2007 D e c i sion s O p inion s of the U nit e d S t at e s C our t of Appe al s for the Thir d C ir c uit 9-6-2007 

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A pr i l 24, 2007 B efore: S C IR IC A , C hief J ud ge, F U E N T E S and A L A R C Ó N , C i rcui tJudg es. *W e have j ur i s di ct i on overs ent enci ng appea l s pur s uant28 U . S. C . § 1291 and 18 1 U . S. C . § 3742( a) . W e r evi ew the ul t i m at e s ent ence i m pos ed bya di s tr i ctcourtfor r eas onabl enes s . U ni t ed St at es v. C ooper , 437 F. 3d 324, 327 ( 3d C i r . 2006) . W e r evi ew fac tual fi ndi ngs thatunder l i e the s ent ence forcl earerr or , U ni t ed St at es v. G r i er , 475 F. 3d 556, 570 ( 3d C i r . 2006) ( en banc ) , and exe r ci s e pl enaryr evi ew overa di s tr i ctcourt ’ s l egal d e te rm in a tio n s . U n ite d S ta te s v . L lo y d , 4 6 9 F .3 d 3 1 9 , 3 2 1 (3 d C ir . 2 0 0 6 ). 2 ( Fi l ed Sept ember6, 2007 )

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__________ FU E N T E S, C i r cui tJ udge. O dum os u I feol uw a pl eade d gui l tyt o fourcount s of bank f r aud i n vi ol at i on of 18 U . S. C . § 1344 and w as s ent ence d bythe D i s tr i ctC our tt o 75 m onths i n pr i s on, t o be fol l ow ed by5 y ear s of s upervi s ed r el eas e. I n addi t i on, the D i s tr i ctC our tor der ed I feol uw a t o pay$417, 288. 59 i n r es t i tut i on. I n thi s pr o s e appe al , I feol uw a ar gues thatt he D i s tr i ctC our ti m pr oper l yi m pos ed a s ent ence above the r ange of 51 t o 63 m onths of im p riso n m e n t re c o m m e n d e d b yth e U n ited S tate s S e n ten c in g G u id e lin e s, a n d d e c lin e d to gr anthi m s ent enci ng cr edi tfort i m e s penti n s t at e and i m m i gr at i on cus t ody . Forthe r eas ons thatfol l ow , w e w i l l aff i r m the s ent ence . 1

I . B etw een J une 2000 and M ay2003, I feol uw a part i ci pat ed i n a compl ex bank f r aud sc h e m e , in w h ich h e a n d se v e ra l co -c o n sp ira to rs d e p o site d sto len a n d a ltere d c h e c k s in toBe c a u s e th i s a p p e a l c o n c e r n s , i n p a r t , th e Di s tr i c tCo u r t ’ s l o s s c a l c u l a t i o n s , we 2 re c o u n t in so m e d e tail th e c o m p lex f in a n c ial tra n sa c tio n s th a t se rv e d a s th e b a sis o f b o th th e in d ic tm e n t a n d th e D is tr ic t C o u rt ’s s e n te n c in g d e te rm in a tio n . 3 bank ac count s and then w i thdr ew the funds bypur chas i ng and ca s hi ng pos t al m oney o rde rs. O n N o v em b er 1 7 , 2 0 0 4 , Ife o luw a w as in d ict ed in the U n it ed S tat es D istri ct C o u rt forthe East ern D i s tr i ctof Penns y l vani a on fourcount s of bank f r aud, i n vi ol at i on of 18 U . S. C . § 1344. E ach c ountcarr i ed a s t atut orym axi m um of 30 y ear s of i m pr i s onm entand a $1 mi l l i on fi ne. 2 T he i ndi ctm ent , t o w hi ch I feol uw a pl eade d gui l tyw i thouta w r i t t en pl ea a g re e m e n t, ch a rg e d h im w ith th e f o llo w in g c o n d u c t:

• C ountI : PN C B ank Scheme. C ountI i nvol ved the fol l ow i ng fourfr audul ent depos i t s t ot al i ng appr oxi m at el y$373, 171: ( 1) O n February19, 2002, a co- cons pi r at orfr audul ent l yopened a n acc ount atPN C B ank, i nt o w hi ch he de pos i t ed a s t ol en che ck i n the amountof $77, 306. O n M ar ch 11, 2002, I feol uw a pur chas ed and c as hed s i x pos t al m oneyor der s pai d fr om the ac counti n the amountof $2, 925 and, on M ar ch 20, 2002, pur chas ed and c as hed a s eventh pos t al m oneyor deri n the amount o f $ 7 0 0 . ( 2) O n M ar ch 5, 2002, a co- cons pi r at orfr audul ent l yopened a s econd acc ountatPN C B ank, i nt o w hi ch he de pos i t ed a s t ol en che ck i n the amount of $102, 981. 25. B etw een M ar ch 15 and 19, 2002, I feol uw a pur chas ed and c a s h e d f if te e n p o s ta l m o n e yo rd e rs p a id f ro m th e a c c o u n t to ta lin g $ 9 ,2 5 0 . O n M ar ch 20, 2002, he pur chas ed and c as hed fouraddi t i onal pos t al m oney o rd e rs to ta lin g $ 2 ,8 0 0 . ( 3 ) On M a y1 0 , 2 0 0 2 , I f e o l u wa f r a u d u l e n t l yo p e n e d a th i r d a c c o u n ta tP NC B ank, i nt o w hi ch he de pos i t ed a s t ol en and a l t er ed che ck i n the amountof $ 9 8 ,2 8 0 .A ppl i cat i on N ot e 2 t o § 2B 1. 1 pr ovi des that“l os s i s the gr eat erof ac tual l os s or 3 in ten d e d lo ss .” U .S . S e n ten c in g G u id e lin e s M a n u a l § 2 B 1 .1 c m t. n.2 . “A c tu a l lo ss ” is defi ned as “the r eas onabl yfor es eea bl e pec uni aryharm thatr es ul t ed fr om the off ens e. ” I d. “I nt ended l os s ” i s defi ned as “pec uni aryharm thatw as i nt ended t o r es ul tfr om the offe ns e” a nd “i ncl udes i nt ended pe cuni aryharm thatw oul d have be en i m pos s i bl e or unl i kel yt o occur . ” I d. T he PSR ’ s cal cul at i on w as bas ed on “a ctual l os s of $373, 171. 61 fr om the PN C s cheme, the i nt ended l os s of $60, 000 fr om the C om m onw eal th s cheme, t he i nt ended l os s of $35, 220 fr om the C om m er ce s cheme, and the ac tual l os s of $30, 109 fr om the Pr ogr es s s cheme. ” ( PSR at¶ 34 n. 5. ) T he PSR not ed thatthi s amount w as gr eat er th a n th e $ 4 1 7 ,2 8 8 .5 9 re c o m m e n d e d a s re s titu tio n . (I d .) 4 ( 4) O n N ovember4, 2002, a co- cons pi r at orfr audul ent l yopened a four th acc ountat P NC Ba n k , i n t o wh i c h h e d e p o s i t e d a s t o l e n c h e c k i n th e a mo u n to f $ 9 4 , 6 0 4 . On N o v em b er 8 an d 9 , 2 0 0 2 , Ife o luw a p u rch ase d an d ca sh ed six p o stal m o n eyo rde rs pai d fr om the ac countt ot al i ng $3, 600.

• C o u n t II: C o m m o n w e a lth B a n k S c h e m e . O n M a rc h 5 , 2 0 0 2 , If e o lu w a f ra u d u len tly opened a n acc ountatC om m onw eal th B ank, i nt o w hi ch he de pos i t ed a s t ol en chec k i n t he amountof $60, 000.

• C o u n t III: C o m m e rc e B a n k S c h e m e . O n A p ril 2 4 , 2 0 0 2 , If e o lu w a f ra u d u len tly o p e n e d a n a c c o u n t at C o m m e rc e B a n k , into w h ich h e d e p o site d a sto len c h e c k in the amountof $35, 220. B etw een J ul y20 and 23, 2002, I feol uw a pur chas ed and c a s h e d 1 4 p o s ta l m o n e yo rd e rs p a id f ro m th e a c c o u n t to ta lin g $ 7 ,2 8 0 .

• C o u n t IV : P ro g re ss B a n k S c h e m e . O n M a y1 5 , 2 0 0 3 , If e o lu w a f ra u d u len tly opened a n acc ountatPr ogr es s B ank, i nt o w hi ch he de pos i t ed a s t ol en che ck i n t he amount of $30, 109. A t h is s e n ten c in g h e a rin g o n Ju n e 1 4 , 2 0 0 5 , the D istric t C o u rt a d o p ted th e f a c ts and conc l us i ons s etfor th i n t he Pr es ent ence I nves t i gat i on R eport( “PSR ”) . U s i ng the 2 0 0 2 e d iti o n o f

th e G u id e lin e s, th e P S R c a lcu late d th e to tal o f f e n se lev e l as f

o llo w s: a bas e off ens e l evel of 6 pur s uantt o § 2B 1. 1; an addi t i onal 14- l evel i ncr eas e pur s uantt o § 2B 1. 1( B ) ( 1) ( H ) , bas ed on r oughl y$498, 500 i n l os s es t o the vi ct i m s ; and a 3- l evel 3I feol uw a’ s cr i m i nal hi s t orycat egoryr efl ect ed the fol l ow i ng 5 pr i oradul tcr i m i nal 4 convi ct i ons : ( 1) a Sept ember1988 s t at e convi ct i on for11 count s of for geryand r ece i ptof stolen p rop erty ; ( 2 ) a N o v em b er 1 9 8 8 stat e c o n v ict ion fo r th ef t and fo rge ry ; ( 3 ) a N ovember1990 s t at e convi ct i on fortheftbydece pt i on; ( 4) a D ece m ber1990 fede r al convi ct i on form i s us e of a s oci al s ecur i tynum ber ; and ( 5) a M ar ch 2002 s t at e convi ct i on forfor gery . I tal s o r efl ect ed the fa ctthatI feol uw a comm i t t ed the i ns t antoffe ns e w hi l e on p ro b a tio n w ith th e P h ilad e lp h ia A d u lt P ro b a tio n a n d P a ro le D e p a rtm e n t. A n a d d iti o n a l 6 adul tcr i m i nal convi ct i ons i dent i fi ed i n the PSR w er e notcount ed i n det erm i ni ng I f e o l u w a ’ s c r i m i n a l h i s t o r y c a t e g o r y. 5 r educt i on foracc ept ance of r es pons i bi l i typur s uantt o § 3E 1. 1( a) and ( b) . T he t ot al offe ns e l evel w as ther efor e 17 w hi ch, w hen combi ned w i th a cr i m i nal hi s t orycat egoryof V I, re su lted in a re c o m m e n d e d G u id e lin e s ra n g e o f 5 1 to 6 3 m o n th s o f

im p riso n m e n t. 4 T he onl yobj ect i on t o t he D i s tr i ctC our t ’ s G ui del i nes cal cul at i on came fr om the g o v e rn m e n t, w h ich a rg u e d th a t th e 1 4 -le v e l in c re a se , b a se d o n $ 4 9 8 ,5 0 0 in to tal lo ss e s to the v i ct i m s, w as i nap propri at e. R at her, the g ov ernm ent as ser t ed, Ifeol uw a’s t otal off ense l evel s houl d r efl ectan addi t i onal $555, 766 i n l os s es r es ul t i ng fr om the fol l ow i ng conduct n o t ch a rg e d in th e in d ictm e n t: ( 1) O n O ct ober2, 2001, I feol uw a fr audul ent l yopened a C om m er ce Bank acc ount i nt o w hi ch he de pos i t ed a s t ol en che ck i n the amountof $37, 000. O n N ovember 15, 2001, I feol uw a fr audul ent l yopened a m utual fund ac counti nt o w hi ch he depos i t ed a s t ol en che ck i n t he amountof $78, 174. I feol uw a ul t i m at el ydepl et ed th e to ta l a m o u n t o f

$ 1 1 5 ,1 7 4 d e p o s ite d in to th e tw o a c c o u n ts . ( 2) B etw een J anuary2002 and J ul y2002, I feol uw a’ s co- cons pi r at or s depos i t ed $440, 592 i n s t ol en che cks i nt o tw o of the PN C bank ac count s i dent i fi ed i n the in d ic tm e n t— th is a m o u n t w a s n o t in c lu d e d in th e in d ic tm e n t. W i th r es pectt o t he s econd s etof conduc t , the governm entw as onl yabl e t o pr offe r evi dence thatI feol uw a depl et ed $6, 475 fr om thes e tw o acc ount s . I tneverthel es s ar guedAp p l i c a t i o n No t e 2 t o § 2 B1 . 2 d e f i n e s “ r e a s o n a b l yf

o r e s e e a b l e p e c u n i a ryh a r m” 5 a s “ p e c u n iar yh a rm th a t th e d e f e n d a n t k n e w o r, u n d e r th e c irc u m sta n c e s, re a so n a b ly s houl d have know n, w as a pot ent i al r es ul tof the off ens e. ” U . S. Sent enci ng G ui del i nes M anual § 2B 1. 1 cmt . n. 2. T he $122, 000 r efe r r ed t o t he uni ndi ct ed conduc ti dent i fi ed bythe 6 g o v e rn m e n t— th e $ 1 1 5 ,1 7 4 If e o lu w a w ith d re w f

ro m th e tw o a c c o u n ts h e o p e n e d in Oc t o b e ra n d No v e mb e r2 0 0 1 , p l u s th e $ 6 , 4 7 5 th a tth e g o v e rn me n te s t a b l i s h e d I f e o l u wa 6 thatthe ent i r e $440, 592 l os s w as a for es eea bl e cons equenc e of the conduc tt o w hi ch I f e o l u wa p l e a d e d g u i l ty . Ac c o r d i n g t o th e g o v e rn me n t ’ s c a l c u l a t i o n , th e r e f o r e , I f e o l u wa 5
w as r es pons i bl e form or e than $1 mi l l i on i n l os s es ( the 498, 500 char ged i n the i ndi ctm ent pl us the addi t i onal $555, 766 i n l os s es i dent i fi ed bythe governm ent ) , j us t i fy i ng a 16- l evel incre ase p u rsua n t t o § 2 B 1 . 1 (B )(1)(I). T h e D istri ct C o u rtrejected the g o v ern m en t’ s cal cul at i on, rul i ng thatther e w as i ns uffi ci entbas i s i n the r ecor d t o attr i but e the addi t i onal lo ss e s to If

e o lu w a f o r p u rp o se s o f

§ 2 B 1 .1 . T h e D istric t C o u rt d id sta te, h o w e v e r, th a t it w o u ld c o n s id e r t h e lo s s e s in a p p lyin g th e s e n te n c in g f a c to rs s e t f

o rt h in 1 8 U .S .C . § 3 5 5 3 (a ). T u rn i n g t o § 3 5 5 3 ( a ) , th e Di s tr i c tCo u r tma d e s e v e r a l f i n d i n g s th a t , i n i t s v i e w, w arr ant ed a s ent ence above the r ecomm ended G ui del i nes r ange. W i th r es pectt o the amount of l os s , the D i s tr i ctC our ts t at ed that“the s ent enci ng gui del i ne ca l cul at i ons do not r efl ectw hatthi s C our tfi nds w i th r es pectt o the ext entof the moneythathe w as i nvol ved i n th r o u g h th i s c r i mi n a l s c h e me . An d th a ti s , a tl e a s t , a n o th e rh u n d r e d a n d twe n ty - two tho usand do l l ars . A nd that does exp and the n ature and the cir cum st ances o f t he o ffen se u n d e r 3 5 5 3 (a ).” (A p p e lla n t’ s A p p x . II a t 3 3 .). 6d e p le te d f ro m th e tw o P N C a c c o u n ts . 7 T h e D istric t C o u rt f

u rth e r sta ted th a t If

e o lu w a ’s c rim in a l h isto ry“ in d ica tes to th is C our tan appa l l i ng l ack of r egar d t hatthi s defe ndanthas forthe l aw i n thi s countryas w el l as the cr i m i nal j us t i ce s y s t em. ” ( I d. ) T he D i s tr i ctC our tel abor at ed: H e gr aduat ed fr om s ent enci ng— s ent enci ng of pr obat i on t o s m al l per i ods of im p riso n m e n t to lar g e p e rio d s o f im p riso n m e n t . . . as h ig h a s th re e y e a rs in p riso n . A n d it— it d id n ’t m a k e a n yd if f e re n c e w ith re sp e c t to th is d e f e n d a n t, he c o n tin u e d h is re c id iv ist c o n d u c t.

. . . H e has el even pr i oradul tcr i m i nal convi ct i ons . T he C our tget s the i m pr es s i on thatt i m e and t i m e aga i n, thi s defe ndants t ood befor e a j udi ci al o ff icer an d said , I’m g o n n a a m en d m yw ay s, w h ich is, esse n ti all y , w h at he ’s sa y in g to th is C o u rt. ( I d. at33- 34. ) Fi nal l y , the D i s tr i ctC our texpl ai ned: T hi s m os tr ece nts cheme thatform s the bas i s of thi s i ndi ctm enti s as bi g a s cal e as I can thi nk, i t s compl i cat ed, i t ’ s the type of s cheme that ’ s put to g e th e r a n d th a t’ s e n g a g e d in b yth e m o s t p ro f e s s io n a l o f

c ri m in a ls . I dent i tytheft , fr audul entconducti n openi ng bank ac count s , obt ai ni ng m oneyor der s undervary i ng di s hones tci r cumst ance s t o engage i n fundi ng th e ill -g o tten g a in . B e in g in v o lv e d in a c o n sp ira c yw ith o th e rs e n g a g in g in s im ila r s c h e m e s . H ar d- cor e w hi t e- col l arcr i m i nal conduct , w hi ch des erves no br eak, w hen th e C o u r ti s s e n t e n c i n g a m a n , w h o c o m e s f r o m a w o n d e r f

u l f a m i l y, e d u c a ted , g o o d c iti z e n s a n d h a s h a d th e o p p o rtu n ityto ra ise a f a m ilyo n h is o w n in a d e c e n t, h o n e s t w a ya n d in s te a d , e n g a g e s in c ri m in a l c o n d u c t. T he conduc ti n t hi s cas e— as faras I ’ m conce rned— r equi r es as a mat t erof bas i c nec es s i ty , a t erm thatexce eds the r ange thatthe s ent enci ng gui del i nes r ecomm ends i n t hi s cas e. ( I d. at40- 41. ) A ccor di ngl y , the D i s tr i ctC our ts ent ence d I feol uw a t o a t erm of 75 m ont hsT he r el evantfac t or s ar e: 7 ( 1) the natur e and c i r cumst ance s of the off ens e and the hi s t oryand c h a ra c ter istics o f

th e d e f e n d a n t; ( 2) the nee d forthe s ent ence i m pos ed— ( A) t o r e f

l e c tth e s e r i o u s n e s s o f

th e o f f e n s e , t o p r o mo t e r e s p e c tf o rth e l a w, and t o pr ovi de j us tpuni s hm entforthe off ens e; (B ) to a f f o rd a d e q u a te d e ter re n c e to c rim in a l co n d u c t; ( C ) t o pr ot ectthe publ i c fr om fur thercr i m es of the def endant ; and ( D ) t o pr ovi de the def

endantw i th neede d educa t i onal orvocat i onal tr ai ni ng, m ed ical care , o r oth er c o rrecti o n al trea tm en t i n the m o st eff ec ti v e m an n er; ( 3) the ki nds of s ent ence s avai l abl e; ( 4) the ki nds of s ent ence and the s ent enci ng r ange e s t abl i s hed for. . . the appl i cabl e ca t egoryof off ens e comm i t t ed bythe appl i cabl e ca t egoryof d e f e n d a n t a s s e t f

o rt h in th e g u id e lin e s . . . . 1 8 U . S . C . § 3 5 5 3 (a). 8 of i m pr i s onm ent

— 12 m onths above the t op of the r ecomm ended G ui del i nes r ange. I I . Ifeol uw a argues t hat hi s sent ence w as unreasonab l e beca use t he am ou nt of l oss and hi s cr i m i nal hi s t oryw er e al r eadyi ncorpor at ed i nt o the D i s tr i ctC our t ’ s G ui del i nes cal cul at i on and, ther efor e, s houl d nothave be en us ed t o i m pos e a s ent ence above the r ecomm ended r ange. W e ar e notper s uaded. A c rim in a l d e f

e n d a n t h a s th e b u rd e n o f e sta b lish in g th a t h is o r h e r se n ten c e is unr eas onabl e. C ooper , 437 F. 3d at330. I n det erm i ni ng an appr opr i at e s ent ence , the s ent enci ng courtm us tcons i derthe fa ct or s s etfor th i n 18 U . S. C . § 3553( a) , i ncl udi ng t he r ecomm ended G ui del i nes r ange. C ooper , 437 F. 3d at329. W e mustdet erm i ne w hether 7 tho se f ac tors w ere rea so n ab lyap p li ed to the circu m stan ce s o f th e c ase . Id. at 33 0 . In9

doi ng s o, w e appl ya def er ent i al s t andar d of r evi ew . I d. “A s ent ence thatfal l s w i thi n the gui del i nes r ange i s m or e l i kel yt o be r eas onabl e than one out s i de the gui del i ne r ange. ” I d. a t 3 3 2 . A se n ten c e o u tsid e o f th e re c o m m e n d e d ra n g e is n o t, ho w e v e r, p re su m p tiv e ly u n rea so n ab le. U n it ed S tat es v . S ch w eit ze r, 4 5 4 F . 3 d 1 9 7 , 2 0 4 (3d C ir . 2 0 0 6 ). In th is c a se , the re c o rd u n a m b ig u o u slysh o w s th a t th e D istric t C o u rt f u lly co n side red the f

ac tors set fo rth in § 3 5 5 3 (a). T h e f ac t th at i n d o ing so , the D istri ct C o u rt t oo k int o acco un tthe loss es sust ai ned bythe v i ct i m s, as w el l as I feoluw a’s reci divi st t endenc i es , i n no w ayr ender ed i t s appl i cat i on of the § 3553 fa ct or s unr eas onabl e. See U n ited S tate s v . K in g , 4 5 4 F .3 d 1 8 7 , 1 9 5 (3 d C ir. 2 0 0 6 ) (n o tin g th a t th e f a c to rs s e t f

o rth in § 3 5 5 3 (a ) “ o v e rla p to so m e d e g re e w ith th e b a se s f o r p o ten tial G u id e lin e s d e p a rtu re s” ); U ni t ed St at es v. W al l ace , 458 F. 3d 606, 613 ( 7th C i r . 2006) ( s t at i ng that“i f B ooker m e a n s a n yth in g a t all, itm u st m e a n th a t th e c o u rt w a s p e rm itt e d to g iv e f u rth e r w e ig h t to a f ac tor co v ere d b ya sp ec ifi c g u idelines ad justm en t”) (i n terna l qu o tat ion m ark s o m itted). R athe r, b o th issue s w ere , as th e D istri ct C o u rtrec o g n ized , clea rl yrelev an t t o “the n ature a n d c ir c u m s ta n c e s o f

th e o f f e n s e a n d th e h is to ry a n d c h a ra c te ri s tic s o f th e d e f e n d a n t,”

“ th e s e ri o u s n e s s o f

th e o f f e n s e ,” a n d th e n e e d f

o r “ a d e q u a te d e te rr e n c e .” S e e 1 8 U .S .C . § 3 5 5 3 (a ). M o reo v er, th ese tw o fa ctors— the lo sses su stai n ed b ythe v ict im s an d Ife o luw a’s cr i m i nal hi s t ory— w er e notthe onl yones thatthe D i s tr i ctC our tdet erm i ned j us t i fi ed a s ent ence above the r ecomm ended G ui del i nes r ange. R ather , i tal s o cons i der ed theIf e o lu w a is a c itiz e n o f

N ig e ri a . 8 10 compl exi tyof the s cheme, as w el l as the fa ctthatI feol uw a w as w el l - educa t ed and ha d o p p o rt u n itie s to p u rs u e le g itim a te m e a n s o f s u p p o rt in g h im s e lf

a n d h is f

a m ily. A ccor di ngl y , w e conc l ude thatI feol uw a fa i l s t o s at i s fyhi s bur den of e s t abl i s hi ng thatt he s ent ence i m pos ed bythe D i s tr i ctC our tw as unr eas onabl e. III . T h e o th e r iss u e If

e o lu w a ra ise s o n a p p e a l is w h e th e r th e D istric t C o u rt p ro p e rly deni ed hi s r eques tfors ent enci ng cr edi tfor6 m onths s penti n B ucks C ountyC orr ect i onal Faci l i tyfr om J ul y2003 t o February2004, and 4 mont hs s penti n the cus t odyof Im m igrati o n an d C u stom s E n fo rce m en t ( “IC E ”) a t Y o rk C o u n tyP ri so n fro m F eb rua ry 2004 unt i l hi s arr es ton fede r al char ges i n J une 2004. W e conc l ude thatthe deni al w as 8
en ti relyp rop er. 18 U . S . C . § 3 58 5(b) pr ov i des: A defe ndants hal l be gi ven cr edi tt ow ar ds the s ervi ce of a t erm of im p riso n m e n t f

o r a n ytim e h e h a s s p e n t in o f f icia l d e ten tio n p rio r to th e d a te the sentence co m m ences— (1) a s a re su lto f th e o ff en se f o r w h ich th e se n tenc e w as im p o sed ; or ( 2) as a r es ul tof anyot herchar ge forw hi ch the def endantw as arr es t ed af

t er the comm i s s i on of the off ens e forw hi ch the s ent ence w as i m pos ed; thathas notbeen c r edi t ed aga i ns tanothers ent ence . 18 U . S. C . § 3585( b) . I n U ni t ed St at es v. W i l s on, the Supr eme C our tr ej ect ed “the ar gum entthat§ 3585( b) author i zes a di s tr i ctcourtt o aw ar d cr edi tats ent enci ng. ” 503 U . S. 329, 332 ( 1992) ; U ni t ed St at es v. B r ann, 990 F. 2d 98, 103- 04 ( 3d C i r . 1993) ( not i ngT he D i s tr i ctC our tdi d m ake a fac tual fi ndi ng, bas ed on the s t i pul at i on of the 9 part i es , thatthe s t at e det ent i on “r es ul t ed fr om exac t l ythe s ame se tof fa ct s ” under l y i ng Ife o luw a’s f

ed era l con v ict ion an d there fo re “ sh o u ld resu ltin the cre d it . ” (A p p ell an t’ s A p p x . II at 29 . ) W ith resp ec t t o the tim e sp en t i n im m igrati o n cu stod y , the D istri ct C o u rt c o n c lu d e d th a t th e re c o rd w a s in s u f f ic ie n t to m a k e a n yf

a c tu a l f in d in g s o n th e is s u e . In d e e d , the o n lyin f

o rm a tio n b e f

o re th e D istric t C o u rt w a s th a t u p o n re lea se f ro m sta te cus t odyi n February2004, I feol uw a w as tr ans ferr ed byI C E t o Y ork C ountyPr i s on pur s uantt o a fi nal or derof r emoval . ( I d. ) T he r ecor d does noti ndi cat e w hen the or derof r emoval w as i s s ued orthe ci r cumst ance s of I feol uw a’ s tr ans fert o Y or k C ountyPr i s on. 11 that “d istri ct co u rt s d o n o t hav e jurisdicti o n to g ran t cred itfo r prior c u stod y ”). R athe r, the pow ert o gr ants ent enci ng cr edi tunder§ 3585( b) i s ves t ed w i th the A t t orneyG ener al of the U ni t ed St at es , w hi ch has del egat ed thatauthor i tyt o the B ur eau of Pr i s ons . W i l s on, 503 U . S. at334- 35. T hus , the D i s tr i ctC our tcorr ect l ydet erm i ned thati tcoul d notgr ant I f e o l u w a c r e d i tf

o rt i m e s e r v e d i n e i th e rs t a t e o ri m m i g r a t i o n c u s t o d y. 9 I V. I n s um , w e conc l ude that( 1) the above - G ui del i nes r ange s ent ence i m pos ed byt he D i s tr i ctC our tw as r eas onabl e and ( 2) the D i s tr i ctC our tpr oper l ydet erm i ned thati tl acke d th e a u th o ri ty to g ra n t I f e o lu w a c re d it f

o r t im e s p e n t in s ta te a n d im m ig ra tio n c u s to d y . A c c o rd in g ly , w e w ill a f f irm th e se n ten c e im p o se d b yth e D istric t C o u rt.