Filed 9/30/21; Certified for publication 10/26/21 (order attached)

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

K.L.,

 Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

R.H.,

 Defendant and Appellant.

 G059109

 (Super. Ct. No. 18P001978)

 O P I N I O N

Appeal from orders of the Superior Court of Orange County, Andre De La 

Cruz, Judge. Affirmed in part and reversed in part.

Sheppard Mullin Richter & Hampton, Anna S. McLean, Kathryn Kafka, 

Michael Lundholm; UCI School of Law Domestic Violence Clinic, Jane K. Stoever; 

Family Violence Appellate Project, Arati Vasan, Jennafer Dorfman Wagner, Erin Smith; 

Community Legal Aid SoCal, Sarah Reisman, Erica Embree, Janista Lee, Valerie

Vasquez and Michelle Kotval for Appellant.
2

California Women’s Law Center, Amy C. Poyer; Troutman Pepper 

Hamilton Sanders, Pamela S. Palmer, Cindy J. Lee, Elizabeth Holt Andrews and 

Lauren E. Grochow for California Women’s Law Center as Amicus Curiae on behalf of 

Appellant. 

Thuerwachter Law Group and James Thuerwachter for LLS Anti-Racism 

Center, Aoki Center for Critical Race and Nation Studies, Center on Race, Inequality and 

the Law, Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice, Fordham Law 

School’s Center on Race, Law, and Justice, Fred T. Korematsu Center for Law and 

Equality, and Nathaniel R. Jones Center for Race, Gender, and Social Justice as Amici 

Curiae on behalf of Appellant.

K. L., in pro. per., for Respondent.

* * *

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of the Domestic Violence Prevention Act (DVPA) 

(Fam. Code, § 6300 et seq.) “is to prevent acts of domestic violence, abuse, and sexual 

abuse and to provide for a separation of the persons involved in the domestic violence for 

a period sufficient to enable these persons to seek a resolution of the causes of the 

violence.” (Id., § 6220.) To achieve this purpose, the DVPA authorizes the court to issue 

orders enjoining a party from, among other things, “molesting, attacking, striking, 

stalking, threatening, sexually assaulting, battering, . . . harassing, . . . destroying personal 

property, . . . coming within a specified distance of, or disturbing the peace of the other 

party, and, in the discretion of the court, on a showing of good cause, of other named 

family or household members.” (Id., § 6320, subd. (a).)

The DVPA prohibits mutual orders enjoining both parties from the 

foregoing behavior unless “[t]he court makes detailed findings of fact indicating that both 

parties acted as a primary aggressor and that neither party acted primarily in 
3

self-defense.” (Fam. Code, § 6305, subd. (a)(2).) In determining whether a party was a 

primary aggressor or acted in self-defense, the trial court must consider the factors set 

forth in Penal Code section 836, subdivision (c)(3).

K.L. and R.H. are the parents of Z.L.; their year-long relationship was 

defined by multiple acts of abuse by K.L., and the complete inability of either party to 

effectively communicate with the other. After their domestic relationship ended, both 

filed requests for DVPA orders against the other in December 2019. In February 2020, 

after an evidentiary hearing, the trial court found that both K.L. and R.H. had acted as a 

primary aggressor against the other, and that neither had acted in self-defense. The court 

therefore issued mutual orders against both parties, and also issued orders granting joint 

physical and legal custody of Z.L. to both parties. 

The trial court erred by issuing mutual restraining orders without 

considering and following the relevant statutory authority. Because there was more than 

sufficient evidence supporting a DVPA order protecting R.H. and her child H.H. from 

K.L., that order shall be affirmed. We reverse the orders regarding child custody. If, 

after the trial court regains jurisdiction following the resolution of the dependency 

proceedings involving Z.L., either party files a request for order concerning custody, the 

trial court shall consider and apply the rebuttable presumption of Family Code 

section 3044 and the factors that may overcome that presumption.

STATEMENT OF FACTS

R.H. and K.L. began dating in the fall of 2017, and ended their relationship 

in December 2018. R.H. had a child before meeting K.L.; H.H. is now about seven years 

old. R.H. and K.L.’s child, Z.L., was born in November 2018.

Soon after they started dating, on November 23, 2017, K.L. appeared on 

R.H.’s doorstep after an argument and pointed a gun at her chest and then at her forehead. 

R.H. was terrified. K.L. ordered R.H. to calm down and be quiet and hit her in the face, 
4

but she could not stop crying. When K.L. allowed R.H. to go to her bedroom, she was 

shaking so badly she could not stand. K.L. laughed at R.H. and held out the gun to show 

her there were no bullets in it.

R.H. locked herself in her bedroom that night, and did not answer when 

K.L. knocked on the door in the middle of the night. The next morning, when R.H. 

would not let him in, K.L. broke down the locked door. When R.H. asked him to leave, 

K.L. punched her in the face several times. He grabbed her and slammed her head into 

the nightstand about six times. K.L. also tore out R.H.’s braids, which were sewn into 

her scalp. He also tried to rip off her tube top and take pictures of her naked body. 

A neighbor heard R.H. screaming and called 911. The police came and 

K.L. admitted to “forcibly” pulling off her wig with the intention of taking pictures of her 

and posting them on social media. K.L. was detained on a charge of inflicting corporal 

injury on a cohabitant (Pen. Code, § 273.5, subd. (a)), but R.H. chose not to press charges 

because K.L. apologized and they were still in a relationship.

On April 29, 2018, K.L. became upset with R.H. because she had not made 

dinner for him. K.L. claimed R.H. was using her pregnancy as an excuse for being lazy. 

K.L. became angry when the microwave he was trying to use did not work, and he threw 

it across the living room toward where R.H. and then four-year-old H.H. were sitting. 

When the microwave landed near H.H.’s feet, the child screamed, ran into the bedroom, 

and locked the door. R.H. was afraid that K.L. was going to attack her. 

On October 26, 2018, R.H., who was then eight months pregnant, woke up 

hungry in the middle of the night and went to get food. K.L. yelled at her to return to 

bed, and she was so upset she could not stop crying. K.L. pushed R.H. off the bed, and 

she landed on her abdomen. R.H. immediately felt a sharp pain, and began bleeding the 

next morning. At the hospital, she was diagnosed with an antepartum hemorrhage and 

given an injection to prevent contractions.
5

While R.H. was pregnant, K.L. would threaten suicide when they were

communicating via FaceTime. R.H. believed K.L. was manipulating her. 

On November 28, 2018, K.L. went to the home of R.H.’s mother, J.A., 

looking for R.H. K.L. became upset, refused to leave, and cursed at J.A., who threatened 

to call the police. K.L. responded, “You and your family, you think I’m scared of the 

police. The police carry gun and I carry gun. I’m not afraid of the police. You can call 

the police all you want.” When they struggled at the front door, K.L. hit J.A. in the nose 

with his elbow, causing it to bleed. 

On December 18, 2018, K.L., while holding newborn Z.L. in one arm, 

placed R.H. in a chokehold with the other, saying, “You are going to respect me as Z[.’s] 

dad.” R.H. stopped struggling in order to breathe as her vision started to fade. K.L. 

threatened, “From today on, this is what’s going to happen to you if you don’t listen to 

what I’m saying.” Later that same evening, K.L. came to R.H.’s apartment and pushed 

her into the bedroom. He pushed her onto the bed and then dragged her off the bed by 

her leg. R.H. felt a sharp pain in her back when she landed on the floor. During that 

incident, K.L. shut H.H.’s fingers in the door, leaving a scar in the nailbed. He said, 

“What are you going to do about it?” when R.H. told him to apologize to H.H.

K.L. described the December 18, 2018 incident in his request for a DVPA 

order: “I got home from taking our son out. R[.H.] was upset at me for that then she hits 

me while I was standing in the closet with a plastic tool box breaking it. I received a[] 

bruise on my right forearm blocking the attack. I had my son in the other arm defending 

her off until her sister’s husband came to break [it] up.” 

On December 27, 2018, R.H. called the police after K.L. failed to return by 

midnight with newborn Z.L. When K.L. finally returned at 12:30 a.m. and learned that 

R.H. had called the police, he grabbed her and pinned her against the wall with his right 

forearm across her neck while he was holding Z.L. in his left arm. 
6

In February 2019, K.L. threw R.H.’s phone out of the car window and 

punched R.H. in the neck.

On March 12, 2019, R.H. was staying in a hotel while she was transitioning 

from a domestic violence shelter. She had consumed two drinks and taken Benadryl to 

help her sleep. K.L. came over to apologize for an earlier incident, but became upset 

when he saw the empty alcohol bottles. He left, but called to apologize and came back 

again with brownies. R.H. could not remember anything else from that night after K.L. 

arrived the second time. She woke up the next morning on the floor without underwear, 

feeling pain in the back of her neck. Her sewn-in hair braids had been pulled out of her 

head, and she discovered dried semen on her buttocks. K.L. was sleeping on the bed; she 

asked him what had happened, he shrugged and went back to sleep.

During a text message exchange later that day regarding visitation, K.L. 

sent R.H. a photo showing her face-down on the floor, unconscious, with semen on her 

buttocks. In another text message, K.L. said he sent the picture to show her how 

“disgusting” she is, and included a middle finger emoji. R.H. called K.L. and he 

admitted he penetrated her. She asked him why he took the photo and he said it did not 

matter but he wanted to see Z.L. R.H. did not consent to having sexual intercourse with 

K.L. on March 12. 

On May 15, 2019, K.L. physically picked up R.H. and forced her into his 

car. When R.H. tried to scream, K.L. covered her mouth. He then blocked her from 

getting out of the car.

On June 27, 2019, R.H. and K.L. argued at a custody exchange. When 

R.H. got in the driver’s seat of her car, K.L., who was holding Z.L., prevented her from 

closing the car door. K.L. reached into the car and began choking R.H.. R.H. was able to 

push K.L. away and close the car door. Later that day, K.L. reported R.H. to the police, 

claiming that she had pushed him. She was arrested but not charged.
7

In his earlier request for a DVPA order, K.L. described the incident in 

June 2019: “As I was holding our son, and trying to put him in the car, R[.H.] came 

around the car and started to push me on my arm and my chest. As I tried to put Z[.L.] 

down she grabs my shirt and starts to jerk me around and pulls me into the car and starts 

to slap and punch me in my face and chest. Our son starts to cry because he is still in my 

arms. . . . As R[.H.] slaps me one last time, I stumble and fall to the ground and scrap[e] 

my knee. I [managed] to put my son safely on the seat but he was still crying. I jumped 

[and] ran to my car an[d] I notice the scratches on my left arm and I called the police.” 

On August 22, 2019, K.L. told R.H., “I don’t care who you end up with, 

your pussy will always be mine.”

Between September and November 2019, R.H. saw a gun in K.L.’s 

apartment on several occasions.1 K.L. choked R.H. multiple times, and harmed her in the 

presence of H.H. and Z.L. multiple times. 

On October 6, 2019, as R.H. was getting Z.L. out of his car seat, K.L. 

grabbed her buttocks and said, “You know I can’t help it when I see your ass.”

On October 20, 2019, during a period of reconciliation, K.L. woke R.H. 

while she was sleeping in his apartment and pulled her off the bed, causing her head to hit 

the floor. Z.L., who was sleeping on the bed next to R.H., began to cry. K.L. pushed 

R.H. out of the apartment; H.H. came with her. R.H. texted K.L. to open the gate so she 

could get her car out. K.L. came out holding Z.L. and banged on the driver’s side 

window so forcefully that R.H. feared the glass would break. H.H. was crying and 

holding on to R.H. Z.L.’s head was jerked back and forth as K.L. struck the window 

while holding Z.L. When R.H. opened the door slightly to try to stop him, K.L. yanked 

the door open and began strangling R.H. with one hand while holding their child with the 

other, causing Z.L. and R.H. to knock heads. R.H. struggled to breathe, could feel K.L.’s 

1

 The trial court rejected K.L.’s testimony that he did not own a gun: “I don’t find you 

credible, sir, with respect to the gun.”
8

fingernails tearing into her skin, thought she was losing consciousness, felt like her eye 

was going to pop out, and felt a lot of pressure in her head as her vision started to fade. 

When K.L. grabbed R.H.’s neck with both hands, Z.L. began slipping through his arms; 

K.L. was holding Z.L.’s head between his arm and elbow. R.H. believed she was going 

to die.

R.H. tried to call 911, but K.L. grabbed her phone, smashed it into the 

pavement and destroyed it. K.L. bashed R.H.’s head into the metal between the front and 

rear driver’s side car windows. H.H. was screaming in the backseat. After R.H. was 

finally able to drive away, she stopped a police car and the police made a report, noting 

an abrasion on her neck. Although the report describes K.L., it mistakenly lists another 

person’s name as R.H.’s attacker. 

K.L. denied being with R.H. on October 20, and claimed R.H. had given 

the police the wrong name and address of her attacker to get him arrested.

In late 2019, R.H. sought help, staying with the two children at a 

confidential domestic violence shelter. On November 26, 2019, K.L. went to R.H.’s 

shelter and parked his car outside. As the shelter director testified, shelter staff instructed 

K.L. he could not be there and made an emergency transfer of R.H. and her children to a 

motel. The next morning, K.L. returned looking for R.H. The shelter director called the 

police.

On December 2, 2019, R.H. arrived at the Garden Grove Police Station to 

pick up Z.L. from K.L. She noticed that K.L. had shaved Z.L.’s head against his doctor’s 

recommendation (Z.L.’s fontanels had not yet closed). R.H. asked K.L. why he had done 

it, and he told her “that’s what [she got] for making him miss [Z.L.’s] birthday.”

R.H. turned Z.L around and noticed a bruise behind his ear. She became 

upset, telling K.L. that she was not bringing Z.L. back until she saw a judge and that she 

was filing for a restraining order. K.L. responded that his mom was going to “whoop 
9

[her] ass.” R.H. testified that she said, “Fuck you and your mom.” K.L. claimed R.H. 

said she was going to “fuck [him] up” and kill him. 

R.H. returned to the domestic violence shelter where she was living and 

told the program manager what happened. The manager called K.L. around 8:00 p.m., 

notifying him that R.H. would be seeking a restraining order the next day. 

On December 21, 2019, after the court had granted temporary restraining 

orders to both parties, K.L. punched R.H. in the head at a visitation exchange in front of 

the Westminster Police Station. R.H. felt a sharp pain and was frightened. K.L. claimed 

he had a video showing the incident did not occur, but did not introduce the video at the 

hearing.

K.L. and R.H. used the Talking Parents app to communicate regarding Z.L. 

Talking Parents is a court-mandated, online coparenting communication tool that records 

the time messages are sent and read, prevents messages from being altered or deleted, and 

is admissible in court. (See Melissa G. v. Raymond M. (2018) 27 Cal.App.5th 360, 364; 

see also <https://talkingparents.com>.) As part of K.L.’s request for a DVPA order, the 

following communications from R.H. on Talking Parents were read into the record: July 

29, 2019: “Also, being sick doesn’t mean I can’t take care of my kids, you dick.” 

September 9, 2019: “You like being a dick.”2 The court also read into the record several 

exchanges between K.L. and R.H. involving R.H.’s failure to show up on time for 

custody exchanges.

2

 The court also read the following into the record: “No, you didn’t prove my point but 

you’re a cunt.” “You’re not his father because you don’t act like one.” “CPS case, tell 

your bitch ass called them on me.” “Because ain’t got time for your bitch ass.” All of 

these communications occurred before the hearing on K.L.’s first request for a DVPA 

order, and the court ruled that all evidence predating K.L.’s first restraining order hearing 

in July 2019 was inadmissible in connection with K.L.’s current request for a DVPA 

order under res judicata principles.
10

R.H. also had read into the record messages from K.L. to her on Talking 

Parents: “I guess Z[.L.] being raised by African bitches and all you guys from [sic] and 

your grandmother you still need public assistance for the rest of your life or take care of a 

man. You claim I beat you up. Wait until you marry a white man and beat your ass all 

the time and no one will believe you. I know your dad turning in his grave seeing his 

daughter suck dick for a living, but you’ll probably lie how you got there, too, about your 

dad. Go bleach your skin like your mom, you ugly bitch. Once you go get your boobs 

done, they look saggy, old Sponge Bob body ass. You look stupid living in the house. 

One day you won’t be able to afford to live nowhere and you’ll have to bounce from 

program to program.”3

The court also considered evidence that R.H. had pleaded guilty to 

misdemeanor child endangerment (Pen. Code, § 273a) and misdemeanor commercial 

burglary (id., §§ 459, 460, subd. (b)) in 2014,4and had suffered several probation 

violations before being dismissed early from probation in January 2020. R.H. was also 

convicted of providing false identification to a peace officer, and detained but not 

arrested or charged with child cruelty and battery on a spouse in June 2019.

3

 While being questioned by R.H.’s counsel, K.L. read this message into the record; the 

trial court erroneously excluded it and another message R.H. tried to introduce. As noted 

ante, the court ruled that evidence of R.H.’s abuse of K.L. predating K.L.’s first 

restraining order hearing in July 2019 was inadmissible in connection with K.L.’s current 

request for a DVPA order under res judicata principles. However, res judicata did not 

apply to the messages offered by R.H. because she had not previously filed a restraining 

order request. (See State Comp. Ins. Fund v. ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc. (2020) 50 

Cal.App.5th 422, 446; Brinton v. Bankers Pension Services, Inc. (1999) 76 Cal.App.4th 

550, 556.)

4

 The factual basis for R.H.’s guilty plea reads as follows: “In Orange County, on 

Aug. 16, 2014, I did willfully and unlawfully enter Kohl’s a commercial building with 

the intent to commit theft. I also unlawfully endangered my child under circumstances 

and conditions likely to produce great bodily harm and death.”
11

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On June 28, 2019, K.L. filed a request for a DVPA order, seeking 

protection for himself and Z.L. from R.H. At the hearing on July 19, 2019, the court 

found “there is insufficient evidence to substantiate by a preponderance of the evidence 

that domestic violence has occurred,” and denied K.L.’s request for a DVPA order. 

On December 3, 2019, K.L. filed a new request for a restraining order 

against R.H.5 When R.H. arrived at the courthouse that same day, her conversation with 

court staff led her to believe she could not file a restraining order that day. She left and 

the following day—December 4, 2019—filed her request for a DVPA order against K.L.6 

During his examination of R.H., K.L. acknowledged that his request for a 

DVPA order was based solely on claims that R.H. threatened him. K.L. specifically 

acknowledged that R.H. had never caused or attempted to cause him bodily harm, had 

never sexually assaulted him, and had never placed him in reasonable apprehension of 

imminent serious bodily injury to himself or anyone else. 

During R.H.’s presentation of evidence supporting her request for a DVPA 

order, the trial court stated that evidence of three incidents of domestic violence was

enough, and more would be repetitive. When R.H. requested that she be permitted to 

present evidence of more acts of violence, the court denied the request.

5

 The incidents mentioned in the December 2019 request that were not mentioned in the 

July 2019 request were: at the December 2, 2019 custody exchange, R.H. told K.L. “I’m 

going to fuck you up again. I’m not going to let you see our son again,” called him a 

“faggot” and a “bitch,” said “Fuck you and your mom she’s a bitch too,” and said she 

would “fucking kill” him before she let him see Z.L. again; on Talking Parents on 

September 9, 2019, asked “Do you like being a dick?”; and she refused to let him pick up 

Z.L. during K.L.’s scheduled parenting time on four occasions in November 2019. 

6

 A second DVPA petition filed by R.H. was withdrawn at the hearing. The record on 

appeal does not include any information regarding this DVPA request.
12

On February 5, 2020, the court issued DVPA orders in favor of both K.L. 

and R.H. The court also issued a child custody and visitation order in connection with 

each DVPA order, granting K.L. and R.H. joint legal and physical custody of Z.L.

The trial court heard the two competing requests as “two separate trials.” It 

first considered K.L.’s request against R.H. and found there was substantial evidence that 

(1) domestic violence or abuse by R.H. occurred within the meaning of Family Code 

sections 6203 and 6320; (2) R.H. was the perpetrator and K.L. was the victim of the 

violence or abuse; (3) the violence or abuse did not occur in self-defense; (4) the safety of 

K.L. and Z.L. would be jeopardized if the court did not issue the requested restraining 

order (id., § 6340); and (5) a restraining order lasting three years was necessary to 

separate R.H. and K.L. for a sufficient period to enable them to seek resolution of the 

causes of the violence or abuse (id., § 6220). The court identified the following facts 

supporting its finding that R.H. committed domestic violence against K.L.: (1) R.H. 

threatened K.L. at the December 2, 2019 custody exchange; (2) R.H. disturbed K.L.’s 

peace as set forth in the Talking Parents app exchanges submitted by K.L.; and (3) R.H. 

had previous criminal convictions that were “violent in nature.” Given the court’s 

previous ruling that the earlier denial of K.L.’s request for a DVPA order in July 2019

precluded the admission of evidence of R.H.’s alleged violence or abuse before that date, 

we presume that the court considered only the Talking Parents exchanges occurring after 

July 19, 2019; any reliance by the court on Talking Parents exchanges before that date in 

support of K.L.’s request for a DVPA order would be error.

The trial court also granted R.H.’s request for a restraining order against 

K.L. based on the “litany of issues and incidents,” particularly those occurring in 

November 2017, April 2018, October 2018, November 2018, March 2019, October 2019, 
13

and December 2019.7 The court specifically found that R.H.’s mother, J.A., was a 

credible and reliable witness. 

In connection with the issuance of mutual restraining orders (Fam. Code, 

§ 6305), the court found that R.H. and K.L. “were both primary aggressors, neither one 

acted primarily out of self-defense.”

After issuing the mutual restraining orders, the trial court addressed child 

custody. The court acknowledged that its findings of domestic violence and abuse by 

both R.H. and K.L. brought the rebuttable presumption of Family Code section 3044 into 

play. The court also acknowledged it did not “have time to address” all the factors to 

overcome the presumption. The court ordered that the parties would have joint legal and 

physical custody, with one week on and one week off. 

R.H. filed a notice of appeal.

DISCUSSION

I.

STANDARDS FOR ISSUANCE OF MUTUAL RESTRAINING ORDERS

“Under the DVPA, a court may issue a restraining order to prevent 

domestic violence or abuse if the party seeking the order ‘shows, to the satisfaction of the 

court, reasonable proof of a past act or acts of abuse.’” (Melissa G. v. Raymond M. 

(2018) 27 Cal.App.5th 360, 367.) “Abuse” includes intentionally or recklessly causing or 

attempting to cause bodily injury to, sexual assault, placing a person in reasonable 

apprehension of imminent serious bodily injury, attacking, striking, stalking, threatening, 

7

 In his respondent’s brief, K.L. argues that the trial court erred by considering a 

supplemental brief from R.H. that was filed and served fewer than five days before the 

hearing. At the hearing, the trial court gave K.L. the option to continue the hearing or to 

proceed and waive any objection to the supplemental declaration; K.L. chose the latter.
14

battering, harassing, destroying personal property, or disturbing the peace of the other 

party. (Fam. Code, §§ 6203, 6320.) 

The issuance of a mutual restraining order is governed by Family Code 

section 6305:

“(a) The court shall not issue a mutual order enjoining the parties from 

specific acts of abuse described in Section 6320 unless . . . : [¶] . . . [¶]

“(2) The court makes detailed findings of fact indicating that both parties 

acted as a primary aggressor and that neither party acted primarily in self-defense.

“(b) For purposes of subdivision (a), in determining if both parties acted 

primarily as aggressors, the court shall consider the provisions concerning dominant 

aggressors set forth in paragraph (3) of subdivision (c) of Section 836 of the Penal Code.” 

(Fam. Code, § 6305.) “‘[D]etailed findings of fact’” under this statute “require sufficient 

factual findings or analysis for a reviewing court to assess the factual or legal basis for 

the trial court’s decision.” (In re Marriage of Everard (2020) 47 Cal.App.5th 109, 127.)

Penal Code section 836, subdivision (c)(3), provides as follows:

“The dominant aggressor is the person determined to be the most 

significant, rather than the first, aggressor. In identifying the dominant aggressor, [the 

court] shall consider (A) the intent of the law to protect victims of domestic violence 

from continuing abuse, (B) the threats creating fear of physical injury, (C) the history of 

domestic violence between the persons involved, and (D) whether either person involved 

acted in self-defense.” (Pen. Code, § 836, subd. (c)(3).)8 

8

 Although the statutes use different terms to describe the “primary aggressor,” 

“dominant aggressor,” and “most significant” aggressor, these terms are intended to be 

used interchangeably. (Assem. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Assem. Bill No. 2089 

(2013-2014 Reg. Sess.) Apr. 22, 2014, p. 6.)
15

II.

APPEALABILITY AND STANDARDS OF REVIEW

Mutual restraining orders issued under the DVPA are appealable. (N.T. v. 

H.T. (2019) 34 Cal.App.5th 595, 601; see Code Civ. Proc., § 904.1, subd. (a)(6).) The 

trial court’s custody orders are also appealable. (Enrique M. v. Angelina V. (2004) 

121 Cal.App.4th 1371, 1377; see Code Civ. Proc., § 904.1, subd. (a)(1) & (2).)

We review DVPA orders (N.T. v. H.T., supra, 34 Cal.App.5th at p. 601) 

and custody and visitation orders (Celia S. v. Hugo H. (2016) 3 Cal.App.5th 655, 662) for 

abuse of discretion. However, “‘[t]he question of “whether a trial court applied the 

correct legal standard to an issue in exercising its discretion is a question of law [citation] 

requiring de novo review.”’” (N.T. v. H.T., supra, 34 Cal.App.5th at pp. 601-602.) We 

review the court’s factual findings for substantial evidence. (J.J. v. M.F. (2014) 

223 Cal.App.4th 968, 975.)

III.

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY ISSUING A MUTUAL RESTRAINING ORDER WITHOUT 

CONSIDERING THE STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS

Family Code section 6305 permits trial courts to issue mutual restraining 

order, but limits them to specific circumstances that are not present in the record before 

us. Indeed, the language of the statute makes clear that mutual restraining orders are the 

exception, and “shall not issue” unless the trial court makes specific findings, and that in 

making those findings the court “shall consider” both the intent of the law protecting 

domestic violence victims and the specific circumstances of the history of domestic 

violence in the case before it. (Fam. Code, § 6305; see Pen. Code, § 836, subd. (c)(3).) 

Specifically, the statute mandates that the court determine which of the parties is the 

“most significant” aggressor. (Pen. Code, § 836, subd. (c)(3).) Such a determination 

requires that the acts of the parties be weighed against each other. As a result, in 
16

deciding whether mutual restraining orders should issue, the trial court must consider the 

parties’ respective alleged acts of domestic violence in concert, and not separately, as the 

court did here. (Melissa G. v. Raymond M. (2018) 27 Cal.App.5th 360, 372 [“By 

separating out for analysis each party’s claim of abuse against the other, and issuing 

restraining orders against both parties as if incidents occurring at different times must be 

wholly unrelated, a court does not give full effect to the statutory directive that it ‘shall 

consider’ both ‘the history of domestic violence between the persons involved’ and 

‘protect[ing] victims of domestic violence from continuing abuse’”].)

In this case, the trial court failed to properly apply the statutory factors to 

the evidence before it. 

The trial court found that the following acts by K.L. had been established 

by a preponderance of the evidence: (1) the November 2017 incident in which K.L. 

pointed a gun at R.H., punched her in the face, slammed her head into the nightstand, tore 

out her braids, and broke down a locked door; (2) the April 2018 incident where K.L. 

threw a microwave toward R.H. and H.H.; (3) the October 2018 incident where K.L. 

pushed R.H., who was then pregnant, off the bed, causing her to suffer an antepartum 

hemorrhage; (4) the November 2018 incident where K.L. hit R.H.’s mother in the nose; 

(5) the March 2019 incident in which K.L. drugged and sexually assaulted R.H.; (6) the 

October 2019 incident in which K.L. pulled R.H. off the bed, causing her to hit her head 

on the floor, kicked her out of his apartment, caused her to bang heads with year-old Z.L., 

strangled her, destroyed her phone, and smashed her head into a metal area of her car; 

and (7) the December 2019 incident in which K.L. punched R.H. in the head after the 

trial court had granted a temporary restraining order protecting R.H. from K.L.

The trial court also found by a preponderance of the evidence that R.H.: 

(1) threatened K.L. at the December 2, 2019 custody exchange by saying she was going 

to “fuck him up” and threatening to kill him; (2) disturbed K.L.’s peace as set forth in the 
17

Talking Parents app exchanges submitted by K.L.; and (3) had previous criminal 

convictions that were “violent in nature.” 

Based on the foregoing evidence of the parties’ acts of domestic violence, 

the trial court found that both K.L. and R.H. acted as primary aggressors and that neither 

acted primarily in self-defense. (Fam. Code, § 6305, subd. (a)(2).) In making these 

findings, however, the trial court failed to consider the mandatory factors of Penal Code 

section 836, subdivision (c)(3). Specifically, the trial court failed to consider the intent of 

the DVPA and other laws protecting victims of domestic violence from continuing abuse, 

whether either party made the threats to the other creating fear of physical injury, and the 

history of domestic violence between K.L. and R.H.

The evidence before the trial court regarding the parties’ behavior at the 

December 2 custody exchange does not rise to the level of threats by R.H. sufficient to 

justify the issuance of a restraining order. K.L. admitted at the hearing that R.H. had 

never placed him in reasonable apprehension of imminent serious bodily injury to himself 

or anyone else. This testimony should have been relevant to the trial court’s analysis 

under Penal Code section 836, subdivision (c)(3)(B). R.H. said she would “fuck up” K.L. 

and kill him after she had observed the bruise on Z.L.’s head, seeing that K.L. had shaved 

Z.L.’s head against the doctor’s recommendation, and having K.L. state that he had 

shaved Z.L.’s head as a means of punishing R.H. Moreover, R.H.’s words came after 

more than two years of substantiated physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of R.H. by 

K.L. The trial court failed to consider this history of domestic violence under Penal Code 

section 836, subdivision (c)(3)(C).

The statements by R.H. to K.L. on Talking Parents, while evidencing a lack 

of ability between these two people to communicate, do not reach the level of disturbing 

K.L.’s peace. “‘[T]he plain meaning of the phrase “disturbing the peace of the other 

party” in section 6320 may be properly understood as conduct that destroys the mental or

emotional calm of the other party.’” (N.T. v. H.T., supra, 34 Cal.App.5th at p. 602.) 
18

What disturbs the peace of a person differs in each case. (People v. Sorden (2021) 

65 Cal.App.5th 582, 603-604 [tracking girlfriend’s cell phone]; N.T. v. H.T., supra,

34 Cal.App.5th at p. 602 [communicating with wife about issues in excess of those 

necessary to custody exchanges, stalking wife, verbally attacking wife and threatening 

her regarding visitation]; Perez v. Torres-Hernandez (2016) 1 Cal.App.5th 389, 400-401 

[physical abuse of couple’s children destroyed one partner’s calm and made her fear for 

her own safety and that of her children, although she herself was not physically abused]; 

Rodriguez v. Menjivar (2015) 243 Cal.App.4th 816, 822 [acts of isolation, control, and 

threats that destroyed protected party’s mental and emotional calm; acts continued 

despite restrained party’s knowledge of adverse consequences to protected party’s health 

and pregnancy]; Burquet v. Brumbaugh (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 1140, 1144 [contacting 

plaintiff by phone, e-mail, and text; arriving at her home unannounced and uninvited, and 

refusing to leave]; In re Marriage of Nadkarni (2009) 173 Cal.App.4th 1483, 1498-1499 

[husband publicly disclosed content of wife’s confidential e-mails, causing her to suffer 

“‘shock’” and “‘embarrassment,’” to fear the destruction of her “‘business 

relationships,’” and to fear for her safety]; but see Curcio v. Pels (2020) 

47 Cal.App.5th 1, 13 [single private Facebook post is not sufficient to disturb the other 

party’s peace].) 

In this case, calling K.L. a “dick” and failing to show up for custody 

exchanges is not sufficient to disturb anyone’s peace, especially if that person has been 

physically and emotionally abusing the other person for almost two years. Pursuant to 

Penal Code section 836, subdivision (c)(3)(A), (B), and (C), these words and actions do 

not justify a finding that R.H. was the dominant aggressor or that R.H. was not acting in 

self-defense. This conclusion does not condone or approve R.H.’s words or actions, but 

recognizes they simply do not rise to the level required by the law.

Finally, the trial court erred as a matter of law by relying on R.H.’s 

previous criminal convictions in ordering the issuance of a mutual restraining order. 
19

Family Code section 6306, which the trial court cited in explaining why it was 

considering R.H.’s convictions, provides, in relevant part: “(1) Prior to deciding whether 

to issue an order under this part or when determining appropriate temporary custody and 

visitation orders, the court shall consider the following . . . : any conviction for a violent 

felony specified in Section 667.5 of the Penal Code or a serious felony specified in 

Section 1192.7 of the Penal Code; any misdemeanor conviction involving domestic 

violence, weapons, or other violence; any outstanding warrant; parole or probation status; 

any prior restraining order; and any violation of a prior restraining order. [¶] 

(2) Information . . . that does not involve a conviction described in this subdivision shall 

not be considered by the court in making a determination regarding the issuance of an 

order pursuant to this part. That information shall be destroyed and shall not become part 

of the public file in this or any other civil proceeding.” (Fam. Code, § 6306, subd. (b).) 

R.H.’s misdemeanor convictions for child endangerment and second degree 

burglary are neither felony convictions nor misdemeanors involving violence; nor are 

they within the categories specified in Family Code section 6306, subdivision (b)(2). 

Therefore, the court should not have considered them in deciding whether to issue mutual 

restraining orders, or in connection with the issue of custody.9

While the trial court defined R.H.’s crimes of child endangerment (Pen. 

Code, § 273a) and second degree burglary (id., §§ 459, 460) as “violent,” they are not 

listed as “violent” felonies under Penal Code section 667.5, subdivision (c), or as 

“serious” felonies under Penal Code section 1192.7, subdivision (c). More importantly, 

these crimes do not meet the definition of “violent.” Violent crimes involve “physical 

force, sexual contact, physical injury or destruction of property, fear, coercion, or 

duress.” (In re Febbo (2020) 52 Cal.App.5th 1088, 1102.) Nothing in the record shows 

9

 Given the requirement of Family Code section 6306, subdivision (b)(2), we direct the 

trial court to destroy the portions of the trial court’s record that include references to 

R.H.’s previous criminal convictions.
20

these crimes were violent under the In re Febbo definition. Moreover, these crimes had 

no connection to the acts of violence between K.L. and R.H.; they were committed before 

these two individuals even began a dating relationship, and were not committed against 

K.L.

“It is essential in a case such as this that the court rigorously evaluate the 

evidence to ensure that the moving party has, in fact, been victimized. This is so, 

particularly, where, as here, the trial court is aware that the acts committed by the moving 

party . . . are significantly more violent than the acts alleged by the moving party.” 

(Conness v. Satram (2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 197, 205.) The acts committed by K.L. 

against R.H. were significantly more violent than the acts committed against K.L. by 

R.H. The trial court failed to evaluate the evidence before it in light of the Penal Code 

section 836, subdivision (c)(3) factors, and therefore erred in finding that R.H. was an 

aggressor who did not act in self-defense. The mutual restraining order therefore cannot 

stand.10

IV.

SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE DVPA ORDER AGAINST K.L.; SUBSTANTIAL 

EVIDENCE DOES NOT SUPPORT THE DVPA ORDER AGAINST R.H.

As discussed above, substantial evidence supported the trial court’s 

issuance of a restraining order protecting R.H. and H.H. against K.L. (Fam. Code, 

§§ 6300, 6320.) However,, the trial court’s DVPA order restraining R.H. was not 

supported by substantial evidence, and must be reversed. (Ibid.) 

10

 Amici curiae have raised many important points regarding the negative effects of 

mutual restraining orders on women, particularly women of color and women who have 

been the targets of domestic violence. While we recognize and appreciate the issues 

raised by amici curiae, the appropriate forum in which to address their concerns is the 

Legislature. We are limited to the record before us.
21

V.

THE TRIAL COURT’S ORDER REGARDING CUSTODY OF Z.L. IS REVERSED; IF, AFTER THE 

DEPENDENCY PROCEEDING INVOLVING Z.L. IS RESOLVED, EITHER PARTY FILES A REQUEST 

FOR ORDER CONCERNING Z.L.’S CUSTODY, THE TRIAL COURT MUST CONSIDER THE 

CUSTODY ISSUE WITH REGARD TO FAMILY CODE SECTION 3044’S REBUTTABLE 

PRESUMPTION AGAINST GRANTING CUSTODY TO K.L.

Family Code section 3044, subdivision (a), creates a rebuttable 

presumption that sole or joint physical or legal custody of a child to a person who has 

committed domestic violence against the other party seeking custody is “detrimental to 

the best interest of the child.” In this case, the trial court found that the rebuttable 

presumption came into play because both R.H. and K.L. had been found to have 

committed acts of domestic violence against the other. The trial court did not, however, 

address the factors that can overcome the presumption, which are set forth in Family 

Code section 3044, subdivision (b), on the record. The court also acknowledged it did 

not “have time to address” all the factors to overcome the presumption: “[Family Code 

section] 3044 presumptions are now in play. [Family Code section] 3044 presumptions 

that can only be overcome by certain subsections of [Family Code section] 3044 

including batterers intervention attendance, anger management classes, and a whole other 

laundry list of items in [Family Code section] 3044. [¶] We’re not going to have time to 

address every single subsection, so my inclination is to grant joint physical and legal 

custody.” 

In light of the trial court’s error in finding that R.H. was a primary 

aggressor and did not act in self-defense, its order granting joint physical and legal 

custody to K.L. and R.H. cannot stand. 

Although it is not a part of the appellate record in this case, the parties 

agree that a dependency case involving Z.L. was initiated after the mutual restraining 

orders in the present case were issued, and is currently pending. As long as a child is a 

dependent of the juvenile court, “any issues regarding custodial rights between his or her 
22

parents shall be determined solely by the juvenile court.” (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 302, 

subd. (c).) Therefore, until the dependency matter is resolved, the trial court may not 

make any orders regarding the issue of K.L. and R.H.’s custody over Z.L. 

After the dependency matter is resolved, the trial court shall consider any 

new requests for order filed by the parties regarding legal and physical custody of Z.L. 

pursuant to Family Code section 3044.11

DISPOSITION

The restraining order against R.H. is reversed. The restraining order 

against K.L. is affirmed. The orders regarding custody of Z.L. are reversed. We direct 

the trial court, pursuant to Family Code section 6306, subdivision (b)(2), to destroy 

information regarding R.H.’s criminal history that is not encompassed by Family Code 

section 6306, subdivision (b)(1). 

11

 Recently, in the context of a juvenile dependency case, we cautioned against the 

danger of implicit bias affecting the judiciary’s perception of victims of domestic abuse. 

“We are also mindful of society’s preconceptions that often damage the ‘credibility of 

victim-witnesses who present on the stand in atypical and non paradigmatic fashions.’ 

(Kohn, Barriers to Reliable Credibility Assessments: Domestic Violence VictimWitnesses (2003) 11 Am. U. J. Gender Soc. Pol’y & L. 733, 734, fn. omitted.) We 

expect such victims to be ‘sweet, kind, demure, blameless, frightened, and helpless’ (id.

at p. 734) and ‘not a multi-faceted woman who may or may not experience fear or anger’ 

(id. at pp. 743-744, fn. omitted). ‘These are the preconceptions that judges and jurors 

bring with them into the courtroom when they assess the veracity of a victim-witness’s 

story.’ (Id. at p. 734, fn. omitted.) We encourage continued diligence and education to 

guard against such preconceptions.” (In re Ma.V. (2021) 64 Cal.App.5th 11, 26.) While 

not directly applicable to our analysis, we encourage the trial court to keep this in mind in 

this and other matters.
23

The parties shall immediately forward a copy of this opinion to the juvenile 

court in dependency case No. 21DP0311. 

Appellant R.H. is to recover her costs on appeal.

ZELON, J.*

WE CONCUR:

O’LEARY, P. J.

GOETHALS, J.

*Retired Justice of the Court of Appeal, Second Appellate District, assigned by the Chief 

Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
Filed 10/26/21

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

K.L.,

 Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

R.H.,

 Defendant and Appellant.

 G059109

 (Super. Ct. No. 18P001978)

 O R D E R

Appellant and nonparties Family Violence Appellate Project joined by 

Alliance for HOPE International, California Protective Parents Association, Center for 

Community Solutions, Child Abuse Forensic Institute, Coalition for Family Harmony, 

Domestic Abuse Center, Margaret Drew, Family Violence Law Center, Law Foundation 

of Silicon Valley, Los Angeles County Bar Association Counsel for Justice Domestic 

Violence Project, Los Angeles Center for Law and Justice, Public Counsel, Julie Saffren, 

Stopping Domestic Violence, and University of California Davis Family Protection and 

Legal Assistance Clinic, and Horowitz & Levy have requested that our opinion filed on 

September 30, 2021, be certified for publication. It appears that our opinion meets the 
2

standards set forth in California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(c). The request is 

GRANTED. The opinion is ordered published in the Official Reports.

ZELON, J.*

WE CONCUR:

O’LEARY, P. J.

GOETHALS, J.

*Retired Justice of the Court of Appeal, Second Appellate District, assigned by the Chief 

Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.