Filed 4/ 4 /23 CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPEL L ATE DISTRICT

DIVISION EIGHT
RELIANT LIFE SHARES, LLC

, Plaintiff, Cross

- d efendant and Appellant ; SEAN MICHAELS et al.,

Cross

- d efendants and Ap pellants ; PB CONSULTING #2, LLC

, et al.,
Appellants,

v. DANIEL B. COOPER et al.,

Defendant s, Cross

- c omplainants and Respondent s

. [And four other cases

. * ] B 30 5544

Los Angeles County Super. Ct. No. BC 604858

APPEAL S from amended judgment s and orders of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Huey P. Cotton, Judge. Affirme d. Walton & Walton, L. Richard Walton and Javad Navran for Plaintiff, Cross

- d efendant and Appellant Reliant Life Shares, LLC.

* Reliant Life Shares, LLC v. Cooper (No. B305946 ); Reliant Life Shares, LLC v. Cooper (No. B308884 ); Reliant Life Shares, LLC v. Cooper (No. B309686); Reliant Life Shares, LLC v. Cooper (No. B3136 02 ).2 Grignon Law Firm, Margaret M. Grignon

, Anne M. Grignon; Winget Spadafora Schwartzberg, Timothy W. Fredricks
and Jared M. Ahern for Cross

- d efendants and Appellants Sean Michaels and PB Consulting #1 , LLC. Law Offices of Christopher M. Stevens and Christopher M.
Stevens for Cross

- d efendant and Appellant Scott Grady. Beitchman & Zekian, David P. Beitchman and Paul Tokar for Appellants PB Consulting #2, LLC and 18LS Holdings, LLC. Beitchman & Zekian, David P. Beitchman and Paul Tokar for Appellant Romelli Cainong, as Trustee for 2007 Irrevocable Octopus Trust, RLM Trust, and 2007 Irrevocable MMA Trust.
C alifornia Appellate Law Group and C omplex Appellate Law Group, Rex S. Heinke and Jessica Weisel for Defendants,
Cross

- c omplainants and Respondents.

__________________________

SUMMARY Reliant Life Shares, LLC (Reliant or LLC) was a profitable limited liability company owned in equal parts by three members

. Two of them, Sean Michaels and Daniel Cooper, were long t ime friends and business partners. After Cooper stopped working out of the offices of Reliant because of a medical condition, no one at Reliant expected him to return to work, but Michaels assured Cooper he remained a loyal business partner. Before long, however, Michaels and the third member of Reliant, Scott Grady

, tried to force out Cooper , splitting the company’s profits and
other revenues 50/50 and paying Cooper nothing.
This violated the LLC’s operating agreement in multiple

ways

. Nonetheless

, the LLC sued Cooper , seeking a declaratory judgment that he was prop erly removed as a member of the LLC.3

Cooper cross

- complained against Michaels, Grady and the LLC

, alleging breach of contract, fraud, breach of the duty of loyalty and several other causes of action, seeking damages, an accounting and imposition of a cons tructive trust over funds obtained through violation of fiduciary duties

. (We sometimes
refer to Reliant , Michaels and Grady as the Reliant parties.)
At the behest of the Reliant parties, the equitable issue s

— the LLC’s request for declaratory relief and C ooper’s request for

a n accounting and constructive trust

— were tried firs t, at a 12

- day bench trial (phase one ) . At the close of that trial, the court concluded, among other things we relate post , that the efforts to

remove Cooper were improper. As the c ourt put it, “It’s not even
a close call.”
The court found Cooper remained a current one

- third
owner of the LLC and was entitled to receive one

- third of all monies paid to the other two members since November 2013. The

court set a January 1, 2019 valuati on date , as of which the value
of Cooper’s equity interest in the LLC would be determined. The

court also ordered an accounting, and u ltimately imposed a
constructive trust over certain assets to compensate Cooper for
millions of dollars wrongfully transf erred from the LLC to Michaels and Grady. T he court further found Michaels and Grady u sed the LLC and certain trusts and other entities they controlled as extensions of themselves, and conclud ed the LLC and the other entities and trusts were alter egos of Michaels and Grady. (The court later observed Michaels and Grady “used the corporate coffers of Reliant as their own personal piggy banks.” )
A nine

- day jury trial (phase two ) ensued on Cooper’s claims against Michaels and Grady for breach of contract, fraud, breach of the duty of loyalty, aiding and abetting breaches of common4

law duty (as to Grady), and fraudulent transfer. The jury was instructed that the court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law entered in phase one of the bifurcated trial wer e binding on the second phase of the trial, and these were submitted to the jury in the second phase. The jury awarded Cooper $6,028,786 in damages (as we describe further, post ) , and in an advisory verdict, valued Cooper’s equity interest in the LLC as of January 1, 2019

, at $5.7 million. The court ultimately found the value of Cooper’s interest in the LLC to be $4.2 million, and awarded that amount in damages jointly and severally against Michaels, Grady and their respective entities. ( The parties ref er to this award as “buyout damages.” ) The jury also awarded punitive damages of $500,000 against Grady and $1,001,000 against Michaels. We will describe the judgment, which was amended twice to name additional judgment debtors , in more detail later.
T he LLC, Michaels

, Grady, and several of their entities appealed. They assert a multitude of arguments for reversal of the judgment. Principal among the m are that the trial court ’ s findings in phase one exceeded the scope of the equitable issues and depri ved Michaels and Grady of a jury trial on legal claims; the jury instructions and verdict form erroneously made phase

one findings binding in phase two ; the buyout damages were legally unauthorized; the alter ego findings were impermissible
and based on re verse veil piercing; and the punitive damages should be reversed for failure to present evidence of Michaels’s and Grady’s current net financial condition . There are also claims of error in the award of prejudgment interest , and claims of error relating t o the constructive trust. There are claims that a settlement agreement between Michaels and Cooper in another5

case barred any tort liability or constructive trust remedy. There are claims that the motion to amend the judgment to add the
trustee of severa l trusts as an alter ego judgment debtor was an improper motion for reconsideration, and a claim of improper
service on the trustee. We find no merit in any of the claims and affirm the judgment in full.
FACT S

1. The Parties and Others Reliant is the plain tiff in the declaratory relief action against Cooper

. Cooper cross

- complai n ed against Reliant

, Michaels

, Grady , and o ther cross

- defendants , including Andrew Murphy, whom Michaels and Grady hired as Reliant’s chief
executive officer in 2015 ; Joel Kleinfeld , who held Grady’s interest in the LLC for some period of time ; and PB Consulting
# 1 , LLC (later found to be an alter ego of Michaels) . Murphy and
Kleinfeld are not parties to these appeals; the jury found no liability on their part. Cooper’s interest in Reliant is held by a trust of which his father, Richard Cooper, is trustee and who is also a party to this action. We refer to both of them in the singular as Cooper.
The court found several trusts and other entities to be alter egos of Michaels and Grady . The “Michaels entities” are
PB Consulting #1 , LLC; PB Consulting # 2, LLC; the 2007 Irrevocable Octopus Trust; the 2007 Irrevocable MMA Trust; the RLM Trust; and 18LS Holdings, LLC

. The “Grady entities” are LaForce Holding s , LLC; Tristan Capital, Inc

. ; the RLS Trust; and
the SLG Trust. Named as additional judgment debtors in the second amended judgment in one or more causes of action are the three6

Michaels limited liability companies listed above and Grady’s LaForce Holding s , LLC. The third amended jud gment name d Romelli Cainong, as trustee for the three Michaels trusts listed above, as additional judgment debtors.
2. Outline of Significant Facts We outline pertinent facts that are undisputed or were found by the trial court

. ( Unless otherwise identif ied, i tems in quot ation marks are taken directly from the trial court ’s fact findings.) No appellant argues on appeal there is not substantial evidence to support the trial court’s findings , other than the alter ego findings

. We will augment this outline as necessary in
connection with our discussion of the claims of error made on appeal.

a. The background
Reliant was formed in 2011. Reliant buys life insurance policies from purchasers who can no longer afford to pay the premiums and then sells these p olicies in fractional shares to investors, who are paid a share of the policy proceeds when the
insured dies. Reliant describes its business as “brokering fractional shares in life settlement policies to qualified
customers.” Michaels and Cooper were lo ngtime friends who had multiple business ventures together in the insurance industry. Michaels and Cooper joined Reliant in 2011, jointly taking a majority interest. As of April 2012, the members of Reliant were Monaco Holding C ompany, Inc. (jointly owne d by Michaels and Cooper) with 51 percent and Joel Kleinfeld with 49 percent. Kleinfeld’s ownership interest was held on behalf of Scott Grady;
Kleinfeld did no work for Reliant while he was an owner. As of December 2012, Monaco owned two

- thirds and Klei nfeld one

-7

third. Michaels and Cooper “ agreed that Sean Michaels would focus his efforts on Reliant’s day

- to

- day business while Daniel Cooper would focus his efforts on other shared business
endeavors. ”
b. Events in 2013 “In August 2013, Daniel Cooper s topped working out of the
offices of Reliant because of a medical condition.” “After Daniel Cooper’s August 2013 departure from Reliant, there was no expectation by any member or employee of Reliant that Daniel
C o oper would return to work at Reliant’s off ices.” Michaels sent Cooper an e

- mail in August 2013 saying that “even though we have our disagreements, I still am 1000% loyal to you as a business partner.” Sometime in 2013, Michaels and Cooper negotiated the separation of the many business interests they h eld jointly . One of the terms of their separation agreement (about which there is more later) was that Monaco would be dissolved, and Cooper and
Michaels would each have a one

- third interest in Reliant, the
other one

- third remaining with Kleinfeld. “ Cooper acquired his
individual one

- third interest in Reliant on November 5, 2013. ” Under the terms of the separation agreement, the effective date of which was December 31, 2013, “Michaels agreed to run

t he day

- to

- day business of Reliant while Cooper w ould maintain a

one

- third ownership interest. ” The agreement stated Michaels was entitled to a year

- end bonus of $50,000 “as compensation for his role as Manager of Reliant.” Michaels was appointed manager of Reliant as of November 2013.
The trial court found that Michaels and Grady “began conspiring to remove Daniel Cooper from Reliant beginning as early as August 2013.”8 c. The Reliant operating agreement Reliant is governed by an operating agreement. The operating agreement “did not require Daniel Cooper to spend any time working for Reliant in order to maintain his one

- third ownership interest in Reliant and to receive all of its benefits, including one third of Reliant’s profits.” The operating agreement had several pertinent provisions. The agr eement required Reliant’s profits and losses to be
allocated in accordance with each member’s percentage interest. It required copies of Reliant’s financial statements, quarterly and

year

- end, to be given to all members. It allowed each member to inspect and copy books of account of the company’s business, on
reasonable notice. (The separation agreement between Michaels and Cooper also contained obligations to provide Cooper with quarterly accountings of Reliant’s finances and “access to all
financial in formation when requested.”) The operating agreement provided that c ompany decisions required consultations with all members followed by agreement among a majority of members, and in the case of formal meetings, required notice to members. The operating agreement contained provisions governing transfers of membership interests. These included a provision identifying events with respect to a member that would trigger an option right in Reliant and the other members to purchase
that member’s interest. Unt il February 2015, these triggering

event s were events such as death, incapacity, bankruptcy, failure to make capital contributions, and the like. The operating agreement also provided procedures for
exercise of the option to purchase a member’s interest upon the occurrence of a triggering event. These included an attempt to9

agree on the valuation (the “fair option price”), failing which three appraisers were to be appointed under specified procedures and timelines to determine the fair option price

. d. Events in 2014 and 2015 Before January 2014, Michaels, Grady and Cooper “all received equal member monetary distributions from Reliant.” In January 2014, Michaels and Grady “agreed, without any notice to Cooper, that Reliant would stop paying member dis tributions to Cooper.” Cooper “was not consulted about, nor given notice of, the January 2014 decision to stop paying member distributions to
him. ” In April 2014, Reliant hired Andrew Murphy as its new CEO. Murphy replaced Michaels as Reliant’s manager . Cooper
was not consulted about these decisions either. In June 2014, Michaels and Grady “agreed, without notice to or consultation with Daniel Cooper, to pay themselves each approximately $485,000 in back pay and a 3 % commission on all
of Reliant’s sa les, regardless of whether they participated in
those sales. ” Cooper “was not provided with notice of any Member Meetings that took place in 2014 or 2015, as required under Reliant’s Operating Agreement.” Nor was he provided with quarterly or year

- end f inancial statements, as also required. According to Michaels, an offer to buy out Cooper’s interest in Reliant was made in the summer of 2014, but Cooper wanted to get an appraisal firm to review the books. Cooper hired an accounting firm, Hersman Serle s, to help him analyze Reliant’s financials. “Hersman Serles could not complete its analysis of Reliant’s financials because Reliant failed to provide Hersman10

Serles with accurate, reliable, and complete financial
information.” “On November 5, 2014, And rew Murphy, on behalf of Reliant, communicated to Cooper an offer to acquire Cooper’s

one

- third membership interest that did not include any cash component. The offer also threatened to impose tax liability on Cooper if he refused the offer.” In response to Murphy’s offer, Cooper requested certain information about Reliant’s finances that had not been provided to him, but Reliant did not comply with his request.
I n February 2015, Michaels and Grady purported to adopt Reliant’s third amended operating ag reement. They amended the agreement to include as a triggering event a “determination by the Majority of Members that another Member should surrender his Membership Interest for the best interest of the Company.” Cooper was not consulted about this chang e, and was not provided with notice of the attempt to change the operating agreement. In March 2015, Co o per retained RGL Forensics to conduct a forensic accounting of Reliant “because Reliant, Michaels, Murphy, and Grady failed to provide Cooper with ful l and complete access to Reliant’s books and records.” Reliant provided
RGL with two “materially different versions of its QuickBooks files, the most recent of which included altered historical data. ”
RGL concluded, among many other points, that Michaels , Grady
and related entities received total outflows from Reliant of approximately $3.7 million between 2012 and August 2015; Reliant’s financial statements understated revenues by approximately $3.8 million between 2013 and 2015; and Reliant was significa ntly more profitable than reported.11 On November 1 2 , 2015, a member meeting took place at which Michaels and Grady voted to approve the termination of Cooper’s ownership interest in Reliant. This vote constituted a triggering event as defined in the thir d amended operating agreement that Michaels and Grady purportedly adopted without Cooper . Cooper was not given notice of the November 12, 2015 meeting. On November 19, 2015, Reliant sent Cooper a letter which

“ constituted a Notice of Triggering Event un der Reliant’s Operating Agreement.” The operating agreement gives the parties a maximum period of 105 days to establish the fair option price of a member’s interest , a period that would end on March 3,

2 016

. (The parties have 40 days from the option date (receipt of notice of a triggering event, here November 19, 2015) to appoint their appraisers, who then have an additional five days to choose a third appraiser, and the three appraisers must determine the fair option price within 60 days after the appoin tment of the third appraiser.) Reliant filed this lawsuit on December 21, 2015

, only
32 days after its notice of triggering event, alleging among other things that Cooper refused to disclose the identity of his appraiser, making it impossible for the two to select a third and provide the valuation contemplated by the operating agreement. “Reliant and its principals never paid anything to acquire Cooper’s one

- third interest in Reliant.” Cooper “did not engage in any behavior that was disruptive to Relia nt’s business operations at any point in time after August 2013.”

e. Other pertinent facts and events In 2016, after the efforts to terminate Cooper’s ownership interest, Reliant started paying member distributions to Grady12

and Michaels. “Grady regular ly used Reliant’s company credit

car d for personal expenses.” “Michaels ensured that he was paid whatever Grady was paid. This included receiving payment to compensate him equally for personal expenses that Grady charged to Reliant’s company credit card. ” “When Michaels reduced his workload at Reliant, he was still paid the same amount of money as Grady.” In February 2018, Michaels sold his interest in Reliant to Grady for at least $1.5 million . “Michaels also received
consideration in the form of Rel iant writing off a $404,000 loan that Michaels had previously received from Reliant. Reliant also agreed to pay Michaels’ legal bills in this action.” ( In its ruling denying judgment notwithstanding the verdict ( JNOV ) , the trial
court observed that the d eal included an indemnity agreement “by which Reliant/Grady agreed to indemnify Michaels for all damages owed to Cooper,” and referred to this transaction as a “sweetheart buyout deal” and a sham.) “Reliant did not provide Cooper with access to documents underlying transfers from Reliant to Michaels and Grady until April 2018 ,” when Reliant’s bookkeeper provided copies of her files in response to a deposition subpoena. As of December 31, 2018, Michaels and Grady and their respective entities “have recei ved at least $11,724,675.94 in payments and distributions based on their position as owners of Reliant.” Cooper was paid a total of $212,748 by Reliant; the last payment he received was for $10,000 on January 29, 2014.
f. The Friwat policy and the “tail s” Michaels, through PB Consulting # 2, LLC, was the owner of a $5.4 million policy issued by Lincoln National Life Insurance Company (Lincoln National), insuring the life of Salim Friwat.13

“PB Consulting 2, LLC was established solely for the purpose of
inv esting in the Friwat Policy.” “Money from Reliant was used to invest in and pay the premiums on the Friwat Policy.” “Tails” are policies that investors have forfeited to Reliant by failing to pay the premium s after purchasing the polic ies from
Reliant. “18LS [Holdings], LLC, an entity owned by Michaels, Grady, and Luke Walker, own [ ed ] forfeited and unsold portions (the ‘Tails’) of life insurance policies sold by Reliant. Grady did not pay anything for the tails he received and 18LS [Holdings], LLC paid $1,000 for the entirety of Tails it received.” (The tails were later valued at $880,225.98.)
3

. The Litigation

a. The pleadings and phase one of the trial Reliant’s December 2015 complaint for declaratory relief asked for a declaration of the rights and obligations of the parties under the third amended operating agreement, and specifically requested a declaration that Reliant “has acted properly and in a legally enforceable manner” regarding Cooper’s membership interest, and that the removal of Cooper’s interest “is proper and
in the best interests of Reliant.” (Reliant also sought damages, including punitive damages, for conversion; the trial court granted nonsuit on that claim.) In July 2016, Cooper filed an answer and a cross

- complaint against Micha els, Grady, PB Consulting #1

, Reliant and others, as mentioned above. In addition to breach of contract, fraud and other legal claims, Cooper sought an accounting and imposition of a constructive trust on Reliant’s assets obtained by cross

defendants in v iolation of the ir fiduciary and contractual obligations.14 In February 2018, the Reliant parties sought bifurcation of Reliant’s declaratory relief claim, and pointed out that Cooper’s equitable causes of action for constructive trust and an
account ing “are properly bifurcated.” Cooper opposed bifurcation. The trial court granted Reliant’s motion, ordering that the first phase of the trial w ould include Reliant’s declaratory relief c ause of action and Cooper ’ s accounting and constructive trust causes of

ac tion. On January 18, 2019, a fter closing arguments in the 12

- day phase one trial, the trial court announced its tentative ruling for Cooper. “The actions by [Michaels, Grady, and Murphy] in withholding information, and yet demanding an appraisal and
anal ysis and demanding compliance with the operating agreement, or demanding compliance with the partnership law and good faith is just absolutely inconsistent positions for those defendants to take. So no, they did not follow any proper procedures concerning [Cooper’s] removal.” The court also ruled Cooper was entitled to costs and fees, and ordered an accounting, but requested further briefing on the
constructive trust claim. On February 4, 2019, the court ordered Lincoln National to hold $3 million of the first proceeds of the Friwat p olicy pending
further order of the court. The Reliant parties and their entities were enjoined from directly or indirectly d istributing those proceeds or assigning any portion of the Friwat policy. Reliant
was ordered to co mplete an accounting detailing , among other things, the amount of mon ies or assets transferred from Reliant to Michaels, Grady , and their respective entities. On June 27, 2019, the court granted Cooper’s request for a
constructive trust . The court ordere d Lincoln National to15

transfer to Cooper immediately “an ownership and beneficial interest totaling $2,500,000” of the Friwat policy, in addition to continuing to hold the $3 million of proceeds as previously
ordered. The court also ordered the Michaels a nd Grady entities to transfer ownership of and beneficial interest in the tails to Cooper, with Reliant to pay all premiums associated with the
tails. On August 19, 2019, after Mr. Friwat’s death, the court
issued an addendum to its earlier orders and ord ered distribution of the $10 million death benefit of the Friwat policy. This included distribution of $5,428

, 666.65 plus interest to the superior court’s trust account

. On September 6, 2019, the trial court entered its findings of
fact and conclusions o f law in phase one. We have described many of the fact findings in part 2

, ante. As is apparent from those findings, t he court concluded Reliant did not act in a legally enforceable manner and did not follow the proper procedure for removing Cooper as a member. Reliant and its manager failed to provide Cooper with sufficient time to appoint an appraiser, instead filing this suit eight days before Cooper was required to appoint an appraiser, violating the operating agreement . “As a result, Daniel Cooper remains a current 1/3 owner of Reliant, and
is entitled to receive one

- third of all monies paid to Michaels and Grady from November 2013 through the present.”
Other conclusions were as follows. The court found Reliant violated its obligations to provide
C ooper with accurate and reliable financial information as required by the operating agreement. “Based on its willful disobedience and violation of the Operating Agreement, Reliant is estopped from attempting to enforce the provisions of the16

Operating Agre ement at the time th a t it sought to terminate Daniel Cooper’s ownership interest.” As mentioned earlier, the court set the valuation date “for any analysis of Cooper’s interest in Reliant” as January 1, 2019. The court awarded attorney fees and costs und er the operating agreement of $1,021,620.42. Because the Reliant parties “actively interfered with the efforts of consultants working on Daniel Cooper’s behalf to acquire” financial information to which Cooper was entitled under the operating agreement, t he court stated it had ordered a

court

- appointed third party accountant to provide an accounting “detailing the amount of money transferred from Reliant to Michaels, Grady, or their respective entities,” as well as other specified items, including informat ion on the value of the tails and the total amount of personal credit card charges Grady processed using Reliant’s corporate credit card. The court made alter ego findings (discussed post ), and imposed a constructive trust as described above “[t]o compens ate Cooper for monies wrongfully transferred from Reliant to Grady
and Michaels.” On November 13, 2019, the trial court denied a motion by Michaels and PB Consulting # 1 to vacate the court’s findings on the ground the findings violated the right to jury t rial.
b. Phase two of the trial and the jury verdict As mentioned at the outset, a nine

- day jury trial began on December 10, 2019, on several of Cooper’s legal claims against Michaels and Grady . The jury was instructed that the court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law in the first phase were binding in the second phase, and pertinent findings were also contained in the jury verdict form.17 On December 20, 2019, t he jury found as follows.
I n an advisory verdict, the jury valued Reliant at $17. 1 m illion as of January 1, 2019, and found the value of Cooper’s equity interest to be $5.7 million.
T he jury awarded Cooper $6,028,786 in damages for breach of the operating agreement , and found Grady and Michaels each caused 50 percent of the total damages

. The jury awarded the

same amount against Michaels for breach of the separation agreement with Cooper

. On the cause of action for fraud, the jury found against Michaels and Grady, and awarded $2,743,626 against each of
them. The jury also found that Mi chaels acted with malice, oppression, or fraud justifying an award of punitive damages. On the cause of action for breach of the duty of loyalty, the jury found against Michaels and Grady, and awarded damages of $3,014,393 against each of them. The jury found both of them acted with malice, oppression, or fraud justifying an award of punitive damages. The jury found against Grady on the cause of action for aiding and abetting breaches of common law duty, and awarded damages to Cooper of $6,028,786.
On th e fraudulent transfer cause s of action against Grady and Michaels, respectively , the jury found each of them
transferred monies or assets from Reliant to himself and/or his respective entities for inadequate consideration, and awarded damages of $146,667 a gainst each of them. Cooper presented no further evidence on punitive damages

, relying on the evidence already presented to the jury. The court instructed the jury, and t he jury then awarded punitive damages of $500,000 against Grady and $1,001,000 again st M ichaels.18 c. The judgment and amended judgments At a January 29, 2020 hearing on the proposed judgment, the court stated it would set the valuation of Cooper’s one

- third interest at $4.2 million. The court stated that, “with respect to the valuation, I think I’m certainly within my equitable powers

to

— especially given the fraud

. . . judgment

— to order the buyout of Mr. Cooper’s interest at the 4.2 million.” Cooper submitted an amended proposed judgment, and on March 6, 2020, the trial
court entered t he “ Amended Judgment.” The March 6, 2020 amended judgment determined Reliant, Michaels and Grady were jointly and severally liable for the $4.2 million valuation amount

, plus prejudgment interest of $494,794.52, in exchange for the transfer of Cooper’s o wnership
interest in Reliant. After eliminating duplicative damages , the
court awarded monetary damages on Cooper’s legal causes of action of $6,028,786, plus prejudgment interest of $1,492,747.98, jointly and severally against Michaels, Reliant and Grady

. The judgment awarded punitive damages (as above) and attorney fees, and included alter ego findings and the constructive trust provisions previously ordered. The court ordered the $5.4 million from the Friwat policy to be disbursed to
the trust account of Cooper’s counsel, and set the order in which the funds were to be applied (various attorney fees, the valuation amount, and so on).
Michaels filed a motion for JNOV and for a new trial on all issues tried to the jury

. The trial court denied the motio n for
JNOV (except on points not relevant to these appeal s ), but granted Michaels a partial new trial limited to the amount of the punitive damages award

.19 On October 6, 2020, the court entered the second amended judgment, adding PB Consulting # 1 , LLC; PB Consulting # 2, LLC; 18LS Holdings, LLC; and LaForce Holdings, LLC, as
additional judgment debtors.
On May 12, 2021, the court entered a third amended judgment, finding the trustees of three Michaels trusts (the 2007 Irrevocable Octopus Trust, the RLM Tru st, and the 2007 Irrevocable MMA Trust), Romelli Cainong, and any successor trustees to be additional judgment debtors.
d

. The appeals There are four sets of appellate briefs in these appeals, all
of which have been consolidated . Appeals were filed from t he judgments and various orders by Michaels and PB Consulting #1

, LLC ; by Grady and Reliant; by PB Consulting # 2, LLC and 18LS Holdings, LLC; and by Rome l li Cainong as trustee for the three
Michaels trusts.
DISCUSSION

1. Claims About the Scope of Phase One Findings The Reliant parties contend the trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law in phase one exceeded the scope of the equitable issues, depriving them of a fair jury trial on Cooper’s legal claims. Relatedly, they contend the jury instruc tions and verdict form erroneously made phase one findings binding on the jury, leading to the exclusion of significant evidence and requiring a new trial. We disagree with both claims.

a. The law The applicable principles appear in Darbun Enterprises,
I nc. v. San Fernando Community Hospital (2015)
239 Cal.App.4th 399 ( Darbun ), the case on which Michaels primarily relies.20 “A jury trial is a matter of right in a civil action at law, but not in equity. [Citation.] [¶] ‘Complications arise when legal
and equitable issues (causes of action, requested remedies, or defenses) are asserted in a single lawsuit.

. . . In most instances, separate equitable and legal issues are “kept distinct and separate,” with legal issues triable by a jury and equitable issues triable by the court. [Citations.]’ [Citation.] The order of trial in these mixed actions has ‘great significance because the first fact finder may bind the second when determining factual issues common to the equitable and legal issues.’ ” ( Darbun, su pra, 239 Cal.App.4th at p. 408.)
Darbun continues: “ Generally, in mixed actions, the equitable issues should be tried first by the court, either with or without an advisory jury. [Citations.] Trial courts are encouraged to apply this ‘equity first’ rule because it promotes judicial economy by potentially obviating the need for a jury trial.” ( Darbun, supra, 239 Cal.App.4 th at pp. 408



### – 409
, fn

. omitted ; see Hoopes v. Dolan (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 146, 158 [allowing first fact finder ’ s factual determination to bind the
second “ minimizes inconsistencies,” “avoids giving one side two bites of the apple,” and “prevents duplication of effort”]. )
b. Contentions and conclusions Contrary to Michaels’s contention, Darbun does not support
his claim that the court cou ld not determine that Michaels (and not just the LLC) breached the operating agreement. We are at a loss to understand how that could be so, given the LLC acts through its members. Further, the trial court found Reliant and Michaels (and Grady, and their entities) were alter egos of each other (as to which, more post ).21 I t was the Reliant parties , not Cooper, who sought bifurcation of the trial. In seeking bifurcation, they argued that “[t]his court may decide the equitable issues first, and this
decision may result in factual and legal findings that effectively dispose of the legal claims. This is perfectly acceptable.” As the trial court observed in denying Michaels’s new trial motion, “all parties agreed this issue [entitlement to ownership and
distri bution] was to be decided by the court in Phase 1, at least they agreed until the decision was issued.” Michaels insists the court made “myriad factual findings exceeding the equitable claims’ scope,” citing the court’s entire
27

- page ruling. These inclu ded the findings that Cooper did not have to spend any time working for Reliant; that Grady and Michaels began conspiring to remove Cooper in August 2013; “setting forth the term s of the Separation Agreement” between Cooper and Michaels; Reliant’s failure to pay Cooper monies paid to Grady and Michaels; the attempt to adopt the third amended operating agreement without consulting Cooper; and Grady’s obtaining the tails for inadequate consideration. Michaels tells
us th at “[n]one of these factual findings w ere necessary” to adjudicate the equitable claims. Similarly, Michaels contends the jury should not have been instructed that phase one findings were binding. These included findings such as that Michaels and Grady did not give notice to or
consult with Cooper on paying themselves back pay and commissions; did not giv e notice of member meetings ; did not consult with Cooper on multiple matters; violat ed the obligation to provide Cooper with accurate and reliable financial
information ; and so on. Likewise, Michaels complains that the verdict form stated that Reliant had improperly removed Cooper22

as a member, itemizing Michaels’s conduct (as just recited), and that this “prevented the jury from making any independent
breach determination.” First, as for Mic haels’ s contention the fact findings were not “necessary

, ” it was the trial court’s prerogative to decide what facts had been proven in support of its equitable judgment . As
the court stated in Orange County Water Dist. v. Alcoa Global Fasteners, Inc. (20 17) 12 Cal.App.5th 252, 359 ( Orange County ), “All of the trial court’s equitable findings were binding on the [plaintiff’s] legal claims, regardless of whether they were necessary for the judgment. ‘Issues adjudicated in earlier phases
of a bifurcated tri al are binding in later phases of that trial and need not be relitigated. [Citations.] No other rule is possible, or bifurcation of trial issues would create duplication, thus subverting the procedure ’ s goal of efficiency. [Citation.] “[D]uplication of effort is the very opposite of the purpose of
bifurcated trials.” ’ ” ( Id. at p. 359.) Second, all the fact findings are relevant either to Reliant’s request for a declaration that Michaels and Grady “properly determined that [Cooper] must surrender [ his ] Membership
Interest in the best interest s of the Company” and that Reliant “acted properly

. . . regarding the membership interests of [Cooper],” or to Cooper’s claims for an accounting and a
constructive trust

— the latter of which requires, among other

t hings, the “ wrongful acquisition or detention” of an interest in property by one “who is not entitled to it” ( Communist Party v. 522 Valencia, Inc. (1995) 35 Cal.App.4 th 980, 990 ( Communist Party ) )

. Michaels’s argument s that the court “had no authority to find wrongdoing by Michaels,” and that Reliant merely sought a declaration that it had complied with “technical provisions” in the23

operating agreement and “not a finding of breach” have no merit

. T he law does not support the Reliant parties’ claim they w ere improperly deprived of a jury trial. Orange County expressly rejected a contention that it was error for the trial court in that case to give preclusive effect to its factual findings in connection with the plaintiff’s equitable claims. ( Orange County , supra, 12 Cal.App.5th at p. 358.) The

court explained that , while the plaintiff had a right to a jury trial on legal claims, “this jury trial right is not inconsistent with the further principle that any factual findings made following a
bench trial on the [plaintiff’s] equitable claims may be binding on its legal claims, and the right is not infringed by its application. ” ( Id. at p. 359; see also Nwosu v. Uba (2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 1229, 1244 [“Here, the fact that the trial of the equitable issues
firs t resulted in factual findings that implicated the legal claims does not mean that [ the plaintiff] was improperly denied the right to a jury trial.”].) The Reliant parties’ reliance on Darbun does not help. In that case, the court held that, “in cases inv olving mixed issues of equity and law, a trial court may not act as a fact finder on issues it specifically reserves for jury determination. Here, in granting JNOV, the court improperly transformed its equitable finding of unenforceability as to specific performance into a finding of unenforceability as to the legal issue of damages.” ( Darbun,

supra, 239 Cal.App.4th at p. 402.) The court further observed: “The difficulties presented in this case stem mainly from the trial
court’s inconsistent and mislea ding statements, which resulted in confusion among the parties and complicated the issues on24

appeal.” ( Id. at p. 409 ; see the next footnote .) 1 Those inconsistent and misleading statements were the basis for
Darbun ’s conclusion that “a trial court may not act as a fact finder on issues it specifically reserves for jury determination.” ( Id. at p. 402.) Nothing like that happened here.
The Orange County court similarly explains Darbun :

“ Darbun found error based on the trial court’s ‘inconsistent and
misle ading statements’ regarding, among other things, which issues would be decided during the first

- phase bench trial. [Citation.] ‘The parties proceeded through the first phase of trial, then to jury trial, under the court’s assurances that the jury
would d ecide the issue of breach.’ [Citation.] The trial court subsequently decided the issue of breach, which Darbun held deprived the plaintiff of its jury trial right.” ( Orange County,

1 Darbun continued: “ The trial court explicitly stated, on several occasions, that it did not want to hear the issue of breach in the equitable phase of trial

— that issue was for the jury to decide. The only evidence it was interested in during the equitable phase was that which pertained to specific performance. Yet, it made statements on the record in ruling on nonsuit that Darbun had failed to perform and had breached the contract. The court also suggested the jury was an advisory jury on breach , but had not treated it as such. Despite a seemingly dispositive ruling on Darbun ’ s failure to perform, the court then told Darbun, ‘If you can get your damages, get your damages’ and continued with jury trial. During the JNOV hearing, the court insiste d that its statement pertaining to Darbun ’ s breach was the basis for its decision to grant nonsuit, and that left nothing for the jury to decide.” ( Darbun, supra, 239 Cal.App.4th at pp. 409

– 410 , fns. omitted .)25

supra, 12 Cal.App.5th at pp. 358



### – 359, quoting Darbun , supra, 239 Cal.App .4th at p p . 40 9



### – 410, 411

. ) In short, t he only pertinent principle from Darbun

, confirmed in other cases

, is that “ ‘the first fact finder may bind the second when determining factual issues common to the equitable and legal issues.’ ” ( Darbun, supra, 239 Cal.App.4th at p. 408.) That is exactly what happened here. We will not burden this opinion with an explanation why each of the court’s fact findings is common to the equitable and legal issues. We have recited those findings, and the connection is appa rent. One example will do : Michaels complains that the court should not have found Cooper did not have to spend time working for Reliant, and Cooper was not expected to return to Reliant after August 2013. But the Reliant parties claimed at the
bench tr ial that Cooper abandoned Reliant , justifying the decision to terminate his interest; in closing argument

, counsel argued Cooper was equitably estopped from taking the position he had membership rights. It was plainly appropriate for the
court to find Coo per was not required to work for Reliant, based on the operating agreement and the separation agreement.
Last , Michaels argues the trial court could not make any alter ego findings in phase one. For this assertion, he cites King v. King (1971) 22 Cal.App. 3d 319, which in turn refers to “the general rule that the judgment must be confined to the issues raised by the pleadings” (and then finding an exception to that principle applied )

. ( Id. at p. 324.) King does not discuss alter ego principles . The only thing King said about alter ego was in a
footnote , where the court said the evidence established the defendant completely dominated and controlled the affairs of two26

business enterprises , and that they were alter egos of the defendant. ( Id. at p. 328, fn. 5.) King aside

, the court acted well within its discretion when it decided alter ego claims in phase one. Cooper’s cross

- complaint alleged Reliant paid monies to shell business entities associated with Michaels and Grady, and that Michaels and Grady funn eled unauthorized payments and withdrawals into shell business
entities. These allegations were realleged and incorporated by
reference in Cooper’s accounting and constructive trust causes of
action which the Reliant parties agreed should be tried with al l equitable claims in phase one.
2. The Buyout Damages As mentioned earlier, the court valued Cooper’s one

- third interest in Reliant at $4.2 million. The judgment found Michaels, Grady and Reliant, as well as additionally named judgment
debtors PB Consul ting #1 , LLC ; PB Consulting #2, LLC ; 18LS Holdings, LLC ; and LaForce Holdings, LLC, jointly and severally liable to pay the valuation amount plus prejudgment interest to Cooper in exchange for the transfer of his ownership interest in
Reliant.
The Reliant parties and additionally named judgment
debtors contend the buyout damages were legally unauthorized.
Th eir argument is , there was no action for dissolution; an equitable buyout is not a remedy for Cooper’s fraud claim; and the buyout damages duplicated the jury’s fraud damages. We reject these claims. First, we reject the Reliant parties ’ claim that the court had no jurisdiction to order a buyout in the absence of a dissolution
action. They say that under the Revised Uniform Limited Liability Company A ct ( Act; Corp. Code, § 1770 1 .01 et seq.) , a27

dissolution cause of action is “a mandatory prerequisite to a buyout remedy.” For this they cite Kennedy v. Kennedy (2015)

235 Cal.App.4th 1474, 1485



### – 1487, and the buyout procedure described in Corporations Code section 17707.03,
subdivisions (c)(1) through (5). Since none of the pleadings in this case requested a buyout, they say, the trial court could not order one. We disagree. Corporations Code s ection 17707.03 does indeed allow a
member to file an action f or dissolution, in which case the court can decree the dissolution whenever specified events occur. ( Id.

, subd s . (a) & (b).) If such a suit is filed, other members may avoid dissolution by purchasing the interest of the member initiating the action, and the statute specifies the procedures for doing so. ( Id. , subd. (c).) But nothing in Corporations Code section 17707.03, or in
the Kennedy case, states or suggests that a court has no equitable power to order buyout damages under other circumstances not
in volving a member’s decision to seek dissolution. The court did not “disregard the Act’s requirements”; those requirements simply do not apply here because Cooper did not seek a decree of dissolution, and Cooper did not have to seek a decree of
dissolution to obtain buyout damages in this case

. The Reliant parties cite Marina Tenants Ass n. v. Deauville Marina Development Co. (1986) 181 Cal.App.3d 122 for the proposition the court “did not have the equitable power to disregard the Act’s requirements.” Marin a Tenants has nothing to do with LLC’s or buyouts. The court merely state d the general principle that “a court of equity is without power to decree relief which the law denies.” ( Id. at p. 134.) Nothing in the law forbids
the court’s action here.28 Inde ed, as Cooper argues, a buyout of Cooper’s interest is consistent with the relief Reliant sought in the first place: a declaration that Cooper’s membership had been terminated and Reliant’s manager could authorize a valuation for the purpose of
calculatin g the fair option price for Cooper’s interest. Of course,
the results were not what the Reliant parties wanted

— but Reliant’s complaint was filed to do exactly what the court has now done, and had the equitable power to do. “A court of equity has broad po wers and comparatively unlimited discretion to do equity without being bound by any strict rules of procedure. ” ( Richmond v. Doffle m yer (1980) 105 Cal.App.3d 74 5 , 766 .) Next, the Reliant parties criticize the trial court’s statement, in its ruling denyi ng JNOV, that “[n]othing in Corporations Code Section 17707.03 precludes an equitable buyout as a remedy for fraudulent activity.” They say the jury’s award of damages for fraud “demonstrates an adequate legal remedy existed ,” and the trial court “awarded double fraud damages in the guise of buyout damages.” We reject this

assessment. There were no duplicative damages awarded. The jury awarded damages for breach of contract ($6,028,786) and for
fraud ($2,743,626 against each of Michaels and G rady). The court found the damages for fraud were “duplicative of and included within” the damages awarded for breach of the operating agreement . The court limited the damages award in the phase two trial to $6,028,786

. The buyout damages are not fraud damages

. Th e jury’s award compensated Cooper for the
monies he should have received as distributions as a one

- third owner. The court’s award of $4.2 million compensates Cooper for29

his equity interest in Reliant, in return for which he gives up his ownership interest

. There is no duplication anywhere. Finally, Michaels contends he cannot be liable for buyout damages because he was not a Reliant member on the date the
court set as the valuation date , i.e., the date as of which the value of Cooper’s equity interest in the LLC was determined. (The
reader will recall that Michaels sold his one

- third interest in Reliant to Grady in February 2018, and the valuation date was January 1, 2019.) This argument goes nowhere either . We agree
with the trial court’s assessment in its ruling denying JNOV on
Michaels ’s claim that he should not be forced to pay the buyout damages: “Michaels cannot escape liability to Cooper by arguing
that he washed his hands of Reliant

. . . . Michaels’ sweetheart buyout deal between Michaels and Reliant/Grady, that included an indemnity agreement by which Reliant/Grady agreed to indemnify Michaels for all damages owed to Cooper, is relevant to show that the Michaels buyout was a sham. Given the well

established pattern of deception and misdirecti on employed by Michaels in using various corporate maneuvers in attempts to shield himself from liability to Cooper, it is reasonable to infer that the Michaels buy

- out was simply another example of the
same.”
3. The Alter Ego Issue The Reliant parties , P B Consulting # 1, PB Consulting # 2,
and 18 LS Holdings, contend the trial court’s alter ego findings were improper because they were primarily based on reverse veil piercing and were unsupported by the evidence. We see no error.

a. The facts
In its conclusi ons of law after phase one, the trial court stated: “Here, the evidence established that Michaels utilized30

Reliant and his entities PB Consulting [ 1 ] , LLC, PB Consulting 2, LLC, the 2007 Irrevocable Octopus Trust, the 2007 MMA Trust, the RLM Trust, and 18 LS [Holdings], LLC (the ‘Michaels
Entities ’) as an extension of himself by disregarding corporate formalities, comingling money, and transferring assets without consideration, so much so that Reliant and the Michaels Entities are alter egos of Michaels.” The court explained: “Michaels exerted such a unity of ownership over Reliant by dictating when payments would be made and how they would be classified without any methodology for doing so, such that there was essentially no separation between Michaels and
Reliant. Michaels also made decisions regarding Reliant without input from Cooper, despite the fact that Cooper was and is a one

third member of Reliant. Payments to Michaels were casually made without the use of a payroll company. Further, Michaels

ar tificially manipulated Reliant’s books and records by (among other things) reclassifying historical data to negatively impact the perceived profitability of Reliant, to the detriment of Cooper. Additionally, Michaels authorized transfers from Reliant to
h imself and to some of the Michaels Entities without regard for whether Reliant was properly capitalized to conduct business on an ongoing basis.” The court reached similar conclusions as to Grady. “Likewise Grady utilized Reliant and his entities LaForce Holdings, LLC, Tristan Capital, Inc., the RLS Trust, and the SLG Trust (the ‘ Grady Entities ’ ) as an extension of himself

, by disregarding corporate formalities, comingling money, and transferring assets without consideration; so much so that
Reliant and t he Grady Entities are alter egos of Grady.” The31

court recited the same facts supporting this conclusion that we have just recited with respect to Michaels and his entities.
b. Contentions and conclusions The Reliant parties first contend the trial court’ s alter ego findings were improper because “outside reverse ” piercing of the corporate veil “is not permitted in California.” They rely on one opinion, Postal Instant Press, Inc. v. Kaswa Corp . (2008)
162 Cal.App.4th 1510 ( Postal Instant Press ) to argue t hat, while traditional alter ego doctrine allows an individual shareholder to be held liable for claims against a corporation, it does not allow a corporation to be held liable for claims against an individual
shareholder. Postal Instant Press rejected th e “ variant of the alter ego doctrine, called third party or ‘ outside ’ reverse piercing of the corporate veil, ” and held that “ a third party creditor may not pierce the corporate veil to reach corporate assets to satisfy a
shareholder ’ s personal liability. ” ( Id . at p p. 1512



### – 1513.) The opinion in Postal Instant Press includes a thorough analysis of cases from California, federal and other state courts discussing “ outside reverse piercing of the corporate veil, ” both cases accepting, and others rejecting that theory of alter ego. ( Postal Instant Press, supra, 162 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1519



### – 1525.)
The Postal Instant Press opinion rejected it as “ a radical and problematic change in standard alter ego law. ” ( Id. at p. 1521.) The opinion explains outside reverse piercing of the corporate veil creates unanticipated exposure for innocent investors and secured and unsecured creditors who relied on the impregnability of the corporate form; and that other remedies are available to
the creditor of an individual sharehol der, such as enforcing the judgment against the shareholder ’ s assets, including his shares in the corporation. ( Id . at p. 1524.)32 In Postal Instant Press , the corporation at issue had other shareholders, the plaintiff failed to show that innocent creditors would be adequately protected, and the plaintiff admittedly did not pursue other available legal remedies because it was “ simply more expedient ” to add the corporation as a judgment debtor. ( Postal Instant Press, supra , 162 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1524, 1523. ) In other words, the equities of the case did not justify disregarding the corporate form. The facts and governing law in this case are entirely
different. We find neither the holding nor the reasoning of Postal
Instant Press govern s the alter ego deter mination in this case. (See Curci Investments, LLC v. Baldwin (2017) 14 Cal.App.5 th 214, 222 [“ Postal Instant Press does not preclude application of outside reverse veil piercing in this case for several reasons,” including that Postal Instant Press “was expressly limited to corporations”; “different facts before us, as well as the nature of LLCs, do not present the concerns identified in Postal Instant
Press ”; and “[t]here simply is no ‘innocent ’ member of [the LLC] that could be affected by reverse pierc ing here”] ; see also Blizzard Energy, Inc. v. Schaefers (2021) 71 Cal.App.5 th 832, 847 [ “ There is no reason to depart from [ Curci ’s] sound analysis.”]. ) The same is true here, where the entities are closely held and controlled by the individual who engage d in the wrongdoing. Next, t he Reliant parties contend Cooper did not establish “a unity of interest or equitable right to find any entities alter egos of Mich aels.” (Grady and Reliant join in Michaels’s arguments.) Their arguments, however, do not men tion the substantial evidence standard of review, or mention substantial
evidence at all.33 Instead, the Reliant parties make the unsupported assertion that “ no liability findings were made against Michaels for which a Michaels entity could be an alter ego.” That is clearly wrong, as already discussed (see Discussion, at p p. 25



### – 26
, ante ). Then they say that only trustees, not trusts, can be alter egos

. That is a correct principle of law, but a moot one

, given that the third amended judgment add ed the trust ees as additional judgment debtors. (The issues raised by the trustees are
discussed in part 9, post. ) After making the legally meaningless claim there was only “limited evidence” that 18LS Holdings and PB Consulting # 2 purchased the Friwat policy and tai ls from Reliant

, Michaels argues that Cooper already received all of the economic interests Michaels or his related entities had in the Friwat policy and the
tails by way of the constructive trust the trial court imposed

. There is no evidence, Michaels sa ys, that PB Consulting # 2 or 18LS had any other assets, “thus mooting any request to add them to the judgment in an alter ego capacity.” He cites no authority for this principle. We are unaware of any requirement
that the fact or amount of an alter ego’s assets must be shown to establish alter ego status. Michaels makes a similar argument about PB Consulting
#1 , saying there was no evidence PB Consulting #1 held any of Michaels’s assets by the time of the phase one alter ego findings in 2019, and therefor e Cooper did not prove an injustice would result absent an alter ego finding. Again, no relevant authority is
cited.
We note , and agree with, the trial court’s denial of Michaels’s JNOV motion on this issue: “There was also substantial evidence, indeed admissions, that Michaels and34

Grady created shell companies such as PB Consulting LLC (for Michaels) and LaForce Holdings LLC (for Grady) as conduits through which they could funnel money from Reliant to other entities, such as the Friwat policy, for thei r own benefit. These shell companies were part of the fraud determined by the jury that prevented Cooper from discovering all sums paid to Michaels and Grady.” The trial court also stated in its JNOV ruling, that “there was ample evidence that an injusti ce would result, given that Cooper demonstrated that Michaels and Grady had used the corporate coffers of Reliant as their own personal piggy banks.” PB Consulting #2 and 18 LS Holdings separately contend there was no evidence they were undercapitalized, c ommingled corporate and personal funds, or failed to observe corporate
formalities. They also say Michaels was not the sole member of
either of them , and there was “no evidence to support any impropriety or funneling of money between Michaels, PB
Consulti ng #2, 18LS, and/or Reliant.” Th at is not accurate. As we have already observed, t he trial court expressly found that PB Consulting # 2 “was established for the purpose of investing in the Friwat Policy, ” and “ [ m ] oney from Reliant was used to invest in

an d pay the premiums on the Friwat Policy.” The court further found that 18LS Holdings, “an entity owned by Michaels, Grady, and Luke Walker, own [ed] forfeited and unsold portions (the ‘Tails’) of life insurance policies sold by Reliant”; and 18LS “paid $1, 000 for the entirety of Tails it received.” T he trial court’s alter ego findings are supported by the evidence.
4. Punitive Damages The jury awarded $1,001,000 in punitive damages against Michaels and $500,000 in punitive damages against Grady.
Michaels and Grady both appeal the punitive damages awards.35 Michaels does not challenge on appeal the trial court’s ruling on his JNOV motion except with respect to the court ’s
denial of his motion for JNOV on punitive damages . Michaels argues the court should ha ve granted JNOV on punitive damages, and not just a new trial on the amount of punitive damages . Michaels does not contend there is insufficient evidence to support the jury’s finding he was liable for punitive damages. Instead, he argues only that Coope r failed to present
evidence of Michaels’s current net financial condition. Grady, who did not file a JNOV motion, likewise contends the award against him was erroneous for the same reason.

a
. The facts
Michaels ’s counsel sought bifurcation of the trial o n punitive damages in the phase two jury trial . Counsel stated
there would be evidence in the liability phase of trial of assets and monies being transferred from Reliant to the individual defendants, “[b]ut to the extent that those individual defendants have other means or assets,

. . . I don’t think those things ought
to come in.” The court granted the bifurcation motion. It turned
out that a considerable amount of evidence was admitted about specific dollar amounts

— in the many millions of dollars

— that Michaels and Grady looted from Reliant and took as their own personal assets. That evidence, together with the evidence (not challenged on appeal) of their malice, oppression and fraud, was sufficient to support the punitive damages award. During the lia bility phase of the trial, the jury was provided with the court’s findings, including that Michaels and Grady and their respective entities had received at least $11.7 million in payments and distributions based on their position as owners of Reliant as of December 31, 2018. The jury36

received considerable evidence of Michaels’s and Grady’s
financial condition. The jury heard evidence that Michaels and
his related entities received at least $ 4.1 million from Reliant in distributions and other payments as o f December 2018 ; Michaels
himself so testified

. The jury heard evidence Michaels formed a

new company “to have an empty corporate shell that would be ready to go to replace Reliant in the event

. . . we couldn’t use it as a business anymore.” Michaels wa s paid an additional $1.5 million when Grady purchased his interest in February 2018 (in a transaction the trial court characterized as a sham). The jury saw evidence that Reliant’s annual net income for 2017 and 2018 was more than $3 million and $3.2 mil lion , respectively, with more than $13 million in revenue in each year. The jury knew that Michaels was the owner of a $5.4 million insurance policy benefit (the Friwat policy). Just before closing arguments in the liability stage of the jury trial (whic h included liability for punitive damages ) , counsel for Cooper stated that, “With respect to punitive damages, we want to get this done as soon as possible, and so we don’t think we need to present additional evidence for punitive damages. I
don’t want to waste the jury’s time or the court’s time.” After closing arguments, t he jury rendered its verdict on
each of the causes of action at issue. Its verdict on Cooper’s cause of action for breach of the duty of loyalty included a finding that
Michaels and G rady acted with malice, oppression, or fraud justifying an award of punitive damages. Similarly, the verdict
on the fraud cause of action included a finding that Michaels acted with malice, oppression or fraud. The court then instructed the jury on the f actors it should consider in determining the amount, if any, of punitive damages,37

including that any award could not exceed the defendant’s ability to pay. Neither counsel for Michaels nor counsel for Grady
moved for a directed verdict or objected to the court instructing the jury on the amount of punitive damages and submitting the question to the jury on the ground that the evidence of their net
worth was insufficient to permit the court to submit the question to the jury. After a short deliberation, th e jury assessed $1,001,000 in punitive damages against Michaels, and $500,000 against Grady. Michaels sought JNOV, contending the award was not supported by evidence of his current financial condition. The
trial court denied Michaels’s motion. The court rejected the argument that Michaels’s liabilities were not considered, stating the record showed no objections on that basis. The court said there was evidence of certain liabilities, but did not describe that
evidence. (Michaels says the only evidence of his current liabilities was his testimony that Reliant had paid his legal fees, about $225,000.) The court observed “[t]here was also evidence of Michaels unchanging practice of using shell companies to funnel money out of Reliant and withholding of es sential accounting records of Reliant to reduce any chance of determining Michaels’
total income and liabilities.” The court ultimately concluded that, “[t]ogether with all reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence, jury had
sufficient evidence of Michaels financial condition to make their
award.”
b

. The law “A judgment notwithstanding the verdict is proper only
when no substantial evidence and no reasonable inference38

therefrom support the jury ’ s verdict.” ( Hauter v. Zogarts (1975)
14 Cal.3d 104, 110, italics omitted.) “[A]n award of punitive damages cannot be sustained on appeal unless the trial record contains meaningful evidence of the defendant’s financial condition.” ( Adams v. Murakami (1991)
54 Cal.3d 105, 109 (

Adams ).) “[A] plaintiff who seeks to recover punitive damages must bear the burden of establishing the defendant’s financial condition.” ( Id. at p. 123.) The Supreme Court has not “prescribe[d] any rigid standard for measuring a defendant ’ s ability to pay.” ( Adams,

supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 116, fn. 7.) “Accordingly, there is no one particular type of financial evidence a plaintiff must obtain or introduce to satisfy its burden of demonstrating the defendant ’ s financial condition. Evidence of the defendant’s net worth is the

mo st commonly used, but that metric is too susceptible to manipulation to be the sole standard for measuring a defendant’s ability to pay.” ( Soto v. BorgWarner Morse TEC Inc. (2015)
239 Cal.App.4th 165, 194 ( Soto )

. ) “Yet the ‘net’ concept of the net
worth metric remains critical.” ( Ibid. ) “ ‘Thus, there should be some evidence of the defendant’s actual wealth’ [citation], but the precise character of that evidence may vary with the facts of each case [citations].” ( Id. at pp. 194



### – 195; see also Baxter v.
Peterson (2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 673, 680 ( Baxter ) [“Normally, evidence of liabilities should accompany evidence of assets, and evidence of expenses should accompany evidence of income.” ].)
“The evidence should reflect the named defendant’s financial
condi tion at the time of trial.” ( Soto, at p. 195.)39 c. Contentions and conclusions As mentioned, Michaels and Grady contend there was no meaningful evidence of their personal financial condition at the
time of trial. We disagree. As just related, Soto tells u s that the “precise character” of the evidence of actual wealth “may vary with the facts of each case” ( Soto, supra, 239 Cal.App.4 th at p p. 194



### – 195), and Baxter tells us that “[n]ormally,” evidence of liabilities should accompany evidence of assets ( Baxter , supra, 150 Cal.App.4 th at p. 680). But there is nothing “normal” about the facts of this

case. The jury heard evidence of millions of dollars Michaels and Grady funneled from Reliant to themselves and the entities they owned; evidence of Grady’s extrav agant lifestyle, with purchases
of luxury cars, expensive jewelry, renting a mansion for $20,000 a month, and the like; evidence of Reliant’s multimillion dollar net income for 2017 and 2018; and evidence of Michaels “withholding of essential accounting re cords of Reliant to reduce any chance of determining Michaels’ total income and liabilities.”
Michaels and Grady cite cases like Baxter, where the court held the plaintiff “failed to present meaningful evidence of [the defendant’s] liabilities, or other e vidence, that would indicate her ability to pay a punitive damage award.” ( Baxter, supra,
150 Cal.App.4th at p. 681.) The record in Baxter showed the defendant owned substantial assets, but was “silent with respect to her liabilities.” ( Ibid. ) The asse ts were real properties, but there was no evidence whether they were encumbered or whether they generated a profit. ( Ibid. ) In contrast (and as the trial court observed), here “the assets that the jury considered were cash
assets and could not have been encumbered in the way real property is.” In Soto, the court, citing Baxter, said the record40

showed that the defendant company “earned substantial revenues from one of its business lines, but is silent in all other respects.” ( Soto, supra, 239 Cal.App.4th at p. 196.) Here, the record showed Reliant, alter ego of Michaels and Grady, earned
millions in net income in 2017 and 2018.
Michaels cites other cases as well. He describes Kenly v. Ukegawa (1993) 16 Cal.App.4th 49, 56



### – 57 as finding in that case
the “ profit defendant reaped from fraud [was] not evidence of defendant’s entire financial picture.” That description fails to fully capture the court’s discussion . The court observed the punitive damages award was “based solely on high paper profit
from the fraudulent transaction,” and stated further that “[w]e
know from the facts of this case that the defendants were in difficult financial straits, juggling balance sheet items in the millions of dollars.” ( Id. at p. 58.) There are no such facts here.
Mich aels cites Lara v. Cadag (1993) 13 Cal.App.4th 1061.
In Lara, the court held that “where, as here, the evidence is limited to proof of the defendant’s annual income, there is insufficient evidence to support an award of punitive damages.” ( Id. at p. 1063 .) And Michaels cites Farmers & Merchants Trust
Co. v. Vanetik (2019) 33 Cal.App.5th 638 ( Farmers ) , where the

court made the general statement that “ [w] e may not infer sufficient wealth to pay a punitive damages award from a narrow set of data points, suc h as ownership of valuable assets or a substantial annual income.” ( Id. at p. 648.) These cases are not
instructive because h ere, the record is not limited to only a narrow set of data points on an individual’s annual income or on mere ownership rights i n valuable assets.
We find more instructive Zaxis Wireless Communications

, Inc. v. Motor Sound Corp. (2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 577, where the41

court found evidence of large revenues and the ability to borrow demonstrated a corporate defendant’s ability to pay a $300,000 punitive damages award , despite reporting a negative net worth of $6.3 million. ( Id. at p p. 579



### – 580 .) The corporation’s net worth calculation included accumulated depreciation of approximately $4.9 million and a note to the sole shareholder of $6 million. ( Id. at p. 5 83 .) “Although this represents a loss for accounting purposes, it did not impact [ the defendant’s] ability to pay a damage award as would, for example, salary and wage expenses.” ( Ibid. ) The defendant had $2.2 million cash on h and; a checking account balance of over $19 million; and a $50 million line of
credit

. ( Id. at pp. 580, 583.) The court affirmed the award “[c]onsidering the large volume of [the defendant’s] revenues, the ease with which net worth is subject to adjustme nt

. . . , and the fact that [the defendant] had the capacity to borrow $50 million

. . . .” ( Id. at p. 583 .) In short, the cases demonstrate the pertinence of Soto ’s observation that the “precise character” of the evidence of actual wealth “may vary wit h the facts of each case.” ( Soto, supra,

239 Cal.App.4th at p p. 194



### – 195.) Here, there was little evidence
of the defendants’ personal liabilities , but a lot of evidence of the profitability of their alter ego Reliant and the millions of dollars
of revenu es they received (and in Grady’s case, continue s to be entitled to receive as owner of Reliant). Given their efforts throughout to funnel revenues through shell companies and withhold accounting records (as the court found and the jury was aware, “a const antly evolving method for Michaels, Grady, and others to receive cash outflows from Reliant”), we think the jury could reasonably infer their ability to pay the relatively modest42

awards of punitive damages. Neither Michaels nor Grady was
entitled to JNOV on the punitive damages award.
5

. The Claim of Excluded Evidence Grady and Reliant contend the trial court improperly excluded evidence and argument to the jury that Cooper
breached hi s obligation of good faith and fair dealing

, and his duty of care to R eliant and its members, under Corporations Code section 17704.09, subdivision s (c) and (d)

. This is because, according to Grady and Reliant , Cooper “concealed an appraisal he was required to exchange during the buy

- out process, thwarting and obstructing t he process and making the appointment of the third appraiser

. . . impossible,” and the jury “was improperly deprived of that information .” The court “compounded that error

, ” they say, by binding the jury to its findings that the operating agreement did n ot require Cooper to spend any time working for Reliant to maintain his ownership
and receive one

- third of its profits, and there was no expectation Cooper would return to work after August 2013.
These contentions are without merit. The claim about
Coo per’s concealing an appraisal is directly contrary to the trial
court’s conclusion that Reliant initiated this lawsuit “before Daniel Cooper was required to appoint an appraiser.” This and other objections to the court ’ s findings of fact are founded on th e proposition that the trial court’s findings and conclusions should not have been binding on the jury

— a proposition we have already rejected. (See pt. 1 of the Discussion, ante. )
6

. Prejudgment Interest Civil Code section 3287 authorizes the recovery o f prejudgment interest. Under subdivision (a), “[a] person who is entitled to recover damages certain, or capable of being made43

certain by calculation, and the right to recover which is vested in the person upon a particular day, is entitled also to recov er interest thereon from that day

. . . .” Under subdivision (b), “[e]very person who is entitled under any judgment to receive damages based upon a cause of action in contract where the claim was unliquidated, may also recover interest thereon from a dat e prior to the entry of judgment as the court may, in its discretion, fix, but in no event earlier than the date the action was filed.” Here, the court awarded prejudgment interest of $1,492,747.98 on the damages award of $6,028,786. (There is no
claim th at prejudgment interest on the buyout damages was improper.) Interest was calculated based on payments to Michaels and Grady beginning in February 2014, when Reliant first began excluding Cooper from distributions , and was
calculated to run from the vario us dates on which payments were made to Michaels and Grady. On appeal, the Reliant parties argue that the court awarded damages under Civil Code section 3287, subdivision (b), “based on Cooper’s unliquidated damages,” and the award was
erroneous because under subdivision (b), the court cannot award interest from a date earlier than the date Cooper filed his cross

complaint ( July 8, 2016). They also contend the court awarded prejudgment interest on all payments to Grady and Michaels, instead of on Cooper’ s one

- third share. Neither contention is

correct

.

a. The background Cooper initially requested

, in his proposed judgment

, prejudgment interest on the contract causes of action beginning on December 21, 2015 (the date Reliant filed its complaint), “pursuan t to California Civil Code Section 3287(b).” However, at44

a January 29, 2020 hearing on the proposed judgment

, the court
stated interest must be calculated from the date that individual payments or transfers were made to Grady and Michaels.
Michaels ’s cou nsel agreed with the court, stating that

“ I appreciate the court basically buying our argument on only getting interest from each date of payment.” At the January 29, 2020 hearing, t he court requested a schedule showing all monies coming out of Reliant to Michaels and Grady

, plus a calculation of interest from those hundreds of
dates

. T he court explained: “[T]he amounts were certain at the time of those distributions. So do it in this gross amount. I’ll round it down to make it consistent with the jury ’s final award.
Some of it will come from the front end. Some of it will come from the back end. But eventually it will round out to a number consistent with the jury’s award and consistent with not paying
an excess amount on the interest.” The court e mphasized that the schedule had to show “all monies coming out,” not just the
first $6 million, but then observed, “I may opt for the first
6 million just to avoid argument.” Cooper prepared the requested schedule “ tracking these transfers and calculating prejudgment interest on said transfers.”
I n his posttrial brief , Cooper requested the court award interest “based on the first $6,028,786 .00 transferred from Reliant to or for the benefit of Michaels, Grady, or their respective entities.” In response to Cooper’s post trial brief and schedule

, Reliant continued to argue prejudgment interest in any amount was “utterly unwarranted.” Quoting Civil Code section 3287
, subdivision (a), Reliant argued that section 3287 does not authorize prejudgment interest whe re the amount of damage45

“depends upon a judicial determination based upon conflicting
evidence.” The Reliant parties did not argue that Civil Code
section 3287, subdivision (b) applied

, or that prejudgment interest could not be awarded on payments made be fore Cooper
filed his cross

- complaint in July 2016. Indeed, without waiving
the claim t hat no prejudgment interest was warranted, Reliant provided interest calculations that made various changes to Cooper’s presentation, but included distributions beginni ng in February 2014 , long before this litigation was filed

. (Reliant filed its complaint in December 2015, and Cooper filed his cross

complaint in July 2016.) And Michaels once again observed that “the Court agreed with Michaels that prejudgment interest could only accrue on damages from the date the payments representing those damages were paid to Michaels.” Cooper’s reply argued to the trial court that Civil Code section 3287, subdivision (a) “specifically mandates an award of

p r ejudgment interest ,” an d observed that he submitted “exactly what was requested by the Court,” namely, “that all transfers be identified so that the Court could determine which would apply.” Cooper pointed out that the court found Cooper was entitled to
receive one

- third of all monies paid to Michaels and Grady and their entities, and those monies “were

— or at the very least
should have been

— recorded in Reliant’s financial books and records and thus would have been either known by Reliant, Michaels, and Grady or capable of being calculated by them.” There was a final hearing on the judgment on March 5, 2020, the day before it was entered . Cooper argued from his spreadsheet that interest calculated from the first $6 million of payments to Michaels and Grady totaled $2,980,092.21. Reliant’s46

counsel explained that his spreadsheet removed items on Cooper’s spreadsheets that were not payments to Michaels or Grady , using only “the distributions that were personal to
Mr. Michaels and Mr. Grady for their entities,” and calculated
intere st “ on the first 6 million of distributions from that corrected
table.” (The excluded payments were those Reliant apparently
demonstrated at trial “to not be subject to interest calculations,”
such as payments for policy acquisitions , attorney fees and ot her items that Cooper claimed were transfers for the benefit of Michaels and Grady.) Reliant’s calculation of prejudgment
interest on that basis was $1,114,116.08. The court told Cooper’s counsel that his spreadsheets had “amounts that clearly didn’t bel ong there,” and stated that “the best numbers available are [Reliant’s counsel’s],” with the proviso
that several specific entries should not have been removed. The court also explained the basis for using the first $6 million in distributions for the int erest calculation: “Because they were so clearly divesting Mr. Cooper of any of that money
and

. . . I asked for at least two demarcations. One, where they were just bleeding money because they were petulantly refusing to give any of it to Cooper. [¶] Then when they tried to do the corporate restructuring to exclude him

— and you have that sort of argument that the jury didn’t buy that they were somehow innocently distributing money 50/50 because they thought Cooper

was out. [¶] And then the third point is where they

— we’re in trial and we’re post phase 1. Those are sort of my three markers.
And that

— the easily accounted for money is in that first group. [¶] Second group is a little fuzzy, but I think all the money out throughout that phase is pretty clear. But I think you might have a decent argument that after Michaels left the company47

[February 2018], and we’re in litigation, you could debate
whether Michaels

— each of that

— any of the money should be allocated to that period because Michaels is gone and it’s now Grady doing things. [¶] The cleanest period is when they were both dipping in the till together . Hence, the front end is where I’m starting.” The parties recalculated the interest based on Reliant’s spreadsheet ( and adding payments relatin g to the tails and the Friwat policy that should not have been removed from the calculation), resulting in $1,492,747.98 in prejudgment interest. In his new trial motion on this issue, Michaels again contended “[p]rejudgment interest should not have been awarded
at all and therefore the interest awarded is excessive.” This was because the “amount of compensatory damages based on

. . . one

third of all money received by Grady and Michaels [was] subject to conflicting evidence [and] complex accountings,” ma king prejudgment interest “not justified in this case under the law.” Michaels did not argue that Civil Code section 3287,
subdivision (b) applied to prevent prejudgment interest on
transactions before the cross

- complaint was filed.
The court denied Mich aels’s new trial motion. After quoting Civil Code section 3287 in its entirety, the court said only this: “As a starting point, prejudgment interest is available on a

contract

- based claim whether or not the claim is capable of certainty under subdivision (b) and is left to the court’s discretion. Thus, as to Cooper’s first and second causes of action
for breach of contract

. . . , it is within the court’s discretion to award prejudgment interest and the court did so.”48 b

. Contentions and conclusions
Mich aels’s opening brief states the trial court awarded prejudgment interest under Civil Code section 3287,
subdivision (b), citing the court’s new trial ruling. 2 Michaels then
states interest was awarded from the dates of hundreds of payments made by Reliant before this action was filed, which exceed the court’s authority under subdivision (b). That is the extent of Michaels’s argument on this point in his opening brief. Cooper responds that prejudgment interest on the contract damages “was based on [ Civil C ode section 3287, ] subdivision (a), not (b), because the damages were capable of being made certain by calculation.” Cooper says “all one needed to do was calculate the amount Michaels and Grady received and divide by three.”
Further , Cooper contends tha t Michaels did not argue in the trial court that prejudgment interest could not accrue before the date the action was filed, and so has forfeited the argument. In his reply brief, Michaels says Cooper has “fabricated an argument” and contends Cooper is no t entitled to prejudgment
interest under Civil Code section 3287, subdivision (a) because he did not request it. Neither of those c ontentions is true, as is apparent from the proceedings we have just recited. Then Michaels contends Cooper cannot recover interest
under Civil Code section 3287, subdivision (a) because the damages “were not capable of being made certain by calculation,”

2 Michaels repeatedly cites the trial cour t’s new trial ruling when he contends the court awarded prejudgment interest under Civil Code section 3287, subdivision (b). We do not view the trial court’s statement to mean that it intended the award to be based on subdivision (b). We view it as a sta tement that its award would be within its discretion “whether or not the claim is capable of certainty,” and nothing more.49

and “[d]amages the trier of fact determines based on conflicting evidence do not satisfy this requirement of certainty

. ” Michaels
relies on Lineman v. Schmid (1948) 32 Cal.2d 204, 212 ( Lineman )

. But Lineman actually held that “[t]he rule appears to be uniform, whether the case involved contract price or reasonable value, that interest is not allowable when damages
cannot be computed except on conflicting evidence

. . . because of the absence of established or reasonably ascertainable market prices or values .” ( Ibid. , italics added; see also County of Los Angeles v. Southern California Edison Co. (2003) 112 Cal.App.4 th 1108, 1123 [“Damages that must be determined by the trier of fact based on conflicting evidence of the property value do not satisfy this [certainty] requirement.”].) This is not such a case

. Here, the amounts and dates of transfers to or on behalf of
Michaels and Grady are established and certain; the disputes on the calculations were over whether certain payments to parties other than Michaels and Grady should or should not be included
in the schedule

. The precedents discussing the issue of certainty make it clear that this is a proper case for prejudgment interest under
Civil Code section 3287, subdivision (a). As Watson Bowman Acme Corp. v. RGW Construction, Inc. (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 279 ( Watson ) tells us , under subdivision (a), “the trial court has no
disc retion

— it must award prejudgment interest from the first day there exists both a breach and a liquidated claim.” ( Watson, at p. 293.)
Watson explains: “From the defendant’s perspective, the certainty requirement promotes equity because liability for

pr ejudgment interest occurs only when the defendant knows or can calculate the amount owed and does not pay. ( Chesapeake50

[ Industries, Inc. v. Togova Enterprises, Inc. (1983) ]
149 Cal.App.3d [ 901, ] 906.) In Chesapeake , the court acknowledged the tension bet ween compensating the plaintiff’s loss and fairness to the defendant, stating: ‘These competing policy considerations have led the courts to focus on the defendant’s knowledge about the amount of the plaintiff ’ s claim. The fact the plaintiff or some omni scient third party knew or
could calculate the amount is not sufficient. The test we glean from prior decisions is: did the defendant actually know the amount owed or from reasonably available information could the defendant have computed that amount. O nly if one of those two conditions is met should the court award prejudgment interest.’ ( Id. at p. 907, italics omitted.)” ( Watson, supra, 2 Cal.App.5th at pp. 293



### – 294.) Here, there is no question whether the Reliant parties could have computed the amoun ts they owed Cooper from each of
the distributions Reliant made to Michaels and Grady , because that is exactly what they did in the trial court.
Michaels makes a second argument: that the trial court awarded prejudgment interest “on all payments to Grad y and Michaels, instead of Cooper’s one

- third share ,” and this gave Cooper a “windfall” because it gave him interest “on amounts he had no right to recover yet.” Instead, Michaels claims, Cooper’s damages “should have vested incrementally over a five

- year period ending November 2019, as Reliant made payments to Michaels and Grady.” Again, Michaels did not make this argument to the trial

court (or at least does not point us to any place in the record where he did so) , and we may consider it forfeited. In any event, there was nothing “arbitrary,” as Michaels claims in his reply51

brief, about the trial court’s decision to compute in terest based on
the first $6 million of p ayments to Michaels and Grady, as recounted above (“ [t] he cleanest period is when they w ere both dipping in the till together” ). Those payments were improper when made, and we see nothing inequitable about calculating interest based on the entirety of the improper payments, until the $6 million in jury

- awarded damages is reached. Cooper did not obtain a “windfall” in prejudgment interest. Finally, we turn to an argument offered by Grady and
Reliant

, who say that Cooper elected a tort remedy (because he sought and obtained punitive damages on his causes of action for
fraud and breach of the duty of loyalty). According to Grady and
Reliant

, any prejudgment interest is therefore available only
under Civil Code section 3288, which provides that in an action for breach of an obligation not arising from contract, “interest may be given, in the d iscretion of the jury” ( ibid. )

, and “that did not happen here.” Grady and Reliant cite no relevant authority for their claim that Cooper elected a tort remedy , and refer us to another section
of their brief. There, they argue that “contract and tort dama ges cannot both be properly awarded.” By this they apparently refer, as the trial court put it, to an argument that “Cooper must elect between punitive damages on his fraud claim and attorney fees, prejudgment interest and other amounts auxiliary to a bre ach of
contract claim.” This argument fails for multiple reasons. First, Grady and Reliant fail to support their assertions
with references to the record. They say the court concluded the argument was waived because it was not timely raised, and

assert t he court was wrong. They do not cite the court’s ruling. They refer to a November 20, 2019 declaration by Grady’s52

counsel, but do not tell us where that can be found. ( We found it

on our own. The declaration says nothing about election of remedies.) T hey say the election of remedies doctrine was “timely raised and vigorously litigated ” but refer only to “various filings prior to trial” and “the trial transcripts,” citing nothing

. The only
record citation in their argument is to the answer to Cooper’s

cross

- complaint, the 13 th affirmative defense of which states Cooper’s claims “are barred by laches, waiver or estoppel.” On this basis alone, we may consider the argument forfeited. Second, the trial court rejected a similar claim by Michaels (that Coop er cannot elect inconsistent remedies in the judgment)
when the court denied his JNOV motion. The court pointed out the judgment was structured to avoid double recovery; that fraud damages and breach of contract damages do not always require election; tha t there was no duplication of regular damages; and that “Michaels has not sufficiently demonstrated that the attorney fees and the punitive damages arise from the exact same facts, and they do not.”
Third , Grady and Reliant offer no discussion of the
auth orities on election of remedies, citing but not discussing Roam v. Koop (1974) 41 Cal.App.3d 1035 ( Roam )

. As pertinent here, Roam explained that the doctrine of election of remedies “is theorized on the principle of estoppel. ‘Whenever a party entitled

t o enforce two remedies either institutes an action upon one of
such remedies or performs any act in the pursuit of such remedy, whereby he has gained any advantage over the other party, or he has occasioned the other party any damage, he will be held to
ha ve made an election of such remedy, and will not be entitled to pursue any other remedy for the enforcement of his right.’ ” ( Id. at pp. 1039



### – 1040, italics added; see also Glendale Fed. Sav. &53

Loan Assn. v. Marina View Heights Dev. Co. (1977) 66 Cal.App.3 d 101, 137, 138 [“the doctrine of election of remedies, bottomed upon the equitable principle of estoppel, operates only where pursuit of alternative and inconsistent remedies substantially prejudices the defendant”; “[e]lection of remedies is a harsh
doct rine and is currently looked upon with disfavor by courts and commentators”].) 3 Here, of course, Cooper occasioned no injury to Grady or Reliant and gained no advantage over them in the course of the litigation. We find no merit in the election of remedie s argument, either as it relates to prejudgment interest or anything else.
7

. The Cooper

- Michaels Settlement Agreement
In their brief

s on appeal from the third amended judgment,
Michaels , PB Consulting #1 , PB Consulting #2 and 18LS Holdings contend that a settlement agreement between Michaels and Cooper in another litigation barred any tort liability or constructive trust remedy imposed against Michaels or his
related entities in this lawsuit

. They say the judgment should be
reversed and sent back to the trial court to determine whether

3 The issue in Roam was “whether the trial court erred in granting a tort remedy when [the plaintiff], after filing his complaint, h ad levied on certain of defendant’s property under a writ of attachment.” ( Roam, supra, 41 Cal.App.3d at p. 1037.) L evying under the writ “deprived [the defendant] of the use of his property and plaintiff obtained an advantage over him.” ( Id. at
p

. 1040 .) Under those circumstances, “presumptively the doctrine of election of remedies is applicable.” ( Ibid. ) T he court ultimately affirmed the judgment because the defendant failed to raise the election defense at trial and therefore waived it. ( Id. at
p. 1045.)54

the settlement agreement bars the tort claims and related equitable remedies. We think not.

a. The facts Cooper and Michaels were parties to a settlement agreement effective December 18, 2017, relating to their separatio n agreement, various lawsuits and other disputes. (The parties refer to this as the SMDC case ( Cooper v. Michaels

, Super

. Ct. L.A. County (2018) No. LC105527 ) .) The parties released each other from all claims and liabilities relating to the separation ag reement, the lawsuits and ancillary dispute s , with the exception of the claims alleged in this case. As to this “non

released matter,” the parties agreed that Cooper would “dismiss without prejudice Michaels, in his individual capacity only,” as to
the to rt causes of action (as relevant now, fraud, breach of the duty of loyalty, fraudulent transfer, and constructive trust). “In exchange for this dismissal without prejudice, Michaels agree s to make best efforts, including utilizing his vote as a member of Reliant, to secure a distribution from Reliant in the amount of $20,000 per month for six months starting immediately.”
Michaels then sent two e

- mails to Grady and one to Murphy about the settlement in December 2017, telling them he was “open to giving [Cooper] t he money as a show of good faith but this is something the owners and manager would have to
discuss.” In March 2018, Cooper’s counsel inquired what steps Michaels took to secure the distribution to Cooper. Then in October 2018, after the subjec t of the dismissal came up at Cooper’s deposition, Cooper’s counsel wrote to Michaels ’s counsel, saying he had never received a response to his March 2018 request. C ooper’s c ounsel asserted Michaels had confirmed at his deposition that he made no efforts, and “[a]s a result, Mr. Cooper55

has not and will not dismiss any tort claims alleged against
Mr

. Michaels.” On November 13, 2018, Michaels filed an ex parte application for (among other things) an order compelling Cooper

“ to dismiss with prejudice the int entional tort claims ” pursuant to the settlement agreement. The trial court held a hearing on the ex parte application on November 28, 2018. As to the tort

- dismissal issue, t he court expressed its preliminary thoughts: that the ex parte “doesn’t
make cl ear to me that there’s anything for the court to do in this case. I do agree that this is not the right vehicle for it. A motion
to enforce the settlement under the LC1 0 5527 case would be the more appropriate vehicle for it for any failure by [Cooper] to dismiss

. . . the tort claims against that one individual [Michaels]

. ” The court also wondered “where does that get you” when “the most you get is dismissal of those claims without prejudice.” “[I]f [ Cooper ] would simply re

- file those same claims, I gue ss, based on everything that’s happened since 2015 or whenever the settlement agreement was signed, where does that get you on the one hand?” On the other hand, Cooper “didn’t dismiss the claims, so they don’t have to pay

. . . . [W]here does that go?” T he court observed that “now you’re on the eve of trial,” and “[h]ow do you do any of that without prejudicing [ Cooper ] ? I suspect the

response a n d the argument at this point is that you waived.” When the court asked for responses to its preliminary
thou ghts, Michaels’s counsel stated: “Your Honor, I’ll take you up on the invitation to refile it in the SMDC matter. I think, as a practical matter, that may end up in front of you.” Counsel agreed with the court that procedurally, the SMDC case would be56

t he right vehicle, and “We’ll employ that. That being said, I won’t get into the balance of it, because there’s not going to be a ruling
on it.” The court interjected that it was “not stating any firm opinion on any of it. These are just observations. I t

. . . didn’t sit right as an ex parte and untethered to a more substantial
motion.” Michaels ’s counsel replied, “Understood.” Later comments by the court (“[w]e’ll leave that [a jurisdictional issue] for the motion”) make it clear that both the court an d counsel anticipated a further motion being made on the issue. So far as the record discloses, none was made. (Cooper requested judicial notice of the docket in the SMDC litigation, which we grant.)
b. Contentions and conclusions Now, Michaels contends “[i]t was error for the trial court
not to decide the Ex Parte Application to enforce the settlement agreement” before the phase one trial. Michaels cites n o authorit y for this proposition.
We note that w hen Michaels sought a new trial, arguing
the court erred in excluding evidence of the December 2017
settlement from the phase two jury trial , the court denied the motion, stating: “The evidence was irrelevant to the issues to be
tried. There would have needed to be a mini trial on whether Cooper did brea ch the settlement agreement. The evidence would have resulted in wasting trial resources on a tangential
issue.” We agree with that conclusion. Michaels’s argument here is similarly unavailing. The
facts we have recited show the court chose to wait fo r a further, “more substantial,” motion in the other action on the issue of enforcement of the settlement agreement, a conclusion with which counsel concurred. That ruling was well within the trial57

court’s discretion , and the court did not err in excludin g evidence of the December 2017 settlement from the phase two jury trial.
8

. Constructive Trust Issues PB Consulting #2 and 18LS Holdings

— the two LLC’s found to be Michaels’s alter egos

— co ntend it was error to include them in the orders imposing a construc tive trust over the Friwat policy
and the tails. The two LL C ’s say they were indispensable parties who were not made parties to the action; they were deprived of due process because their interests were not represented before the court’s June 27, 2019 ord er; and there was insufficient
evidence to warrant a constructive trust because the amount of damages had not been determined by a jury. We see no error.

a
. The facts To recap, both LLC ’ s were found to be alter egos of Michaels, and we have already conclu ded sufficient evidence supported that finding. (See Discussion, pt. 3, ante. ) PB Consulting #2 was formed for the sole purpose of investing in the Friwat policy. Michaels owned 51.83 percent of PB Consulting #2 , having invested more than $5.1 million in the Friwat policy. That money was money from Reliant, and Reliant money was also used to pay the premiums on the Friwat policy. 18LS Holdings was formed by Michaels and Luke Walker (a nonparty), and Michaels then transferred unsold policy tails to
18L S Holdings from Reliant. Michaels paid $1,000 to Reliant for the $440,000 in tails transferred to 18LS Holdings. (Grady paid nothing for his $440,000 in tails.) Mr. Walker’s testimony confirmed 18LS Holdings “exists solely for the purpose of owning
port ions of unsold insurance policies [forfeited positions] that belong to Reliant.”58 Upon Mr. Friwat’s death, Michaels was to receive $5,428,666.65 of the policy proceeds, with the rest of the proceeds going to PB Consulting #2’s other members. When Mr. Friw at died, the trial court ordered the insurer to distribute the amounts due members of PB Consulting #2 ( other than Michaels ) to
PB Consulting #2, and ordered PB Consulting #2 to distribute those proceeds to those members. Thus

, the only amount s from
the F riwat policy remaining subject to the constructive trust were the Michaels proceeds (distributed to Cooper when the judgment was entered).
b. Contentions and conclusions
On the facts just recounted , it is hard to see any prejudice to PB Consulting #2, wh ose sole purpose was to invest in and distribute proceeds of the Friwat policy to its members. That has
been done. As for 18LS Holdings, Luke Walker was the only nonparty member, and there is no evidence he paid anything for the tails, so he cannot have been prejudiced either. The bottom
line is that both LLC’s were entities controlled by Michaels, and found to be his alter egos. In any event, the two LLC’s fail to establish they were indispensable parties. They made no such claim in the trial
court. H ere, they say it is “readily apparent” from the court’s February 4, 2019 and June 27, 2019 constructive trust orders that they were “in fact indispensable parties necessary to afford Cooper the relief he sought and purportedly that which he was
entitled to .” They do not explain how or why, merely claiming they were required to be parties “for the trial court to exercise jurisdiction over them, and bind them by its orders.” They cite
Kraus v. Willow Park Public Golf C ourse ( 1977) 73 Cal.App.3d
354 , but do not explain how it helps them. Kraus explained, for59

example, that “the failure to join an ‘indispensable’ party is not ‘a jurisdictional defect’ in the fundamental sense; even in the absence of an ‘indispensable’ party, the court still has the power

to re nder a decision as to the parties before it which will stand.” ( Id. at p. 364.) Kraus also quoted with approval the principle that “ ‘[t] he only justification for the [indispensable party] rule permitting the issue to be raised for the first time on appe al is that the absence of a party has precluded the trial court from rendering any effective judgment between the parties before it. ’ ” ( Id. at p. 369.) That is not the case here. In short, the indispensable party claim has no merit.
Neither does the claim that the two LLC ’s were deprived of due

process because they received no notice or opportunity to object to the orders imposing a constructive trust over their assets. This
claim fails for the reason s already discussed. Both LLC ’ s were entities con trolled by Michaels and found to be his alter egos. PB Consulting #2 had no real interest in the proceeds of the Friwat policy; it existed only as a vehicle for investing and transferring the proceeds to its members

. Michaels likewise controlled 18LS Hold ings; when the parties discussed how a constructive trust “might be more fairly
created

. . . and reach beyond the Friwat policy alone,” the Reliant parties themselves suggested the insurance tails as a component of the constructive trust. Counsel stated at the subsequent hearing: “We’re willing and know how to put that
into a trust.” We agree with Cooper that this “not only bolsters the trial court’s finding that 18LS was Michaels’s alter ego, but establishes that the parties with authority to transfer the tails
were before the trial court.”60 Finally, the two LLC ’s argue the constructive trust itself was improper, because “[t]here was no determination as to how much Cooper was owed ,” so the court “could not know how much
to issue a constructive trust for , or over what.” The two LLC’s cite no authority for this proposition, and it is plainly untrue. The trial court determined that Cooper remained a one

third owner of Reliant and was entitled to receive one

- third of all
monies and assets that had been tran sferred from Reliant to Michaels, Grady and their respective entities, an amount found
to be at least $11,724,675.94. That suffices for the imposition of a constructive trust over Michaels’s interest in the Friwat policy
and the tails.
Three conditions mu st be satisfied to impose a constructive trust: “(1) the existence of a res (property or some interest in property); (2) the right of a complaining party to that res; and (3) some wrongful acquisition or detention of the res by another party who is not en titled to it.” ( Communist Party, supra,
35 Cal.App.4th at p. 990 ; see Calistoga Civic Club v. City of Calistoga (1983) 143 Cal.App.3d 111, 116 [“All that must be shown is that the acquisition of the property was wrongful and that the keeping of the proper ty by the defendant would constitute unjust enrichment.”].) The facts we have just
recounted demonstrate t here was no abuse of discretion in the
trial court’s imposition of a constructive trust.
9. The Third Amended Judgment On March 2, 2021, Cooper file d a motion to amend the
second amended judgment to add Romelli Cainong, the trustee for three of Michaels’s trusts (the 2007 Irrevocable Octopus Trust, the RLM Trust, and the 2007 Irrevocable MMA Trust ), as61

additional judgment debtors. The trial court gra nted that motion on April 28, 2021

. Ms. Cainong appeals, claiming the court had no jurisdiction over her because she was not properly served with Cooper’s moving papers. Michaels contends the motion was an improper
motion for reconsideration that should have been denied. We reject both claims.

a. The background
O n August 17, 2020, Cooper moved to amend the March 6, 2020 judgment to include the Michaels and Grady entities

, including Ann

- Marissa Cook as trustee for the three Michaels
trusts, as addition al judgment debtors. This was because, despite the court’s alter ego findings, the judgment did not allow Cooper to take enforcement actions against those entities.
The court found that PB Consulting #1 , LLC; PB Consulting #2, LLC; 18LS Holdings, LLC; a nd LaForce Holdings,
LLC , were additional judgment debtors

. But in its September 29, 2020 ruling, the court declined to add the trustees of the various trusts as additional judgment debtors. Accordingly, the second amended judgment was entered on October 6, 2020, adding only the LLC entities, not the trustees of the trusts. Five months later, the court recognized and corrected its error.
I n March 2021, Cooper moved to amend the second
amended judgment to add Ms. Cainong, as trustee of the
three Michael s trusts. His motion stated that evidence was produced in connection with Michaels’s debtor examination s (on October 6 and November 16, 2020) establishing that Ms

. Cainong (Michaels’s partner) had replaced his sister (Ms. Cook) as the trustee, and that Mi chaels exerted such control over the trusts
that the trustees (Ms. Cainong) were a figurehead who complied62

with his instructions, and there was no distinction between the

two. (One of the exhibits to Michaels’s November 16, 2020 deposition is a January 2, 2020 e

- mail from Ann

- Marissa Cook stating she was resigning as trustee.) At the hearing on April 7

, 2021, the court “acknowledge[d] that the Court made an erroneous ruling in denying the motion to amend the judgment to add

. . . Ann

- Marissa Cook as trus tee of
the various Michaels

- related trusts .” “[I]n looking at the analysis and the ruling, the Court just flat out got it wrong.” But the court believed it had no jurisdiction to correct the error because “at the end of the day, it is a motion for recons ideration” with no material change in circumstances, citing Code of Civil Procedure
section 1008. Counsel for Cooper asserted that the court had made its September 29, 2020 ruling without prejudice, and the court requested further briefing on whether deni al without prejudice would allow the court to treat the current motion as an original request and proceed accordingly

. A hearing was set for April 28,
2021. The court also stated, in response to assertions that the written ruling did not state it was wit hout prejudice, that if the transcript reflected a denial without prejudice, the court could
correct the written decision to reflect what the court intended. There was further briefing , not in the record, and at the April 28, 2021 hearing, no mention was made questioning the court’s jurisdiction , with the parties arguing only the merits of
the control issue. The court granted the motion to amend the judgment, stating it was “satisfied based on the Cooper parties moving papers and the arguments set forth this date.” The third amended judgment was entered May 12, 2021.63 b. The trustee’s jurisdictional claim
T he trustee of the three trusts , Ms. Cainong, contends her due process rights were violated because the trial court had no jurisdiction over her . She claims she was not properly served with Cooper’s motion to amend the judgment. She is mistaken. Cooper served his motion to amend the judgment by Federal Express on March 2, 2021, at an address in Las Vegas,
where Ms. Cainong lived with Michaels (accord ing to Michaels’s testimony)

. 4 Ms. Cainong contends that Code of Civil Procedure
section 415.40 applies. Section 415.40 governs service of a

summons and complaint on a person outside the state. ( Service may be done “in any manner provided by this articl e or by sending a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the person to be served by first

- class mail, postage prepaid, requiring a return receipt.” (§ 415.40.)) Ms. Cainong says t he various
methods for service of a summons and complaint do not inclu de Federal Express. As Ms. Cainong necessarily c oncedes, the service at issue
here is not the service of a summons and complaint , and she offers no authority for her contention that the motion to amend the judgment was “akin” to service of a summons and c omplaint. In the absence of any such authority, we see no reason to treat Cooper’s motion to amend the judgment as subject to different

4 Cooper also served the motion by personal service on the owner of Postal Annex at 21781 Ventura Blvd

. , Woodland Hills, California, on March 4, 2021. That address had been listed by the previous trustee, Ann

- Marissa Cook, as her office address

, and Ms. Cainong’s opening brief states that Ms. Cook “kept an office at 21781 Ventura Blvd.”64

procedural requirements than any other motion. Particularly is this so given the court’s findings in phase one of the trial that the
evidence established Michaels used the three trusts as extensions
of himself. In her reply brief, Ms. Cainong contends that service of the motion was improper under Code of Civil Procedure section 1013 (cited by Cooper in his respondent’s brief). She makes an elaborate argument that service was defective under
section 1013, subdivision (a), because it did not provide the additional 10 days allowed by subdivision (a) for service by mail
out of state. Ms. Cainong is wrong on this point, too

. Assuming Code of Civil Procedure section 1013 applies,

s ubdivision (c), not subdivision (a), would govern service by overnight delivery, and that s ubdivision provides that any period of notice after service by overnight delivery “shall be extended by

two court days.” ( Id. , subd. (c) .) Moreover, section 1005
, subdivision (a)(13) applies to any proceeding “under this code in which notice is required, and no other time or method is prescribed by law or by court or judge.” Section 1005 provides that, “[u]n less otherwise ordered or specifically provided by law, all moving and supporting papers shall be served and filed at least 16 court days before the hearing,” and “if the notice is served by

. . . another method of delivery providing for overnight delivery , the required 16

- day period of notice before the hearing shall be increased by two calendar days. Section 1013, which extends the time within which a right may be exercised or an act may be done, does not apply to a notice of motion

. . . governed by
thi s section.” (§ 1005, subd. (b).) Cooper’s motion was served on March 2, 2021, and the hearing was held 3 6 days later, on April 7, 2021. T here is no65

merit to the claim that service was defective or that
Ms. Cainong’s due process rights were violated.

c. Michaels’s appeal
Michaels contends Cooper’s motion to amend the second
amended judgment was an improper motion for reconsideration that should have been denied. Michaels argues the motion “did not comport with the procedural requirements” of Code of Civ il
Procedure section 1008 , citing Even Zohar Construction & Remodeling, Inc. v. Bellaire Townhouses, LLC (2015) 61 Cal.4th 830, 833 ( Even Zohar ) (section 1008 “imposes special requirements on renewed applications for orders a court has previously refused. A party filing a renewed application must, among other things, submit an affidavit showing what ‘new or different facts, circumstances, or law are claimed’ ( id. , subd. (b)) to justify the renewed application, and show diligence with a satisfactory explana tion for not presenting the new or different information earlier.”). Here, Michaels argues, the only substantive difference between this motion and Cooper’s previous motion to amend

— which the court denied as to the trustees (then Ms. Cook)

— is the
identi ty of the trustee. He also says the declaration submitted in support of the motion “does not explain how Trustee Cainong or the trusts acted as alter egos for Michaels

, ” and so the judgment
should be reversed. Cooper responds that his motion to amend th e judgment was not a motion for reconsideration; rather

, the motion sought to add a different trustee, and it was based on evidence from Michaels’s later judgment debtor examinations

. That evidence revealed that Ms. Cainong had replaced Ms. Cook in Januar y 2020, before Cooper’s previous motion; the new evidence also66

showed Michaels’s involvement in and control over the trusts. Cooper further argues that, even if treated as a motion for reconsideration, an exception stated in Even Zohar would apply:
Code o f Civil Procedure section 1008 “ ‘do[es] not limit

a court ’ s ability to reconsider its previous interim orders on its own motion,’ even while it ‘prohibit[s] a party from making
renewed motions not based on new facts or law

. . . . ’ ” ( Even Zohar, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 840 , quoting Le Francois v. Goel (2005) 35 Cal.4 th 1094, 1096

– 1097 ( Le Francois )

. ) We agree with Cooper. Even if his motion to amend the judgment was an improper motion for reconsideration

— and it

was no t

— under Le Francois, the trial cour t had the authority to change its previous erroneous ruling on its own motion. That is effectively what the court did. At the April 7, 2021 hearing, the

court began the discussion by stating , referring to its ruling denying the motion to amend the judgme nt to add Ms. Cook as trustee, that “the Court just flat out got it wrong.” The court was concerned about its jurisdiction to correct the error, sought further briefing, and held a further hearing before granting the motion to amend the judgment.
We ackn owledge that it was Cooper, not the court, who
initiated the motion to amend the judgment . But the court’s actions thereafter comport with the principles announced in Le
Francois , and with precedents after Le Francois.
Le Francois involved successive summ ary judgment motions on the same grounds; the first was denied and the second was granted by a second judge. ( Le Francois, supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 1097.) Le Francois found the trial court erred in granting the motion, but did not order the case to trial, holding only that the court erred in granting an impermissible motion. ( Id. at p. 1109.)67

“On remand, nothing prohibits the court from reconsidering its previous ruling on its own motion , a point on which we express no opinion.” ( Ibid. )
Le Francois con strued section 1008 “as limiting the parties’ power to file repetitive motions but not the court’s authority to
reconsider interim rulings on its own motion .” ( Le Francois,

supra, 35 Cal.4 th at p. 1107 .) T he court stated, “If a court
believes one of its prior interim orders was erroneous, it should be able to correct that error no matter how it came to acquire that belief.” ( Id. at p. 1108.)
In In re Marriage of Barthold (2008) 158 Cal.App.4th 1301, the court concluded that “the trial court’s inherent au thority to correct its errors applies even when the trial court was prompted to reconsider its prior ruling by a motion filed in violation of section 1008.” ( Id. at pp. 1303

– 1304; id. at p. 1313 [“ In our view, the California Constitution requires that in any case in which a trial judge reconsiders an erroneous order, and enters a new order that is substantively correct, the resulting ruling must be affirmed regardless of any procedural error committed along the way.”].) Here, even if Cooper’s motion “di d not comport with the procedural requirements of Code of Civil Procedure section 1008,” as Michaels asserts, the trial court had the authority to correct its error on its own motion. It did so by acknowledging its error, soliciting further briefing, and holding a further hearing. And, since there was in any event no error in the court’s substantive ruling, no prejudice can be shown.68 DISPOSITION The judgment is affirmed. The Cooper parties are to

recover their costs on appeal.

GRIMES, Acting P. J

.

WE CONCUR:

WILEY, J.

VIRAMONTES, J.