# OAR Box 1115 Prepped byRyan Dugan



### Document

Number: 

# 85 ) ll-A-1 7 Docket Number: 

# A-84-2 2

Printed 4/18/200810:52:09AM -

Sheet 85of 94 p. 1P. 2

d * Unite d States Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y' j 

## (tf

vrv^ f EP A500/4-83-01 1 

# Researc h an d Developmen t

TECHNICA L ASSISTANC E DOCUMENT : QUALIT YASSURANC E GUIDELIN E FO RVISIBL E EMISSIO NTRAININ GPROGRAM S



# Prepare d fo r OFFIC E O F AIR , RADIATIO NAN D NOIS E DIVISIO NO F STATIONAR YSOURC E ENFORCEMEN T TECHNICA L SUPPOR T BRANC H 

# Prepare d b y Environmenta l Monitorin g System s Laboratory Researc h Triangi e Par k N C 2771 1P. 3

' Projec t Summar y QUALIT YASSURANC E GUIDELIN E FOR . VISIBL E EMISSION

TRAININGPROGRAM S

Prepare db

y PEDC o Environmental , Inc . 50 5 Sout hDuk e Stree t Durham , Nort hCarolin a 2770 1

Contrac t No . 68-02-343 1

Projec t Officer s Thoma s J . Loga n Qualit y Assuranc e Divisio n Environmenta l Monitorin gSystem s Laboratory



### an d Kir kE . Foste r Divisio no f Stationar y Sourc e Enforcemen t

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGSYSTEM S LABORATORY OFFIC E OF RESEARC HAN DDEVELOPMEN T U.S . ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENC Y RESEARC HTRIANGL E PARK , NORT HCAROLIN A 2771 1P. 4

ABSTRAC T Thi s documen t describe s procedure s andoutline s technica l guidanc e fo r assistanc e inestablishin geffectiv e visibl e emissio nobserve r trainingpro grams . Smok e generato r operatin ginformatio ni s presente dandappendice s giv e example s o f sampl e classroom trainin glecture s a s wel l a s audi t form s andstatistica l technique s use dt o acces s th e qualit y o f a trainin gprogram . Th e adherenc e o f visibl e emission s trainin gprogram s t o the material s inthi s documen t shoul dresul t inimprove dandconsisten t level s o f observe r training . Thi s documentatio nwil l ai denforcemen t program s indemonstratin gtha t th e observer s wer e traine dwithou t biase s andina professiona l manner .

SUMMARY EPA referenc e metho d9 fo r visibl e emissio nobservation s require s tha t fiel dinspector s andobserver s documen t thei r readin gskill s b y periodi c participatio nina rigorou s smok e trainin gandcertificatio nprogram . I t i s therefor e essentia l tha t visibl e emissio n(VE ) observer s continu e t o hav e the benefi t o f highqualit y trainin gandtesting . Th e documen t describe dinthi s summar y isintende dfo r individual s responsibl e fo r th e general-conduc t o f V E trainin gandcertificatio nprogram , an dinclude s detaile dinformatio non recommende dQualit y

Assuranc e (QA ) procedures . Th e implementatio no f thes e procedure s require s a nunderstandin go f the element s o f aneffectiv e QA Program

andit s relationshi pt o smok e trainin g an dcertification . By definition , Qualit y Assuranc e i s th e tota l integrate d program tha t assure s reliabilit y andcredibilit y

inopacit y

trainin gan

dcer tification . I t therfor e shoul db e structure dint o al l aspect s o f the program includin gth e initia l plannin gandexecutio no f the classroom training ; th eP. 5

acquisition , calibration , andoperatio no f th e smok e generator ; the fiel d trainin gandcertification;'an dthe reductio no f dat a an dmaintenanc e o f records . •

* Inconcep t andimplementation , th e Q A program

i s a managemen t too l or operationa l mechanis m fo r assurin gcredibl e trainin gandcertification . To ensur e success , thi s program mus t receiv e the commitment , support , andfallow upo f management .
DESCRIPTIO N

OF QUALIT YASSURANC E PROGRA M Th e QA program

consist s o f tw

o distinc t program

operations , qualit y contro l (QC ) procedure s andauditing , tha t ar e complementar y andmutuall y

sup portive . Th e progra m o f Q C procedure s i s operate dintegrall y wit hthe pre sentatio no f the smok e school , focusin go nthe operatio no f the smok e generator . Thi s program

provide s th e documente dprocedure s whic hensur e routinel y accurat e andreliabl e trainingandcertificatio nincludingprogram planning ; prepara tion , calibration , an doperatio no f the generator ; recordkeepin gan ddocumen tation ; andtraine e control . Th e othe r importan t elemen t o f a QA progra m i s auditing . A

V E program audi t i s anexterna l review o f the program

usingstructure devaluatio nforms . Th e audi t i s usuall y conducte db

y supervisor y

personne l t o assur e objectivity . Audit s ar e designe dt o identif y program

weaknesse s an

ddeficiencie s tha t mus t b e addresse dan

dcorrecte dinorde r t o maintai naneffectiv e an dhighqualit y opacit y trainin gandcertificatio nprogram . Th e Performanc e Audi t i s th e structure dandroutin e review o f the variou s step s inth e trainin gandcertificatio nprocess . I t generall y consist s o f a numbe r o f specifie dcheck s t o insur e tha t prope r andaccurat e procedura l ac -tivitie s hav e bee ncompleted . Th e Performanc e Audi t i s conducte db y the Trainin gSuperviso r and/o r designate dstaff , andi s mos t applicabl e t o fairl y specifi c androutin e procedures . Exampl e format s fo r inspectio nand-operatio n o f the smok e generator/transmissomete r uni t andthe handlin go f certificatio n tes t record s ar e include dinthe report . Inany audi t situation , checklist s shoul db e devise dfo r eac hspecifi c activity . Record s pertinen t t o th e audi t mus t b e complete dan dmaintaine da s par t o f th e agency' s officia l documentatio nfile . Th e generato r operatin glog , smok e schoo l file , andothe r record s ar e als o component s o f the documentatio n andrecordkeepin gprocess . Th e importanc e o f the Performanc e Audi t a s a n integra l par t o f th e activit y canno t b e overemphasize da s vita l to training andcertificatio nefforts . Thi s audi t provide s assuranc e tha t the require ment s o f Metho d9 have bee nfulfille dandtha t a soun dan dhighqualit y

pro gram ha s bee nprovided . Complementar y

t o the Performanc e Audi t i s the System Audit . Th e System Audi t i s conducte dperiodically , perhap s o nanannua l basis , througha nonsit e comprehensiv e review o f the tota l smok e schoo l program . Thi s audi t shoul dbe conducte dt o asses s al l aspect s o f th e trainin gactivit y andshoul didentif y problem s tha t canbe corrected . Th e System'.Audi t preferabl y shoul db

e con ducte db

y personne l outsid e th e smok e schoo l staff , i.e. , Enforcemen t Program 'Manage r and/o r EPA

Regiona l Offic e personnel . Participatio nb y the Enforce men t Program

Manage r i s preferabl e becaus e opacit y certificatio ndirectl y impact s andsupport s the day-to-da y enforcement/complianc e operation ; mor e tha n9 0 percen t o f particulat e emission s complianc e i s determine dan ddocumente d b y opacit y

readings . Participatio nby enforcemen t managemen t als o provide s a neede delemen t o f managemen t involvemen t andconcern . Th e smok e schoo l i s typicall y

a servic e provide db y the Technica l Suppor t Division .P. 7



### A System Audi t shoul dhav e a positiv e impac t onthe trainingprogram an d als o shoul dprovid e a mechartism.fo r managemen t t o gai nneede dprogram familiar i zation . I t can*als o b e use da s a plannin gdocumen t t o assis t agencie s in obtainin gthe suppor t t o updat e trainin gmaterial s an dequipment . T o assis t ina systemati c review , anitemize daudi t for m shoul db e used . Anexampl e i s include dinth e report . Th e checklis t approac hassure s thaj*- al l aspect s o f the program ar e evaluate dan

dlend s itsel f to the expedien t preparatio no f anaudi t report . Th e form shoul db e attache dt o a brie f narra - • tiv e tha t summarize s th e findings , conclusions , andrecommendations . Pos t audi t followu ponthe importan t recommendation s i s essentia l t o assur e tha t prope r correctiv e action s have bee ntaken .Thi s repor t wa s prepare dby Barbar a E . Blagun , PEDC o Environmental , Inc. , Durham , N.C . 27701 . I t was.base donwor kprepare db y severa l contractor s in cludin gMessrs . Norma nEdminston , Rober t Missen , .Thoma s Rose , andWilli e Lee . Th e complet e repor t entitled , "Qualit y Assuranc e Guidelin e fo r Visibl e Emissio nTrainin gPrograms" , (Orde r No . P B , cost:.. $ , subjec t t o change ) wil l b e availabl e from : Nationa l Technica l Informatio nServic e 528 5 Por t Roya l Roa d Springfield , V

A 2216 1 Telephone : 703-557-465 0 Fo r information , contact :

Thoma s J . Loga n Qualit y Assuranc e Divisio n(MD-77 ) Environmenta l Monitorin gSystem s Laborator y U.S . Environmenta l Protectio nAgenc y Researc hTriangl e Park , Nort hCarolin a 2771 1P. 9

RECOMMENDE D QUALIT YASSURANC E TECHNIQUE S AND PROCEDURE S FO RVISIBL E EMISSIO N

TRAININ GPROGRAM S



### b y PEDC o Environmental , Inc . 50 5 Sout hDuk e Stree t Durham , Nort hCarolin a 2770 1 Contrac t No . 68-02-343 1 Wor k Assignmen t No . 18 2 PN3529-4 7 Projec t Officer s Thoma s J . Loga n Qualit yAssuranc e Divisio n Environmenta l Monitorin g System s Laborator y and Kir k E . Foste r Divisio no f Stationar ySourc e Enforcemen t ENVIRONMENTA L MONITORIN GSYSTEM S LABORATOR Y OFFIC E O F RESEARC H AND DEVELOPMEN T U.S . ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIO NAGENC Y RESEARC H TRIANGL E PARK , NORT H CAROLINA2771 1

Ma y198 2P.1 0

DISCLAIME R Thi s repor t ha s bee nreviewe d b yth e Environmenta l Monitorin g System s Laboratory , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio nAgency , and approve d fo r publica

tion . Approva l doe s no t signif ytha t th e content s necessaril yreflec t th e view s an d policie s o f th e U.S . Environmenta l Protectio nAgency , no r doe s mentio no f trad e name s o r commercia l product s constitut e endorsemen t o r re commendatio nfo r use . Thi s repor t provide s suggestion s and guideline s fo r person' s involve d i nobserve r certificatio nand visibl e emissio nevaluatio n and i s no t a supplemen t t o EPAReferenc e Metho d 9 . Vali d observation s ca n stil l b e mad e eve nthoug hal l recommendation s herei nar e no t completel y followed .



### nP.1 1

CONTENT S Figure s Table s Acknowledgmen t 

### 1 . 2 .

3 . 4 .

5 .

6 . Introductio n Organization , Planning , an d Training Announcement s Organizatio n Planning Trainin g announcement s ClassroomTraining Exampl e lectur e materia l Training Equipmen t Metho d 9 design an d operating specification s Smok e generato r Transmissomete r Setup , operation , an d shutdow

n procedure s Storag e an

d maintenanc e o f the smok e generato r Commo n problems , hazards , an d correctiv e action s Certificatio n Requirement s Practic e session s Certificatio n testing Grading an

d documentatio n procedure s Qualit yAssuranc e - Technique s an d Procedure s Paje . v vi i vii i 

### 1 2 2 2 2 

### 4 5 7 7 8 1 3 3 2 4 5 4 7 

### 5 3 •5 4 5 7 6 9 

### 7 7 Qualit yassuranc e audit s Qualit yassuranc e fo r classroomtraining Qualit yassuranc e fo r certificatio n procedure s Trackin g progra

mqualit y 7 . Visibl e Emission s Training Literatur e 7 7 7 9 8 0 8 0 8 7



### mP.1 2

CONTENT S (continued ) Appendi xA

Sampl e lecture s fo r VE trainingprogram Appendi xB Performanc e audi t an dsystem

audi t Appendi xC Analysi s an dexampl e calculation s o f VE training progra m error s Pag e 8 9 12 2 14 2

i vP.1 3

FIGURE S Numbe r Pag e 1 Exampl e Schemati c Layou t o f a Simpl e Generato r 9 2 Smok e Generato r Componen t Lis t 1 0 3 Whit e Smok e Generatin g Equipmen t 1 2 4 Blac k Smok e Generatin g Equipmen t 1 4 5 Transmissomete r 1 5 6 Exampl e Respons e Tim e Chec k Form1 7 7 Calibratio n Wand 1 8 8 Calibratio nErro r Chec k Form2 0 9 Neutral-Densit yFilte r Form2 1 1 0 Smok e Generato r Performanc e Evaluatio nDat a Form2 3 1 1 Exampl e Ligh t Sourc e 2 5 1 2 Typica l Photocel l Schemati c 2 5 1 3 Example s o f Acceptabl e and Unacceptabl e Smok e Stabilit y

Condition s 3 1 1 4 Recommende d Calibratio nStam p 3 2 1 5 Par t and Suppl yChecklis t 33 ' 1 6 Exampl e Generato r Operatio nProcedur e 3 5 1 7 Electroni c Pane l o f Smok e Generato r Contro l Consol e 3 6 1 8 Procedur e fo r Practic e Sessio n5 5 1 9 Opacit yReadin g Trainin g Form56 * 2 0 Operator' s Smok e Generato r Checklis t 5 9 2 1 Sampl e Certificatio n Tes t Form6 2 2 2 Exampl e Complete d Certificatio nTes t Form6 4P.1 4

FIGURE S (continued ) Numbe r Pag e 2 3 . Beaufor t Scal e o f Wind Forc e 6 5 2 4 Certificatio nRunIdentificatio nStam p 6 8 2 5 Tw o Method s fo r Determinin g Averag e Deviatio nfo r 2 5

Reading s 7 1 2 6 Certificatio nStam p 7 3 2 7 Sampl e V E ProgramRoste r 7 4 2 8 Certificatio nLette r 7 6 2 9 Lis t o f Statistic s Usefu l i nEvaluatin g V E Trainin g

School s 8 3 3 0 Exampl e Contro l Char t fo r Trackin g Trainin g Schoo l

Performanc e 8 4 3 1 Statistic s Checklis t Form8 5

v iP.1 5

Numbe r TABLE S Pag e 1 Transmissomete r Desig nand Performanc e Specification s 8 2 Propertie s o f Candidat e Fuel s 4 8 3 Commo nSmok e Generato r Malfunction s 5 0 4 Averag e Deviatio nChar t 7 0



### v nP.1 6

ACKNOWLEDGMEN T Thi s repor t wa s prepare dfo r the U.S . Environmenta l Protectio nAgency , Divisio no f Stationar y Sourc e Enforcement , andthe Environmenta l Monitorin g System s Laboratory , Researc hTriangl e Park , Nort hCarolina , b y PEDC o Environ mental , Inc. , Cincinnati , Ohio . I t wa s base do ntechnica l wor kprepare db y severa l contractors . Accordingly , appreciatio nfo r contribution s i s give nto Mr . Norma nEdmisten , formerl y o f De l Gree nAssociates , Inc., Mr . Rober t Missen , formerl y o f Pacifi c Environmenta l Services , an dMessrs . Thoma s Ros e andWilli e Le e o f Easter nTechnica l Associates . Th e projec t wa s directe da t PEDC o b y Mr . Car l Nelson , andmanage db y Ms . Barbar a Blagun . Th e principa l editor , Ms . Barbar a Blagun , woul dlik e t o expres s he r appreciatio nfo r th e invaluabl e guidanc e an dassistanc e provide d b y Dr . JohnRichards , formerl y o f PEDC o Environmental , andMessrs . Thoma s Loga nandKir kFoste r wh o serve da s projec t officer s fo r the U.S . Environmenta l Protectio nAgency .



## v mP.1 7

SECTIO N1 INTRODUCTIO N Visua l observatio no f plum e opacitie s i s currentl yth e mos t effectiv e an d economica l metho d o f determinin g complianc e wit hopacity-base d ai r pollu
tio ncontro l regulations . I t i s on e o f th e primar yenforcemen t tool s use d i n th e Unite d State s t o determin e complianc e wit hparticulat e emissio nregula
tions . Th e legalit yan d credibilit yo f thi s metho d hav e repeatedl ybee nup hel d i ncourt . Recently , however , industr yha s begu nt o exercis e thei r right s b ychallengin g th e technique s use d t o rea d plum e opacity . Du e t o th e rol e o f visible emission s (VE ) observation s i ncomplianc e and enforcemen t o f ai r pollutio ncontro l laws , i t i s imperativ e tha t personne l conductin g thes e ob
servation s mak e accurat e an d defensibl e readings . Fiel d inspector s an d observer s ar e require d t o documen t thei r plum e read
ing skill s b

yperiodi c participatio ni na rigorou s smok e trainin g and certifi

catio nprogram . I t i s therefor e essentia l tha t VE observer s continu e t o hav e th e benefi t o f high-qualit ytrainin g and testing . Accordingly , EPA' s Divi

sio no f Stationar ySourc e Enforcemen t (DSSE ) and th e Environmenta l Monitorin g System s Laborator y(EMSL ) hav e furnishe d thi s documen t t o individual s respon sibl e fo r th e genera l conduc t o f th e V E trainin g an d certificatio nprogram .P.1 8

SECTIO N2 ORGANIZATION , PLANNING , AN D TRAININ GANNOUNCEMENT S 2. 1 ORGANIZATIO N T o ensur e a coordinate d an d consisten t progra m on e agenc ytrainin g super viso r shoul d hav e overal l responsibilit yfo r th e smok e trainin g and certifi

catio nprogram . Thi s perso nwil l likel ynee d th e suppor t o f a t leas t tw o othe r people , th e smok e generato r operato r and th e operator' s assistant . Th e smok e generato r operato r wil l b e responsibl e fo r th e preparation , maintenance , calibration , an d operatio no f th e generator . Hi s assistan t wil l b e respon sibl e fo r documenting , reading , gradin g papers , and monitorin g trainees . Th e role s o f trainin g superviso r an d smok e generato r operato r coul d b e combine d i f th e classe s ar e hel d onl ytw o o r thre e time s a year . 2. 2 PLANNIN G Plannin g th e year' s trainin g an d certificatio nprogra m i s anessentia l aspec t o f anysuccessfu l program . Althoug hth e numbe r and frequenc yo f trainin g session s ,wil l b e partl ydetermine d b ypas t experience s and demands , •th e schoo l shoul d b e schedule d a t leas t twic e eac hyea r t o accommodat e per son s needin g semiannua l recertification . Certifyin g previou s graduate s whil e th e smok e schoo l i s i noperatio ni s mor e efficien t and les s costl y tha nschedulin g a separat e session . Asummer/winte r schedul e i s generall yles s desirabl e tha na spring/fal l schedul e becaus e o f advers e weathe r condition s a s wel l a s th e nee d t o prepar e inspector s fo r th e heavyspring/summe r sourc e complianc e activities . 2. 3 TRAININ GANNOUNCEMENT S Because V E trainin g i s a nexpensiv e program , i t i s importan t t o provid e a high-qualit ytrainin g progra man d t o hav e th e greates t numbe r o f student sP.1 9

possible . Al l loca l ai r pollutio ncontro l agencie s withi nthe Stat e o r are a shoul dbe sen t inadvanc e a cop y o f the trainingschedule , a brie f discussio n o f cours e content , an da breakdow

no f the cos t pe r trainee . I naddition , industry , trad e associations , an djournal s generall y publis hsuc hinformation , a s a servic e t o thei r membership . Personne l a t majo r industrie s an dproblem source s ma y

be extende da specia l invitation . Publi c servic e notice s may b e submitte dt o severa l newspaper s andshoul dinclud e a reques t fo r preregistra tionb y intereste dindividuals . Followin gthes e step s gives a nindicatio n o f studen t loadan

destablishe s a poin t o f contac t fo r an y followupnotices .P.2 0

SECTIO N3 CLASSROO MTRAININ G Classroo mtrainin g progra mi s a nessentia l par t o f an ysmok e readin g certificatio nprogram . Thi s training , whic hi s mos t effectivel ycomplete d wit ha nintensiv e 1
- o r 2-dayclassroo mlecture/discussio nsession , i s beneficia l fo r th e followin g reasons : 1 . I t increase s th e visibl e emissio nobservers ' knowledg e and con fidenc e fo r th e day-to-da yfiel d practic e and application . 2 . I t reduce s trainin g tim e require d t o achiev e certification . 3 . I t train s th e smok e reade r t o properl yrecor d and presen t evidenc e tha t wil l withstan d th e rigor s o f litigation , and greatl ystrengthen s anAgency' s complianc e and enforcemen t program . 4 . . I t provide s a forumfo r th e periodi c exchang e o f technica l idea s and information . Fo r example , periodi c refreshe r course s provid e fiel d personne l wit hupdate d informatio n an d developments , and reinforc e goo d practice s and techniques . I t ca nals o poin t ou t poo r technique s and questionabl e short
cut s tha t ma yhav e becom e incorporate d int o routin e procedure s and operations . Man yState s onl yrequir e classroo mtrainin g fo r initia l certification . Becaus e th e field s o f opacit yreadin g technology , lega l development , and cour t decision s develo p and chang e rapidly , however , a full-da yrefreshe r cours e shoul d b e give na t leas t onc e ever y3 year s a s a criterio nfo r certifi

catio nrenewal . Further , th e trainin g superviso r shoul d atten d on e o f th e instructo r seminar s offere d periodicall yb yEP Abecaus e thes e serv e a s a forum fo r discussin g an d distributin g ne wmaterial , techniques , and trainin g aids . T o assur e qualit ytrainin g and optimumstuden t learning , lecturer s shoul d b e selecte d wit hcare . The yshoul d b e experienced , knowledgeable , organized , an d hav e goo d visua l aid s and curren t hand-ou t materials .P.2 1

3. 1 EXAMPL E LECTUR E MATERIA L Thi s section , alon g wit hAppendi xA , provide s onl ya novervie wo f th e classroo msession . Separat e EP Adocument s cite d i nSectio n7 shoul d b e re ferre d t o fo r further , mor e detaile d guidanc e concernin g lectur e materials . Th e se t o f lecture s include d i nAppendi xAprovide s sample s o f materia l tha t shoul d b e presente d a s par t o f th e classroo mlecture/discussio n session . Al
thoug hthes e exampl e lecture s ar e no t intende d t o b e a mode l fo r al l school s t o follow , th e lecture s d o addres s mos t o f th e importan t topic s covere d i na visibl e emissio ntrainin g program . Thus , thi s materia l ca nb e expande d t o accommodat e change s i nth e state-of-the-ar t and ca nb e tailore d t o need s and regulation s o f a specifi c agency . Th e followin g describe s a typical , six-lectur e classroo mtrainin g program : 1 . Lectur e 1 - Th e studen t i s introduce d t o th e history , principles , and theor yo f opacity . 2 . Lectur e 2 - Th e source s o f visibl e emission s shoul d b e presente d b yexperience d enforcemen t personne l o r a nenginee r thoroughl y familiar wit hsourc e condition s and opacit yreadin g procedure s and problems . Note : Th e us e o f qualit y35-m mslide s illustratin g commo n sourc e and plum e condition s i s recommende d durin g thi s particula r lecture . 3 . Lectur e 3 - Th e prope r procedure s fo r conductin g fiel d inspection s ar e discussed . 4 . Lectur e 4 - Th e influenc e and impac t o f meteorolog yo nai r qualit y ar e described . 5 . Lectur e 5 - Th e lega l aspect s o f visua l emissio nand opacit y measuremen t shoul d b e presente d b ya nattorne yfamilia r wit hth e practice s and problem s o f ai r pollutio ncontro l enforcement . . . 6 . Lectur e 6 - Th e actua l testin g procedure s ar e discussed . Thi s lectur e relie s upo n th e foundatio nbuil t b yth e previou s fiv e lectures . Appendi xAals o include s tw o exampl e quizzes. ' Ashor t qui z shoul d b e give na t th e conclusio no f th e classroo mserie s t o indicat e th e trainee' s comprehensio no f th e materia l presente d i nth e lectur e and t o indicat e whethe r th e ke ypoint s o f th e lecture s hav e bee nsufficientl yemphasized . I f problem s aris e wit hspecifi c questions , i t indicate s tha t th e materia l ha s no t bee n clearl ypresented . I t ma ythe nb e possibl e t o clarif ythes e point s immediatel yP.2 2

o r a t leas t t o mak e th e appropriat e adjustment s insubsequen t sessions . Thi s provide s a QAchec k o ntrainin g effectiveness . Tw o sampl e quizze s ar e pre sente d inAppendi xA . Not e tha t th e las t fe wquestion s allo wa brie f critiqu e o f th e course . Thes e question s wil l aler t th e instructo r t o part s o f th e lec
tur e tha t nee d improvemen t an d thu s allo wth e instructo r t o constantl yimprov e hi s presentation .SECTIO N4 TRAININ GEQUIPMEN T I n1950 , th e firs t smok e generato r wa s constructe d and use d fo r V E train

ing b yth e Lo s Angele s Count yAi r Pollutio nContro l District . Th e V E train

ing procedure s wer e firs t outline d b yEP Ai nth e Federa l Registe r on Decembe r 23 , 1971 . Th e mos t recen t standard s o f performance s and specifica

tion s fo r smok e generator s wer e publishe d i nth e Federa l Register , Volum e 39 , No . 21 9 o nNovembe r 12 , 1974 , a s a par t o f "Metho d 9 - Visua l Determinatio no f th e Opacit yo f Emission s fro mStationar ySources " (Appendi x1) . Mos t Federal , State , and loca l ai r pollutio ncontro l agencie s conduc t V E trainin g an d certificatio ncourse s a t leas t ever ysi xmonths . Thi s fre
quenc yi s necessar yt o maintai nopacit yreadin g certification . Thi s sectio npresent s performanc e specification s and operatin g procedure s fo r smok e generator s that , i f followe d unde r a QAprogram , wil l ensur e nation

wid e uniformit yand consistenc ywit hMetho d 9 criteria . A nintegrate d QA progra mi s particularl yimportant , sinc e V E enforcemen t procedure s ar e fre
quentl ychallenge d incour t and eve nmor e importantly , t o assur e tha t source s wil l correctl yb e observe d i neithe r complianc e o r violation . Anintegra l par t o f thi s progra m involve s th e desig nand operatio no f th e smok e generato r i naccordanc e wit hth e requirement s o f Metho d 9' . Inth e followin g sections , th e desig nand operatio no f th e smok e generato r and it s associate d transmissomete r ar e explained , and procedure s ar e give nfo r assurin g adequat e performance . 4. 1 METHO D 9 DESIGNAND OPERATIN GSPECIFICATION S Metho d 9 , a s publishe d i nth e Federa l Register , contain s desig nand operatin g specification s fo r th e smok e generato r use d inth e trainin g and certifyin g o f observers . Metho d 9 wa s develope d b yEP Ai nsuppor t o f NSP SP.2 4

promulgations . Man ystate s no wmak e referenc e t o Metho d 9 and eve nmor e ar e movin g towar d th e commo nus e o f it s operationa l and desig nrequirements . 4.1. 1 Smok e Generato r Specification s Th e procedure s t o follo wi ncheckin g complianc e wit hth e desig nspecifi

cation s ar e i nSectio n3.3. 2 o f Metho d 9 . Th e specifi c item s t o b e checke d ar e liste d i n Tabl e 1 . Th e manufacture r shoul d detennin e th e specification s o f th e ligh t sources , photocel l spectra l response , angl e o f view , and angl e o f projection . Th e generato r operato r i s responsibl e fo r checkin g th e cali

bratio nerror , zer o and spa ndrift , and respons e time . Eac ho f thes e item s wil l b e discusse d i n detail . TABL E 1 . TRANSMISSOMETE RDESIGNAN D PERFORMANC E SPECIFICATION S Paramete r Ligh t sourc e Photocel l spectra l respons e Angl e o f vie w Angl e o f projectio n Calibratio n erro r Zer o an d spa ndrif t Respons e tim e Performanc e Incandescen t lam

p operate d a t +5 % o f nomina l rate d voltag e Photopi c (dayligh t spectra l respons e o f th e huma neye ) 1 5 degree s maximumtota l angl e 1 5 degree s maximu mtota l angl e +3 % opacity , maximu m +_l%opacity, . 3 0 mi n 5 s , maximum 4. 2 SMOK E GENERATO R Th e desig nand operatio no f th e smok e generato r hav e evolve d sinc e th e mid-1960 1 s . Th e basi c component s o f a smok e generato r include : 1 . Blac k and whit e smok e generatin g unit s 2 . Fa nand stac k 3 . Transmissomete r syste m 4 . Contro l pane l and stri p char t recorde r Aschemati c layou t o f anexampl e commercial , smok e generato r i s showni nFig

ur e 1 , and a detaile d componen t lis t i s provide d i nFigur e 2 . Th e smok e gener ato r ca n eithe r b e a stationar yo r mobil e uni t dependin g o nth e trainin g 

### 8P.2 5



## ( 1 1 va y



## X V Comoonent s 1 . vaporize r 2 . Mixin g sectio n 3 . Mai n blowe r '4
. Stac k

sectio n 5 . Combustio n chambe r 1



# © fi 0 ' 

# © = © 

# o © © © ~~ b 

# ©Er o © © > / ,

8.0 ' 

# J ®

1 '

6 . Storag e compartmen t 7 . Storag e compartmen t 0 . Stac k suppor t 9 . Fender s 10 . Interconnec t bo xt o contro l pane l 11 . Transmissomete r syste m 12 . Remot e contro l pane l an d stri p char t recorde r a . Stri p char t recorde r b . Digita l readou t c . Transmissomete r contro l d . Fue l control s REMOT E CONTRO L PANE L

Figur e 1 . Exampl e schemati c layou t o f a simpl e generator .P.2 6

TRAILER-MOUNTE D COMPONENT S Traile r hitc h Storag e compartment s Stac k suppor t fo r transportin g Whit e smok e vaporize r Blac k smok e combustio nchambe r Ambien t air/smok e mixin g chambe r Induce d draf t (I.D. ) fa n Lowe r stac k sectio n Uppe r stac k sectio n Hinge d suppor t flang e Transmissomete r syste m(ligh t sourc e and photocel l assembly ) Stac k fa n Mai nelectrica l junctio nbo x Remot e fue l lin e hookup Flexibl e fue l line s Electrica l interconnec t cable s Soli d shee t meta l traile r be d Traile r axl e and brak e assembl y Fue l storag e tank s Hydrauli c syste mfo r stac k lif t CONTRO L CONSOL E Digita l opacit ymete r Digita l o r stri p char t opacit yrecorde r Mai n powe r on/of f switc h I.D . fa ncontro l switc h Stac k fa ncontro l switc h Fue l pum

p contro l switc h Ligh t sourc e on/of f switc h Transmissomete r spa ncontro l Transmissomete r zer o contro l Fue l pum p selecto r switc h Powe r indicato r ligh t Toluen e fue l contro l valv e Fue l oi l contro l valv e Connect s fo r fue l line s Ampheno l connector s fo r electri c suppl yand electronic s Fue l pump s Bel l o r buzze r Speake r syste mt o communicat e wit htrainee s Figur e 2 . Smok e generato r componen t list .



### 1 0P.2 7

location . Mos t unit s ar e mounte d o ntrailers , therefor e the yca nb e trans porte d t o trainin g locations , therebyimprovin g attendanc e and lowerin g trave l expenditures . Th e uni t shoul d b e store d indoor s betwee ntrainin g exercise s i norde r t o lesse nweathe r deterioratio nand t o improv e security . Som e negativ e trade-off s ar e associate d wit ha mobil e unit . I t i s sub
jec t t o increase d wea r du e t o trave l an d usuall yrequire s additiona l refur
bishment , calibration , an d adjustmen t upo narriva l a t th e trainin g location . Du e t o thes e circumstances , th e QAissu e i s o f increase d importance . Th e desig nand purpos e o f a smok e generato r provid e controlle d blac k an d whit e smok e plume s and a mean s o f accuratel ymeasurin g an d recordin g plum e opacity . Asmok e generato r mus t b e abl e t o generat e smok e wit han opacit yrang e o f 0 t o 10 0 percen t an d hav e sufficien t accurac yt o allo wth e operato r t o contro l and stabiliz e th e opacit yo f th e smoke . Mos t generator s hav e tw o basi c equipmen t components : 1 ) th e mechanis mtha t actuall yproduce s and control s th e smok e and i s usuall ymounte d o na traile r fo r portabilit y an d 2 ) th e mechanis m tha t monitor s and record s th e variou s smok e opacitie s produced . Th e us e o f a separat e consol e fo r housin g th e contro l and record
ing function s ha s prove nhighl ydesirabl e becaus e i t ma yb e move d awa yfro m th e generator . Th e consol e tabl e als o provide s a workin g surfac e fo r makin g notes , reviewin g records , etc . Th e console an d traile r uni t mus t hav e inter

connectin g line s fo r th e fuel s an d electronics . 4.2. 1 Operatin g Principle s Th e training , testing , an d certificatio no f smok e observer s requir e th e us e o f a devic e tha t ca nproduce blac k and whit e smok e o f anygive nopacity . Th e devic e mus t b e abl e t o achiev e and hol d opacitie s i n5 percen t increment s fro m0 t o 10 0 percen t opacity . Th e desire d testin g opacit ymus t b e stabilize d a t + 2 percen t fo r a minimu mo f 5 seconds . Afte r th e plum e i s stabilize d fo r 2 o r 3 seconds , th e bel l o r buzze r i s sounde d fo r th e trainee t o mak e a read
ing . Anothe r 2 t o 3 second s ar e allowe d fo r th e reading . Stabilit yand con tro l ar e essentia l and mus t b e checke d a s par t o f th e QAprogram . Whit e smok e i s produce d b ydispensin g No . 2 fue l oi l int o th e propane heate d vaporizatio nchambe r (Figur e 3) . Afte r i t vaporizes , th e vapo r i s coole d unti l i t condense s int o a whit e aeroso l cloud . Th e opacit yo f whit e smok e varie s i nproportio nt o th e volum e o f oi l vaporize d and i s regulate d 1 1P.2 8



# < P t

6 

# c 't

r

7 

## ^ 1

Component

s 1 . Transmissomete r 2 . Vaporize r 3 . Exhaus tmanifol d 4 . I.D
. fa n 5 . Fue l oi l storag e 6 . Pum p 7 . Fue l oi l contro l valv e 8 . Dilutio n ai r dampe r

Figur e 3 . Whit e smok e generatin g equipment .



### 12P.2 9

b yadjustin g th e flo wo f fue l oi l wit hth e fue l oi l needl e valv e locate d o n th e fue l contro l panel . Blac k smok e i s produce d b yth e incomplet e combustio no f toluen e inth e double-wal l combustio nchambe r (Figur e 4) . Th e opacit yo f th e blac k smok e plum e i s regulate d b yadjustin g th e toluen e fue l flo wcontrolle d b yth e toluen e needl e valv e locate d o nth e console . Controllin g smok e opacit yi s mor e o f anar t tha na scienc e becaus e o f th e man yparameter s involved , suc ha s fue l quality , temperature , and generato r condition . Mos t operator s soo nlear nthei r equipmen t characteristic s and becom e ver yskille d i nregulatin g plum e opacities . Thi s underscore s th e im

portanc e o f conductin g th e smok e schoo l wit hanexperience d team . 4. 3 TRANSMISSOMETE R Th e transmissomete r i s perhap s th e mos t critica l componen t o f th e smok e generator , th e ^/ery

hear t o f th e system . Appendi x1 o f Metho d 9 set s fort h th e specification s fo r smok e meter s or transmissometer s (Ref . 3.3.2) . A n acceptabl e smok e generato r mus t b e i nful l complianc e wit hthes e desig nand ' operatin g specifications . Th e basi c smok e generato r transmissomete r (Figur e 5 ) include s a ligh t source , a photopi c photocel l detector , and a readou t devic e wit ha calibrate d spa no f 0 t o 10 0 percen t opacity . Th e 1ight-to-photocel l pat hi s approximatel y4 f t i nlength , bu t onl y1 ft , th e stac k portio no f it s length , i s expose d t o smoke . Th e remainin g 3 f t ar e continuall yflushe d wit h ambien t ai r fro m

th e smal l fan s t o preven t smok e buildup and soilin g o f th e lam p o r photocell . Th e transmissomete r i s locate d inth e 3-in . diamete r crossarm s o f th e uppe r sectio no f th e 12-in . diamete r stack . Th e followin g subsection s discus s i ndetai l individua l component s o f th e transmissomete r an d procedure s fo r checkin g thei r performance . 4.3. 1 Calibratio nProcedure s Befor e conductin g th e calibratio nsequences , th e operato r shoul d re fres hhi s memor yb

yreviewin g Metho d 9 . Th e transmissomete r i s calibrate d accordin g t o thi s method . Throug hfiel d use , th e term "calibration " ha s bee nexpande d fro m it s origina l meanin g i nMetho d 9 . Whe na generato r operato r refer s t o "calibrat

ing " th e transmissometer , h e usuall ymean s tha t a chec k ha s bee nmad e o n 

### 13P.3 0



## CJ 

## -£a- »

Component s 

### 1 . Transmissomete r 2 . Stac k 3 . I.D . fa

n 4 . Combustio n chambe r 5 . Pum p 6 . Toluen e contro l valv e 7 . Nozzl e 8 . Dilutio n ai r dampe r 9 . Toluen e storag e 

### Figur e4 . Blac k

smok egeneratin g equipment .

1 4P.3 1



# J 

# b 2 

## I I

'l l

5 " 2

I I 2 4 

### 34 = 

# b

Component s 1 . Ligh t sourc e 2 . Smok e stop 3 . Photocel l 4 . Fan 5 . Stac k

Figur e 5 . Transmissometer .



### 15P.3 2

calibratio n error , zer o an d spa ndrift , an d respons e tim e o f th e system , i n additio n t o simpl yestablishin g stabl e 0 t o 10 0 percen t readings . Metho d 9 specifie s tha t generato r transmissometer s b e calibrate d eyery 6 month s o r afte r anymodification s o r repai r t o th e transmissomete r o r read
ou t device . Experienc e ha s showntha t i t i s strongl yrecommende d tha t th e calibratio nals o b e performe d befor e and afte r eac hcertificatio ncourse . Thes e calibratio n check s determin e whethe r anysignifican t drif t o r devia

tio nha s occurre d durin g th e certificatio ntrainin g period . Sinc e th e cali

bratio nprocedur e ha s bee nrefine d t o a fairl ysimpl e an d expedien t procedure , thes e additiona l check s ar e no t to o tim e consumin g an d ad d significantl yt o overal l qualit yassurance . Keepin g i nmin d th e expande d definitio no f cali

bration , th e followin g step-by-ste p procedur e shoul d b e followed : 1 . Allo wa 30-minut e warmu p tim e fo r th e transmissomete r and readou t • devic e befor e startin g calibratio nsequence . 2 . Mak e sur e tha t th e ligh t sourc e inpu t voltag e i s withi nth e + 5 per cen t nomina l rate d voltag e o f th e ligh t bulb . Thi s voltag e canno t b e varie d fo r spa npurposes . 3 . Tur nligh t sourc e t o OF F positio nand establis h10 0 percen t spa n referenc e poin t o nreadou t device . 4 . Tur nligh t sourc e t o ONpositio nand establis hzer o spa nref
erenc e poin t o nreadou t device . 5 . Repea t step s 2 an d 3 unti l th e 0 and 10 0 percen t spanpoint s ar e establishe d a s specifie d b yMetho d 9 . (Refe r t o Appendi x1 o f th e Method. ) 6 . Chec k fo r drif t o f eithe r 0 o r 10 0 percen t spa npoints . Amaxi

mumo f 1 percen t ove r 3 0 minute s i s allowed . 7 . Chec k th e respons e tim e o f th e transmissomete r readou t devic e wit ha stopwatc ht o ensur e tha t i t doe s no t excee d 5 seconds . Re spons e tim e i s determine d b yswitchin g th e ligh t t o th e OF F positio nand measurin g th e amoun t o f tim e unti l th e recorde r reache s ful l scale . Atota l respons e tim e tha t i s to o lengthy ca n caus e th e transmissomete r operato r t o misrea d th e fina l valu e o f th e opacit yreading . Recor d al l respons e tim e check s o nan appropriat e for m(Figur e 6) . 8 . Inser t thre e neutral-densit y(ND ) filter s int o th e stac k usin g th e calibratio nwan d (Figur e 7 ) t o intersec t th e ligh t bea m acros s th e transmissomete r cros s arm . Tak e car e t o preven t erroneou s reading s fro mstra ylight . 1 6RESPONS E TIM E CHEC K (Metho d 9 , Sectio n3.3.2.7 ) P.3 3

Checke d by : Date : Time :

Chec k 1 2 3 4 5 Response.time , se c

Time :

' Chec k 1 2 3 4 5 Respons e time , se c

Figur e 6 . Exampl e respons e tim e chec k form .


### 17P.3 4



### POSITIONING NOTCHE S



# u SPECTRA L RESPONS E FILTE R

OPE N

20 %

50 %
75 %

SOLI D

Figur e 7 . Calibratio nwand .

1 8P.3 5

9 . Tak e fiv e rando m and nonconsecutiv e reading s fo r eac hfilter . 10 . Recor d th e nomina l value s o f th e 20 , 50 , and 7 5 percen t opacit yND filter s o nth e appropriat e transmissomete r cali

bratio nform(Figur e 8) . Repea t thi s ste p fou r times , recor d al l values , an d grap hth e calibratio nerror . 11 . I f anyreadin g exceed s th e + 3 percen t calibratio nvalu e fo r tha t specifi c filter , tak e correctiv e actio nbefor e completin g th e certificatio ntest . Chec k th e electrica l and readou t systems . 12 . Hav e th e complete d calibratio nerro r form s signe d b yth e individua l conductin g thes e tests . 13 . Fil e al l signe d document s (Figure s 6 and 8 ) wit hth e V E certifica

tio ncours e record s fo r th e perio d i nquestion . Thi s provide s th e Q Aelemen t i ncertifyin g observe r skill s necessar yt o suppor t enforcemen t litigation . T o ensur e a properl ycalibrate d transmissometer , and thu s preven t possibl e lega l challenge s o f calibratio naccuracy , i t i s strongl yrecommende d tha t onl y glas s metalli c ND filter s tha t ar e Nationa l Burea u o f Standard s (NBS)-tracea
bl e shoul d b e used . Th e tw o mos t commo ntype s o f ND filter s ar e compose d o f gelati nan d glas s metalli c materials . Gelati nfilter s ar e fairl yinexpensiv e bu t ma ydeteriorat e rapidly . The yinherentl yhav e lowe r qualit yand greate r variatio nthanglas s metalli c filters . Gelati nN D filter s frequentl yd o no t mee t th e Metho d . 9 re quirement s o f + 2 percen t accuracy'unles s calibrate d b yth e mor e sophisticate d spectrophotometer s tha t generall yar e no t available . Th e glas s metalli c N D filters , a s ordere d fro mth e manufacturer , hav e anNB S calibratio ncurv e accurat e t o +0. 5 percen t o f thei r nomina l rate d values . Calibratio ncurve s mus t b e provide d wit heac hfilte r t o ensur e th e exac t calibratio ni s a t 540 ' n mo nth e electromagneti c spectrum . Thi s informatio nshoul d b e recorde d o n th e ND filte r for mshowni nFigur e 9 . Du e t o th e critica l natur e o f th e photocel l alignment , n o par t o f th e transmissomete r syste mshoul d b e remove d fro mth e stac k assembl ydurin g cali

bration . Afe wdegree s o f misalignmen t ca nshif t reading s a s muc ha s 5 t o 1 0 percent . Insertin g th e N D filter s int o th e cente r o f th e stac k a t th e trans missomete r crossar meliminate s anynee d fo r removin g eithe r th e ligh t sourc e o r photocel l assembl yi norde r t o conduc t th e calibration . Acalibratio nuni t i s no wavailabl e fro mgenerato r manufacturer s o r ca nspecificall yb e buil t fo r 

### 1 9P.3 6

CALIBRATIO NERRO RCHEC K (Metho d 9 , Sectio n3.3.2.5 ) Chec k performe d by : Date : Time :

Filte r 1 2 3 Readi—i 

### 2 3 in

q 

### 4 5 Averag e

opacity , % Maximum

error, % Averag e

reading , %

-s-s i

< Q . O C D

ACTUA L OPACITY , %

Figur e 8 . Calibratio nerro r chec k form .



### 2 0P.3 7

Filter s calibrate d by :

Dat e calibrated : Wer e NBS-traceabl e filter s used ? ye s 

### n o

Filte r 1 2 3 Nomina l

opacity , 10 2 0 5 0 7 5 Measure d

opacity , %

Figur e 9 . Neutral-densit yfilte r form .



### 2 1P.3 8

retrofi t o nolde r mode l smok e generators . Figur e 7 illustrate s a typica l filte r holde r and calibratio n wand . 4.3. 2 Recordin g Instrumen t Spa n Th e nex t ste p i nth e calibratio nproces s i s t o se t th e spa no f th e trans r missomete r readou t devic e and t o measur e anydrift . Sinc e th e transmissomete r and recorde r ar e a combinatio no f electroni c and mechanica l devices , thei r resultan t output s wil l displa ysom e drift , whic hi s define d a s th e amoun t o f deviatio ni n percen t opacit ype r uni t o f tim e fro ma give nsetting . Th e followin g procedur e ma yb e followe d o na transmissomete r and recorde r syste mt o chec k zer o and span " drift . 1 . War mu

p th e smok e generator/transmissomete r syste mfo r a t leas t 3 0 minutes , bu t d o no t star t generatin g smoke . Thi s ste p i s neede d t o allo wth e syste mt o stabiliz e sufficientl ybefor e th e spa n checks . 2 . Tur nth e ligh t switc ht o th e OF F position . 3 . Adjus t th e outpu t reading s (digita l and char t recorder ) t o rea d 100.percen t o n th e char t scale . Thi s adjustmen t wil l b e o nth e readou t devic e and wil l usuall yb e labele d "zer o adjustment. " 4 . Tur n th e ligh t switc ht o th e ONposition . 5 . Adjus t th e recorde r t o rea d 0 percen t o nth e char t scale . Thi s adjustmen t kno bi s locate d o nth e contro l pane l o f newe r mode l generators . 6 . Repea t step s 2 throug h5 unti l a stabl e respons e i s obtaine d a t 0 and 10 0 percen t o nth e recordin g instrumen t scale . 7 . Perfor mth e calibratio nerro r test . 8 . Operat e th e generato r fo r approximatel y1 hour . Repea t step s 2 throug h5 . The differenc e betwee nth e reading s a t th e star t an d end o f th e hou r indicate s th e resultin g instrumen t drift . 9 . Recor d th e differenc e i nchar t scal e fo r th e zer o and spa no n the smok e generato r performanc e dat a shee t (Figur e 10) . Thi s tota l procedure , whic hi s commonl yreferre d t o a s a "zer o and span " chsck , mus t b e repeate d befor e an d afte r eac htes t run . I f th e drif t exceed s 1 percen t opacit yafte r a typica l 30-minute s tes t run , th e instrumen t mus t b e correcte d t o 0 and 10 0 percen t o f scal e befor e testin g i s resumed . Th e drif t reading s shoul d b e recorde d i norde r t o develo p a historica l recor d o f 2 2P.3 9

- rTTff'-Tij'-

-

Generato r number : Operator : Generato r Evaluatio n Dat a Form Manufacturer : Owner : Zer o drift , % chart : Ris e time , sec : Spa ndrift , %chart : Fal l time , sec : Ligh t sourc e lam

p voltage , volts : Angl e o f vie w(9 ) calculatio n

= 2 tan ~ l

d/2 L = (Note : 9 mus t no t excee d 15° ) where :

Teste d by : Verifie d by : L = m m d = m

m

2 0 percen t % char t % char t % char t

. % char t % char t 

### Ca

l i b r 5 0

• %

10 % % % *atio n Erro r percen t char t char t char t char t char t Date : Date : 7 5 percen t

%char t % char t %char t % char t % char t

Figur e -10 . Smok e generato r performanc e evaluatio ndat a f o 

### rm . 2 3P.4 0

instrumen t operation . A s a Q Ameasure , thi s operatio nlo g shoul d b e thoroughl y reviewe d a t leas t every 6 months , and i t shoul d identif yanyinstrumen t deterioratio no r failur e s o tha t preventiv e maintenanc e ca nb e initiated . 4.3. 3 Ligh t Sourc e Th e smok e generato r transmissomete r ligh t sourc e i nFigur e 1 1 mus t emi t ligh t i na specifie d visibl e ligh t spectrumrang e betwee n40 0 and 70 0 nm . Incandescen t lamp s ar e normall ysatisfactor yi f operate d a t + 5 percen t o f thei r nomina l rate d voltage . I f a nincandescen t lam p i s operate d a t a differ

en t voltage , though , i t wil l probabl yemi t additiona l ligh t outsid e th e specifie d visibl e spectruman d therebyintroduc e significan t calibratio n error . Atypica l ligh t sourc e voltag e i s determine d b yth e manufacture r an d i s eithe r liste d o nth e bul bo r i s availabl e i nth e manufacturer' s catalog . Th e operatin g voltag e shoul d b e measure d wit ha naccurat e volt/ohmmete r a t th e bas e connectio no f th e bul band verifie d b yth e operator . Metho d 9 require s tha t al l lamp s b e operate d withi n+ 5 percen t o f thei r nomina l rate d voltage . Therefore , a lam p rate d a t 1 2 V

shoul d b e operate d onl ybetwee n 11. 4 an d 12. 6 V . 4.3. 4 Photocel l Spectra l Respons e Th e mos t commo nphotocel l foun d i nsmok e generato r transmissomete r application s i s th e selenium photovoltaic-typ e showni nFigur e 12 . Th e photovoltai c serie s o f photocell s generat e a voltag e o r curren t signa l pro portiona l t o th e intensit yo f ligh t detecte d b yth e cell . Thi s voltag e i s th e signa l receive d b yth e recordin g and readou t component s o f th e contro l console . Th e transmissomete r photocel l selecte d fo r generato r application s mus t hav e a photopi c respons e rang e o f 40 0 t o 70 0 n m a s specifie d i nth e Federa l • Register , Volum e 39 , No . 219 , Novembe r 12 , 1974 . Th e photopi c respons e i s generall yverifie d throug ha carefu l technica l revie wo f th e dat a supplie d b yth e specifi c generato r manufacturer . Thi s in

clude s a chec k t o ensur e tha t a tungste nbul bi s bein g use d and tha t th e photo
cel l ha s th e appropriat e filter s necessar yt o provid e a photopi c spectra l respons e output . I f th e manufacturer' s dat a ar e insufficien t t o mak e a n accurat e assessment , however , th e transmissomete r uni t shoul d b e modifie d t o ensur e photopi c spectra l response . 2 4P.4 1

REFLECTO R

AMPHENO L CONNECTO R END CAP

ALIGNMEN T SCREW S

Figur e 11 . Exampl e ligh t source .



### 25P.4 2

ACTIVE CH. L AREA REX0VA8L E SUPPOR T PLAT I OUTPU T

FRON T VIE W REA R VIE W

s i 

## rn rn n T


## J L i u u u U ci . A

2 3 4 5 S 7

1-FRON TCAS E 2-SUPPOR TPLAT E 3-OPTICA l GLAS S 4-PKOTOPI C FILTE H 5-OPTICA L GUS S 6-SELENIU M ELEMEN T 7-INSULATO R 3-SAC XCOVE S EXPLODE D VIE W •igur e 12 . Typica l photocel l schematic .



### 2 6P.4 3

4.3. 5 Respons e Tim e Th e respons e tim e measure s th e tim e laps e require d fo r th e recorde r t o chang e it s readin g fro m0 t o 10 0 percen t opacit yo nth e recordin g instrumen t followin g a ninstantaneou s ligh t chang e i nth e transmissometer . Thi s tim e interva l shoul d b e measure d b ya stopwatch . Again , thi s determinatio nshoul d no t b e attempte d unti l th e instrumen t ha s bee nwarme d u p fo r a t leas t 3 0 minutes . Th e respons e tim e allowe d b yMetho d 9 i s fiv e second s o r less ; a n idea l respons e tim e i s betwee n4 and 5 seconds . Shorte r respons e time s ca n caus e th e transmissomete r readou t t o fluctuat e constantly , makin g i t ver y difficul t t o determin e precis e opacit yreadings . Al l respons e tim e check s shoul d b e recorde d o nanappropriat e for m a s showni nFigur e 6 . Th e respons e tim e i s determine d b yproducin g a serie s o f fiv e simulate d 0 t o 10 0 percen t opacit yvalue s b yswitchin g th e ligh t sourc e o nand of f and observin g th e tim e require d t o mov e ful l scale . Not e tha t th e generato r mus t no t b e producin g smok e durin g thes e checks . Th e followin g step s ar e suggeste d fo r checkin g respons e time : 1 . War mu

p th e transmissometer/readou t syste mfo r a t leas t 3 0 minutes . 2 . Spa nth e instrumen t a s describe d inSubsectio n4.3.2 . 3 . Usin g a stopwatch , measur e th e tim e th e recorde r take s t o mov e fro m0 t o 10 0 percen t o nth e opacit yreadou t device . 4 . Mak e sur e tha t th e recorde r read s 0 percen t wit hth e ligh t sourc e on . 5 . Switc hth e ligh t of f and star t th e stopwatch . 6 . Sto p th e watc hwhe nth e recorde r reache s 10 0 percen t opacit y and recor d th e laps e time . 7 . Mak e sur e tha t th e recorde r stop s an d stabilize s a t 10 0 percen t opacit yscal e wit hth e ligh t off . 8 . Rese t th e stopwatch , switc hligh t sourc e on , and star t th e watch . Sto p th e watc hwhe nth e recorde r reache s 0 percen t opacit yscale , an d recor d th e laps e time . Th e transmissomete r syste m respons e tim e adjustmen t i s primaril ya func
tio no f th e adjustmen t o f th e char t recorde r damping . I t i s recommende d tha t eithe r a nelectroni c technicia no r th e manufacture r mak e thes e modification s t o th e recorder . 2 7P.4 4

4.3. 6 Angle s o f Projectio nan d Vie w Th e angle s o f projectio nan d vie wrefe r t o th e projectio no f ligh t fro m a ligh t sourc e and th e vie wo f thi s ligh t b yth e photocell . Ligh t fro ma give n sourc e i s projecte d ou t i nnearl yal l directions , resultin g i nhighl yvariabl e ligh t scatterin g conditions . Th e idea l syste mwoul d hav e a narro wcollimate d ' bea mligh t path . Thi s optimu mconditio ni s approximate d b ylimitin g th e angl e o f projectio n t o a near-paralle l trave l band o f ligh t waves . Similarly , with

ou t shieldin g t o restric t th e angl e o f view , a photocel l ca nrespon d t o in

comin g ligh t fro mnearl yal l angle s t o it s fla t fac e (approximatel y18 0 de
grees) . Thus , b

ylimitin g th e angle s o f projectio nand viewin g t o a maximu m o f 1 5 degrees , th e ligh t scatterin g error s ar e minimize d ove r th e approximatel y 1-f t stac k diameter . Limitin g th e angle s o f projectio nan d vie wi na generato r transmissomete r serve s t o restric t th e photocell' s respons e t o thos e ligh t wave s passin g throug hth e smok e plum e approximatel yperpendicula r t o th e lon g axi s o f th e plume . Thi s result s i nth e mos t accurat e measuremen t .of plum e opacity . 4.3. 7 Estimatio n o f Angl e o f Vie w Th e constructio n geometr yshoul d b e checke d thoroughl yt o ensur e tha t th e tota l angl e o f vie wo f th e smok e plume , a s see nb yth e photocell , doe s no t excee d 1 5 degrees . Th e limiting , apertur e i s th e poin t i nth e pat hbetwee nth e photocel l an d th e smok e plum e wher e th e angl e o f vie wi s mos t restricted . I n smok e generato r transmissometers , thi s i s normall ya norific e plate . Sinc e correc t angl e o f vie wusuall yi s establishe d b yth e manufacture r o f th e trans missometer , th e manufacturer' s specification s shoul d b e checke d prio r t o per formin g th e measurement s and calculation s illustrate d i nthi s subsection. ' Th e tota l angl e o f vie w(V ) shoul d the nb e calculate d b yus e o f th e followin g equation : V = 2 tan" 1 |j

wher e d = sumo f photocel l diamete r and diamete r o f limitin g aperture , m m L = distanc e fro mphotocel l t o limitin g aperture , mm



### 2 8P.4 5

4.3. 8 Estimatio no f Angl e o f Projectio n A s i s th e cas e wit hangl e o f vie wdetermination , th e genera l constructio n geometr yshoul d b e checke d t o ensur e tha t th e tota l angl e o f projectio no f th e lam p o nth e smok e generato r doe s no t excee d 1 5 degrees . Th e tota l angl e ca nb e calculate d b

yus e o f a nequatio nsimila r t o tha t fo r angl e o f vie w determinatio n(subsectio n4.3.7 ) excep t fo r a sligh t differenc e inth e defi

nitiono f th e parameters . Th e tota l angl e o f projectio n(P ) shoul d b e calculate d b yus e o f th e followin g equation : P = 2 tan' 1 ~ wher e d = su

mo f lengt ho f lam

p filamen t and diamete r o f limitin g aperture , m

m L = distanc e fro mlam p t o limitin g aperture , m m Th e correc t angl e o f projectio ni s establishe d b yth e manufactur e o f th e transmissomete r bu t shoul d b e rechecke d b yus e o f th e equatio ninthi s subsec
tion . Consisten t unit s mus t b e use d i nth e calculation s fo r bot hangl e o f vie wand angl e o f projection . 4.3. 9 Stabilit yo f Smok e Metho d 9 doe s no t specif ya tim e interva l durin g whic hth e generate d smok e shoul d remai nstabl e o r a t a reasonabl yconsisten t value . Atraine d observe r shoul d observ e th e plum e momentaril ya t 15-second s interval s whe nmakin g fiel d observations , bu t trainee s ma ynee d 2 o r 3 second s t o mak e suc hdeterminations . Th e generato r mus t therefor e b e capabl e o f holdin g anyse t opacit yvalue.t o + 2 percen t fo r 5 second s i norde r t o minimiz e th e possibilit yo f incorrec t observations . EP ARegio nIV , fo r example , ha s selecte d a 2-secon d observatio nperio d fo r th e reade r t o mak e th e opacit ydetermination . Th e generato r operato r signal s th e beginnin g and th e end o f eac hobservatio nperiod . Further , Regio nI

V ha s stipulate d tw o criteri a fo r determinin g whethe r th e opacit yi s adequatelystabl e fo r makin g a certificatio nreading . Thes e criteri a are : 1 . Th e averag e opacity , durin g th e 2-secon d perio d i s withi n+_1. 5 per cen t o f th e intende d opacity . 2 9P.4 6

2 . Th e variatio no f th e trac e doe s no t excee d 1. 0 percen t deviatio no f opacit yfro mit s averag e positio na t any tim e durin g th e 2-secon d period . Figur e 1 3 illustrate s example s o f acceptabl e an d unacceptabl e smok e stabilit y condition s a s evaluate d b yth e abov e criteria . 4.3.1 0 Documentatio nand Loggin g fo r Qualit yAssuranc e Th e opacit yreadin g recor d o nfiel d certificatio nactivitie s shoul d b e clearl yrecorde d and maintaine d an d i s bes t provide d b ya continuou s stri p char t recordin g showin g th e actua l transmissomete r outpu t tracings . Thi s metho d provide s ful l documentatio no f th e spannin g effor t an d adjustment s durin g th e trainin g and certificatio nexercise , an d preserve s th e precis e opacit yreadin g condition s fo r qualit yassurance . Th e stri p char t als o facil

itate s th e markin g o f eac hperio d and observatio npoin t fo r anyfutur e com parisons . A s indicate d i n example s e an d f o f Figur e 13 , th e generato r readou t indi

cate s opacit ycondition s abov e an d belo wth e intende d readings . A t thi s point , th e generato r wa s producin g a ver ystabl e plum e and th e contro l shoul d hav e bee n adjuste d slightl yt o th e desire d 4 0 percen t opacity . Th e stri p char t recordin g document s a grea t dea l abou t th e operatio no f th e smok e generato r and shoul d b e examine d fo r acceptabilit yi nth e QAreview . Al l zero , span , mid-rang e linearity , and calibratio nfilte r reading s shoul d als o b e recorde d o nth e stri p char t o r digita l recorde r i norde r t o provid e a permanen t recor d tha t thes e test s wer e performe d and tha t th e Metho d 9 criteri a wer e achieve d fo r eac hindividua l trainin g school . Th e stri p char t o r digita l recorde r shoul d allo wth e informatio nrequire d throug hth e us e o f a recommende d calibratio nstam p a s showni nFigur e 14 . Al l o f th e performanc e verificatio nprocedure s describe d i nthi s sectio n shoul d therefor e b e documente d i nwritin g and dated . Som e agencie s prefe r t o us e a for msuc ha s tha t showni nFigur e 1 0 t o recor d thi s information , althoug h a boun d logboo k i s highl yrecommende d becaus e i t bes t assure s a complet e rec or d o f al l event s tha t concer nth e performanc e o f th e smok e generator , includ

in g record s o f repai r an d maintenanc e work , spectra l respons e checks , calibra

tio n checks , respons e tim e checks , etc . Thes e record s ar e the nadde d t o th e permanen t file s o f th e VE school . 

### 3 0

### OPACIT YLEVEL S ACCEPTABL E FO R CERTIFICATIO N

1 1 ~3 C ~~ " i 

## _„TE.. . l 

# f ^ ! 

### 1
• f 

### I I 1 . 

# 1 ^ J 

### l 

## 1 3C T 

# I H I I A\ 1 

# -T 1 

# - ^ „„3I.: . . _ L 1 ' H p 1 1 I I

1 | | 

## 1 Pr i i I a . variatio n o f<1.5 % a t40 % opacit y b
. variatio n o f<1 . 5 %

. abov e 40

% opacit y c . variatio n o f<1.5 %

belo w40

% opacit y
OPACIT YLEVEL S UNACCEPTABL

E FO R CERTIFICATIO N 

## lll l 1 

# T II 1 

## _LU - I II I I ILiP i Mi l ll i rm g11111 P

H 

## mri i III I

## I d
. variation s >1.5 % a t40 % opacit y 

### 1

1 l l 

# -v\u I I 

# T i i 

# I M 

# 1 l MM ! M M / M Ti M l 11 1 PP , i I 1 1 1 lll l 

# f M Mi l II I I I MU M IN I 1 1 \\\jm 1 1 t 1 Mil l 1

1I I 1 P M I I 1 e . constan topacit y >1.5 % abov e 40 % opacit y f
. constan topacit y >1.5 % belo w40

% opacit y

MARKING OPACIT

YREADING PERIOD

S 

### 1 3 D 

### 1 1 1 J

\A\ hf) 1 1 

## I &h 1 i i 1 i i

i 

# T h 1

M M P H M l 1 1 1 I I M l JI M I I <f T1 vo i B i 

### i i i * f W| PH i m . ! 11 1 g . Vali d reading s h
. Invali d reading s Figur e 13 . Example s o facceptabl e an d unacceptabl e

smok e stabilit yconditions
.P.4 8

LOCATIO N DAT E RUNTIM E 1-2 5 26-5 0 GENERATO R OPERATO R VERIFIE D B Y Figur e 14 . Recommende d calibratio nstamp . Prope r entrie s and record s ca nfor mth e dat a bas e o f anexcellen t QA progra m fo r th e school . Th e record s ca nb e use d fo r statistica l studie s t o develo p confidenc e interval s fo r th e trainin g session s and th e individua l run form s ca nb e use d t o develo p confidenc e limit s o nindividua l readers . 4. 4 SETUP , OPERATION , AN D SHUTDOWNPROCEDURE S Operatin g a nopacit ytrainin g and certificatio nprogra mi s anexpensiv e bu t essentia l endeavor . I t i s therefor e importan t t o minimiz e th e tim e an d effor t involved . Thi s i s bes t don e b ybein g prepare d and thoroughl yfamilia r wit hth e activity . Sinc e opacit ytrainin g and certificatio nar e no t a continuin g dail yopera tion , additiona l preparatio ni s necessary . Th e smok e generato r operato r shoul d remov e th e generato r fro mstorag e befor e th e trainin g cours e and runthroug h a noperatin g sequence . Thi s dr yrunusuall yidentifie s mino r repair , preven tiv e maintenance , and missin g part s o r inventor yrequire d fo r assurin g hig h qualit yan d efficien t certificatio nruns . Figur e 1 5 provide s a checklis t o f part s an d supplies . Th e followin g step-by-ste p operatin g procedur e can.b e applie d t o smok e generator s t o preven t delay s and breakdown s durin g fiel d certificatio ntrainin g sessions . Th e smok e generato r operato r shoul d practic e thes e step s unti l a hig hdegre e o f proficienc yi s reached . (NOTE : An asteris k (* ) indicate s tha t th e ste p mus t b e performe d a s specifie d b yMetho d 9. ) 1 . Assembl e and inventor yth e spar e part s and accessorie s b yus e o f a checklis t simila r t o tha t showni nFigur e 15 .



### 3 2P.4 9

GENERATOR CHEC K Toluen e ( 2 tanks ) Kerosen e ( 1 tank ) Funne l Extension/powe r cord Ground faul t interrupte r Fue l interconnect s (2 ) Electrica l interconnec t Propan e torc h Propan e tan

k (full),.
- Strike r Ti p fo r vaporizer " Vaporize r Calibratio n filter s Calibratio n staf f Calibratio n stam

p Digita l voltmete r Fla g an d staf f Contro l consol e Wor k tabl e Char t pape r Pen fo r recorde r Lou d speake r system Fir e extinguishe r Standar d operating procedure s manua l SPAR E PART CHECK Bo xfuse s 1 5 Amai n Boxfuse s 1 0 Ablowe r Boxfuse s 3 Afan s Bo xfuse s IH

Aligh t Boxfuse s 3/ 4 Aamplifie r Torc htip (whit e smoke ) Torc htip ignite r Tank "0 " ring s Valve s Bulb s TS6 7 (1 2 V ) (5 ) 1 k linea r po t 1 0 tur n (1 ) Spar e tir e (mobil e units ) Hydrauli c jac k Disconnect s (2 ) Duc t tap e Too l ki t Lubricating equipmen t FIELD FIL E CHECK China marking pen s Filte r calibratio n wan d Calibratio n lo

g Roste r log Tes t forms Grading acetate s Certificatio n stam

p Stam p pa d Fel t tip pen s Extr a ballpoin t pen s Clipboard s Larg e rubbe r band s
Figur e 15 . Par t an d suppl ychecklist . 

### 3 3P.5 0

2 . Connec t th e mobil e generato r an d mov e i t t o th e are a o f operation . B e sur e t o selec t a traile r locatio ntha t wil l provid e trainee s th e optimumviewin g condition s inrespec t t o background , win d direction , an d sunposition . 3 . Choc k traile r wheel s an d unhitc hsmok e generato r fro mtowin g vehicle . Remov e towin g vehicl e t o avoi d interferenc e wit h trainee' s vie wo f th e smok e stac k plume . Adjus t traile r doll y jac k unti l fron t o f traile r i s slightl yhighe r tha nth e rea r bu t leve l fro mside-to-side . 4 . Chec k fo r anydamag e o r evidenc e o f tamperin g wit hgenerato r sinc e th e las t operation . 5 . Chec k flui d leve l inhydrauli c pump , remov e th e stac k securin g bracket , and partiall yrais e th e stac k t o resum e operation . 6 . Lubricat e mai nblowe r motor . Thi s mus t b e don e prio r t o eac h certificatio n schoo l b yinjectin g two drop s o f lubricatin g oi l int o eac hoi l cup . 7 . Chec k bot hth e toluen e (blac k smoke ) and fue l oi l (whit e smoke ) storag e tank s t o ensur e anadequat e suppl yo f fue l fo r th e en tir e certificatio ncourse . Th e generato r wil l bur n0. 1 ga l toluen e o r fue l oi l pe r certificatio nrun ; 1 0 ga l o f eac hfue l i s adequat e fo r mos t trainin g and certificatio nsequences . 8 . Plac e th e generator' s contro l modul e wit hdetache d consol e o na ' tabl e o r stand approximatel y1 0 f t fromth e generato r trailer . Th e contro l consol e i s normall yoperate d o nth e lef t sid e o f th e trailer , facin g awa yfro mth e trainees . Thi s positio nprevent s trainee s fro mviewin g th e transmissomete r readou t syste mdurin g certifi

catio nruns . I f th e contro l consol e i s anintegra l par t o f th e mode l generato r bein g used , procee d wit hcheckin g th e operabilit y o f switches , lights , meters , etc . 9 . Mak e electrica l connection s b yfollowin g step s 1 0 throug h15 . Th e electrica l connectio nprocedure s tha t appl yt o th e consol e ' mode l o f generato r ar e diagramme d inFigur e 16 . 10 . Connec t on e end o f th e 16-f t electrica l interconnec t cabl e t o th e mai njunctio nbo xa t th e rea r o f th e smok e generato r trailer , an d th e othe r end t o th e electrica l contro l console . (Th e inter

connec t cabl e connector s ar e keye d and therefor e canno t b e con necte d incorrectly. ) 11 . Attac hth e consol e A C powe r (11 7 VAC ) cor d t o th e rea d contro l panel s ( 3 pi n amphenol ; refe r t o Figur e 17) . D o no t plu g int o A C sourc e a t thi s time . 12 . Tur nal l switche s o nelectrica l contro l consol e t o th e OF F position . 

### 3 4P.5 1

Connec t th e generato r consol e fue l line s Connec t th e generato r consol e electrica l line s Connec t th e powe r lin e

Tur no npropan e tan k Ligh t toluen e ignite r Connec t speaker s and microphon e

Ligh t whit e smok e vaporize r torc h Cran k u p stac k Tur no nmai npowe r Zer o an d spa n transmissomete r Ope ntoluen e valv e fo r blac k smok e Ope noi l valv e fo r whit e smok e

Figur e 16 . Exampl e generato r operatio nprocedure . 

### 35P.5 2



# ? 

# " n 

# rj

AJ • A C Inpu t •Nil n Outpu t •Pnotocil l Ligh t Joure i •Put * Lton t Ssurc t

- Ololu l Rttdau t 12 VX (- ) < - Olglu l Kidou t 12 VC C (• ) 7 •Ful l Ptap s 12

VO C (- ) S - Ful l Pu=p « 12

VO C (• ) 9 - Ful l Pop s 12

V0C(« )
PANE LIDENTIFICATIO N

'! » WIII £COLO

R VOLTAG

E Ri d Slid e Gru n 11 7 VA

C (• ) 11 7 VA C (• ) E*rtn-Groun d

3-PI N CONSOL

E CONNECTO

R

•! » I A I C 0 E F ' H J SYSTE M Mara Stac k F«n t **ln blowi r Kil n Blowi r S/ttt a Groun d Ha m Ful l Pum

p Ful l Pua

p Ful l Pua

p via e COLO R

u>t* n gii a Ri d auc t Gru n 81u i BUc k euct

' .SIu i VO L US E 12 VO C (. ) in vA : (. ) I17 VA C (. ) U7 VA C (. ) Earth-Groun d 12 VA C (. ) i2 v3 : (. ) 12 VC C (. ) 12 VK(. ; 9-PI N CONSOL

E CONNECTO

R

Figur e 17 . Electroni cpane l o fsmoke generato rcontro l console
.

3 613 . Clos e bot hfue l contro l valves . Thi s wil l generall yb e i nth e clockwis e direction . 14 . -Th e contro l consol e normall yrequire s anextensio ncor d t o reac h th e A C powe r source . Th e extensio ncor d shoul d b e a t leas t 3 wire , 1 4 gauge , and weatherproof . Plu g th e contro l consol e int o a 2 0 A , 11 7 VAC , 6 0 H z electrica l circuit . 15 . Se t u

p and tes t th e PAsyste mb yconnectin g th e component s (microphone , speakers , etc. ) i nthei r prope r places . 16 . Identif yand connec t th e fue l line . Tw o fue l lin e interconnec t assemblie s ar e include d wit hth e generator . Th e shorte r se t o f fue l line s (1 0 ft ) i s connected.betwee n th e fue l contro l pane l an d th e fue l shortag e tanks . Th e longe r fue l lin e assembl y(1 6 ft ) i s connecte d betwee nth e fue l contro l pane l and th e fue l in

pu t connector s o nth e rea r o f th e trailer . 17 . Connec t th e fue l line s t o th e prope r inpu t and outpu t connector s o nth e rea r o f th e fue l contro l sectio no f th e contro l console . O nnewe r generators , th e end s o f th e fue l line s wil l b e colo r coded . 18 . Ope nth e vent s o nbot hfue l storag e tank s t o allo wprope r fue l flo wthroug hth e fue l pump s and t o th e generator . 19 . Connec t th e long se t o f line s t o th e rea r o f th e contro l console . Befor e connectin g thes e line s t o th e connector s o nth e trailer , blee d eac hfue l lin e separatel yint o a containe r b ybriefl y turnin g o neac hfue l pum p t o ensur e tha t mos t o f th e ai r bubble s hav e bee nremove d fro m th e lines . Clea nfue l ma yb e returne d t o it s respectiv e reservoir . 20 . Tighte nal l fue l lin e connector s t o preven t leak s i nth e fue l deliver ysystem . 4.4. 1 Smok e Generato r Electrica l Consol e Operatio n Verif ytha t al l electrica l switche s an d fue l contro l valve s ar e i nth e OF F positio nand the nprocee d wit hth e followin g steps . 1 . Turn ' mai npowe r switc ht o ONposition . 2 . Tur no nstac k transmissomete r fans . Chec k fan s visuall yt o ensur e tha t the yar e operating . 3 . Tur nth e mai nblowe r o nmomentaril yt o ensur e tha t i t i s operational . Then , tur nof f th e mai nblowe r unti l yo u begi n th e actua l smok e generatio nphase .


### 3 7P.5 4

4 . Activat e th e transmissomete r an d readou t syste m(digita l mete r o r stri p char t recorder , o r both ) b yturnin g th e electrica l poin t switc ht o ONposition . Allo wth e electroni c component s t o war mu p fo r a t leas t 3 0 minute s prio r t o attemptin g th e calibratio nphase . Unles s th e driv e mechanis mo f th e stri p char t recorde r i s drivin g th e pe nt o it s extrem e position s do no t adjus t th e control s durin g thi s warmu p period . Procee d wit hcalibratio no f th e transmissomete r system . Se e Sectio n4.3. 1 fo r additiona l details . *5 . Establis h0 an d 10 0 percen t spa nadjustmen t o f transmissometer . Thi s procedur e varie s slightl ydependin g o nwhethe r th e readou t syste mi s a stri p char t o r digita l recorde r device . Refe r t o you r generator' s operatin g manua l fo r detaile d instruction s o n th e specifi c readou t syste mo nyou r smok e generator . 4.4. 2 Recorde r Transmissomete r Readou t Syste m Althoug hprocedure s wil l var ydependin g upo nth e manufacturer , th e fol
lowin g step s ca n generall yb e followed . 1 . Tur nligh t sourc e t o OF F position . 2 . Adjus t transmissomete r zer o contro l t o rea d 10 0 percen t opacit y o n th e char t scale . 3 . Watc hrecorde r fo r a fe wminute s t o chec k fo r significan t instru

men t drift . 4 . .Tur n ligh t sourc e t o ONposition . 5 . Adjus t transmissometer . spa ncontro l o nth e recorde r t o rea d 0 percen t opacit yo nth e char t scale . Chec k fo r anysignifican t drif t o r errati c change s i nrecorde r setting . NOTE : Th e recorde r readou t ma yb e i npercen t transmittance . Thi s canb e change d b y reversin g th e recorde r inpu t leads . 6 . Repea t step s 1 throug h5 several.time s unti l th e instrumen t stabilizes . 4.4. 3 Digita l Transmissomete r Readou t Syste m Th e followin g step s presen t a genera l procedur e fo r spa nadjustmen t fo r digita l transmissomete r readou t systems . 1 . Tur nligh t sourc e t o OF F position . 2 . Adjus t th e contro l settin g o f th e digita l readou t syste mt o rea d 10 0 o nth e digita l meter . Thi s numbe r actuall yrepresent s 0 ligh t transmissio nacros s th e stac k transmissometer , o r 10 0 percen t opacity . 

### 3 83 . Tur nligh t sourc e t o ONposition .

4 . Adjus t transmissomete r zer o contro l t o rea d 0 o n th e digita l pane l meter . 5. . Chec k fo r drif t i n bot hth e 0 and 10 0 percen t readou t modes . Som e drif t i s norma l unti l th e readou t syste mha s warme d u p fo r abou t 3 0 minutes . 6 . Repea t step s 1 throug h5 severa l time s t o documen t instrumen t stability . *4.4. 4 ResDons e Tim e Tes t

• » 4

I I ••• • ——- — . • ••• • Determin e th e respons e tim e b yproducin g a serie s o f fiv e simulate d 0 an d 10 0 percen t opacit yvalue s an d observin g th e tim e require d fo r stabili

zation . Opacit yvalue s o f 0 an d 10 0 percen t ma yb e simulate d b yalternatel y switchin g th e ligh t sourc e powe r of f and o n whil e th e smok e generato r i s no t producin g a plume . Th e actua l tim e ca n b e determine d b yus e o f a stopwatch . Optimumrespons e tim e shoul d b e betwee n4 and 5 seconds , bu t n o greate r tha n 5 seconds . Al l respons e tim e check s shoul d b e recorde d o n a formsimila r t o th e on e show ni n Figur e 8 . *4.4. 5 Transmissomete r Calibratio n Step-by-ste p procedure s fo r th e calibratio no f V E generator s shoul d b e followe d i n detai l a s outline d i n Sectio n4. 3 o f thi s report . Th e calibratio n procedure s outline d i n Metho d 9 ar e essentia l t o th e prope r operatio no f a smok e generato r an d shoul d b e thoroughl yunderstoo d b yth e generato r operator . 4.4. 6 Uppe r Stac k Sectio nElevato r Th e followin g step s shoul d b e followe d t o properl yelevat e th e generator' s uppe r stac k section . 1 . Remov e th e stac k cradl e hold-downbracket . 2 . Clos e hydrauli c blee d valv e a t fron t o f hydrauli c pum p reservoir . 3 . Pump handl e o n hydrauli c cylinde r t o rais e stack . 4 . Plac e a "C " clam p o n flange s betwee nstac k section s fo r additiona l stability . NOTE : D o no t pum p handl e afte r stac k reache s th e up righ t position . Th e stac k ca n b e damage d i f additiona l forc e i s applie d b

yth e hydrauli c cylinder .



### 3 9P.5 6

4.4. 7 Procedure s fo r Producin gBlac kSmok e Plume s Prio r t o beginnin gthi s subsection , complet e th e procedure s outline din Subsection s 4.4. 1 through4.4.4 . Th e followin gstep s outlin e the procedur e fo r producin gblac ksmok e plumes . 1 . B e sur e the stac ktransmissomete r fan s ar e operatin gproperly . 2 . Tur nonthe mai nblowe r fan . 3 . Verif y

tha t th e combustio nchambe r pilo t ligh t contro l valv e and th e whit e smok e generato r ga s contro l valv e ar e turne dof f (clockwise) . 4 . Ope nthe mai ncontro l valv e o nthe 20-l bpropan e bottle ; thi s i s th e fue l fo r th e whit e smok e generatin gunit . 5 . Remov e the hea t registe r plat e onthe blac ksmok e combustio n chamber , mov e pilo t contro l valve.t o the ope nposition , an dus e a smal l propan e torc ht o ignit e th e pilo t flam e insid e the combustio n chamber . 6 . Replac e th e hea t registe r cove r plate . Th e adjustmen t ar m fo r th e registe r louver s shoul dbe locate ds o tha t i t canno t vibrat e closed . 7 . Adjus t registe r louver s fo r prope r ai r flow . Thi s wil l requir e trial - anderror-adjustment s unti l the bes t setting s ar e achieved . 8 . Tur nfue l pum

pelectrica l switc ht o toluen e positio na s indicate d oncontro l panel . 9 . Ope ntoluen e fue l contro l valv e slightl y t o allow

fue l line s t o fil l wit htoluene . Thi s canbe observe db y watchin gthe toluen e flow inth e inpu t lin e connecte da t the rea r o f the generato r trailer . 10 . A smal l flame now

shoul dbe eviden t insid e the combustio nchambe r andthe recorde r shoul dbe indicatin ga lo w leve l smok e plume (les s than2 0 percen t opacity) . 11 . Chec kt o be sur e tha t the pilo t ligh t i s burning . 12 . Chec kfo r possibl e fue l leak s a t al l connectin gpoint s i nfue l line s andchec kfo r kink s o r blockag e i nth e fue l lines . 13 . Tur nof f pilo t ligh t anddetermin e whethe r fue l cat ; flow int o the fue l tray

mounte dinsid e the combustio nchamber . Befor e attemptin g this , mak e sur e pilo t ligh t i s off . Do no t attemp t to ligh t the uni t i f mor e than0.2 5 o z toluen e i s inthe fue l tray . 

### 4 0P.5 7

14 . Allo wsufficien t tim e fo r remova l o f ai r fro mremot e fue l lines . 15 . Repea t th e precedin g step s i f th e syste mappear s t o b e functional . I f th e uni t fail s t o function , revie wal l step s an d detail s care full yunti l th e proble m i s found and eliminated . 16 . Allo wth e combustio nchambe r t o war mu p fo r a reasonabl e tim e befor e proceedin g wit h2 0 percen t opacity. Allo wa 10
- t o 20-minut e warmu p befor e startin g th e initia l run . 17 . Th e desire d blac k smok e opacit yreading s no wca nb e se t b yadjust

ing th e toluen e fue l contro l valve . Stabl e reading s canb e achieve d afte r a fe wminute s practice . Bes t result s ar e achieve d wit hslo w bu t fir mchange s i nth e contro l kno bsetting . 18 . Reading s o f 8 0 percen t opacit yo r highe r shoul d b e hel d fo r onl y brie f period s t o protec t th e generato r fro mexcessiv e hea t buildup . 19 . Th e pilo t ligh t shoul d b e lef t o nbetwee nblac k smok e run s and un ti l th e generato r i s shu t downfo r th e day . 20 . B e sur e tha t al l toluen e i s burne d ou t o f th e combustio nchambe r befor e proceedin g t o shu t downth e generator . 4.4. 8 Blac k Smok e Assembl yShutdownProcedure s 1 . Tur nfue l pum

p a t contro l consol e t o OF F position . 2 . Tur ntoluen e fue l contro l valv e t o OF F position . 3 . B e sur e al l fue l i s burne d i nth e combustio nchamber . Thi s wil l b e indicate d b

ya fe wminute s o f clea r stac k emissions . 4 . Tur nof f mai nvalv e o npropan e bottl e i f n o othe r run s wil l b e conducte d wit heithe r blac k o r whit e smoke . 5 . Coo l th e combustio nchambe r b yrunnin g th e mai nfa nfo r a t leas t 1 0 minutes afte r fue l shutdown . 4.4. 9 Procedur e fo r Producin g Whit e Smok e Plum e Prio r t o generatin g th e whit e smoke , b e sur e tha t al l th e toluen e i s burne d ou t o f th e blac k smok e combustio nchambe r befor e proceeding . Th e mai nblowe r shoul d b e turne d o nand running , and th e fron t o f th e smok e genera to r traile r shoul d b e slightl yelevate d t o preven t an yfue l oi l spillag e frc m poolin g i nth e vaporize r cabinet . Th e followin g step s outlin e th e procedur e fo r producin g whit e smok e plumes .



### 4 11 . Mak e sur e th e vaporize r burne r valv e i s i nth e close d o r OF F posi

tio n(full yclockwise) . 2 . Ope nmai nvalv e o npropan e bottle . 3 ; Ope n li d o n vaporize r assembl ycabinet . Chec k fo r an yfue l oi l o r liqui d i nth e cabine t chamber . 4 . Ignit e th e vaporize r burne r flam e wit ha smal l propan e torch . 5 . Adjus t th e vaporize r burne r valv e unti l ther e i s a smoot hblu e flam e a t th e inpu t t o th e fue l vaporizatio nburne r chamber . 6 . Allo wth e vaporizatio nchambe r t o war mu p fo r a t leas t 5 minutes ; a littl e longe r tim e i s neede d i nextremel ycol d weather . Th e intak e throa t o f th e vaporizatio nchambe r shoul d appea r slightl y re d befor e anyNo . 2 fue l oi l i s injected . 7 . Slightl yope n No . 2 fue l oi l valv e o nconsol e fue l contro l panel . Alo wopacit ywhit e smok e plum e no wwil l b e indicate d o nth e consol e recorde r and i t wil l b e visibl e fro mth e stack . 8 . I f n o whit e smok e i s visible , shu t of f th e fue l oi l valv e an d chec k tha t th e vaporize r burne r i s working . 9 . Slowl yope n th e fue l oi l contro l valv e on e mor e time . Whit e smok e shoul d b e indicate d an d visible . 10 . I f n o smok e i s produced , shu t of f th e vaporize r burne r and allo w the uni t t o coo l down . 11 . Chec k fo r blockag e o r leak s i nfue l oi l lines . 12 . Chec k t o ensur e tha t fue l oi l wil l flo wint o vaporizin g chamber . 13 . I f al l check s ar e positiv e and n o exces s oi l i s i nth e vaporizer , repea t th e startup steps . I f th e uni t stil l doe s no t generate , shu t th e uni t down and repea t eac hste p unti l th e proble mi s found an d corrected . Whe nth e uni t i s ignite d an d operating , th e whit e smok e vaporize r assembl y shoul d produc e anydesire d opacity . B e sur e t o alway s guar d agains t floodin g o f th e fue l oi l vaporizatio nchamber . D o no t ope nth e fue l oi l contro l valv e beyon d th e initia l poin t whe n10 0 percen t opacit yi s registere d o nth e consol e opacit yrecorder . 4.4.1 0 Whit e Smok e Assembl yShutdownProcedur e The followin g step s outlin e th e prope r shutdownprocedur e fo r th e whit e smok e assembly . 4 2P.5 9

L Tur nof f th e fue l pum p a t contro l console. 2 . Tur nof f fue l oi l contro l valve . 3 . Allo wal l fue l t o vaporiz e fro mth e vaporizatio nchamber . Thi s wil l requir e onl y2 o r 3 minute s and wil l b e indicate d b ya 0 per cen t opacit yreadin g o nth e recorder . 4 . Tur nof f vaporizatio nchambe r propan e torch . 5 . Tur nof f valv e o npropan e bottl e i f n o othe r run s ar e t o b e con ducte d wit heithe r whit e o r blac k smok e o r i f th e generato r wil l b e unattende d ove r a lunc hbreak , etc . 6 . Ru nmai nblowe r fo r 1 0 minute s t o coo l vaporize r hea t chamber . 7 . A t th e completio no f th e certificatio nruns , repea t th e calibratio n procedure s and recor d calibratio ndat a o nth e applicabl e forms . 4.4.1 1 Generato r Shutdown Whe n th e trainin g sessio ni s over , th e generato r mus t b e shutdownand secure d fo r storage . Th e followin g step s outlin e th e generato r shutdown procedure . 1 . Ensur e tha t bot hfue l contro l valve s ar e completel yof f (turne d clockwise) . 2 . B e sur e tha t al l propan e contro l valve s ar e full yof f (startin g wit hth e mai nbottl e valve , th e whit e smok e torc hvalve , an d th e toluen e ignite r valve) . 3 . Disconnec t fue l line s a t traile r and inser t end s int o thei r respectiv e fue l storag e tanks . I f prope r connec t procedure s wer e followed , th e blu e connecto r shoul d g o int o th e toluen e tank and th e gree nconnecto r shoul d g o int o th e kerosen e o r fuel
- oi l storag e tank . 4 . Disconnec t fue l suppl yline s (th e shor t set ) fro mfue l storag e tank s an d elevat e the mt o avoi d unnecessar yspillin g o f fuel . Tur n o n th e fue l pump s t o drai nth e line s o f fuel . 5 . Remov e fue l line s fro mconsol e disconnects . Elevat e on e end t o full yensur e fue l drainag e and cap th e end s fo r storage . 6 . Ca p th e mal e connector s o nconsole . 7 . Tur nof f th e P

Asystem . Disconnec t th e P Asyste mcomponent s and stor e properly . 

### 4 3P.6 0

8 . Tur nof f al l electrica l contro l switches , startin g wit hth e induce d draf t fa n (whe n th e generato r ha s coole d sufficiently) , the nth e recorde r powe r contro l switches , and finall yth e mai npowe r switch . 9 . Disconnec t th e generato r fro mth e A C powe r source . 10 . Remov e th e electrica l syste minterconnect s fro mth e traile r junctio n bo xan d th e rea r o f th e consol e contro l panel . Coi l and stor e th e cable s i n a dr yand secur e facility . 4.4.1 2 Procedure s fo r Lowerin g Uppe r Stac k Sectio n Th e followin g procedur e shoul d b e followe d t o properl ylowe r th e uppe r stac k section . 1 . Ope ncradl e hold-dow nbracket . 2 . Partiall yope nhydrauli c blee d valve . 3 . Slowl yti p th e stac k s o i t ca n wor k wit hth e hydrauli c system . 4 . Th e stac k ca n b e lowere d b yinsertin g a larg e screwdrive r betwee n uppe r an d lowe r stac k flang e section s an d applyin g leverage . 5 . B e carefu l no t t o le t th e stac k ge t ou t o f contro l and dro p to o suddenly . Thi s ca n b e controlle d b ycarefu l adjustmen t o f th e bleede r valve . 6 . Clos e stac k cradl e and secur e i n plac e for.travel . Bleede r valv e shoul d b e lef t ope n t o preven t damag e t o stac k cause d b yaccidenta l activatio n o f th e pump ; 4.4.1 3 Transportin g Smok e Generato r Th e smok e generato r i s designe d t o b e transporte d t o variou s trainin g site s t o reduc e studen t trave l tim e an d cost . Th e followin g item s shoul d b e checke d prio r t o transportin g th e generator . 1 . Bol t downstac k i n th e cradl e support . 2 . Protec t fue l storag e tank s b ypaddin g th e insid e portio no f thei r storag e compartments . 3 . Chec k traile r tai l light s and tur nsignal s fo r prope r operation . 4 . Ensur e tha t th e to wvehicl e i s adequat e and ha s th e prope r hitc h assembly . 5 . Chec k tire s fo r prope r inflatio nand b e sur e tha t th e lug nut s ar e secure . 

### 4 4P.6 1

6 . B e sur e tha t th e traile r and tw o vehicle s hav e sufficien t brakin g capabilitie s t o ensur e saf e transpor t sinc e th e smok e generato r i s heavy . 7 . Transpor t th e contro l consol e insid e th e towin g vehicle—no t o n

. th e trailer . 8 . Upo narriva l at . th e designate d trainin g site , chec k th e traile r an d generato r componen t syste mfo r possibl e damage , loos e bolts , etc . 4. 5 STORAGE AND MAINTENANC E O F TH E SMOK E GENERATO R Prope r storag e and maintenanc e procedure s ar e essentia l fo r smok e genera tor s sinc e the yno t onl yincreas e th e lifetim e o f th e instrumen t bu t als o provid e bette r qualit yassurance . 4.5. 1 Storag e o f Smok e Generato r Th e moder nsmok e generato r i s a comple xand sensitiv e electroni c instru

men t tha t require s car e and protectio ni nbot hhandlin g and storage . Th e electroni c consol e mus t b e store d i neithe r a heate d facilit yo r environmen t when no t i nactua l operation , and mus t b e covere d wit ha plasti c shee t whe n expose d t o rainfall . Th e electrica l interconnec t cabl e ca nb e store d ina generato r storag e compartmen t a s long a s i t i s reasonabl ydry . Althoug hth e basi c smok e generato r traile r uni t ca nb e store d outdoors , storin g th e uni t i n a warehous e o r garag e wil l increas e it s lifetim e and resul t i nlowe r main

tenanc e requirement s and operatin g costs . I f th e traile r i s store d outdoors , th e stac k transmissomete r sectio nmus t be protecte d b ya waterproo f cover . Atarpauli ncoverin g th e entir e generato r ma yb e used , bu t th e coverin g mus t plac e n o stres s o nth e stac k fan s o r th e transmissomete r electrica l connec tion . An yuni t store d i nsuc ha manne r shoul d b e checke d frequentl yt o en sur e th e integrit yo f th e protection . 4.5. 2 Maintenanc e Procedure s Befor e an d afte r eac hsmok e school , th e followin g routin e maintenanc e procedure s shoul d b e performed . 1 . Chec k al l electrica l cable s t o verif ytha t ther e ar e n o fraye d parts , tha t al l contac t point s ar e clean , tha t th e connector s ar e no t bent , and tha t th e cable s hav e goo d integrity . 

### 45P.6 2

2 . Chec k al l fue l line s t o ensur e tha t the yar e unkinked ; hav e n o weathere d o r wor nspots , splits , o r leaks ; and tha t th e connector s ar e i ngoo d condition . Sinc e ferrule s ca nb e easil ylos t insid e th e connectors , verif ytha t thes e ar e present . 3. . Us e liqui d soa p o r simila r leak-chec k commercia l product s t o chec k . th e integrit yo f th e fitting s t o th e propan e tan k fo r leaks . 4 . Chec k th e propan e ga s suppl yb yweighin g th e cylinder . 5 . Assembl e and chec k th e PAsyste mt o ensur e prope r operation . Th e PAsyste mshoul d b e store d wit hth e consol e unit . 6 . Chec k tha t th e smal l drai nhol e i nth e botto mo f th e stac k i s ope n s o tha t wate r wil l no t accumulat e i nth e stack . 7 . Chec k th e transmissomete r calibratio nt o ensur e tha t th e syste m ha s no t age d o r deteriorate d an d tha t th e calibratio ncurv e i s stil l good . 8 . Chec k th e recorde r pi nassembl yt o ensur e tha t i t i s operatin g correctly . Thi s ca nb e performe d b yturnin g o nth e transmissomete r and turnin g th e signa l attenuato r t o th e righ t and lef t t o mak e sur e tha t th e recorde r pi nwil l trave l u p and downth e scale . Analter
nat e procedur e i s t o tur nth e transmissomete r o nand of f t o ensur e tha t th e pi n wil l driv e bac k an d fort hsmoothl yfro mon e sid e t o th e other . 9 . Inspec t th e fir e bo xafte r i t ha s coole d b yinsertin g a mirro r in th e side . Mak e sure tha t th e torc han d deflecto r plat e ar e i n goo d conditio nand tha t th e fir e bo xha s no t bee ndamage d i n transit . 10 . Plac e a dro p o f oi l o neac ho f th e bearin g surface s and inth e oi l dro p slo t o n eithe r sid e o f th e electri c motor . 11 . Verif ytha t al l storag e compartment s contai nth e appropriat e item s and tha t thes e compartment s ar e locked . 12 . Kee p a bound logboo k t o recor d al l event s tha t bea r o nth e performanc e o f th e smok e generator . Suc hevent s includ e record s o f al l repai r and maintenanc e work , spectra l respons e checks , calibratio nchecks , respons e tim e checks , date s o f use , numbe r o f run s completed , bes t estimat e o f fue l consumption , and anyothe r pertinen t information . Thi s boo k shoul d b e maintaine d b yth e generato r operato r and checke d every si xmonth s b

yth e trainin g supervisor . Entrie s shoul d b e made wheneve r th e generato r i s serviced , repaired , and/o r operated .



### 4 64. 6 COMMO NPROBLEMS , HAZARDS , AN D CORRECTIV E ACTION S

Th e prope r operatio nand maintenanc e o f a smok e generato r require s per sonne l wit ha hig hdegre e o f skil l and instrumen t knowledge . Th e trainin g superviso r i s responsibl e fo r ensurin g tha t a qualifie d perso ni s presen t an d tha t prope r calibrations , checks , and safet yprocedure s ar e followed . Th e generato r shoul d alway s b e i nto p conditio nand readyt o operate . T o ensur e optimu m

operation , th e preliminar ycertificatio ncheck s shoul d b e performe d a t leas t on e da yprio r t o th e schedule d trainin g an d certificatio n runs . Fo r thi s preliminar yrun , th e generato r operato r shoul d revie wth e applicabl e provision s o f Metho d 9 and section s o f thi s publicatio nt o ensur e tha t al l step s ar e performed . Anumbe r o f problem s ca ndevelo p tha t ma yinterfer e wit hth e prope r opera - . tio no f th e smok e generator . Som e o f the ' mor e commo nproblem s and solution s ar e discusse d i nthi s section . 4.6. 1 Fuel s Th e us e o f imprope r fuel s ca ncaus e severa l problems . Th e followin g fue l selectio nguideline s shoul d b e helpfu l i navoidin g thes e problems . 4.6.1. 1 Blac k Smok e — Originally , mos t smok e generator s produce d blac k smok e b yth e incomplet e combustio no f fue l oil . Inth e lat e 1960's , manyoperator s foun d bette r re sult s usin g benzen e a s th e fuel . Whil e benzen e wa s fairl ysuccessful , i t i s a highl ytoxi c substanc e and hazardou s whe nimproperl yused . InJun e 1977 , EP Aissue d a memorandu mwhic hstate d tha t anadvers e healt hproble mma yb e associate d wit hth e us e o f benzen e and strongl ysuggeste d tha t othe r fuel s b e use d instead . Possibl e alternative s includ e toluene , xylene , kerosene , an d No . 2 fue l oil . Tabl e 2 list s th e variou s propertie s o f thes e fuels . Althoug hal l o f thes e fuel s ar e suitable , toluen e appear s t o b e th e mos t suitabl e fue l fo r producin g blac k smoke . Car e mus t alway s b e use d whe nhandlin g anyfue l sinc e the yar e flammable . Possibl e advers e healt heffect s ar e als o associate d wit hprolonge d and unnecessar yexposur e t o benzene , toluene , an d xylene .



### 4 7P.6 4

TABL E 2 . PROPERTIE S OF CANDIDAT E FUEL S

Fue l Benzen e Toluen e

Xylen e Kerosen e

No . 2 oi l Compositio n
C 6 H 6 C 7 H 8

C 8 H 1 0 Highe r par affin s an

d naphthene s Paraffins , aromatic s an dnap thene s Freezing point , 

## ° C 5 5 -9 5

-25/+1 3 «_ _ Boiling point , 

## ° C 8 0 

### 111

138-14 4 79-22 7 

### 28 2 Threshol d

limi t value , pp m 

### 10 

### 10 0

10 0 

### a

a Remark s Carcinogeni c Require s in

crease d accurac y i nadjustmen t o f fuel-to-ai r rati o compare d wit htha t re quire d fo r benzen e Burn s to o ho t Give s brow nsmo k Clog s valve s

threshol d limi t valu e wil l b e greate r tha n10 0 ppm , althoug hexac t valu e depend s o nconcentratio no f eac hspecifi c compound . 4.6.1. 2 Whit e Smok e — Whit e smok e i s mad e b yvaporizin g kerosen e o r No . 2 fue l oil . Thi s usuall yi s don e b

yinjectin g th e fue l oi l eithe r ont o th e ho t exhaust-fro m a self-containe d gasolin e engin e o r ont o a heate d surface , causin g th e liqui d droplet s t o vaporiz e an d the ncondens e int o a thic k whit e cloud . Bot hfuel s appea r t o perfor m

equall ywell . Th e No . 2 fue l oi l tend s t o clo g th e valve s an d produce s slightl yles s smok e pe r gallo no f fue l tha ndoe s kerosene . Variation s i nth e volatilit yo f som e kerosene s resul t i nthei r tendenc yt o ignit e o r flas hwhe nth e vaporize r overheats . Th e operato r shoul d b e awar e o f thi s an d b e prepare d t o reac t accordingl yi f kerosen e i s t o b e burned .



### 4 8P.6 5

4.6. 2 Overheatin g Overheatin g eithe r the combustio n chambe r o r the vaporize r can permanentl y distor t th e unit , resulting in unstabl e smok e productio n o r reduce d opacit y capability . Overheating i s easil yavoide d b yproperl yfueling the vaporize r an d limiting the duration s o f hig hopacities . Onc e a vaporize r i s severel y damaged , i t mus t be replace d i n orde r t o achiev e satisfactoryservice . 4.6. 3 Breakdown s Th e newmode l generator s ar e designe d an d fabricate d fo r durabl e fiel d us e an d portability . Lik e al l electromechanica l devices , however , the genera to r wil l occasionall ybreak dow n o r malfunction . The problemmus t be diagnose d an d repair s mad e expeditiousl yt o maintai n the prope r training an d interes t o f the attendees . Th e inventoryo f spar e part s shoul d be base d on the mor e commo n need s an

d rnalfunctions. Experienc e ove r the year s show s mos t failure s to be in the area s liste d in Tabl e 3 . 4.6. 4 Modification s t o Improv e Performanc e I n recen t years , the operatio n o f the smok e generato r ha s been improve d wit ha numbe r o f importan t modification s in : o design o f the blac k smok e combustio n chambe r o switc hfro

mthe exhaus t .manifol d vaporize r t o the ho t plat e vaporize r o photopi c transmissomete r system Thes e improvement s ar e adaptabl e t o mos t basi c generato r units , i f the frame an d suppor t assembl yar e sturd yan d in good condition . Cos t ma ybe.optimize d b ysimpl yreplacing the troublesome component . Outline d ar e some modifica

tion s tha t can be made , however , t o improve the operatio n o f some o f the olde r mode l generators . 1 . Plac e a baffl e plat e o r refractoryassembl yin the ai r inle t opening o f the combustio n chambe r t o provid e bette r air/fue l mixing condition s an d t o stabiliz e smok e production . Some experimentatio n maybe neede d t o determin e optimu mlocatio n fo r th

e baffle . 2 . Reduc e fue l lin e plugging significantl yby-adding a n inlin e fue l filter , whic hi s standar d equipmen t on th e newe r mode l generators .


### 4 9P.6 6

TABL E 3 . COMMO NSMOK E GENERATO RMALFUNCTION S Malfunctio n Caus e Proble m Powe r failur e Overloadin g th e circui t t o blo wa fus e o r tri p th e circui t breaker ; thi s shoul d no t occu r becaus e th e generato r shoul d no t overloa d th e standar d 11 0 VAC/1 5 Aservic e Electrica l connectio n ha s bee n broke no r disconnecte d Locat e servic e panel ; chec k fus e o r circuit , breaker ; replac e o r re se t a s necessary ; i f powe r fail s again , th e circui t i s bein g over loaded ; locat e and us e anothe r electrica l servic e Reconnec t and secur e

Los s o f signa l t o th e recorde r Ligh t sourc e burne d ou t o r broke n Loos e wirin g

1 2 V powe r suppl y failur e Replac e bul b Locat e and repai r loos e connections ; thi s con ditio ni s frequentl y intermitten t and ma y requir e som e movemen t o f wirin g and tracin g and insulatio nwit ha tes t o f a continuit y mete r Connec t t o a 1 2 V

D C batter yunti l powe r suppl ypac k i s re place d Unstabl e smok e Win d influences , > 1 5 mp h e.g . Chec k orientatio no f traile r i nrelatio nt o win d direction ; rotat e traile r 3 0 t o 6 0 degree s Poo r air/fue l mixtur e Ai r flo wint o combus
tio nchambe r o r dete
rioratio no f combus
tio nchamber ; wind directio nma yals o b e a proble m Determin e mos t probabl e caus e b yinspectio nan d experimentation ; i f combustio nchambe r i s deteriorate d o r warpe d b yheat , replacemen t ma yb e required ; attemp t t o instal l a baffl e a t ai r inle t b y placin g a bric k o r meta l baffl e i nentranc e (continued, ' 

### 5 0TABL

E 3 (continued ) P.6 7

Malfunctio n Fue l flo wproblem s o r 1in e blockag e Caus e Dirt yfue l filter s Fue l pum p failur e

Fue l lin e kink s o r pluggin g Carbonizatio no f burne r tip s Proble m Replac e o r instal l fue l lin e filter s Replac e fue l pump ; implemen t a temporar y measur e b

yswitchin g th e fue l line s t o th e operabl e pump ; Note : Replacin g fue l pum

p require s shuttin g of f generato r fo r 3 0 t o 6 0 minute s i f possible , replac e a t lunc hbrea k o r end o f da y Inspec t fue l lines ; i f plugged , disconnec t end an d blo wou t debri s Ru na thi nstif f wir e throug hth e orific e

5 1P.6 8

3 . Minimiz e win d shea r b yincreasin g th e mai nblowe r ai r flo wsinc e man yo f th e olde r mode l generator s hav e inadequat e blowe r capacity . Win d shea r i s a commo nproble mi narea s tha t fre
quentl yexperienc e win d speed s i nexces s o f 12.mph . I f th e trainin g sessio nare a ha s a prevailin g win d direction , positio n th e generato r s o tha t th e win d doe s no t blo wdirectl yint o any opening s i n th e smok e flo wpassages . I f th e win d shear s of f th e plum e a t th e to p o f th e stack , a 9 0 degre e elbo wwit hlamina r flo w vane s ma yb e use d t o allo wth e smok e t o exi t th e stac k paralle l t o th e wind . Thi s provide s th e trainee s a bette r opportunit yfo r certificatio nb

yreducin g th e eddyeffect . Th e elbo wha s bee n prove n i nfiel d use , wit hsom e individual s readin g successfull y durin g wind s exceedin g 2 0 mph . 4.6. 5 Safet yRequirement s Th e norma l safet yrequirement s fo r traile r towin g and handlin g appl y t o transportin g th e generator . Brakes , lights , etc . shoul d b e checke d eac h tim e th e traile r i s moved . Whee l chock s mus t b e use d wheneve r th e traile r i s disconnecte d fro ma vehicle , an d additiona l car e mus t b e exercise d i f th e generato r i s locate d o na nincline d surface. Sinc e smok e generatio nfuel s ar e flammable , prope r and sensibl e storag e an d handlin g precaution s mus t b e followed . Possibl e healt hhazard s o f handlin g th e fuel s shoul d b e recognize d and th e equipmen t shoul d b e operate d onl yi nope nventilate d areas . Prope r explosion-proo f fue l shoul d b e use d an d anyfue l transfe r operation s shoul d b e conducte d wit hcare . A full ycharge d and functiona l fir e extinguishe r mus t alway s b e readil y availabl e wheneve r th e generato r i s operating . Becaus e uni t surface s becom e ho t whil e th e generato r i s i noperation , person s no t involve d and familia r wit hth e equipmen t shoul d remai na t a saf e distance . Apai r o f protectiv e glove s shoul d b e availabl e t o handle
anyho t items , an d operator s shoul d alway s wea r safet yglasse s whe nworkin g aroun d th e generator . Carelessnes s and shortcut s ca nresul t i nseriou s injuries . Som e interna l component s o f th e consol e hav e a 110- V electrica l charg e tha t pose s a potentia l hazar d especiall ydurin g dam p fiel d conditions . A voltmete r connecte d t o a groundin g ro d ca n b e use d t o monito r electrica l shortin g conditions .



### 5 2P.6 9

SECTION5 CERTIFICATIONREQUIREMENT S Thi s sectio n provide s procedure s fo r conducting the certificatio n par t o f the training program . To ensur e prope r qualit yassurance , the certifica

tio n mus t be attende d b ya t leas t tw

o people--on e to operat e the generato r an d the othe r t o instruc t the students , monito r studen t activity , ensur e tha t th e smok e i s readable , answe r studen t questions , grad e records , etc . Athird perso n i s als o recommende d t o assis t wit hthe abov e activitie s a s wel l a s t o provid e an additiona l elemen t o f qualit yassurance , especiall yfo r classe s wit h2 5 o r more ' trainees . Prio r t o firing u

p the generator , th e instructo r shoul d identif ythe components , explai n the operatio n o f the generato r t o the trainees , an d allow the mt o examin e the equipment.

- Safet yrequirements.shoul d be discussed , an d the trainee s shoul d be reminde d t o sta yawa yfromth

e generato r during train

in g an d tes t runs . Th e instructo r shoul d als o emphasiz e tha t the generato r ha s ho t surface s tha t can caus e seriou s burn s an d tha t ther e ar e numerou s electrica l cable s an d fue l line s which , i f accidentall ydisconnected , coul d shu t dow

n the generato r an d dela ythe entir e program . Th e firs t par t o f the certificatio n tes t will.b e a "tes t run. " Bot h blac k an

d whit e smok e wil l be emitted , an d the opacit yannounce d in orde r t o familiariz e th e trainee s wit hthe procedure s an d hel p "calibrat e .the-eye " t o the announce d readings . Afte r the initia l tes t run , certificatio n run s wil l be mad e in block s o f 5 0 reading s (2 5 blac k an d 2 5 white) . Afte r the certificatio n criteri a hav e bee n achieved , the traine e mus t chec k tha t the for mha s bee n complete d cor rectl yan

d signed . I t als o i s recommende d tha t th e traine e rechec k th e arithmeti c o n the for mto avoi d an

yerror s in transcriptio n o r arithmeti c tha t migh t preclud e certification . Eac hfor mwil l then be checke d b ya t leas t tw

o othe r peopl e to furthe r assur e tha t al l criteri a an d requirement s hav e bee n satisfied. . Thos e trainee s wh o successfull ymee t the criteri a wil l receiv e a lette r o f certificatio n an d a cop yo f th

e qualificatio n form . 5 3P.7 0

Th e origina l qualificatio n for mi s retaine d b yth e schoo l fo r a t leas t 3 year s fo r possibl e presentatio ni nanyfutur e lega l proceeding s o r challeng e o f certification . Note : Certificatio ni s vali d fo r a perio d o f onl y6 month s accordin g t o Metho d 9 . Recertificatio n procedure s ar e identica l t o testin g procedures , excep t • tha t th e lectur e serie s i s usuall yomitted . Thoug hpresentl yno t required , i t i s recommende d tha t th e traine e repea t th e entir e lectur e portio no f th e schoo l every

thir d yea r t o reemphasiz e technique s an d t o familiariz e th e traine e wit hne wmateria l and procedures . 5. 1 PRACTIC E SESSION S Prio r t o th e actua l certificatio nruns , th e traine e shoul d b e expose d t o a serie s o f practic e reading s ove r th e ful l rang e o f opacit ylevel s i n orde r t o allo wanadjustmen t o r "ey e calibration " period . Calibratio nwit h th e standard s i s a nimportan t elemen t o f th e 6-mont hrecertificatio n requiremen t o f Metho d 9 . Traine e calibratio nca nb e achieve d i nsevera l ways , althoug hexperienc e ha s showntha t on e o f th e mos t effectiv e method s i s t o focu s o nth e 25 , 50 , and 7 5 percen t opacit ylevels . Th e practic e procedure s consis t o f th e followin g step s outline d i nth e flo wchar t diagramme d i nFigur e 18 . 1 . Se t u

p th e generato r an d perfor mth e zer o and spa nchecks . 2 . Se t th e char t spee d t o zero . 3 . Distribut e practic e tes t form s (Figur e 19 ) and explai nthei r use . Th e firs t blan k o nth e for mi s fo r th e trainee' s observe d opacit y estimate , th e secon d fo r th e announce d transmissomete r readings , and th e thir d fo r th e differenc e i nth e tw o values . 4 . Generat e a 2 5 percen t opacit ywhit e smok e plum e fo r abou t 3 minutes . 5 . Encourag e th e observer s t o wal k aroun d and vie wthi s opacit y leve l a t differen t angle s t o th e sun . 6 . Repea t step s 4 and 5 fo r 5 0 and 7 5 percen t opacity . Note : Stan dard s o f 20 , 40 , 60 , and 8 0 percen t opacit yca nals o b e used . 7 . Begi n th e practic e certificatio nwhe nth e smok e become s steady ; indicat e th e beginnin g o f th e readin g wit hth e wor d "Ready. "


### 54P.7 1

Zer o an d spa n chec k transmissomete r an d se t char t spee d t o zer o Distribut e practic e form s Generat e 25 , 50 , an d 7 5 percen t opacitie s i n whit e smok e Generat e fou r whit e smok e plume s



### N c Read actua l value s

D yA,- . v i u i ILIeiiLy ^ Ye s Generat e 25 , 50 , an d 7 5 percen t opacitie s i n blac k smok e Generat e four blac k smok e plume s

N t

- 

### Fi

g ur e - Read actua l value s

3 ^T.x.
- \riu i i



### 18 . ciency x Ye s En d Practic e Sessio n

Procedur e fo r pract i
5 5 

### c

e session .c

n Grou

p Color : WB

Grou p Color : WB

Grou p Color : WB

Grou p Color : Plume

No . 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 

## JA 3 4 Ru

n No . 1 

### Ob s S G i 

### De v Ru

n No . 2 

### Ob s S G i 

### De v Ru

n No . 3 

### Ob s S G 1 

### De v Ru

n No . 4 

### Ob s S G I 

### De v

'Ob s stand s fo r th e observer' s opacit yreading , SG , th e opacit yfro mth e smok e generator , an d Dev , th e differenc e betwee nth e tv/o . Figur e 19 . Opacit yreadin g trainin g form . 

# JP.7 3

i 

### 8 .

9 . 

### 10 . 11 .

12 . 13 . 14 . 15 . Afte r th e Wai t a t leas t 1 secon d an d say"Mark " t o indicat e tha t th e observe r

shoul d recor d hi s observation , whic hh e estimate s a t th e momen t "Mark " i s announced. O na duplicat e practic e form , recor d th e transmissomete r valu e a t th e momen t "Mark " i s announced. Repea t step s 7 throug h9 fou r time s fo r value s aroun d th e standards , e.g. , 25 , 50 , and 7 5 percen t opacity . Afte r fou r differen t opacitie s ar e generated , rea d th e actua l value s recorde d fo r th e transmissomete r and hav e th e trainee s chec k thei r answers . Repea t steps ' 7 throug h1 1 wit hsmalle r shift s inopacit yunti l th e trainee s becom e proficien t a t judgin g opacit yi nincrement s o f 5 percent . Shutdow nth e whit e smok e generator . Star t u p th e blac k smok e generator . Repea t step s 4 throug h1 1 fo r blac k smok e plumes . Shutdow nth e blac k smok e generator . practic e sessions , begi nth e actua l certificatio ntesting . 5. 2 CERTIFICATIO NTESTIN G 

### Th e hav e bee n o f readi n trainee s shoul d no wb e prepare d fo r th e certificatio nruns . The y

expose d t o th e theor yand backgroun d o nopacity , prope r technique s g , parameter s o f variable s tha t influenc e accurac yo f readings , legalitie s o f soun d documentation , an d plum e opacitie s simulate d b yth e smok e generato r 5.2. 1 Preparin g fo r Certificatio n 

### Th e trainin g superviso r an d assistan t mus t paycarefu l attentio nt o th e detail s o f th e certificatio noperatives , and th e staf f mus t b e abl e t o stat e wit hcertaint ytha t al l aspect s o f Metho d 9 hav e bee nfulfilled. Thi s require s meticulou s car e o f al l record s and informatio nand stipulate d Q Acheck s o f thes e procedures , therebyensurin g tha t anypassin g traine e i s technicall y an d lega l lycertified .

5 7P.7 4



### Animportan t elemen t o f th e QAprogra mi s a checklis t tha t itemize s th e importan t step s inth e certificatio no f opacit yreaders . Thi s checklis t ful
fill s tw o importan t QAneeds : 1 . I t assure s tha t anorderl ypreparatio nandimplementatio n procedur e ha s bee ncompleted . 2 . I t provide s documentatio nandevidenc e i nsuppor t o f qualit ycertification . Figur e 2 0 present s a nexampl e forma t fo r th e checklist , whic hshoul db e marke dof f o r initiale da s appropriat e afte r eac hite mi s completed . Th e trainin g superviso r shoul dchec k andsig nth e shee t a t th e endo f th e cer tificatio nexercise . Thi s formthe nbecome s a par t o f th e officia l fil e o r recor do f th e course . 5.2. 2 Tes t Form s andRecordin g Procedure s Tes t form s var ygreatl ywit hth e specifi c need s andexperience s o f eac h agency . Acommonl yuse dformtha t i s bot hlowinerro r andeas yt o grad e i s showni nFigur e 21 . Th e tes t for mshoul db e printe do ntwo-cop ypape r s o tha t th e origina l ca nb e turne dinfo r th e officia l fil e andth e carbo ncop ycan b e grade db

yth e trainee . Tw o tes t form s printe do nregula r bondpape r wit h carbo npape r betwee nthe mi s als o satisfactory , althoug hthi s arrangemen t i s mor e cumbersom e t o us e andsubjec t t o greate r erro r andmisunderstandin g i nreconcilin g th e origina l wit hth e carbo ncopy . Inal l cases , th e agenc y shoul dretai nth e origina l tes t pag e fo r th e officia l fil e andcertificatio n record . Th e traine e i s t o circl e on e answe r pe r lin e tha t i s judge dt o b e th e generato r opacit ya t th e indicate dsigna l fo r readin g andma ychang e any answe r b ysimpl yXin g ou t th e wron g answe r andcirclin g th e ne wchoic e a s indicate di nth e followin g example :

2 0 2 5 ( ^

©4 0 4 5 5 0 I t shoul db e note dtha t th e mos t commo nerro r wit hthi s for m i s placin g th e answe r o nth e wron g line . Again , th e procedur e i s t o Xth e incorrec t answe r an dcircl e th e correc t one .

2 0 2 5 ©3 5 4 0 - 4 5 5 0 2 0 *25 )$&f

f&) 4 0 4 5 5 0 58P.7 5

Date : Agency : Operators : Location :

Note : Initia l eac hite ma s completed . Writ e N A(No t Applicable ) wher e pro cedur e doe s no t apply . Generato r Preparatio n Chec k fo r damag e an d vandalis m Verif ytha t a complet e inventoryo f part s an d supplie s (refe r t o inventorylist ) exist s Chec k inflatio n o f tire s Chec k operatio n o f brakes , hitch , safet y chain , etc . Lubricat e fan s an

d motor s Chec k tha t stac k i s secur e fo r traveling Performpreliminarychec k o f consol e Adequat e Fue l Suppl y Toluen e Diese l o r kerosen e oi l Propan e Othe r (specif ykin d an d use ) Generato r Setu

p Chec k background , sky , an d win d condition s fo r bes t generato r orientatio n

Figur e 20 . Operator' s smok e generato r checklist . (continued ) 

### 5 9P.7 6

Figur e 2 0 (continued ) Chec k electrica l servic e and availabilit y (11 0 VAC/2 0 A , 3 wir e grounde d connection ) Ensur e tha t generato r i s levele d and wheel s are chocke d Connec t fue l and electrica l line s Chec k fo r fue l leak s (lines , connections , and tanks ) Chec k fan s fo r smooth , norma l nois e leve l operatio n Mai no r induce d draf t fa n Transmissomete r fan s B e sur e ai r volume s appea r adequat e Operatio no f Generato r B e sur e generato r logboo k i s availabl e B e sur e tha t bot hfue l pump s ar e operabl e Chec k char t recorde r operatio nand pape r suppl y Chec k tha t al l fue l valve s ar e i nful l OF F positio n Chec k bot hcombustio nsystem s fo r operatin g conditio n Chec k operatio no f safet yignitor s Tur no n consol e fo r 30-minut e electrica l warmup Verif ytha t al l readou t system s ar e workin g

Transmissomete r Syste mCalibratio n Zer o an d spa nchec k Drif t chec k Respons e tim e (continued ) 

### 6 0P.7 7

Figur e 2 0 (continued ) Ligh t sourc e voltag e Calibratio nerro r (us e NB S filters ) Calibratio n recor d complete d Generatio no f Smok e Rais e an d secur e stac k Runblac k smok e stabilit yan d rang e tes t Runwhit e smok e stabilit yand rang e tes t Chec k fo r excessiv e leak s and prope r draf t condition s Publi c Addres s Syste m Chec k tha t Tota l Smok e Syste mi s calibrate d an d

- operatin g properl yfo r trainin g and certificatio n purpose s Comment s - - pleas e lis t anyproblem s o r condition s encountere d i nth e setup o r startup o f th e smok e generator .



### 6 1c

n in

c ~s ro

c u 3 " O 0) o ro

-s r t — j . H i _ j . o O 3 rt ro r + -*, O

- J 3 O l( • » • ' i <» l » • • * • P* • » * WUU(- JHU lWUL JUNl\ ) NWi T* o Ou]£jv|OkilU*CJN'- > OU)tD-vi(nillAUNMOU]C(>S|( nPCn t o o m ^ . oooooooooooooooooooooooo o c i

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O UlUlUiUtUlUIUlUlUlUtUlUIUlUtUlUiUlUlUlUlUlUIUtUtU l *^i\jraf\*rvjfoi\j|\jf\*MWrsjnorJr^WMrof\*'i^rv»iN»i's>rjrv » OOOpOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O i-vjrorj*NjMf^r-iivJMrjrji>jrjffvii\»-r\»i\jr\irJr ^ UtUlUlUtUIUlUIUlUIUlUlUtUtUlUlUlUlUtUIUIUtLnUlU'lU l OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O UUUUtUUUlUUUUICJUUUUiUUMUtJUUUI' t UlUlUlUlUtUlUtUlUIUIUlUlUlUtUlUlUlUlUlUlUIUlUtUlU i ooSoooooooooofiSoi^fioofiooo ^ uimuiiJ-iutiO'A'iiuiuiinuiinuiuiui'jiutUiinuiintAuiu - (JI(nUimU)l/li7iUlli1l71UllllUl'JlinUtlf-Ult71U1JIII1UIUiU I OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O uiu*inininU<u'tnt/iuiuiini7)Uiin-jiU-ii)U'uiu'iAU'inu i U l U l U l U « U l U l U t U l U t U l U t U l U t U t U l U t U l U l U l U l U t U l U l U t U l o * o * o * o * cno>oi(noi(noi(iiO* i CT* CT* CT* O * CT* CT* o tCT* Q * CTICT * O * OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O O*U*0^0*t3*0*Cn0*CT*0^0*CT*CT*0tCTICT*CT*CnCT*a->CT*Cr*0*i0*a t U l U l U t U t U l U l U t U l U l U l U l U l U l U l U l U l U l U t U l U t U l U t U l U l U l OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O

rn u i u i u t u t u t u t ut t nu i ut u

t u i ut ut cnu i ut cnu i i nu t w u » u i un > •— • OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O o * z maiCDoicuosflaoDmo'OtnoaoioimCDffnoocD'&cnoac D cnutututuiututtnuiutuiuiuiuiuiuiutututuiuiuiuiuif 1 tn«o-o*ou>*^**o*otA-ou>'hO*o*ou3toto«a'Np*pioiA'tO*o« o OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O U)iJ>«0'i*tUliO'i>^)*0 ( 0^> t O^U l '*- 0 UliO'OiA'O'OiO'OUl'i ) ututututuiutututuiututuiuiuiutututuiuiuiuiutututu i OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O UI»(>f>-AAtkA7>>>»-UU-JtiUUUCJUUrONN N f* n ouiO)^0)u>i*ejN---oa)(D^oiiiiAUN»-io , i)CO'-4( n » ;* : ?aC J OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O

* U * U t U l U l U l U * U » U l U l U l U l U l U l u l U l lf l U l U l U l U l U l U l U l U ) OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O UtUlUtUIUlUlUlUtUtUlUiUtUIUtU-lUiUIUlUlUlUIUtUlLnU I 

### s e o no m *-» c i

oooooooooooooooooooooooo o

oooooooooooooooooooooooo o

oooooooooooooooooooooooo o r* 3 cnuiuicnuiuiuiuiuiutuiuiutuiuiuiuiuiuiuiuiuiuiuiu i

- H*uuoo*ucDO)rja(D(n(uo3(o'Doaoioi(Doau>0)Ooo a p ? oooooooooooooooooooooooo o

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O MAUNMOU>0D^OlUI-t*UNi~-Ota(D'>JOiU1«>UNi- 'P.7 9

Th e for mshoul d b e complete d wit hon e answe r pe r lin e and al l th e pertinen t informatio nprovide d (se e Figur e 22) . Al l entrie s mus t b e mad e in ink . Th e observer' s name , affiliation , runnumber , cours e location , and dat e shoul d b e recorded ; i f sunglasse s ar e used , th e typ e and lens e colo r shoul d b e noted . Th e windspee d shoul d b e estimate d t o withi na 3 t o 5 mp hrange . I f a n anemomete r i s no t available , th e Beaufor t win d scale , Figur e 23 , ma yb e used . Smok e schoo l certificatio nshoul d no t b e attempte d i nwind s abov e 2 5 mp h whic hinterfer e wit hhig hquality , stabl e smok e simulation . Apersona l dis

comfor t facto r unde r thes e condition s tend s t o introduc e anadditiona l un acceptabl e error . Th e win d directio nca nb e estimate d t o withi neigh t point s o f th e compas s (N , NE , etc. ) b

yobservin g whic hwa ya fla g i s blowing , o r by observin g th e directio na fe wblade s o f gras s ar e blownwhe nthrownint o th e air . Th e nort h directio nca nb e obtaine d b yreferrin g t o a map . Th e skyconditio nshoul d b e fille d inas : 1 . clea r - les s tha n1 0 percen t o f th e sk ycovere d wit hcloud s 2 . scattere d - 1 0 t o 5 0 percen t o f th e sk ycovere d 3 . broke n- 5 0 t o 9 0 percen t o f th e skycovere d 4 . overcas t - mor e tha n9 0 percen t o f th e sk ycovere d Certificatio nca nb e achieve d eve nunde r tota l overcas t condition s pro vide d th e trainee s hav e a contrastin g backgroun d available . Reading s shoul d no t b e attempte d durin g condition s o f precipitation . Th e observer' s orientatio nwit hrespec t t o bot hth e plum e and th e sun shoul d als o b e indicate d o nth e test.form . 5.2. 3 Th e Tes t Th e trainee s shoul d no wb e familia r wit hth e testin g procedure s and read y t o begi nactua l certificatio nruns . Th e tes t form s shoul d b e distribute d an d th e to p portio nfille d i nb yth e traine e fo r identificatio na s describe d i n Subsectio n5.2.2 . Metho d 9 stipulate s tha t a vali d tes t mus t hav e 2 5 whit e and 2 5 blac k smok e plum e readings . Th e candidat e mus t demonstrat e th e abilit yt o assig n opacit yreading s in5 percen t increments , withi nth e followin g criteria : 

### 6 3>u>co^*cnui{.ujl\Jt~*QU>co.*jc n

c n T l

C ~i f D r o r o m x P J
f D o o 3 • a f D <-t - f D Q
. o f D

- I r + O P J r + O rj Cir f D I/) O

- s 3 

### sy : OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 

## 0 0

u i u i u i u i i n (! •u i u i u i u i u i u i u i u i u i u i u i u i i n u i u i u t U H OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O •—•»—•—••—•*-•#- ' ^- * « L—!"**--»—•("••-*»—•»—»l^-«» —•—••—••-•»-•» —Ir —» — u t u i u i u * u i u i uikmu i utcnutuiuicnuiuiuiuiuiututuiuiu i rofOkr o rv

j r o r o f u rofoV ^ *vjr>JrvJ»Mf\jroroi\ir\jrv>ror j r-o/Jkr o ol3 o OOO O O^J O OOOOOOOOOOO O ok5f o

nu/ilc n u t utl/uu t u i i n u i u i u i ii i i n u i u i utLnk n i njfiJltJ l~ » C-

> JCA u JuXl* l uuuuuu u t-Xi* * uu u stpj o o o^jabj o OOOO O o opj o OO O nVrtu t uiuiuiuiuiuiutuicnuiinuiuiuiutu i tnkjdu tu tm



## 8 * S o S o\cd o ofiofififiooSofifjfiSfiooo o

u i u i m u i i n u i u i u i u i u i i n i n u i u i u i u i u i Uijutu i uiuimuii n U l U l U l U l U l U l U l U l U l U l U l U t U l u t U l U l u i uiknlu t U l U t U l U l U l

0*0*0*0*0*0*0*0*0*0*0*0*0*0*0*0 * OlKTMCT * O * O t CTI CT* O * O l UtUIUlUlUIUtUtUlUlUIUIUtUtUIUlU I Ulkltju i U t U l U l U l U l U l

n i uiuiuiuiuiuiutuiutuiutuiutuiuiuiuiuiutuiuiuiuiuiu i

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O O OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O
u i u i u i u i u i u i u i u t u i u i u i u i u i u i u i m u i u i u i u i u i u i u i u i u i \o) a oooooooooooooooooooooo o UlinuiUIUiUlUIUIUlUiUlUiUlUlUlUlUtUIUlUlUlUtU l | n

oooooooooo o oloi o ooo o o\o/ o ooo o uiuiuiuiuiuiuiuiuiuiuicnu*iutu i utkry u uiwu i UIIJIVI I u i u i t n U i uiftftV/ i u i u i i n u*X/v u ooo o pyc > oooo o fcyo oo o otol c u i u i u i u i u i u i u i u i u i inAnlt n u i » n u i u t u » u * u i i n u t u i u t u i u i U l U l U t U l U l U t U l U l u i u-luilu i U l U l U t U l U l U l U l U l U l U t U t U t U l

o\o*o\Q\a\a\tj\0\

cn\o * 0*0*0*0*0*010*0*0*0*01010*0*0 1 U t U l U l U l U l U l U l Uipt/u i U l U l U l U l U l U l U l U l U l U l U l U l U l U l U l ooooo o 'OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O uiuiuiuiuiuicnuiinuiuiutuiuiuiuiuiuiuiuiuiuiuiuiu t

(OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O UlAUMnOUJOl'slOlUIAuNHOUJCD-^'nUlAuNi- ' a s TO o S E S * D O r* B ~Dt c i n 8

ifi

-" ) * »

t l , i c §

i "* o M * M 

# k 1 s ^
"* > 

## c ?

* 

## + 3 - "f t £ r - $ 

## i r 

### I

U JP.8 1

Beaufor t Scal e o f Win d Forc e (Compile d byU.S . Weathe r Bureau , 1955 ) Beau for t numbe r 

### 0 1 2 3 4 5
6
7 8 9 

### 1 0
1 1 1 2 o r mor e M i 1 e s

pe r hou r Les s tha n 1 

### 1-3 4- 7 8-1 2 13-1 8 19-2 4

25-3 1

32-3 8 39-4 6 47-5 4 55-6 3

64-7 2 7 3 o r mor e Knot s

Les s tha n 1 

### 1-3 4- 6 7-1 0 11-1 6 17-2 1

22-2 7

28-3 3 34-4 0 41-4 7 48-5 5

56-6 3 5 4 o r mor e Win d effect s observe d o n lan d

Calm ; smok e rise s verticall y Directio n o f win d show n bysmok e drift ; bu t no t bywin d vane s Win d fel t o n face ; leave s rustle ; ordinar yvan e move d b ywin d Leave s an d smal l twig s i n constan t motion ; win d extend s ligh t fla g Raise s dust , loos e paper ; smal l branche s ar e move d Smal l leave s i n tree s begi n t o sway ; creste d wavelet s for mo n inland ' water s Larg e branche s i n motion ; whistlin g hear d i n telegrap hwires ; umbrella s use d wit hdifficult y Whol e tree s i n motion ; inconvenienc e fel t walkin g agains t win d Break s twig s of f trees ; generall y impede s progres s Sligh t structura l damag e occurs ; (chimne ypots , slate s removed ) Seldo mexperience d inland ; tree s uprooted ; considerabl e structura l damag e occur s Ver yrarel yexperienced ; accompanie d bywidesprea d damag e ^lery rarel yexperienced ; accompanie d b ywidesprea d damag e Term s use d i n USW B forecast s

Ligh t

Gentl e Moderat e Fres h

Stron g

Gal e

Whol e Gal e

Hurrican e

Figur e 23 . Beaufor t Scal e o f Win d Force .



### 6 5P.8 2

1 . N o readin g ma yb e i nerro r b ymor e tha n1 5 percen t opacity . 2 . The averag e erro r mus t no t excee d 7. 5 percen t fo r eithe r se t o f 2 5 whit e o r 2 5 blac k smok e readings . Failur e t o mee t eithe r o f thes e criteri a i s considere d t o b e a nunacceptable ' demonstratio no f readin g accuracy , and th e observe r ha s faile d tha t particula r run o f 5 0 readings . Th e run s ca n b e repeate d a s man ytime s a s neede d t o mee t th e criteri a fo r certification . Aminimu mo f 1 0 run s shoul d b e mad e availabl e durin g a give ncertificatio nsession . Generally , student s pas s certificatio ni nthre e o r les s run s and mor e tha n9 5 percen t pas s withi nth e 1 0 runs . Th e step s belo ware t o b e followe d i nth e testin g session : 1 . Se t u

p th e generator , allo wwarmu p period , and perfor mth e zer o and spa nchecks . 2 . Distribut e th e certificatio nforms , and hav e th e trainee s fil l ou t th e to p (Figur e 22) . 3 . Ope nth e whit e smok e valve . 4 . Generat e th e firs t standar d opacit ysmok e plume . 5 . Tur nof f al l valves . Wai t unti l emission s ar e no t visibl e and th e transmissomete r trac e i s flat . 6 . Repea t zer o and spa nchecks . 7 . Announc e th e star t o f th e test , giv e th e runnumbe r and time . 8 . Star t th e stri p char t recorder . 9 . Ope nth e fue l valv e an d allo wth e smok e t o stabiliz e withi n1. 5 percen t opacit yo f a 5 percen t scal e lin e (Figur e 13) . 10 . Whe nth e smok e ha s stabilized , say"Numbe r one " and begi nth e trac e o nth e stri p chart . 11 . Afte r 1 t o 2 seconds , sa y"Mark " i f thi s readin g staye d withi nth e 1. 5 percen t opacit ylimits . Sto p th e recorde r and numbe r th e reading . Restar t th e stri p recorder . I f unacceptable , say "Scratch " and repea t th e recorder . Student s d o no t mar k thei r paper s unles s "Mark " i s announced . Mar k th e unacceptabl e readin g "Void " o n th e char t and initial .


### 66P.8 3

12 . Repea t step s 8 throug h1 0 fo r th e remainin g 2 4 whit e smok e readings . Th e opacit yo f thes e reading s mus t b e selecte d i na rando morder . 13 . Shu t of f th e whit e smok e valve . 14 . Chec k th e zer o and spa ntransmissomete r drift . I f th e value s ar e withi n1 percen t o f 0 and 100 , g o o nt o ste p 15 . Otherwise , wai t 1 5 second s and repea t th e check . 15 . Ope nth e blac k smok e valv e and procee d wit hstep s 4 throug h1 1 for.reading s 2 6 t o 50 . Th e opacitie s mus t agai nb e selecte d a t random . 16 . Collec t th e origina l o r to p shee t o f th e two-par t form . Afte r al l traine e form s hav e bee ncollected , giv e th e correc t readings . Thi s allow s th e trainee s t o chec k thei r ownreadin g s o the yca n adjus t and calibrat e thei r reading s a s necessary . I ngeneral , peopl e frequentl ytend t o rea d eithe r slightl yhighe r o r slightl ylowe r tha nth e actua l value . I f tha t i s happening , th e observe r ca n mak e th e menta l adjustmen t and a t tha t poin t ca nprocee d refinin g and rein

forcin g hi s skill . I t i s suggeste d tha t th e trainee s continu e thei r reading s fo r al l run s eve nthoug hthe yma yhav e certifie d inth e firs t fe wruns . Thi s additiona l practic e serve s t o refin e th e newl ydevelope d skills . Thi s i s no t a s importan t durin g recertificatio n tests , however , especiall yi f th e perso n i s routinel yengage d i nmakin g officia l opacit yreadings . 5.2. 4 Ensurin g a Vali d Certificatio nRun Th e instructo r mus t mak e sur e tha t th e trainee s rea d th e plum e opacit y a t th e sam e tim e th e transmissomete r record s th e opacity . Manyschool s rel y o naudibl e signal s fo r informin g th e trainee s whe nt o rea d th e plume . A majo r proble m

wit hthi s i s tha t som e trainee s tend no t t o rea d instantaneously , a s suggested , bu t rathe r giv e th e plum e a lingerin g stare . Thi s i s a commo n reaso nfo r failur e t o certify , sinc e th e transmissomete r readin g ma yhav e alread ystarte d movin g to - th e nex t opacit yreading . Reading s mus t b e mad e withi na secon d o f notificatio nt o mark . Thi s potentia l proble mca nb e correcte d easil yb yusin g a publi c addres s syste mt o cu e th e reader s and b ymodifyin g th e char t recorde r s o tha t th e pe ngive s a ninstantaneou s rathe r tha na continuou s trace . Arubbe r ban d shoul d b e wrappe d aroun d th e tracin g ba r and anchore d t o a heavypape r clam p 

### 6 7P.8 4

o nto p o f th e console . Whe nth e generato r ha s sufficientl ystabilize d fo r th e firs t reading , th e operato r shoul d plac e a finge r o nth e trac e bar . Whil e pressin g downo nth e trac e ba r t o allo wth e pe nt o contac t th e paper , h e shoul d simultaneousl yannounc e "Numbe r one. " Th e pe nshoul d trac e fo r 2 t o 3 seconds . Th e operato r shoul d the nreleas e th e ba r simultaneousl yand announc e "Mark. " Th e trainee s shoul d b e instructed.t o rea d betwee nth e tw o announcement s o f "Numbe r one " an d "Mark. " Thi s result s i nanexac t trac e o f th e transmissomete r readin g durin g th e precis e perio d th e student s ar e t o read . Shoul d th e smok e destabiliz e and caus e th e opacit yt o jump greate r tha n+ 2 percent , th e in

structo r shoul d voi d tha t numbe r b yannouncin g "Scratch " and indicat e i t on th e char t record . Th e generato r operato r shoul d circl e an d numbe r eac hacceptabl e trac e fo r ful l an d accurat e identification . H e shoul d indicat e wit ha nXanyun acceptabl e trace , writ e VOI D adjacen t t o it , and initia l i t t o avoi d any confusio no nth e validit yo f readings . Th e trace s o nth e stri p char t recorde r discusse d abov e ar e illustrate d i nFigur e 13 . Th e operato r shoul d clearl y mar k th e stri p char t a t th e beginnin g an d en d o f eac hru nand identif yeac h runwit hth e date , time , runnumber , an d colo r o f smoke . Thi s i s easil y accomplishe d b

yus e o f a rubbe r stam p simila r t o th e on e illustrate d i n Figur e 24 . Th e operato r shoul d not e and initia l anyeven t tha t coul d impac t th e validit yo f a runo nth e stri p chart . I naddition , anylengthyo r de
taile d explanatio nshoul d b e note d i nth e bound logbook . METHO D 9 CERTIFICA ' DAT E RU N# TYP E CHAR T SPEE D + STO P TIM E OPERATO R •IO N 

### RU N

Figur e 24 . Certificatio nrunidentificatio nstamp . 

### 6 8P.8 5



### 5. 3 GRADIN GAN D DOCUMENTATIO NPROCEDURE S I f a tes t for msimila r t o th e on e showni nFigur e 2 4 ha s bee nused , accurat e gradin g i s relativel ysimpl e wit hth e ai do f a gradin g key . Th e moderato r ca nproduc e thi s ke yb ymarkin g th e correc t valu e fo r eac hreadin g wit ha chin a markin g penci l o nanacetat e cop yo f th e form . .The moderato r shoul dthe nplac e th e acetat e ke yove r eac hfor m t o b e grade dandidentif yth e differenc e betwee nth e correc t answer s andth e trainee' s answers . Wit h practice , a nerro r exceedin g 1 5 percen t (thre e o r mor e 5 percen t increments ) i s quickl yspotted . Th e moderato r shoul dcoun t th e numbe r o f increment s o f 5 percen t erro r fo r bot hset s o f 2 5 reading s andcompar e th e averag e deviatio n(D ) fo r eac h runo f 2 5 reading s usin g th e followin g equation :

* (Su mo f Positiv e Deviations ) - (Su mo f Negativ e Deviations ) u

### " 2 5 A nalternat e syste mi s t o tota l th e numbe r o f increment s o f 5 percen t erro r (bot hpositiv e andnegative)-an drea dth e averag e deviatio nfro mth e char t presente di nTabl e 4 . I f a char t i s unavailable , th e tota l numbe r o f percen t increment s o n2 5 reading s ca nb e multiplie db y0.2 0 t o ge t th e averag e devia

tion . Thes e tw o method s ar e illustrate dinFigur e 25 . Severa l differen t gradin g method s ar e used . Som e trainin g supervisor s prefe r tha t al l gradin g b e don e b yth e cours e moderator s withou t traine e participation . Involvin g th e trainees , however , enhance s learning . Th e moderato r collect s th e origina l shee t o f th e tes t forma t th e endo f eac h run . Th e traine e retain s th e secon dcopyfo r initia l grading . Afte r al l origina l copie s fo r a runhav e bee ncollected , th e transmissomete r opacit y value s ar e announced . Th e trainee s grad e thei r copyo f th e run . Th e generato r operato r ca nprepar e a maste r copyo f th e opacit yreading s a s th e value s ar e announce dt o b e use da s th e acetat e gradin g keyfo r th e officia l grading . Afte r th e reading s hav e bee nannounced , th e trainee s ar e give na fe w minute s t o chec k thei r pape r andt o recogniz e an yneede dadjustment s inthei r readin g skills . Th e trainin g staff , however , mus t mak e th e officia l deter
minatio no f certification . Insession s involvin g a larg e numbe r o f students , anothe r runma yb e starte dwhil e on e staf f membe r continue s grading . Th e grade dform s mus t b e 6 9U J > * U J

— I C Q 07 - c n ta o j

_T - c u +-> > U J > 0 7 " O

1— < : 3 C O z : O

• — i h- < »— i := » UJ O 4
- o + J c 0 7 F 0 7 u o c » — 1 s . o $

- J0 )

* 5 07 * CT I C ta o J - T " 07 4- * > ( 0 •r - > 0 7 X )

c i07 O t - $ - 0 7 U c O o

C J^i o o

«x > o o o o

C D C J O O C D

< t I O CO OOOOOOOO O

O"M'tlDC0O(M'*« ' o C O o o o C J o O O O

<C > C O O minintnvoiovoiOU D cococooococnoio-oicr i

i o N C

O "Tl C J C J C J C J o »- * C J r o r o r o r o r o < *

r o i n c o u o r o r^ r o 0 0 C O c n r o O ^1
- C J r o ** - i n\o t^ **• T < * c o cr

» o UT )

o C J o ooo o

u> c o o C J o o o o I O C O C D OOOOOOO O

N'tlOCOON'd-' O o c o ooo o O N^ f

W o o

C O C D O O O C D cjcJCJCJCjrororororo^i->«i-'«*-^i-«^-L O

C J r o t o <x > c o c no c j r o •=• - u i i o c o c n O r- l C M C J C Jr o >d

- i n C J C J C J C

M i o

I O X 7 0 7 c 3 O o

0 7 > • I — + J ta C7 > 0 7 c u o 0 7 > V7 o Q . J 0 7

- C H-> 0 7

•r — O <a Q . O -t- > C 0 7 O J 0 7 earn <+ - + J o c 0 7 S- E O 07 J - ii- o c uc •f — « J 0 7 (T i C U l O ta oP.8 7

> • • '

< ' y.-. • • "

- V

;- T -T»""WI " ,f. .,"•'•"« "

. Readin g 1 1

' 2 3 4 5 6 . 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 Deviation ,

+ . 5 0 -1 0 0

- 5 -1 0 0 0 0 -1 5 0 + 5 % Incremen t 1 0 2 0 1 2 0 0 0 3 0 1 Metho d 1 :

s _ ( Z po s read ) - ( E ne qread ) u2 5 3 0 + 7 5 D = JU 2 5 / 5 = 4.2 %

TOTA L 

### 105 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 _1 _ 2 1 Metho d 2 :

D = Numbe r o f 5 % increment s x0. 2 D = 2 1 x0. 2 = 4.2% '

Figur e 25 . Tw o method s fo r determinin g averag e deviatio n fo r 2 5 readings .



### 7 1P.8 8 _

crosschecke d fo r accurac ybefor e a traine e i s officiall ynotifie d o f certifi

cation . Acop yi s sen t t o th e individua l alon g wit ha lette r o f certificatio n and preferabl ya walle t car d statin g th e perio d o f certification . Detail s o f thi s techniqu e ar e liste d i nth e followin g step-by-ste p procedures . 1 . Complet e anofficia l runo f 2 5 whit e and 2 5 blac k readings . 2 . Collec t th e origina l (top white ) cop yo f eac htrainee' s certi

ficatio n for m(Figur e 22) . Plac e themi nth e fiel d fil e and retai ni n th e possessio no f a trainin g staf f member . 3 . Take a blan k certificatio nform , remov e th e carbo ncopy , and plac e th e tes t formo na clipboard . 4 . Writ e "Master " i nth e spac e fo r th e observer' s name . Fil l inth e runnumber , date , location , an d tim e o f th e tes t run . 5 . Correctl yrecor d th e value s o nth e forma s the yar e rea d fro mth e ' stri p chart . B e sur e t o ensur e accuracy . Mak e fiv e rando m recheck s wit hth e char t record . Allo wth e trainee s t o grad e thei r (carbon ) cop ya s thi s i s done . 6 . Plac e a gradin g acetat e ove r th e master , watchin g alignmen t carefully . 7 . Usin g a markin g penci l mak e a diagona l slas hfro muppe r lef t t o lowe r righ t (\ ) ove r eac hmarke d numbe r o nth e gradin g master . Fil e th e acetat e wit hth e originals . 8 . Tur nth e gradin g maste r ove r an d recor d th e name s o f th e trainee s wh o think the yhav e qualified . Their s ar e th e firs t paper s t o b e graded . 9 . Remov e thos e paper s fro mth e file . Selec t on e and alig nth e acetat e ove r it . 10 . Coun t fro mth e mar k o nth e acetat e t o th e mar k o nth e trainee' s paper . Eac h5 percen t i s counte d a s one . Fo r example :

(3 ) (2 ) (1 ) 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 Erro r = 3 Valu e Correc t valu e 11 . Ad d al l o f th e error s fo r th e 2 5 whit e smok e reading s and recor d th e su mo n th e lin e marke d "Deviation. " 12 . I f n o singl e erro r i s mor e tha n3 and th e tota l numbe r i s 3 7 o r less , repea t step s 9 and 1 0 fo r th e 2 5 blac k smok e readings . 

### 7 213 . I f n o singl e erro r amon g th e blac k smok e reading s is

- mor e tha n3 an d i f th e tota l numbe r i s 3 7 o r less , stam p th e pape r "Quali

fied " (Figur e 26) . 14 . Sig nth e lin e labele d "Grade d by, " and hav e th e superviso r verif y th e grade . 15 . Ente r th e trainee' s name , address , an d qualifyin g runnumbe r i n th e V E progra m

roste r i na boun d logboo k (Figur e 27) . 16 . Comput e th e averag e deviatio nfo r eac hcolo r o f smok e and recor d thi s valu e o nth e tes t for munde r "Deviation " i nth e roster . 17 . Infor mth e trainee s wh o hav e qualified . 18 . Sen d a certificatio nlette r and walle t car d t o eac htraine e wh o qua!ified . 

# QUALIFIE D

Grade dfayl Verifie dby _ Figur e 26 . Certificatio nstamp . 5.3. 1 Maintenanc e o f Record s Th e to p shee t o f th e tes t for m collecte d fro meac htraine e a t th e end o f eac hruni s par t o f th e documentatio no f a nindividual' s certificatio na s a qualifie d observer . Atrainin g staf f membe r mus t collec t thes e befor e announcin g th e correc t values , an d thes e form s mus t remai ni nstaf f custod y thereafter . Thi s contro l procedur e prevent s cheatin g o r manipulation . Aboun d logboo k shoul d b e maintaine d fo r recordin g al l event s tha t migh t affec t th e performanc e o f th e smok e generator . Thi s logboo k shoul d includ e record s o f repairs , maintenanc e work , spectra l respons e checks , calibratio n• checks , respons e tim e checks , etc . Inanothe r logbook , record s shoul d b e kep t o f th e numbe r o f attendee s receivin g training ; th e numbe r o f trainee s certifying ; and thei r name , address , score s and averag e deviation , date s o f training , etc . Th e origina l o f eac hindividual' s certifyin g run , th e 7 3 -P.9 0

Date : Generato r # : Location : Comments :

Nam e an d Addres sFeepaidTrainingRecertifyingQRNumberDateDev.WhiteDev.BlackBiasWhiteBiasBlackCertification

Grader : Signature _ Instructor : Signature _ Initial _ Dat e Dat e

Figur e 27 . Sampl e V E programroster .



### 7 4P.9 1

checklist , th e recorde r stri p charts , th e V E progra m roster , and.an yothe r pertinen t informatio nshoul d b e maintaine d i nth e agency' s officia l file . Thi s informatio nma yb e neede d fo r presentatio na t lega l proceeding s a s evidenc e tha t th e inspecto r o r perso ni nquestio nha s bee ncertifie d a s a qualifie d V E evaluato r b ya recognize d smok e trainin g and certificatio ngroup . Thes e file s shoul d b e arrange d b ytrainin g sessio nand maintaine d fo r a t leas t 5 year s t o b e availabl e fo r us e i nanyfutur e lega l proceeding s tha t ma yoccur . 5.3. 2 Certificatio nLetter s Withi n2 week s o f th e trainin g session , eac htraine e wh o successfull y meet s th e Metho d 9 criteri a shoul d b e maile d a lette r o f certificatio no r verificatio nan d a cop yo f thei r qualificatio n form . A nexampl e lette r i s show ni nFigur e 28 . Som e agencie s provid e wal l certificate s and/o r walle t card s t o eac h successfu l participant . A t leas t on e o f thes e shoul d b e provide d and i t shoul d contai nth e followin g information : 1 . Participant' s nam e 2 . Stat e wher e accomplishmen t too k plac e 3 . Dat e o f certificatio n 4 . Dat e o f expiratio no r statemen t tha t certificatio nexpire s 6 month s fro mdat e o f certificatio n 5 . Locatio no f cours e 6 . Signatur e o f cours e moderato r o r othe r selecte d officia l Certificate s shoul d b e numbere d i nsequenc e an d a recor d maintaine d i norde r t o accoun t fo r eac hcertificate .



### 75P.9 2



### ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONAGENC Y RESEARC H TRIANGL E PARK , NORT H CAROLIN A2771 1 Augus t 12 , 1 9 8 1

Mr . John Do e U.S . EP A Researc hTriangl e Park , Nort hCarolin a 2771 1 Dea r Mr . Doe : Pleas e b e advise d tha t yo u successfull ycomplete d ou r recen t Visibl e Emission s Evaluatio n course . Havin g attende d th e lecture s (March8 , 1982 ) and participate d i n th e smok e evalua
tio n sessions , yo u me t th e followin g certificatio n criteria : 1 . Th e averag e deviatio n fo r th e set s o f 2 5 blac k and 2 5 whit e smok e emission s wa s les s tha n 7.5% . 2 . Th e deviatio n o f eac hreadin g wa s 15 % o r less . Thi s certificatio n i s vali d unti l Septembe r 7 , 1 9 82 . Sincerel yyours , John L . Forres t Physica l Scienc e Technicia n Stat e Ai r Quality'Trainin g Divisio n . -

Figur e 28 . Certificatio n letter
.

7 6P.9 3

SECTIO N6 QUALIT YASSURANC E - TECHNIQUE S AND PROCEDURE S Severa l recen t cour t decision s hav e favore d industria l effort s t o resist , question , an d discredi t th e applicatio no f opacit yreading s i nenforcement / complianc e documentation . Problem s ca nb e mos t readil yavoide d throug ha structure d and consistentl yapplie d QAprogra mtha t include s th e element s stresse d throughou t th e previou s sections . Althoug hthi s sectio nwil l describ e i nconcis e detai l a recommende d program , i t i s no t intende d t o re presen t th e ultimat e o r idea l program . Eac hschoo l shoul d revie wit s opera tion s an d needs , an d the ndesig nanintegrate d QAprogra maccordingly . AQAprogram , i nconcep t and implementation , i s a managemen t too l o r operationa l mechanis m fo r assurin g credibl e trainin g and certification . T o ensur e success , thi s progra mmus t receiv e th e commitment , support , and follow
up o f management . Thi s additiona l effor t wil l hel p t o readil yidentif ysmok e schoo l weaknesse s and shortcoming s tha t mus t b e resolved . I f properl y implemented , thi s progra mwil l provid e th e extr a elemen t o f documentatio nand credibilit ytha t wil l withstan d th e investigatio nand scrutin yo f specia l interes t challenges . 6. 1 QUALIT YASSURANC E AUDIT S Th e Q Aprogra m

consist s o f tw o distinc t progra m operation s tha t ar e com plementar yan d mutuall ysupportive . On e progra mi s operate d integrall ywit h th e presentatio no f th e smok e schoo l an d focuse s o nth e operatio no f th e smok e generator . Thi s progra mprovide s th e extr a effor t neede d t o assur e routinel yaccurat e and reliabl e trainin g and certification . Suc haneffor t include s th e plannin g o f th e program ; preparation , calibration , and operatio n o f th e generator ; recordkeepin g and documentation ; and traine e control . Thi s progra mha s bee nsuggeste d and emphasize d throughou t th e previou s sections . 

### 7 7P.9 4 iipj.lip i •I I P f!

Anothe r importan t elemen t o f QAi s auditing . AV E progra maudi t i s an externa l revie wo f tke progra mbyus e o f structure d evaluatio nforms . Th e audi t i s usuall yconducte d b ysupervisor ypersonne l t o assur e objectivity . Audit s ar e designe d t o identif yprogra mweaknesse s and deficiencie s tha t mus t b e addresse d and correcte d i norde r t o maintai na neffectiv e and high-qualit y opacit ytrainin g and certificatio nprogram . Aperformanc e audi t i s a structure d and routin e revie wo f th e variou s step s i nth e trainin g and certificatio nprocess . I t generall yconsist s o f a numbe r o f specifie d check s t o ensur e tha t prope r an d accurat e procedura l ac tivitie s hav e bee ncompleted . Th e performanc e audi t i s conducte d b yth e trainin g superviso r and/o r designate d staff , an d i s mos t applicabl e t o fairl y specifi c an d routin e procedures . Appendi xB include s exampl e format s fo r in

spectio nand operatio no f th e smok e generator/transmissomete r uni t and th e handlin g o f certificatio ntes t records . Althoug hno t addresse d i nthi s manual , additiona l performanc e audi t format s coul d b e develope d fo r othe r specifi c procedure s importan t t o overal l progra mqualit yassurance . Inthi s process , th e staf f woul d systematicall yrevie wth e conten t and operatio no f th e progra m a s outline d i nthi s manual . Inan yaudi t situation , checklist s shoul d b e de
vise d fo r eac hspecifi c activity . Record s pertinen t t o th e audi t mus t b e complete d and maintaine d a s par t o f th e agency' s officia l documentatio nfile . Th e generato r operatin g log , smok e schoo l file , and othe r record s ar e als o component s o f th e documentatio n an d recordkeepin g process . Th e importanc e o f th e performanc e audi t a s an integra l par t o f th e trainin g activit ycanno t b e overemphasize d becaus e i t i s vita l t o trainin g and certificatio n efforts . Thi s audi t provide s assuranc e tha t th e requirement s o f Metho d 9 hav e bee nfulfille d and tha t a soun d and high-qualit yprogra mha s bee nprovided . Complementar yt o th e performanc e audi t i s th e syste maudit . Th e syste m audi t i s conducte d periodically , perhap s o nanannua l basis , throug ha non sit e comprehensiv e revie wo f th e tota l smok e schoo l program . Thi s audi t shoul d b e conducte d t o asses s al l aspect s o f th e trainin g activit yand shoul d readil y identif yproblem s and Weaknesse s tha t shoul d an d ca nb e corrected . Th e syste m audi t preferabl yshoul d b e conducte d b yuppe r managemen t suc ha s th e enforce
men t progra mmanage r and/o r EPARegiona l Offic e personnel . Participatio nb y th e enforcemen t progra mmanage r i s preferabl e becaus e opacit ycertificatio n 7 8P.9 5

directl yimpact s and support s th e day-to-da yenforcement/complianc e operation . Thi s i s particularl yimportan t sinc e mor e tha n9 0 percen t o f particulat e emission s complianc e i s determine d an d documente d b yopacit yreadings . Participatio nb

yenforcemen t managemen t als o provide s a neede d elemen t o f managemen t involvemen t and concern . Th e smok e schoo l i s typicall ya servic e provide d b

yth e Technica l Suppor t Division . I t als o demonstrate s interes t b y th e Enforcemen t Divisio ni nrequirin g th e mos t credibl e operatio npossible . Asyste m

audi t shoul d hav e a positiv e impact . Managemen t attention , con cern , an d opacit ytrainin g and certificatio nshoul d increas e wit hincrease d cour t challenge s an d litigation . Th e syste m audi t provide s a mechanis m fo r managemen t t o gai nneede d progra mfamiliarization . I t ca nals o b e use d a s a plannin g documen t t o assis t agencie s inobtainin g th e suppor t t o updat e trainin g material s and equipment . Th e syste maudi t i s a revie wo f th e entir e trainin g progra mand ca nb e use d t o assis t i na systemati c check . Anitemize d audi t for msimila r t o th e on e include d i nAppendi xB shoul d b e followed . Th e checklis t approac hassure s tha t al l aspect s o f th e progra mar a evaluated . I t als o lend s itsel f t o th e expedien t preparatio no f a naudi t report . Th e formca nb e attache d t o a brie f narrativ e tha t summarize s th e findings , conclusions , an d recommendations . I t als o provide s th e mechanis mfo r followu p o nth e importan t recommendation s t o assur e tha t prope r correctiv e measure s hav e bee ntaken . 6. 2 QUALIT YASSURANC E FO RCLASSROO MTRAININ G Qualit yassuranc e activitie s fo r th e classroo mportio no f a trainin g and certificatio nprogra mensur e tha t adequat e facilitie s ar e availabl e and tha t th e lecture s adequatel ycove r importan t subjec t matter . Aportio no f th e exampl e syste m

audi t checklis t include d i nAppendi xB addresse s basi c require

ment s o f classroo m

training . I nadditio nt o th e syste m audit , th e classroo m examinatio nca nb e use d t o evaluat e lectur e conten t and delivery . Evaluatio n question s ca nals o b e use d t o asses s th e adequac yo f th e classroo mfacilitie s (se e exampl e qui z i nAppendi xA) .



### 7 9P.9 6

6. 3 QUALIT YASSURANC E FORCERTIFICATIO NPROCEDURE S Becaus e fiel d certificatio nactivitie s ar e tim e consumin g and expensive , thi s par t o f th e trainin g proces s mus t b e complete d accuratel yand expedi

tiously . Fiel d activitie s mus t als o b e wel l documented . Recordkeepin g function s fo r certificatio nar e amenabl e t o a performanc e audi t and ar e addresse d i nAppendi xB , wherea s th e genera l Q Arevie wo f th e fiel d certifi

catio nprogra mca nb e effecte d throug ha syste maudit . Othe r factor s tha t ar e importan t t o th e fiel d certificatio nprogra mca n b e addresse d a s par t o f thi s syste maudit . Thes e includ e th e selectio no f a n appropriat e site , instruction s t o participants , operatio no f th e generator , certificatio n o f generato r outputs , an d gradin g an d documentatio no f reade r results . Eac ho f thes e component s i s addresse d i nth e syste maudi t checklis t include d i nAppendi xB . Th e syste maudi t checklis t als o present s additiona l factor s t o b e con sidere d i nplannin g and performin g th e overal l certificatio ntesting . Over emphasi s o f on e are a o f certification , suc ha s th e fiel d test , mayresul t i n understaffin g o f classroo m o r Q Aefforts . Inaddressin g th e criteri a necessar y t o produc e certifie d readers , th e syste maudi t checklis t provide s a metho d o f assurin g tha t al l component s ar e adequatel yevaluated . 6. 4 TRACKIN GPROGRA MQUALIT Y Aprincipa l objectiv e o f a QAprogra mfo r V E trainin g i s to.ensur e tha t observer s mee t establishe d performanc e standards . I naddition , Referenc e Metho d 9 o r othe r mor e stringen t standard s prescrib e certai nminimu mlevel s o f equipmen t qualit yand performance ; therefor e i t i s imperativ e tha t a mechanis mexis t t o ensur e complianc e wit hthes e standards . Thus , a Q Aprogra m mus t b e abl e t o trac k bot hqualitativel yand quantitativel yth e overal l pro gra m performanc e a s wel l a s th e performanc e o f individua l progra melements . 6.4. 1 Analysi s o f Opacit yErro r Som e factor s relate d t o progra mperformanc e ar e easil yquantifie d becaus e the yca nb e directl ymeasured , e.g. , transmissomete r accurac yand a nobserver' s mea ndeviation . Othe r factor s rel yupo nsomewha t mor e subjectiv e mean s fo r quantification , suc ha s th e us e o f examination s t o determin e th e effectivenes s 

### 8 0P.9 7

o f classroo mtraining . Ineithe r case , th e technique s use d t o mak e suc hquan tificatio nmus t maintai nconsistenc ysinc e th e performanc e trackin g provide d b ya QAprogra mrelie s upo ncomparabl e standards . T o a grea t extent , overal l progra mperformanc e ca nb e judge d b yth e opacit yreadin g abilitie s o f th e trainees . Sinc e th e readin g abilit yi s reall yth e combine d resul t o f th e observer' s ability , hi s classroo mtrain

ing , and th e accurac yo f th e smok e generatio nequipment , however , potentia l an d measure d error s associate d wit heac hfacto r mus t b e estimated . Appendi x C detail s th e procedur e fo r calculatin g th e overal l bia s and variabilit ydu e t o equipmen t and operationa l procedures . Th e genera l procedur e require s th e summatio no f variance s o r error s associate d wit heac hste p i ndeterminin g an opacit yvalu e and comparin g tha t valu e and it s associate d erro r wit hth e valu e observe d b

yth e attendees . Accordingly , erro r value s mus t b e determine d for: . 1 . Standar d opacit y(calibration ) filter s 2 . Transmissomete r calibratio n 3 . Reportin g o f opacit yvalu e (rounding-off ) Th e reporte d opacit yvalue , whic hincorporate s thes e errors , i s the n compare d wit hth e opacit yvalue s reporte d b yth e attendees . Th e bia s and varianc e associate d wit hdifference s i nthes e tw o value s describ e th e combine d erro r o f th e attendee . Th e erro r analysi s outline d inAppendi xC establishe s th e basi s fo r determinin g th e adequac yo f a nimportan t elemen t ina V E trainin g school , i.e.. . t o wha t accurac yca ncertifie d trainee s rea d opacity . Secondarily , bu t o f equa l importance , th e analysi s provide s a metho d fo r evaluatin g equipmen t statu s an d th e effectivenes s o f othe r element s o f th e overal l program . 6.4. 2 Evaluatin g Quality-Relate d Dat a Accurat e recordin g and analysi s o f progra minformatio nar e fundamenta l t o a goo d Q Aprogram . I nparticular , th e abilit yt o compar e curren t dat a wit hdat a fro mhistorica l o r contemporar yprogram s i s usefu l inassessin g th e achievemen t and maintenanc e o f progra mquality . Clos e trackin g o f quality-relate d statistic s ca nidentif yproblem s inclassroo mtrainin g and fiel d certificatio nand possibl ypreven t th e unnecessar yfailur e o f smok e schoo l participants* . 

### 8 1P.9 8

Severa l statistic s importan t t o evaluatin g th e trainin g program' s per formanc e hav e alreadybee ndiscussed. Thes e includ e assessmen t o f operationa l error , whic hi s a naccumulatio no f severa l error s cause d b ycalibratio n filters , transmissomete r calibration , and opacit yvalu e reporting . Th e erro r o f th e individua l reade r i s th e mai ncriterio nfo r certification . Fo r anoveral l trainin g program , however , statistic s representin g grou p performanc e ar e o f greate r value . I n particular , averag e observe r bia s and varianc e provid e insigh t int o overal l participan t performanc e and ca nidentif ytrainin g and equipmen t biases . Althoug hth e percentag e o f trainee s certifie d i s indica

tiv e o f opacit yreadin g ability , i t i s als o a reflectio no f th e effectivenes s o f classroo mtraining . Figur e 2 9 list s ke ystatistic s tha t ca nbe usefu l i n evaluatin g trainin g schoo l performances . Thes e statistic s ar e o f particula r us e fo r makin g comparison s wit h previou s dat a o r simila r dat a fro mothe r V E trainin g facilities . I nthi s way , trend s and significan t deviation s fro ma trend ca nb e quickl y observed . Ausefu l too l fo r displayin g qualit ycontro l trend s i s th e contro l chart . Value s o f significan t parameter s ar e plotte d fo r succeedin g period s o f tim e o r events , thu s developin g a trend line . Typically , line s indicatin g uppe r and lowe r acceptabl e value s ar e als o charte d t o clearl y identif yadvers e trends . Th e majo r advantag e o f th e contro l chart , o r simila r trackin g systems , i s tha t it.clearl yillustrate s change s i nfactor s indicativ e o f progra mquality . I t ca ntherefor e serv e a s a warnin g t o supervisor s tha t procedure s and equipmen t ma ynee d revie wo r ma ysignif yt o managemen t tha t a syste maudi t i s needed . Atypica l contro l char t i s show n i n Figur e 30 . Abasi c QAprogra mwoul d includ e th e trackin g o f th e statistic s calculate d i nAppendi xC and thos e o f Figur e 29 . Figur e 3 1 list s som e o f thes e statistic s i na checklis t for msuitabl e fo r auditin g purposes . A s ma yb e noted, qualit ycontro l criteri a specifie d b yMetho d 9 ar e include d i nth e figure s fo r eas e o f reference . Othe r criteri a value s i nth e figur e represen t thos e level s tha t reflec t th e experienc e o f VE trainin g school s wit hgoo d Q Aprograms .



### 8 2P.9 9

Date : Location : Instructors : Numbe r o f participant s Averag e o f participants ' mea n deviation s Varianc e o f participants ' deviation s Averag e o f participants ' varianc e o r standar d deviatio n Averag e o f maximu mpositiv e and nega tiv e biase s Percentag e o f participant s tha t certifie d Percentag e o f participant s tha t re certifie d Percentag e o f participant s failin g du e t o mea ndeviatio n>7.5% , du e t o singl e deviatio n>15 % bot h Percentag e o f participant s tha t passe d th e classroo m examinatio n Averag e examinatio nscor e Averag e year s experienc e o f partici

pant s Percentag e o f participant s withi na give nemploymen t group (government , business , consultants , others )

Smok e generato r calibratio nerro r Opacit yreportin g erro r

Figur e 29 . List*o f statistic s usefu l i nevaluatin g VE trainin g schools , 

### 8 3P . 10 0

MEA NO F TRAINEE' S AVERAG E ° DEVIATION S CLAS S MEANS ,

197 8 UPPE RCONTRO L LIMI T FO RCLAS S MEAN S UPPE RCONTRO L LIMI T FO RANNUA L MEAN S

ANNUA L MEAN S LOWE RCONTRO L LIMI T FORANNUA L MEAN S

LOWE RCONTRO L LIMI T FORCLAS S MEAN S

197 9 

### 19 E

Figur e 30 . Exampl e contro l char t fo r trackin g trainin g

schoo l performance .



### 8 4P. 1



### Statistic s Calculate d

valu e Criteri a

valu e Acceptabl e

_^es_ n

o Comment s Calibratio nfilte r erro r Bias.X , SD j a l 

### Tota l erro r (X x

### +2SDJ ) Transmissomete r calibratio nerro r BiasJ , SD 2 a 

### ' Tota l erro r (X 2 

### +.2SD 2 

### ) Opacit yreportin g erro r Bias.X , 

## s o 3 a 3 

### Tota l erro r (X 3 

### +.2SD 3 

### ) Overal l SG/ T erro r Bia s X SD . o v o v Overal l erro r ( X+2S D ) v

### o v—ov ' Studen t certification 1 . 

### Percentag e o f student s tha t certif y Percentag e o f student s tha t recertif y 2 a «b



### 1% L



### 1.5 %

2.5 %

90 % 95 % (continued ) Figur e 31 . Statistic s checklis t form . 8 5P. 2

Figur e 3 1 (continue d Statistic s Percentag e o f student s tha t fai l du e to : mea ndeviatio n>7.5 % singl e deviatio n >15 % Eithe r mea n devia

tio n>7.5 % o r singl e deviatio n >15 % Calculate d valu e Criteri a

valu e



### 2 % 

### 8%
-

10 % Acceptabl e



### ye s n o Comment s

Specifie d i nReferenc e Metho d 9 . 'Calculate d pursuan t t o Referenc e Metho d 9 , i.e. , th e absolut e valu e o f actua l deviation s i s use d t o determin e mea ndeviations . "Smok e generator/trainer .



### 8 6P. 3

SECTIO N7 VISIBL E EMISSION S TRAININ GLITERATUR E Th e followin g i s a lis t o f selecte d reference s pertainin g t o visibl e emission s determination s and trainin g programs . Conner , W . D . Measuremen t o f Opacit yb yTransmissomete r and Smok e Readers , EP AMemorandu mReport , 1974 . Conner , W . D. , an d J . R . Hodkinson . Optica l Propertie s an d Visua l Effect s o f Smok e Plumes . Environmenta l Protectio nAgency . Offic e o f Ai r Programs , Ediso nElectri c Institut e and Publi c Healt hService , 1967 . Coons , J . D. , e t al . Development , Calibration , and Us e o f a Plum e Evaluatio n Trainin g Unit . JAPC A15:199-203 , Ma y1965 . Crider , W . L. , an d J . A . Tash . Statu s Report : Studyo f Visio nObscuratio n b yNonblac k Plumes . JAPC A14:151-165 , Ma y1964 . Hamil , H . F. , R . E . Thomas , and N . F . Swynnerton . Evaluatio nand Collaborativ e Studyo f Metho d fo r Visua l Determinatio no f Opacit yo f Emission s fro m Stationar ySources . EP AContract.68-02-0626 , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc hTriangl e Park , N.C , Januar y1975 . Malmberg , K . B . EP AVisibl e Emissio nInspectio nProcedures . U.S . Environ

menta l Protectio nAgency , Washington , D.C , Augus t 1975 . Osborne , M . C , an d M . R . Midgett . Surve yo f Transmissometer s Used , i n Conductin g Visibl e Emission s Trainin g Courses . Environmenta l Monitorin g an d Suppor t Laboratory , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio nAgency , Marc h1978 . Ringelmann , M . Metho d o f Estimatin g Smok e Produce d b yUndustria l Installa
tions . Rev . Technique , 268 , Jun e 1898 . U.S . Environmenta l Protectio nAgency . Offic e o f Ai r Qualit yPlannin g and Standards , Emissio nStandard s and Engineerin g Division , Evaluatio no f EP A Smok e Schoo l Results . Octobe r 9 , 1974 . Weir , A. , Jr. , D . G . Jones , an d L . T . Paypay . Measuremen t o f Particl e Siz e an d Othe r Factor s Influencin g Plum e Opacity . Pape r presente d a t th e Inter nationa l Conferenc e o nEnvironmenta l Sensin g and Assessment , Lo s Vegas , Nev. , Septembe r 14-19 , 1975 . 

### 8 7P. 4 

### 1

Wohlschlegel , P. , and D . E . Wagoner . Visua l Determinatio no f Opacit yEmis

sion s fro mStationar ySources . Guideline s fo r developmen t o f a qualit y assuranc e program , Vol . 9 . EPA-650/4-74-005-i , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Washington , D.C , Novembe r 1975 . Yocom , J. . E . Problem s i nJudgin g Plum e Opacity : ASimpl e Devic e fo r Measur ing Opacit yo f We t Plumes . JAPC A13:36 , Januar y1963 .



### 8 8P. 5

APPENDI XA SAMPL E LECTURE S FO RV E TRAININ GPROGRAM LECTUR E 1 : HISTORY , THEORY , AN D METHODS FO REVALUATIN GVISIBL E EMISSION S Thi s firs t lectur e i s designe d t o introduc e th e studen t t o th e history , principles , an d theor yo f opacity . Th e instructo r shoul d reemphasiz e th e purpos e o f th e cours e and expan d upo nand clarif yth e introductor yremark s durin g th e orientation . H e shoul d explai ntha t certificatio ni s necessar yt o assur e V E evaluation s and tha t i t wil l b e discusse d i nmor e detai l late r i n th e day . Th e lectur e shoul d cove r eac ho f th e followin g points . Histor yo f th e Metho d Th e entir e V E evaluatio nsyste mi s derive d fro ma technica l concep t develope d b

yMaximilia nRingelman ni nth e lat e 1800' s t o measur e blac k smok e emission s fro m

coal-fire d boilers . Th e Ringelman nChart , whic hwa s adopte d b yth e U.S . Burea u o f Mine s i nth e earl y1900's , ha s foun d extensiv e us e i n effort s t o asses s an d contro l smok e emission s i nthi s country . ' Sinc e th e earl y1950' s whe nth e Ringelman nconcep t wa s expande d b yth e introductio no f th e ter m"equivalen t opacity, " th e char t ha s becom e a ver yreliabl e and usefu l V E compliance/enforcemen t tool . Th e Federa l Governmen t ha s discontinue d th e us e o f Ringelman nnumber s i n Metho d 9 procedure s fo r Standard s o f Performanc e fo r Ne wSource s (NSPS). ' Th e procedure s ar e no wbase d solel yo nopacity . Manystates , however , stil l refe r t o th e Ringelman nChar t t o evaluat e blac k and gra yplume s i nthei r regulations . Th e genera l trend , however , i s t o rea d al l smok e a s percen t opacity . Certifie d evaluator s mus t therefor e b e familia r wit hbot hsystems . Opacit yTheor y A s th e us e o f th e Ringelman nChar t fo r assessin g smok e emission s increased , considerabl e curiosit ydevelope d a s t o th e theor yand scientifi c foundatio n fo r thi s effectiv e tool . Thi s curiosit ygre wwit hth e transitio nt o us e o f opacit yreading s a s th e basi s fo r evaluatin g visibl e particulat e emission s o f 8 9P. 6

bot hwhit e and blac k smoke . I npractice , th e evaluatio no f opacit yb yth e huma ney e i s a ver ycomple xphenomenon , and fo r th e mos t par t th e theor y behin d i t i s no t completel yunderstood . I t i s wel l documented , however , tha t visibl e particulat e emission s ca nb e measure d wit hgoo d accurac yand repro ducibilit yb

yproperl ytrained/certifie d observers . Previou s studyresult s indicat e tha t plum e opacit yreading s ar e influ

- • ence d b yman yfactor s suc has : particl e densit yan d particl e refractiv e index , particl e siz e distribution , plum e background , pathlength , distanc e and relativ e elevatio nt o stac k exit , tim e o f day , an d lightin g conditions . O f particula r significanc e i s particl e size . Particle s decreas e ligh t trans missio nb

ybot hscatterin g and direc t obscurations . Particle s i nth e diamete r siz e rang e o f visibl e light , 0. 4 t o 0. 7 um , hav e th e greates t light-scatterin g effect . Bylitera l definition , opacit yi s th e reductio ni nvisibilit yo f a n objec t o r backgroun d a s viewe d throug hth e diamete r o f a plume ; i nterm s o f physica l optics , opacit yi s dependen t upo ntransmittanc e (I/ T) wher e I x 

## o° i s inciden t ligh t flu xan d I , th e ligh t flu xleavin g th e plume . Percen t opacit yi s therefor e define d as : Opacit y= ( 1 - I/ . ) x10 0

o Th e relationship s betwee nligh t transmittance , plum e opacity , and Ringelman n numbe r ar e presente d i nTabl e A-l .

TABL E A-l . COMPARISO NO F LIGH T EXTINCTIO NTERM S Ligh t transmission ,

% 

### 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 

### 10 0 Plum e opacity , % 

### 10 0 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 

### 0 Ringelman n numbe r 

### 5 4 3 2 1 0

9 0P. 7

Opacit yReading Method s Ove r th e years , the procedure s an d guideline s fo r reading opacit yhav e bee n refine d an

d mor e rigidl ydefined . Th e thre e basi c technique s currentl y used in reading visibl e emission s are : 1 ) Tim e exemptio n (frequencydistribution ) 2 ) Tim e averaging (Metho d 9 ) 3 ) Stopwatc h(tim e accumulation ) Man ystate s ar e using a combinatio n o f thes e procedure s i n opacit yreading s depending o n the exac t wording o f th e applicabl e emissio n regulation . Th e differen t technique s an d provision s mus t b e thoroughl yunderstood , sinc e legall ysoun

d opacit ydocumentatio n mus t be consisten t an d i n accordanc e wit h th e applicabl e regulation . Th e thre e procedure s ar e summarize d below . Tim e Exemptio n - - Nearl yal l Stat e Implementatio n Plan contro l strategie s contai n opacit y regulation s tha t ar e base d o n the tim e exemptio n procedure . Thi s procedure , whic hhistoricall ywa s devise d t o contro l coa l combustio n sources , allow s the sourc e a stipulate d numbe r o f minute s pe r hou r t o be in violatio n o f the allowabl e emissio n level . Th e observe r typicall ymake s reading s on 15-secon d interval s an

d read s fo r severa l minute s longe r tha n the stipulate d exemptio n period . Th e individua l reading s in exces s o f the allowabl e standard ar e then counte d t o determin e th e statu s o f sourc e compliance . Time Averagin g - - Commonl yreferre d t o a s EP AMetho d 9 , thi s procedur e wa s develope d b y' EP Ain suppor t o f NSP S an d ha s been adopte d widel yb yStat e an

d loca l ai r contro l agencies . Thi s procedur e als o require s reading o n 15-secon d interval s ove r a perio d o f 6 minute s (2 4 consecutiv e readings) . Th e su mo f the reading s i s then mathematicall yaveraged , an d tha t valu e determine s sourc e complianc e status . Stopwatc hProcedur e - - Thi s procedur e ha s recentl ybeen use d b ysevera l ai r contro l agencie s to mor e effectivel yaddres s intermitten t o r highl yvariabl e emissio n levels , e.g. , cok e ove n emissions . Th e observe r use s tw o stopwatches . On e watc hi s 9 1P. 8

activate d a t th e star t o f th e observation perio d an d stoppe d a t th e end . Th e secon d watc hi s activate d i na naccumulatin g tim e mod e eac htim e th e emission s excee d th e stipulate d emissio nleve l an d stoppe d eac htim e th e emission s fal l belo wtha t level . Th e tota l accumulate d tim e i s the nrea d and recorde d fro m th e secon d stopwatc hove r th e tota l observatio ntim e o f th e firs t watch . Variable s tha t Influenc e th e Accurac yo f Opacit yMeasurement s Th e huma n ey e i s a uniqu e instrumen t fo r makin g opacit yreading s du e t o it s capabilit yt o discer nver ynarro wcolo r band s o f th e electromagneti c spectruman d thu s identif yligh t wav e frequency . Th e purpos e o f th e V E trainin g an d certificatio nprogra mi s t o refin e o r calibrat e th e huma ney e t o a scal e tha t distinguishe s opacit yi n5 percen t increments . A s previousl ymentioned , severa l factor s influenc e th e accurac yo f opacit yreading . Th e reade r shoul d understan d thes e factor s and tak e th e necessar yprecaution s t o minimiz e errors . Th e standar d observe r for mrequire s th e observe r t o not e and describ e th e condition s o f readin g tha t ar e neede d t o substantiat e th e validit yo f observations . Thi s Q Ameasur e i nth e fiel d readin g an d i n th e revie wo f fiel d readin g b ysupervisin g personne l bette r assure s soun d documentatio nfo r enforcemen t purposes . Su nAngl e — Smal l particle s i nth e plum e tend t o scatte r ligh t i nth e forwar d direc

tio n a t smal l angle s wit hreferenc e t o th e directio no f th e sun' s rays . Thus , a plum e woul d appea r t o b e muc hmor e opaqu e i f i t i s no t viewe d wit h th e sun behin d th e observer . Th e mos t accurat e reading s ar e take nwhe nth e suni s withi na 14 0 degre e secto r behin d th e observer . Win d Directio n - - I t i s importan t tha t th e plum e b e rea d throug ha plum e diamete r approxi

matel yth e siz e o f th e stac k exit . I f th e plum e i s blowntowar d o r awa yfro m th e observer , i t i s likel yt o b e rea d throug ha longe r pathlengt htha ni f reading s ar e take n wit hth e win d blowin g perpendicula r t o th e lin e o f sight . Th e longe r th e pathlengt hthroug hth e plume , th e greate r th e plum e opacit y wit hdiameter s o f constan t loadin g and particl e siz e distribution . Th e error involve d i nobservation s mad e nonperpendicula r t o th e plum e i s illustrate d i n th e followin g example . Assum e a plum e risin g fro m a rectangula r 9 2P. 9

stac k wit ha widt ho f approximatel y2 f t ha s a n opacit yo f 2 0 percent . Base d o n Beer' s Law , th e relationshi p betwee n transmittanc e an d pathlengt hi s as ' follows : 

### I/ , =e" b L 0 wher e b = th e extinctio n coefficien to fth e plume ; a n intrinsi c

propert yof
. th e plum e du e t o particl e characteristic s L= pathlengt h Fo rou rexample : opacit y= ( I - I/ * ) x10 0 = 2 0 percen t 

### o I/ z

### = 0.8 0 o L= 2 f t Solvin g fo rb : L n (0.8 ) = -b(2 ) -0.22 3 = -2b ' 

### 0.11 2 = b O n a 45 degre e angl e th e actua l pathlengt h (L 1 ) , as presente d i n Figur e A-l , woul d b e a s follows :

Th e apparen topacit yi s obtaine d byus e o fth e extinctio n coefficien tpre viousl ycalculate d (0.112 ) an d substitutin g b an d L ' int o Beer' s law
. 

### 1 / = e 

### -0.11 2 (2.84 ) o I , -0.31 8 

# V e Vj = 0.7 3 o Thus , opacit y= 1 - - p = 0.2 7 o r27 % o 9 3P.1 0



# Q

Figur e A-l . To p vie wo f discharge .

9 4P.1 1

I n thi s case , ther e wa s a 3 5 percen t erro r betwee nth e tw o measurements . Prope r positionin g fo r plum e observation s i s therefor e influentia l t o th e accurac yo f opacit ymeasurements . Variabl e win d condition s ca ncaus e th e plum e t o shift , puttin g th e ob
serve r i na poo r viewin g location . Th e observe r shoul d chang e position s i f possible , maintai nth e prope r sunangle , and remai nperpendicula r t o th e plum e travel . Suc hchange s mus t b e note d o nth e recordin g form . I f a suitabl e positio ncanno t b e found , th e observe r shoul d not e th e condition s and discon

tinu e readin g unti l viewin g condition s improve . Effec t o f Observe r Elevatio nAngl e o nObserve d Opacit y- - A s th e observe r move s close r t o th e bas e o f th e stack , th e angl e o f sigh t and th e pathlengt hthroug hth e plum e bot hincrease , causin g th e observe d opacity't o increas e eve nthoug hthe cross-plum e opacit yremain s constant . Tabl e A- 2 illustrate s ho wobserve d opacit ydecrease s wit hdistanc e fromth e bas e o f a stac k emittin g a plum e o f 2 0 percen t opacity . Figur e A- 2 present s th e variatio no f observe d opacit ywit hdistanc e froman yelevate d source . Th e observe d opacit yi s 2 7 percent , a s evaluate d fro ma distanc e o f on e stac k heigh t (H) , drop s t o 2 2 percen t fro ma distanc e o f 2H , and t o 2 1 percen t fro m a distanc e o f 3H .

Observe r distanc e (Y ) H 2 H 3 H TABL E A-2 . EFFEC T O F ELEVATIO NANGL E

Observe d elevatio n angle, 0 

## (e ) 45 ° 27 ° 18 ° Observe d

pathlengt h
1.4 1 0 1.2 1 D 1.0 5 D Actua l

opacity , %

2 0 2 0 2 0 Observe d opacity , % 

# (°o» 27. 2 22. 2 21. 0 Deviation , %

+7. 2 +2. 2 + 1. 0



### 9 5P.1 2

PATHLENGT H THROUG H PLUM E / a*- t

H h 2 H j

- •J U

Figur e A-2 . Variatio no f pathlengt hthroug hplum e wit hdistanc e fro ma nelevate d source .



### 9 6P.1 3

Th e observe d pathlengt h ( P ) i s calculate d a s follows :

„ D VH 2 + Y 2 vo ' Y wher e D = actua l widt ho f plum e f = pathlengt hfacto r 

# f-J-± T D T = 1 - 0 (decima l form ) wher e T = transmittanc e 0 = opacit y
Sampl e calculation : Y = 2 H 0 Q = 1 - T f

p _D V2 Z + 1 _

D VET . . . ? n f = If°=1.1 2 T = 1 - 0. 2 = 0. 8 Thus , 0 Q = 1 - 0.8 1 * 1 2 = 22.2 % Th e observe r mus t b e clos e enoug ht o th e emissio npoin t t o hav e reasonabl e visua l range . Earlie r version s o f Metho d 9 recommende d tha t th e observe r stan d a minimu mo f tw o stac k height s bu t no t furthe r tha n0.2 5 mil e fro mth e source . Whil e thi s i s n o longe r required , i t doe s indicat e approximatel y wha t distance s betwee nth e sourc e and th e observe r ar e considere d optimum . Backgroun d - - Maximu maccurac yi s obtaine d whe nth e plum e i s rea d agains t a contrast ing background . Th e reade r shoul d choos e th e backgroun d o f maximumcolo r contras t wit hth e plume , i.e. , a gree ntre e i s considere d bes t fo r a ligh t colore d plum e and a blu e sk yfo r a blac k plume . Manyobservers , however ,

9 7P.1 4 1

prefe r a contrastin g objec t suc ha s a tre e o r buildin g t o b e include d i nth e backgroun d fo r al l plum e readings . Viewin g Poin t - - Metho d 9 procedure s expressl yrequir e tha t th e observatio npoin t b e tha t o f maximu mopacity . Thi s normall ymean s a s clos e t o th e poin t o f emissio na s possibl e sinc e th e plum e tend s t o dissipat e wit htrave l distance . Exceptions , though , mus t b e mad e i nsituation s whenuncombine d wate r o r secondar ypartic

ulat e formatio noccurs . Th e observatio nmus t b e mad e throug ha portio no f th e plum e wher e uncombine d wate r i s no t presen t sinc e th e wate r vapo r ca n condens e whenexpose d t o col d ambien t temperature s and for mhighl yopaqu e plumes . Alway s indicat e o nth e observatio nfor mwher e th e viewin g poin t i s relativ e t o th e stac k exi t o r sourc e point . Tim e Interva l betwee nReading s — Starin g continuousl ya t a reasonabl ysteadystat e plum e whil e makin g 15
- secon d interva l reading s cause s ey e fatigue , whic hca nresul t i nreduce d visua l acuity . T o preven t this , th e observe r shoul d onl yglanc e a t th e plum e momentaril yand mak e th e opacit ydeterminatio na t th e regula r 15-secon d in

tervals . An ydeviatio nfro mthi s readin g procedur e mus t b e note d and explaine d o nth e observatio nform . Atmospheri c Haz e - - Bot hnatura l o r manmad e atmospheri c haz e wil l generall yreduc e th e contras t betwee nth e plum e and it s background , therebyreducin g th e opacit y reading . Haz ycondition s shoul d no t significantl yaffec t th e opacit yreadin g i f th e visibilit yi s a t leas t 3 miles . Win d Spee d an d Atmospheri c Stabilit y- - Astron g win d o r unstabl e atmospheri c condition s caus e rapi d dispersio n o f th e plume , thu s reducin g opacity . A s suc hinterference s generall yfavo r th e source , thi s woul d no t hinde r officia l opacit yreadings . Accurat e read
ing s ca n b e mad e unde r thes e condition s a s lon g a s th e plum e remain s reasonabl y intac t a t th e stac k exi t an d a s lon g a s th e opacit yi s rea d a s clos e t o th e stac k exi t a s possible . 

### 9 8P.1 5

Nigh t Viewin g - - Question s sometime s hav e bee nraise d abou t th e feasibilit yo f conductin g visua l opacit yobservation s a t night . Plume s ca nb e rea d accuratel ya t nigh t i f specia l trainin g ha s bee nconducte d and certai nreadin g condition s exist . Th e opacit yi s judge d b yus e o f a ligh t a s a backgroun d target . Afe wagencie s regularl yconduc t nigh t observations , e.g. , Lo s Angele s Ai r Qualit yMangagemen t District . Procedure s fo r certificatio nand fiel d observation s unde r nighttim e conditions , however , ar e no t addresse d i nMetho d 9 . LECTUR E 2 : SOURCE S O F VISIBL E EMISSION S Thi s lectur e shoul d b e give neithe r b ya nexperience d enforcemen t perso n o r b ya nenginee r thoroughl yfamilia r wit hsourc e condition s and opacit y readin g procedure s and problems . Th e lectur e shoul d b e illustrate d b yqualit y 35-m mslide s showin g source s and plum e condition s commonl ysee ni nfiel d operations . Opacit yreading s ar e generall ymad e i nth e cours e o f routin e sourc e inspection s o r afte r a casua l observatio no f apparen t visibl e emissions . Reading s ca nb e mad e eithe r o no r of f th e propert yo f th e allege d violator . Observation s must , however, , b e mad e i nconformanc e wit hlocatio nand viewin g condition s conduciv e t o accurat e readings , becaus e anyfiel d reading s and documentatio nma yb e use d a s evidenc e i na cour t o f law . Asourc e represen tativ e ma yreques t t o b e presen t durin g th e readin g period . I f tha t i s no t possibl e o r desirable , th e sourc e shoul d b e contacte d immediatel yafte r th e reading s ar e take nt o determin e th e operatin g condition s durin g th e perio d o f reading . Th e sourc e ma yb e i na legitimat e conditio no f upse t o r malfunction , and thu s anyenforcemen t actio nwoul d b e unwarranted . Th e sourc e shoul d b e provide d th e opportunit yt o explai no r defen d it s operatin g conditio ndurin g th e perio d o f allege d violation . Th e camer a i s ver yeffectiv e fo r illustratin g th e visua l appearanc e o f heavyvisibl e emissions . I t doe s not , however , replac e accurat e opacit yob
servation s an d ca nonl yb e use d a s secondar yevidenc e i ncourt . Th e inspec

to r ca ntestif ytha t th e photograp haccuratel yrepresent s th e plum e locatio n and geometr ytha t h e observed . Car e mus t b e exercise d i ntakin g photograph s s o a s no t t o divulg e detail s o f processe s o r operation s designate d confidentia l 9 9P.1 6 " 1

o r a s proprietar yinformatio nb yth e sourc e owner/operator . Atelephot o len s shoul d no t b e used ; an d i f th e inspecto r i s o ncompan yproperty , prio r per missio ni s require d t o us e a camera . Th e observe r mus t als o b e cognizan t o f responsibilitie s and obligation s . no t t o inadvertentl ydivulg e secre t processe s o r operation s i nth e cours e o f day-to-da yinspectio no r surveillanc e activities . Asourc e employe e migh t discus s a secre t operatio no r proces s i norde r t o explai nexcessiv e emission s o r successfu l controls , bu t thi s privilege d informatio nmus t no t b e divulge d t o others . I t i s highl yrecommende d tha t th e observe r mak e a perimete r surve yprio r t o an d followin g th e observatio nt o determin e plan t configuratio nand confir m tha t multipl e plum e interactio ndi d no t caus e inaccurat e opacit yreadings . Thi s initia l surve yals o identifie s th e mos t appropriat e locatio nwit hrespec t t o Metho d 9 . Numerou s EP Apublication s an d workshop s ar e availabl e o nth e technique s an d procedure s fo r conductin g onsit e inspection . Combustio nSource s Combustio n an d incineratio nhistoricall yhav e bee nth e majo r VE sources . Thes e source s includ e fue l (primaril ycoa l an d oil ) combustio nfo r spac e heatin g an d powe r generation , incineratio nfo r wast e disposa l o r reclamation , mobil e sources , and proces s furnace s o r operations . Th e principle s o f combustio n(time , temperature , turbulence , and oxygen ) shoul d b e discusse d alon g wit hcombustio npractice s tha t hav e prove nt o b e successful . Uniqu e condition s an d application s fo r reducin g combustio nemis

sion s ar e continuall yreporte d b yfiel d personnel . Anexplanatio nshoul d b e presente d detailin g whe nemission s ar e mos t likel yt o occu r and wha t can.b e don e t o reduc e them . Noncombustio n Source s Industria l proces s losses , suc ha s fumes , dusts , mists , gases , and vapors , ar e classifie d a s noncombustio nsource s o f emissions . Suc hemission s canno t trul yb e calle d "smoke " becaus e thi s ter mrefer s onl yt o th e visibl e effluen t resultin g fro mcombustion , and consist s mostl yo f soo t an d fl yash . Opera tion s tha t emi t noncombustio npollutant s includ e grinding , melting , cooking , material s handling , reactio nprocesses , drying , an d calcining . 

### 10 0P.1 7

Becaus e a wid e variet yo f industrie s produc e proces s visibl e emissions , thi s lectur e shoul d b e tailore d t o th e industria l activit ywher e th e majorit y o f th e attendee s wil l b e working . Limi t thi s par t o f th e lectur e t o a fe w example s o f th e problem s an d technique s involve d inidentifying , evaluating , an d controllin g visibl e emission s fro mnoncombustio nsources . Man yV E source s d o no t fal l int o th e abov e categories . Som e source s suc h a s are a an d fugitiv e emissions , ma yb e associate d wit hth e sourc e operation . Nonurba nsource s includ e demolition , roa d dust , farming , stockpiles , blasting , quarrying , roo f monitors , and perhap s ope nburning . Inurba nproble mareas , th e remainin g uncontrolle d particulat e i s emitte d fro ma slightl ydifferen t se t o f majo r sources . Despit e th e tendenc yo f manyagencie s no t t o rel yo n opacit yobservation s inregulatin g thes e sources , the . emission s ca nb e ac curatel yrea d an d effectivel ycontrolle d b yopacit yregulations . Th e basi c principle s o f opacit yreadin g apply . Th e majo r difference s ar e tha t opacit y i s usuall yrea d a t o r nea r groun d level , and th e pollutant s ar e no t emitte d fro ma confine d stack . Th e bigges t proble mi nreadin g fugitiv e emission s i s usuall ydefinin g a singl e emissio npoin t and readin g tha t plume . Som e reason abl e judgmen t i ntha t regar d wil l b e necessary . Suc hjudgment s and condition s o f observatio nmus t b e thoroughl ydescribe d o nth e emissio nform . Th e stop watc htechniqu e ma yb e preferabl e inreadin g som e o f thes e sourc e conditions , especiall yi f th e plum e i s intermitten t an d highl yvariable . Th e stopwatc h procedure , however , shoul d b e stipulate d inth e applicabl e regulation . Contaminate d Wate r Aeroso l Plume s Plume s containin g condense d droplet s o f wate r hav e bee nvariousl yde
scribe d a s "moist, " "wet, " "steam, " "contaminate d wate r aerosol, " or'"con dense d wate r vapor " plumes ; however , the yar e usuall yreferre d t o a s "stea m plumes. " Althoug hthi s termi s no t technicall ycorrec t sinc e stea mi s a gas , i t ha s becom e th e generall yaccepte d descriptio no f a plum e containin g drop
let s o f condense d water . Ina "dry " plume , th e temperatur e remain s abov e th e dewpoin t and therefor e th e wate r remain s i nth e gaseou s stat e wit hn o effec t o nopacity . A s th e plum e cool s and fall s belo wth e dewpoint , conden
satio noccur s an d wate r droplet s ar e formed . A t thi s poin t th e visibl e "steam " occurs . Thes e condense d droplet s scatte r light , generall ycausin g •th e plum e t o appea r completel yopaque . Becaus e nearl yal l opacit yregulation s 

### 101P.1 8

exemp t "steam " o r wate r droplets , car e mus t b e exercise d t o exclud e th e effect o f "steam " i nanyofficia l plum e opacit yreadings . Th e moistur e containe d i nth e plum e ca ncondens e withi nth e stac k itself . Thi s plum e i s generall yreferre d t o a s a n"attached " plum e unles s th e billow

in g whit e plum e form s downwin d o f th e stack , i nwhic hcas e i t i s referre d t o a s a "detached " plume . I nbot hcases , th e contaminate d wate r aeroso l wil l usuall yrevaporiz e eventuall yand the ndisappear . Th e formatio nand disap

pearanc e o f "steam " ar e affecte d b yrelativ e temperatur e and ambien t humidity . Becaus e o f th e exemptio nprovisions , i t i s importan t tha t th e observe r readil yrecogniz e and discer n"steam " contamination . Th e presenc e o f "steam " i n th e exi t stac k gase s i s determine d byth e billowywhit e appearanc e and th e rathe r rapi d dissipatio no f a dens e plume . Adr yplum e generall ydoe s no t hav e th e billowyappearance , dissipate s ver yslowly , an d diffuse s a s i t travel s downw i nd . Contaminate d wate r aeroso l plume s ca nbe expecte d fro mhig hwate r con sumptio nprocesses , we t contro l system s (e.g. , scrubber s and we t electro
stati c precipitators) , an d coolin g processes . Therefore , th e inspecto r o r ob
serve r mus t hav e som e familiarit ywit hth e proces s an d contro l syste mi n orde r t o expertl yasses s stac k opacit yconditions . Condensibl e an d Secondar yPlum e Formation s Bot hcondensibl e and secondar yplum e formation s ar e phenomeno no f in

creasin g significanc e and concern , particularl ya t industria l processe s and combustio nsource s usin g high-sulfu r fuels . Condensibl e plume s resul t fro m condensatio no f vaporize d particulat e a s plum e temperature s decrease . Secondar y plume s occu r a s particulat e i s forme d fro mreaction s o f specie s withi n th e plume . A t man ysource s tha t hav e applie d highefficienc yparticulat e and sulfu r dioxid e contro l systems , a hig hopacit yplum e persists . Th e majo r source s o f thes e plume s ar e fossi l fuel-fire d powe r plants , coal-fire d cement kilns , woo d product s dryin g operations , an d Kraf t pul p mil l recover yfurnaces . Secondar yformatio no f condensatio nproduct s result s unde r certai n atmospheri c conditions . Unde r condition s o f hig hhumidity , fin e sulfuri c aci d mis t particle s bind wit hwater molecule s fro mth e atmospher e t o formlarg e ligh t scatterin g particles . Suc hproblem s ar e particularl y perplexin g sinc e industr yha s spen t larg e sum s o f mone yt o substantiall y 10 2P.1 9

reduc e mas s loading s bu t i s stil l face d wit hseriou s opacit ycontro l prob
lems .Anothe r importan t formatio noccur s a s a resul t o f ambien t coolin g o f th e flu e gas . Particle s o f thi s typ e (generall yorganics ) ar e i nth e vapo r stat e a t stac k ga s temperature s and upo ncoolin g i nth e ambien t air , chang e t o a liqui d o r soli d state . Thes e emission s ar e ofte nfurthe r complicate d b y so-calle d stea m

plumes , and extrem e car e and kee nobservatio nar e require d t o accuratel ydocumen t bot hcondensibl e an d secondar yplum e formations . Th e opacit ymus t b e rea d a t som e distanc e fro mth e stack , and i nthi s regard , th e guidanc e i nMetho d 9 , Sectio n2. 3 is :

"Opacit yobservation s shal l b e mad e a t th e poin t o f greates t opacit yi ntha t portio no f th e plum e wher e condense d wate r vapo r i s no t present. " Othe r Factor s Affectin g Plum e Opacit y Plum e opacit yca nb e significantl yaffecte d b ya numbe r o f factors . Th e degre e o f influenc e o f eac hfacto r varie s widel yfro msourc e t o source . Som e o f th e factor s ar e presente d i nth e followin g subsections . Contro l Hardware — Th e typ e and performanc e o f particulat e contro l system s ca nhav e a-sig

nifican t impac t o nopacity . Mos t contro l device s ar e highl yefficien t i n collectin g larg e particulate s (i.e. , > 2 0 um) , bu t collectio nefficienc y generall ydrop s wit hdecreasin g particl e size . Growin g evidenc e indicate s tha t electrostati c precipitator s (ESP's ) and we t scrubber s hav e fractiona l efficienc ycurve s o f th e typ e showni nFigur e A-3 . Th e particle s i nth e 0.2
- t o 0.5-u mrang e ar e particularl ydifficul t t o collec t du e t o th e limitation s o f basi c physica l mechanism s suc ha s impactio n and fiel d dependen t charging . Consequently , nonidea l performanc e probabl y lead s t o th e rapi d increas e i nth e quantit yo f 0.2
- t o 0.5-rang e emissions . Thi s correspond s t o th e rang e tha t scatter s visibl e ligh t mos t effectivel y sinc e th e particl e diameter s ar e approximatel yequa l t o th e wavelengt ho f visibl e light . 

### 103P.2 0

e V <J > U Z 11 1 u . u . z O rU L U O ( J 99.9 8 99. 9 99. 8 99. 5 9 9 9 8 9 5 9 0 O

6 0

30 i C O
MEASUREMEN TMETHOD : ^CASCAD E IMPACTOR S O OPTICA L PARTICL E COUNTER S •OIFFUSJONA L PRECIPITATO R CHARACTERISTICS : TEMPERATUR E - 335° C SC A•8 5 M 2 /(M 3 /sec ) CURREN TDENSIT Y•3 5 nA/CM 2
0.0 5 0. 1 0. 5 1. 0 PARTICL E DIAMETER , u m 5. 0 10. 0 Figur e A-3
. Measure d fractiona l efficienc yo fa hot-sid e ES P installe d o n a pulverize d coa l boiler
. Familiarit yshoul d be gaine d wit h th e variou s contro l device s an d wit h th e variation s i n syste m characteristic s fro m sourc e t o source . Variation s ar e generall yobserve d an d define d ove ra perio d o fsevera l plan tinspection s an d opacit yreadings
. Therefore , i ti s importan tt o documen tan d meticulousl y recor d one' s observation s an d revie wth e sourc e fil e an d record s prio rt o subsequen tinspection s an d opacit yreadings
. Proces s Operatio n - - Man yprocesse s have a cycli coperatio n (e.g. , metallurgica l furnac e melts ) Sinc e visibl e emission s ten d t o be highl yvariabl e durin g th e cycle , compli ance documentatio n reading s shoul d b e mad e durin g th e perio d whe n highes t opacit yemission s ar e expected
. Man ysourc e operation s (e.g. , aluminu m plants ) have primar yan d secondarycollectio n systems—col l ectio n hood s connecte d t o th e primar ysyste m an d roo fmonitor s connecte d t o th e secondary system . Th e syste m configuration s an d th e operatin g condition s durin g opacit y reading s shoul d b

e observe d an d noted
.



### 10 4P.2 1

Ra wMaterial s - - Th e qualit yan d conten t o f ra wmaterial s ca nsignificantlyinfluenc e particulat e emissions . Th e sourc e o f influenc e ca nb e a s simpl e a s th e as h conten t o f fuel s o r a s comple xa s th e chemistr yo f material s and resultan t secondar yreaction s tha t migh t increas e visibl e emissions . Awell-designe d contro l syste mma yno t b e compatibl e wit ha significan t ra wmateria l change . Thi s coul d explai na sudde nV E increas e and subsequen t complianc e efforts . Circumventio n- - Mos t agenc yregulation s addres s circumventio neffort s tha t ar e practice d t o escap e contro l requirements . Circumventio nca nb e accomplishe d throug h multipl e stacks , bypasses , diffusers , ai r dilution , etc . Th e inspecto r mus t b e o nguar d agains t circumventio neffort s or th e alternatio no f operation s t o ' produc e highe r emission s a t nigh t o r o novercas t days , weekends , an d holidays . Atmospheri c Condition s - - Win d direction , win d speed , atmospheri c stability , turbulence , relativ e humidity , and severa l othe r meteorologica l parameter s influenc e th e appear anc e o f th e plume . Th e win d directio naffect s th e orientatio no f th e observe r and th e plume . Plume s blowndirectl ytowar d o r awa yfrom'th e observe r gener all yresul t i nreading s throug hlonge r pathlength s throug hth e plum e tha n thos e observe d whe nth e win d blow s perpendicula r t o th e observer' s lin e o f sight . Th e longe r th e pathlengt hthroug hth e plume , th e highe r th e apparen t plum e opacity . A s i s th e cas e wit hunstabl e atmospheri c conditions , stronge r wind s increas e dilutio nand thu s reduc e opacity . Miscellaneou s Factor s - - Othe r factor s tha t ca ninfluenc e opacit yreadin g includ e background , su n angle , observe r distance , and visua l aid s suc ha s sunglasses . Therefore , i t i s importan t tha t thes e condition s and thei r respectiv e influence s b e extensivel y documente d before , during , and afte r th e reading s o nth e observatio nreport . LECTUR E 3 : • FIEL D OPERATION S Thi s sectio ndiscusse s th e prope r procedure s fo r conductin g fiel d inspec

tions . Thi s presentatio nshoul d b e mad e b ya nexperience d fiel d inspecto r o r engineer . 10 5P.2 2

Makin g technicall ysound opacit yreading s require s adequat e preparation . I n additio nt o bein g currentl ycertified , th e reade r mus t kno wth e source . Thi s preparatio n require s revie wo f th e officia l sourc e fil e t o determin e proces s operatin g conditions , typ e and locatio no f contro l equipment , history , o f anyV E problems , possibl e observatio nsites , applicabl e regulations , pres enc e o f condense d wate r vapo r plumes , pertinen t operatin g data , and name s o f contact , etc . An opacit yreade r shoul d hav e adequat e supplie s and equipment , includin g inspectio nforms , writin g pa d o r surface , fiel d logs , stopwatch , slin g psy chrometer , rang e finder , compass , binoculars , an d camera . I t i s recommende d tha t fiel d personne l alway s b e equippe d wit ha har d hat , safet yboots , safet y goggles , and i nsom e instances , coverall s and a respirator . Othe r equipmen t - tha t ma yb e necessar ydependin g o nth e typ e o f sourc e and th e observatio n condition s include s topographi c maps ' and a hand-hel d anemometer . I nsom e instances , agenc yfiel d personne l hav e conducte d observation s wit hlittle , i f any , o f thi s equipment , and dat a frequentl yhav e bee nrecorde d o na standar d not e pad , withou t th e ai d o f eve na watch . Th e fiel d personne l mus t b e adequatel yequippe d and familia r wit hth e us e o f al l equipment . Full yacceptabl e readings , however , ca nb e mad e pursuan t t o Metho d 9 wit honl ya watc hand prope r forms . Th e remainde r o f th e equipmen t simpl ymake s th e inspector' s jo bmor e convenient , and doe s no t necessaril yrende r th e observatio nmor e accurate . An agency-approve d standar d opacit yformi s essentia l t o th e qualit y assuranc e o f a n enforcemen t program . Thi s formassure s tha t al l prope r dat a wil l b e obtaine d and recorde d t o documen t accurat e reading s and.i t assure s bette r consistenc yo f techniqu e and informatio nreporte d b ydifferen t readers . Th e consistenc yand adequac yo f documentatio nshoul d b e reviewe d and verifie d b yth e superviso r o r lega l personne l prio r t o initiatin g enforcemen t actions . Th e readin g dat a mus t b e reduce d o r summarize d i naccordanc e wit happli

cabl e regulations . Thus , i f a nNSP S sourc e i s involved , a t leas t 6 minute s o f observatio n mus t b e recorde d t o obtai na naverag e o f 2 4 individua l consecu tiv e readings . I nsom e instance s wher e mor e tha non e regulator yprovisio n migh t apply , th e reading s coul d b e reduce d b yfrequenc ycount , averaging , and/o r tim e accumulation , wit hth e mor e stringen t provisio ntakin g precedent . Th e nee d fo r thoroug hand accurat e fiel d note s shoul d b e reemphasized . Anyfiel d observatio ni s fres hand clea r i none' s mind , shortl yafte r th e 10 6P.2 3

reading ; mos t enforcemen t actions , however , happe nafte r a considerabl e laps e o f time , perhap s years . Hurrie d o r sketchynote s ca njeopardiz e th e qualit y and credibilit yo f suc henforcemen t actions . Agenc ystaf f shoul d mak e a cop yo f th e observation s availabl e t o sourc e personne l b

yleavin g a carbo ncop yo r b ylate r mailin g a cop yfro mth e office , dependin g o nagenc ypolicy . Thi s shoul d b e don e wit hminimu mdela yand should.b e officiall ynote d i nth e recor d o f action . Preferably , a represen tativ e o f th e sourc e shoul d sig nth e fron t o f th e observatio nformt o acknowl
edg e receipt . Unde r n o circumstances , though , shoul d th e inspecto r attemp t t o summariz e th e result s a s a findin g o f noncomplianc e o r compliance . Thi s i s a conclusio no f la wand th e inspector' s domai ni s limite d t o conclusion s o f fact . I naddition , suc hactio nwoul d preemp t th e inspector' s superviso r and agenc ylega l staff . LECTUR E 4 : AI RPOLLUTIO NMETEOROLOG Y Meteorolog yha s a larg e influenc e o nai r quality . Thi s impac t ca nb e fro mth e microscal e o f buildin g turbulenc e t o th e macroscal e o f pressur e systems . Severa l meteorologica l parameter s directl yinfluenc e plum e opacit y (wind spee d and direction , humidity , cloud
- cover , atmospheri c haze , etc.) . Th e fiel d inspecto r mus t be.awar e o f thes e factor s and thei r potentia l impac t o nopacit yreadings . Althoug hai r pollutio nmeteorolog yca nb e quit e complex , especiall yth e mechanic s an d mathematic s tha t pertai nt o diffusio no r dispersio nmodeling , th e opacit yreade r shoul d b e familia r wit hmeteorologica l concepts . Thi s • lectur e shoul d b e give nb ya nai r pollutio nmeteorologist , a specialis t wh o ca npresen t th e materia l wit ha practica l application . Th e lectur e conten t shoul d describ e th e basi c plum e behavio r (Figur e A-3 ) and it s formatio nan d associate d meteorologica l condition s (Tabl e A-3) . Plum e behavio r and transpor t (vertica l and horizontal ) ar e largel ya functio no f atmospheri c stabilit yand laps e rat e and shoul d b e reasonabl y understoo d b

yth e opacit yobserver . O f mor e direc t influenc e i nmakin g qualit yopacit yreading s ar e relativ e humidity , win d speed , clou d cover , sky contrast , etc . Severa l technique s ca nb e use d t o measur e o r estimat e thes e conditions . * 

### 10 7P.2 4



# N \ STABL E (FANNINO ) 

# -^ 5 ^ ^ -fi^'iU * NEUTRA L BELOW , STABLE ABOV E (FUMtOATION ) .

Ja . UNSTABL E (LOOPING )

TEMPERATUR

E - STABL E BELOW , NEUTRA L ALOF T(LOFTINO )

Figur e A-3 . Basi c plum e behavior .



### 10 8

### TABL E A-3 . PLUM E BEHAVIO RAND RELATE D WEATHE R

o U 3 Descriptio n o f

visibl e plume Fanning Narrowhorizonta l fan ; littl e o r n

o vertica l spreading ; i f stac k i s high , resemble s a mean dering river , widening bu t no t thickening a s i t move s along ; mayb e see n mile s downwind ; i f effluen t i s warm , plume rise s slowly , then drift s horizontall y

Fumigatio n Fan o r con e wit hwel l de
fined to

p an d ragged o r diffus e bottom Typica l occurrenc e

A t nigh t an

d i n earl ymorn ing , an yseason ; usuall yas sociate d wit hinversio n layer(s) ; favore d b yligh t winds , clea r skies , an d snow cove r

During chang e frominversio n t o laps e condition ; usuall y nocturna l inversio n i s broke n u

p throug

hwarming o f groun d an d surfac e layer s b

y morning sun ; breaku p com monl ybegin s nea r groun d an d work s upward , les s rapidl y in winte r than in summer ; mayals o occu r wit hse a breez e in lat e morning o r earl yafternoo n Meteorologica l condition s

Inverte d o r isotherma l laps e rate ; ver

ysta ble ; ligh t winds ; ver y littl e turbulenc e

Adiabati c o r super adiabati c laps e rat e a t stac k to

p an d below ; isotherma l o r inverted laps e rat e above ; lowe r layer , unstabl e o r neutral , uppe r laye r stable ; wind s ligh t t o moderat e aloft , an

d ligh t below ; therma l turbulenc e in lowe r layer , littl e turbu
lenc e i n uppe r laye r Dispersio n an d ground contac t Disperse s slowly ; con centratio n alof t hig h a t relativel ygrea t distanc e downwind ; smal l probabilit yo f ground contact , though increas e i n turbulenc e can resul t i n ground contact ; highgroun d leve l concentration s mayoccu r i f stac k i s shor t o r i f plume move s t o mor e irregula r ter rai n
Larg e probabilit yo f groun d contac t i n rel
ativel yhighconcen tration , especiall y afte r plume ha s stag nate d alof t

(continued )TABLE A- 3 (continued )

Descriptio n o f visibl e plum e Loopin g Irregula rloop s an d wave s with , rando m sinuou s move ments ; dissipate s i n patche s an d relativel y rapidl ywit h distanc e Conin g Roughl ycone-shape d wit h horizonta l axis ; dissi - pate s farthe rdownwin d >_ , tha n loopin g plum e i— • o
Loftin g Loop s o rcon e wit h wel l define d botto m an d poorl y defined , diffus e to p Typica l occurrenc e Durin g daytim e wit h clea ro r partl ycloud yskie s an d in - tens e sola rheating ; no t favore d b ylayer-typ e cloudi ness , snowcove ro rstron g w i nd s Durin g wind yconditions , da y o rnight ; layer-typ e cloudi nes s favore d i n day ; ma y als o occu rbriefl yi n a gus tdurin g loopin g

Durin g chang e fro m laps e t o Inversio n condition ; usuall ynea rsunse to n fai r days ; last s abou ta n hou r bu tma ypersis tthroug h nigh t Meteorologica l condition s Adiabati co rsuper adiabati claps e rate ; unstable ; ligh twind s wit h Intens e therma l turbulenc e Laps e rat e betwee n dr y adiabati can d isother mal ; neutra l o rstable ; moderat e t o stron g winds ; turbulenc e largel ymechanica l rathe rtha n therma l

Adiabati claps e rat e a tstac k

to p an d above ; inverte d belo wstack ; lowe rlaye rstable , uppe rlaye rneutra l o r unstable ; moderat e wind s an d considerabl e turbulenc e aloft ; ver y ligh twind s an d littl e o rn o turbulenc e 1 n laye rbelo w Dispersio n an d groun d contac t Disperse s rapidl ywit h distance ; larg e proba - , bl11t yo fhig h concentra - , tion s sporadicall ya t groun d relativel yclos e j t o stac k

' Disperse s les s rapidl y wit h distanc e tha n loop in g plu s larg e probabil i t yo fgroun d contac t som e distanc e downwind ; concentratio n les s bu t persistin g longe rtha n tha to floopin g Probabilit yo fgroun d contac tsmal l unles s inversio n laye ri s shal lo wan d stac k

i s short ; concentratio n hig h wit h contac tbu tcontac t usuall yprevente d b y stabilit yo finversio n layer ; considere d bes t conditio n fo rdispersio n sinc e pollutant s ar e disperse d i n uppe rai r wit h smal l probabilit y o fgroun d contac t

sP.2 7

Relativ e humidit yi s measure d b ya psychrometer , followin g a simpl e pro cedure . I f thi s instrumen t i s no t available , a nadequat e readin g can , i n mos t instances , b e obtaine d fro mairports , weathe r stations , o r perhap s a loca l T V station . Hig hhumidit yday s (_ > 7 0 percent ) ar e usuall yassociate d wit hatmospheri c turbidit ytha t ca ninterfer e wit haccurat e opacit yreadings . Win d directio ni s determine d readil yb yth e directio no f plum e trave l i n relatio nt o th e orientatio no f th e compass . Win d spee d ca nb e measure d b ya smal l rotamete r o r hand-hel d anemometer . Are a win d informatio nca nb e obtaine d fo r th e perio d i nquestio nfro mth e loca l weathe r station . Areasonabl e estimat e o f win d spee d ca nals o b e mad e b yus e o f th e Beaufor t scale . Accurat e determinatio no f win d spee d i s no t a s importan t a s othe r measurements . I t i s basicall yimportan t t o suppor t tha t reasonabl e reading s were , i nfact , possibl e and tha t unusua l turbulenc e and plum e shearin g o r separation s wer e no t occur ring . LECTUR E 5 : LEGA L ASPECT S Thi s lectur e shoul d b e presente d b ya nattorne ythoroughl yfamilia r wit h th e practic e and problem s o f ai r pollutio ncontro l enforcemen t a s wel l a s thos e recen t cour t decision s tha t hav e affecte d th e fiel d o f opacit yreading . I t i s becomin g increasingl yimportan t tha t al l fiel d opacit yreading s b e conducte d wit hth e approac hand attitud e tha t th e documentatio nmus t with

stan d th e rigor s o f cour t scrutinyand interrogation . Becaus e th e evidenc e i s onl ya s stron g a s th e weakes t element , i t i s importan t tha t al l aspect s o f th e progra m

(fro mclassroo mtrainin g and certificatio nt o fiel d reading s and documentation ) b e conducte d withi nth e requirement s and structur e o f a good ' qualit yassuranc e program . Thi s require s th e fiel d observe r t o hav e thoroug h trainin g and t o b e familia r wit hth e lega l requirement s and conditions . A s th e frequenc yand amoun t o f fine s and penaltie s increase , industr yi s growin g mor e concerne d abou t th e significance o f a technicall yand legall y soun d opacit yenforcemen t program . Opacit yreading s b yfiel d observer s ac coun t fo r mor e tha n9 0 percen t o f agenc yenforcemen t actions . I nresponse , industr yi s spendin g a grea t dea l o f mone yt o bette r understan d th e theor y and practic e o f opacit yreading . Industr yha s als o initiate d severa l precedent-settin g lega l action s t o weake nthi s importan t tool . Therefore , a n 

### 111P.2 8

understandin g o f th e lega l requirement s and case s i s essentia l t o avoi d needles s jeopardyi nimportan t enforcemen t actions . Applicabl e Regulator yProvision s Fiel d reading s mad e b yth e opacit yobserve r wil l usuall ydocumen t compli

anc e or noncomplianc e wit hsevera l level s o r layer s o f regulator yprovisions . T o hel p identif yand promot e th e require d understandin g o f th e applicabl e provisions , th e mor e commo nregulator yrequirement s ar e liste d below : Clea nAi r Act , a s Amende d 197 7 — Sectio n11 0 - Stat e Implementatio nPla nRequirement s Sectio n11 1 - Ne wSourc e Performanc e Standard s Sectio n11 2 - Emissio nStandar d fo r Hazardou s Ai r Pollutant s Sectio n11 3 - Federa l Enforcemen t Authorit y Sectio n11 4 - Inspection , Monitoring , and Entr y Sectio n11 9 - Nonferrou s Smelte r Order s Sectio n12 0 - Noncomplianc e Penalt y Sectio n16 0 - Preventio no f Significan t Deterioratio n Sectio n16 9 - Preventio no f Significan t Deterioratio n(Sectio nA ) Sectio n30 3 - Emergenc yPower s Stat e Ai r Pollutio nContro l Laws.an d Regulation s - - Nearl yal l state s hav e opacit yemissio nregulation s tha t mus t b e a t leas t a s stringen t a s thos e o f th e applicabl e Federa l regulations . State s ar e generall yadoptin g Federa l regulation s (i.e. , NSPS ) bu t omission s and eve ninconsistencie s ma yb e discovered . Therefore , i t shoul d b e remembere d tha t severa l opacit yemissio nregulation s ma yappl yt o V E contro l fo r any pollutan t source . Loca l Laws , Ordinances , an d Regulation s - - Familiarit yshoul d b e gaine d wit hthes e regulation s which , i nsom e cases , ar e mor e stringen t tha nStat e o r Federa l regulations . Importan t Lega l Case s Opacit yobservation s a s a viabl e enforcemen t too l hav e bee nrepeatedl y uphel d b

ysevera l stat e court s a s wel l a s th e U.S . Suprem e Court . Significan t 

### 11 2P.2 9

cour t case s concerning opacit ya s a viabl e enforcemen t too l ar e reviewe d in severa l reference s ,1iste d below . Opacit ystandard s have withstoo d th e rigor s o f man yseriou s challenge s in the court s o f thi s country . Recen t ruling s include : 1 . Ai r Pollutio n Varianc e Board o f the Stat e o f Colorad o v . Wester n Alfalf a Corporation , 41 9 U.S . 815 , 9 4 S . Ct . 211 4 (1974) , a t footnot e 1 . 2 . Stat e o f NewJerseyv . Fr yRoofing Co. , Docke t No . C-3682-7 2 (N . J . Superio r Court , 1974 , attache d a s Appendi xA) . 3 . St . v . Fr

yRoofing Co. , 49 5 F . 2 d 751 , 4 ER C 111 6 (Ore . Ct . o f App . 1972) . 4. . Peopl e v . Plywoo d Manufacturers , 29 1 P . 2 d 58 7 (Sup . Ct . o f Lo s Angeles , Ca . 1955) . Californi a enacte d a statutoryopacit yrequire-

- men t a s earl ya s 1947 . Cal . Healt han d Safet yCod e 24242 . 5 . Esse xChemica l Corp . v . Rickelshaus , 15 8 U.S . App . D.C . 360 , 48 6 P . 2 d 42 7 (1973) . 6 . Portlan

d Cemen t Associatio n v . Rickelshaus , 48 6 F 2d 375 , U.S . Cour t o f Appeals , Distric t Columbi a Circui t (June 29 , 1973) . Th e following cour t case s establishe d importan t lega l precedent s tha t ar e significan t t o the conduc t o f a soun d enforcemen t program . Th e cas e o f Ai r Pollutio n Varianc e Board (Colorado ) v . Wester n Alfalf a Corporation , No . 7.3-690 , U.S . Supreme Court , Ma y20 , 1974 , pointed , ou t the necessit yo f immediatel ynotifying the sourc e wher e opacit yreading s ha d documente d a violation . Th e Cour t ruled tha t the sourc e managemen t mus t hav e opportunit yt o defen d itself , an

d tha t i t i s unreasonabl e t o expec t th e sourc e representatio n t o reconstruc t in cour t the operating condition s o n the da yo f the opacit yobservatio n severa l day s o r month s late r a s a n explana
tio n o f the observe d excessiv e emissions . Th e cas e o f Donner-Hann a Cok e Corporatio n v . Administrato r U.S . EPA , Civi l Actio n No . 77-232 , in the U.S . Distric t Cour t fo r NewYork , January197 8 pointe d ou t the necessit yo f having clearl ydefine d procedure s in opacit y documentation . Th e cour t rule d tha t EP Awa s remis s in no t having documente d the applicabilit yan d accurac yo f the "stopwatch " reading method .



### 11 3P.3 0

Lega l Procedure s Th e inspection/enforcemen t staf f mus t wor k closel ywit hth e lega l staff . Befor e referrin g th e cas e t o th e attorney , th e fiel d observe r and superviso r shoul d revie wth e evidenc e an d soundnes s o f th e opacit yreadings . Th e attorne y shoul d revie wth e evidenc e agai nand thoroughl ydiscus s anyevidenc e o f pos sibl e cas e weakness . Correctiv e action s (suc ha s additiona l fiel d readings ) shoul d b e take n i f possible . Thes e tie r leve l review s provid e a fina l laye r o f QArevie wt o th e enforcemen t action . Th e attorne yand enforcemen t staf f shoul d agai nrevie wth e applicabl e regulator yprovision s an d b e cognizan t o f anyduplicat e opacit yregulation s (i.e. , Stat e Implementatio nPlan , NSP S and_P_reventio n o f Significan t Deterio

ratio nprovisions) . Th e lega l staf f wil l probabl ydecid e i f th e cas e i s t o b e prosecute d a s a civi l o r crimina l action . Th e inspecto r shoul d hav e a reasonabl e understandin g o f eac hprocedur e and his/he r rol e a s a nexper t witness . Th e fil m"Rol e o f th e Witness " illustrate s prope r presentatio nand behavior i n thi s role . Lega l Restraint s Differen t type s o f source s and differen t area s o f th e countr yrequir e differen t V E restrictions . Certai noperation s ma yb e exemp t fro m th e regu lations , and exception s ma yb e a.llowe d fo r other s (suc ha s agricultura l burning ) durin g certai nperiod s o f time . Th e specifi c variance s applicabl e t o th e cours e locatio nshoul d b e discussed . Authorit yt o Ente r Facilitie s Sectio n11 4 (a ) 2 o f th e Clea nAi r Ac t dul yauthorize s th e control , of
ficia l t o ente r an

yfacilit yt o mak e inspections , tak e sample s o r readings , and gathe r informatio nan d records . Simila r authorizatio ni s containe d i n th e enablin g authorit yo f mos t o r al l states . Thi s authority , however , i s bein g subjecte d t o frequen t challenges . Anyinspecto r denie d entr yshoul d see k assistanc e fro mhis/he r superviso r and agenc yattorne yt o obtai na searc h warrant . Signin g Waiver s I t i s a fairl ycommo npractic e fo r companie s t o reques t nonemployee s o r visitor s t o sig n liabilit ywaiver s a s a conditio no f entr yont o thei r industria l 11 4P.3 1

. facilities . EP Aemployee s canno t b e denie d entr yfo r refusa l t o sig nsuc h waivers , and ar e specificall yinstructe d no t t o sig nsuc hstatements . T o sig nsuc hwaive r statement s coul d jeopardiz e th e right s o f th e individua l and his/he r employe r i ncase s o f unforesee ninjur yo r damage . Confidentia l Informatio n I norde r t o explai nexcessiv e emissions , th e compan yma ydivulg e o r shar e confidentia l information . I t i s importan t t o understan d th e liabilit y associate d wit hsuc hinformatio nand th e precaution s tha t mus t b e take nt o protec t it . Furthe r decision s and guidanc e ar e presente d i n4 0 CF RPar t 2 , • Publi c Information . LECTUR E 6 : TESTIN GPROCEDURE S Th e preceedin g classroo mlecture s hav e buil t th e foundatio nfo r thi s lecture . Th e studen t shoul d no wb e familia r wit hth e theory , history , sourc e conditions , meteorology , an d readin g techniques . Th e nex t ste p i s t o wor k wit hth e smok e generato r t o "calibrate " th e eye s and develo p a proficienc y an d confidenc e fo r makin g fiel d readings . Th e traine e mus t b e full yinforme d and awar e o f th e event s and procedure s i nfiel d training . Th e trainin g superviso r o r assistan t wil l b e i ncharg e o f thi s portio no f th e training . Mos t instructor s hav e foun d 35-m mslide s helpfu l i npresentin g th e materia l and i ndisplayin g th e generato r equipmen t an d components . High-qualit yslide s ca neffectivel ysimulat e smok e i nincre

ment s o f 1 0 o r 2 0 percen t opacities . Practic e form s ma yb e distribute d t o th e class , an d practic e recording s ma yb e reference d t o assur e th e skillfu l completio no f th e forms . Neede d ' fiel d equipmen t shoul d b e listed : clipboard , ballpoin t pens , comfortabl e clothing , an d foldin g chair . Th e clas s shoul d b e tol d tha t anytraine e wh o intend s t o wea r sunglasse s i ntrainin g and certificatio nmus t wea r th e sam e typ e o f glasse s whe nmakin g fiel d opacit yreadings . Glasse s tha t chang e intensit ywit hchangin g sunligh t and thos e wit hnonstandar d color s ar e no t recommended . Th e bes t sunglasse s fo r opacit yreadin g ar e thos e wit hgra y an d gree ntints . Th e trainee s shoul d b e reminde d o f th e tim e and locatio nfo r th e fiel d testin g an d certification . 11 5P.3 2

Qui z Ashor t qui z shoul d b e give na t th e conclusio no f th e classroo mserie s fo r tw o reasons . First , th e qui z wil l indicat e th e trainee' s comprehensio n o f th e materia l offere d i nth e lectures . Th e tes t nee d no t pos e anobstacl e t o th e student , bu t simpl yindicat e whethe r th e studen t understand s th e ke y point s o f th e lectures . Problem s wit hspecifi c question s woul d indicat e tha t thi s particula r materia l ha s no t bee nclearl ypresented . I t ma yb e pos sibl e t o clarif yimportan t point s o r a t leas t mak e adjustment s fo r subsequen t session s and provid e a QAchec k o nth e trainin g effectiveness . Second , th e las t fe wquestion s o nth e qui z woul d allo wa brie f critiqu e o f th e course . Thes e question s woul d aler t th e instructo r t o anypart s o f th e lectur e tha t nee d improvement . Bot hth e qui z and critiqu e wil l provid e informatio nt o allo wth e instructo r t o continuall yimprov e th e trainin g program . Tw o sampl e quizze s are provide d i nFigure s A- 5 an d A-6 .



### 116P.3 3

NAME DAT E LOCATIO N SMOK E SCHOO L QUI Z
Acertificat e i s vali d for : A . 6 month s B . 1 mont hC . 1 yea r Th e observe r shoul d stand , A . facing th e su

n B . wit hthe su

n a t hi s bac k C . Wit hthe su n a t Th e opacit yscal e i s used fo r A . Blac k smok e B . Whit e smok e C . E . A& B F . Al l o f the abov e hi s sid e

Red smok e D . Blu e smok e

ANort hwin

d blow s fro

m A . Sout hB . Nort h Wes t D . Eas t Th e smok e reading shal l be taken wit hn o allowanc e fo r deviatio n A . A t the to

p o f the stac k B . A t the to p o f the plume C . A t the wides t par t o f the plume D . A t the narrowes t portio n E . A t the denses t portio n o f the plume Smok e reading i s a/a n A . Objectiv e B . Subjectiv e o f the plume

measurement . Th e following i s no t a par t o f whit e smok e generatio n equipment : A . Toluen e B . Fue l pum p C . Gasolin e engin e D . Blowe r Th e following i s no_ t a par t o f blac k smok e generatio n equipment : A . Gasolin e engin e B . Toluen e C . Fue l pum p D . Blowe r Whit e smok e emitte d fro mthe generato r consist s of : A . Talcu

mpowde r B . Oi l soo t C . Oi l vapo r Stea m

(continued ) Figur e A-5 . Sampl e Smok e Schoo l Qui z I ,


### 11 7P.3 4

Figur e A- 5 (continued ) Shor t answe r o r listing . 10 . Defin e opacity
.

11 . Wha t ar e th e advantage s o f th e visua l metho d o f plum e evaluation ?

12 . Wha t ar e th e limitation s o f visua l plum e evaluation ? 13 . Sketc hth e prope r relationship s o f (A ) Smok e Reader , (B ) Stack , (C ) Win d directio n(us e plume) , and (D ) Sun' s positio n(indicat e North) .

14 . Wha t colo r ligh t i s mos t visibl e t o huma neyes ? Whyi s thi s important ?

15 . Wha t ar e ligh t obscurin g mechanics ?

16 . Wha t i s a hol d harmles s agreement ?

17 . Wha t shoul d b e adde d t o thi s course ?

18 . Wha t shoul d b e removed ?

19 . Wha t shoul d receiv e extr a emphasis ?


### 11 8Nam e • • 1 poin t SMOK E SCHOO L QUI Z Multipl e Choic e - 3 point s eac h 1 . Acertificat e i s vali d for : A . 6 month s B . 1 mont hC . 1 yea r 2 . Th e observe rshoul d stand : A
. Facin g th e su n B
. Wit h th e su n o n hi s bac k C
. Wit h su n a t•• • •hi s sid e 3 . Th e opacit yscal e i s use d for : A . Blac k smok e B . Whit e smok e C . Re d smok e D . Blu e smok e E . A& B F . Al l o f th e abov e 4 . ANort hwin d blow s fro m the : A . Sout hB . Nort hC . Wes t D . Eas t 5 . The-smok e readin g shal l b e taken : A. On e stac k diamete r abov e th e to p o f th e stac k B . A t th e top o f th e plum e C . A t th e wides t par t o f th e plum e D . A t th e narrowes t par t o f th e plum e 6 . Th e plum e axi s shoul d be : A . Alon g th e reader' s lin e o f sigh t B . A t righ t angl e t o th e reader' s lin e o f sigh t 7 . Smok e readin g i s a/a n measurement . A . Objectiv e B . Subjectiv e 8 . Whit e smok e emitte d fro m th e generato r consist s of : A . Talcu m

powde r B . Oi l soo t C . Oi l vapo r D . Steam Figur e A-6 . Exampl e Smok e Schoo l Qui z II . (continued ) 

### 119P.3 6

Figur e A Matchin g 

### 9 . 

### 10 . 11 . 12 . 13 . 14 . 15 . 16 . 17 . 18 . 19 . 6 (continued )

- 1 poin t eac h 20 % opacit y 0 % opacit y Wate r vapo r 50 % opacit y Gaseou s pollutant s Win d spee d 80 % opacit y Ligh t scatterin g Photocel l Neutra l densit yfilte r 100 % opacit y 

### A . B . C . D . E . F . G . H . I . J . 

### K . Transmissomete r No t measurabl e 0 Ringelman n 2H Ringelman n Stea mRingelman n 5 Ringelman n 4 Ringelman n Calibratio n 1 Ringelman n Beaufor t scal e Opacit y Shor t answe r o r listin g - 8 point s eac h
20 . Wha t i s opacit y(2 5 word s o r less) ?

21 . Wha t ar e th e advantage s o f th e visua l metho d o f plum e evaluation ?

22 . Wha t ar e th e limitation s o f visua l plum e evaluation ?

23 . Distinguis hcombustio nversu s proces s sources .

24 . Ho wca nphotograph s b e usefu l i nsmok e reading ?

25 . Lis t typica l source s o f BLAC K smoke . 

### 12 0P.3 7

Figur e A- 6 (continued )
26 . Lis t typica l source s o f WHIT E smoke .

27 . Wha t i s a slin g psychrometer ?

28 . Wha t change s woul d yo u recommen d t o improv e th e lectur e content ?

29 . Wer e speaker s adequatel yprepared ? 30 . Wer e classroo m

facilitie s generall yadequate ? I f not , wha t change s woul d yo u recommend ?



### 121P.3 8

APPENDI XB PERFORMANC E AUDI T AN D SYSTE MAUDI T Thi s appendi xprovide s a nexampl e gradin g and recordkeepin g checklis t fo r fiel d certificatio ntes t performanc e audit s (Tabl e B-l) , a checklis t fo r smok e generato r performanc e audit s (Tabl e B-2) , and anextensiv e informatio n checklis t fo r a smok e schoo l trainin g and certificatio nsyste maudit (Tabl e B-3) . Thes e form s ar e designe d t o chec k and documen t QAfo r visibl e emission s trainin g programs .



### 122P.3 9



### TABL E B-l . GRADINGAND RECORDKEEPIN GCHECKLIS T FORPERFORMANC E

AUDI T O F FIEL D CERTIFICATIO NTEST S ' Agenc y Dat e Operato r Audito r Locatio n

Activit ychec k Fiel d Operation s Certificatio n form s (carbon/NR C paper ) Fiel d certificatio nform s dis

tribute d individuall yt o par ticipant s b

yfiel d certifica

tio n tes t superviso r Participant s instructe d t o sig n complete d formbefor e separatin g copie s Participant s instructe d t o sub
mi t original , completed , signe d for m t o tes t superviso r Form s reviewe d b

ysuperviso r fo r name , signature , illegibl e char
acters , completenes s Complete d form s checke d agains t lis t o f participants ; discrep

ancie s note d Bot hform s file d i n a secur e are a Stri p char t reviewe d fo r cor rectnes s b

ytes t superviso r and smok e generato r operato r Operato r certifie d tha t tes t complete d i naccordanc e wit h provision s o f Metho d 9 ; note d o nchar t Adequat e 

### yes n o Comments/correctiv e actio n



### (continued ) 12 3P.4 0

TABL E B- l (continued ) Activit ychec k Char t wit htes t form s and par ticipan t lis t secure d b ytes t superviso r Offic e Operation s Maste r opacit yshee t fro mstri p char t audite d fo r correctnes s Form s checke d agains t partici

pan t lis t Certificatio nform s graded ; mea n and maximu m

deviation s note d agains t maste r opacit ysheet ; name , statistics , and pass / n o pas s recorde d o n standard
ize d gradin g for m Opacit yreader s wit hmea ndevia

tio n<_1.5%and n o deviatio n > 15 % passe d b

ygrade r Gradin g o f certificatio nform , and pass/n o pas s status , re viewe d b

ychecker/auditor Tes t forms , gradin g form , clas s list , stri p char t and maste r opacit ychar t for
warde d t o trainin g coordi

nator ; accurac yo f grade s and pass/n o pas s statu s certifie d Certificate s t o passin g student s issue d b

ytrainin g coordinato r i n accordanc e wit hschoo l requirement s and 6-mont hcertificatio n perio d Tes t forms , gradin g forms , clas s list , stri p chart , maste r opacit ylist , and lis t o f certifie d reader s file d i n secur e are a b y trainin g coordinato r Adequat e 

### ye s n o Comments/correctiv e actio n



### 12 4P.4 1



### TABL E B-2 . SMOK E GENERATO RFORCHECKLIS T PERFORMANC E AUDI T Agenc y Dat e Operato r Audito r Locatio n

Activit ychec k Pre-Setu p Inspectio n Genera l damag e o r damage d com ponent s checke d Inventor yo f part s and supplie s complete d Fan s an d motor s lubricate d Consol e receive d preliminar y chec k I f transmissomete r no t in

specte d withi nlas t 6 months : Transmissomete r disassemble d and inspecte d Photocel l detecto r inspecte d fo r alignment , damage , and prope r electrica l connectio n Phototopi c respons e require d b yphotocel l Angle s o f projectio nand vie w £ 1 5 degree s Standar d Fuel s Use d Toluen e Diese l o r fue l oi l Propan e Othe r (specif ykind and use ) Adequat e 

### yes n o Comments/correctiv e actio n



### (continued ) 12 5P.4 2

TABL E B- 2 (continued ) Activit ychec k Generato r Setup Background , sky , and win d condi

tion s checke d fo r bes t generato r orientatio n Generato r levele d and wheel s chocke d Separat e contro l consol e se t u p Check s conducte d fo r fue l leak s (lines , connection s and tanks ) Fan s Al l fan s checke d fo r smooth , norma l nois e leve l Mai no r induce d draf t fan checke d fo r norma l operatio n and flo wrat e Transmissomete r fan s checke d fo r norma l operatio n Operatio no f th e Generato r Generato r logboo k availabl e and use d Bot hfue l pump s operabl e and no t leakin g Char t recorde r pape r suppl y adequat e fo r propose d run s Char t recorde r visibl e t o operato r o r assistan t Char t recorde r equippe d wit h even t marke r o r otherwis e easil ymarke d b

yoperato r o r assistan t Adequat e 

### ye s n o Comments/correctiv e actio n

*

(continued ) 

### 126P.4 3

TABL E B- 2 (continued ) Activit ychec k Consol e allowe d t o war mu p fo r 3 0 minute s befor e makin g opacit y measurement s Al l opacit yreadou t system s operational , stable , and con sisten t Transmissomete r Syste mCalibra

tio n Initia l zer o and spa n drif t chec k completed ; repeate d afte r eac hru n Drif t qreate r tha n 1 % correcte d Respons e tim e checke d prio r t o testing ; 0 t o 100 % opacit y swin q Respons e tim e 0 t o 100% , <

_ 5 second s Ligh t sourc e voltag e checke d prio r t o testin g Voltaq e —5 % o f nomina l Calibratio n chec k Filter s withi n +

_2 % o f nomina l valu e Fiv e (nonconsecutive ) check s fo r eac hfilte r complete d Maximumerror , 3 % opacit y Calibratio n recor d complete d Adequat e 

### ye s n o Comments/correctiv e actio n

(continued )



### 127P.4 4

TABL E B-2 (continued ) Activit ychec k Generatio n o f Smok e Blac k smok e stabilit yan d rang e tes t complet e Opacit yrang e 0 t o 100 % fo r blac k smok e Whit e smok e stabilit yand rang e tes t complet e Opacit yrang e 0 t o 100 % fo r whit e smok e Publi c Addres s Syste m Setup and operatio nchecke d Voic e an d cuin g hor naudibl e and clea r throughou t reade r are a Tota l smok e syste mcalibrate d an d operatin g properl yfo r trainin g an d certificatio n purpose s Adequat e 

### ye s n o Comments/correctiv e actio n

Comment s (pleas e lis tanyproblem s o rcondition s encountere d i n th e setu p o r startu p o fth e smok

e generator) :

Auditor' s signatur e Dat e 12 8P.4 5 • ' •* » "-'n* 1 1 ' !.w y

»" •

TABL E B-3 . SMOK E SCHOO L TRAININ GAN D CERTIFICATIO NSYSTE MAUDI T I . Genera l Informatio n Agenc y Addres s
Smok e Schoo l Personne l Trainin g Superviso r Smok e Generato r Operator_ Trainin g Assistant s Organizatio n Schemati c Dat e

Phone_ Phone_ Phone_ Phon e

Schedul e o f Training/Certificatio n (yea r Classroo m, , Fiel d opacit y Averag e Numbe r o f Student s Traine d (yea r Agenc yIndustr y Othe r (specify ) (continued )


### 129P.4 6 < * •-• m«-(orr-j?>rn * •

.TABL E B- 3 (continued ) Activit ychec k II . Classroo mTrainin q A . Registratio nan d Orientatio n Form s and record s Procedur e B . Theor yan d Principle s o f Opacit yReadin g Visua l aid s Material s and Prepa ratio n Definitio no f opacit y Opacit yvs . trans missomete r Contract s and back
groun d effec t Particl e siz e Chemica l and physica l propertie s Ligh t scatterin g C . Source s o f Visibl e Emission s Visua l aid s Materia l and Prepa ratio n Combustio nsource s Noncombustio nsource s Fugitiv e source s Adequat e 

### ye s

- 

### n o

• Comments/correctiv e actip n

r

(continued ' 

### 13 0TABL E B- 3 (continued ) Activit ychec k Plum e characteristic s Identifyin g wate r vapo r Effec t o f contro l equipmen t D . Opacit yReadin g an d Fiel d Documentatio n Visua l aid s Material s an d prepa ratio n Technique s o f readin g opacit y Standardize d form s an d fiel d lo g Importan t parameter s Fiel d equipmen t Regulation s Sourc e revie w Readin g locatio n Sunangl e Numbe r o r tim e o f reading s Dat a reductio n Contactin g th e sourc e E . Meteorolog y Visua l aid s Adequat e 

### ye s

• 

### n o Comments/correctiv e actio n

•

> (continued ) 13 1P.4 8

TABL E B- 3 (continued ) Activit ychec k Material s and prepa ratio n Atmospheri c stabilit y Relativ e humidit y Plum e characteristic s Win d spee d and direc

tio ndetermination s Buildin g an d obstruc
tio neffect s Clou d cove r F . Lega l Aspect s Visua l aid s Materia l an d prepa ratio n Leqa l histor y Lega l precedent s Riqh t o f entr y Hol d harmles s agree men t Fre e and ope nfiel d concept s Evidenc e an d sourc e informatio ndisclo

sur e Freedo mo f informatio n Cas e preparatio n Adequat e 

### ye s n o Comments/correctiv e actio n

. '

(continued ) 

### 13 2P.4 9

TABL E B- 3 (continued ) Activit ychec k Requirement s o f certi

ficatio n Exper t witnes s G . Preparin g fo r Testin g an d Certificatio n Visua l aid s Material s and prepa ratio n Requirement s fo r cer tificatio n Revie wtechnique s fo r readin qopacit y Form s Calibratin g th e ey e Whe nt o rea d Us e o f glasse s o r othe r aid s H . Closin g Cours e revie w Qui z Discussio n I . Refreshe r Course s Requirement s Frequenc y Adequat e 

### ye s n o Comments/correctiv e artin n

(continued )

13 3P.5 0

< . TABL E B- 3 (continued )

Activit ychec k J . Presentatio nand Prepa ratio n Backgroun d speeche s Speake r experienc e Materia l organizatio n Preprinte d note s and illustration s Visua l aid s K . Facilitie s an d Trainin g Equipmen t Classroo m a . Siz e an d suita

bilit y b . Comfor t and con venienc e Visua l ai d equipmen t Chalkboard , easel , etc . III . Fiel d Trainin qan d Certi

ficatio n A . Sit e Selectio n Smok e generato r powe r suppl y Suitabl e background s fo r readin qsmok e Sufficien t are a fo r expecte d numbe r o f reader s (continued ) Adequat e 

### ye s n o



### 134 ! Comments/correctiv e actio n

t

i

i
i

• 1

-P.5 1

TABL E B- 3 (continued ) Activit ychec k Reade r and generato r properl yoriente d wit hsun B . Smok e Generato r Genera l conditio nand operabilit y Operatin g manua l Transmissomete r sys tem 3 Angl e o f projectio n (15 ° max ) Angl e o f vie w(15 ° max ) Photopi c respons e Incandescen t ligh t sourc e Nomina l rate d voltaq e (
- 5% ) Calibratio n fil

ter s ( + 2% ) Calibratio nerro r ( + 3% ) Eas e o f calibra

tio n Zer o and spa n drif t ( + 1% ) Respons e tim e (max 5 sec ) Transmissomete r fan s Control s (operatin g and identified ) Readou t device s (specif ytype ) Adequat e



### ye s n o Comments/correctiv e actio n

(continued ) 

### 135P.5 2



### 1 TABL E B- 3 (continued )

Activit ychec k Contro l Pane l Operatin g conditio n Operabilit y Control s identifie d Electrical/fue l connection s Mai nFa n Capacit y(cfm ) Ai r flo wcontro l Stac k Diamete r (12 " mini

mum ) Genera l conditio n Raising/lowerin g mechanis m Blac k Smok e Generatio n Fue l suppl yand typ e Stabilit yo f plum e opacit y Capabl e o f generat in g 0 t o 100 % opacit y Colo r o f smok e ove r opacit yrang e Safet yc f operatio n (continued ) Adequat e 

### ye s n o



### 136 Comments/correctiv e actio nP.5 3

TABL E B- 3 (continued )



### IV . Activit ychec k

Whit e Smok e Generatio n Fue l suppl yand typ e Stabilit yo f plum e opacit y Capabl e o f generat ing 0 t o 100 % opacit y Safet yo f operatio n Genera l Spar e part s inven

tory Maintenanc e tool s Maintenanc e lo g Operation s proce dura l manua l Operato r protecte d durin g inclemen t weathe r Publi c Addres s Syste m Audibl e i nreade r are a Bel l o r buzze r fo r cuin g Operatio n o f Smok e Generato r Operator s familia r wit h th e operatio n o f th e equipmen t Generato r servic e and maintenanc e conducte d Adequat e 

### ye s n o Comments/correctiv e actio n

•

-

. (continued ) 

### 13 7P.5 4

TABL E B- 3 (continued ) Activit ychec k Generato r checke d fo r operatio n prio r t o day o f trainin g an d cer tificatio n Warmu p befor e operatio n prio r t o da yo f train

ing an d certificatio n Calibratio n require

ment s complete d Dat a an d informatio n properl yrecorde d an d maintaine d Student s provide d reasonabl e trainin g a t selecte d opacit y level s V . Certificatio n Testin g A . Meetin g Metho d 9 Requirement s 3ot h2 5 whit e and 2 5 blac k reading s o non e shee t V.o mor e tha n 7.5 % averag e opacit ydeviatio n ac cepte d o neithe r th e whit e runo f 2 5 o r th e blac k runo f 2 5 N o erro r exceedin g 15 % ooacit yallowe d Point s o f tes t give n i n rando morde r Applicant s require d t o certif yfro mth e correc t viewin qanql e Adequat e 

### ye s n o ' Comments/correctiv e actio n

(continued ) 

### 13 8P.5 5

TABL E B- 3 (continued ) Activit ychec k Applicant s properl yin

structe d befor e testin q Adequat e communicatio n betwee nteste r an d teache r Standard s provide d prio r t o test s Backqroun d provide d Smok e hel d a t on e valu e lon g enoug hfo r evalua
tio n Weathe r condition s con sidere d Elbo wuse d durin g wind y period s B . Testin g Form s Carbo no r NC R Nam e Locatio n Dat e Ru nand colo r identifi

catio n Distanc e fro mstac k Sun/stac k reade r orienta

tio n Tim e o f da y Clou d cove r Win d sDee d Win d directio n Adequat e 

### ye s n o Comments/correctiv e actio n

(continued ) 

### 13 9P.5 6

i TABL E B- 3 (continued )

Activit ychec k Sunglasse s (type ) Correction s note d Studen t signatur e Grade d b

y Validate d b

y C . Issuanc e o f Card s and/o r Certificatio n Date d properl y Accountabl e form s VI . Qua!it yAssuranc e A . Record s Contro l (Re
taine d fo r 5 yr s b

y agency ) i !

Studen t list s Transmissomete r cali

bratio n dat a Transmissomete r opacit y dat a Studen t tes t form s Issue d certificate s B . Auditin g Function s Traceabilit yo f cali

bratio n standard s Calibratio n o f genera to r transmissomete r Auditin g o f generato r transmissomete r dat a (continued ) Adequat e 

### ye s n o



### 140 Comments/correctiv e actio n

«" m> nut i P i'pp ' i P.5 7

TABL E B- 3 (continued ) Activit ychec k Verificatio n and contro l o f dociJiintatjo n Auditin g o f gridin g sys te m Performanc e audit s con ducte d C . Maintenanc e o f Contro l Statistic s Standard s Transmissomete r respons e Reporte d opacit y Applicant s fina l tes t scor e Percen t certificatio n Othe r Calculate d accordin g t o - accepte d statistica l method s D . Genera l Informatio n (specif ynumbers ) Numbe r o f school s pe r yea r Numbe r o f person s pe r schoo l Numbe r o f recffrtifier s Percentag e o f ne wappli

cant s certifyin g Percentag e o f recerti

fie s certifyin g Adequat e 

### ye s n o Comments/correctiv e actio n

Th e transmissomete r syste mconsist s o f th e 1 readou t instruments . Th e syste mmus t mee t a Metho d 9 specifications . 14 1 igh t source , photocell , fans , and ppiicabl e 4 0 CF R60 , Appendi xA ,P.5 8

APPENDI XC ANALYSI S AN D EXAMPL E CALCULATION S O F V E TRAININ G

PROGRAMERROR S Severa l element s o f th e V E trainin g progra mperformanc e ca nb e esti

mated , withi nstatistica l limits , throug herro r analysi s o f individua l pro gra mactivities . Thes e erro r estimate s ma yb e combine d t o produc e a naggre gat e erro r estimate . Th e probabilit ylimit s resultin g fro mthi s erro r esti

mat e serv e a s a quantitativ e measur e o f progra meffectivenes s an d shoul d b e include d a s par t o f it s documentation . Individua l error s associate d wit h th e standardize d calibratio nfilters , th e transmissomete r a s compare d wit h thes e standardize d filters , an d th e announce d opacit ya s rea d fro mth e trans missomete r ar e determine d alon g wit hthei r respectiv e standar d deviation s (SD) . Combine d precisio nan d accurac yca nthe nb e estimate d for ' th e transmissomete r and smok e generato r operato r a s wel l a s th e tota l precisio nand accurac yfo r th e V E trainin g progra mincludin g traine e precision . Th e followin g section s provid e exampl e calculation s an d a nerro r analysi s fo r a V E trainin g program . Th e description s o f th e statistic s ar e no t include d sinc e the yar e availabl e i nsevera l standar d statistica l textbooks . Filte r Qua!it yErro r I norde r t o determin e th e precisio nand accurac yo f th e transmissometer , th e erro r associate d wit hth e standardize d filter s use d t o calibrat e th e trans missomete r mus t b e determined . Th e followin g assumptio nshoul d b e use d t o calculat e filte r qualit yerro r directl yfro mth e specification s o f th e stan dardize d calibratio nfilters . 1 . Eac hNBS-traceabl e filte r use d t o calibrat e th e transmissomete r i s accurat e withi n+0. 5 percen t opacit yo f it s nomina l value . 2 . Th e are a withi n3 S D o f th e mea no f a standar d norma l curv e i s 99.7 3 percen t o f th e tota l are a o r approximatel yth e tota l area .



### 142P.5 9



### 3 . Therefore , unde

r th eassumptio nof

norma ldistributio nof errors , th ecalibratio nfilte r standar derro r

(SD, ) wil lb

e les s tha none-thir dof

th enomina

lerro r o r S D X 

### < ^ SD X< 0.17 % . Th e standar ddeviatio no f erro r associate dwit hth e calibratio n filter s i s therefor e les s tha n0.1 7 percen t opacity . Linearit y- Calibratio nErro r T o determin e ho waccuratel yth e transmissomete r compare s wit hth e stan dardize dfilters , th e standar ddeviatio n(SD~ ) o f th e transmissomete r mus t b e obtaine db yus e o f th e followin g procedure . Note : A t leas t 1 0 dat a point s fro meac hfilte r mus t b e used . 1 . Us e th e dat a obtaine dfro mfilte r reading s take ndurin g th e V E pro gra mcertificatio nruns . Fiftee nfilte r reading s mus t b e take na t th e beginnin g o f th e trainin g course , an d 1 5 additiona l reading s mus t b e take na t th e end . Recor dthes e dat a point s o n a for m simila r t o tha t illustrate di n Figur e C-l . 2 . Determin e th e differenc e (d. ) betwee neac ho f th e 3 0 value s reporte d byth e transmissomete r an d th e actua l opacitie s o f th e correspondin g filter s a s show ni n Figur e C-l . 3 . Su m

th e difference s obtaine di n ste p 2 an d determin e th e mea n(5L ) an dth e standar ddeviatio n(SDo ) o f th e 3 0 differences , wher e d , i s th e firs t difference , dp i s th e second , an d s o on . d , + d 0 + d , + .. . + d, nEd . v 2 3 0
S D 2 ** • (Ed^ ) - (Zd.) 2 / n 

### h n- 1 Operationa l Erro r Th e followin g procedur e shoul db e use dt o determin e th e standar ddeviatio n (SD3 ) o f th e reportin g erro r fro mth e transmissometer , th e differenc e betwee n 14 3

### 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 INITIA L
Measure d 17. 5 17. 5 17. 5 17. 5 17. 0 49. 0 49. 5 49. 5 

### 5 1 49.5 . 

### 7 6 7 4 74. 5 

### 7 4 7 4 FILTE R READINGS 3



### Actua l 1 3 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 • 5 0 

### 7 4 7 4 - 

### 7 4 7 4 7 4 d 

### i

-. 5 -. 5 -. 5 -. 5

- 1

- 1 -. 5 -. 5 + 1 

### -. 5 + 2 0 + . 5 

### 0 0 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 FINA L
Measure d 

### 1 7 2 0 17. 5 

### 1 9 1 8 5 0 49. 5 

### 5 1 4 9 5 0 7 5 74. 5 

### 7 4 73. 5 

### 7 4 FILTE R READING S

Actua l 

### 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 7 4 7 4 7 4 7 4 7 4 a 

# V

- 1 + 2 -. 5 + 1 0

- 0 

### -. 5 + 1



### - 1 0 + 1 + . 5 

### 0 -. 5 0 Measureddenote s value s rea db y th etransmissometer ; actua ldenote s filte r values ; d . denote s th edifferenc e(Measured- Actual

n = 30 

### Zid.J = 1 9

SD
. 

### Ed. 2

### - (ld.) 2 

### / n

n- 1 1 9 - (0V30 ) 2 9 = 0.80 %



### Figur eC-L , Linearit y - calibratio nerro r

dat aan dcalculations . 14 4P.6 1



### 1 . th e actua l opacit yvalu e as recorde d o n th e transmissomete rstri p char tan d th e opacit ya

s announce d t o th e neares t5 percen tvalu e b yth e generato r operator . Randomlyselec ton e certificatio n ru n fro m th e school' s fiel d

trainin g program . Note : Avoi d selectin g th e firs trun--i tusuall y wil l have th e highes terror , sinc e th e generato roperato ri s un familia rwit h th e generator' s operatio n a tthi s point
. O n a for m simila rt o th e on e illustrate d i n Figur e C-2 , recor d th e actua l transmissomete rreading s fo reac h o fth e 2 5 whit e smok

e readings , th e 2 5 reading s a

s announce d b

yth e generato roperator , an d th e caJj^ilaJ^d__d_rfferenc e (d. ) foreac ho f th e readings . Sumth e difference s obtaine d i n ste p 1 and calculat e th e mea n(5L ) in d standar d deviatio n(SD, ) o f th e 2 5 readings , wher e d , i s th e firs t difference , d « i s th e second , etc. :



### SDd

l + d 2+ d 3+ . . . +

25 Ed. 2- (Ed.) 2 / n h d 2 5 . Ed . 25

n- 1 3 . Repea t step s 1 an d 2 fo r th e 2 5 blac k smok e readings . Refe r t o Figur e C- 2 and th e stri p char t recor d trac e illustrate d i n Fig

ur e C-3 . Probabilit yLimit s Th e followin g procedur e i s use d t o calculat e th e 9 5 percen t probabilit y limit s (PL ) fo r th e actua l readings . Thi s calculatio nestablishe s a reasonabl e estimat e o f th e combine d transmissomete r an d generato r operato r erro r i n report ing individua l smok e reading s (se e Figur e C-4) . Figure s C- l and C- 2 sho wth e standar d error s compute d fro mth e previou s discussion s o f filte r quality , linearity-calibratio n error , and operationa l error . Th e followin g step s outlin e th e procedur e fo r determinin g thes e probabilit ylimits . 

### 1454 ^

c n "T l —* . t Q C

- J f D O r o
m X Co 3 X J i f D O '

- h O X J f D

- I C U ft 1 . O 3 C U

— • f D

- s

- $ o

- J c x C U C r C U O i 3 Q - O C U

— * n c

— • C U c-t —.. O 3 C O

o C O I I 1

r o 4= > l—a r o • - ^ i c n i(2.5 r o

- — r o c n ^— - 1 1
• r I I o • - v l r o &s

C O C J C O I I 1 1

r o 4^ - t—a t—' • c n O I * —-. r o

. o r o

- — r o c n 1 1 w r=0.6 i t D M

C L —*• ro u

• — • r o • ^ i U l

t r ) c x — J
. r o n i —* t—a • c n O X I

C O I I 1 M 3 Q
_ 1 —' * I I rolr o cnl - |c n I I C D • i — * cr «

X I C O I I 1 r- i 3 c x 

### l J 

### u rolr o cnl - O u o « o 0 0 r M

c x —' • u r o

. c n

M C L -* • I I r o

. o 3

I I r o c n

3 n r o c n - n

O

- s s : 3 " — i
. r t f D Ln 3 O A " f D

- n o

- s C D C U O T r C O 3 O T T I D woitoi-'roNrotoujOiNKJitn+icowrOr-' H i— - »— •i— * r o oiuiooooouioooooowowooiowbooi o
cn*.cji-'POr-'Porococn-^44^cn4 : =>POco»—•»—•»— ' i— •t—>

PO OI^(DOOHU)UHDOIDOIOOOHOUH£1^0U101DO) H •. . •.. . c n c n c n c n c n c n c n

+ + i + il l i •+ i + + •• + i •++• •+ •i i—'Cn»—'CDOr—'t—'Oi—'OCncni—»Oi—'CnOr—'•—'CncnOr— ' uii- •

c o c o r o WIVJH'r-'N^tfllJlOOvJNCriUlJiJi^+^Wr-'r-'l-'WtJO J oiCDCDOu-ioiocnoocnoo-icncncnooocnocncncnc n

u r o wt~ . r o 4= . U T4 ^ oo—i-~^ioicn.p»4^co4^.rOr-'i—'(-•rococ o OHDOU301^0-P'lDO-f»HUl^(JlUHDHOU10Uia)^U l

c n c n c n

+ + + i i i + •!+•+• ! + •+ 1 •- I + Or-'OCnr-'r^OCnr-'OCnr^Or-'CnCDr-'r-'CDCnOCni—'r-» 0 TO f D X J o

- J r t f D C X 3 > o c-t c r C u

C L

f D X J o

- s c-t f D C L 3 > o r t c t u TO

=» k

O 7*.

tn o 7" ; mP.6 3

i 1 •'

: i •• 

## ill ! Mi l li M M M M M .rll i !!i i I : ; | 

## M M I' M i i; : M V ' ! ;

•'
. ' i : i i : >_ : : W
. ; 

## \7<j) il-rAiihii i 

# 7H71M7 ! ! i : : ! M i ! 1 !
• do' ! i 0 

## ! i 

# n n M M M M ! 1 ! ! i i ' ; i i ; > ' 

## iHiJfi N

j , i : ! j i !90 ; ' ' 

## ! i ! i 1 

## ? ! 1 I i :

• 

## M M ! M iii i

i | i 

# fjj iMillil l iii i l ' : i ! i i

1 I ! '. i •• i . ; , I : 

## !!i l i!i ! : ' : i ! ' ' • i ' < 

## i ; ; | Mi i M M M;:C:
. 1 •

• 1 i ! i i i80 - 1 

## iM: 2 

# 1 M Iii ! J # i i i ! •; 

## °; i

1 I * (

. i 

## .M i ; 

## i i : ! i ! ; : i : 

## M M

t ; i j . i i • 

## M M

, •i . 

## M M 

# i i jj 

## Iii i !PMi7bMpili!: 6 1
1 M i s 

# 6 i i i i 

## i!j ; i ! -

2

## p. | ^ M j i H 

## i. i 1 ! i ! i • i ; :

•i •, ; 1 . 

## M P I : ; ; 

## !iiG?; h M l :

t : , i : 1 i 

## i i ! Mi l M •; M l ! i 1 : iii i ill : 1 1 ! i ! i •! . 1 •.

. i •

•i i •i ;

, ::| : : 1 : •j . •ii i i ; 1 i Ml: ' 

## M l !

>1 1 0- ' i ! 0 | : j i , i : :

. i •i 

## ! M i ill ! Il l iii i ! ' 

### M M 

### iM :

•I : • i i : : *

: i ••

': i : | 

## M M

; ; • i i i 

### 1 1 : 1 •; 

## j ! 1 is o

## ! i •

: 1 ' * 1 i i ;50 ' ; i i 

## M M IM ! 1 : : . i ; i •

• 

### Mi : : ! ' ' 1 = 1 . , 

## M M C

'

Figur e C-3 . Exampl e o f a stri p char t recorde r trac e showing recorde d opacit yvalue .



### 14 7P.6 4

Fo r Whit e Smoke : 

## x 4 

## = x 2 

## + x 3 0. 1 = SD 4 - 1.0 0 = 0 + 0. 1

'(SD^ 2 + (SD 2 ) 2 + (SD 3 ) 2 (0.17) 2 + (0.81) 2 + (0.72) ; 

### H h PL 4 = X 4 + . 2 (SD 4 ) o r PL 4 =0.1+ 2 (1.10 ) o r 0. 1 + 2.2 0 = 2. 3 0. 1 - 2.2 0 = -2. 1 X 4 = 0.0 8 = SD , = Fo r Blac k Smoke : 

## x 2 + 

## x 3

0.0 8 + 0.0 8 - ' 4

1.0 8 =
P L 4 = P L 4 = 2.1 6 = 2.1 6 = 0 + 0.0 8

(SD^ 2 + (SD 2 ) 2 + (SD 3 ) 2 ' (0.17) 2 + (0.81) 2 + (0.69) 2 X" 4 + 2 (SD 4 ) o r 0.0 8 + 2 (1.08 ) o r 2. 2 -2. 1 Therefore , 95 % o f the time i t i s expecte d that : 1 . A n individua l whit e smok e reading wil l no t excee d the tru e valu e b ymor e than 2.3 % opacity . 2 . A n individua l whit e smok e reading wil l no t b e les s than 2.1 % opacit y belo wthe tru e value . 3. , A n individua l blac k smok e reading wil l no t excee d the tru e valu e b ymor e than 2.2 % opacity . 4 . A n individua l blac k smok e reading wil l no t b e les s than 2.1 % opacit y belo wthe tru e value . Calculate d b

y Calculation s Audite d b y Dat e Dat e Figur e C-4 . Exampl e calculation s an d reporting o f probabilit ylimit s fo r individua l smok e readings .



### 14 8P.6 5



### 1 . Determin e th e mea nerro r (X j fo r whit e smoke .



## x 4 

## = x 2 

## + x 3 

### wher e X

M= mea no f th e 3 0 difference s (d. ) fro m initia l and fina l calibratio nerro r check s usin g NB S traceabl e filter s X ~ = mea no f th e difference s (d. ) fro mon e certificatio n ru nfo r 2 5 smok e reading s fo r th e operationa l erro r 2 . Determin e th e cumulativ e standar ddeviatio n(SD Mfo r whit e smoke .

SD 4 

### = ^(SD^ 2 

### + (SD 2 

### ) 2 

### + (SD 3 

### ) 2 

### wher e SD , = standar ddeviatio no f erro r o f th e standardize d

calibratio nfilters , i.e. , 0.1 7 SD 2 

### = standar ddeviatio no f th e 3 0 difference s (d. ) fro m initia l andfina l calibratio nerro r check s usin g NB S traceabl e filter s SD 3 

### = standar ddeviatio no f the 2 5 difference s (d. ) from on e certificatio nru nfo r smok e reading s fo r th e opera tiona l erro r 3 . Usin g th e result s fro mStep s 1 and2 , comput e th e 9 5 percen t probabilit y limit s fo r individua l whit e smok e readings .

PL 4 

### = X 4 

### + 2(SD 4 

### ) Thi s result s i na 9 5 percen t probabilit ythat : o A nindividua l smok e readin g wil l no t excee dth e tru e valu e b ymor e tha n%opacity . o A nindividua l smok e readin g wil l no t b e les s tha n% opacity . 4 . Repea t Step s 1 , 2 , and3 fo r blac k smoke . B e sur e t o clearl ymar k whethe r th e calculation s ar e fo r whit e o r blac k smoke . Sig nand dat e th e calculatio nform . I t i s recommende dtha t th e calculation s b e audite dandtha t th e audito r als o signanddat e th e form a s shown i nFigur e C-4 . 14 9P.6 6

Aggregat e Dat a Analysi s Eve nthoug hth e sectio no n probabilit ylimit s provide s statistica l calcu
lation s for.generato r operator' s biase s alon g wit hothe r source s o f error , additiona l calculation s ar e stil l require d t o deriv e a "total " cumulativ e erro r fo r th e V E trainin g program . Th e standar d deviatio n(SDr ) o f th e differenc e be
twee nth e actua l opacit yvalue s and thos e recorde d b yth e trainee s measure s th e precisio no f th e individua l trainees . Figur e C- 5 illustrate s a qualifyin g tes t form . Th e procedure s fo r calcu
latin g th e mea n(RM ) and standar d deviatio n(SD 5 ) fo r whit e smok e follow . , Exampl e calculation s ar e illustrate d i n Figur e C-6 . 1 . Fo r eac ho f th e 2 5 whit e smok e reading s o n th e qualifyin g tes t for m recor d th e opacit yannounce d b yth e generato r operato r t o th e neares t 5 percent , th e reporte d opacit yfro mth e trainee' s tes t form , an d th e differenc e (d. ) betwee nth e announce d and th e trainee' s values . 2 . Sum

al l th e difference s obtaine d i n ste p 1 and calculat e th e mea n (X,- ) an d th e standar d deviatio n(SD 5 ) o f th e 2 5 differences , wher e d , i s th e firs t difference , d ? i s th e second , etc . id , * 5 = SD 5= d 1 +d 2+ d 3+ .. .

2 5 (Ed. 2 ) - (Sd.) 2 / n 

## Ln- 1 + d 2 5



### h

3 . Repea t step s 1 and 2 fo r th e 2 5 blac k smok e readings . Again , b e sur e t o indicat e whic hse t o f calculation s i s fo r whit e smok e and whic hi s fo r black . Th e followin g calculation s establis ha 9 5 percen t confidenc e interva l (CI ) fo r th e "tru e average " opacit ybase d o n 2 5 reading s eac ho f bot hwhit e an d blac k smok e b ya n individual . 1 . Combin e th e thre e mean s fo r whit e smok e {IJ t o calculat e th e mea n error . Se e Figure s C- 6 and C-7 . 

### 15 0t o c " 5 f D O I c n
r n x cu 3 XJ f D O

- h C U S3 CZ O l -tl *< I . 3 t Q o X ) O i n

c-t f D IA rt -ti O

- 5 3 oooooooooooooooooooooooo o ininuiutuiuiinuiiAuii/ i uiAiAu t uiuiututtnuiuiMUiuiU )

. —. —.'.£»-»-..-'»-.•—.-..-•»- . ,_.i£A._ . r- r- r-r-r* *fl**l* rr-

rooooooooooo o ojpl o ooo o oaajp o o uiuiuiuiuiiiiiJiuiuiuiuiuiijiuiuiuiuiu i m Sn ii i tjifj"ui\)u i I M M ru/K*/r*frTj kC\j\ro f\»r\jrMfUr>irafMlMrars»iv J rtVrJtrv i fx > I«^/N \ o o okijtiojQ/ o oooooooooo o o\c^ o o o<g /
r a r j r p »

M I M »\ i I^IV J r a lUfsjtr a NNNNn i r_"f*\j* rN i NNNn u u i u i J i u i ti t u i ufjEyu i u i trtuyut m u% tn ut 4n wyyut i n i n u t Zn oooooooooooooooo o o\gl o oooo o UUUWUMU M t^fpC\l^ UUU U •^/liJ vWt ^ Wi ^ 4 ^ I- * W uiutuiutuiuit/tu t invw n u i u i u i i n mwyu i u i u i t n u i u i i n iDoooSooooooSofifioofioooS S

i/r-M-y m -iiinuiuiuitsiuyu i t/iutuiuiuiuiu i

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOtpOOQOOOOO O C O o

r n uiintnuii/iuti/iuiuiuiui-jiu i 4j\\ipjut uiinunutt/iutt/tuii n

^ M ooooooooooooooooooooooo *

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O

•n^A^^O«->AAA^UU'JULJUULJUU(<JPJM N £ 1 oa)oovi»ui***>uWr-o«j(DsiOiu»^uN>-'OU»tii--i m " » OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O u i « Au t i n i n u t i n u i u i u i u « u i u i u i u i u i t n u t i n u i u i u i u i II I tf i oug)oOO O OOOOOOOO O OO O jSOOo5o o •_.*-.*X,_»~.*-**-.-r-*->»->*-'» —*—»->»~ > !_., —fPf\Atr-*

•-*»—«

_•^" * uiuipiuiutinuiuiuiuiuiuit/tiAinu i " * Vx'Tr 1 UltAU I o i i n ra r^tt&rnMjktbtJ**

farurarurara-Nirararpr a ra/ralr u r u r°o99S/ 3 000000000*0o\g[o a

( n X 7 u l u ***i«nunn3»muimu- i m^y m m i n i n SSSS S S£££££S£o(§£S£SSS££S £ *J 5 M C J O O 1 . ^ 5 * * S ? 5 " ~ C • 3 P

3 ft £- . I O O m»- i r « 2

/INIV M *V» r a r j nA/raflr a r a r a r a r a r«

J r a r a f-upajr a M r a r a r u ryfra\r a * -yu i i n i n I A/ny^J m u i u i u t u i ti t u i u i P*V}* M u » u * w i i n jnlu-tju t UUUUUU U *-J K~* L.UUU U t~*f-jtt a UMl^4 , ooo o ooojfioo o oooo**- 1 J

. J L * » « k

** . ^ I tfl u i u i U l t

m u t u i u i u t i/ i u i u i u i i n u t u/uyUn uiutuiuiuiuiuiuiuiuiu i m t n u i u i u i u i u i u i u i i n u i u-unJu i uiutuiuiutututuiutuiu i
oooooooooooooooooooooooo o

• H O ) C u C

D O J U o a i u O ) •- •ooooooo o 

### s **A*-^-«a--*-»a' , -a'»a**«J" , ^**«j' , *a"*a-^ * lviuiuitnuiuiuiuiuiuiutuiui t 'oooooooooooooo o c»ma3a)OJCoco(o(jaa^ajcucoCDO^coa)a)aiaia»coaicoc o uluiuiuiuimuiui-iiuiuiuiuiuiuiutuiuiuiuiuiutuitnu ) •t O » 0 t o t O * At o t o i O t O t o t O t O t O t o t o t O t o t O OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O t o t O t o t o t o t O OOOOO O 

### s tOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtotOtOtOtOtOtOtOt O uiuiuitnuiuii/iuiuiuiuiuiuiuiuit/iuiuiuiuiuiuiuiuiu i OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O OOOOOOOOOOOOpOOOOOOOOOOO O IUNNNNMr-i-'»--p'<-- r -i|-<r-lj--t- 1 u>AUNi^o-A(»-^{ninAuio>-*ou)ui-Moiu)AUN»- > c nn i t r » >J \ 2 I r » l b § D

" 0

t/ l n

•" ) *t >

• > 5

^ 1 TO H " D 2. C o -r -
• p 

### rl C O 2 "a cc

" b p U l U l Z£

> ?*c - ft



## s M O 

## *! ? 

## 4

• r 5

1



### u1— * ' J l r ocertif

_ j
. o O ) r t O 3 T | — 1 . ta cz ~i f D O i a.Example<ataandcalcu (a) ct o 3 - t i O

- 5 Q . f D ct f D " Jmining ct c Q .ent tr,

C D c n i

r o •£ >

i I I M

Q
_ \-a -•' C D r o c n i ^-\ c n r o \ r o c n

I I c n

C O O c n
i

r o

• * *

i I I i -f ^ - c n O l ^ c n o r o \ r o c n
•
• T I I C O c n » • J r o I I t-a C D r o c n

M Q . r o I I -fc
. c n o X I c n I I 1 M 

### 3 

# U a I I ro|-- j cnlc n I I C O o

X I c n I I 1 M 3 O I - - I I rolc n cnl o I I r o ^ 3

l l r o c n

3 I I r o c n T l o

- » 3 T r r r t f DSmoke:

T | o

- J 0 0 0 ) f i T TSmoke: cn4^4^4^-i^^4^^^-fi^cococoojcocococococorororor o

OlOCOvlOlOI^WMHOtDOOvJfJlUi^WMHOtDCOvia i

cncn-p»rororororo-F»cocor o i-'-Jcn-t»cocororot-'i-'t- i r o OOOOOOOUIUIUIUIUIUIOUIOWUIOUIOOUIUI O

^(JiroHIMHHrsJ^WMtX ) HvlsimuiMH H Mr-Jr o OOUIOOUIUIUIWUIUIOUIOUIOOUIUIUIOUIOUIIJ I

+ + + + 1 + + r-a i-a t-a + + r-a

+ M 1 +rJ r - J + + 1 oocnoocnuioooocncDooocnocnoocncnoc n

rorororororoMr-'i-'r-'r-ir-'t-'i-'r-'r- i ui^wroHOiocosimui^WrOi-'oujoosjcriui^wro H

WHMWWNMWOOCBvJvJtnlJlJiWroHHMWWIjJrOIV ) cncacDOCDOcncnoooocnoocDcncncnocnoocn o

MHHNMWWWCBCONlOlOi+iWroNHHHWWMN H OOUlOOUlUlOUlOUIUlOUlUlUlOUlOUiOOUIOU l

+ + 1 + l I + + + + + + + + + + + + cnocnoocnocncnocnuicncncncncnocncncnocncnc n TO f D 0 1 Q . 3 ( QRepo ~i c+ f D Q .

"J >ctu 0 1Rea Q . — i . 3 ( QRep o

- J <+ f D Q .
3 > ntual

Q - « L r c H H m C O " 2 O PZ m

ca — > r > TZ

" 5 "» v m DDO >

H H J > O T f c o - 4 c r- n

—I m TO

n o r n O P D m o c o o n o o > 2

- H C O O TZ

- < C O 3 > O m

t o C O m C O TO cr

0 ) o oP.6 9

Fo rWhit e Smoke : X g = (x" 2 ) + (x 3 ) + (T 5 ) 

### 3. 1 = 0 + 0. 1 + 3. 0 SD 6 = 5.8 7 = (SD X ) 2 + (SD 2 ) 2 + (SD 3 ) 2 + (SD 5 ) 2

_

(.17) 2 + (.81) 2 + (.722) 2 + (5.77) 2 ] 2



# f Fo rBlac k Smoke :



## „ . -TJJAor

XL®. 6 

### 6 

# ~VE VI ?

6

### " " V2 5 3.7 2 = 

### x 6

### = (x 2 

### ) 

### + (x 3 

### ) 

### + (x 5 

### ) 2.4 8 = 0 + 0.0 8 + 2. 4 "(SD^ 2 + (SD 2 ) 2 + (SD 3 ) 2 + '(.17) 2 + (.81) 2 + (.69) 2 + (SD s ) Zf 0.57) 2 ] 

### 3. 1 + 2.3 5 = 5. 5 3. 1 - 2.3 5 = 0. 8 6 5 

## "V25 " V25 CI , = 2.4 8 + 2 

### ^ 3,73 

### ^ 5 

## "V2 5 2.4 8 + 1.4 9 = 4. 0 2.4 8 - 1.4 9 = 1. 0 Therefore , 95

% o fth e tim e i ti s expecte d that : Whit e Smok

e 1 . (Qualifie d Individual' s Name ) wil l no trepor tan averag e o f2 5 whit e smok

e reading s i n exces s o f5.5% opacit yabove th e tru e opacity
. 2 . (Qualifie d Individual' s Name ) wil l no trepor ta n averag e o f25.whit e smok e reading s belo w0.8% opacit yabove th e tru e opacity
. Blac k Smok e 1 . (Qualifie d Individual' s Name ) wil l no trepor ta n averag e o f2 5 blac k smok e reading s i n exces s o f4.0 % opacit yabove th e tru e opacity
. 2 . (Qualifie d Individual' s Name ) wil l no trepor ta n averag e o f2 5 blac k smok e reading s belo w1.0

% opacit yabove th e tru e opacity
. Calculate d b

y Calculation s Checked b y Dat e Dat e Figur e C-7 . Exampl e calculation s fo r determinin g th e bia s and confidenc e interval s fo r a tru e averag e opacit yreadin g b ya n individua l observer . 

### 15 3P.7 0



# h - h + X 

# 3 + X 

# 5 wher e X 2 = mea no f th e 3 0 difference s (d. ) fro minitia l and

fina l calibratio nerro r check s usin g NB S tracebl e filter s > L = meano f th e 2 5 difference s (d. ) fro mon e certificatio n runfo r whit e smok e reading s fo r th e operationa l erro r X r = mea no f th e 2 5 difference s (d. ) fro mth e trainee' s tes t for mfo r whit e smok e reading s 2 . Combin e th e fou r standar d deviation s fo r whit e smok e t o obtai n th e "tota l Figur e C- 7 th e "total " cumulativ e standar d deviatio n(SD g ) a s illustrate d i n

SD 6 = \'(SD 1 ) 2 + (SD 2 ) 2 + (SD 3 ) 2 + (SD 5 ) 2 wher e SD , = standar d deviatio no f erro r i nstandardize d calibratio n

filter s SD 2 = standar d deviatio no f th e 3 0 difference s (d. ) fro m initia l and fina l calibratio nerro r check s usin g NB S traceabl e filter s SD 3 = standar d deviatio no f th e 2 5 difference s (d. ) fro m on e certificatio nrunfo r whit e smok e reading s fo r th e operationa l erro r SD r = standar d deviatio no f th e 2 5 difference s (d. ) fo r whit e smok e reading s recorde d o nth e traine e tes t formand th e maste r shee t fo r th e operator' s announce d transmissomete r reading s 3 . Comput e a n approximat e 9 5 percen t confidenc e interva l fo r "tru e average ' opacit ybase d o n whit e smok e readings . CI 6 = X 6 ± 2SD 6 

# •A T wher e CI , = 9 5 percen t confidenc e interva l fo r whit e smok e

X , = averag e o f thre e mean s fo r th e erro r fo r whit e smok e 15 4P.7 1

SD g= poole do r combine daverag e o f fou r standar ddeviation s fo r whit e smok e / a = squar e roo t o f the numbe r o f whit e smok e reading s 4 . Usin gthe result s compute dfro m Ste p3 , recor dth e 9 5 percen t confi denc e interva l o na form simila r to the on e illustrate dinFigur e C-7 . 5 . Repea t step s 1 through4 fo r th e blac ksmok e readings . B e sur e t o clearl y

indicat e whethe r th e calculation s ar e fo r whit e o r blac ksmoke . 6 . Sig nan

ddat e the calculatio nform . I t i s recommende dtha t the calculation s be audite dan dtha t the audito r als o signan d dat e the form .



### 15 5P.7 2

TECHNICA L REPOR TDAT A (Please read Instructions

on the reverse before completing) 1 . REPOR TNO . 3 . RECIPIENT' S ACCESSIO N NO . 4 . TITLE.AN O SUBTITL E TECHNICAL ASSISTANC E DOCUMENT : Qualit yAssuranc e Guidelin e fo r Visibl e Emissio n Training Program s 5 . REPOR TOAT E 6 . PERFORMIN G ORGANIZATIO N COO E 7 . AUTHOR'S ) 8 . PERFORMIN G ORGANIZATIO N REPOR TNO . Barbar aE . Blagu n 9 . PERFORMIN G ORGANIZATIO N NAM E AN O ADDRES S PEDC o Environmenta l Inc . 50 5 Sout hDuk e Stree t Durham , Nort hCarolin a 2770 1 10 . PROGRA M ELEMEN TNO . 11 . CONTRACT/GRAN TNO . 68-02-343 1 12 . SPONSORIN G AGENC YNAM E AN D ADDRES S Environmenta l Monitoring System s Laboratory Offic e o f Researc han d Developmen t U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y Researc hTriangl e Park , NC 2771 1 13 . TYP E O F REPOR TAN D PERIO D COVERE D Fina l 14 . SPONSORIN G AGENC YCOO E EP A600/0 8 15 . SUPPLEMENTAR YNOTE S T o b e publishe d a s an . ORD Projec t Repor t 16 . ABSTRAC T Thi s documen t describe s procedure s an d outline s technica l guidanc e fo r assistanc e i n establishing effectiv e visibl e emissio n observe r training programs . Smok e generato r operating informatio n i s presente d an d appendice s give s example s o f sampl e classroom training lecture s a s wel l a s audi t form s an d statistica l technique s use d t o acces s th e qualit yo f a training program . Th e adherenc e o f visibl e emission s training program s t o th e material s i n thi s documen t shoul d resul t i n improve d an d consisten t level s o f observe r training 1
. Thi s documentatio n wil l ai d enforcemen t program s i n demonstrating tha t th e observer s wer e traine d withou t biase s an d i n a professiona l manner .

17 . KE YWORO S AN O DOCUMEN TANALYSI S DESCRIPTOR S b.lDENTIFIERS/OPE N ENDE D TERM S C. COSAT I Fieid/Grou p

18 . DISTRIBUTIO N STATEMEN T RELEAS ET O PUBLIC 19 . SECURIT YCLAS S (Tiiis Report! UNCLASSIFIE D 21 . NO . O F PAGE S 20 . SECURIT YCLAS S (This page) UNCLASSIFIE

D 22 . PRIC E

EP A For m 2220- 1 (R«» . 4-77 ) PREVIOU S EDITIO N I J OBSOLET E