# TABLE OF CONTENTS

9. ACTIVITY FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 9.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 9.2 ACTIVITY PATTERNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 9.2.1 Timmer et al., 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2 9.2.2 Robinson and Thomas, 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3 9.2.3 Wiley et al., 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4 9.2.4 U.S. EPA, 1992 and U.S. EPA, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5 9.2.5 Tsang and Klepeis, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5 9.2.6 Funk et al., 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9 9.2.7 Hubal et al., 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10 9.2.8 Wong et al., 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11 9.3 RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13

# LIST OF TABLES

Table 9-1. Mean Time Spent (minutes) Performing Major Activities Grouped by Age, Sex and Type of Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-16 Table 9-2. Mean Time Spent (minutes) in Major Activities Grouped by Type of Day for Five Different Age Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-17 Table 9-3. Mean Time Spent Indoors and Outdoors Grouped by Age and Day of the Week . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-18 Table 9-4. Mean Time Spent at Three Loca tions for both CARB and National Studies (ages 12 years and older) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-19 Table 9-5. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Various Microenvironments Grouped by Total Population and Gender (12 years and over) in the National and CARB Data . . . . . . . 9-20 Table 9-6. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Various Microenvironments by Type of Day for the California and National Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-21 Table 9-7. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Various Microenvironments by Age Groups for the National and California Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-22 Table 9-8. Mean Time (minutes/day) Children Ages 12 Years and Under Spent in Ten Major Activity Categories for All Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-23 Table 9-9. Mean Time Children Spent in Ten Major Activity Categories by Age a . . . . . . . 9-24 Table 9-10. Mean Time Children Ages 12 Years and Under Spent in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by Seasons and Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-25 Table 9-11. Mean Time Children Ages 12 Years and Under Spent in Six Major Location Categories for All Respondents (minutes/day) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-26 Table 9-12. Mean Time Children Spent in Six Location Categories Grouped by Age and Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-27 Table 9-14. Mean Time Children Spent in Proximity to Two Potential Exposures Grouped by All Respondents, Age, and Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-29 Table 9-15. Mean Time Spent Indoors and Outdoors Grouped by Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-30 Table 9-16. Water and Soil Contact Exposure Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-31 Table 9-17. Number of Showers Taken Per Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-31 Table 9-18. Time (minutes) Spent Taking a Shower and Spent in the Shower Room After Taking a Shower by the Number of Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-32 Table 9-19. Time Spent Taking a Shower and Spent in the Shower Room Immediately After Showering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-32 Table 9-20. Time spent bathing, showering, and in bathroom after bathing and showering (distribution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-33 Table 9-21.Time spent bathing, showering, and in bathroom after bathing and showering (percentiles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-34 Table 9-22. Range of Number of Times Washi ng the Hands at Specified Daily Frequencies by the Number of Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-35 Table 9-23. Number of Minutes Spent Working or Being Near Excessive Dust in the Air (minutes/day) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-35 Table 9-24. Range of Number of Times per Da y a Motor Vehicle was Started in a Garage or Carport and Started with the Garage Door Closed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-36 Table 9-25. Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Dirt, Grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-37 Table 9-26. Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Dirt, Sand/Gravel, or Grass (minutes/day)

# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-38 Table 9-27. Number of Times Swimming in a Month in Freshwater Swimming Pool by the Number of Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-39 Table 9-28. Number of Minutes Spent Swimmi ng in a Month in Freshwater Swimming Pool (minutes/month) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-39 Table 9-29. Time Spent Sleeping/Napping: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-40 Table 9-30. Time Spent Attending School Full-Time: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-40 Table 9-31. Time Spent in Active Sports: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-41 Table 9-32. Time Spent on Exercise: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-41 Table 9-33. Time Spent on Outdoor Recreation: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-42 Table 9-34. Time Spent on Walking: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-42 Table 9-35. Time Spent Bathing: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . 9-43 Table 9-36. Time Spent Eating: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . . 9-43 Table 9-37. Time Spent at Restaurants: Whol e Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-44 Table 9-38. Time Spent Indoors at School: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-44 Table 9-39. Time Spent on School Grounds/Pla ygrounds: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-45 Table 9-40. Time Spent at Home in Kitchen: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-46 Table 9-41. Time Spent at Home in Living Room/Family Room/Den: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-46 Table 9-42. Time Spent at Home in Dining Room: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-47 Table 9-43. Time Spent at Home in Bathroom: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-47 Table 9-44. Time Spent at Home in Bedroom: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-48 Table 9-45. Time Spent at Home in Study/Offi ce: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-48 Table 9-46. Time Spent at Home in Garage: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-49 Table 9-47. Time Spent at Home: All Rooms Combined: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-49 Table 9-48. Time Spent in an Car: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . 9-50 Table 9-49. Time Spent in a Truck (Pickup or Van): Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-50 Table 9-50. Time Spent in a Truck (Not Pic kup or Van): Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-51

# Table 9-51. Time Spent on a Bus: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . 9-51 Table 9-52. Time Spent on a Train: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . 9-52 Table 9-53. Time Spent on an Airplane: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-52 Table 9-54. Time Spent on a Boat: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . 9-53 Table 9-55. Total Time Spent Inside Vehicles: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-53 Table 9-56. Time Spent Inside Grocery/Conveni ence Stores, Other Stores, and Malls: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-54 Table 9-57. Average Time Spent Inside and Outside, By Age Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-54 Table 9-58. Statistics for 24-hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent with Smokers Present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-55 Table 9-59. Gender and Age Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-56 Table 9-60. Assignment of At-Home Activities to Ventilation Levels for Children . . . . . . . 9-57 Table 9-61. Aggregate Time Spent (minutes/day) At-Home in Activity Groups by Adolescents and Children a 

# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-58 Table 9-62. Comparison of Mean Time (minutes/day) Spent At-Home by Gender a 

# (Adolescents) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-58 Table 9-63. Comparison of Mean Time (minutes/day) Spent At-Home by Gender and Age for Children a 

# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-58 Table 9-64. Number of Person-Days/Individuals a 

# for Children in CHAD a 

# Database . . . . . . 9-59 Table 9-65. Number of Hours Per Day Childre n Spend in Various Microenvironments by Age

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-60 Table 9-66. Average Number of Hours Per Day Children Spend Doing Various Macroactivities While Indoors at Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-61 Table 9-67. Number of Hours Per Day Children Spend in Various Microenvironments by Age - Recast Into New Standard Age Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-62 Table 9-68. Number of Hours Per Day Children Spend in Various Macroactivities While Indoors at Home - Recast Into New Standard Age Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-63 Table 9-69. Number and percentage of respondents with children and those reporting outdoor play a 

# activities in both warm and cold weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-64 Table 9-70. Play frequency and duration for all child players (from SCS-II data) . . . . . . . . 9-64 Table 9-71. Hand washing and bathing frequency for all child players (from SCS-II data) . 9-65 Table 9-72 NHAPS and SCS-II play duration a 

# comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-65 Table 9-73. NHAPS and SCS-II hand wash frequency comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-66 Table 9-77. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-70

# 9-1 

# 9. ACTIVITY FACTORS 1

2


# 9.1 INTRODUCTION 3 As a consequence of a child’s immaturity and small stature, certain activities and 4 behaviors specific to children place them at higher risk to certain environmental agents (Chance 5 and Harmsen, 1998). Individual or group activities are important determinants of potential 6 exposure, because toxic chemicals introduced into the environment may not cause harm to a 7 child until an activity is performed that subjects the child to contact with those contaminants. An 8 activity or time spent will vary on the basis of, for example, culture, hobbies, location, gender, 9 age, and personal preferences. It is difficult to accurately collect/record data for a child’s 10 activity patterns (Hubal et al., 2000). Children engage in more contact activities than adults; 11 therefore, a much wider distribution of activities need to be considered when assessing children’s 12 exposure (Hubal et al., 2000). Behavioral patterns, preferred activities, and developmental 13 stages result in different exposures for children than for adults (Chance and Harmsen, 1998). 14 This section summarizes data on how much time children spend participating in various 15 activities in various microenvironments and on the frequency of performing various activities. 16 These data cover a wide scope of activities and populations, which are arranged by age group 17

when such data are available. 18 One of the objectives of this Handbook is to provide recommended exposure factor 19 values using a consistent set of age groups. In this chapter, several studies are used as sources for 20 activity pattern data. In some cases, the source data could be retrieved and analyzed using the 21 standard age groupings introduced in Chapter 1 of this Handbook. In other cases, the original 22 source data were not available, and the study results are presented here using the same age 23 groups as the original study, whether or not they conform to the standard age groupings. 24

25


# 9.2 ACTIVITY PATTERNS 26 This section briefly describes published time-use studies that provide information on 27 time-activity patterns of children in the U.S. For a detailed description of the studies, the reader 28

is referred to the Exposure Factors Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1997). 29

30

31

# 9-2 9.2.1 Timmer et al., 1985 1 Timmer et al. (1985) conducted a study using the data obtained on children's time use 2 from a 1981-1982 panel study. A total of 922 children between the ages of 3 and 17 years 3 participated in the survey, which used a time diary and a standardized interview. The time diary 4 involved children reporting their activities beginning at 12.00 AM the previous night, the 5 duration and location of each activity, the presence of another individual, and whether they were 6 performing other activities at the same time. The standardized interview was administered to the 7 children to gather information about their psychological, intellectual (using reading 8 comprehension tests), and emotional well-being; their hopes and goals; their family 9
environment; and their attitudes and beliefs. 10 The mean time spent performing major activities on weekdays and weekends by age, sex, 11 and type of day is presented in Table 9-1. On weekdays, children spend about 40% of their time 12 sleeping, 20% in school, and 10% eating, wash ing, dressing, and performing other personal 13 activities (Timmer et al., 1985). The data in Table 9-1 indicate that girls spent more time than 14 boys performing household work and personal care activities and less time playing sports. Also, 15 the children spent most of their free time watching television. 16 Table 9-2 presents the mean time children spent during weekdays and weekends 17 performing major activities by five different age groups. The significant effects of each variable 18 (i.e., age and sex) are also shown. Older children spent more time performing household and 19 market work, studying, and watching television a nd less time eating, sleeping, and playing. The 20 authors estimate that, on average, boys spent 19.4 hours a week and girls spent 17.8 hours per 21 week watching television. 22 A limitation associated with this study is that it was conducted in 1981. It is likely that 23 activity patterns in children have changed from 1981 to the present. Thus, application of these 24 data for current exposure assessment may bias exposure assessment results. Another limitation 25 is that the data do not provide overall annual estimates of children’s time use since data were 26 collected only during the time of the year when children attend school and not during school 27

vacation. 28 EPA estimated the total time indoors and outdoors using the Timmer data. Activities 29 performed indoors were assumed to include household work, personal care, eating, sleeping, 30 attending school, studying, attending church, watc hing television, and engaging in household 31

# 9-3 conversations. The average times spent in these indoor activities and half the time spent in each 1 activity which could have occurred indoors or outdoors (e.g., market work, sports, hobbies, art 2 activities, playing, reading, and other passive leisure) were summed. Table 9-3 summarizes the 3 results of this analysis by age groups and time of the week. 4

5 9.2.2 Robinson and Thomas, 1991 6 Robinson and Thomas (1991) reviewed and compared data from the 1987-88 California 7 Air Resources Board (CARB) time-activity study for California residents and from a similar 8 1985 national study, Americans’ Use of Time . Both studies used the diary approach to collect 9 data. Time- use patterns were collected for individuals aged 12 years and older. Telephone 10 interviews based on the random-digit-dialing procedure were conducted for approximately 1,762 11 and 2,762 respondents for the CARB study and the national study, respectively. 12 In addition, Robinson and Thomas (1991) defined a set of 16 microenvironments based 13 on the activity and location codes employed in the two studies. The mean duration of time spent 14 in three location categories is presented in Table 9-4. Respondents spent most of their time 15 indoors: 1255 and 1279 min/day for the CARB study and the national study, respectively. 16 Table 9-5 presents the mean duration of time and standard mean error for the 17 16 microenvironments, grouped by total sample population and gender. Also included is the 18 mean time spent for respondents who reported participating in each activity (“doers”). Table 9-5 19 shows that in both studies males spend more time in work locations, in automobiles and other 20 vehicles, in autoplaces (garages), and engaging in physical outdoor activities at outdoor sites. 21 In contrast, females spend more time cooking, engaging in other kitchen activities, performing 22 other chores, and shopping. The same trends also occurred on a per-participant basis. 23 Table 9-6 shows the mean time spent in various microenvironments by time of week 24 (weekday or weekend) in both studies. Generally, respondents spent most of their time during 25 the weekends in restaurants/bars (CARB study), motor vehicles, outdoor activities, 26 social-cultural settings, leisure/communication activities, and sleeping. Microenvironmental 27 differences by age are presented in Table 9-7. 28 Limitations associated with the Robinson and Thomas (1991) study are that the CARB 29 survey was performed in California only. Therefore, if applied to other populations, the data set 30 may be biased. In addition, the studies were conducted in 1980s and may bias exposure 31

# 9-4 assessment results when used for current exposure assessments. Another limitation is that time 1 distribution patterns were not provided for both studies and the data are based on short-term 2 studies. The available data could not be re-analyzed to conform to the standardized age 3 categories used in this Handbook. 4

5 9.2.3 Wiley et al., 1991 6 The California children's activity pattern survey design (Wiley et al., 1991) provided 7 estimates of the time children spent in various activities and locations (microenvironments) on a 8 typical day. A total of 1,200 children under the age of 12 years were included in the study. The 9 average time spent participating in each of the 10 activity categories is presented in Table 9-8. 10 Also included in this table are the detailed activity, including its code, with the highest mean 11 duration of time; the percentage of respondents who reported participating in any activity 12 (percent doing); and the mean, median, and maximum time duration for “doers.” The activity 13 category with the highest time expenditure was personal care (794 min/day, or 13.2 hours/day), 14 with night sleep being the detailed activity with the highest average minutes. The activity 15 category “don't know” had a duration of about 2 min/day and only 4% of the respondents 16 reported missing activity time. 17 Table 9-9 presents the mean time spent in the 10 activity categories by age and gender; 18 because the original source data were available, the age categories used by Wiley have been 19 replaced by the standardized age categories used in this Handbook. Differences in activity 20 patterns for boys and girls tended to be small. Table 9-10 presents the mean time spent in the 10 21 activity categories grouped by season and by geographic region. There were seasonal 22 differences for 5 activity categories: personal care, educational activities, social/entertainment, 23 recreation, and communication/ passive leisure. Time expenditure differences in various regions 24 of the state were minimal for childcare, work-related activities, shopping, personal care, 25
education, social life, and recreation. 26 Table 9-11 presents the distribution of time across six location categories. The 27 participation rates (percent) of respondents; the mean, median, and maximum time for "doers;" 28 and the detailed location with the highest average time expenditure are shown. The largest 29 amount of time spent was at home (1,078 min/day); 99 percent of respondents spent time at 30 home (1,086 min/participant/day). Tables 9-12 and 9-13 show the average time spent in the six 31

# 9-5 locations grouped by age and gender, and season and region, respectively. Again, because the 1 original source data were available, the age categories used by Wiley have been replaced in 2 Table 9-12 by the standardized age categories used in this Handbook. There are age differences 3 in time expenditure in educational settings (Table 9-12). There are no differences in time 4 expenditure at the six locations by regions, and time spent in school decreased in the summer 5 months compared to other seasons (Table 9-13). 6 Table 9-14 shows the average potential exposure time children spent in proximity to 7 gasoline fumes and gas oven fumes. The sampled children spent more time closer to gas oven 8 fumes (11 min/day) than to gasoline fumes (2 min/day). Age categories in Table 9-14 have been 9 modified to conform to the standardized categories used in this Handbook. 10 EPA estimated the total time indoors and outdoors using the data from the Wiley et al. 11 (1991) study. Activities performed indoors, were assumed to include household work, child 12 care, personal needs and care, education, and communication and passive leisure. The average 13 times spent in these indoor activities and half the time spent in each activity which could have 14 occurred either indoors or outdoors (i.e., work-related, goods/services, organizational activities, 15 entertainment/social, don’t know/not coded) were summed. Table 9-15 summarizes the results 16 of this analysis using the standard age groups. 17

18 9.2.4 U.S. EPA, 1992 and U.S. EPA, 2004 19 U.S. EPA (1992) addressed the variables of exposure time, frequency, and duration 20 needed to calculate dermal exposure as related to water and soil contact activities . EPA 21 published updated dermal guidance in 2004 (U.S. EPA, 2004). The reader is referred to these 22

documents for detailed discussion of these variables. The default values for children as 23 presented in U.S. EPA (2004) are summarized in Table 9-16. They were derived from earlier 24 guidance and judgment. The default recommendations are presented as representing children 25 aged 1 to 6 years and cannot be assigned to the standardized age groups (due to lack of more 26 specific supporting data). 27

28 9.2.5 Tsang and Klepeis, 1996 29 Tsang and Klepeis (1996) analyzed the data collected under The National Human 30 Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS). This survey was conducted by EPA and is the largest and 31

# 9-6 most current human activity pattern survey available (Tsang and Klepeis, 1996). A total of 1 9,386 individuals of all ages participated in the study. NHAPS was conducted on a virtually 2 daily basis from late September 1992 through September 1994 by the University of Maryland’s 3 Survey Research Center using a computer-assisted telephone interview instrument (CATI) to 4 collect 24-hour retrospective diaries and answers to a number of personal and exposure related 5 questions from each respondent. Data were co llected on duration and frequency of selected 6 activities and of the time spent in selected microenvironments. In addition, demographic 7 information was collected for each respondent to allow for statistical summaries to be generated 8 according to specific subgroups of the U.S. population (e.g., gender, age, race, employment 9 status, census region, season). The participants’ responses were weighted according to 10 geographic, socioeconomic, time/season, and other demographic factors to ensure that results 11 were representative of the U.S. population. 12 Tables 9-17 through 9-56 provide data from the NHAPS study. In most cases, the source 13 data have been reviewed and the analysis done by Tsang and Klepeis has been recast to conform 14 to the age categories used in this Handbook. Because no data were available on subjects’ age in 15 months, age groups less than 1 year old are consolidated into a single group. Tables 9-17 through 16 9-28 present data on the amount of time spent in selected activities and/or the corresponding 17
distribution data, when available. 18

19 

# C Table 9-17 presents number of showers per day by age of respondents. The data 20 shows that the majority of respondents aged 11 years or older took a shower one or 21 two times a day, while younger children showered less frequently. 22 23 

# C Table 9-18 shows time spent taking a shower and time spent in the shower room 24 immediately after showering. Most of the respondents spent 10-20 minutes taking a 25 shower and in the shower room after showering. 26 27 

# C Table 9-19 provides the percentile data for the same activity shown in Table 9-18. 28 The 50th percentile value is 10 to 15 minutes for showering and 1 to 5 minutes for 29 time spent after showering was complete. The 90th percentile values vary across age 30 groups and range from 30-40 minutes and 10-29 minutes for time spent showering 31 and in the bathroom after showering, respectively. 32 33 

# C Table 9-20 presents total time (minutes) spent in the shower or bathtub and in the 34 bathroom immediately after a shower or bath. The majority of respondents spent 35 from 10-30 minutes in the shower or bathtub and approximately 10 minutes in the 36 bathroom afterwards. 37

# 9-7 

# C Table 9-21 presents the percentile data for the same activity shown in Table 9-20. 1 The 50th percentile values range from 15-30 minutes and from 2-10 minutes for 2 taking a shower or bath and time spent in the bathroom after the bath, respectively. 3 4 

# C Table 9-22 provides a range of number of times washing the hands in a day. Most 5 respondents washed their hands 3-5 times a day. 6 7 

# C Table 9-23 presents statistics data for the number of minutes per day spent working 8 or being near excessive dust in the air. For older children and adolescents, the 50th 9 percentile data indicates that 38 to 60 minutes/day are spent in air with excessive 10 dust. 11 12 

# C Table 9-24 provides data for the frequency of starting a motor vehicle in a garage or 13 carport and started with the garage door closed. 14 15 

# C Table 9-25 provides data for the range of minutes/day spent playing on dirt, grass, or 16 sand/gravel. 17 18 

# C Table 9-26 provides the percentile data for the same activity shown in Table 9-25. 19 20 

# C Table 9-27 provides the number of times/month swimming in a freshwater swimming 21 pool by number of respondents. The majority of respondents swim in freshwater 22 pools 1 or 2 times/month. A few individuals reported swimming much more 23 frequently (up to 30 or even 60 times per month.) 24 25 

# C Table 9-28 provides percentile data for the same activity shown in Table 9-27. 26 27 Tables 9-29 through 9-56 provide statistics for 24-hour cumulative time (minimum, 28 percentiles, and maximum) spent in or in the presence of selected locations or activities. For 29 each location or activity, statistics are calculated for the entire survey population (“Whole 30 Population” and for the subset of the survey population that reported being in or doing the 31 location or activity in question (“Doers Only”). When the sample size was 10 persons or fewer, 32 percentile values were not calculated. Also note that these activities are not necessarily mutually 33 exclusive, e.g. time spent in active sports likely overlaps with exercise time. 34

35 

# C Table 9-29 provides number of minutes spent sleeping/napping in a day. 36 37 

# C Table 9-30 presents data for time spent attending full-time school. 38 39 

# C Table 9-31 provides data for time spent in active sports. 40 41 

# C Table 9-32 provides time spent on exercise. 42 43

# 9-8 

# C Table 9-33 presents data for time spent in outdoor recreation. 1 2 

# C Table 9-34 provides data for time spent walking. 3 4 

# C Table 9-35 provides data for time spent bathing. 5 6 

# C Table 9-36 presents statistics for minutes eating. 7 8 

# C Table 9-37 provides data for time spent indoors at a restaurant. 9 10 

# C Table 9-38 provides data for time spent indoors at school. 11 12 

# C Table 9-39 provides information for time spent outdoors on school 13 grounds/playgrounds, at parks or golf courses, and at pools/rivers/lakes. 14 15 

# C Table 9-40 provides information on time spent at home in the kitchen. 16 17 

# C Table 9-41 provides information on time spent at home in the living room, family 18 room, or den. 19 20 

# C Table 9-42 provides information on time spent at home in the dining room. 21 22 

# C Table 9-43 provides information on time spent at home in the bathroom. 23 24 

# C Table 9-44 provides information on time spent at home in the bedroom. 25 26 

# C Table 9-45 provides information on time spent at home in the study or office. 27 28 

# C Table 9-46 provides information on time spent at home in the garage. 29 30 

# C Table 9-47 provides information on time spent at home in the utility room or laundry 31

room. 32 33 

# C Table 9-48 provides information on time spent in a car. 34 35 

# C Table 9-49 provides information on time spent in a truck (pickup or van). 36 37 

# C Table 9-50 provides information on time spent in a truck (not a pickup or van). 38 39 

# C Table 9-51 provides information on time spent on a bus. 40 41 

# C Table 9-52 provides information on time spent on a train. 42 43 

# C Table 9-53 provides information on time spent on an airplane. 44 45 

# C Table 9-54 provides information on time spent on a boat. 46

# 9-9 

# C Table 9-55 provides information on the total time spent in vehicles. 1 2 

# C Table 9-56 provides information on time spent in grocery/convenience stores, other 3 stores, and malls. 4 5 

# C Table 9-57 provides data on time spent in indoor and outdoor environments. 6 7 

# C Table 9-58 provides information on time spent in the presence of smokers. For this 8 data set, the authors’ original age categories were used because the methodology used 9 to generate the data could not be reproduced. 10 11 Advantages of the NHAPS data set are that it is representative of the U.S. population and 12 it has been adjusted to be balanced geographically, seasonally, and for day/time. Also, it is 13 inclusive of all ages, genders, and races. A disadvantage of the study is that for the standard age 14 categories, “N” is small for the “doers” of many activities. In addition, means cannot be 15 calculated for time spent over 60, 120, and 181 minutes in selected activities. Therefore, actual 16 time spent at the high end of the distribution for these activities cannot be assessed with 17

accuracy. 18

19 9.2.6 Funk et al., 1998 20 Funk et al. (1998) used the data from the California Air Resources Board (CARB) study 21 to determine distributions of exposure time by tracking the time spent participating in daily at22 home and at-school activities for male and female children and adolescents. CARB performed 23 two studies from 1987 to 1990; the first was focused on adults (18 years and older) and 24 adolescents (12-17 years old), and the second focused on children (6-11 years old) (Funk et al., 25 1998). The targeted groups were noninstitutionalized English speaking Californians with a 26 telephone in their residence. Individuals were contacted by telephone and asked to account for 27 every minute within the previous 24 hours, including the amount of time spent on an activity and 28 the location of the activity. The surveys were conducted on different days of the week as well as 29 different seasons of the year. 30 Using the location descriptors provide d in the CARB study, Funk et al. (1998) 31 categorized the activities into two groups, “at home” (any activity at principal residence) and 32 “away.” Each activity was assigned to one of three ventilation levels (low, moderate, or high) 33 based on the level of exertion expected from the activity. Ambiguous activities were assigned to 34

# 9-10 moderate ventilation levels. Among the adolescents and children studied, means were 1 determined for the aggregate age groups, as shown in Table 9-59. 2 Funk et al. used several statistical methods, such as Chi-square, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, 3 and Anderson-Darling, to determine whether the time spent in an activity group had a known 4 distribution. Most of the activities performed by children were assigned a low or moderate 5 ventilation rate (Table 9-60). 6 The aggregate time periods spent at home in each activity are shown in Table 9-61. 7 Aggregate time spent at home performing different activities was compared between genders. 8 There were no significant differences between adolescent male and females in any of the activity 9 groups (Funk et al., 1998) (Table 9-62). In children ages 6-11 years there were differences 10 found between gender and age at the low ventilation levels. In the moderate ventilation level 11 there were significant differences between two age groups (6-8 years, and 9-11 years) and 12 gender (Funk et al., 1998) (Table 9-63). 13 Large proportions of the respondents in the study did not participate in high-ventilation14 level activities; discrete distributions were used to characterize high ventilation activity groups 15 (Funk et al., 1998). Lognormal distribution best described the time spent by children at high 16

ventilation levels. 17

18 9.2.7 Hubal et al., 2000 19 Hubal et al. (2000) reviewed available data, including activity pattern data, to 20 characterize and assess environmental exposures to children. The EPA National Exposure 21 Research Laboratory’s Consolidated Human Ac tivity Database (CHAD), which contained data 22 from several studies on human activities, was reviewed. For children and adolescents younger 23 than 18 years, CHAD contained 4,300 person-days of information and 3,009 person-days of 24 macroactivity data for 2,640 children less than 12 years old (Hubal et al., 2000) (Table 9-64). 25 Specific examples of the type of macroactivity data available in CHAD for children are shown 26 in Tables 9-65 and 9-66. The number of hours spent in various microenvironments are shown in 27 Table 9-65 and time spent in various activities indoors at home in Table 9-66. 28 The authors noted that CHAD contains approximately “140 activity codes and 110 29 location codes,” but the data generally are not available for all activity locations for any single 30 respondent. In fact, not all of the codes were used for most of the studies. Even though many 31

# 9-11 codes are used in macroactivity studies, many of the activity codes do not adequately capture the 1 richness of what children actually do. They are much too broadly defined and ignore many 2
child-oriented behaviors. Thus, there is a need for more and better-focused research into 3

children’s activities.” CHAD is available on the EPA Internet at: 4 http://www.epa.gov/chadnet1/. 5 EPA has performed an analysis of the source data used by Hubal et al. (2000) to recast 6 the study’s results using CHAD data downloaded in 2000 and the new standard age categories. 7 The results are shown in Tables 9-67 and 9-68. In this analysis, individual study participants 8 within CHAD whose behavior patterns were measured over multiple days were treated as 9 multiple one-day activity patterns. This is a potential source of error or bias in the results 10 because a single individual may contribute multiple data sets to the aggregate population being 11

studied. 12

13 9.2.8 Wong et al., 2000 14 Wong et al. (2000) conducted telephone surveys to gather information on children’s 15 activity patterns as related to dermal contact with soil during outdoor play on bare dirt or mixed 16 grass and dirt surfaces. This study, the second Soil Contact Survey (SCS-II), was a follow-up to 17 the initial Soil Contact Survey (SCS-I), conducted in 1996, that primarily focused on assessing 18 adult behavior related to dermal contact with soil and dust (Garlock et al., 1999). As part of 19 SCS-I, information was gathered on the behavior of children under the age of 18 years, however, 20 the questions were limited to clothing choices and the length of time after soil contact to hand 21 washing. Questions were posed for SCS-II to further define children’s outdoor activities and 22 hand washing and bathing frequency. For both soil contact surveys households were randomly 23 phoned in order to obtain nationally representative results. The adult respondents were 24 questioned as surrogates for one randomly chosen child under the age of 18 residing within the 25

household. 26 In the SCS-II, of 680 total adult respondents with a child in their household, 500 (73.5%) 27 reported that their child played outdoors on bare di rt or mixed grass and dirt surfaces (identified 28 as “players”). Those children that reportedly did not play outdoors (“non-players”) were 29 typically very young ( 

# # 1 year) or relatively older ( 

# $ 14 years). Of the 500 children that played 30 outdoors, 497 played outdoors in warm weather months (April through October) and 390 were 31

# 9-12 reported to play outdoors during cold weather months (November through March). These results 1 are presented in Table 9-69. The frequency (d ays/week), duration (hours/day), and total hours 2 per week spent playing outdoors was determined for those children identified as “players” 3 (Table 9-70). The responses indicated that during the warmer months children spend a relatively 4 high percentage of time outdoor and a lesser amount of time in cold weather. The median play 5 frequency reported was 7 days/week in warm weather and 3 days/week in cold weather. Median 6 play duration was 3 hours/day in warm weathe r and 1 hour/day during cold weather months. 7 Adult respondents were then questioned as to how many times per day their child washed 8 his/her hands and how many times the child bathed or showered per week during both warm and 9 cold weather months. This information provided an estimate of the time between skin contact 10 with soil and removal of soil by washing (i.e., exposure time). Hand washing and bathing 11 frequencies for child players are reported in Table 9-71. Based on these results, hand washing 12 occurred a median of 4 times per day during both warm and cold weather months. The median 13 frequency for baths and showers was estimated to be 7 times per week for both warm and cold 14

weather. 15 Based on reported household incomes, the respondents sampled in SCS-II tended to have 16 higher incomes than that of the general population. This may be explained by the fact that phone 17 surveys cannot sample those households without telephones. Additional uncertainty or error in 18 the study results may be presented by the use of surrogate respondents. Adult respondents were 19 questioned regarding child activities that may have occurred in prior seasons, introducing the 20 chance of recall error. In some instances, a respondent did not know the answer to a question or 21

refused to answer. In Tables 9-72 and 9-73 information were extracted from the National 22 Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) (U.S. EPA, 1996). Table 9-72 compares mean play 23 duration data from SCS-II to similar activities identified in NHAPS. The number of times per 24 day a child washed his or her hands was presented in both SCS-II and NHAPS follow-up survey 25 B and are shown in Table 9-73. Corresponding information for bathing frequency data collected 26

from SCS-II was not collected in NHAPS. As indicated in Tables 9-72 and 9-73, where 27 comparison is possible, NHAPS and SCS-II results showed similarities in observed behaviors. 28

29 9.2.9. Graham and McCurdy, 2004 30

31

# 9-13 This paper uses analyses of CHAD to evaluate how cohort definitions can affect statistics 1 on activity patterns. Age and gender are typically used as the primary cohort-defining attributes, 2 but more complex exposure models also use weather, day-of-the-week, and employment 3 attributes for this purpose. All of these attributes and others were evaluated to determine if 4 statistically significant differences exist among them to warrant their being used to define 5 distinct cohort groups. The analysis focused mostly on the relationship between cohort attributes 6 and the time spent outdoors, indoors, and in motor vehicles. The results indicate that besides age 7 and gender, other important attributes for defining cohorts are the physical activity level of 8 individuals, whether factors such as daily maximum temperature in combination with months of 9 the year, and combined weekday/weekend with employment status. Less important are 10 precipitation and ethnic data. While statistically significant, the collective set of attributes does 11 not explain a large amount of variance in outdoor , indoor, or in-vehicle locational decisions. 12 Based on other research, parameters such as lifestyle and life stages that are absent from CHAD 13 might have reduced the amount of unexplained variance. The authors recommend that exposure 14 modelers use age and gender as ‘‘first-order’’ attributes to define cohorts followed by physical 15 activity level, daily maximum temperature or other suitable weather parameters, and day type 16 possibly beyond a simple weekday/weekend classification. 17

18


# 9.3 RECOMMENDATIONS 19 Assessors are commonly interested in a number of specific types of time use data for 20 children including times for bathing, showering, indoor activity, outdoor activity, swimming, and 21 surface type during play. The studies used to develop recommendations for these factors are 22

summarized in Tables 9-74 and 9-75. The recommended values for the factors are discussed 23 below and summarized in Table 9-76. Only means or medians were provided because these are 24

based on short term data and 95 th 

# percentiles would be potentially misleading for long term 25 estimates. The confidence in the recommendations for activity patterns is presented in Table 9- 26

77. 27 Time Spent Indoors and Outdoors - Assessors often require knowledge of time 28 individuals spend indoors versus outdoors. Idea lly, this issue would be addressed on a site29 specific basis since the times are likely to vary considerably depending on the climate, 30 residential setting (i.e., rural versus urban), personal traits (i.e., age, health) and personal habits. 31

# 9-14 Activities can vary significantly with differences in age. Table 9-75 summarizes the studies that 1 present information on time indoors and outdoors. Of these studies, the Wiley et al. (1991) and 2 Tsang and Kleipeis (1996) studies were most conducive to being recast to fit the standardized 3 age categories in this Handbook. The recommended values are presented in Table 9-76 for the 4 standardized age groups,. The recommendations for time spent indoors at a residence are based 5 on the EPA re-analysis of the Tsang and Kleipeis (1996). The recommendations for total time 6 spent indoors are based on the EPA re-analysis of the Tsang and Kleipeis (1996) and Wiley et al. 7 (1991) data. The recommendations for total time spent outdoors are based on the EPA re8 analysis of the Tsang and Kleipeis (1996) and Wiley et al. (1991) data. 9 Showering and Bathing - The recommended values for shower and bath duration are 10 presented in Table 9-76 for the standardized age groups, based on the EPA re-analysis of the 11 Tsang and Kleipeis (1996). 12 Swimming - The recommended values for swimming time are presented in Table 9-76 13 for the standardized age groups, based on the EPA re-analysis of the Tsang and Kleipeis (1996). 14 Playing on Sand or Gravel, on Grass

, and on Dirt - The recommended values for time 15 spent playing on sand, gravel, grass or dirt ar e presented in Table 9-76 based on the EPA re16 analysis of the Tsang and Kleipeis (1996). . 17

18

19

# 9-15 

# 9.4 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 9 1 2 Chance, W.G.; Harmsen, E. (1998) Children are differe nt: environmental contaminants and children’s health. 

# 3 Canadian Journal of Public Health, Vol. 89, Supplement. pp. 59-513. 

# 4 5 Funk, L.; Sedman, R.; Beals, J.A.J.; Fountain, R. ( 1998) Quantifying the distribution of inhalation exposure in 

# 6 human populations: distributions of time spent by adults, adolescents, and children at home, at work, and at 

# 7 school. Risk Analysis. 18(1):47-56. 

# 8 9 Graham, SE and McCurdy, T (2004). Developing meani ngful cohorts for human exposure models. J Expo Anal 

# 10 Environ Epidemiol. 14:23-43. 

# 11 12 Hubal, E.A.; Sheldon, L.S.; Burke, J.M. ; McCurdy, T.R.; Berry, M.R.; Rigas, M.L.; Zartarian, V.G.; Freeman, N.G. 

# 13 (2000) Children’s exposure assessment: a re view of factors influencing children’s exposure and the data available 

# 14 to characterize and assess that exposur e. Environ. Health Persp. 108:475-485. 

# 15 16 Robinson, J.P; Thomas, J. (1991) Time spent in activitie s, locations, and microenvironments: a California-National 

# 17 Comparison Project report. Las Vegas, NV: U.S. E nvironmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring 

# 18 Systems Laboratory. 

# 19 20 Timmer, S.G.; Eccles, J.; O'Brien, K. (1985) How children us e time. In: Juster, F.T.; Stafford, F.P.; eds. Time, 

# 21 goods, and well-being. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Mi chigan, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social 

# 22 Research, pp. 353-380. 

# 23 24 Tsang, A.M.; Klepeis, N.E. (1996) Results tables from a detailed analysis of the National Human Activity Pattern 

# 25 Survey (NHAPS) response. Draft Report prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Lockheed 

# 26 Martin, Contract No. 68-W6-001, Delivery Order No. 13. 

# 27 28 U.S. EPA. (1992) Dermal exposure assessment: principl es and applications. Washington, DC: Office of Health 

# 29 and Environmental Assessment. EPA No. 600/8-91-011B. Interim Report. 

# 30 31 U.S. EPA. (1997) Exposure Factors Handbook. Washington, DC: National Center for Environmental Assessment, 

# 32 Office of Research and Development. EPA/600/P-95/002Fa,b,c. 

# 33 34 U.S. EPA. (2004) Risk Assessment Guidance for Supe rfund Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part E, 

# 35 Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Ri sk Assessment). EPA/540/R/99/005. 

# 36 http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ragse/index.htm 

# 37 38 Wiley, J.A.; Robinson, J.P.; Cheng, Y.; Piazza, T.; Stork, L.; Plasden, K. (1991) Study of children’s activity 

# 39 patterns. California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board Research Division. Sacramento, 

# 40 CA. 

# 41 42 Wong E. Y., Shirai, J.H, Garlock, T. J., and Kissel, J.C. (2000) Adult proxy responses to a survey of children’s 

# 43 dermal soil contact activities. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 10:509-517. 

# 44 45

# 9-16 Table 9-1. Mean Time Spent (minutes) Performing Major Activities Grouped by Age, Sex and Type of Day

Activity Age (3-11 years) Age (12-17 years)

Duration of Time (mins/day) Duration of Time (mins/day)

Weekdays Weekends Weekdays Weekends

Boys (n=118) Girls (n=111) Boys (n=118) Girls (n=111) Boys (n=77) Girls (n=83) Boys (n=77) Girls (n=83)

Market Work 16 0 7 4 23 21 58 25

Household Work 17 21 32 43 16 40 46 89

Personal Care 43 44 42 50 48 71 35 76

Eating 81 78 78 84 73 65 58 75

Sleeping 584 590 625 619 504 478 550 612

School 252 259 -- -- 314 342 -- --

Studying 14 19 4 9 29 37 25 25

Church 7 4 53 61 3 7 40 36

Visiting 16 9 23 37 17 25 46 53

Sports 25 12 33 23 52 37 65 26

Outdoors 10 7 30 23 10 10 36 19

Hobbies 31347447

Art Activities 4 4 4 4 12 6 11 9

Playing 137 115 177 166 37 13 35 24

TV 117 128 181 122 143 108 187 140

Reading 9 7 12 10 10 13 12 19

Household Conversations 10 11 14 9 21 30 24 30

Other Passive Leisure 9 14 16 17 21 14 43 33

NA a 22 25 20 29 14 17 10 4

Percent of Time Accounted for by Activities Above 94% 92% 93% 89% 93% 92% 88% 89%

a NA = Unknown Source: Timmer et al., 1985.

# 9-17 Table 9-2. Mean Time Spent (minutes) in Major Activ ities Grouped by Type of Day for Five Different Age Groups

Activity Time Duration (mins)

Significant Effects a Weekday Weekend

Age Groups Age Groups

3-5 6-8 9-11 12-14 15-17 3-5 6-8 9-11 12-14 15-17

Market Work -- 14 8 14 28 -- 4 10 29 48

Personal Care 41 49 40 56 60 47 45 44 60 51 A,S,AxS (F>M)

Household Work 14 15 18 27 34 17 27 51 72 60 A,S, AxS (F>M)

Eating 82 81 73 69 67 81 80 78 68 65 A

Sleeping 630 595 548 473 499 634 641 596 604 562 A

School 137 292 315 344 314 -- -- -- -- --

Studying 2 8 29 33 33 1 2 12 15 30 A

Church 4 9 9 9 3 55 56 53 32 37 A

Visiting 14 15 10 21 20 10 8 13 22 56 A (Weekend only)

Sports 5 24 21 40 46 3 30 42 51 37 A,S (M>F)

Outdoor activities 4 9 8 7 11 8 23 39 25 26

Hobbies 0 2 2 4 6 1 5 3 8 3

Art Activities 5 4 3 3 12 4 4 4 7 10

Other Passive Leisure 9 1 2 6 4 6 10 7 10 18 A

Playing 218 111 65 31 14 267 180 92 35 21 A,S (M>F)

TV 111 99 146 142 108 122 136 185 169 157 A,S, AxS (M>F)

Reading 5 5 9 10 12 4 9 10 10 18 A

Being read to 2 2 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 A

NA 30 14 23 25 7 52 7 14 4 9 A

a Effects are significant for weekdays and w eekends, unless otherwise specified A = age effect, P<0.05, for bot h weekdays and wee kend activities; S = sex effect P<0.05, F>M, M>F = females spend more tim e than males, or vice versa; and AxS = age by sex interacti on, P<0.05.

Source: Timmer et al., 1985.

# 9-18 Table 9-3. Mean Time Spent Indoors a nd Outdoors Grouped by Age and Day of the Week

Age Group (yrs) Time Indoors Weekday (hrs/day) Time Indoors Weekend (hrs/day) Time Outdoors Weekday (hrs/day) Time Outdoors Weekend (hrs/day)

3-5 19.4 18.9 2.5 3.1

6-8 20.7 18.6 1.8 2.5

9-11 20.8 18.6 1.3 2.3

12-14 20.7 18.5 1.6 1.9

15-17 19.9 17.9 1.4 2.3



### Source: Adapted from Timmer et al. (1985).

# 9-19 Table 9-4. Mean Time Spent at Three Locations fo r both CARB and National Studies (ages 12 years and older)

Location Category Mean duration (mins/day)

CARB (n = 1762) b 

### S.E. a 

### National (n = 2762) b 

### S.E.

Indoor 1255 c 

### 28 1279 c 

### 21

Outdoor 86 d 

### 5 74 d 

### 4

In-Vehicle 98 d 

### 4 87 d 

### 2

Total Time Spent 1440 1440

a 

### S.E. = Standard Error of Mean

b 

### Weighted Number - National sample popula tion was weighted to obtain a ratio of 46.5 males and 53.5 fe males, in equal proportion for each day of the week, and for each quarter of the year.

c 

### Difference between the mean values for the CARB a nd national studies is not statistically significant.

d 

### Difference between the mean values for the CARB and nationa l studies is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.

Source: Robinson and Thomas, 1991.

# 9-20 Table 9-5. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Va rious Microenvironments Grouped by Total Population and Gender (12 years and over) in the National and CARB Data

Microenvironment National Data Mean Duration (mins/day) (standard error) a

N = 1284 b

Male "Doer" c Male N = 1478 b
Female "Doer" Female N = 2762 b
Total "Doer" Total Autoplaces 5 (1) 90 1 (0) 35 3 (0) 66 Restaurant/bar 22 (2) 73 20 (2) 79 21 (1) 77 In-vehicle 92 (3) 99 82 (3) 94 87 (2) 97 In-Vehicle/other 1 (1) 166 1 (0) 69 1 (0) 91 Physical/outdoors 24 (3) 139 11 (2) 101 17 (2) 135 Physical/indoors 11 (1) 84 6 (1) 57 8 (1) 74 Work/study-residence 17 (2) 153 15 (2) 150 16 (1) 142 Work/study-other 221 (10) 429 142 (7) 384 179 (6) 390 Cooking 14 (1) 35 52 (2) 67 34 (1) 57 Other activities/kitchen 54 (3) 69 90 (4) 102 73 (2) 88 Chores/child 88 (3) 89 153 (5) 154 123 93) 124 Shop/errand 23 (2) 56 38 (2) 74 31 (1) 67 Other/outdoors 70 (6) 131 43 (4) 97 56 (4) 120 Social/cultural 71 (4) 118 75 (4) 110 73 (3) 118 Leisure-eat/indoors 235 (8) 241 215 (7) 224 224 (5) 232 Sleep/indoors 491 (14) 492 496 (11) 497 494 (9) 495

Microenvironment CARB Data Mean Duration (mins/day) (standard error) a
N = 867 b

Male "Doer" c Male N = 895 b
Female "Doer" Female N = 1762 b
Total "Doer" Total Autoplaces 31 (8) 142 9 (2) 50 20 (4) 108 Restaurant/bar 45 (4) 106 28 (3) 86 36 (3) 102 In-vehicle 105 (7) 119 85 (4) 100 95 (4) 111 In-Vehicle/other 4 (1) 79 3 (2) 106 3 (1) 94 Physical/outdoors 25 (3) 131 8 (1) 86 17 (2) 107 Physical/indoors 8 (1) 63 5 (1) 70 7 (1) 68 Work/study-residence 14 (3) 126 11 (2) 120 13 (2) 131 Work/study-other 213 (14) 398 156 (11) 383 184 (9) 450 Cooking 12 (1) 43 42 (2) 65 27 (1) 55 Other activities/kitchen 38 (3) 65 60 (4) 82 49 (2) 74 Chores/child 66 (4) 75 134 (6) 140 100 (4) 109 Shop/errand 21 (3) 61 41 (3) 78 31 (2) 70 Other/outdoors 95 (9) 153 44 (4) 82 69 (5) 117 Social/cultural 47 (4) 112 59 (5) 114 53 (3) 112 Leisure-eat/indoors 223 (10) 240 251 (10) 263 237 (7) 250 Sleep/indoors 492 (17) 499 504 (15) 506 498 (12) 501

a Standard error of the mean

b Weighted number

c Doer = Respondents who reported pa rticipating in each activity/locati on spent in microenvironments.

Source: Robinson and Thomas, 1991.

# 9-21 Table 9-6. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Various Microenvironments by Type of Day for the California and National Surveys (sample population ages 12 years and older)

Weekday Microenvironment Mean Duration (standard error) a 

### (mins/day) Mean Duration for "Doer" b 

### (mins/day)

CARB (n=1259) c 

### NAT (n=1973) c 

### CARB NAT
1 Autoplaces 2 Restaurant/Bar 3 In-Vehicle/Internal Combustion 4 In-Vehicle/Other 5 Physical/Outdoors 6 Physical/Indoors 7 Work/Study-Residence 8 Work/Study-Other 9 Cooking 10 Other Activities/Kitchen 11 Chores/Child 12 Shop/Errand 13 Other/Outdoors 14 Social/Cultural 15 Leisure-Eat/Indoors 16 Sleep/Indoors 21 (5) 29 (3) 90 (5) 3 (1) 14 (2) 7 (1) 14 (2) 228 (11)

27 (2) 51 (3) 99 (5) 30 (2) 67 (6) 42 (3) 230 (9) 490 (14) 3 (1) 20 (2) 85 (2) 1 (0) 15 (2) 8 (1) 16 (2) 225 (8) 35 (2) 73 (3) 124 (4) 30 (2) 51 (4) 62 (3) 211 (6) 481 (10) 108 83 104 71 106 64 116 401 58 76 108 67 117 99 244 495 73 73 95 116 118 68 147 415 57 87 125 63 107 101 218 483

Weekend Microenvironment Mean Duration (standard error) a 

### (mins/day) Mean Duration for "Doer" b 

### (mins/day)

CARB (n=503) c 

### NAT (n=789) c 

### CARB NAT
1 Autoplaces 2 Restaurant/Bar 3 In-Vehicle/Internal Combustion 4 In-Vehicle/Other 5 Physical/Outdoors 6 Physical/Indoors 7 Work/Study-Residence 8 Work/Study-Other 9 Cooking 10 Other Activities/Kitchen 11 Chores/Child 12 Shop/Errand 13 Other/Outdoors 14 Social/Cultural 15 Leisure-Eat/Indoors 16 Sleep/Indoors 19 (4) 55 (6) 108 (8) 5 (3) 23 (3) 7 (1) 10 (2) 74 (11) 27 (2) 44 (3) 103 (7) 35 (4) 74 (7) 79 (7) 256 (12) 520 (20) 3 (1) 23 (2) 91 (6) 0 (0) 23 (4) 9 (2) 15 (3) 64 (6) 34 (2) 73 (4) 120 (5) 35 (3) 67 (7) 99 (6) 257 (11) 525 (17) 82 127 125 130 134 72 155 328 60 71 114 81 126 140 273 521 62 84 100 30 132 80 165 361 55 90 121 75 132 141 268 525

a 

### Standard Error of Mean

b 

### Doer = Respondent who reported participating in each activity/location spent in microenvironments.

c 

### Weighted Number Source: Robinson and Thomas, 1991.

# 9-22 Table 9-7. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Vari ous Microenvironments by Age Groups for the National and California Surveys

Microenvironment National Data Mean Duration (Standard Error) a Age 12-17 years N=340 b "Doer" c Age 18-24 years N=340 "Doer" Autoplaces 2 (1) 73 7 (2) 137
Restaurant/bar 9 (2) 60 28 (3) 70
In-vehicle/internal combustion 79 (7) 88 103 (8) 109
In-vehicle/other 0 (0) 12 1 (1) 160 Physical/outdoors 32 (8) 130 17 (4) 110 Physical/indoors 15 (3) 87 8 (2) 76 Work/study-residence 22 (4) 82 19 (6) 185 Work/study-other 159 (14) 354 207 (20) 391 Cooking 11 (3) 40 18 (2) 39
Other activities/kitchen 53 (4) 64 42 (3) 55
Chores/child 91 (7) 92 124 (9) 125 Shop/errands 26 (4) 68 31 (4) 65
Other/outdoors 70 (13) 129 34 (4) 84
Social/cultural 87 (10) 120 100 (12) 141
Leisure-eat/indoors 237 (16) 242 181 (11) 189 Sleep/indoors 548 (31) 551 511 (26) 512

Microenvironment CARB Data Mean Duration (Standard Error) a Age 12-17 years N=183 b "Doer" c Age 18-24 years N=250 "Doer" Autoplaces 16 (8) 124 16 (4) 71
Restaurant/bar 16 (4) 44 40 (8) 98
In-vehicle/internal combustion 78 (11) 89 111 (13) 122
In-vehicle/other 1 (0) 19 3 (1) 60 Physical/outdoors 32 (7) 110 13 (3) 88 Physical/indoors 20 (4) 65 5 (2) 77 Work/study-residence 25 (5) 76 30 (11) 161 Work/study-other 196 (30) 339 201 (24) 344 Cooking 3 (1) 19 14 (2) 40
Other activities/kitchen 31 (4) 51 31 (5) 55
Chores/child 72 (11) 77 79 (8) 85 Shop/errands 14 (3) 50 35 (7) 71
Other/outdoors 58 (8) 78 80 (15) 130
Social/cultural 63 (14) 109 65 (10) 110
Leisure-eat/indoors 260 (27) 270 211 (19) 234 Sleep/indoors 557 (44) 560 506 (30) 510

a Standard error.

b All N’s are weighted number.

c Doer = Respondents who reported pa rticipating in each activity/locati on spent in microenvironments. Source: Robinson and Thomas, 1991.

# 9-23 Table 9-8. Mean Time (minutes/day) Children Ages 12 Y ears and Under Spent in Ten Major Activity Categories for All Respondents

Activity Category Mean Duration (mins/day) % Doing Mean Duration for Doers b (mins/day) Median Duration for Doer (mins/day) Maximum Duration for Doers (mins/day) Detailed Activity with Highest Avg. Minutes (code)
Work-related a 10 25 39 30 405 Eating at work/school/daycare (06) Household 53 86 61 40 602 Travel to household (199) Childcare < 1 < 1 83 30 290 Other child care (27) Goods/Services 21 26 81 60 450 Errands (38)
Personal Needs and Care c 794 100 794 770 1440 Night sleep (45)
Education d 110 35 316 335 790 School classes (50) Organizational Activities 4 4 111 105 435 Attend meetings (60) Entertain/Social 15 17 87 60 490 Visiting with others (75) Recreation 239 92 260 240 835 Games (87)
Communication/Passive Leisure 192 93 205 180 898 TV use (91)

Don't know/Not coded 2 4 41 15 600 --
All Activities e 1441

a Includes eating at school or daycare, an activity not grouped under the "education activities" (codes 50-59, 549).

b "Doers" indicate the respondents who reporte d participating in each activity category.

c Personal care includes night sleep and day time naps, eating, travel for personal care.

d Education includes student a nd other classes, homework, library, travel for education.

e Column total may not sum to 1440 due to rounding error

Source: Wiley et al., 1991.

# 9-24 Table 9-9. Mean Time Children Spent in Ten Major Activity Categories by Age and Gender

Activity Category Mean Duration (minutes/day) - BOYS

birth to 1 month 1 to <3 months 3 to <6 months 6 to <12 months 1 to <2 years 2 to <3 years 3 to <6 years 6 to <11 years 11 years d 0-11 yrs

Work-related 0 0 0 1 8 9 10 12 13 11

Household 12 30 49 28 35 44 44 61 63 58

Childcare 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2

Goods/Services 0 16 14 28 27 14 28 22 24 26

Personal Needs and Care a 910 1143 937 919 903 889 802 726 707 802

Education b 180 c 0 75 70 33 69 67 120 120 100
Organizational Activities 0 0 0 0 7 0 5 11 16 6

Entertainment/Social 0 0 0 0 8 6 15 15 43 18

Recreation 0 0 26 104 314 304 294 265 227 228

Communication/Passive Leisure 338 250 339 292 106 103 175 208 226 226

Sample Sizes (Unweighted) 3 7 15 31 54 62 151 239 62 624

Activity Category Mean Duration (minutes/day) - GIRLS

birth to 1 month 1 to <3 months 3 to <6 months 6 to <12 months 1 to <2 years 2 to <3 years 3 to <6 years 6 to <11 years 11 years d 0-11 yrs

Work-related 0 0 5 1 3 22 9 10 19 11

Household 28 29 23 25 45 65 49 67 78 58

Childcare 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 2

Goods/Services 0 18 14 24 24 34 31 26 15 26

Personal Needs and Care a 1123 1115 971 922 894 858 820 747 703 802

Education b 0 0 110 94 25 40 81 134 151 100
Organizational Activities 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 8 13 6

Entertainment/Social 0 0 0 1 13 6 16 17 52 18

Recreation 0 0 10 147 256 305 270 224 175 228

Communication/Passive Leisure 290 278 308 226 179 107 161 203 225 189

Sample Sizes (Unweighted) 4 10 11 23 43 50 151 225 59 576

a Personal needs and care includes night sleep and daytime naps, eating, travel for personal care.

b Education includes student a nd other classes, homework, library, travel for education.

c The data for this age group and category are two values of zero and one of 540.

d The source data end at 11 years of age, so the 11 to <16 year category is truncated and the 16 to <21 year category is not incl uded.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Wiley et al . (1991).

# 9-25 Table 9-10. Mean Time Children Ages 12 Years and Under Spent in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by Seasons and Regions

Activity Category Mean Duration (minutes/day)

Season Region of California

Winter (Jan-Mar) Spring (Apr-June) Summer (July-Sept) Fall (Oct-Dec) All Seasons So. Coast Bay Area Rest of State All Regions

Work-related 10 10 6 13 10 10 10 8 10

Household 47 58 53 52 53 45 62 55 53

Childcare <1 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 1 <1

Goods/Services 19 17 26 23 21 20 21 23 21

Personal Needs and Care a 799 774 815 789 794 799 785 794 794

Education b 124 137 49 131 110 109 115 109 110

Organizational Activities 3 5 5 3 42 6 6 4

Entertainment/Social 14 12 12 22 15 17 10 16 15

Recreation 221 243 282 211 239 230 241 249 239

Communication/Pass ive Leisure 203 180 189 195 192 206 190 175 192

Don't know/Not coded <1 2 3 <1 2 1 1 3 2

All Activities c 1442 1439 1441 1441 1441 1440 1442 1439 1441

Sample Sizes (Unweighted) 318 204 407 271 1200 224 263 713 1200

a Personal needs and care includes night sleep a nd daytime naps, eating, travel for personal care.

b Education includes student and other classes, homework, library, travel for education.

c The column totals may not be equal to 1440 due to rounding error.

Source: Wiley et al., 1991.

# 9-26 Table 9-11. Mean Time Children Ages 12 Years and Under Spent in Six Major Location Categories for All Respondents (minutes/day)

Location Category Mean Duration

(min) % Doing Mean Duration for Doers

(min) Median Duration for Doers

(min) Maximum Duration for Doers (min) Detailed Location with Highest Avg. Time

Home 1,078 99 1,086 1,110 1,440 Home - bedroom

School/Childcare 109 33 330 325 1,260 School or daycare facility

Friend's/Other's House 80 32 251 144 1, 440 Friend's/other's house - bedroom

Stores, Restaurants, Shopping Places 24 35 69 50 475 Shopping mall

In-transit 69 83 83 60 1,111 Traveling in car

Other Locations 79 57 139 105 1,440 Park, playground

Don't Know/Not Coded <1 1 37 30 90 --

All Locations 1,440

Source: Wiley et al., 1991.

# 9-27 Table 9-12. Mean Time Children Spent in Six Location Categories Grouped by Age and Gender

Location Category Mean Duration (minutes/day) - BOYS

birth to 1 month 1 to <3 months 3 to <6 months 6 to <12 months 1 to <2 years 2 to <3 years 3 to <6 years 6 to <11 years 11 years a 0-11 yrs

Home 938 1295 1164 1189 1177 1161 1102 1016 1010 1079

School/Childcare 0 1 26 53 73 86 79 110 99 89

Friend's/Other's House 418 40 127 63 54 69 89 110 111 95

Stores, Restaurants, Shopping Places 0 14 21 36 29 22 24 23 20 24

In-transit 77 51 69 63 56 61 67 64 72 65

Other Locations 7 40 33 36 52 41 78 116 127 88

Don't Know/Not Coded 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sample Sizes (Unweighted) 3 7 15 31 54 62 151 239 62 624

Location Category Mean Duration (minutes/day) - GIRLS

birth to 1 month 1 to <3 months 3 to <6 months 6 to <12 months 1 to <2 years 2 to <3 years 3 to <6 years 6 to <11 years 11 years b 0-11 yrs

Home 1285 1341 1151 1192 1162 1065 1118 1012 862 1058

School/Childcare 0 0 109 99 56 61 78 116 128 95

Friend's/Other's House 0 12 44 32 109 103 66 119 193 103

Stores, Restaurants, Shopping Places 0 13 20 15 21 40 32 25 24 27

In-transit 73 56 42 58 55 86 78 70 95 74

Other Locations 83 19 73 43 38 86 67 97 137 84

Don't Know/Not Coded 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

Sample Sizes (Unweighted) 4 10 11 23 43 50 151 225 59 576

a The source data end at 11 years of age, so the 11 to <16 year category is truncated and the 16 to <21 year category is not incl uded.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Wiley et al . (1991).

# 9-28 Table 9-13. Mean Time Children Spent in Si x Location Categories Grouped by Season and Region

Location Category Mean Duration (minutes/day)

Season Region of California

Winter (Jan-Mar) Spring (Apr-June) Summer (July-Sept) Fall (Oct-Dec) All Seasons So. Coast Bay Area Rest of State All Regions

Home 1,091 1,042 1,097 1,081 1,078 1,078 1,078 1,078 1,078

School/Childcare 119 141 52 124 109 113 103 108 109

Friend's/Other's House 69 75 108 69 80 73 86 86 80

Stores, Restaurants, Shopping Places 22 21 30 24 24 26 23 23 24

In transit 75 75 60 65 69 71 73 63 69

Other Locations 63 85 93 76 79 79 76 81 79

Don't Know/Not Coded <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

All Locations a 1,439 1,439 1,440 1,439 1,439 1,439 1,440 1,440 1,439

Sample Sizes (Unweighted N's) 318 204 407 271 1,200 224 263 713 1,200

a The column totals may not sum to 1,440 due to rounding error.

Source: Wiley et al., 1991.

# 9-29 Table 9-14. Mean Time Children Spent in Proximity to Two Potential Exposures Grouped by All Respondents, Age, and Gender

Potential Exposures Mean Duration (minutes/day) - BOYS

birth to 1 month 1 to <3 months 3 to <6 months 6 to <12 months 1 to <2 years 2 to <3 years 3 to <6 years 6 to <11 years 11 years b 0-11 yrs

Gasoline Fumes 3 9 0 2 1 4 2 2 7 3

Gas Oven Fumes 0 0 2 2 1 3 0 1 0 1

Sample Sizes (Unweighted N's) 3 7 15 31 54 62 151 239 62 624

Potential Exposures Mean Duration (minutes/day) - GIRLS

birth to 1 month 1 to <3 months 3 to <6 months 6 to <12 months 1 to <2 years 2 to <3 years 3 to <6 years 6 to <11 years 11 years b 0-11 yrs

Gasoline Fumes 0 3 0 3 1 2 1 2 1 2

Gas Oven Fumes 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 1

Sample Sizes (Unweighted N's) 4 10 11 23 43 50 151 225 59 576

a Respondents with missing data were excluded.

b The source data end at 11 years of age, so the 11 to <16 year category is truncated and the 16 to <21 year category is not incl uded. Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Wiley et al . (1991).

# 9-30 Table 9-15. Mean Time Spent Indoors and Outdoors Grouped by Age

Age Groups Boys Girls
sample

size time indoors (min/day) time outdoors (min/day) sample size time indoors (min/day) time outdoors (min/day)

birth to <1 month 3 1440 0 4 1440 0

1 to <3 months 7 1432 8 10 1431 9

3 to <6 months 15 1407 33 11 1421 19

6 to <12 months 31 1322 118 23 1280 160

1 to <2 years 54 1101 339 43 1164 276
2 to <3 years 62 1121 319 50 1102 338
3 to <6 years 151 1117 323 151 1140 300
6 to <11 years 239 1145 295 225 1183 255
11 years a 

### 62 1166 274 59 1215 225
All Ages 624 1181 258 576 1181 258

a The source data end at 11 years of age, so the 11 to <16 year category is truncated and the 16 to <21 year category is not incl uded.

Note: Indoor and outdoor minutes may not sum to 1440 due to rounding errors.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Wiley et al . (1991).

# 9-31 Table 9-16. Water and Soil Contact Exposure Factors for Children a



### Water Contact Soil Contact
Bathing b 

### Swimming
Central Upper Central Upper Central Upper

Event time and frequency 20 min/event 1 event/day 350 days/yr 60 min/event 1 event/day 350 days/yr Site-specific Site-specific 1event/day days/yr is site -specific 1 event/day 350 days/yr

Exposure Duration c 

### 6 years 6 years 6 years 6 years 6 years 6 years

a Children age range defined as 1 to 6 years

.

a Bathing represents baths as well as showers.

C Exposure duration is set at 6 years because this corresponds to age range addressed by these factors.

Source: U.S. EPA, , 2004



### Table 9-17. Number of Showers Taken Per Day

Age (years) Total N Showers per day

0 1 2 3 Don’t Know

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 37 53 67 187 245 258 232 36 48 54 153 122 51 23 1 5 10 25 95 150 147 0 0 2 7 25 53 57 0 0 0 1 1 3 5 0 0 1 1 2 1 0

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database)

# 9-32 Table 9-18. Time (minutes) Spent Taking a Shower and Spent in the Shower Room After Taking a Shower by the Number of Respondents

Age Total N Minutes per Shower

0 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61+ DK Time (minutes) Spent Taking Showers

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 37 53 67 187 245 258 232 36 48 54 153 122 51 23 0 1 3 15 47 76 70 1 2 5 11 47 81 74 0 2 3 5 18 30 40 0 0 0 1 3 10 7 0 0 0 0 2 4 10 0 0 1 1 4 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 Time (minutes) Spent in the Shower Room Immediately After Showering

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 1 4 12 34 122 206 210 0 2 1 1 9 12 14 1 2 10 28 96 156 160 0 0 1 4 11 23 26 0 0 0 1 3 8 5 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 1

NOTE: * - Missing data; DK = don’t know; N = sample size; Refused = Refused to answer. A value of 61 for number of minutes sig nifies that more than 60 minutes were spent.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database)



### Table 9-19. Time Spent Taking a Shower and Spent in the Shower Room Immediately After Showering

Time spent taking a shower (minutes)

Age N Mean Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 1 5 12 33 119 204 207 1 20 22 17 18 18 20 1 5 5 3 4 3 3 --- 5.4 5 3.6 5 4.0 5 --- 5.8 5 4.3 5 5 5 --- 7 5 5 5 5 5 --- 9 5.5 5 7 6.3 8 — 15 13.8 10 10 10 10 — 20 20 15 15 15 15 — 30 30 20 20 20 30 — 30 30 30 30 30 40 — 30 43.5 34 40.5 40 45 — 30 53.4 47.2 56.8 49.7 60 — 30 56.7 53.6 60 60 60 1 30 60 60 60 60 61

Time spent in shower room immediately after showering (minutes)

Age N Mean Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 1 5 12 33 119 204 207 1 10 5 7 6 8 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 — 0 0.1 0.3 0 0 0 — 0 0.2 0.6 0 0 0 — 0 0.6 1.6 0 0 0 — 0 1 2 1 1 1 — 0 1 3 2 3 2.5 — 1 3.5 5 5 5 5 — 5 6.3 10 10 10 10 — 29 10 15 12.6 18.5 15 — 37 12.3 20 15.5 30 20 — 41.8 13.9 21.8 26.4 39.7 30 — 43.4 14.5 23.4 30 44.9 39.4 1 45 15 25 30 60 61

NOTE: N = doer sample size. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. A value of 61 for number of minutes signifies that more than 60 minutes were spent.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database)

# 9-33 Table 9-20. Time spent bathing, showering, and in bathroom after bathing and showering (distribution)

Age Time, min

Total N 0 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91+

Duration of Bath

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 26 37 48 125 89 38 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 6 8 20 12 5 1 10 13 21 42 38 16 6 6 16 15 49 30 11 4 0 1 0 2 2 4 1 0 1 2 4 3 0 1 1 0 2 6 3 1 3 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Time Spent in the Bathroom Immediately Following a Bath

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 26 37 48 125 89 38 17 9 8 14 26 19 2 1 17 29 30 90 66 26 12 0 0 4 8 3 7 2 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sum of Bath Duration and Time Spent in Bathroom Following Bath

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 26 37 48 125 89 38 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 5 11 0 0 0 10 11 15 32 0 0 0 4 11 11 30 0 0 0 5 12 11 31 0 0 0 0 2 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Duration of Shower

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 1 5 12 33 119 204 207 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 15 46 76 70 1 2 5 11 46 80 73 0 2 3 5 18 30 40 0 0 0 1 3 10 7 0 0 0 0 2 4 10 0 0 1 1 4 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Time Spent in the Bathroom Immediately Following a Shower

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 1 5 12 33 119 204 207 0 2 1 1 9 12 14 1 2 10 27 96 155 159 0 0 1 4 11 23 26 0 0 0 1 3 8 5 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sum of Shower Duration and Time Spent in Bathroom Following Shower

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 1 5 12 33 119 204 207 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 13 18 22 1 0 3 11 55 80 72 0 3 3 9 25 50 46 0 0 2 5 13 23 34 0 0 1 2 8 14 13 0 1 0 0 2 13 10 0 0 1 1 2 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 a

Note: Figures are based on respondents who took at least one shower/bath. A value of 61 was used for any shower, bath, or bath room stay longer than 60 minutes.

a 121 minutes.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database)


### Table 9-21.Time spent bathing, showering, and in bathroom after bathing and showering (percentiles)

# 9-34 Age Total N Mean Min Percentile Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Duration of Bath

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 26 37 48 125 89 38 17 19 23 23 24 24 25 33 5 10 1 5 5 5 10 5 10 2.9 5 5 6 11 5 10 5 5 5 6 12 6 10 7 6 10 10 14 8 10 10 10 10 10 18 10 15 15 15 15 16 20 18 20 20 25 20 20 30 28 30 30 30 30 30 45 30 30 30 35 31 40 60 30 32 45 60 46 43 60 45 41 60 60 60 60 61 53 43 60 61 60 61 61 60 45 60 61 61 61 61

Time Spent in the Bathroom Immediately Following a Bath

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 26 37 48 125 89 38 17 2 3 4 4 4 9 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 1 0 1 1 2 5 1 2 1.5 2 3 5 10 3 5 5 5 5 14 10 9 5 10 10 10 20 19 10 6 15 15 10 26 29 10 10 15 15 16 33 39 10 10 18 19 21 36 42 10 10 20 30 30 40 45

Sum of Bath Duration and Time Spent in Bathroom Following Bath

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 26 37 48 125 89 38 17 22 26 26 28 28 33 45 6 10 6 5 6 7 15 7 10 7 6 6 8 15 8 11 8 7 9 10 16 9 12 10 10 10 12 17 10 16 14 12 13 16 21 12 17 16 18 20 23 30 19 30 23 30 25 31 40 29 32 34 32 33 41 60 32 35 45 48 41 52 73 38 41 50 60 60 64 77 55 46 60 66 63 70 82 63 48 61 69 71 70 83 70 50 61 76 80 70 85

Duration of Shower

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 1 5 12 33 119 204 207 15 20 22 17 18 18 20 15 5 5 3 4 3 3 — 5 5 4 5 4 5 — 6 5 4 5 5 5 — 7 5 5 5 5 5 — 9 6 5 7 6 8 — 15 14 10 10 10 10 — 20 20 15 15 15 15 — 30 30 20 20 20 30 — 30 30 30 30 30 40 — 30 44 34 41 40 45 — 30 53 47 57 50 60 — 30 57 54 60 60 60 15 30 60 60 60 60 61

Time Spent in the Bathroom Immediately Following a Shower

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 1 5 12 33 119 204 207 1 10 5 7 6 8 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 --- 0 0 0 0 0 0 — 0 0 1 0 0 0 — 0 1 2 0 0 0 — 0 1 2 1 1 1 — 0 1 3 2 3 3 — 1 4 5 5 5 5 — 5 6 10 10 10 10 — 29 10 15 13 19 15 — 37 12 20 16 30 20 — 42 14 22 26 40 30 — 43 14 23 30 45 39 1 45 15 25 30 60 61

Sum of Shower Duration and Time Spent in Bathroom Following Shower

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 1 5 12 33 119 204 207 16 30 27 24 24 26 28 16 6 6 8 5 4 4 — 7 6 8 6 5 5 — 8 7 8 6 7 7 — 10 8 8 8 10 10 — 14 11 8 10 11 10 — 25 19 13 15 15 15 — 30 21 25 20 22 25 — 30 33 30 30 35 35 — 48 44 40 43 50 50 — 54 56 45 50 60 60 — 58 65 57 61 65 74 — 59 67 64 68 70 89 16 60 70 70 90 70 121

Note: A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percenti les are the percentage of doers below or e qual to a given number of minutes.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database)

# 9-35 Table 9-22. Range of Number of Times Washing the Hands at Specified Daily Frequencies by the Number of Respondents

Age Total N Number of Times/Day

0 1-2 3-5 6-9 10-19 20-29 30+ DK

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 37 53 67 187 245 258 232 2 7 0 2 2 8 0 15 8 15 37 47 37 23 12 23 39 101 131 128 115 2 8 10 27 34 49 47 1 4 0 10 16 22 38 1 0 1 1 3 5 4 0 2 0 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 7 11 7 2

Note: * Signifies missing data. N = doer sample size in a specifi ed range or number of minutes spent. DK= respondents answere d "don't know". Refused = respondents refused to answer.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database)



### Table 9-23. Number of Minutes Spent Working or Be ing Near Excessive Dust in the Air (minutes/day)

Age Total N DK Min Percentiles (minutes per day) Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 2 5 1 15 12 14 14 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 5 0 121 0 0 0 2 —

---

— 0 0 0 2 —

---

— 1 0 0 3 —

---

— 1 1 1 4 —

---

— 2 2 2 7 —

---

— 8 5 6 16 —

---

— 60 45 38 53 —

---

— 151 136 113 165 —

---

— 408 234 162 324 —

---

— 710 677 639 449 —

---

— 755 738 719 464 —

---

— 800 800 800 480 121 121 121 800 800 800 480

Note: A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percent iles are the percentage of doers below or e qual to a given number of minutes.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database)

# 9-36 Table 9-24. Range of Number of Times per Day a Motor Vehicle was Started in a Garage or Carport and Started with the Garage Door Closed

Age Total N in survey N
not answering N answering Number of Times per Day Vehicle Was Started

0 1-2 3-5 6-9 10+ DK

All Motor Vehicle Starts in Garage or Carport (number of respondents)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 41 65 68 213 280 259 304 22 53 50 144 217 207 177 10 22 24 71 104 94 84 10 18 16 48 64 68 48 2 12 9 20 42 33 31 0 0 0 4 4 8 9 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 3 3 3

Motor Vehicle Starts in Garage or Carpor t with Door Closed (number of respondents)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 41 65 68 213 280 259 304 22 53 50 144 217 207 177 22 50 47 135 209 198 163 0 1 2 6 5 5 5 0 1 0 1 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 3 3

Note: "DK" = respondent answered “don't know” N = doer sample size.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database)9-37Table 9-25. Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Dirt, Grass , or Sand/GravelNumber of Minutes Spent Playing on Dirt (number of respondents)AgeN 0 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100101-110111-120121a180a240a300a360a420a480a540a600a720aDK0 to <11to < 22 to <33 to <66 to <1111 to <1616 to <2111396219710337962437975417534413430115652000515852010000001121000241712400000000000000000131100000000000000001195201301260000141100011000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100001000002118522Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Grass (number of respondents)AgeN 0 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100101-110111-120121a180a240a300a360a420a480a540a600a720aDK0 to <11to < 22 to <33 to <66 to <1111 to <1616 to <21113962197103379236231412238115101661171124111512711000110011230107639218100010000010000013831100001001000000055161271167261150012104000118310100510000101000001000000200000020000000000001000001317411Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Sand/Gravel (number of respondents)AgeN 0 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100101-110111-120121a180a240a300a360a420a480a540a600a720aDK0 to <11to < 22 to <33 to <66 to <1111 to <1616 to <2110386119510237982232935520404811310211124300451283101010000023300022241221000000001001000007000000101000000000044530023137110003220000100100111000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000139111Note: "DK" = Don't know. N = Doer sample size in specified rangeof number of minutes spent. A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent.Source: EPA Analysis of source data usedby Tsang and Klepeis(1996) (NHAPS database)

# 9-38 Table 9-26. Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Dirt, Sand/Gravel, or Grass (minutes/day)

Age Total N Mean Min Percentile Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time Spent Playing on Dirt: Whole Population

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 11 37 61 179 98 35 7 15 20 31 31 34 27 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 10 10 20 59 60 30 15 20 84 60 120 120 77 30 71 121 120 121 121 120 30 101 121 228 180 124 139 30 111 121 432 180 193 160 30 121 121 720 240 600 180 30

Time Spent Playing on Dirt: DOERS ONLY

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 5 13 24 82 44 18 2 33 56 79 67 75 52 30 2 5 5 1 2 1 30 2 5 5 1 3 2 30 3 5 5 1 5 2 30 4 5 5 1 10 4 30 5 6 7 6 15 9 30 10 10 15 30 30 19 30 10 45 30 60 60 30 30 20 120 60 120 120 60 30 81 121 162 121 121 120 30 101 121 231 177 121 129 30 113 121 499 180 239 160 30 117 121 610 191 419 170 30 121 121 720 240 600 180 30

Time Spent Playing on Sand/Gravel: Whole Population

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 10 37 58 186 101 36 8 4 17 27 33 33 33 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 15 0 30 30 60 60 38 75 16 60 120 120 120 120 157 18 84 121 121 121 136 198 19 121 121 180 180 180 223 20 121 198 189 180 180 232 20 121 300 300 300 180 240

Time Spent Playing on Sand/Gravel: DOERS ONLY

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 2 15 26 93 46 16 4 18 43 60 65 73 75 113 15 5 1 3 5 1 30 15 5 1 3 7 3 31 15 5 1 3 10 5 32 15 5 1 5 11 12 35 16 7 3 8 15 15 39 16 15 10 25 30 26 53 18 30 30 60 60 60 91 19 60 120 90 120 120 151 20 103 121 121 121 151 204 20 121 121 145 165 180 222 20 121 211 190 192 180 233 20 121 255 245 246 180 236 20 121 300 300 300 180 240

Time Spent Playing on Grass: Whole Population

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 11 38 59 180 99 36 8 59 67 73 93 73 70 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 0 0 1 0 2 16 15 28 20 30 11 30 60 30 60 60 60 38 73 120 120 121 120 120 68 121 121 121 186 121 121 99 211 130 186 300 186 121 110 264 196 341 445 242 157 116 282 218 511 493 301 198 118 300 240 720 540 360 240 120

Time Spent Playing on Grass: DOERS ONLY

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 9 35 53 157 85 32 6 72 73 82 106 85 79 60 1 5 1 1 1 1 15 1 7 2 2 5 5 16 1 8 3 2 9 10 17 1 10 3 10 11 23 19 2 15 5 15 17 30 23 20 25 20 60 30 30 34 30 60 60 70 60 60 53 110 120 120 121 120 120 83 157 121 121 240 156 121 105 228 139 204 300 228 121 113 271 199 355 473 259 166 117 286 220 533 506 310 203 119 300 240 720 540 360 240 120

NOTE: A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies th at more than 120 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database)

# 9-39 Table 9-27. Number of Times Swimming in a Month in Freshwater Swimming Pool by the Number of Respondents

Age Total N Times/Month

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 10 8 18 45 76 66 50 1 2 3 5 15 19 6 4 3 4 7 10 10 6 1 1 1 6 5 6 2 0 0 0 5 5 3 6 0 1 1 2 5 5 6 2 0 1 1 3 4 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 0 1 1 2 3 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 2 6 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 5 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 7 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0

Age Total N Times/Month

18 20 23 24 25 26 28 29 30 32 40 42 45 50 60 DK

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 10 8 18 45 76 66 50 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 3 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 3 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Note: "DK" = respondent answered don't know; N= sample size

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database)



### Table 9-28. Number of Minutes Spent Swimming in a Month in Freshwater Swimming Pool (minutes/month)

Age N Mean Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 10 7 18 42 72 65 50 313 251 636 946 868 667 868 6 45 15 6 8 4 2 7 46 16 8 13 8 3 9 47 17 9 17 11 5 12 50 19 12 30 20 25 19 54 27 40 60 30 39 30 60 60 83 150 90 124 75 90 120 420 425 240 465 338 300 600 1013 1110 600 1172 586 650 1950 2700 2340 1476 1860 1198 778 2817 4715 2781 2088 3116 1565 854 3215 5405 4644 5366 3931 1688 880 3347 5418 5574 6048 4680 1810 905 3480 5430 6000 7200 5430

Note: A value of 181 for number of minutes signifies that more than 180 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).

# 9-40 Table 9-29. Time Spent Sleeping/Napping: Whol e Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent sleeping/napping (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 485 360 270 0 120 0 0 519 483 365 480 295 320 239 546 510 470 510 390 376 295 579 579 523 539 458 415 360 613 627 594 573 510 450 390 668 700 635 630 570 510 450 762 780 708 675 625 558 525 873 855 805 735 660 630 615 1011 925 870 795 720 705 690 1080 962 917 840 750 762 750 1121 987 937 893 831 809 840 1144 1098 944 916 868 907 906 1175 1320 990 1110 945 1015 1317

Time spent sleeping/napping (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 356 497 465 480 485 360 270 420 120 150 85 519 483 365 491 295 341 252 546 510 470 510 390 379 299 579 579 523 540 458 415 360 613 627 594 578 510 450 390 668 700 635 630 570 510 450 762 780 708 675 625 560 525 873 855 805 738 660 630 615 1011 925 870 795 720 705 690 1080 962 917 840 750 762 751 1121 987 937 893 831 809 840 1144 1098 944 916 868 907 906 1175 1320 990 1110 945 1015 1317

Note: A Value of 181 for number of minutes signifies that more than 180 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentil es are the percentage of doers below or e qual to a given number of minutes.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).



### Table 9-30. Time Spent Attending School Full-Time: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent attending school full-time (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 390 409 270 0 0 334 392 435 445 408 0 204 502 510 460 464 445 83 546 564 558 525 487 489 265 594 618 581 570 500 551 550 665 710 630 645 595 825

Time spent attending school full-time (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 3 9 20 71 234 217 162 60 20 20 30 60 10 20 -

- 37 37 125 86 46 -

- 53 66 164 108 78 -

- 103 128 211 270 126 -

- 119 165 311 343 195 -

- 226 203 370 385 270 -

- 458 395 390 415 370 -

- 520 510 425 440 420 -

- 576 558 460 467 459 -

- 632 583 497 485 519 -

- 679 615 570 505 567 -

- 694 627 600 548 609 550 665 710 630 645 595 825

Note: A Value of 181 for number of minutes signifies that more than 180 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentil es are the percentage of doers below or e qual to a given number of minutes.

- For sample sizes less than 10, percentiles were not calculated. Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database)

# 9-41 Table 9-31. Time Spent in Active Sports: Whol e Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent on active sports (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 60 74 0 60 68 110 135 172 168 145 90 131 180 242 272 245 180 131 180 257 330 371 309 285 143 201 319 408 435 425 386 155 270 390 630 975 1065 565

Time spent on active sports (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 13 24 26 97 175 179 117 25 10 15 15 2 5 5 26 15 18 20 12 5 15 26 19 20 29 15 15 15 28 30 26 30 20 15 20 31 33 30 30 30 30 30 40 60 41 60 60 60 60 60 73 98 120 110 115 120 90 131 179 180 193 180 180 132 180 253 315 312 261 272 143 201 314 354 393 314 371 150 240 360 559 450 442 501 153 255 375 625 522 533 519 155 270 390 630 975 1065 565

Note: A Value of 181 for number of minutes signifies that more than 180 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentil es are the percentage of doers below or e qual to a given number of minutes.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).



### Table 9-32. Time Spent on Exercise: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent on exercise (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 60 122 25 0 0 100 70 151 354 30 0 54 137 114 176 670 150 60 525 450 245 300

Time spent on exercise (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 2 4 1 7 20 28 41 -

-

-

- 15 20 15 -

-

-

- 17 21 15 -

-

-

- 19 23 15 -

-

-

- 25 27 25 -

-

-

- 30 30 30 -

-

-

- 60 42 40 -

-

-

- 100 60 90 -

-

-

- 146 101 145 -

-

-

- 226 128 180 -

-

-

- 284 148 240 -

-

-

- 384 194 260 -

-

-

- 417 219 280 -

-

-

- 450 245 300

Note: A Value of 181 for number of minutes signifies that more than 180 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentil es are the percentage of doers below or e qual to a given number of minutes.

- For sample sizes less than 10, percentiles were not calculated.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database). 

### Table 9-33. Time Spent on Outdoor Recreation: W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

# 9-42 Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent on outdoor recreation (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 60 142 142 103 0 0 28 172 226 191 189 0 0 370 630 574 465 570

Time spent on outdoor recreation (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 0 0 4 11 17 22 13 -

- 15 30 60 5 30 -

-

- 30 60 5 35 -

-

- 30 60 5 41 -

-

- 30 60 5 57 -

-

- 30 66 11 77 -

-

- 60 120 60 130 -

-

- 150 165 126 180 -

-

- 240 245 180 300 -

-

- 585 351 234 420 -

-

- 608 403 411 480 -

-

- 621 506 446 534 -

-

- 626 540 456 552 -

- 370 630 574 465 570

Note: A Value of 181 for number of minutes signifies that more than 180 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentil es are the percentage of doers below or e qual to a given number of minutes.

- For sample sizes less than 10, percentiles were not calculated.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).



### Table 9-34. Time Spent on Walking: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent on walking (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.2 0 10 4 14 30 20 29 10 17 20 30 55 45 64 40 45 35 40 79 90 104 58 54 60 55 130 127 160 60 60 60 170 190 410

Time spent on walking (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 9 9 19 44 118 190 128 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 -

- 1 1 1 1 1 -

- 1 1 1 1 2 -

- 2 1 2 2 2 -

- 2 2 2 3 3 -

- 7 5 5 5 5 -

- 10 15 10 14 18 -

- 28 30 25 30 32 -

- 51 56 40 60 62 -

- 56 60 51 78 120 -

- 58 60 65 134 148 -

- 59 60 94 154 175 160 60 60 60 170 190 410

Note: A Value of 181 for number of minutes signifies that more than 180 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentil es are the percentage of doers below or e qual to a given number of minutes.

- For sample sizes less than 10, percentiles were not calculated.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).

# 9-43 Table 9-35. Time Spent Bathing: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent on bathing (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 15 17 15 15 10 15 30 30 30 30 25 20 27 40 42 45 45 30 30 40 50 47 60 60 45 45 45 68 60 60 60 60 60 60 78 60 68 77 60 60 60 90 90 75 125 690 a 90 90

Time spent on bathing (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 37 79 84 208 298 299 362 5 10 6 5 2 1 1 7 10 9 5 5 4 5 9 10 10 10 5 5 5 10 10 11 12 7 5 5 10 15 15 15 10 8 10 15 15 15 20 15 10 15 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 30 30 30 32 30 30 30 47 45 57 53 42 40 45 62 60 60 60 50 50 50 76 60 63 75 60 60 60 83 67 71 85 65 60 60 90 90 75 125 690 90 90

a self-reported value of 690 appears in source da ta; could be a reporting or processing error.

Note: A Value of 181 for number of minutes signifies that more than 180 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentil es are the percentage of doers below or e qual to a given number of minutes.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).



### Table 9-36. Time Spent Eating: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent on eating (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 6 10 15 0 0 0 0 12 10 15 0 0 0 0 36 29 20 15 10 0 0 45 40 30 28 20 10 0 73 60 60 45 35 30 20 110 90 89 75 60 45 40 145 120 120 105 88 74 65 194 167 157 135 115 100 105 224 206 176 150 139 120 135 334 233 198 180 155 146 192 345 244 208 217 176 162 210 345 270 270 265 255 205 630

Time spent on eating (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 62 117 118 349 480 432 426 10 10 15 2 5 2 2 16 10 15 10 10 5 5 23 12 15 15 10 7 9 40 30 20 20 15 10 10 46 40 30 30 20 20 15 77 60 60 45 40 30 30 110 90 89 75 60 50 45 148 120 120 105 90 75 75 195 167 157 135 115 100 105 224 206 176 150 140 125 144 335 234 198 180 157 148 197 345 244 208 218 179 163 210 345 270 270 265 255 205 630

Note: A Value of 181 for number of minutes signifies that more than 180 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentil es are the percentage of doers below or e qual to a given number of minutes.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).

# 9-44 Table 9-37. Time Spent at Restaurants: Whol e Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent at restaurants (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 45 30 45 21 15 35 105 69 62 62 52 45 60 240 105 88 92 90 85 90 380 194 102 111 120 110 137 466 330 120 120 130 180 315 645

Time spent at restaurants (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 10 15 17 43 57 78 135 10 5 20 4 5 2 1 12 6 21 7 5 3 4 14 8 22 9 6 7 5 19 12 24 10 10 10 10 28 21 28 16 15 18 17 45 33 45 30 30 30 30 60 55 60 45 45 45 60 85 83 80 90 60 65 170 132 99 102 120 107 102 334 231 110 116 120 124 141 437 290 116 118 122 140 223 537 310 118 119 126 158 283 546 330 120 120 130 180 315 645

Note: A Value of 181 for number of minutes signifies that more than 180 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentil es are the percentage of doers below or e qual to a given number of minutes.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).



### Table 9-38. Time Spent Indoors at School: Whol e Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent at indoors at school (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 397 420 308 0 0 0 416 444 459 430 0 22 193 540 480 495 495 46 156 414 569 552 578 566 100 453 503 589 601 630 629 165 665 545 630 665 855 855

Time spent indoors at school (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 2 8 11 71 235 229 171 60 5 10 5 5 15 15 -

- 10 23 64 38 22 -

- 10 34 129 96 31 -

- 10 110 195 132 90 -

- 10 160 305 290 185 -

- 83 228 370 395 270 -

- 269 418 400 420 388 -

- 388 540 435 450 440 -

- 510 570 480 495 525 -

- 528 590 540 559 576 -

- 538 615 612 631 726 -

- 542 627 643 696 801 165 665 545 630 665 855 855

- For sample sizes less than 10, percentiles were not calculated.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).

# 9-45 Table 9-39. Time Spent on School Grounds/Playgrounds: W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age Total N Min Percentile Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time Spent on School Grounds/Playground: Whole Population (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 0 0 0 0 0 60 80 50 0 0 50 64 121 120 135 53 0 131 127 170 160 180 140 0 175 625 315 570 510

Time Spent on School Grounds/Playground: DOERS ONLY (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 1 0 5 12 52 62 34 140

- 10 20 10 3 10 -

-

- 22 10 4 10 -

-

- 24 10 5 10 -

-

- 31 10 5 13 -

-

- 42 15 5 18 -

-

- 59 30 21 46 -

-

- 118 59 53 95 -

-

- 138 106 95 161 -

-

- 150 169 149 201 -

-

- 364 217 178 305 -

-

- 521 280 217 418 -

-

- 573 298 360 464 140

- 175 625 315 570 510

Time Spent in parks or golf courses: Whole Population (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 71 72 114 150 45 0 126 163 328 265 381 63 25 246 220 483 452 546 85 360 755 585 665 1065 870

Time Spent Playing on parks or golf courses: DOERS ONLY (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 3 2 7 26 34 38 47 30 30 21 25 25 15 1 -

-

- 26 30 15 7 -

-

- 28 35 15 14 -

-

- 31 43 15 15 -

-

- 44 52 27 24 -

-

- 63 73 86 60 -

-

- 113 123 164 160 -

-

- 165 394 266 308 -

-

- 273 568 470 557 -

-

- 388 644 851 633 -

-

- 505 662 954 677 -

-

- 545 663 1010 773 85 360 755 585 665 1065 870

Time Spent in a pool, river, or lake: Whole Population (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 228 85 220 60 145 0 0 352 163 295 160 240 0 118 435 630 375 235 570

Time Spent in a pool, river, or lake: DOERS ONLY (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 0 1 6 9 24 16 22 - 118 95 45 25 58 20 -

-

-

- 26 58 22 -

-

-

- 27 59 24 -

-

-

- 32 59 31 -

-

-

- 46 60 40 -

-

-

- 75 60 55 -

-

-

- 155 85 125 -

-

-

- 294 206 238 -

-

-

- 319 225 415 -

-

-

- 359 228 548 -

-

-

- 370 232 564 -

-

-

- 373 234 567 - 118 435 630 375 235 570

NOTE: A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percen tiles are the percentage of doers below or equal

- For sample sizes less than 10, percentiles were not calculated. Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).

# 9-46 Table 9-40. Time Spent at Home in Kitchen: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent at home in kitchen (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 40 30 30 30 24 15 70 90 75 75 60 55 50 109 132 120 105 105 90 90 125 195 146 150 135 130 130 134 232 173 180 150 180 170 158 242 188 222 196 249 195 195 392 215 362 690 450 545

Time spent at home in kitche n (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 33 76 80 252 342 323 305 10 10 10 2 1 1 1 10 10 10 5 2 2 2 10 13 11 10 5 4 3 13 19 15 15 10 5 5 15 30 15 15 15 10 10 30 45 30 30 30 20 20 70 70 60 60 50 40 35 90 110 105 90 79 65 65 124 173 136 133 120 114 120 133 214 155 165 145 150 159 157 240 184 210 172 218 194 176 281 195 232 229 281 209 195 392 215 362 690 450 545

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).



### Table 9-41. Time Spent at Home in Living Room/Family Room/Den: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent at home in living room/family room/den (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 90 25 56 45 30 36 0 210 120 138 122 95 120 120 420 279 239 240 210 240 240 666 410 346 376 322 395 370 724 533 499 476 420 570 501 788 616 599 680 547 687 690 938 652 680 742 612 774 819 1180 810 1125 900 695 1305 1080

Time spent at home in living room/family room/den (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 54 93 105 290 403 380 352 25 10 1 5 5 2 5 28 15 5 8 10 10 10 31 19 10 19 10 16 15 57 25 22 30 20 30 24 90 60 34 50 30 45 40 136 90 90 90 60 85 85 268 180 150 153 130 165 165 450 310 255 270 240 275 285 686 444 377 415 349 436 440 744 540 527 498 449 594 547 789 642 603 705 579 705 720 973 667 691 778 655 776 909 1180 810 1125 900 695 1305 1080

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).

# 9-47 Table 9-42. Time Spent at Home in Dining Room: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent at home in dining room (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 30 10 5 0 0 30 60 80 60 57 33 30 70 90 105 96 70 65 45 86 176 118 133 120 119 90 96 260 146 150 135 164 112 105 315 150 300 225 390 330

Time spent at home in dining room (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 9 32 34 93 126 90 67 15 10 15 10 5 5 5 16 12 15 10 5 5 5 17 13 15 10 5 5 7 21 16 18 15 6 10 15 27 30 29 16 15 15 15 30 34 30 30 30 30 20 65 53 60 55 45 38 35 75 66 90 85 60 69 60 93 110 105 120 98 122 90 99 237 134 150 135 166 124 103 287 150 209 150 202 135 104 301 150 286 196 283 201 105 315 150 300 225 390 330

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).



### Table 9-43. Time Spent at Home in Bathroom: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent at home in bathroom (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 10 0 15 20 15 15 15 20 30 30 30 30 30 30 32 40 45 60 49 45 45 59 59 60 62 65 60 60 65 81 80 138 90 81 86 105 87 239 290 120 118 97 123 90 600 345 270 535 220 547

Time spent at home in bathroom (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 31 77 88 240 356 335 392 5 6 2 1 1 1 1 7 6 3 1 2 2 2 8 8 5 2 3 2 5 10 10 12 5 5 5 5 15 15 15 11 9 6 10 18 15 15 15 15 12 15 30 30 30 30 25 20 25 40 30 45 38 35 35 40 60 57 60 60 50 50 60 78 60 70 75 60 64 72 87 176 208 112 90 90 111 89 349 319 123 180 100 135 90 600 345 270 535 220 547

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).

# 9-48 Table 9-44. Time Spent at Home in Bedroom: W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent at home in bedroom (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 5 92 0 0 0 104 340 91 210 0 20 0 468 443 419 432 304 134 60 566 559 517 540 480 403 335 653 645 618 630 585 543 475 750 808 718 695 660 645 595 863 884 835 790 735 745 720 972 975 894 875 840 860 855 1092 1029 931 945 906 950 960 1119 1190 979 1033 1005 1027 1082 1179 1325 990 1135 1096 1118 1146 1275 1440 1040 1440 1440 1277 1375

Time spent at home in bedroom (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 61 116 116 353 486 457 463 435 330 30 165 120 15 15 453 362 215 210 183 55 34 470 384 266 268 261 115 100 495 450 484 464 439 179 273 590 570 520 540 513 430 395 660 656 620 630 599 550 480 750 810 720 695 660 646 600 865 885 836 790 735 750 725 975 975 896 875 843 860 859 1095 1030 931 945 912 951 974 1119 1191 981 1034 1005 1029 1090 1182 1328 990 1137 1100 1122 1147 1275 1440 1040 1440 1440 1277 1375

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).



### Table 9-45. Time Spent at Home in Study/Office: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent at home in study/office (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 81 22 0 0 125 345 120 285 180

Time spent at home in study/offi ce (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 0 0 2 3 4 8 8 -

- 30 20 20 2 10 -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

- 125 345 120 285 180

- For sample sizes less than 10, percentiles were not calculated.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).

# 9-49 Table 9-46. Time Spent at Home in Garage: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent at home in garage (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 34 0 0 7 0 51 0 89 0 0 165 120 240 60

Time spent at home in garage (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 1 0 0 4 3 12 4 89

-

- 15 30 10 10 -

-

-

-

- 11

- -

-

-

-

- 11

- -

-

-

-

- 13

- -

-

-

-

- 16

- -

-

-

-

- 20

- -

-

-

-

- 40

- -

-

-

-

- 139

- -

-

-

-

- 183

- -

-

-

-

- 210

- -

-

-

-

- 228

- -

-

-

-

- 234

- 89

-

- 165 120 240 60

- For sample sizes less than 10, percentiles were not calculated.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).



### Table 9-47. Time Spent at Home: All Rooms Combined: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Mean Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent at home in all rooms (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 1091 1047 971 951 873 876 819 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 391 63 66 284 0 0 0 631 377 342 402

0 117 165 742 651 640 621 420 370 375 786 705 727 716 631 575 510 943 915 852 810 758 751 645 1105 1050 995 930 880 871 810 1258 1239 1120 1110 1005 1043 995 1440 1440 1232 1245 1175 1215 1170 1440 1440 1295 1354 1275 1314 1287 1440 1440 1354 1440 1374 1440 1419 1440 1440 1369 1440 1440 1440 1440 1440 1440 1410 1440 1440 1440 1440

Time spent at home in all rooms (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 62 116 117 355 486 459 473 1108 1065 979 957 893 889 833 630 370 30 150 190 40 85 633 399 288 352 335 141 206 658 495 551 451 389 300 321 751 674 650 634 541 441 433 821 715 746 720 655 590 525 956 923 857 810 765 758 660 1108 1050 1005 930 885 875 815 1259 1243 1120 1110 1009 1046 1000 1440 1440 1232 1245 1177 1218 1170 1440 1440 1296 1355 1275 1315 1288 1440 1440 1355 1440 1385 1440 1420 1440 1440 1369 1440 1440 1440 1440 1440 1440 1410 1440 1440 1440 1440

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).

# 9-50 Table 9-48. Time Spent in an Car: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent in a car (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 10 20 20 20 15 15 40 49 60 50 60 55 55 90 107 98 90 117 102 99 155 171 151 126 155 146 150 195 208 246 163 221 185 254 249 220 336 187 272 212 302 321 235 390 215 620 630 900 380

Time spent in a car ( DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 35 68 73 227 317 286 364 2 5 4 4 1 1 2 5 8 4 4 2 3 9 7 10 4 5 2 5 10 10 10 8 7 5 5 10 14 15 10 10 10 10 17 20 30 24 25 20 20 30 40 58 42 45 40 40 60 73 85 65 88 82 75 105 159 147 118 150 127 122 180 203 186 141 180 163 193 210 218 323 181 267 202 279 275 227 363 197 327 300 338 334 235 390 215 620 630 900 380

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).



### Table 9-49. Time Spent in a Truck (Pickup or Van) : Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent in a truck (pickup or van) (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 15 15 25 0 0 31 30 45 59 90 0 52 124 60 95 153 150 42 81 201 114 110 181 190 110 90 955 245 240 352 445

Time spent in a truck (pickup or van) (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 1 5 15 34 69 62 70 110 20 10 1 1 5 5 -

- 10 2 4 5 5 -

- 10 4 6 5 5 -

- 10 8 10 5 10 -

- 11 10 10 7 11 -

- 15 16 15 15 22 -

- 30 30 30 35 54 -

- 53 59 65 89 115 -

- 188 117 110 180 170 -

- 434 207 124 185 213 -

- 746 222 151 258 238 -

- 851 233 186 299 304 110 90 955 245 240 352 445

- For sample sizes less than 10, percentiles were not calculated.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).

# 9-51 Table 9-50. Time Spent in a Truck (Not Pickup or Va n): Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent in a truck (not pickup or van) (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 1 0 0 105 95 95 250 90

Time spent in a truck (not pickup or van) (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 0 0 1 5 5 4 5 -

- 105 15 10 60 5 -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

- 105 95 95 250 90

- For sample sizes less than 10, percentiles were not calculated.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).



### Table 9-51. Time Spent on a Bus: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent on a bus (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 50 60 0 0 0 0 0 70 89 45 0 0 0 30 90 119 108 0 0 25 47 110 148 135 0 0 120 80 140 370 225

Time spent on a bus (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 0 0 2 14 115 130 41 -

- 30 15 5 7 10 -

-

- 16 5 10 12 -

-

- 16 6 10 14 -

-

- 18 14 10 20 -

-

- 21 17 15 25 -

-

- 30 25 30 30 -

-

- 33 43 54 60 -

-

- 49 67 71 100 -

-

- 67 90 101 135 -

-

- 74 107 131 175 -

-

- 77 120 159 193 -

-

- 79 122 175 209 -

- 120 80 140 370 225

- For sample sizes less than 10, percentiles were not calculated.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).

# 9-52 Table 9-52. Time Spent on a Train: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent on a train (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 25 0 0 0 0 0 60 65 0 120 5 480 15 140

Time spent on a train (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 1 0 1 1 1 1 10 65

- 120 5 480 15 10 -

-

-

-

-

- 11 -

-

-

-

-

- 11 -

-

-

-

-

- 12 -

-

-

-

-

- 15 -

-

-

-

-

- 56 -

-

-

-

-

- 60 -

-

-

-

-

- 94 -

-

-

-

-

- 122 -

-

-

-

-

- 131 -

-

-

-

-

- 136 -

-

-

-

-

- 138 65

- 120 5 480 15 140

- For sample sizes less than 10, percentiles were not calculated.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).



### Table 9-53. Time Spent on an Airplane: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent on an airplane (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 245 480

Time spent on an airplane (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 -

-

-

-

- 80 15 -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

- 80 15

- For sample sizes less than 10, percentiles were not calculated.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).

# 9-53 Table 9-54. Time Spent on a Boat: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Time spent on a boat (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 65 60 30

Time spent on a boat (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 - 10

-

- 65 60 30 -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- - 10

-

- 65 60 30

- For sample sizes less than 10, percentiles were not calculated.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).



### Table 9-55. Total Time Spent Inside Vehicles: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Total time spent inside vehicles (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 15 25 20 28 30 30 40 45 62 60 60 60 65 85 85 120 113 98 120 122 124 155 180 171 151 151 167 155 206 239 208 246 203 238 212 291 328 220 336 214 272 289 383 382 235 390 955 620 630 900 675

Total time spent inside vehicl es (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 37 72 86 261 417 383 428 2 5 4 1 1 1 5 5 9 4 4 2 5 8 8 10 5 6 4 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 15 16 20 10 13 14 16 20 20 30 26 30 25 30 40 46 60 45 46 55 60 75 75 85 83 85 90 99 120 151 143 128 150 130 177 190 202 178 166 190 161 235 240 217 316 212 261 240 314 345 226 362 326 309 306 392 386 235 390 955 620 630 900 675

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).

# 9-54 Table 9-56. Time Spent Inside Grocery/Convenience Stor es, Other Stores, and Malls: Whole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

Age N Min Percentiles Max 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

Total time spent inside grocery/convenience stores, ot her stores, and malls (whole population) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 63 118 118 357 497 466 481 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 15 98 62 60 62 49 54 120 178 87 86 111 101 122 230 224 146 133 189 167 204 402 241 202 250 223 225 300 484 250 255 360 420 320 413 960

Total time spent inside grocery/convenience stores, other stores, and malls (DOERS ONLY) (min/day)

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 21 23 27 64 91 104 146 5 5 10 5 3 1 2 5 7 11 5 3 2 4 5 9 13 5 5 5 5 5 17 20 16 5 10 5 24 30 33 23 14 10 10 30 55 45 50 20 20 22 55 65 60 73 60 45 60 130 93 82 116 110 120 149 190 152 120 204 170 199 330 235 205 234 236 230 300 456 244 235 313 339 255 359 517 247 245 337 382 262 383 562 250 255 360 420 320 413 960

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).



### Table 9-57. Average Time Spent Inside and Outside, By Age Category (min/day)

Age Category Average Indoor Minutes Average Outdoor Minutes Average Unclassified minutes a

0 to <1 1to < 2 2 to <3 3 to <6 6 to <11 11 to <16 16 to <21 1355 1341 1288 1275 1250 1260 1249 34 51 96 111 126 100 97 51 48 56 55 63 80 94

a Includes time spent in vehicles or in activities that could not be a ssigned an indoor or outdoor location.

Source: EPA Analysis of source data used by Tsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).9-55Table 9-58. Statistics for 24-hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent with Smokers PresentCategory Population Group N Mean Std.Dev.Std.ErrorMinPercentilesMax5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99Age (years) 1-4 155 366.6 324.5 26.06 5 30 90 273 570 825 1010 1140 1305 1440Age (years) 5-11 224 318.1 314 20.98 1 25 105 190 475 775 1050 1210 1250 1440Age (years) 12-17 256 245.8 243.6 15.23 1 10 60 165 360 595 774 864 1020 1260Source:EPA Analysis of source data used byTsang and Klepeis (1996) (NHAPS database).

# 9-56 Table 9-59. Gender and Age Groups

Age Group Subgroup Sample Size Age Range

Adolescents Males 98 12-17 years
Females 85 12-17 years

Children a 

### Young males 145 6-8 years
Young females 124 6-8 years

Old males 156 9-11 years
Old females 160 9-11 years

a 

### Children under the age of 6 are excluded for the present study (too few responses in CARB study).

Source: Funk et al., 1998.

# 9-57 Table 9-60. Assignment of At-Home Activities to Ventilation Levels for Children

Low Moderate
Watching child care Night sleep Watch Personal care Homework Radio use TV use Records/tapes Reading books Reading magazines Reading newspapers Letters/writing Other leisure Homework/watch TV Reading/TV Reading/listen music Paperwork Outdoor cleaning Food Preparation Metal clean-up Cleaning house Clothes care Car/boat repair Home repair Plant care Other household Pet care Baby care Child care Helping/teaching Talking/reading Indoor playing Outdoor playing Medical child care Washing, hygiene Medical care Help and care Meals at home Dressing Visiting at home Hobbies Domestic crafts Art Music/dance/drama Indoor dance Conservations Painting room/home Building fire Washing/dressing Outdoor play Playing/eating Playing/talking Playing/watch TV TV/eating TV/something else Reading book/eating Read magazine/eat Read newspaper/eat

Source: Funk et al., 1998.

# 9-58 Table 9-61. Aggregate Time Spent (minutes/day) At-Home in Activity Groups by Adolescents and Children a



### Activity Group Adolescents Children

Mean SD Mean SD

Low 789 230 823 153

Moderate 197 131 241 b 

### 136
High 1 11 3 17
High participants c 

### 43 72 58 47

a Time spent engaging in all activities embodied by Ve category (minutes/day). b Significantly differ from adolescents (p <0.05). c Represents time spent at-home by individuals par ticipating in high ventilation levels (i.e. doers).

Source: Funk et al., 1998.



### Table 9-62. Comparison of Mean Time (minutes/day) Spent At-Home by Gender a 

### (Adolescents)

Activity Group Male Female

Mean SD Mean SD

Low 775 206 804 253

Moderate 181 126 241 134
High 2 16 0 0

Source: Funk et al., 1998.



### Table 9-63. Comparison of Mean Time (minutes/day) Spent At-Home by Gender and Age for Children a



### Activity Group Males Females

6-8 Years 9-11 Years 6-8 Years 9-11 Years

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD

Low 806 134 860 157 828 155 803 162

Moderate 259 135 198 111 256 141 247 146
High 3 17 7 27 1 9 2 10
High participants b 

### 77 59 70 54 68 11 30 23

a 

### Time spent engaging in all activities embodied by Ve category (minutes/day)

b 

### Participants in high Ve activities (i.e. doers)

Source: Funk et al., 1998.

# 9-59 Table 9-64. Number of Person-Days/Individuals a 

### for Children in CHAD a 

### Database

Age Group All Studies California b 

### Cincinnati c 

### NHAPS-Air NHAPS-Water
0 year 223/199 104 36/12 39 44

0-6 months 50 15/5

6-12 months 54 21/7
1 year 259/238 97 31/11 64 67

12-18 months 57

18-24 months 40
2 years 317/264 112 81/28 57 67
3 years 278/242 113 54/18 51 60
4 years 259/232 91 41/14 64 63
5 years 254/227 98 40/14 52 64
6 years 237/199 81 57/19 59 40
7 years 243/213 85 45/15 57 56
8 years 259/226 103 49/17 51 55
9 years 229/195 90 51/17 42 46
10 years 224/199 105 38/13 39 42
11 years 227/206 121 32/11 44 30

Total 3009/2640 1200 556/187 619 634

a 

### CHAD - Consolidated Human Activity Databa se is available on U.S. EPA Intranet.

b 

### The California study referred to in this table is the Wiley 1991 study.

c 

### The Cincinnati study referred to in this table is the Johnson 1989 study.

The number of person-days of data are th e same as the number of individuals for all studies except for the Cincinnati study. Since up to three days of activity pattern data were obtained from each participant in this study, the number of person-days of data is approximately three tim es the number of individuals.

Source: Hubal et al., 2000.

# 9-60 Table 9-65. Number of Hours Per Day Children Spend in Various Microenvironments by Age

Age (years) 

### Average ± Std. Dev. (Percent of Childre n Reporting >0 Hours in Microenvironment)

Indoors at Home Outdoors at Home Indoors at School Outdoors at Park In Vehicle

0 19.6 ± 4.3 

### (99%) 1.4 ± 1.5 (20%) 3.5 ± 3.7 (2%) 1.6 ± 1.5 (9%) 1.2 ± 1.0 (65%)

1 19.5 ± 4.1 

### (99) 1.6 ± 1.3 (35) 3.4 ± 3.8 (5) 1.9 ± 2.7 (10) 1.1 ± 0.9 (66)

2 17.8 ± 4.3 

### (100) 2.0 ± 1.7 (46) 6.2 ± 3.3 (9) 2.0 ± 1.7 (17) 1.2 ± 1.5 (76)

3 18.0 ± 4.2 

### (100) 2.1 ± 1.8 (48) 5.7 ± 2.8 ( 14) 1.5 ± 0.9 (17) 1.4 ± 1.9 (73)

4 17.3 ± 4.3 

### (100) 2.4 ± 1.8 (42) 4.9 ± 3.2 ( 16) 2.3 ± 1.9 (20) 1.1 ± 0.8 (78)

5 16.3 ± 4.0 

### (99) 2.5 ± 2.1 (52) 5.4 ± 2.5 ( 39) 1.6 ± 1.5 (28) 1.3 ± 1.8 (80)

6 16.0 ± 4.2 

### (98) 2.6 ± 2.2 (48) 5.8 ± 2.2 ( 34) 2.1 ± 2.4 (32) 1.1 ± 0.8 (79)

7 15.5 ± 3.9 

### (99) 2.6 ± 2.0 (48) 6.3 ± 1.3 ( 40) 1.5 ± 1.0 (28) 1.1 ± 1.1 (77)

8 15.6 ± 4.1 

### (99) 2.1 ± 2.5 (44) 6.2 ± 1.1 ( 41) 2.2 ± 2.4 (37) 1.3 ± 2.1 (82)

9 15.2 ± 4.3 

### (99) 2.3 ± 2.8 (49) 6.0 ± 1.5 ( 39) 1.7 ± 1.5 (34) 1.2 ± 1.2 (76)

10 16.0 ± 4.4 

### (96) 1.7 ± 1.9 (40) 5.9 ± 1.5 ( 39) 2.2 ± 2.3 (40) 1.1 ± 1.1 (82)
11 14.9 ± 4.6 (98) 1.9 ± 2.3 (45) 5.9 ± 1.5 (41) 2.0 ± 1.7 (44) 1.6 ± 1.9 (74)

Source: Hubal et al., 2000.

# 9-61 Table 9-66. Average Number of Hours Per Da y Children Spend Doing Various Macroactivities While Indoors at Home

Age (year) Number of hours and Percentage of Children Repor ting >0 Hours for Microenvironment/macroactivity)

Eat Sleep or Nap Shower or Bathe Play Games Watch TV or Listen to Radio Read, Write, Homework Think, Relax, Passive

0 1.9 

### (96%) 12.6 (99%) 0.4 (44%) 

## 4.3 (29%) 1.1 (9%) 0.4 (4%) 3.3 (62%)



## 1 1.5 (97) 12.1 (99) 0.5 (56) 3.9 (68) 1.8 (41) 0.6 (19) 

## 2.3 (20)



## 2 1.3 (92) 11.5 (100) 0.5 (53) 2.5 (59) 2.1 (69) 0.6 (27) 1.4 (18)



## 3 1.2 (95) 11.3 (99) 0.4 (53) 2.6 (59) 2.6 (81) 0.8 (27) 1.0 (19)



## 4 1.1 (93) 10.9 (100) 0.5 (52) 2.6 (54) 2.5 (82) 0.7 (31) 1.1 (17)



## 5 1.1 (95) 10.5 (98) 0.5 (54) 2.0 (49) 2.3 (85) 0.8 (31) 1.2 (19)



## 6 1.1 (94) 10.4 (98) 0.4 (49) 1.9 (35) 2.3 (82) 0.9 (38) 1.1 (14)



## 7 1.0 (93) 9.9 (99) 0.4 (56) 2.1 (38) 2.5 (84) 0.9 (40) 0.6 (10)



## 8 0.9 (91) 10.0 (96) 0.4 (51) 2.0 (35) 2.7 (83) 1.0 (45) 0.7 (7)



## 9 0.9 (90) 9.7 (96) 0.5 (43) 1.7 (28) 3.1 (83) 1.0 (44) 0.9 (17)



## 10 1.0 (86) 9.6 (94) 0.4 (43) 1.7 (38) 3.5 (79) 1.5 (47) 0.6 (10)



## 11 0.9 (89) 9.3 (94) 0.4 (45) 1.9 (27) 3.1 (85) 

## 1.1 (47) 0.6 (10)

Source: Hubal et al., 2000.

# 9-62 Table 9-67. Number of Hours Per Day Children Spend in Various Microenvironments by Age - Recast Into New Standard Age Categories

Age Category Indoors at Home Outdoors at Home Indoors at School Outdoors at Park In Vehicle

mean hr/day % doing mean hr/day % doing mean hr/day % doing mean hr/day % doing mean hr/day % doing

birth to <1

month 19.6 98% 1.7 21% 4.3 3% 1.3 3% 1.3 63%

1 to <3 months 20.9 100% 1.8 9% 0.2 3% 1.6 9% 1.3 27%

3 to <6 months 19.6 100% 0.8 8% 7.8 7% 1.3 6% 1.1 14%

6 to <12 months 19.1 99% 1.1 15% 7.6 8% 1.8 5% 1.3 14%

1 to <2 years 19.2 99% 1.4 34% 6.4 9% 1.5 5% 1.1 27%

2 to <3 years 18.2 99% 1.8 38% 6.8 12% 2.1 7% 1.3 28%

3 to <6 years 17.3 100% 1.9 43% 5.9 26% 1.6 10% 1.3 29%

6 to <11

years 15.7 99% 1.9 40% 6.5 44% 2.1 17% 1.1 29%

11 to <16

years 15.5 97% 1.7 30% 6.6 45% 2.6 15% 1.3 42%

16 to <21

years 14.6 98% 1.4 20% 5.7 33% 3.1 10% 1.7 90%

Source: Based on data source used by Hubal et al., 2000. (CHAD Database)9-63Table 9-68. Number of Hours Per Day Children Spend in Various MacroactivitiesWhile Indoors at Home- Recast Into New Standard Age CategoriesAgeCategoryEat Sleep or Nap Shower or Bathe Play GamesWatchTV/Listen toRadioRead, Write,HomeworkThink, Relax,Passivemeanhr/day%doingmeanhr/day%doingmeanhr/day%doingmeanhr/day%doingmeanhr/day%doingmeanhr/day%doingmeanhr/day%doingbirth to <1 month 2.2 98% 13.0 100% 0.5 41% 5.0 53% 1.3 8% 0.7 2% 2.7 48%1 to <3 months 2.4 100% 14.8 100% 0.4 24% 0.7 6% 1.6 15% 0.0 0% 3.5 79%3 to <6 months 2.0 100% 13.5 100% 0.5 9% 1.3 31% 1.0 21% 1.1 3% 2.5 59%6 to <12 months 1.8 100% 12.9 100% 0.4 11% 1.1 30% 1.3 25% 0.5 4% 2.5 35%1 to <2 years 1.7 99% 12.5 100% 0.5 21% 3.2 45% 1.8 52% 0.6 13% 1.4 26%2 to <3 years 1.5 98% 12.0 100% 0.5 22% 2.6 45% 2.0 77% 0.6 18% 0.8 30%3 to <6 years 1.4 99% 11.2 100% 0.5 38% 2.5 38% 2.3 86% 0.7 25% 0.8 28%6 to <11 years 1.2 98% 10.2 100% 0.4 54% 2.0 28% 2.6 84% 1.0 43% 0.8 20%11 to <16 years 1.1 94% 9.7 98% 0.4 50% 1.8 18% 3.0 85% 1.4 45% 0.8 20%16 to <21 years 1.0 84% 8.9 98% 0.4 45% 1.9 5% 3.2 73% 2.2 37% 1.3 24%Source: Based on data source used byHubal et al., 2000. (CHAD Database)

# 9-64 Table 9-69. Number and percentage of responde nts with children and those reporting outdoor play a 

### activities in both warm and cold weather

Source Respondents with children Child players a 

### Child non players Warm weather player b 

### Cold weather player Player in both

seasons

n n % n% n n %

SCS-II base 197 128 65.0 69 35.0 127 100 50.8

SCS-II oversample 483 372 77.0 111 23.0 370 290 60.0

Total 680 500 73.5 180 26.5 497 390 57.4

a 

### “Play” and “player” refer specifically to participati on in outdoor play on bare dirt or mixed grass and dirt.

b 

### Does not include three “Don’t know/refused” responses regarding warm weather play.

Source: Wong et al. (2000)

Table 9-70. Play frequency and duration for all child players (from SCS-II data)

Statistic Cold weather Warm weather
Frequency

(d/wk) Duration (hrs/d) Total (hrs/wk) Frequency (d/wk) Duration (hrs/d) Total (hrs/wk)

n 372 374 373 488 479 480

5 th 

### Percentile 111214

50 th 

### Percentile 3 1 5 7 3 20

95 th 

### Percentile 7 4 20 7 8 50

Source: Wong et al. (2000)

# 9-65 Table 9-71. Hand washing and bathing freque ncy for all child players (from SCS-II data)

Statistic Cold weather Warm weather Hand washing (times/d) Bathing (times/wk) Hand washing (times/d) Bathing (times/wk)

n 329 388 433 494

5 th 

### Percentile 2 2 2 3

50 th 

### Percentile 4 7 4 7

95 th 

### Percentile 10 10 12 14

Source: Wong et al. (2000)

Table 9-72 NHAPS and SCS-II play duration a 

### comparison

Data Source Mean play duration (min/d) 

## O 2 

### test b



### Cold weather Warm weather Total
p<0.0001 NHAPS 114 109 223

SCS-II 102 206 308

a 

### Selected previous day activities in NHAPS, average day out door play on bare dirt or mixed grass and dirt in SCSII.

b 

### 2x2 Chi-square test for contingency between NHAPS and SCS-II.

Source: Wong et al. (2000)

# 9-66 Table 9-73. NHAPS and SCS-II hand wash frequency comparison

Data Source Season Percent b 

### reporting frequency (times/d) of: 

## O 2 

### test c 

### 0 1-2 3-5 6-9 10-19 20-29 30+ “Don’t know”

NHAPS cold 3 18 51 17 7 1 1 3 p = 0.06 SCS-II cold 1 16 50 11 7 1 0 15

NHAPS warm 3 18 51 15 7 2 1 4 p = 0.001 SCS-II warm 0 12 46 16 10 1 0 13

a 

### Selected previous day activities in NHAPS, average day out door play on bare dirt or mixed grass and dirt in SCSII.

b 

### Results are reported as percentage of total for clar ity. Incidence data were used in statistical tests.

c 

### 2x2 Chi-square test for contingency between NHAPS and SCS-II.
Source: Wong et al., 2000

Table 9-74. Summary of Activity Pattern Studies

Summary of Activity Patterns Studies
Study Age Groups (yrs) Sample Size Population Activities

Timmer (1985) 3-5, 6-8, 9-11, 12- 14, 15-17 922 National 18 microenvironments

Robinson & Thomas (1991) 12-adults 1,762 (California) 2,762 (national) California and National 16 microenvironments

Wiley (1991)* 0-2, 3-5, 6-8, 9-11 1,200 California 10 microenvironments
Tsang & Kleipeis (1996)* 1-4, 5-11, 12-17 Varies with age groups and activities U.S. National 23 microenvironments

Funk (1998) 6-11, 12-17 768 California Activities grouped into low, medium, and high ventilation levels
Hubal (2000)* 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 2,640 Based on Wiley (1991), Johnson (1989), and Tsang & Kleipeis (1996) Activities grouped into indoors at home, indoors at school, outdoors at home, outdoors at part, and in vehicle

*These studies were re-analyzed by obtaining the source data a nd recasting it to fit the standardized age categories used in th is Handbook.

# 9-67 Table 9-75. Summary of Mean Time Spent Indoors and Outdoors from Several Studies

Age (years) Time Indoors (hours/day) 1 

### Time Outdoors (hours/day) 1 

### Study

3-5 years 6-8 years 9-11 years 12-14 years 15-17 years 19 20 20 20 19 2.8 (national) 2.2 1.8 1.8 1.9 Timmer et al., 1985

See Table 9-3

birth to <1 month

1 to <3 months 3 to <6 months 6 to <12 months

1 to <2 years 2 to <3 years 3 to <6 years 6 to <11 years 11 years 24 24 23 22 18 19 19 19 19 0 0 1 2 6 5 5 5 5 Wiley et al., 1991

(EPA Analysis of source data)

See Table 9-15

0 to <1 year 1 to <2 years 2 to <3 years 3 to <6 years 6 to <11 years 11to <16 years 16 to <21 years 23 22 21 21 21 21 21 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 Tsang and Kleipeis, 1996

(EPA Analysis of source data)

See Table 9-57

1 

### Mean of weekday and weekend rounded up to two significant figures, where applicable. Standardized age groupings are shown in bold

.

# 9-68 Table 9-76. Summary of Recommended Values for Activity Factors Type Age Group Mean (min/day) Source

Time Indoors (at residence) 0 to <1 year 1to < 2 years 2 to <3 years 3 to <6 years 6 to <11 years 11 to <16 years 16 to <21 years 1108 1065 979 957 893 889 833 Tsang and Kleipeis (1996)

(EPA Analysis of source data)

Means of doers from Table 9-47, see table for percentiles.

Time Indoors (total) birth to <1 month 1 to <3 months 3 to <6 months 6 to <12 months 1 to <2 years 2 to <3 years 3 to <6 years 6 to <11 years 1440 1431 1414 1301 1132 1112 1128 1164 Wiley et al., 1991

(EPA Analysis of source data)

Average of means for boys and girls from Table 9- 15

11to <16 years 16 to <21 years 1260 1249 Tsang and Kleipeis, 1996 (EPA Analysis of source data) Means from Table 9-57

Time Outdoors birth to <1 month 1 to <3 months 3 to <6 months 6 to <12 months 1 to <2 years 2 to <3 years 3 to <6 years 6 to <11 years 0 8 26 139 307 328 311 275 Wiley et al., 1991

(EPA Analysis of source data)

Average of means for boys and girls from Table 9- 15

11to <16 years 16 to <21 years 100 97 Tsang and Kleipeis, 1996 (EPA Analysis of source data) Means from Table 9-57

Showering birth to <1year 1 to <2 years 2 to <3 years 3 to <6 years 6 to <11 years 11to <16 years 16 to <21 years 1 20 22 17 18 18 20 Tsang and Kleipeis, 1996

(EPA Analysis of source data)

Means for doers Table 9-19, see table for percentiles

Bathing birth to <1 year 1 to <2 years 2 to <3 years 3 to <6 years 6 to <11 years 11to <16 years 16 to <21 years 19 23 23 24 24 25 33 Tsang and Kleipeis, 1996

(EPA Analysis of source data)

Means for doers from Table 9-21, see table for percentiles

Playing on Sand/Gravel 0 to <1 years 1to < 2 years 2 to <3 years 3 to <6 years 6 to <11 years 11 to <16 years 16 to <21 years 18 43 60 65 73 75 113 Tsang and Kleipeis, 1996

(EPA Analysis of source data)

Means for doers from Table 9-26, see table for percentiles

### Type Age Group Mean (min/day) Source



# 9-69 Playing on Grass 0 to <1 years 1to < 2 years 2 to <3 years 3 to <6 years 6 to <11 years 11 to <16 years 16 to <21 years 72 73 82 106 85 79 60 Tsang and Kleipeis, 1996

(EPA Analysis of source data)

Means for doers from Table 9-26, see table for percentiles

Playing on Dirt 0 to <1 years 1to < 2 years 2 to <3 years 3 to <6 years 6 to <11 years 11 to <16 years 16 to <21 years 33 56 79 67 75 52 30 Tsang and Kleipeis, 1996

(EPA Analysis of source data)

Means for doers from Table 9-26, see table for percentiles



### Type Age Group Mean (Min/month) Source

Swimming 0 to <1 years 1to < 2 years 2 to <3 years 3 to <6 years 6 to <11 years 11 to <16 years 16 to <21 years 313 251 636 946 868 667 868 Tsang and Kleipeis, 1996

(EPA Analysis of source data)

Means for doers from Table 9-28, see table for percentiles

# 9-70 Table 9-77. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations

Considerations Rationale Rating TIME SPENT INDOORS VS. OUTDOORS Study Elements • Level of peer review The original studies received a high level of peer review; re-a nalysis of source data was not peer-review e Low • Accessibility The studies are widely available to the public. High • Reproducibility The reproducibility of these studies is left to question. Evidence has shown that activities have tended to over the past decade since the study was published, due to economic conditions and technological developments, etc. Thus, it is assumed there woul d be differences in reproducing these results. Howeve r data were reanalyzed in the same manner the results are expected to be the same. Medium

• Focus on factor of interest The studies focused on general activity patterns. High • Data pertinent to US The studies focused on the U.S. population. High • Primary data Data were collected via questionnaires and interviews. High • Currency The studies were published in 1985, 1991, and 1996. Medium • Adequacy of data collection period Timmer: Households were sampled 4 times during 3 month intervals from February to December, 1981. NHAPS: data were collected in a single telephone interview and are based on one day of activity. Medium

• Validity of approach A 24 hour or real time reca ll diary method was used to collect data. High • Study size Timmer: The sample population was 922 children between the ages of 3-17 years old. NHAPS: The sam p size was 2,100 individuals under the age of 21. High

• Representativeness of the population The study focused on activities of children. High • Characterization of variability Variability was characterized by age, gender, and day of the week; location of activities and various age categories for children. Medium

• Lack of bias in study design (high

rating is desirable) Biases noted were sampled during time when childre n were in school (activities during vacation time are represented); activities in the 1980's and 1990's may be different than they are now. Medium

• Measurement error Measurement or recording error may occur si nce the diaries were based on recall (in most cases a 24 ho u recall). Medium

Other Elements • Number of studies 3 High • Agreement between researchers Difficult to compare due to varying categories of ac tivities and the unique age distributions found within study. Not Ranked

Overall Rating Medium

# 9-71 Table 9-77 Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations (cont’d)

Considerations Rationale Rating

TIME SPENT SHOWERING
Study Elements
• Level of peer review The original study r eceived high level of peer review. The re-analysis of the NHAPS data to conform to t standardized age categories was not peer-reviewed. Low

• Accessibility Raw data are available to the public. High
• Reproducibility Results are reproducible. High
• Focus on factor of interest The study focused sp ecifically focused on time spent showering. High
• Data pertinent to US The study focused on the U.S. general population. High
• Primary data The study was based on primary data. High
• Currency The study was published in 1996. Medium
• Adequacy of data collection period The data were collected between October 1992 and September 1994. Medium
• Validity of approach The study used a valid methodology and a pproach which, in addition to 24-hour diaries, collected information on temporal conditions and demographic data such as geographic location and socioeconom i status for various U.S. subgroups. High

• Study size Study consisted of 9,386 total participants cons isting of all ages; 2100 respondents ages 0 to 20 years ol d this category Medium-Low

• Representativeness of the population The data were representative of the U.S. population. High
• Characterization of variability The study provides a distribution on showering duration. High
• Lack of bias in study design (high

rating is desirable) The study includes distributions for showering dur ation. Study is based on short-term data. High

• Measurement error Measurement or recording error ma y occur because diaries are based on 24-hour recall. Medium

Other Elements
• Number of studies One; the study was a national study. Low
• Agreement between researchers The recommendation is based on the data (presented in ranges) from only one study (NHAPS), but it is a widely accepted study. The recommended value was se lected based on professional judgment because t h data were presented as a range (10-20 minutes). Low-Medium

Overall Rating Medium

# 9-72 Table 9-77. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations (cont’d)

Considerations Rationale Rating
SHOWER FREQUENCY
Study Elements
• Level of peer review The original study r eceived high level of peer review. The re-analysis of the NHAPS data to conform to standardized age categories was not peer-reviewed. Low

• Accessibility Raw data are available to the public. High
• Reproducibility Results can be reproduced or methodology can be followed and evaluated provided comparable econom i and social conditions exists. High

• Focus on factor of interest The survey collected information on duration and frequency of showering. High
• Data pertinent to US The data represents the U.S. population High
• Primary data The study was based on primary data. High
• Currency The study was published in 1996. Medium
• Adequacy of data collection period The data were collected between October 1992 and September 1994. Medium
• Validity of approach The study used a valid methodology and a pproach which, in addition to 24-hour diaries, collected information on temporal conditions and demographic data such as geographic location and socioecono m status for various U.S. subgroups. Responses were weighted according to this demographic data. High

• Study size The study consisted of 9,386 total participants consisting of all age groups; 1200 respondents ages 0-20 years old for this category. Medium-low

• Representativeness of the population Studies were based on the U.S. population. High
• Characterization of variability The study provided data that varied across geographi c region, race, gender, employment status, educatio n level, day of the week, seasonal conditi ons, and medical conditions of respondent.. High

• Lack of bias in study design (high

rating is desirable) Study is based on short term data.. Medium

• Measurement error Measurement or recording error ma y occur because diaries were based on 24-hour recall. Medium

Other Elements
• Number of studies One; the study was based on one, primary, national study. Low
• Agreement between researchers Recommendation was based on only one study. Not Ranked
Overall Rating Medium Table 9-77. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations (cont’d)

Considerations Rationale Rating

TIME SPENT SWIMMING
Study Elements
• Level of peer review The original study received high level of p eer review. The re-analysis of the NHAPS data to conform to t h standardized age categories was not peer-reviewed. Low

### Table 9-77. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations (cont’d)

Considerations Rationale Rating



# 9-73 • Accessibility Raw data are available to the public. High
• Reproducibility Results can be reproduced or methodology can be followed and evaluated provided comparable economi c and social conditions exists. High

• Focus on factor of interestThe survey collected informati on on duration and frequency of selected activities and time spent in select e micro-environments. It only addresses time swimming at a swimming pool. Medium

• Data pertinent to US The data represents the U.S. population High
• Primary data The study was based on primary data. High
• Currency The study was published in 1996. Medium
• Adequacy of data collection period The data were collected between October 1992 and September 1994. Medium
• Validity of approach The study used a valid methodology and a pproach which, in addition to 24-hour diaries, collected information on temporal conditions and demographic data such as geographic location and socioeconomi c status for various U.S. subgroups. Responses were weighted according to this demographic data. High

• Study size The study consisted of 9,386 total participants consisting of all age groups; 273 respondents aged 0-20 ye old swam at least once. Low

• Representativeness of the

population Studies were based on the U.S. population. High

• Characterization of variability The study provided data that varied across geographic region, race, gender, employment status, education level, day of the week, seasonal conditi ons, and medical conditions of respondent.. High

• Lack of bias in study design (high

rating is desirable) The study includes distributions for swimming dur ation. Study is based on short term data. Medium

• Measurement error Measurement or recording error ma y occur because diaries were based on 24-hour recall. Medium

Other Elements
• Number of studies One; the study was based on one, primary, national study. Low
• Agreement between researchers Recommendation was based on only one study. Not Ranked
Overall Rating Medium Table 9- 77. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations (cont’d)

Considerations Rationale Rating
TIME SPENT PLAYING ON SAND, GRAVEL, OR GRASS
Study Elements
• Level of peer review The original study r eceived high level of peer review. The re-analysis of the NHAPS data to conform to t standardized age categories was not peer-reviewed. Low

• Accessibility Raw data are available to the public. High
• Reproducibility Results can be reproduced or methodology can be followed and evaluated provided comparable economic and social conditions exists. High

### Table 9- 77. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations (cont’d)

Considerations Rationale Rating



# 9-74 • Focus on factor of

interest The survey collected information on duration and frequency of selected activities and time spent in selected micro-environments. High

• Data pertinent to US The data represents the U.S. population. High
• Primary data The study was based on primary data. High
• Currency The study was published in 1996. Medium
• Adequacy of data

collection period The data were collected between October 1992 and September 1994. Medium

• Validity of approach The study used a valid methodology and approach which, in addition to 24-hour diaries, collected information on temporal conditions and demographic data such as geographic location and socioeconomic status for various U.S. subgroups. Responses were weighted according to this demographic data. High

• Study size The study consisted of 9,386 tota l participants consisting of all age groups; 2100 respondents aged 0-20 years old for this category. Mediumlow
• Representativeness of

the population The studies were based on the U.S. population. High

• Characterization of

variability The study provided data that varied across geographic region, race, gender, employment status, educational level, day of the week, seasonal conditions, and medical conditions of respondent.. High

• Lack of bias in study

design (high rating is desirable) The study includes distributions for bathing duration. Study is based on short-term data. Medium

• Measurement error Measurement or recording e rror may occur because diaries were based on 24-hour recall. Medium

Other Elements
• Number of studies One; the study was based on one, primary, national study. Low
• Agreement between

researchers Recommendation was based on only one study. Recommendations based on 50% time spent playing on grass. Not Ranked
Overall Rating Medium