By order of the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel, the precedential effect

of this decision is limited to the case and parties pursuant to 6th

Cir. BAP LBR 8013-1(b). See also 6th Cir. BAP LBR 8010-1(c).

File Name: 08b0011n.06

BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL OF THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

In re: DANIEL W. BROWN AND LORA J.

BROWN,

Debtors.

______________________________________

LORA J. BROWN, 

Appellant/Cross-Appellee,

v.

JEFF A. MOYER, CHAPTER 7 BANKRUPTCY

TRUSTEE, 

Appellee/Cross-Appellant.

______________________________________

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Nos. 07-8061; 07-8066

Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court

for the Western District of Michigan, at Grand Rapids.

No. 06-05085.

Submitted: May 14, 2008

Decided and Filed: June 11, 2008

Before: FULTON, McIVOR, and SCOTT, Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judges.

____________________

COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Mitchell J. Hall, Jeff A. Moyer, THE BANKRUPTCY GROUP, INC., Wyoming,

Michigan, for Appellee. Lora J. Brown, Jenison, Michigan, pro se. 
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____________________

OPINION

____________________

JOSEPH M. SCOTT, JR., Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judge. The Appellant/Cross-Appellee

(“Mrs. Brown”) appeals the decision of the bankruptcy court disallowing her claim of exemption for

spousal support in the amount of $90,000 pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 522(d)(10)(D). The

Appellee/Cross-Appellant (the “Trustee”) appeals the decision of the bankruptcy court not to

consider the Trustee’s supplemental brief, which was filed after the briefing deadline established by

the court.

I. ISSUES ON APPEAL

The issue presented in Case No. 07-8061 is whether the bankruptcy court erred in disallowing

Mrs. Brown’s claim of exemption for spousal support in the amount of $90,000 pursuant to

11 U.S.C. § 522(d)(10)(D). The issue presented in Case No. 07-8066 is whether the court erred in

not considering the Trustee’s supplemental brief, filed after the briefing deadline established by the

court.

II. JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

 The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel of the Sixth Circuit (“BAP”) has jurisdiction to hear and

decide this appeal. 28 U.S.C. § 158(b)(1). The United States District Court for the Western District

of Michigan has authorized appeals to the BAP, and neither party has timely elected to have this

appeal heard by the district court. 28 U.S.C. §§ 158(b)(6), (c)(1). A final order of a bankruptcy

court may be appealed by right under 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1). An order is final if it “‘ends the

litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.’” Midland

Asphalt Corp. v. United States, 489 U.S. 794, 798, 109 S. Ct. 1494, 1497 (1989) (citation omitted).

A ruling on an objection to a debtor’s claim of exemption is a final order for purposes of appeal.

Wicheff v. Baumgart (In re Wicheff), 215 B.R. 839, 840 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 1998). The cross-appeal,

assertion of a “procedural deficiency” by the bankruptcy court in not considering the Trustee’s

supplemental brief, is in the context of the court’s ruling on the debtor’s claim of exemption.
 The exact date is not certain from the record on appeal. However, along with the words “give to client,” the 1

date October 17, 2006, is handwritten on the Consent Judgment of Divorce. Regardless of the exact date that the divorce

was finalized, the bankruptcy court “treat[ed] the obligation as having arisen prepetition since that interpretation most

favors Ms. Brown.” (Appellee/Cross-Appellant’s App. at 289.)

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The BAP reviews the bankruptcy court’s findings of fact for clear error and questions of law

de novo. Dery v. Cumberland Cas. & Sur. Co. (In re 5900 Assocs., Inc.), 468 F.3d 326, 329 (6th

Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). “A factual determination is clearly erroneous ‘when although there is

evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm

conviction that a mistake has been committed.’” Bailey v. Suhar (In re Bailey), 380 B.R.486, 488

(B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2008) (citations omitted). “De novo review means that the appellate court

determines the law independently of the trial court’s determination.” Treinish v. Norwest Bank

Minn., N.A. (In re Periandri), 266 B.R. 651, 653 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2001).

III. FACTS

On October 13, 2006, Dr. and Mrs. Brown filed a voluntary petition for relief under chapter

7 of the Bankruptcy Code. Schedules also were filed. Personal property listed on Schedule B

included Grandville Chiropractic, Inc. and a “contingent and unliquidated” claim, namely, “divorce,”

each with “zero value” and jointly held. Schedule I, current income, stated that Mrs. Brown was

receiving $1,100 monthly in “[a]limony, maintenance or support payments.” A separate Schedule J,

current expenditures, was filed for each debtor because they maintained separate households.

Statement of Financial Affairs listed their divorce case as “pending” and indicated Dr. Brown’s

separate address, from 2004 to 2006, with the explanation “moved because of divorce.”

Apparently, four days after the filing, on October 17, 2006, dissolution of the parties’

marriage was finalized. A document titled “Consent of Judgment of Divorce” includes, early in the 1

agreement, the following language under the heading “SPOUSAL SUPPORT”: “Neither [Dr.

Brown] nor [Mrs. Brown] is entitled to spousal support. Spousal support is forever barred.”

Alongside that paragraph are handwritten, and initialed, the words “See property division.” The

property division section includes the following language:

GRANDVILLE CHIROPRACTIC PC.

[Dr. Brown] shall retain the business of Grandville Chiropractic, and will pay

[Mrs.Brown] the sum of $90,000.00 for [Mrs.Brown’s] share of said business. Said
 Mrs. Brown was represented during the divorce proceedings by attorney Dawn I. Krupp, and Dr. Brown was

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represented by Dana Snoap. The record on appeal does not disclose the relationship, if any, between Mrs. Brown’s

divorce counsel and the parties’ bankruptcy counsel, although in briefing Mrs. Brown refers to “the law firm that

represented me in my divorce and joint bankruptcy.” (Appellant/Cross-Appellee’s brief at 4.)

 Reference was made at the hearing to Dr. Brown’s having separate counsel, although Dr. Brown was not

3

represented there by separate counsel.

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payment shall commence November 12, 2006 and shall be in the amount of $800.00

per month. Commencing on June 12, 2007, [Dr. Brown’s] payments shall increase

to the amount of $1,100.00 per month. The entire balance due and owing shall be

paid in full no later than 5 years from the entry of this Judgment of Divorce. This

$90,000.00 shall carry a simple interest rate of 6% (six percent per annum).

The agreement notes that Dr. Brown’s employment is Grandville Chiropractic PC (“Grandville

Chiropractic”) and that Mrs. Brown is a real estate agent. The agreement also provides that Dr.

Brown pay $300.00 per month in child support until May 12, 2007, (the month prior to when the

Grandville Chiropractic payments increase) and that uninsured medical and dental expenses for the

parties’ minor child be split between the parties according to their income, with Dr. Brown paying

70% and Mrs. Brown paying 30%. Under the heading “Miscellaneous Provisions,” the agreement

states that “[t]he property division provisions of this Judgment fully satisfies [sic] all claims either

party may have against the other except for obligations and reservations contained in it” and that the

parties “have filed a joint bankruptcy.” The agreement is signed by Dr. and Mrs. Brown as well as

their respective counsel.

On February 20, 2007, the chapter 7 trustee (the “Trustee”) filed two motions to compel

turnover. He asserted in both motions that the parties had not disclosed or exempted the payments

to Mrs. Brown under the divorce agreement for her interest in Grandville Chiropractic and, citing

§§ 542(a) and 521, that past payments, in the total amount of $3,200.00, and all future payments

should be turned over to him as trustee of the bankruptcy estate. Attorney Christian G. Krupp, II,

who had filed the petition, filed an objection asserting that the payments were spousal support. On 2

March 29, 2007, a hearing was conducted. The following day, on March 30, 2007, the bankruptcy 3

court entered two orders reflecting its decision at the hearing. One order denied without prejudice

the Trustee’s request for turnover of future payments from Dr. Brown. The second granted the

Trustee’s request for turnover of past payments from Mrs. Brown. Specifically, Mrs. Brown was
 Further references to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure will be made as “Bankruptcy Rule ___”. 4

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ordered to turnover, or to account for, all payments that she had received to date and all future

payments, unless she was successful in claiming them as exempt.

Three attempts were made to amend Mrs. Brown’s Schedules. Amended Schedules B and

C were filed on April 23, 2007, and on April 24, 2007, but were struck by orders entered those same

days because the amendments did not include a case number. Corrected schedules were filed for a

third time on April 25, 2007, and an order striking was entered. This time the amendments were

struck because Mrs. Brown had not signed them, as required by Federal Rule of Bankruptcy

Procedure 1008. However, the order striking was not entered in the record until September 18, 4

2007. Each order striking states: “The document must be refiled with the Court to correct the defect

within twenty (20) days of the date below. A defective pleading which is timely filed to correct the

defect, [sic] shall be considered filed as of the date that the pleading was originally received by the

Court.” (Appellee/Cross-Appellant’s App. at H, K, P.) Mrs. Brown corrected the “defect” in the

third amendments by signing them at a hearing on September 20, 2007, at which time they were

“bench filed.” Amended Schedule B, in addition to Mrs. Brown’s signature, adds the entry “spousal

support” in the amount of $90,000. Amended Schedule C, in addition to Mrs. Brown’s signature,

adds a claimed exemption in Grandville Chiropactic, pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 522(d)(5), with an

exemption value of $100 and no current value. The amendment also adds a claimed exemption in

“spousal support,” pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 522(d)(10)(D) in the amount of $90,000, § 522(d)(5) in

the amounts of $1,730.00 and $16,480.00, with the current value of the property as $90,000.

On May 21, 2007, the trustee filed an objection to Mrs. Brown’s claimed exemptions.

Hearings were conducted on July 12, 2007, August 2, 2007, and September 20, 2007. Soon after the

second adjournment, on August 6, 2007, the bankruptcy court entered an order outlining two issues

to be briefed, establishing a briefing deadline, and scheduling the hearing on September 20, 2007.

The order states: “The parties shall have until September 14, 2007, to file and serve their respective

briefs on these issues. No other briefs may be filed without leave of court.” (Appellee/CrossAppellant’s App. at 309.)

The Trustee and counsel for Mrs. Brown filed their briefs on September 14, 2007, and the

Trustee filed a supplemental brief on September 17, 2007. As noted previously, an order striking
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Mrs. Brown’s April 25, 2007, amended Schedules was entered on September 18, 2007, and the

amendments were signed and filed on September 20, 2007, at the adjourned hearing on the Trustee’s

objections to Mrs. Brown’s claim of exemptions. The court delivered a bench opinion on September

24, 2007. The court stated that it was not considering the Trustee’s supplemental brief “because it

was filed without permission after the September 14th, 2007, briefing deadline set in my August 6th

scheduling order.” (Appellee/Cross-Appellant’s App. at 286.)

On October 3, 2007, Mrs. Brown timely filed her pro se appeal, and nine days later, on

October 12, 2007, the Trustee filed his cross-appeal.

IV. DISCUSSION

A. BAP No. 07-8066 (Procedural Issue):

In the cross-appeal, BAP No. 07-8066, the Trustee asserts that the bankruptcy court erred in

not considering his supplemental brief when ruling on Mrs. Brown’s claim of exemptions. He

concedes that his brief was late-filed, but argues that it should have been considered by the court

because it was filed prior to the hearing at which the amendments to schedules were “bench

filed”–thus in effect asserting that there were no amendments until then. The Trustee also argues

that his brief should have been considered because it addressed the “valid and determinative” issue

of the untimeliness of Mrs. Brown’s claim of exemptions, given that the ten-day filing requirement

of Bankruptcy Rule 1007(h) was not followed and “excusable neglect” pursuant to Bankruptcy Rule

9006(b)(1) was not asserted.

The Trustee’s supplemental brief clearly, and admittedly, was filed in violation of the court’s

scheduling order: “The parties shall have until September 14, 2007, to file and serve their respective

briefs on these issues. No other briefs may be filed without leave of court.” (Appellee/Crossappellant’s App. at 309.) There is no conclusion but that the brief was out-of-time. Consequently,

the Trustee’s argument that Mrs. Brown is not entitled to any exemption because her amendments

were untimely is raised for the first time on appeal. Generally, a reviewing court will not consider

an issue raised for the first time on appeal. Stevenson v. J.C. Bradford & Company (In re Cannon),

277 F.3d 838, 848 (6th Cir. 2002). Even so, exceptional circumstances may warrant a departure

from the general rule. Poss. v. Morris (In re Morris), 260 F.3d 654, 663 (6th Cir. 2001).
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However, the Trustee’s argument of untimeliness is misplaced. The Trustee’s objection to

Mrs. Brown’s claim of exemptions was filed nearly one month after her third effort to file amended

schedules, on May 21, 2007, and the Trustee did not raise the issue of untimeliness until his

supplemental brief was filed on September 17, 2007. In the interim of almost four months, the

parties and the court addressed the validity of Mrs. Brown’s claim of exemptions on substantive

grounds only, in briefing as well as in multiple court hearings. Therefore, the Trustee can be said

to have waived his assertion of untimeliness. As for the Trustee’s argument that no amendments

existed at the time of the September 20, 2007, hearing, correction of the defect in the amendments

by Mrs. Brown’s signing them in court was timely, and consequently the amendments became

effective as of the date they were filed, April 25, 2007.

In addition, case management decisions, such as the bankruptcy court not considering the

Trustee’s supplemental brief because it was filed without permission after the briefing deadline, are

reviewed for abuse of discretion. See Int’l Union v. General Motors Corp., 497 F.3d 615, 625 (6th

Cir. 2007). Under this standard, the bankruptcy court’s decision will be disturbed only if the court

“relied upon clearly erroneous findings of fact, improperly applied the governing law, or used an

erroneous legal standard.” Elec. Workers Pension Trust Fund of Local Union # 58 v. Gary’s Elec.

Serv. Co., 340 F.3d 373, 378 (6th Cir. 2003) (citing Blue Cross & Blue Shield Mut. v. Blue Cross

&Blue Shield Ass’n, 110 F.3d 318, 322 (6th Cir. 1997)). Here, the court did not abuse its discretion.

B. BAP No. 07-8061 (Substantive Issue):

Mrs. Brown appeals that portion of the bankruptcy court’s decision concerning her claim of

exemption for spousal support pursuant to § 522(d)(10)(D).

Upon the commencement of a bankruptcy case, a bankruptcy estate is created which is

comprised of “all legal and equitable interests of the debtor in property as of the commencement of

the case.” 11 U.S.C. § 541(a). This estate is created for the benefit of distribution to creditors. Even

so, the debtor may exempt certain property from the bankruptcy estate. 11 U.S.C. § 522(b). See

Lebovitz v. Hagemeyer (In re Lebovitz), 360 B.R. 612, 618 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2007). In Michigan, a

debtor may choose from either state law exemptions or federal exemptions. The Browns elected the

federal exemptions listed in 11 U.S.C. § 522(d).
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Section 522(l) of the Bankruptcy Code requires a debtor to file with the court

a list of property that he or she wishes to exempt from the bankruptcy estate. Those

proposed exemptions must be listed on the debtor’s Schedule C and must include a

description of the property exempted, the statutory section authorizing the exemption,

the value of the exemption, and the market value (less applicable liens) of the

exempted property. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4003(a). Unless a party in interest objects to

the listed exemption within 30 days of the close of the meeting of creditors or within

30 days after a subsequent amendment to the schedule, the property claimed as

exempt is exempt, revests in the debtor, and is no longer property of the estate.

11 U.S.C. § 522(l); Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4003(b); In re Brown, 178 B.R. 722, 727

(Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 1995).

Olson v. Anderson (In re Anderson), 377 B.R. 865, 874 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2007).

Exemptions should be liberally construed in favor of the debtor.

[I]t is well established that exemptions should be construed liberally in favor of the

debtor. See, e.g., In re Ciotta, 222 B.R. 626, 630 (Bankr. C.D.Cal. 1998) (“Several

bankruptcy courts have held that when Congress’ intent is ambiguous, bankruptcy

exemptions should be liberally interpreted in favor of the Debtor.”); In re Chavis,

207 B.R. 845, 846 (Bankr. W.D.Pa. 1997) (“Bankruptcy exemptions should be

construed liberally in favor of debtors.”); Gaertner v. Claude (In re Claude), 206

B.R. 374, 377 (Bankr. W.D.Pa. 1997) (“[I]f it is possible to construe an exemption

statute in ways that are both favorable and unfavorable to a debtor, then the favorable

method should be chosen.”); In re Martinez-Whitford, 199 B.R. 74, 77 (Bankr.

D.Mass. 1996) (“It is axiomatic that bankruptcy exemptions should be liberally

construed in favor of debtors.”)

Christo v. Yellin (In re Christo), 228 B.R. 48, 50 (B.A.P. 1st Cir. 1999). The party objecting to an

exemption has the burden of proving that the property claimed by the debtor should not be exempted.

Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4003(c).

Because the Browns filed their bankruptcy petition after October 17, 2005, their case is

governed by the Bankruptcy Code as amended by the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer

Protection Act (“BAPCPA”). Therefore, all statutory references are to the BAPCPA, 11 U.S.C.

§ 101 to § 1534 (2005), unless otherwise specifically noted.

Although § 522 was significantly amended by BAPCPA, the particular subsection applicable

here was not. 11 U.S.C. § 522(d)(10)(D)states that property which may be exempted is the debtor’s

right to receive “alimony, support, or separate maintenance, to the extent reasonably necessary for

the support of the debtor and any dependent of the debtor.” This provision is one of five that allows

for the exclusion of non-wage income from a debtor’s bankruptcy estate. Social Security, disability,
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and veterans’ benefits are examples of others. Counsel for Mrs. Brown argued before the bankruptcy

court that the addition of the term “domestic support obligation” by BAPCPA, as 11 U.S.C.

§ 101(14A), makes a difference in the reading of § 522(d)(10)(D). Specifically, counsel argued that

the definition includes an obligation which is “in the nature of” alimony “without regard to whether

such debt is expressly so designated.” See 11 U.S.C. § 101(14A)(B).

Indeed, the term “domestic support obligation” is used in § 523(a)(5), which was altered

substantially by BAPCPA. In effect, rather than a domestic support obligation being described in

§ 523(a), the term and an expansive definition were added to the Bankruptcy Code as § 101(14A).

“Many of the concepts previously found in § 523(a)(5) were extracted and put into the definition,

now known as § 101(14A).” Hon. Judith K. Fitzgerald, We All Live in a Yellow Submarine:

BAPCPA’s Impact on Family Law Matters, 31 S. ILL. U. L.J. 563, 564 (2007). Notably, the phrase

“domestic support obligation” is not used in § 522(d)(10)(D), which as stated previously was not

altered in any pertinent wayby BAPCPA. To put it simply, “domestic support obligation,” a defined

term in the BankruptcyCode, is not used in the exemption statute. “Congress acts intentionally and

purposely when it includes particular language in one section of a statute but omits it in another.”

BFP v. Resolution Trust Corp., 511 U.S. 531, 537, 114 S. Ct. 1757, 1761 (1994) (citation omitted).

Since BAPCPA did not alter § 522(d)(10)(D), the approach to a determination of whether Dr.

Brown’s obligation to pay Mrs. Brown $90,000 over a period of time is alimony/spousal support or

property settlement is the same as it was before enactment of BAPCPA.

One bankruptcy court summarized the state of pre-BAPCPA law regarding § 522(d)(10)(D)

as follows:

[F]or the purposes of exemption, some disagreement exists over whether a

bankruptcy court has the authority to look behind the label applied to an award by a

divorce court’s judgment. Compare In re Bentley, 245 B.R. 684, 686-87 (Bankr. D.

Kan. 2000) (alimony lien labeled as such by state court was entitled to exemption,

as the state court decision was entitled to full faith and credit), with In re Sheffield,

212 B.R. 1019, 1020-21 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 1997) (“[l]ogic dictates that what

constitutes alimony for purposes of § 523(a)(5), and what constitutes alimony for

purposes of § 522(d)(10)(D), should involve the same criteria”), and In re Joseph,

157 B.R. 514, 517-18 (Bankr. D. Conn. 1993) (“[t]here is no readily apparent reason

why a bankruptcy court should use different standards in reviewing alimony awards

in the nondischargeability instance and in the exemption instance”), and In re

Benjamin, 136 B.R. 574, 576 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 1992) (the award labeled by the state
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court as lump sum alimony award was really an equitable distribution in the nature

of a property settlement and, thus, not exempt).

In re Ellertson, 252 B.R. 831, 833 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 2000). In sum, there was a “split of authority.”

The leading published case in the Sixth Circuit addressing § 522(d)(10)(D) is Harbaugh v.

Sweet (In re Harbaugh), 257 B.R. 485 (E.D. Mich. 2001). In Harbaugh, the trustee objected to the

debtor’s exemption of payments owed to her pursuant to a judgment of divorce. Like this case,

Harbaugh concerned installment payments to be made over time, but the payments in Harbaugh

were designated in the parties’ divorce agreement as alimony. In answering the question of how to

define “alimony” under the exemption statute, the court stated: 

A federal exemption is at issue here, and . . . it should be interpreted to have a

nationally uniform meaning. Such uniformity would be undermined if the federal

courts gave unquestioning credence to the varying case-by-case nomenclature offered

by state courts.

. . . [T]he text, history, and structure of the statute suggest that Congress intended for

section 522(d)(10)(D) to exempt only those monies . . . that concern general spousal

sustenance. . . . [W]hen a federal exemption is invoked, a federal definition of

alimony applies.

Id. at 490-91.

Having defined “alimony” in the exemption statute as “general spousal sustenance,” the

Harbaugh court looked at the facts of the case before it and stated:

[S]ection 522(d)(10)(D), when read as a whole, exempts any payments from the

bankruptcy estate that (1) are intended by the parties or the state court to support a

spouse and (2) are, in the judgment of the bankruptcy court, reasonably necessary for

such purpose. By focusing on the questions of whether divorcing parties have

intended purported alimony to be used for basic sustenance and if the amount is

reasonably necessary to achieve that purpose, the Court can bypass the formal issue

of nomenclature, look to the substance of the obligation, and, in the meantime,

uphold Congress’ intent.

Id. at 491 (footnote omitted) (emphasis added). After noting that the bankruptcy court held an

evidentiary hearing, the appellate court found that the trial court had “sufficient evidence” to

conclude that the trustee had failed to carry his burden of proof. The Harbaugh court affirmed the

bankruptcy court’s order and held that the challenged payments were exempt from the bankruptcy

estate. Although not authoritative precedent, Harbaugh is persuasive.
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In reaching its conclusion in the case before the Panel, the bankruptcy court stated that it was

“not satisfied that the $90,000 obligation is, in fact, in the nature of alimony, given that it is for a

sum certain based upon an acknowledged asset with a fixed payment period as opposed to one

conditioned upon remarriage or death.” (Appellee/Cross-Appellant’s App. at 297.) The court

reached this conclusion without an evidentiary hearing, thus without any testimonial or documentary

evidence, such as testimony of the parties or presentation of their income tax returns to see if any

claim of alimony was made by either party on those returns, and without making any findings of fact,

pursuant to Bankruptcy Rules 9014(c) and 7052. Furthermore, the bankruptcy court concluded that

its determination that the obligation was a property settlement, rather than alimony, precluded any

determination of the extent to which it was “reasonably necessary.”

Because published case law addressing 11 U.S.C. § 522(d)(10)(D), especially since

BAPCPA, is scarce, Milligan v. Evert (In re Evert), 342 F.3d 358 (5th Cir. 2003), is helpful. Like

this case, Evert involved a lump sum award from a divorce settlement, with monthly installment

payments and annual interest. Unlike this case, in Evert the parties’ agreement included a

promissory note for the lump sum award as well as language concerning alimony payments. In

discussing whether the factors applied in a § 523(a)(5) case should be applied in a § 522(d)(10)(D)

case, the Fifth Circuit stated:

[A]t least for purposes of section 522(d)(10)(D), where in the agreed divorce decree

there is 1) also a meaningful separate alimony provision, 2) the obligation in question

is described as being part of the property division, 3) the label given to the obligation

in question is matched by its actual characteristics, and 4) the evidence does not

suggest the parties conspired to disguise the true nature of the obligation in order to

subvert the bankruptcy or tax laws, there is no ambiguity necessitating the use of

. . . factors to essentially work backwards to determine the nature of the obligation.

Id. at 368.

In the case before the Panel, unlike the Evert case, the judgment of divorce is ambiguous

because of the handwritten addition. The bankruptcy court interpreted the handwritten reference to

the property settlement as “acknowledgment by both parties that alimony was unnecessary because

Ms. Brown’s interest in the chiropractic business, which Dr. Brown had agreed to purchase from her

for $90,000, made an alimony award unnecessary.” (Appellee/Cross-Appellant’s App. at 294.) This

interpretation indeed may be the correct one. However, it is equally plausible that the reference
 Schedule B was filed on October 13, 2006. 5

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means that the payments are spousal support, particularly in light of the parties having stated in their

original Schedule B that Mrs. Brown was receiving $1,100 a month in “alimony, maintenance or 5

support,” the exact amount that, pursuant to their divorce agreement, Dr. Brown was required to pay

monthly in child support and payments related to Grandville Chiropractic. Because of the ambiguity

created by the handwritten addition, any interpretation of the addition is premature without an

evidentiary hearing. An evidentiary hearing will allow the bankruptcy court not only to hear and

observe the parties regarding intent but also to consider any documentary evidence, such as their

income tax returns, and will provide a basis for the court to make findings of fact.

In summary, while the court is not required to apply 11 U.S.C. § 101(14A) in reviewing

payments exempted under § 522, the court is still required under federal exemption law to make a

factual determination as to whether an asset labeled as “alimony” is properly exempted under

§ 522(d)(10)(D). Such a conclusion cannot be reached without the bankruptcy court conducting an

evidentiary hearing and making findings of fact and conclusions of law. After an evidentiary

hearing, the bankruptcy court can determine, upon applying the standard outlined in Harbaugh, if

the Trustee produced sufficient evidence to carry his burden of proof in objecting to Mrs. Brown’s

claim of exemption for spousal support in the amount of $90,000 pursuant to § 522(d)(10)(D).

V. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the bankruptcy court as to Case No. 07-8066 is

AFFIRMED, and Case No. 07-8061 is REMANDED.