FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

DEC 15, 2008

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

_____________________________

No. 07-15791

_____________________________

D. C. Docket No. 05-00873 CV-J-33MCR

H.A.L.,

J.H.L.,

S.L.L.,

Minor children, by and through their

parents and next friends,

BRIAN JOSEPH LEWIS,

RACHEL DANETTE LEWIS,

Plaintiffs-Appellees,

versus

ED FOLTZ,

individually,

DEBORAH JONES,

individually,

VIRGINIA JORDAN,

individually,

Defendants-Appellants.

_______________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

_______________________

(December 15, 2008)
Before EDMONDSON, Chief Judge, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judge, and

COHILL,* District Judge.

PER CURIAM:

Plaintiffs H.A.L., J.H.L., and S.L.L., minor children, filed through their

parents and next friends a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim against Defendants Ed Foltz

(“Foltz”), Deborah Jones (“Jones”), and Virginia Jordan (“Jordan”), employees

with the Florida Department of Children and Families (“DCF”), in their individual

capacities. Plaintiffs allege that Defendants violated the childrens’ Fourteenth

Amendment substantive due process rights to physical safety and to be free from

an unreasonable risk of harm. Plaintiffs contend that Defendants, through

deliberate indifference, failed to prevent child-on-child sexual abuse the children

suffered while they were involuntarily in the custody of Florida’s foster-care

system.

Defendants appeal on interlocutory review the district court’s denial of their

motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ Third Amended Complaint on the basis of

____________

* Honorable Maurice B. Cohill, Jr., United States District Judge for the Western District of

Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.

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Defendants’ qualified immunity. Based on the alleged facts, we conclude that

Defendants knowingly subjected the children to a substantial risk of serious harm

and exhibited deliberate indifference to the known risk: conduct already clearly

established as unconstitutional. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s denial

of Defendants’ motion to dismiss based on qualified immunity. 

BACKGROUND

Based on the complaint, the gist of Plaintiffs’ cause of action is this

contention: when faced with the known risk of child-on-child sexual abuse

occurring in Plaintiffs’ foster home, Defendants were deliberately indifferent to

Plaintiffs’ safety by doing nothing to guard against this known and significant

risk. Plaintiffs suffered sexual abuse as a result. First, Defendants knowingly

placed Plaintiffs in a home with another sexually aggressive child, but failed to

implement a safety plan to protect the children. Then, after reports of child-onchild sexual abuse between other children in the home were made, Defendants

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allowed Plaintiffs to remain in the home without taking steps to guard Plaintiffs’

safety. The following facts are alleged.1

A. What Defendants Knew Before Placing Plaintiffs in the Shick Home

Edwin and Donna Shick (the “Shicks”) were frequent foster parents. At any

given time, multiple foster children lived with the Shicks and their natural

children. Around June 1997, eleven-year-old R.S. was placed in the Shick foster

home.2

Around October 1997, Defendant Foltz, a DCF licensing counselor, learned

that -- before R.S.’s placement -- three foster children were removed from the

Shick home because the Shicks could not manage the childrens’ emotional and

behavioral problems. Nevertheless, Foltz recommended that the Shicks be relicensed to provide care for three foster children. 

What we accept as true for the purposes of this appeal -- that is, the allegations as 1

pleaded by Plaintiffs -- may not be the true facts, or perhaps not all of the true facts, that emerge

after discovery. Our duty at this stage, however, is to accept the Plaintiffs’ Third Amended

Complaint as true. 

The Shicks later adopted R.S. 2

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Around May 1998, fourteen-year-old D.C. was placed in the Shick foster

home. Defendant Jordan, a DCF employee, was D.C.’s assigned family-services 3

counselor. When she placed D.C. in the Shick home, Jordan specifically knew

that D.C. had a history of aggressive sexual behavior toward younger children.

She also knew that D.C. had previously suffered sexual abuse by an adult male

caretaker.

Around September 1998, a third foster child, J.S., was placed in the Shick

home. J.S. was nine when he moved in with the Shicks.

All three Defendants knew that the Shicks worked outside the home fulltime and that they allowed foster children R.S. and D.C. to supervise, without

adults present, younger foster children. Around January 1999, DCF amended the

Shicks’ foster-care license and reduced their housing capacity to two foster

children. At that time, three foster children -- R.S., D.C., and J.S. -- lived with the

Shicks and the Shicks’ natural children.

R.S. and D.C., both older than Plaintiffs, resided in the Shick home for the entirety of 3

Plaintiffs’ stay there. 

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B. Plaintiffs’ Placement in the Shick Home

Despite amending the Shicks’ license, DCF did not remove any foster

children from the home. Instead, DCF placed more children with the family.

Plaintiffs H.A.L., J.H.L., and S.L.L., children in custody of Florida DCF, were

placed in the Shick foster home between January and March 1999. At the time, 4

H.A.L. was three years old; J.H.L. was five; and S.L.L. was eight. 

Defendant Jordan, who had been foster child D.C.’s family-services

counselor, was also Plaintiffs’ assigned counselor. Before she placed Plaintiffs in

the Shick home, Jordan was repeatedly advised that Plaintiffs may have been

sexually abused by their biological parents. Jordan also knew that D.C. was

already living in the Shick home. Because of her previous work with D.C., Jordan

was aware of D.C.’s aggressive sexual behavior toward younger children. 

In addition, all three Defendants were aware, by virtue of their employment

at DCF, of the following things: that child sex-abuse victims are typically more

vulnerable to subsequent victimization; that child sex-abuse victims are more

likely to perpetrate sex offenses than non-victims; and that “sexually abused

Defendants Foltz and Jones knew at the time of Plaintiffs’ placement that the Shicks 4

cared for more children than their license allowed, but neither Defendant acted to ensure

adequate parental supervision. 

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children would sexually assault other children if safeguards and appropriate

supervision were not put in place.” 

Despite this knowledge, Jordan neither implemented a plan to secure

Plaintiffs’ safety nor conducted a background investigation into the three foster

children already living with the Shicks. Because Jordan knew that Plaintiffs may

have suffered previous sexual abuse, and because she knew about D.C.’s sexual

aggression toward younger children, she knowingly subjected Plaintiffs to a

substantial risk of victimization. 

C. What Defendants Knew After Plaintiffs Were Placed in the Shick

Home

Plaintiffs were placed in the Shick foster home from January to March 1999.

Three other foster children -- R.S., D.C., and J.S. -- were already living with the

Shicks when Plaintiffs were placed in the home.

In July 1999, eleven-year-old R.S. sexually assaulted J.S. in the Shick home.

At that time, all three Plaintiffs lived in or received unsupervised after-school care

in the home. The sexual assault was reported to DCF through the Florida Abuse

Hotline, and both R.S. and J.S. confirmed that the assault occurred.

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Plaintiffs allege that all three Defendants were informed of the child-onchild sexual assault: Defendant-license supervisor Jones was advised of the assault

that month; Defendant-licensor Foltz was informed of the incident some time

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before September 1999; and Defendant-counselor Jordan became aware of the

incident “pursuant to Department policy and procedure.” Despite Jordan’s

previous knowledge of D.C.’s aggressive sexual behavior and despite all three

Defendants’ recent knowledge of R.S.’s sexual assault, no Defendant took steps to

guard Plaintiffs’ ongoing safety.

Notwithstanding the reported assault, Defendants Foltz and Jones

recommended in September 1999 that the Shick home be re-licensed and its

foster-child capacity increased. Although Defendants Foltz and Jones knew that

D.C. and R.S. -- by then both identified as sexually aggressive children -- provided

unsupervised after-school care for Plaintiffs, Defendants recommended relicensing the Shicks without implementing a plan to guard Plaintiffs’ safety.

J.H.L. lived with the Shicks from 7 January 1999 to 28 January 1999. From

February to October 1999, he lived in another foster home but received

unsupervised after-school care at the Shick home. H.A.L. and S.L.L. continuously

A Child Protection Team investigator also reported to Jones the result of the 5

department’s investigation. 

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resided in the Shick home from March 1999 until May 2000. It was during that

time, from 1999 to 2000, that Plaintiffs allegedly suffered child-on-child sexual

abuse.

Plaintiffs do not specify a particular date on which their abuse began.

Instead, Plaintiffs allege that they were abused by R.S., the Shick’s adopted son,

and by D.C., another foster child, throughout Plaintiffs’ stay in the Shick home. 

D.C. allegedly assaulted all three Plaintiffs; R.S. allegedly assaulted only H.A.L.

and S.L.L. 

D. Defendants’ Duties

Plaintiffs contend that Defendants failed to perform Defendants’ duties as

foster-care workers and supervisors. Plaintiffs contend that Defendants’ failure to

guard the childrens’ safety is actionable considering Defendants’ responsibilities

as DCF employees. As the family-services counselor who placed Plaintiffs in the

Shick home, Defendant Jordan had the authority and responsibility to 

evaluate all reports of child abuse and/or neglect on the subject child

and the foster home . . . [t]o investigate all relevant conditions of the

home that might affect the child in her caseload or other children in

the home . . . [t]o ensure that foster children residing in a foster home

were supervised at all times only by adult caregivers . . . [t]o

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establish[] all necessary plans of care and report all known incidents

of sexual aggression occurring in foster homes[,] and [t]o ensure that

foster children were not left in dangerous conditions, including being

subjected to sexual, emotional, and physical abuse.

As a DCF licensing counselor, Defendant Foltz had the authority and

responsibility to, among other things, 

evaluate the foster home file contents regarding open and closed

foster home abuse reports and licensing concerns . . . thoroughly

assess and investigate reported problems and concerns regarding the

foster home to ensure that foster children placed in the foster home

were safe and adequately supervised[,] and . . . ensure that foster

children were not subjected to elevated risk of harm from child on

child sexual abuse.

As a supervisor in the DCF licensing unit, Defendant Jones had the

authority and responsibility routinely to assess, among other things, foster homes

to guard licensing compliance, to

ensure that licensing counselors obtain and thoroughly assess and

evaluate all law enforcement reports of investigations involving the

foster home . . . [to] thoroughly assess and investigate reported

problems and concerns regarding the foster home to ensure that foster

children placed in the foster home were safe and adequately

supervised . . . and [t]o ensure that foster children were not subjected

to elevated risk of harm from child on child sexual abuse.

All three Defendants had the “ability, authority and the means” to reject any

foster placement posing a “substantial risk of serious harm” to the children, and to

recommend removal of the children from any unsafe placement.

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Plaintiffs claim that Defendants’ placing of children in, and re-licensing of,

a home where child-on-child sex abuse occurred -- without implementing a plan to

guard Plaintiffs’ safety -- demonstrates Defendants’ deliberate indifference to a

known, substantial risk of abuse. Put differently, Defendants’ alleged conduct

demonstrates Defendants violated Plaintiffs’ right to be free from an unreasonable

risk of harm while in state custody.

DISCUSSION

In Taylor v. Ledbetter, 818 F.2d 791 (1987) (en banc), we decided that a

foster child can state a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 cause of action under the Fourteenth

Amendment if the child is injured after a state employee is deliberately indifferent

to a known and substantial risk to the child of serious harm. See Taylor, 818 F.2d

at 794–96. In some circumstances, we accept that the constitutional rule identified

in Taylor can give a fair warning to foster-care workers. 

Although the injury sustained in Taylor was a beating-induced coma and the

injury here is sexual abuse and although other unimportant differences exist, we

accept that Taylor clearly established decisional law that applied, at the pertinent

time, with obvious clarity to Defendants in this case -- assuming that the true facts

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are the same as those alleged -- and that Defendants had fair warning that their

conduct (doing nothing to protect the children, given the circumstances) violated

clear federal law. Defendants can therefore be held personally liable for the

childrens’ injuries. On the alleged facts, no reasonable person in Defendants’

place could have believed that, by doing nothing to protect the children, they

could carry out their duties consistently with the Constitution. 

Defendants contend that they should be afforded qualified immunity

because their knowledge of D.C.’s and R.S.’s sexual aggression was not

tantamount to knowing subjectively that D.C. and R.S. actually were sexually

abusing H.A.L., J.H.L., and S.L.L. Plaintiffs were sexually abused. But in the

light of Taylor, the issue here is not whether Defendants actually knew or drew the

inference that Plaintiffs were sexually abused: it is whether Defendants -- who

could have (among other things) removed Plaintiffs from the Shick home --

actually knew, and were deliberately indifferent to, a substantial risk of Plaintiffs

being sexually abused in the Shick home. See Taylor, 818 F.2d at 797. 

Given all of the allegations, Plaintiffs sufficiently pleaded Defendants’

deliberate indifference to a known, substantial risk of serious harm resulting in

serious injury: a violation of clearly established federal law. Plaintiffs allege that

Defendant Foltz knew of the Shicks’ prior inability to care for foster children and

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that no Defendant enforced the Shicks’ child-capacity limits. They allege that

Defendant Jordan knowingly placed Plaintiffs in a home with D.C., a known

sexual aggressor, without implementing a safety plan. Plaintiffs also allege that all

three Defendants were informed of the child-on-child sex abuse perpetrated in the

Shick home -- yet Defendants then did nothing to protect the other children

residing there. Defendants knew that sexual abuse victims -- victims such as D.C.

and potentially R.S. and all three Plaintiffs -- were both more likely to be revictimized and more likely to perpetrate similar offenses. And they knew that

Plaintiffs were left with sexually aggressive children -- D.C. and R.S. -- after

school and unsupervised by adults. Despite this knowledge, no Defendant --

despite his or her authority to act -- took steps to secure Plaintiffs’ safety in the

Shick home. Taken together, these factors show that Defendants actually knew,

and were deliberately indifferent to, the substantial risk of Plaintiffs being sexually

abused in the Shick home. Plaintiffs then were sexually abused in the Shick home. 

As a result of that deliberate indifference, Defendants, given their duties as DCF

employees, violated Plaintiffs’ Fourteenth Amendment right to be free from a

serious injury flowing from a known, substantial risk of serious harm.

We have written that “deliberate indifference is not as easily inferred or

shown from a failure to act” and that a child abused in foster care is “faced with

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the difficult problem of showing actual knowledge of abuse or that agency

personnel deliberately failed to learn what was occurring in the foster home.”

Taylor, 818 F.2d at 796. We say today that what constitutes a “substantial risk” or

“serious injury” might be unclear in some sets of circumstances and whether an

official has acted with deliberate indifference (as opposed to, for example,

negligence) in given circumstances might also be unclear sometimes; qualified

immunity in these instances should apply. But at the pleading stage, Plaintiffs in

this case have met their burden: they have pleaded that Defendants did know about

child-on-child abuse in the Shick foster home and that Defendants, despite their

authority to act, took no steps to guard Plaintiffs from being -- as Plaintiffs in fact

came to be -- victims of sex abuse. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s

denial of Defendants’ motion to dismiss based on qualified immunity.

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AFFIRMED.

We do not hint about the availability of qualified immunity on summary judgment or by 6

directed verdict or by judgment as a matter of law. Additional or different facts might change the

circumstances to the degree that Taylor would not apply to them with obvious clarity and not

give fair warning to a defendant that what he or she did would violate the Constitution.

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