* Pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 43(c)(2), Kenneth S. Apfel is substituted for

John J. Callahan, former Acting Commissioner of Social Security, as the

defendant in this action.

** This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. 

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

DEC 14 1998

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

ALBERT L. COX,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

KENNETH S. APFEL, Commissioner,

Social Security Administration, *

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 98-7039

(D.C. No. 96-CV-636-B)

(E.D. Okla.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT **

Before BALDOCK , EBEL , and MURPHY , Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
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argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The case is therefore

ordered submitted without oral argument.

Plaintiff Albert L. Cox appeals from the denial of social security disability

and supplemental security income (SSI) benefits. He argues that: (1) the

administrative law judge (ALJ) erroneously relied conclusively on the

medical-vocational guidelines (the “grids”), 20 C.F.R. pt. 404, subpt. P, app. 2,

despite finding that he cannot stand or walk for long periods at a time; (2) the

testimony of the vocational expert (VE) cannot provide substantial evidence to

support the ALJ’s decision because the hypothetical did not include all of his

impairments; (3) the ALJ erroneously found that he had no significant

manipulative impairment; and (4) this is a borderline age case, and he should be

treated as of advanced age instead of closely approaching advanced age under the

grids. We have jurisdiction under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

Disability Claim

Plaintiff was born on April 21, 1941. He completed eleven years of school. 

Plaintiff’s past relevant work includes twenty-eight or twenty-nine years

operating a jar-making machine at a glass company and about a year as a rotary

drill helper for his brother-in-law. He filed his claim for social security disability

and SSI benefits on March 11, 1994, alleging that he became disabled on May 5,

1991, due to back and knee pain, numbness in his legs and arms, breathing
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problems, depression, hypertension, headaches, and loss of grip strength. He was

last insured for social security disability benefits on December 31, 1996, and must

prove he became disabled before that date to secure those benefits. For SSI

benefits, he must prove only that he has become disabled. Plaintiff was

represented by counsel at the hearing before the ALJ, and has been represented

by different counsel since he filed this suit.

Discussion

The ALJ denied plaintiff’s claim at step five of the evaluation sequence. 

See generally Williams v. Bowen , 844 F.2d 748, 750-52 (10th Cir. 1988). He

decided at step four that plaintiff cannot return to his past heavy to very heavy

work. At step five, he found that plaintiff retains the residual functional capacity

(RFC) to perform light work, but inconsistently stated both that plaintiff has no

significant nonexertional impairments and that he is restricted by requirements to

avoid respiratory irritants and to alternate sitting and standing or walking. He

obtained and mentioned vocational testimony, but ultimately relied conclusively

on the grids. Because the ALJ found that plaintiff had a limited or less education,

no transferable skills, and was of closely approaching advanced age (plaintiff

being fifty-four and a half years old at the time of the ALJ’s decision), he applied

Rule 202.11, 20 C.F.R. pt. 404, subpt. P, app. 2, to decide that plaintiff is not

disabled. The Appeals Council denied review, making the ALJ’s decision the
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final agency decision. Plaintiff then brought this suit. The district court adopted

the magistrate judge’s recommendation that the agency’s decision be affirmed. 

We review the agency’s decision on the whole record to determine only

whether the factual findings are supported by substantial evidence and the correct

legal standards were applied. See Goatcher v. United States Dep’t of Health

& Human Servs. , 52 F.3d 288, 289 (10th Cir. 1995). We may not reweigh the

evidence or substitute our judgment for that of the agency. See Kelley v. Chater ,

62 F.3d 335, 337 (10th Cir. 1995). We are persuaded by plaintiff’s claims of

error.

At step five, “the burden shifts to the [agency] to show that the claimant

retains the residual functional capacity (RFC) to do other work that exists in the

national economy.” Thompson v. Sullivan , 987 F.2d 1482, 1487 (10th Cir. 1993)

(citing Hargis v. Sullivan , 945 F.2d 1482, 1489 (10th Cir. 1991) and 42 U.S.C.

§ 423(d)(2)(A)). “[A]n ALJ may not rely conclusively on the grids unless he

finds (1) that the claimant has no significant nonexertional impairment, (2) that

the claimant can do the full range of work at some RFC level on a daily basis, and

(3) that the claimant can perform most of the jobs in that RFC level.” Id. at 1488. 

In this case, the ALJ’s specific findings that plaintiff must avoid respiratory

irritants and cannot stand or walk for long periods precluded his conclusive

reliance on the grids. See Appellant’s App., Vol. II at 28 (findings 5 & 8); see
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also S.S.R. 83-14, 1983 WL 31254, at *1-*2 (discussing environmental restriction

as nonexertional impairment precluding reliance on grids); S.S.R. 83-12, 1983

WL 31253, at *4 (discussing necessity of obtaining vocational testimony when

claimant must alternate sitting and standing or walking). 

We also agree that the VE’s testimony cannot provide substantial evidence

to support the ALJ’s decision. A hypothetical posed to a VE must relate the

claimant’s impairments “with precision.” Hargis , 945 F.2d at 1492 (quotation

omitted). The question the ALJ asked was faulty because it did not include

plaintiff’s need to avoid respiratory irritants, which the ALJ specifically found to

be true. See Appellant’s App., Vol. II at 28 (finding 8), 70. The agency has

provided no authority to support its argument that this court should take notice

that an environmental restriction to avoid respiratory irritants does not

significantly erode plaintiff’s occupational base. We therefore decline to reach

such a conclusion. Further, the hypothetical posed by plaintiff’s counsel that

included “temperature extremes, like dust and fumes,” id. at 74, is both internally

inconsistent and includes a restriction the ALJ did not find to be true–that

plaintiff should avoid temperature extremes. Therefore, the VE’s response to this

question does not constitute substantial evidence. 

The ALJ made no specific finding at step five as to whether plaintiff has

a significant manipulative impairment. This was error. Because the ALJ found
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that plaintiff can do light work, and light work includes jobs requiring “pushing

and pulling of arm or leg controls,” 20 C.F.R. § 416.967(b), a manipulative

impairment would matter greatly. Essentially uncontroverted medical evidence

shows that plaintiff has complained of pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in

his arms, hands, and fingers, see Appellant’s App., Vol. II at 168, 170-71, 186,

204, 212; has been diagnosed with bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome (thought to

be permanent), see id. at 186, 198, 204, 208, 211, 213, 236-37, 261, bilateral,

chronic tenosynovitis (an irritation of the tendon sheath), see id. at 204, 208, 211,

213, bilateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow), see id. at 213, and arthritic changes in

his fingers, see id. at 198; has had the tips of the middle and ring fingers of his

dominant right hand amputated in an accident at work, and they remained

hypersensitive to touch even after treatment, see id. at 197-99; had a crushing

injury to his left hand in another work-related accident, see id. at 159; and has

reduced grip strength, see id. at 202, 204-05. Plaintiff told one of his doctors that

his hand and arm problems resulted from the frequent repetitive motions required

by his lengthy employment with the glass company. See id. at 204.

On remand, the ALJ must make a specific finding as to whether plaintiff

has a significant manipulative impairment, as claimed. Moreover, the ALJ has

a duty to fully develop the record even when the claimant is represented by an

attorney, as in this case. See Thompson , 987 F.2d at 1492. For this reason, it is
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his obligation to exercise his considerable discretion to obtain additional medical

evidence if he believes it is necessary to evaluate plaintiff’s claimed disability. 

See Hawkins v. Chater , 113 F.3d 1162, 1166-67 & n.5 (10th Cir. 1997).

We note also for the remand that the ALJ’s decision is internally

inconsistent in various respects and inaccurate with respect to plaintiff’s

testimony. Without attempting to list all of the discrepancies, we observe that

finding 5 contradicts itself as to the amount of weight plaintiff can lift and carry,

see Appellant’s App., Vol. II at 28, and finding 8 contradicts the body of the

decision as to plaintiff’s environmental restrictions, see id. Plaintiff did not

testify that lying on his stomach causes him pain and that he lies on his stomach

for hours each day watching television, see id. at 25; he testified that he lies on

his stomach because lying on his back causes him pain, see id. at 57. Plaintiff did

not contradict the medical evidence by stating that he had a stroke and was

diagnosed with arthritis. See id. at 25. One of his doctors noted that the

impairment to his face could indicate a stroke rather than Bells Palsy, see id.

at 234-35, and plaintiff himself clarified that he was ultimately diagnosed with

Bells Palsy, see id. at 66. There are references to arthritis and degenerative

changes in plaintiff’s medical records. See id. at 213, 217, 236-37, 264. Contrary

to the ALJ’s opinion, we have found no instance where plaintiff testified that he
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goes blind when he reads. See id. at 25. He did say that his eyes are bad, his

glasses do not help him, and that sunlight hurts his eyes. See id. at 49, 61. 

Finally, because plaintiff was within six months of the next age category,

that is, advanced age, at the time the ALJ issued his decision, he erred by not

addressing whether plaintiff was of borderline age before choosing a rule from

the grids. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1563(a), 416.963(a) (both stating: “[W]e will

not apply these age categories [in the grids] mechanically in a borderline

situation.”) Subsequent events obviate the need for the ALJ to address this

precise issue on remand, however. Plaintiff attained the age of fifty-five shortly

after the ALJ’s decision and before his insured status expired. He therefore

became of advanced age. Using the ALJ’s findings of limited or less education

and no transferable skills, plaintiff must now be deemed disabled as of April 21,

1996, under Rule 202.02 of the grids, 20 C.F.R. pt. 404, subpt. P, app. 2; see also

Daniels v. Apfel , 154 F.3d 1129, 1131-32 & n.4 (10th Cir. 1998) (holding when

claim remains pending after claimant’s insured status has expired, claimant’s age

for purposes of grids is determined at the time his insured status expired). 

Plaintiff is entitled to an award of benefits at least from his fifty-fifth birthday. 

On remand, the ALJ should determine whether plaintiff became disabled before

that date.
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The judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District

of Oklahoma is REVERSED, and the case is REMANDED with directions for the

district court to REMAND to the agency for additional proceedings consistent

with this order and judgment.

Entered for the Court

Michael R. Murphy

Circuit Judge