Reversed and Remanded and Opinion filed March 13, 2012.

In The

Fourteenth Court of Appeals

NO. 14-11-00403-CV

KRISTALYN HARRISON, Appellant

V.

LUKE HARRISON, JAMES ALLEN GARNER AND VICKIE ANN GARNER, 

Appellees

On Appeal from the County Court at Law

Washington County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 6518

O P I N I O N

Appellant, Kristalyn Harrison (Kristalyn), filed this cause, a bill for review, 

against appellees, Luke Harrison (Luke), James Allen Garner, and Vickie Ann Garner 

(the Garners). By her bill of review, Kristalyn attacked the notice provided to her in 

proceedings that ultimately terminated her parental rights to her child, D.H. The trial 

court granted appellees’ Rule 13 motion for sanctions and ordered Kristalyn’s bill of 

review dismissed as a sanction. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 13. Kristalyn appeals the sanction 

order. We reverse and remand. 
2

BACKGROUND

The following timeline illustrates the course of the legal proceedings, the operative 

addresses to which notice was sent, and the totality of the circumstances before the trial 

court when it sanctioned Kristalyn.

2/2005 Kristalyn and Luke divorce. Kristalyn is named managing 

conservator of D.H. Kristalyn and D.H. live with Kristalyn’s mother, 

Karen Neumann, at her home located at 1025 Old Burton Road, 

Brenham, Texas, 77833, though D.H. is occasionally with a babysitter 

for some time.

3/2005 Luke picks up D.H. for visitation at the babysitter’s but does not

return him. D.H. and Luke live with the Garners, and they enroll D.H. 

in daycare.

1/3/2006 James and Vicki Garner (step grandparent and grandparent) file a 

petition in a suit affecting the parent-child relationship, seeking 

termination of the parent-child relationship between Kristalyn and DH

in Cause No. CCL-4902. 

1/30/2006 Kristalyn files a petition for writ of habeas corpus and/or for 

enforcement of child custody determination in Cause No. CCL-4428. 

Cause Nos. CCL-4902 and CCL-4428 are ultimately ordered 

consolidated on Kristalyn’s motion.

2/7, 9, 15/2006 Following several days of testimony, the trial court grants Kristalyn’s 

motion for enforcement and denies the Garners’ motion for temporary 

orders. Kristalyn is present at the hearing. D.H. is returned to 

Kristalyn pending trial on the merits.

8/21/2006 Kristalyn’s attorney, Jamie Elick, files a motion to withdraw. Elick 

lists Kristalyn’s last known address as 1025 Old Burton Road, 

Brenham, Texas, 77833. Elick also states that he has provided 

Kristalyn with a copy of a deposition notice for Kristalyn’s deposition 

scheduled on October 6, 2006.

8/31/2006 Luke files a petition seeking sole managing conservatorship of D.H.

9/7/2006 The trial court grants Elick’s motion to withdraw.

10/6/2006 Kristalyn fails to appear for her deposition.
3

11/16/2006 The trial court holds a hearing on Luke’s motion to compel and 

motion for temporary orders. Kristalyn does not appear. The trial 

court grants the motion to compel, strikes Kristalyn’s pleadings, but 

does not enter a default order. Instead, the trial court grants Luke’s 

motion for temporary orders, names Luke temporary managing 

conservator, and issues a writ of attachment for D.H., but orders D.H. 

brought before the trial court within 72 hours to provide Kristalyn a 

chance to present evidence. 

11/22/2006 The Austin County Sheriff executes the writ and picks up D.H. at 

Kristalyn’s new residence, Bell Oaks Village, Apartment No. 705, 

890 High Oaks Drive, Bellville, Texas, 77418. The Sheriff delivers 

D.H. to Luke at the premises of the Austin County jail at 417 North 

Chesley, Bellville, Texas, 77418, as arranged. 

11/28/2006 Luke appears before the trial court with D.H. Kristalyn does not 

appear. The trial court sets the petition seeking termination of 

Kristalyn’s parental rights for a mandatory pretrial hearing on 

December 19, 2006, and orders specific admonishments to Kristalyn. 

Regarding service of this notice, the trial court inquires about where 

the writ was executed, and counsel indicates the writ was served at the 

Bell Oaks Apartments, Apartment No. 705, 890 High Oaks Drive, 

Bellville, Texas, 77418. Counsel acknowledges that this is not the 

address listed as the last known address. When counsel offers to send 

notice of the pretrial conference and trial to ―both addresses . . . 

regular mail and certified mail,‖ the Court indicates: ―That would be 

fine. . . . Let’s do that. Wherever the writ of attachment was served.‖

12/13/2006 Luke’s counsel serves the following notice of the pretrial hearing to 

Kristalyn:

Notice is given that all parties are to appear in the 

County Court at Law, Washington County, Texas in the 

above captioned matter for a mandatory pretrial 

conference on December 19, 2006 at 9:00 o’clock a.m. 

In addition, Final Trial is set for January 29, 2007 at 

9:00 a[.]m. 

In the event that a party fails to appear at the mandatory 

pretrial conference then a default judgment may be 

taken, including but not limited to the termination of 
4

parental rights of KRYSTALYN HARRISON.1

The notice states that it was sent to ―KRYSTALYN HARRISON, at 

1025 Old Burton Rd., Brenham, Texas 77833 and 417 North Chesley, 

Bellville, Texas 77418.‖

12/19/2006 Kristalyn does not appear at the hearing. Counsel indicates to the trial 

court that he has served the notice ―at 1025 Old Burton Road, 

Brenham, Texas, 77833, and also to 417 North Chesley, Bellville, 

Texas, 77418.‖ The trial court inquires about why notice has been 

sent to ―the place in Bellville,‖ and counsel reminds that the trial court 

―[t]hat is the location where the child was picked up on the writ of 

attachment.‖

Concerned about Kristalyn’s failure to appear and the absence of 

green cards documenting notice, the trial court inquires of Kristalyn’s 

whereabouts. Luke testifies that Kristalyn moves around a lot and he 

does not know where she is. 

The trial court then hears uncontested testimony regarding bruises and 

cigarette burns on D.H.; Kristalyn’s drug use; Luke’s efforts to return 

D.H. as scheduled without appearance or call from Kristalyn; and 

Kristalyn’s absence without calling for long periods of time. 

Concluding that Kristalyn was ―duly and properly cited, [but] did not 

appear and wholly made default,‖ the trial court enters an order 

terminating the parent-child relationship between D.H. and Kristalyn, 

but declines to order any further costs or fees. 

12/17/2010 Kristalyn, through her attorney, Jamie Elick, files a petition for bill of 

review against the Garners and Luke, alleging a failure to serve her 

with notice almost four years earlier.

1/11/2011 The Garners file an answer and a motion for sanctions pursuant to 

Rule 13, alleging that Harrison’s petition is groundless and filed in 

bad faith and for the purpose of harassment, and requesting that the 

trial court strike Harrison’s petition and award them attorney’s fees. 

See TEX. R. CIV. P. 13.

 

1 Emphasis in original.
5

2/11/2011 The trial court holds an evidentiary hearing on the sanctions motion, 

grants the motion, and strikes Kristalyn’s petition for bill of review as 

the sanction. 

In three issues, Harrison contends that the trial court erred in finding that her 

petition for bill of review was groundless; the trial court abused its discretion by 

imposing Rule 13 sanctions without any evidence of bad faith; and the trial court abused 

its discretion by striking the petition for bill of review without testing lesser sanctions.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Rule 13 authorizes a trial court to impose sanctions against an attorney, a 

represented party, or both, who files a pleading that is groundless and brought in bad faith 

or for the purpose of harassment. TEX. R. CIV. P. 13. Because it is within the discretion 

of the trial court to impose sanctions under Rule13, we will set aside its decision only on 

a showing of an abuse of discretion. Tex.-Ohio Gas, Inc. v, Mecom, 28 S.W.3d 129, 135 

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, no pet.). The test for an abuse of discretion is not whether, 

in the opinion of the reviewing court, the facts present an appropriate case for the trial 

court’s action but whether the court acted without reference to any guiding rules and 

principles. Cire v. Cummings, 134 S.W.3d 835, 838–39 (Tex. 2004). There is no abuse 

of discretion if some evidence of substantive and probative character supports the trial 

court’s decision or if the evidence is conflicting. In re D.C.M., No. 14-06-00844-CV, 

2008 WL 4146785, at *9 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Sept. 9, 2008, pet. denied) 

(mem. op.), disapproved on other grounds by Tucker v. Thomas, No. 14-09-01081-CV, 

2011 WL 6644710, at *14 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Dec. 20, 2011, no pet. h.) 

(en banc) (mem. op.) (citing Newberry v. Bohn-Newberry, 146 S.W.3d 233, 235 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.)). 
6

ANALYSIS

In her first issue, Harrison claims that the trial court erred by finding that her 

petition was groundless. In her second issue, Harrison argues that it was an abuse of 

discretion for the trial court to impose Rule 13 sanctions without evidence of bad faith. 

By their motion for sanctions, the Garners urged that the petition was groundless 

because ―[p]laintiff wrongfully contends she was not properly served or given notice of 

hearings, discovery, pre[-]trial settings or trial settings, court orders or judgments.‖ They 

also alleged that Kristalyn ―waited until 3:52 p.m. on Friday, December 17, 2010, before 

the statute of limitations expired on Sunday, December 19, 2010 to file this action.‖

2

―Groundless‖ means no basis in law or fact and not warranted by good faith 

argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 13. 

Groundlessness turns on the legal merits of a claim. Dike v. Peltier Chevrolet, Inc., 343 

S.W.3d 179, 184 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, no pet.). ―To determine if a pleading was 

groundless, the trial court uses an objective standard: did the party and counsel make a 

reasonable inquiry into the legal and factual basis of the claim?‖ In re United Servs. 

Auto. Ass’n, 76 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002, orig. proceeding). The 

court will look to the facts available to the litigant and the circumstances at the time the 

suit was filed. Id. 

Courts must presume that pleadings are filed in good faith, and the burden is on 

the party moving for sanctions to overcome this presumption. Dike, 343 S.W.3d at 191; 

 

2 The Garners’ allegation refers to the general four-year limitations period for a bill of review 

found in section 16.051 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.

CODE ANN. § 16.051 (West 2008). However, the Garners did not plead or otherwise rely upon the sixmonth statute of limitations defense regarding challenges to termination or adoption orders within section 

161.211 of the Texas Family Code. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.211 (West 2008) (providing sixmonth statute of limitations for challenging termination order); see also In re M.Y.W., No. 14-06-00185-

CV, 2006 WL 3360482, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 17, 2006, pet. denied) (mem. op.) 

(holding six-month limitation under section 161.211 is affirmative defense (citing In re Bullock, 146 

S.W.3d 783, 790 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2004, no pet.))). Therefore, it cannot form the basis of the trial 

court’s determination that the petition was groundless. 
7

Tex.-Ohio Gas, Inc., 28 S.W.3d at 139; Mattly v. Spiegel, Inc., 19 S.W.3d 890, 896 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.). Bad faith is not simply bad judgment or 

negligence, but means the conscious doing of a wrong for dishonest, discriminatory, or 

malicious purposes. Dike., 343 S.W.3d at 191; D Design Holdings, L.P. v. MMP Corp., 

339 S.W.3d 195, 203 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.); Mattly, 19 S.W.3d at 896. In 

deciding whether pleadings are filed in bad faith or for the purposes for harassment, the 

trial court must measure the litigant’s conduct at the time the relevant pleading was filed. 

Dike, 343 S.W.3d at 191; Tex.-Ohio Gas, Inc., 28 S.W.3d at 139. Moreover, the trial 

court must examine the facts available to the litigant and the circumstances existing at the 

time the pleading was filed. Tex.-Ohio Gas, Inc., 28 S.W.3d at 139; McCain v. NME 

Hosps., Inc., 856 S.W.2d 751, 757 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1993, no writ). The plaintiff’s 

petition alone cannot establish that a case was brought in bad faith or to harass. Tex.-

Ohio Gas, Inc., 28 S.W.3d at 139. 

Kristalyn argues that the trial court’s conclusion that notice of the December 19, 

2006 hearing was properly sent to her last known address is contrary to the record, and 

appellees had actual knowledge of the address where she resided. Kristalyn filed her 

petition on the ground inter alia that she was not properly served or given proper notice 

of all hearings, discovery, pretrial settings, trial settings, or final judgment. 

The record also reflects that when her attorney, Jamie Elick, withdrew from 

representation on September 7, 2006, he provided the trial court with the 1025 Old 

Burton Road, Brenham, Texas address. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 10 (requiring, when another 

attorney is not to be substituted, withdrawing attorney’s motion to state, among other 

things, the party’s last known address). All notices were sent to that address. Certified 

mail receipts show that notice of the December 19, 2006 hearing was sent to Harrison at 

the Old Burton Road address, and the signed certificate of service on the notice states that 

―a true and correct copy . . . was served on each attorney of record or party in accordance 

with the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure on December 13, 2006.‖ See TEX. R. CIV. P. 
8

21a (providing that a document may be served on a party by delivering copy via certified 

or registered mail to the party’s last known address; the party or attorney of record shall 

certify to the court compliance in writing over signature and on the filed instrument; and 

a certificate by a party or the attorney of record is prima facie evidence of the fact of 

service).

Further, Peggy Diggs of the Washington County District Clerk’s Office testified at 

the sanctions hearing that the clerk’s office’s records show that a certified copy of the

December 19, 2006 order was sent to Kristalyn at the last known address in the file as 

submitted by the Garners’ attorney’s certificate of last known mailing address filed with 

the trial court on December 19, 2006. Diggs further testified that the clerk’s office’s

records show that it had not received any return mail from Kristalyn. Kristalyn did not 

attempt to refute Diggs’s testimony. 

Kristalyn acknowledged at the sanctions hearing that she did not notify the trial 

court of her Bell Oaks Village apartment address in Bellville. Rule 21a specifies that 

notices be sent to the party’s last known address, ―thus imposing a responsibility on the 

person to be notified to keep the court and parties apprised of their correct and current 

address.‖ Withrow v. Schou, 13 S.W.3d 37, 41 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, 

pet. denied). 

However, the record clearly reflects a mistake in service of the notice of the final 

pretrial conference. The trial court ordered and counsel agreed that notice would be 

provided to Kristalyn both at the Brenham last known address and the Bellville address 

where the writ of attachment was served on Kristalyn in November 2006. And, though 

counsel assured the trial court that the notice and the admonishment about the failure to 

appear were provided at the address ordered, they were not. The Bellville address used 

for the notice of the final pretrial conference was 417 North Chesley, Bellville, Texas—

the Austin County jail where the Sheriff delivered D.H. to Luke.
9

Thus, the record as a whole reflects that the trial court believed Kristalyn’s petition 

to be groundless because the trial court was led to believe that Kristalyn’s claim that she 

was not served at her Bellville address was patently false when, in fact, it was verifiably 

true. Kristalyn failed to apprise the court of continuing jurisdiction of her current address 

after her counsel’s withdrawal. However, we find no case, and appellees cite none, that 

such a failure, standing alone, supports dismissal of a bill of review on lack of notice 

where the petitioner avers no receipt of notice. Loss of the opportunity to contest a 

termination of parental rights is simply too steep a penalty for keeping a current address 

on file with a court in perpetuity. Cf. Mathis v. Lockwood, 166 S.W.3d 743, 746 (Tex. 

2005) (per curiam) (even assuming a litigant has a duty under Rule 21a to keep the court 

apprised of his or her correct and current address, ―unless noncompliance was intentional 

rather than a mistake, due process requires some lesser sanction than trial without notice 

or an opportunity to be heard.‖). 

Thus, on this record and under the circumstances of a termination of parental 

rights, we hold that Kristalyn’s failure to apprise the court of continuing jurisdiction of 

her current address is an insufficient basis upon which to find that her allegations of lack 

of notice are groundless or have been made in bad faith. Moreover, we hold that filing a 

petition for bill of review within but upon the eleventh hour of the applicable limitations 

period does not make that petition groundless. We take no position, however, on the 

actual merits of the petition for bill of review.

Having sustained Kristalyn’s first two issues, we need not address her remaining 

issue. We reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand this cause to the trial court for

further proceedings.

/s/ Sharon McCally

Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Hedges and Justices Jamison and McCally.