unum both 

moved for summary judgment on the Caldwells’ ERISA claim, thereby stipulating 

that the Caldwells’ entitlement to benefits depends solely on the facts in the 

administrative record and that no trial is necessary. See id. at 796. Their motions thus 

 4

 We do not address the Caldwells’ general challenge to Firestone deference, 

in which they argue (among other things) that this level of deference has 

“eviscerated” ERISA’s purpose and its underlying insurance- and trust-law tenets. 

Appellants’ Reply Br. at 1. 
7 

present this court—as they did the district court—with “a vehicle for deciding the 

case.” Id. (quoting Bard v. Boston Shipping Ass’n, 471 F.3d 229, 235 (1st Cir. 

2006)). 

Next, we must determine (as the district court did) what standard of review 

applies to the case. Well-settled law instructs that our default standard of review is de 

novo when the beneficiaries of an ERISA-governed employee-benefit plan challenge 

a denial of benefits but that we must switch to the more deferential arbitrary-andcapricious standard if “the benefit plan gives the administrator or fiduciary 

discretionary authority to determine eligibility for benefits or to construe the terms of 

the plan.” Firestone, 489 U.S. at 115. 

Here, the policy grants Unum “discretion to determine eligibility for benefits 

and to interpret the terms and conditions of the benefit plan.” Appellants’ App. vol. 6 

at 879. This language triggers arbitrary-and-capricious review, because any 

reasonable reader would understand that Unum had thereby reserved discretion over 

the specific decision at issue here: whether speeding is a “crime” subject to the plan’s 

coverage exclusion. See Cardoza v. United of Omaha Life Ins. Co., 708 F.3d 1196, 

1201 (10th Cir. 2013) (concluding that both parties agree to arbitrary-and-capricious 

review where the policies grant insurance company “discretion and final authority to 

construe and interpret the terms of the policy”); Nance v. Sun Life Assurance Co. of 

Canada, 294 F.3d 1263, 1266 (10th Cir. 2002) (emphasizing the importance of 

“focus[ing] precisely on what decision is at issue, because a plan may grant the 

administrator discretion to make some decisions but not others”); see also Caldwell, 
8 

271 F. Supp. 3d at 1258 (finding that “[t]he parties agree[d]” to this standard). Under 

the arbitrary-and-capricious standard, we may ask only whether Unum’s 

interpretation of the plan was “reasonable and made in good faith.” LaAsmar, 

605 F.3d at 796 (quoting Kellogg v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 549 F.3d 818, 825–26 (10th 

Cir. 2008)). Factors indicating “an arbitrary and capricious denial of benefits include 

lack of substantial evidence, mistake of law, bad faith, and conflict of interest by the 

fiduciary.” Cardoza, 708 F.3d at 1201–02 (quoting Graham v. Hartford Life & 

Accident Ins. Co., 589 F.3d 1345, 1357 (10th Cir. 2009)). 

Firestone deference applies even when, as here, the same entity (i.e., Unum) 

both pays benefits (as the insurance company) and decides claims (as the plan 

administrator)—in other words, when an administrator’s (or employer’s) dual roles 

create a structural conflict of interest. See Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Glenn, 554 U.S. 

105, 115 (2008).5

 Yet, though a structural evaluator–payor conflict doesn’t change 

 5

 Many of this court’s pre-Glenn decisions held that by proving that a plan 

administrator operated under “an inherent conflict of interest,” an ERISA plaintiff 

could shift to the administrator the burden of establishing that its denial of benefits 

was not arbitrary or capricious. E.g., Fought v. UNUM Life Ins. Co. of Am., 379 F.3d 

997, 1006 (10th Cir. 2004) (per curiam), abrogated in part as recognized in

Holcomb v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am., 578 F.3d 1187, 1192–93 (10th Cir. 2009); 

Flinders v. Workforce Stabilization Plan of Phillips Petroleum Co., 491 F.3d 1180, 

1189–90 (10th Cir. 2007), abrogated in part as recognized in Spradley v. OwensIllinois Hourly Emps. Welfare Benefit Plan, 686 F.3d 1135, 1141 (10th Cir. 2012). 

But in Glenn, the Court rejected this approach, reasoning that it was neither 

“necessary” nor “desirable for courts to create special burden-of-proof rules, . . . 

focused narrowly upon the evaluator/payor conflict.” 554 U.S. at 116. After Glenn, 

the burden remains on the plaintiff to prove that the administrator’s decision was 

arbitrary or capricious. See, e.g., Doyle v. Liberty Life Assurance Co. of Boston, 

542 F.3d 1352, 1360 (11th Cir. 2008); accord Crowe v Lucent Techs. Inc. Pension 
9 

the applicable standard of review, we still must consider it as “one factor among 

many” in evaluating whether an administrator acted arbitrarily or capriciously. Id. at 

116. Under this approach, the conflict’s weight depends on its seriousness—which 

depends, in turn, on the case’s specifics. Glenn, 554 U.S. at 117; accord Holcomb, 

578 F.3d at 1193. If circumstances suggest that the conflict “affected the benefits 

decision,” then the conflict weighs more heavily. Glenn, 554 U.S. at 117. But if the 

administrator took “active steps to reduce potential bias and to promote accuracy”—

like “walling off claims administrators from those interested in firm finances” or 

“imposing management checks that penalize inaccurate decisionmaking irrespective 

of whom the inaccuracy benefits”—then the conflict “should prove less important 

(perhaps to the vanishing point).” Id. Tenth Circuit cases have typically described 

this as a “sliding scale approach,” under which we will decrease our deference to the 

administrator “in proportion to the seriousness of the conflict.” Weber v. GE Grp. 

Life Assurance Co., 541 F.3d 1002, 1010 (10th Cir. 2008) (quoting Flinders, 

491 F.3d at 1190). 

Here, Unum undoubtedly operated under a structural conflict of interest: 

paying claims reduces profits. We must weigh that conflict of interest in our 

arbitrary-and-capricious analysis, “allocating it more or less weight depending on its 

seriousness.” Murphy v. Deloitte & Touche Grp. Ins. Plan, 619 F.3d 1151, 1162 

 

Plan, No. Civ-04-1027-M, 2006 WL 2494565, at *2–3 (W.D. Okla. Aug. 25, 2006) 

(citing Fought, 379 F.3d at 1005–06). 
10 

(10th Cir. 2010) (citing Glenn, 554 U.S. at 115–18). But “[t]he seriousness of a 

conflict of interest is ‘proportionate to the likelihood that the conflict affected the 

benefits decision.’” Cardoza, 708 F.3d at 1202 (quoting Graham, 589 F.3d at 1358). 

And here, I agree with the district court’s assessment: Nothing in the administrative 

record indicates that the structural conflict motivated Unum’s decision to deny the 

Caldwells’ claim for accidental-death benefits. See Caldwell, 271 F. Supp. 3d at 

1259. 

This is not a case in which, for instance, the insurance company administrator 

“ha[d] a history of biased claims administration.” Glenn, 554 U.S. at 117 (citing 

John H. Langbein, Trust Law as Regulatory Law: The Unum/Provident Scandal & 

Judicial Review of Benefit Denials Under ERISA, 101 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1315, 1317–21 

(2007)); see also Glenn, 554 U.S. at 123 (Roberts, C.J., concurring) (giving the 

example of “a plan that gives ‘a bonus for administrators who denied benefits to 

every 10th beneficiary’” (quoting Pegram v. Herdrich, 530 U.S. 211, 227 n.7 

(2000))). To the contrary, Unum proffered evidence of the “active steps” that it took 

to minimize the structural conflict’s impact and to promote accuracy. Caldwell, 

271 F. Supp. 3d at 1260. Unum walled off claims handlers from finance personnel, 

and it encouraged accurate benefits determinations by penalizing claims handlers for 

both over- and underpayments. Id. at 1260–61. 

In sum, I give little weight to Unum’s structural conflict of interest, and I 

would not disturb its interpretation of the “crime” exclusion so long as that 

interpretation was reasonable. See Conkright v. Frommert, 559 U.S. 506, 521 (2010). 
11 

B. William Caldwell’s Claim for Accidental-Death Benefits 

Because we review de novo the district court’s decision granting Unum 

summary judgment, we accord that court’s analysis no deference, and we address 

anew whether Unum’s interpretation of the “crime” exclusion was arbitrary or 

capricious, or whether its interpretation was reasonable and made in good faith. See, 

e.g., LaAsmar, 605 F.3d at 795–96. 

We interpret ERISA plans as we would any other contract: by looking to the 

language of the provision at issue—here, the “crime” exclusion—and first 

determining whether, read in context, it is ambiguous. See Cardoza, 708 F.3d at 1203 

(citing Kennedy v. Plan Adm’r for DuPont Sav. & Inv. Plan, 555 U.S. 285, 299–302 

(2009); and Hickman v. GEM Ins. Co., 299 F.3d 1208, 1212 (10th Cir. 2002)). In 

assessing whether a provision is ambiguous, we give words their ordinary and 

common meaning, asking what a reasonable person in the beneficiaries’ position 

would understand the words to mean. Weber, 541 F.3d at 1011. A provision is 

ambiguous if it is “reasonably susceptible to more than one meaning” or if its 

meaning is uncertain. Scruggs v. ExxonMobil Pension Plan, 585 F.3d 1356, 1362 

(10th Cir. 2009) (quoting Miller v. Monumental Life Ins. Co., 502 F.3d 1245, 1250 

(10th Cir. 2007)). If a provision is unambiguous, then we will construe it as a matter 

of law—any interpretation that differs from its ordinary meaning is unreasonable and, 

therefore, arbitrary and capricious. Id. If a provision is ambiguous, though, “then we 

‘must take a hard look and determine’ whether [the plan administrator’s] decision 
12 

was arbitrary in light of its conflict of interest.” Id. (quoting Weber, 541 F.3d at 

1011).6

Thus, the primary issue here is whether the plan’s “crime” exclusion 

unambiguously includes speeding. That exclusion states: “Your plan does not cover 

any accidental losses caused by, contributed to by, or resulting from[] . . . an attempt 

to commit or commission of a crime.” Appellants’ App. vol. 6 at 902–03. The plan 

doesn’t further define “crime.” 

This provision is ambiguous regarding whether speeding counts as the 

“commission of a crime” because the word “crime” is susceptible to two 

reasonable—albeit contradictory—interpretations: one that covers speeding and one 

that excepts speeding. See United States v. Stitt, 139 S. Ct. 399, 405 (2018) (noting, 

in a case concerning the Armed Career Criminal Act, that “the word ‘crime’ itself[] is 

ambiguous”); Am. Family Life Assurance Co. v. Bilyeu, 921 F.2d 87, 89–90 (6th Cir. 

1990) (per curiam) (affirming district court’s conclusion that “the contractual 

language regarding commission of a crime” is ambiguous); Stamp v. Metro. Life Ins., 

466 F. Supp. 2d 422, 429 (D. R.I. 2006) (concluding that the term “serious crime” as 

used in an ERISA plan is ambiguous). On the one hand, as the district court 

observed, Wyoming law labels speeding a misdemeanor and defines misdemeanors as 

 6

 The Caldwells assert that we should construe ambiguous terms against the 

plan’s drafter (that is, against Unum). But because Unum has discretion to interpret 

the plan, and the arbitrary-and-capricious standard applies, “the doctrine of contra 

proferentem is inapplicable.” Kimber v. Thiokol Corp., 196 F.3d 1092, 1100 (10th 

Cir. 1999); see also Miller, 502 F.3d at 1253. 
13 

crimes. See Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ 6-10-101 (“Crimes which may be punished by death 

or imprisonment for more than one (1) year are felonies. All other crimes are 

misdemeanors.”), 31-5-301(b) & 31-5-1201(a)–(b) (labeling speeding a misdemeanor 

punishable by up to six months’ imprisonment); see also Caldwell, 271 F. Supp. 3d at 

1262. And speeding fits most dictionaries’ definitions of “crime.” See id. Black’s 

Law Dictionary, for example, defines a “crime” as “[a]n act that the law makes 

punishable,” Crime, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019), while the MerriamWebster Dictionary defines it as “an illegal act for which someone can be punished 

by the government,” Crime, Merriam-Webster, www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/crime (last visited July 17, 2019). 

But on the other hand, a reasonable reader of the provision might separate 

traffic violations, including speeding, which Wyoming locates in the “Motor 

Vehicles” title (Title 31) of its code, from more serious offenses, such as those 

against people or property, which Wyoming locates in the “Crimes and Offenses” 

title (Title 6) of its code—and might consider only the latter “crimes” subject to the 

coverage exclusion. 

Addressing the ambiguous “crime” exclusion, the Caldwells turn to extrinsic 

evidence to shed light on Unum’s intent in its crime exclusion. See Miller, 502 F.3d 

at 1253. And they contend that Unum’s internal claims manual required it to adopt 

the narrower interpretation of “crime,” an interpretation that exempts traffic 

violations, including speeding. The Caldwells note that, in guiding Unum’s own 

application of coverage exclusions for “disabilities/losses arising out of criminal 
14 

activity,” the manual (among other things) advises the insurer’s claims handlers to 

“consider the following”: 

 “Attempt to commit” or “commission” policy language was 

intended to exclude disabilities/losses which result from activity 

that would typically be classified as a crime (or felony, depending 

on policy language) under state or federal law. 

 “Attempt to commit” or “commission” policy language was not

intended to apply to activities which would generally be classified 

as traffic violations. 

 We will generally exclude benefits on claims where a 

disability/loss results from the claimant’s operating under the

influence or driving while intoxicated since these offenses are

typically classified as crimes (or felonies, depending on the policy 

language). 

Appellants’ App. vol. 12 at 1783–84 (emphases added). 

I acknowledge that the “manual is not the Plan and cannot override the Plan 

terms.” Appellee’s Response Br. at 34 (citing Wade v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 

271 F. Supp. 2d 307, 324 (D. Me. 2003) (“The contested manual is not part of the 

[Summary Plan Description] or other Plan documents . . . . Rather the manual is 

peripheral to any interpretation of the Plan.”)). And as the plan itself states: “The 

summary plan description and the Summary of Benefits constitute the Plan. Benefit 

determinations are controlled exclusively by the Summary of Benefits, your 

certificate of coverage and the information contained in this document [Additional 

Summary Plan Description Information].” Appellants’ App. vol. 6 at 913; see also id.

at 856–78 (“Summary of Benefits”), 879–912 (“Certificate of Coverage”), 913–24 

(“Additional Summary Plan Description Information”). 
15 

Even so, we may rely on Unum’s informal policy manual for help in 

determining the parties’ intended meaning of an ambiguous policy term—here, 

“crime.” The internal policy manual helps in determining whether Unum’s 

interpretation of “crime” in denying the Caldwells’ claim is reasonable and made in 

good faith (or instead arbitrary and capricious). Cf. Fought, 379 F.3d at 1003 (listing 

conformity with “any external standards” as one of several reasonableness indicators 

(quoting Kathryn J. Kennedy, Judicial Standard of Review in ERISA Benefit Claim 

Cases, 50 Am. U. L. Rev. 1083, 1135, 1172 (2001))). 

Unum’s internal policy manual shows that it did not intend “crime” to include 

traffic violations, except for DUI offenses. And we know that Wyoming cases 

routinely describe speeding as a traffic violation. See, e.g., Klomliam v. State, 2014 

WY 1, ¶ 21, 315 P.3d 665, 670 (Wyo. 2014); Hunnicutt-Carter v. State, 2013 WY 

103, ¶ 11, 308 P.3d 847, 851 (Wyo. 2013); Formisano v. Gaston, 2011 WY 8, ¶ 22, 

246 P.3d 286, 292 (Wyo. 2011). Now Unum asks us to bless as reasonable its aboutface in its treating William Caldwell’s traffic violation (speeding) as a crime—and to 

ignore its expressed written intent not to do so. We should do neither. Instead, we 

should credit Unum’s expressed intent in its internal policy manual not to treat a 

traffic violation (speeding in Wyoming) as a crime. I would hold that Unum’s denial 

of the Caldwells’ claim is unreasonable. See Boyer v. Schneider Elec. Holdings, Inc. 

Life & Accident Plan, 350 F. Supp. 3d 854, 861–66 (W.D. Mo. 2018) (reaching same 

result when considering the same Unum crime exclusion in a case where the car 
16 

driver’s death resulted from his speeding 80 m.p.h. through a 25 or 35 m.p.h. zone, 

while passing other automobiles in a no-passing zone).7

For all reasons given, I respectfully dissent. 

 7

 I note that Unum chose not to appeal this decision.