# Patent

## Title
Method of displaying labels on maps of wireless communications devices using pre-rendered characters

## Abstract

Labels can be rendered on a map displayed on a wireless communications device by using pre-rendered characters. The pre-rendered characters can be pre-rotated to one of a number of angular orientations and stored as a variable transparency bitmap for rapid overlaying on the map. The bitmap can include an array or grid of characters wherein each row has a unique orientation, for example, ranging from zero to ninety degrees. Rotations of 90 to 360 degrees can then be achieved by reflecting the characters about vertical or horizontal axes. Overlaying pre-rotated characters is more computationally efficient than computing rotations for each character when rendering the label.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/788,434 entitled “Methods and Apparatus for Dynamically Labelling Map Objects in Visually Displayed Maps of Mobile Communication Devices” filed on Mar. 31, 2006 and from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/787,541 entitled “Method and System for Distribution of Map Content to Mobile Communication Devices” filed on Mar. 31, 2006.


TECHNICAL FIELD
The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communications devices and, in particular, to techniques for generating map content on wireless communications devices.
BACKGROUND
Wireless communications devices such as the BlackBerryTM by Research in Motion Limited enable users to download map content from web-based data sources such as BlackBerry MapsTM, Google MapsTM or MapquestTM. Downloaded map content is displayed on a small LCD display screen of the wireless communications device for viewing by the user. The user can pan up and down and side to side as well as zoom in or out. Labels are rendered on the map to identify map features.
Difficulties arise, however, when labelling curved features such as roads or rivers. Although known algorithms can render curved labels (for example, by computing the respective rotations of each character of the label) and can furthermore improve label readability using anti-aliasing and white glows, these algorithms and techniques are computationally intensive and thus generally unsuitable for the limited onboard processing capacity of current wireless communications devices. Accordingly, a technique for efficiently rendering curved labels on maps displayed on wireless communications devices remains highly desirable.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Further features and advantages of the present technology will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in combination with the appended drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram schematically illustrating pertinent components of a wireless communications device and of a wireless communications network;
FIG. 2 is a more detailed block diagram of a wireless communications device;
FIG. 3A is a system diagram of exemplary network components which provide mapping functionality in the wireless communications devices of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2;
FIG. 3B illustrates, by way of example only, a message exchange between a wireless communications device and a map server for downloading map content to the wireless communications device based on the system of FIG. 3A;
FIG. 3C is a diagram showing a preferred Maplet data structure;
FIG. 4 is a schematic depiction of another example of a wireless network having an applications gateway for optimizing the downloading of map data from map servers to wireless communications devices;
FIG. 5 is a flowchart presenting steps of a method of rendering a label on a map displayed on a wireless device;
FIG. 6 illustrates a bitmap having ten rows of pre-rotated symbols, numbers, uppercase letters, and lowercase letters, each row being pre-rotated to a different angular orientation;
FIG. 7 illustrates a variable transparency bitmap wherein pixels along edges of the pre-rotated characters are semi-transparent and anti-aliased; and
FIG. 8 is a screenshot of a map upon which two labels have been rendered by overlaying pre-rotated characters.



It will be noted that throughout the appended drawings, like features are identified by like reference numerals.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present technology provides, in general, a method for rendering labels on a map displayed on a wireless communications device that overlays on the map one or more pre-rendered (and pre-rotated) characters stored on the device in the form of a bitmap. The bitmap can include an array or grid wherein each row of numbers, letters and symbols is pre-rotated to one of a plurality of orientations to thus enable rapid overlaying of any one of the pre-rotated characters on the map without having to engage in computing rotations for each character of the curved label.
Thus, an aspect of the present technology is a method of rendering a label on a map displayed on a wireless communications device that includes steps of obtaining label data for rendering the label on the map, determining an appropriate orientation on the map for at least one character of the label, and rendering the character on the map at the appropriate orientation by overlaying a pre-rendered character on the map.
Another aspect of the present technology is a computer program product that includes code adapted to perform the steps of the foregoing method when the computer program product is loaded into memory and executed on a processor of a wireless communications device.
Yet another aspect of the present technology is a wireless communications device for enabling a user of the device to display a map on the device that includes an input device for enabling the user to cause the device to obtain map data, including label data, for rendering the map and at least one label on the map, a memory for storing pre-rendered characters, a processor for determining an appropriate orientation for each character in the label and for overlaying the pre-rendered characters on the map, and a display for displaying the pre-rendered characters of the label on the map.
The details and particulars of these aspects of the technology will now be described below, by way of example, with reference to the attached drawings.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a communication system 100 which includes a wireless communications device 102 (also referred to as a mobile communications device) which communications through a wireless communication network 104. For the purposes of the present specification, the expression “wireless communications device” encompasses not only a wireless handheld, cell phone or wireless-enabled laptop but also any mobile communications device or portable communications device such as a satellite phone, wireless-enabled PDA or wireless-enabled MP3 player. In other words, for the purposes of this specification, “wireless” shall be understood as encompassing not only standard cellular or microwave RF technologies, but also any other communications technique that conveys data over the air using an electromagnetic signal.
The wireless communications device 102 preferably includes a visual display 112, e.g. an LCD screen, a keyboard 114 (or keypad), and optionally one or more auxiliary user interfaces (UI) 116, each of which is coupled to a controller 106. The controller 106 is also coupled to radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 108 and an antenna 110. Typically, controller 106 is embodied as a central processing unit (CPU) which runs operating system software in a memory device (described later with reference to FIG. 2). Controller 106 normally controls the overall operation of the wireless communications device 102, whereas signal processing operations associated with communications functions are typically performed in the RF transceiver circuitry 108. Controller 106 interfaces with the display screen 112 to display received information, stored information, user inputs, and the like. Keyboard/keypad 114, which may be a telephone-type keypad or a full QWERTY keyboard, is normally provided for entering commands and data.
The wireless communications device 102 sends communication signals to and receives communication signals from network 104 over a wireless link via antenna 110. RF transceiver circuitry 108 performs functions similar to those of station 118 and Base Station Controller (BSC) 120, including, for example, modulation and demodulation, encoding and decoding, and encryption and decryption. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the RF transceiver circuitry 108 will be adapted to the particular wireless network or networks in which the wireless communications device is intended to operate.
The wireless communications device 102 includes a battery interface 134 for receiving one or more rechargeable batteries 132. Battery 132 provides electrical power to electrical circuitry in the device 102, and battery interface 134 provides for a mechanical and electrical connection for battery 132. Battery interface 134 is couple to a regulator 136 which regulates power to the device. When the wireless device 102 is fully operationally, an RF transmitter of RF transceiver circuitry 108 is typically keyed or turned on only when it is sending to network, and is otherwise turned off to conserve resources. Similarly, an RF receiver of RF transceiver circuitry 108 is typically periodically turned off to conserve power until it is needed to receive signals or information (if at all) during designated time periods.
Wireless communications device 102 operates using a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) 140 which is connected to or inserted in the wireless communications device 102 at a SIM interface 142. SIM 140 is one type of a conventional “smart card” used to identify an end user (or subscriber) of wireless device 102 and to personalize the device, among other things. By inserting the SIM card 140 into the wireless communications device 102, an end user can have access to any and all of his subscribed services. SIM 140 generally includes a processor and memory for storing information. Since SIM 140 is coupled to SIM interface 142, it is coupled to controller 106 through communication lines 144. In order to identify the subscriber, SIM 140 contains some user parameters such as an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). An advantage of using SIM 140 is that end users are not necessarily bound by any single physical wireless device. SIM 140 may store additional user information for the wireless device as well, including datebook (calendar) information and recent call information.
The wireless communications device 102 may consist of a single unit, such as a data communication device, a cellular telephone, a Global Positioning System (GPS) unit, a multiple-function communication device with data and voice communication capabilities, a wireless-enabled personal digital assistant (PDA), or a wireless-enabled laptop computer. Alternatively, the wireless communications device 102 may be a multiple-module unit comprising a plurality of separate components, including but in no way limited to a computer or other device connected to a wireless modem. In particular, for example, in the block diagram of FIG. 1, RF circuitry 108 and antenna 110 may be implemented as a radio modem unit that may be inserted into a port on a laptop computer. In this case, the laptop computer would include display 112, keyboard 114, one or more auxiliary UIs 116, and controller 106 embodied as the computer's CPU.
The wireless communications device 102 communicates in and through a wireless communication network 104. The wireless communication network may be a cellular telecommunications network. In the example presented in FIG. 1, wireless network 104 is configured in accordance with Global Systems for Mobile communications (GSM) and General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) technologies. Although wireless communication network 104 is described herein as a GSM/GPRS-type network, any suitable network technologies may be utilized such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), whether 2G, 3G, or Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) based technologies. In this example, the GSM/GPRS wireless network 104 includes a base station controller (BSC) 120 with an associated tower station 118, a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) 122, a Home Location Register (HLR) 132, a Serving General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Support Node (SGSN) 126, and a Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) 128. MSC 122 is coupled to BSC 120 and to a landline network, such as a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 124. SGSN 126 is coupled to BSC 120 and to GGSN 128, which is, in turn, coupled to a public or private data network 130 (such as the Internet). HLR 132 is coupled to MSC 122, SGSN 126 and GGSN 128.
Tower station 118 is a fixed transceiver station. Tower station 118 and BSC 120 may be referred to as transceiver equipment. The transceiver equipment provides wireless network coverage for a particular coverage area commonly referred to as a “cell”. The transceiver equipment transmits communication signals to and receives communication signals from wireless communications devices 102 within its cell via station 118. The transceiver equipment normally performs such functions as modulation and possibly encoding and/or encryption of signals to be transmitted to the wireless communications device in accordance with particular, usually predetermined, communication protocols and parameters. The transceiver equipment similar demodulates and possibly decodes and decrypts, if necessary, any communication signals received from the wireless communications device 102 transmitting within its cell. Communication protocols and parameters may vary between different networks. For example, one network may employ a different modulation scheme and operate at different frequencies than other networks.
The wireless link shown in communication system 100 of FIG. 1 represents one or more different channels, typically different radio frequency (RF) channels, and associated protocols used between wireless network 104 and wireless communications device 102. An RF channel is a limited resource that must be conserved, typically due limits in overall bandwidth and a limited battery power of the wireless device 102. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that a wireless network in actual practice may include hundreds of cells, each served by a station 118, depending upon desired overall expanse of network coverage. All pertinent components may be connected by multiple switches and routers (not shown), controlled by multiple network controllers.
For all wireless communications devices 102 registered with a network operator, permanent data (such as the user profile associated with each device) as well as temporary data (such as the current location of the device) are stored in the HLR 132. In case of a voice call to the wireless device 102, the HLR 132 is queried to determine the current location of the device 102. A Visitor Location Register (VLR) of MSC 122 is responsible for a group of location areas and stores the data of those wireless devices that are currently in its area of responsibility. This includes parts of the permanent data that have been transmitted from HLR 132 to the VLR for faster access. However, the VLR of MSC 122 may also assign and store local data, such as temporary identifications. Optionally, the VLR of MSC 122 can be enhanced for more efficient co-ordination of GPRS and non-GPRS services and functionality (e.g. paging for circuit-switched calls which can be performed more efficiently via SGSN 126, and combined GPRS and non-GPRS location updates).
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) 126 is at the same hierarchical level as MSC 122 and keeps track of the individual locations of wireless devices 102. SGSN 126 also performs security functions and access control. Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) 128 provides internetworking with external packet-switched networks and is connected with SGSNs (such as SGSN 126) via an IP-based GPRS backbone network. SGSN 126 performs authentication and cipher setting procedures based on the same algorithms, keys, and criteria as in existing GSM. In conventional operation, cell selection may be performed autonomously by wireless device 102 or by the transceiver equipment instructing the wireless device to select a particular cell. The wireless device 102 informs wireless network 104 when it reselects another cell or group of cells, known as a routing area.
In order to access GPRS services, the wireless device 102 first makes its presence known to wireless network 104 by performing what is known as a GPRS “attach”. This operation establishes a logical link between the wireless device 102 and SGSN 126 and makes the wireless device 102 available to receive, for example, pages via SGSN, notifications of incoming GPRS data, or SMS messages over GPRS. In order to send and receive GPRS data, the wireless device 102 assists in activating the packet data address that it wants to use. This operation makes the wireless device 102 known to GGSN 128; internetworking with external data networks can thereafter commence. User data may be transferred transparently between the wireless device 102 and the external data networks using, for example, encapsulation and tunnelling. Data packets are equipped with GPRS-specific protocol information and transferred between wireless device 102 and GGSN 128.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that a wireless network may be connected to other systems, possibly including other networks, not explicitly shown in FIG. 1. A network will normally be transmitting at very least some sort of paging and system information on an ongoing basis, even if there is no actual packet data exchanged. Although the network consists of many parts, these parts all work together to result in certain behaviours at the wireless link.
FIG. 2 is a detailed block diagram of a preferred wireless communications device 202. The wireless device 202 is preferably a two-way communication device having at least voice and advanced data communication capabilities, including the capability to communicate with other computer systems. Depending on the functionality provided by the wireless device 202, it may be referred to as a data messaging device, a two-way pager, a cellular telephone with data message capabilities, a wireless Internet appliance, or a data communications device (with or without telephony capabilities). The wireless device 202 may communicate with any one of a plurality of fixed transceiver stations 200 within its geographic coverage area.
The wireless communications device 202 will normally incorporate a communication subsystem 211, which includes a receiver 212, a transmitter 214, and associated components, such as one or more (preferably embedded or internal) antenna elements 216 and 218, local oscillators (LO's) 213, and a processing module such as a digital signal processor (DSP) 220. Communication subsystem 211 is analogous to RF transceiver circuitry 108 and antenna 110 shown in FIG. 1. As will be apparent to those skilled in the field of communications, the particular design of communication subsystem 211 depends on the communication network in which the wireless device 202 is intended to operate.
The wireless device 202 may send and receive communication signals over the network after required network registration or activation procedures have been completed. Signals received by antenna 216 through the network are input to receiver 212, which may perform common receiver functions as signal amplification, frequency down conversion, filtering, channel selection, and the like, and, as shown in the example of FIG. 2, analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion. A/D conversion of a received signal allows more complex communication functions such as demodulation and decoding to performed in the DSP 220. In a similar manner, signals to be transmitted are processed, including modulation and encoding, for example, by DSP 220. These DSP-processed signals are input to transmitter 214 for digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion, frequency up conversion, filtering, amplification and transmission over communication network via antenna 218. DSP 220 not only processes communication signals, but also provides for receiver and transmitter control. For example, the gains applied to communication signals in receiver 212 and transmitter 214 may be adaptively controlled through automatic gain control algorithms implemented in the DSP 220.
Network access is associated with a subscriber or user of the wireless device 202, and therefore the wireless device requires a Subscriber Identity Module or SIM card 262 to be inserted in a SIM interface 264 in order to operate in the network. SIM 262 includes those features described in relation to FIG. 1. Wireless device 202 is a battery-powered device so it also includes a battery interface 254 for receiving one or more rechargeable batteries 256. Such a battery 256 provides electrical power to most if not all electrical circuitry in the device 102, and battery interface provides for a mechanical and electrical connection for it. The battery interface 254 is coupled to a regulator (not shown) which provides a regulated voltage V to all of the circuitry.
Wireless communications device 202 includes a microprocessor 238 (which is one implementation of controller 106 of FIG. 1) which controls overall operation of wireless device 202. Communication functions, including at least data and voice communications, are performed through communication subsystem 211. Microprocessor 238 also interacts with additional device subsystems such as a display 222, a flash memory 224, a random access memory (RAM) 226, auxiliary input/output (I/O) subsystems 228, a serial port 230, a keyboard 232, a speaker 234, a microphone 236, a short-range communications subsystem 240, and any other device subsystems generally designated at 242. Some of the subsystems shown in FIG. 2 perform communication-related functions, whereas other subsystems may provide “resident” or on-board functions. Notably, some subsystems, such as keyboard 232 and display 222, for example, may be used for both communication-related functions, such as entering a text message for transmission over a communication network, and device-resident functions such as a calculator or task list. Operating system software used by the microprocessor 238 is preferably stored in a persistent (non-volatile) store such as flash memory 224, which may alternatively be a read-only memory (ROM) or similar storage element (not shown). Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the operating system, specific device applications, or parts thereof, may be temporarily loaded into a volatile store such as RAM 226.
Microprocessor 238, in addition to its operating system functions, enables execution of software applications on the wireless device 202. A predetermined set of applications which control basic device operations, including at least data and voice communication applications, will normally be installed on the device 202 during its manufacture. For example, the device may be pre-loaded with a personal information manager (PIM) having the ability to organize and manage data items relating to the user's profile, such as e-mail, calendar events, voice mails, appointments, and task items. Naturally, one or more memory stores are available on the device 202 and SIM 256 to facilitate storage of PIM data items and other information.
The PIM application preferably has the ability to send and receive data items via the wireless network. PIM data items may be seamlessly integrated, synchronized, and updated via the wireless network, with the wireless device user's corresponding data items stored and/or associated with a host computer system thereby creating a mirrored host computer on the wireless device 202 with respect to such items. This is especially advantageous where the host computer system is the wireless device user's office computer system. Additional applications may also be loaded into the memory store(s) of the wireless communications device 202 through the wireless network, the auxiliary I/O subsystem 228, the serial port 230, short-range communications subsystem 240, or any other suitable subsystem 242, and installed by a user in RAM 226 or preferably a non-volatile store (not shown) for execution by the microprocessor 238. Such flexibility in application installation increases the functionality of the wireless device 202 and may provide enhanced onboard functions, communication-related functions or both. For example, secure communication applications may enable electronic commerce functions and other such financial transactions to be performed using the wireless device 202.
In a data communication mode, a received signal such as a text message, an e-mail message, or a web page download will be processed by communication subsystem 211 and input to microprocessor 238. Microprocessor 238 will preferably further process the signal for output to display 222 or alternatively to auxiliary I/O device 228. A user of the wireless device 202 may also compose data items, such as email messages, for example, using keyboard 232 in conjunction with display 222 and possibly auxiliary I/O device 228. Keyboard 232 is preferably a complete alphanumeric keyboard and/or telephone-type keypad. These composed items may be transmitted over a communication network through communication subsystem 211.
For voice communications, the overall operation of the wireless communications device 202 is substantially similar, except that the received signals would be output to speaker 234 and signals for transmission would be generated by microphone 236. Alternative voice or audio I/O subsystems, such as a voice message recording subsystem, may also be implemented on the wireless device 202. Although voice or audio signal output is preferably accomplished primarily through speaker 234, display 222 may also be used to provide an indication of the identity of the calling party, duration on a voice call, or other voice call related information, as some examples.
Serial port 230 in FIG. 2 is normally implemented in a personal digital assistant (PDA)-type communication device for which synchronization with a user's desktop computer is a desirable, albeit optional, component. Serial port 230 enables a user to set preferences through an external device or software application and extends the capabilities of wireless device 202 by providing for information or software downloads to the wireless device 202 other than through the wireless network. The alternate download path may, for example, be used to load an encryption key onto the wireless device 202 through a direct and thus reliable and trusted connection to thereby provide secure device communications.
Short-range communications subsystem 240 of FIG. 2 is an additional optional component which provides for communication between mobile station 202 and different systems or devices, which need not necessarily be similar devices. For example, subsystem 240 may include an infrared device and associated circuits and components, or a BluetoothTM communication module to provide for communication with similarly-enabled systems and devices. BluetoothTM is a trademark of Bluetooth SIG, Inc.
FIG. 3A is a system diagram of network components which provide mapping functionality in the wireless communication devices of FIGS. 1 and 2. To achieve this, a mapping application is also provided in memory of the wireless communications device for rendering visual maps in its display. Wireless communications devices 202 are connected over a mobile carrier network 303 for communication through a firewall 305 to a relay 307. A request for map data from any one of the wireless communications devices 202 is received at relay 307 and passed via a secure channel 309 through firewall 311 to a corporate enterprise server 313 and corporate mobile data system (MDS) server 315. The request is then passed via firewall 317 to a public map server and/or to a public location-based service (LBS) server 321 which provides location-based services (LBS) to handle the request. The network may include a plurality of such map servers and/or LBS servers where requests are distributed and processed through a load distributing server. The map/LBS data may be stored on this network server 321 in a network database 322, or may be stored on a separate map server and/or LBS server (not shown). Private corporate data stored on corporate map/LBS server 325 may be added to the public data via corporate MDS server 315 on the secure return path to the wireless device 202. Alternatively, where no corporate servers are provided, the request from the wireless device 202 may be passed via relay 307 to a public MDS server 327, which sends the request to the public map/LBS server 321 providing map data or other local-based service in response to the request. For greater clarity, it should be understood that the wireless devices can obtain map data from a “pure” map server offering no location-based services, from an LBS server offering location-based services in addition to map content, or from a combination of servers offering map content and LBS.
A Maplet data structure is provided that contains all of the graphic and labelled content associated with a geographic area (e.g. map features such as restaurants (point features), streets (line features) or lakes (polygon features)). Maplets are structured in Layers of Data Entries (“DEntries”) identified by a “Layer ID” to enable data from different sources to be deployed to the device and meshed for proper rendering. Each DEntry is representative of one or more artefact or label (or a combination of both) and includes coordinate information (also referred to as a “bounding box” or “bounding area”) to identify the area covered by the DEntry and a plurality of data points that together represent the artefact, feature or label. For example, a DEntry may be used to represent a street on a city map (or a plurality of streets), wherein the various points within the DEntry are separated into different parts representing various portions of the artefact or map feature (e.g. portions of the street). A wireless device may issue a request for the map server to download only those DEntries that are included within a specified area or bounding box representing an area of interest that can be represented by, for example, a pair of bottom left, top right coordinates.
As depicted in FIG. 3B, the wireless communications device issues one or more AOI (Area of Interest) requests, DEntry or data requests and Maplet Index requests to the map server for selective downloading of map data based on user context. Thus, rather than transmitting the entire map data for an area in reply to each request from the device (which burdens the wireless link), local caching may be used in conjunction with context filtering of map data on the server. For example, if a user's wireless device is GPS enabled and the user is traveling in an automobile at 120 km/h along a freeway then context filtering can by employed to prevent downloading of map data relating to passing side streets. Or, if the user is traveling in an airplane at 30,000 feet, then context filtering can be employed to prevent downloading of map data for any streets whatsoever. Also, a user's context can be defined, for example, in terms of occupation, e.g. a user whose occupation is a transport truck driver can employ context filtering to prevent downloading of map data for side streets on which the user's truck is incapable of traveling, or a user whose occupation is to replenish supplied of soft drink dispensing machines can employ context filtering to download public map data showing the user's geographical area of responsibility with irrelevant features such as lakes and parks filtered out and private map data containing the location of soft drink dispensing machines superimposed on the public map data.
The Maplet Index request results in a Maplet Index (i.e. only a portion of the Maplet that provides a table of contents of the map data available within the Maplet rather than the entire Maplet) being downloaded from the map server to the device, thereby conserving OTA (Over-the-Air) bandwidth and device memory caching requirements. The Maplet Index conforms to the same data structure as a Maplet, but omits the data points. Consequently, the Maplet Index is small (e.g. 300-400 bytes) relative to the size of a fully populated Maplet or a conventional bit map, and includes DEntry bounding boxes and attributes (size, complexity, etc.) for all artefacts within the Maplet. As the field of view changes (e.g. for a location-aware device that displays a map while moving), the device (client) software assesses whether or not it needs to download additional data from the server. Thus, if the size attribute or complexity attribute of an artefact that has started to move into the field of view of the device (but is not yet being displayed) is not relevant to the viewer's current context, then the device can choose not to display that portion of the artifact. On the other hand, if the portion of the artefact is appropriate for display, then the device accesses its cache to determine whether the DEntries associated with that portion of the artefact have already been downloaded, in which case the cached content is displayed. Otherwise, the device issues a request for the map server to download all the of the DEntries associated with the artifact portion.
By organizing the Maplet data structure in Layers, it is possible to seamlessly combine and display information obtained from public and private databases. For example, it is possible for the device to display an office building at a certain address on a street (e.g. a 1st z-order attribute from public database), adjacent a river (e.g. a 2nd z-order attribute from public database), with a superimposed floor plan of the building to show individual offices (e.g. 11th z-order attribute from a private database, accessible through a firewall).
Referring back to FIG. 3A, within the network having map server(s) and/or LBS server(s) 321 and database(s) 322 accessible to it, all of the map data for the entire world is divided and stored as a grid according to various levels of resolution (zoom), as set forth below in Table A. Thus, a single A-level Maplet represents a 0.05×0.05 degree grid area; a single B-level Maplet represents a 0.5×0.5 degree grid area; a single C-level Maplet represents a 5×5 degree grid area; a single D-level Maplet represents a 50×50 degree grid area; and a single E level Maplet represents the entire world in a single Maplet. It is understood that Table A is only an example of a particular Maplet grid division; different grid divisions having finer or coarser granularity may, of courser, be substituted. A Maplet includes a set of layers, with each layer containing a set of DEntries, and each DEntry containing a set of data points.











TABLE A







# of Maplets
# of Maplets
# of Maplets



Grid
to cover
to cover
to cover


Level
(degrees)
the World
North America
Europe



















A
0.05 × 0.05
25,920,000
356,000
100,000


B
0.5 × 0.5
259,200
6,500
1000


C
5 × 5
2,592
96
10


D
50 × 50
32
5
5


E
World
1
1
1









As mentioned above, three specific types of requests may be generated by a wireless communications device (i.e. the client)—AOI requests, DEntry requests and Maplet Index requests. The requests may be generated separately or in various combinations, as discussed in greater detail below. An AOI (area of interest) request calls for all DEntries in a given area (bounding box) for a predetermined or selected set of z-order Layers. The AOI request is usually generated when the device moves to a new area so as to fetch DEntries for display before the device client knows what is available in the Maplet. The Maplet Index has the exact same structure as a Maplet but does not contain complete DEntries (i.e. the data Points actually representing artifacts and labels are omitted). Thus, a Maplet Index defines what Layers and DEntries are available for a given Maplet. A data or DEntry request is a mechanism to bundle together all of the required Dentries for a given Maplet.
Typically, AOI and Maplet Index requests are paired together in the same message, although they need not be, while DEntry requests are generated most often. For example, when a wireless device moves into an area for which no information has been stored on the device client, the Maplet Index request returns a Maplet Index that indicates what data the client can specifically request from the server 321, while the AOI request returns any DEntries within the area of interest for the specified Layers (if they exist). In the example requests shown on FIG. 3B, the desired Maplet is identified within a DEntry request by specifying the bottom-left Maplet coordinate. In addition, the DEntry request may include a layer mask so that unwanted Layers are not downloaded, a DEntry mask so that unwanted data Points are not downloaded, and zoom values to specify a zoom level for the requested DEntry. Once the device client has received the requested Maplet Index, the client typically then issues multiple DEntry requests to ask for specific DEntries (since the client knows all of the specific DEntries that are available based on the Maplet Index).
In this particular implementation, a collection of 20×20 A-level Maplets (representing a 1×1 degree square) is compiled into a Maplet Block File (.mbl). An .mbl file contains a header which specifies the offset and length of each Maplet in the .mbl file. The same 20×20 collection of Maplet index data is compiled into a Maplet Index file (.mbx). The .mbl and .mbx file structures are set forth in Tables B and C, respectively.









TABLE B





Address Offset
Offset
Length







0x000
Maplet #0 Offset
Maplet #0 Length



(4 bytes)
(4 bytes)


0x008
Maplet #1 Offset
Maplet #1 Length


0x010
Maplet #2 Offset
Maplet #2 Length


. . .
. . .
. . .


0xC78
Maplet #399
Maplet #399



Offset
Length








0xC80
Beginning of Maplet #0


0xC80 + Size of Maplet #0
Beginning of Maplet #1


0xC80 + Size of Maplet #0 + #1
Beginning of Maplet #2


. . .
. . .


0xC80 + Σ of Size of
Beginning of Maplet #399


Maplets (#0:#398)









In Table B, the offset of Maplet #0 is 0x0000—0000 since, in this particular example, the data structure is based on the assumption that the base address for the actual Maplet data is 0x0000—0C80. Therefore the absolute address for Maplet #0 data is: Maplet #0 Address=Base Address (0x0000—0C80)+Maplet #0 Offset (0x0000—0000), and additional Maplet addresses are calculated as: Maplet #(n+1) Offset=Maplet #(n) Offset+Maplet #(n) Length. If a Maplet has no data or does not exist, the length parameter is set to zero (0x0000—0000).









TABLE C





Address Offset
Offset (4 bytes)
Length (4 bytes)







0x000
Maplet Index #0
Maplet Index #0



Offset
Length


0x008
Maplet Index #1
Maplet Index #1



Offset
Length


0x010
Maplet Index #2
Maplet Index #2



Offset
Length


. . .
. . .
. . .


0xC78
Maplet Index #399
Maplet Index #399



Offset
Length








0xC80
Beginning of Maplet Index #0


0xC80 + Size of
Beginning of Maplet Index #1


Maplet Index #0


0xC80 + Size of
Beginning of Maplet Index #2


Maplet Index #0 + #1


. . .
. . .


0xC80 + Σ of
Beginning of Maplet Index #399


Size of Maplet


Indices (#0:#399)









In Table C, the offset of Maplet Index #0 is 0x0000—0000 since, according to an exemplary embodiment the data structure is based on the assumption that the base address for the actual Maplet index data is 0x0000—0C80. Therefore, the absolute address for Maplet Index #0 data is: Maplet Index #0 Address=Base Address (0x0000—0C80)+Maplet Index #0 Offset (0x0000—0000), and additional Maplet index addresses are calculated as: Maplet Index #(n+1) Offset=Maplet Index #(n) Offset+Maplet Index #(n) Length. If a Maplet Index has no data or does not exist, the length parameter is set to zero (0x0000—0000).
FIG. 3C and Table D (below), in combination, illustrate, by way of example only, a basic Maplet data structure. Generally, as noted above, the Maplet data structure can be said to include a Maplet Index (i.e. an index of the DEntries, each of which is representative of either an artifact or a label or both) together with data Points for each DEntry that actually form such artifacts and labels. In this example, each Maplet includes a Map ID (e.g. 0xA1B1C1D1), the # of Layers in the Maplet, and a Layer Entry for each Layer. The Map ID identifies the data as a valid Maplet, and according to one alternative, may also be used to identify a version number for the data. The # of Layers is an integer which indicates the number of Layers (and therefore Layer Entries) in the Maplet. Each Layer Entry defines rendering attributes (including, for example, colour and shading attributes for DEntries corresponding to that Layer Entry) and is followed by a list of DEntries for each Layer. The above forms a Maplet Index. For a complete Maplet, each DEntry contains a set of data Points (referred to herein as oPoints) or Labels). It will be noted that Layers can have multiple DEntries and the complete list of DEntries and Points are grouped by Layer and separated by a Layer Separator (e.g. hex value 0XEEEEEEEE). In this example, each Layer Entry is 20 bytes long, and a DEntry is 12 bytes long. However, the number of Layers, number of DEntries per Layer and the number of Points per DEntry depends on the map data and is generally variable.
Table D provides a high “byte-level” description of a Maplet for this example.











TABLE D







Data
Quantity
Total # of Bytes









Map ID
1
4 bytes



# of Layers
1
4 bytes



Layer Entries
# of
20 bytes × (# of Layers)




Layers












DEntry of a
x (# of
# of
12 bytes × (Σ of the #



Layer
DEntries
Layers
of DEntries in each




in a

Layer) +



Points for
Layer)

4 bytes × (Σ of the # of



DEntry of a


Points in each DEntry in



Layer


each Layer) +











Layer Separator

4 bytes × (# of Layers)










By way of a further example, the wireless network 200 depicted in FIG. 4 can include an applications gateway (AG) 350 for optimizing data flow for onboard applications such as a mapping application 500 stored in memory (e.g. stored in a flash memory 224) and executable by the microprocessor 238 of the wireless device 202.
As shown in FIG. 4, the wireless network 200 hosts a plurality of handheld wireless communications devices 202 (such as the BlackBerryTM by Research in Motion Limited) having voice and data capabilities (for both e-mail and web browsing) as well as a full QWERTY keyboard. These wireless communications devices 202 can access Web-based map data on public map servers 400 hosted on the Internet or other data network 130 via the applications gateway (AG) 350 which mediates and optimizes data flow between the wireless network 200 and the data network by performing various mappings, compressions and optimizations on the data.
The map server extracts generic map content from a Geographical Information Systems (GIS) map database (e.g. Navtech®, TelAtlas®, etc.) at a specified level of resolution (zoom level). Custom graphics associated with the query, such as highlighted route, pushpin for current position or street address, etc. are post-processed and merged by the server with the generic map content. Relevant screen graphics are then labelled, and the merged map graphic is compressed and delivered to the device for display.
In operation, a user of the wireless communications device 202 uses an input device such as keyboard 232 and/or thumbwheel/trackball 233 to cause the microprocessor 238 to open the map application 500 stored in the memory 224. Using the keyboard 232 and thumbwheel/trackball 233, the user specifies a map location on the map application 500. In response to this request/command, the microprocessor 238 instructs the RF transceiver circuitry 211 to transmit the request over the air through the wireless network 104. The request is processed by the AG 350 and forwarded into the data network (Internet) using standard packet-forwarding protocols to one or more of the public and/or private map servers 400, 410. Accessing a private map server 410 behind a corporate firewall 420 was described above with reference to FIG. 3A. Map data downloaded from these one or more map servers 400, 410 is then forwarded in data packets through the data network and mapped/optimized by the AG 350 for wireless transmission through the wireless network 104 to the wireless communications device 202 that originally sent the request.
The downloaded map data can be cached locally in RAM 226, and displayed on the display 222 or graphical user interface (GUI) of the device. If a further request is made by the user (or if the user wants a change in the field of view by zooming or panning), the device will check whether the data required can be obtained from the local cache (RAM 226). If not, the device issues a new request to the one or more map servers 400, 410 in the same manner as described above.
As described earlier, map data can optionally be downloaded first as a Maplet Index enabling the user to then choose which DEntries listed in the Index to download in full. Furthermore, as described earlier, the map application can include user-configurable context filtering that enables the user to filter out unwanted map features or artifacts by not downloading specific DEntries corresponding to those unwanted map features or artifacts.
In one implementation, the wireless communications device includes a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver (“GPS chip”) 550 for providing location-based services (LBS) to the user in addition to map content. Embedding a GPS chip 550 capable of receiving and processing signals from GPS satellites enable the GPS chip to generate latitude and longitude coordinates, thus making the device “location aware”. To obtain local-based services, the map application within the wireless communications device sends a request to the map server for information relating to a city, restaurant, street address, route, etc. If the device is “location aware”, the request would include the current location of the device.
In lieu of, or in addition to, GPS coordinates, the location of the device can be determined using triangulation of signals from in-range base towers, such as used for Wireless E911. Wireless Enhanced 911 services enable a cell phone or other wireless device to be located geographically using radiolocation techniques such as (i) angle of arrival (AOA) which entails locating the caller at the point where signals from two towers intersect; (ii) time difference of arrival (TDOA), which uses multilateration like GPS, except that the networks determine the time difference and therefore the distance from each tower; and (iii) location signature, which uses “fingerprinting” to store and recall patterns (such as multipath) which mobile phone signals exhibit at different locations in each cell.
Operation of the systems described above will now be described with reference to the method steps depicted in the flowchart of FIG. 5. As depicted in FIG. 5, this method of displaying a map on a wireless communications device includes an initial step (step 600) of opening the map application on the device. At step 602, a user of the device then specifies an area of interest (AOI), for example by entering coordinates of longitude and latitude, by entering a city, town, or place name, by clicking or enclosing an area on an existing map already displayed on the device, or by panning or zooming the existing map.
In response to the specifying of an AOI, map data (including label data for rendering labels on map features) is obtained (step 604) for rendering the map (and labels) to be displayed on the wireless communications device. For the purposes of this specification, “obtaining map data” means receiving or downloading the map data over the air, i.e. over a wireless link, retrieving the map data from a local cache, or downloading the map data over a wired connection, or any combination thereof. In other words, as depicted in FIG. 5, obtaining map data includes steps of determining whether the data is already cached locally (step 604). If the data is locally cached, the map data is retrieved from the cache (step 606). Otherwise, if not all of the map data is cached, then the map data is downloaded over the air (step 608).
As depicted in FIG. 5, once the map data is obtained (including any label data for labelling the map), the device determines whether any of the labels should be rendered as curved labels (step 610), i.e. whether the labels are to be positioned along curved paths or curved portions of paths (e.g. a curving street or cul-de-sac) or along a curved map feature or a curved portion of the feature (e.g. a river). If the label is not associated with a curved path or feature, then the label can be rendered (step 612) using normal techniques for rendering labels on the map (which may, for example, include a step of checking whether the label interferes or overlaps with any other labels before rendering the label in that position).
If the label is associated with a curved map element and thus needs to be curved, then the orientation of each character is determined (step 614). Once the orientation of each character in the label is determined, then the map application selects the closest pre-rotated character from a bitmap, which is preferably a variable transparency bitmap (step 616), such as the one shown in FIG. 6.
As illustrated in FIG. 6, the variable transparency bitmap contains sets of pre-rotated uppercase letters, lowercase letters, numbers and punctuation symbols, which are preferably arranged as an array (a grid of images) where each row in the array is rotated so that every character in that particular row is rotated to the same specific angular orientation.
Thus, at step 616 as depicted in FIG. 5, the map application selects from the bitmap the pre-rotated characters that are closest to the required orientations of each of the characters forming the label. For example, if the onscreen orientation of a character in the label is determined to be x degrees, then the map application will seek the pre-rendered character having the rotation that is closest to x degrees. Determining the onscreen orientation of the characters of the label can be done by reference to the path or feature along which the label is to be rendered. For example, in the case of a curving path, computing the slope of the vector path segment at the location where the label is to be rendered provides a value indicative of the orientation of the character.
Each of the sets of pre-rendered characters in the bitmap are preferably pre-rotated at discrete angular orientations. For example, in the particular implementation illustrated in FIG. 6, the bitmap contains 10 sets of pre-rendered characters. The first set contains “normal” (non-rotated) characters. The second set contains characters pre-rotated by 10 degrees. The third set contains characters rotated by 20 degrees, i.e. a further 10 degrees relative to the second set. The fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth sets of characters would be rotated at 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 degrees, respectively, i.e. at discrete 10-degrees intervals. The tenth set of characters would be rotated 90 degrees (thus fully perpendicular to the first set). With ten sets of characters at 10-degree intervals, as shown in FIG. 6, the map application will pick the pre-rotated character having the orientation closest to the determined orientation of the character to be rendered (e.g. as determined by computing the slope of the vector path segment at that point). If, for example, the desired onscreen orientation of the character to be rendered is determined to be 22 degrees, then the appropriate character from the third set (i.e. characters pre-rotated 20 degrees) would be selected for overlaying on the map.
Further sets of pre-rotated characters need not be stored in the bitmap beyond the tenth set pre-rotated at 90 degrees because character orientations ranging from 90 to 360 degrees can be achieved by simply reflecting (“flipping”) one of the pre-rotated characters in the ten foregoing sets of characters about the vertical or horizontal axes. Even though the process of reflecting/flipping pre-rendered characters is considered computationally efficient given the speed of current onboard processors, the bitmap could be expanded, in another implementation, to contain 36 sets of characters for every 10-degree interval between 0 and 360 degrees, i.e. a first set for non-rotated characters and 35 pre-rotated sets for every 10-degree interval from 10 degrees to 350 degrees. Providing an expanded bitmap would thus obviate the need to engage in reflecting or flipping.
As will be readily appreciated, the “granularity” of the angular interval can be varied so that the bitmap is larger or smaller. For example, the bitmap could have an angular interval of only 5 degrees, which would thus require 19 sets of pre-rendered characters, i.e. one for the first (non-rotated) set of characters and 18 sets of pre-rotated characters ranging from 5 degrees to 90 degrees in 5-degrees intervals.
As an alternative example, the bitmap could have an angular interval of 15 degrees, which would thus require only 7 sets of pre-rendered characters, i.e. one for the first (non-rotated) set of characters and 6 sets of pre-rotated characters ranging from 15 to 90 degrees in 15-degree intervals.
While larger bitmaps occupy more memory and are slower to utilize (i.e. it takes more time to search and find the desired character in the array), these larger bitmaps, of course, produce more aesthetic labelling since more angular nuances can be introduced into the rotations of the characters. In another implementation, the map application could employ multiple bitmaps of varying size (i.e. having different angular intervals providing coarser or finer rotations) depending on the zoom (magnification) level of the map or depending on a user setting (e.g. a “quick-render” setting would enable maps to be rendered quickly using fewer data points and/or with certain DEntries filtered out). The device would then determine which bitmap to use before attempting to find a pre-rotated character in the bitmap that matches the desired orientation of the character to be rendered.
FIG. 7 illustrates a variable transparency bitmap wherein pixels along edges of the pre-rotated characters are semi-transparent and anti-aliased. Generating these character effects is ordinarily computationally intensive. Therefore, by pre-rendering these characters (with semi-transparent and anti-aliased edges) on a desktop (i.e. server-side), the device can efficiently overlay these pre-rendered characters on the map to improve onscreen readability.
In another implementation, the pre-rendered characters can have adjustable or variable background colour and shading attributes to further improve readability. For example, when overlaying a character on a lake (that is rendered in blue) or a park (perhaps rendered in green), it may be beneficial to vary the background of the character to improve readability. This can be accomplished by first determining colour and shading attributes of a label position for the label on the map (for example, from the Layer Entry, as alluded to above) Then the background shading and colour of the bitmap are adjusted to concord with the colour and shading attributes of the label position. Finally, after selecting the desired pre-rotated characters from the bitmap, the selected characters from the bitmap are overlaid onto the map.
FIG. 8 illustrates a map upon which curved labels have been rendered by overlaying pre-rotated characters selected from a variable transparency bitmap. As illustrated in the example presented in FIG. 8, the path labels “Beechwood Dr” and “Erb St W” are rendered by overlaying pre-rendered images of pre-rotated characters onto the map. The edge pixels of the pre-rendered characters of the variable transparency bitmap are semi-transparent and anti-aliased to improve onscreen readability. This technique thus enables the efficient labelling of highly readable curved paths and/or curved features without having to employ computationally intensive algorithms that are unsuitable for implementation on a wireless communications device.
The pre-rendered characters can be pre-rotated and optionally given special text effects such as anti-aliasing, white glows or semi-transparent edges. These characters can be pre-rendered on a desktop computer or server-side and then packaged as a single bitmap for fast rendering. The bitmap can then be downloaded by the device for onboard storage and rapid retrieval client-side by the map application on the device. Alternatively, the bitmaps can be stored server-side and downloaded as needed, although this may be less efficient due to limited OTA bandwidth.
The foregoing method steps can be implemented as coded instructions in a computer program product. In other words, the computer program product is a computer-readable medium upon which software code is recorded to perform the foregoing steps when the computer program product is loaded into memory and executed on the microprocessor of the wireless communications device.
This new technology has been described in terms of specific implementations and configurations which are intended to be exemplary only. The scope of the exclusive right sought by the Applicant is therefore intended to be limited solely by the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A method of rendering a label on a map displayed on a wireless communications device, the method comprising:
obtaining label data for rendering the label on the map by downloading the label data to the wireless communications device over a wireless link;
determining an appropriate orientation on the map for each character of the label;
determining color attributes of a label position for the label on the map;
selecting a variable transparency bitmap comprising a set of pre-rotated characters that correspond to the orientation and further having a background color corresponding to the color attributes of the label position, wherein the background color of the variable transparency bitmap is adjusted to concord with the color attributes of the label position; and
rendering each character at the appropriate orientation on the map displayed on the wireless communications device by overlaying pre-rendered characters on the map from the variable transparency bitmap with the background color corresponding to the color attributes of the label position.

2. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the step of rendering the characters comprises overlaying onto the map pre-rotated characters from the variable transparency bitmap wherein pixels along edges of the pre-rotated characters are semi-transparent and anti-aliased.

3. The non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising code which when loaded into memory and executed on a processor of a wireless communications device performs the steps of claim 2.

4. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the pre-rendered characters comprise a plurality of sets of pre-rotated punctuation symbols, numbers, uppercase letters and lowercase letters, wherein each of the plurality of sets of pre-rotated characters has a unique angular orientation.

5. The non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising code which when loaded into memory and executed on a processor of a wireless communications device performs the steps of claim 4.

6. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the pre-rendered characters comprise a plurality of sets of pre-rotated punctuation symbols, numbers, uppercase letters and lowercase letters that are pre-rotated at discrete angular intervals of 10 degrees, ranging between 0 degrees and 90 degrees, whereby character orientations corresponding to rotations of 90 to 360 degrees can be achieved by reflecting the pre-rotated characters about vertical or horizontal axes.

7. The non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising code which when loaded into memory and executed on a processor of a wireless communications device performs the steps of claim 6.

8. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising steps of:
determining whether any of the characters of the label require special text effects; and
overlaying pre-rendered characters having text effects on the map.

9. The non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising code which when loaded into memory and executed on a processor of a wireless communications device performs the steps of claim 8.

10. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the step of rendering the label comprises a step of overlaying onto the map one or more pre-rotated characters from the bitmap structured as an array wherein each row contains a set of pre-rotated characters having a common orientation.

11. The non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising code which when loaded into memory and executed on a processor of a wireless communications device performs the steps of claim 10.

12. The method as claimed in claim 10 wherein the array comprises ten rows of pre-rotated characters, each having a different orientation, thus providing pre-rotated characters for every 10-degree interval ranging from a first row having zero rotation to a tenth row having a 90-degree rotation.

13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising code which when loaded into memory and executed on a processor of a wireless communications device performs the steps of claim 12.

14. The method as claimed in claim 12 wherein the step of rendering the label comprises a step of reflecting each pre-rotated character about vertical or horizontal axes to obtain desired character rotations of 90 to 360 degrees.

15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising code which when loaded into memory and executed on a processor of a wireless communications device performs the steps of claim 14.

16. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising code which when loaded into memory and executed on a processor of a wireless communications device performs the steps of claim 1.

17. A wireless communications device for displaying a map on the wireless communications device, the wireless communications device comprising:
an input device for enabling the device to download map data to the wireless communications device over a wireless link, the map data including label data, for rendering the map and at least one label on the map;
a memory for storing pre-rendered characters;
a processor for determining an appropriate orientation for each character in the label, for determining color attributes of a label position for the label on the map, for selecting a variable transparency bitmap comprising a set of pre-rotated characters that correspond to the orientation and further having a background color corresponding to the color attributes of the label position, wherein the background color of the variable transparency bitmap is adjusted to concord with the color attributes of the label position, and for overlaying the pre-rendered characters on the map from the variable transparency bitmap with the background color that corresponds to the color attributes of the label position; and
a display for displaying the pre-rendered characters of the label on the map.

18. The wireless communications device as claimed in claim 17 wherein the pre-rendered characters comprise sets of pre-rotated characters, each set having a unique orientation.

19. The wireless communications device as claimed in claim 17 wherein pixels along edges of the pre-rotated characters are semi-transparent and anti-aliased.

20. The wireless communications device as claimed in claim 17 wherein the pre-rendered characters comprise a plurality of sets of pre-rotated punctuation symbols, numbers, uppercase letters and lowercase letters that are pre-rotated at discrete angular intervals of 10 degrees, ranging between 0 degrees and 90 degrees, whereby character orientations corresponding to rotations of 90 to 360 degrees can be achieved by reflecting the pre-rotated characters about vertical or horizontal axes.

21. The wireless communications device as claimed in claim 17 wherein the bitmap is structured as an array wherein each row contains a set of pre-rotated characters having a common orientation.

22. The wireless communications device as claimed in claim 21 wherein the array comprises ten rows of pre-rotated characters, each having a different orientation, thus providing pre-rotated characters for every 10-degree interval ranging from a first row having zero rotation to a tenth row having a 90-degree rotation.

23. The wireless communications device as claimed in claim 17 wherein the pre-rendered characters comprise both pre-rotated characters and characters with special text effects.