iv



# B E L GI UM 

# ’ S GR E E N H OUS E GAS

IN VE N T ORY 

# (1990-2007)

National Inventory Report

submitted under the United Nations Framework Conven tion on

Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol

April 20091

Prepared by:

Flemish Environment Agency (VMM) Alfons Van de Maelestraat 96 9320 Erembodegem Belgi um Telephone +32 (0)53 72.66.52 Fax +32 (0)53 70.63.44 http://www.vmm.be

E-Mail: m.dheer@vmm.be , i.vanvynckt@vmm.be

, c.debosscher@vmm.be and

m.vandenhende@vmm.be

Flemish institute for technological research (Vito) Boeretang 200 B-2400 Mol Belgium Telephone + 32 (0)14 33 55 11 Fax + 32 (0)14 33 55 99 http://www.Vito.be

E-Mail: kristien.aernouts@Vito.be and kaat.jespers@vito.be

Walloon Public Service Walloon Agency for Air and Climate (AWAC) Av. Princes de Liège 15 5100 Jambes Belgium Telephone +32 (0) 81-33 51 84 Fax +32 (0) 81 33 51 22 http://environnement.wallonie.be

E-Mail: isabelle.higuet@spw.wallonie.be et andre.guns@spw.wallonie.be

Brussels Institute for the Management of the Enviro nment(IBGE-BIM) Gulledelle 100 1200 Brussel Belgium Telephone +32 (0)2 775 7681 Fax +32 (0)2 775 76 21 http://www.ibgebim.be

E-Mail: lbo@ibgebim.be

Interregional Cell for the Environment (IRCEL)

Avenue des Arts/Kunstlaan 10-11 1210 Brussels Telephone +32 (0)2 227 57 01 Fax +32 (0)2 227 56 99 http://www.irceline.be

ECONOTEC

Rue du Delta 35

B-7000 Mons Telephone +32(0)65 31 63 43 Fax +32(0)65 84 30 91 http://www.econotec.be

E-Mail: francis.altdorfer@econotec.be2



## TABLE OF CONTENT

National Inventory Report .........................

................................................... ........................................ iv



### Part I: Annual inventory submission ...............

................................................... ......................... 1

Chapter 1: General Issues .........................

................................................... ................................. 1

1.1. Overview .....................................

................................................... ................................................... . 1

1.2. Institutional arrangements and process of inve ntory preparation ................................. ......... 2

1.3. General description of methodologies and data sources used ...................................... ............. 2 1.3.1. Flemish region .............................

................................................... ................................................ 3 1.3.2. Walloon region .............................

................................................... ............................................... 5 1.3.3. Brussels region ............................

................................................... ................................................ 6

1.4. Key sou r ces categories ....................................

................................................... .............................. 6

1.5. QA/QC ........................................

................................................... ................................................... 10 1.5.1 Responsibilities at the national level ......

................................................... ...................................... 10 1.5.2 QA/QC in the Flemish region .................

................................................... ..................................... 11 1.5.3 QA/QC in the Walloon region .................

................................................... .................................... 14 1.5.4 QA/QC in the Brussels region ................

................................................... ..................................... 15 1.5.5 QC activities : Tier 1 QC checks ............

................................................... ..................................... 16 1.5.6 QA checks ...................................

................................................... ............................................... 19

1.6 Tier 1 uncertainty calculation ................

................................................... .................................... 20 1.6.1. General approach ...........................

................................................... ............................................ 20 1.6.2. Methodology of the uncertainty calculation i n detail by CRF category .......................... ................. 21

1.6.3. Results and discussion .....................

................................................... ........................................... 27

1.7 Completeness analysis .........................

................................................... ......................................... 27

1.8. Assigned amount...............................

................................................... ........................................... 28



### Chapter 2: Trends in greenhouse gas emissions .....

................................................... .............. 29

2.1. Emission trends for aggregated greenhouse gas emissions ......................................... ............. 29

2.2. Emission trends by gas .......................

................................................... ........................................ 31

2.3. Emission trends by source ....................

................................................... ...................................... 32 2.3.1. Energy industries (1A1) ....................

................................................... ......................................... 33 2.3.2. Manufacturing industries (1A2) .............

................................................... ..................................... 34 2.3.3. Transport (1A3) ............................

................................................... ............................................. 36 2.3.4. Residential and commercial (1A4) ...........

................................................... ................................... 37 2.3.5. Industrial processes (category 2)...........

................................................... ...................................... 38 2.3.6. Agriculture ................................

................................................... ................................................ 41

2.3.7. Waste ......................................

................................................... .................................................. 42

2.4. Emission trends for indirect greenhouse gases and SO 2 .................................................. ........ 43 2.4.1. Nitrogen oxides (NO X ) .................................................

................................................... .............. 43 2.4.2. Carbon monoxide (CO) .......................

................................................... ....................................... 43

2.4.3. NMVOC ......................................

................................................... .............................................. 43 2.4.4. Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) .................................................

................................................... ............... 43



### Chapter 3: Energy .................................

................................................... .................................... 45

3.1 Overview ......................................

................................................... .................................................. 45 3.1.1 Energy industries ...........................

................................................... ............................................. 45 3.1.2 Industry ....................................

................................................... .................................................. 46 3.1.3 Transport ...................................

................................................... ................................................. 4 73

3.2 Methodological issues..........................

................................................... ......................................... 47 3.2.1. Regional energy balances and related greenho use gases ......................................... ........................ 47 3.2.2. Energy industries (category 1A1) ...........

................................................... .................................... 56 3.2.3. Manufacturing industry and construction (cat egory 1A2) ........................................ ....................... 60 3.2.4. Transport (category 1A3 and 1A5b) ..........

................................................... ................................. 63 3.2.5. Other sectors (category 1A4) ...............

................................................... ....................................... 66 3.2.6. Other (category 1A5b) ......................

................................................... ......................................... 68 3.2.7. Fugitive emissions from fuels (category 1B1 and 1B2) .......................................... ........................ 68 3.2.8. International bunkers (category Memo Items – International Bunkers) ........................... ................ 70

3.2.9. CO 2 emissions from biomass ...........................

................................................... ........................... 71 3.2.10. Non-energy use of fuels and related emissio ns (categories 1A2 and 2B) ........................ ............... 71

3.3.Reference approach.............................

................................................... ......................................... 72

3.4. Recalculations and planned improvements ......

................................................... ....................... 74

3.4.1 Recalculations...............................

................................................... .............................................. 74 3.4.2 Planned improvements ........................

................................................... ........................................ 74



### Chapter 4: Industrial processes ...................

................................................... ............................ 76

4.1. Overview .....................................

................................................... .................................................. 76 4.1.1. Description of the sector...................

................................................... .......................................... 76

4.1.2. Allocation of emissions ....................

................................................... .......................................... 76

4.2. Methodological issues ........................

................................................... ......................................... 76 4.2.1. Mineral products (category 2A) .............

................................................... ..................................... 77 4.2.2. Chemical industry (category 2B) ............

................................................... .................................... 80 4.2.3. Metal production (category 2C) .............

................................................... ..................................... 82 4.2.4. Fluorinated gases (categories 2E and 2F) ...

................................................... ................................. 84 4.2.5. Non-energy use of fuels (category 2G) ......

................................................... ................................. 88

4.3. Recalculations and planned improvements ......

................................................... ....................... 88

4.3.1. Recalculations .............................

................................................... ............................................... 88 4.3.2. Planned improvements .......................

................................................... ........................................ 89



### Chapter 5: Solvent and other products use..........

................................................... ................... 90

5.1 Overview ......................................

................................................... .................................................. 90

5.2. Methodological issues ........................

................................................... ......................................... 90

5.3 Recalculations and planned improvements .......

................................................... ....................... 91

5.3.1. Recalculations .............................

................................................... ............................................... 91 5.3.2. Planned improvements .......................

................................................... ........................................ 91



### Chapter 6: Agriculture ............................

................................................... .................................. 92

6.1. Overview .....................................

................................................... .................................................. 92 6.1.1. Description of the sector...................

................................................... .......................................... 92

6.1.2 Allocation of emissions .....................

................................................... .......................................... 93

6.2. Methodological issues ........................

................................................... ......................................... 93

6.2.1. Data sources ...............................

................................................... ............................................... 93 6.2.2. Enteric fermentation (category 4A)..........

................................................... ................................... 95 6.2.3. Manure management (category 4B) ............

................................................... ................................ 97 6.2.4. Agricultural soils (category 4D) ...........

................................................... .................................... 103

6.3. Recalculations and planned improvements ......

................................................... ..................... 105

6.3.1. Recalculations .............................

................................................... ............................................. 105 6.3.2. Planned improvements .......................

................................................... ...................................... 106



### Chapter 7: Land-Use Change and Forestry ...........

................................................... .............. 107

7.1. Overview .....................................

................................................... ................................................ 10 7

7.2. General consideration on the methodological is sues .............................................. ................ 1084

7.3. Forest lands .................................

................................................... ............................................... 108 7.3.1 Forest land remaining forest land............

................................................... ................................... 108

7.4. Cropland and grassland .......................

................................................... .................................... 114

7.5. Wetland, settlement and other lands ..........

................................................... ............................ 117

7.6. Recalculations and planned improvement .......

................................................... ..................... 117

7.6.1. Recalculations .............................

................................................... ............................................. 117 7.6.2. Planned improvements .......................

................................................... ...................................... 117



### Chapter 8: Waste ..................................

................................................... ................................... 118

8.1. Overview .....................................

................................................... ................................................ 11 8 8.1.1. Description of the sector...................

................................................... ........................................ 118

8.1.2.Allocation of emissions .....................

................................................... ........................................ 118

8.2. Methodolog i cal issues ........................................

................................................... ....................... 119 8.2.1. Solid waste disposal on land (category 6A) .

................................................... .............................. 119 8.2.2. Wastewater treatment (category 6B) .........

................................................... ................................ 127 8.2.3. Waste incineration (category 6C)............

................................................... .................................. 128 8.2.4. Others (category 6D) .......................

................................................... ......................................... 129

8.3. Recalculations and planned improvements ......

................................................... ..................... 129

8.3.1. Recalculations .............................

................................................... ............................................. 129 8.3.2. Planned improvements .......................

................................................... ...................................... 130



### Chapter 9: Recalculations and planned improvements.

................................................... ...... 131

9.1. Recalculations and achieved improvements......

................................................... .................... 131

9.2. Implication on emission levels and trends ....

................................................... ......................... 133

9.3. Planned improvements .........................

................................................... .................................... 133



### Part II: Supplementary information required under a rticle 7, paragraph 1 ...................... 135

Chapter 10: KP-LULUCF .............................

................................................... ......................... 135

Chapter 11: Information on accounting of Kyoto unit s.................................................. ....... 135

Chapter 12: information on changes in national syst em ................................................ ....... 136

Chapter 13: information on changes in national regi stry .............................................. ....... 136

References ........................................

................................................... ........................................ 143

Annexes ...........................................

................................................... ......................................... 146

Annex 1: Ke y sources analysis .................................

................................................... ....................... 146

Annex 2: GHG emission trends in the three Regions .

................................................... ................ 164

Annex 3: Uncertainty analysis ....................

................................................... ................................... 166

Annex 4: CDROM with ...............................

................................................... .................................... 178

Annex 5 : Net calorific value of the main products

................................................... ..................... 179

Annex 6 : Key sources : flows of activity data ....

................................................... .......................... 180

Annex 7 : Glossary ................................

................................................... ............................................ 193

Annex 8: Activity data and emissions of CO2 for ro ad transport in Belgium (category 1A3b)

................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ........ 195

Annex 9: First order decay model in Flemish region for wast disposal sites in after-care ...... 196

Annex 10: Total emissions of CH 4 from permitted and unpermitted SWD sites in the Fl emish region ............................................

................................................... ................................................... ... 197

# P

ART 

# I: A NNUAL INVENTORY SUBMISSION



# C HAPTER 

# 1: G ENERAL 

# I SSUES

1.1. Overview

This eighth National Inventory Report documents the Belgian greenhouse gas emission inventory in accordance with the revised UNFCCC reporting guidel ines on annual inventories. It is aimed at complying with decisions 11/CP.4, 3/CP.5 and 18/CP. 8 of the Conference of the Partie s, and the Council Decision 280/2004/EC concerning a Mechanism for Monitoring Community greenhouse gas emissions and for implementing the Kyoto Protocol.

The greenhouse gas inventory presented here contain s information on anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks for direct greenhouse gases (CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O, PFCs, HFCs, and SF6), indirect greenhouse gases (CO, NO

x , NMVOCs) and SO 2 . It covers the period 1990-2007. Inventory data for the years 1990 to 2006 have been recalcula ted where necessary, considering that a major update on the Belgian inventory was reported during the previous submissions. The recalculations for the years 1990 to 2005 are m ainly performed as a result of the in-country review of the initial report of Belgium and of the 2006 greenhouse gas inventory submission of Belgium, coordinated by the United Framework Conven tion on Climate Change (UNFCCC) secretariat in accordance with the guidelines for r eview under article 8 of the Kyoto Protocol (decisi on 22/CMP.1) and in accordance with decision 19/CP.8. This review took place from 4 to 9 June 2007 in Brussels, Belgium. After the above mentioned UNFCCC-review that took p lace in 2007 some minor recalculations for the complete timeseries took place during this 2009 sub mission, mainly as a result of the UNFCCCcentralized review that took place in September 200 8. The revision of the Belgian greenhouse gas inventor y for the complete timeseries 1990-2007 is attached to this report together with the 2008 Annu al Review Report for Belgium with the results of the centralized review of the greenhouse gas invent ory of Belgium that took place in September 2008 (CDROM, annex 4).

This eight National Inventory Report is still prese nted according to the structure outlined in documen t FCCC/CP/2002/8, amended to fit to the Belgian natio nal context. The ouline of the NIR as set out in the updated UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual i nventories following incorporation of the provisions of decision 14/CP.11 , noted by the SBSTA at its 25 th session, is not yet used in this document by Belgium. In spite of this, the content of this document is completely in line with this ne w proposed outline.

Complete CRF tables (CRFReporter) on the national a nd regional level, for years 1990 to 2007, are provided as an annex 4 to this report, under electr onic format. Next to the emissions data, the CRFtables are completed with – as requested - the stan dard indicators (notation keys), providing information on data gaps, methods applied, emission factors used, completeness and quality.

This national inventory report includes a descripti on of the methodologies and data sources used for estimating emissions by sources and removals by sin ks, an analysis of the key source categories, a

discussion of these emission estimates and their tr ends, information on recalculations, planned improvements, uncertainties and quality assessment and quality control.2

Annex I parties that are also Parties to the Kyoto Protocol are also required to report supplementary information required under article 7, paragraphe 1, of the Kyoto Protocol, with the inventory
submission due under the Convention, in accordance with paragraph 3(a) of decision 15/CMP.1. This supplementary information comprises:

- information on anthropogenic GHG emissions by sou rces and removals by sinks from land-use, landuse change and forestry (LULUCF) activities under a rticle 3, paragraph 3, and, if any, elected activities under article 3, paragraph 4, of the Kyo to Protocol, as set out in section I.D of the annex to
decision 15/CMP.1: see sections I. 7 and II. 10 for more information. - information on Kyoto-units (emission reduction un its, assigned amount units (AAUs) and removal units (RMUs), as set out in section I.E of the anne x to the decision 15/CMP.1: see section II.11 for

more information. - changes in national systems in accordance with ar ticle 5, paragraph 1, and set out in section I.F of the

annex to decision 15/CMP.1: the actualized national system of Belgium is attached to the submission of April 15 th to the UNFCCC-secretariat. No main differences com pared to the previous version are performed. The national system is in line with the developed QA/QC-plan of Belgium. See also

section II.12 for more information. - changes in national registries as set out in sect ion I.G of the annex to the decision 15/CMP.1: see

section II.13 for more information.



## 1.2. Institutional arrangements and process of inve ntory preparation

In the Belgian federal context, major responsibilit ies related to environment lie with the regions. Compiling greenhouse gas emissions inventories is o ne of these responsibilities. Each region implements the necessary means to establish their o wn emission inventory in accordance with the IPCC guidelines. The emission inventories of the th ree regions are subsequently combined to compile the national greenhouse gas emission inventory. Sin ce 1980, the three regions have been developing different methodologies (depending on various exter nal factors) for compiling their atmospheric emission inventories. During the last years importa nt efforts are made to tune these different methodologies, especially for the most important (key) sectors. Obviously, this requires some coordination to ensure the consistency of the data an d the establishment of the national inventory. This co-ordination is one of the permanent duties of the Working Group on « Emissions » of the Coordination Committee for International Environmenta l Policy (CCIEP), where the different actors decide how the regional data will be aggregated to a national total, taking into account the specific characteristics and interests of each region as wel l as the available means. This working group consis ts of representatives of the 3 regions and of the fede ral public services. The Interregional Environment

Unit (CELINE - IRCEL) is responsible for integrating th e emission data from the inventories of the three regions and for compiling the national invent ory. The National inventory report is than formally
submitted to the National Climate Commission, estab lished by the Cooperation agreement of 14 November 2002, for approval, before its submission to the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and to the E uropean Commission, under the Council Decision 280/2004/EC concerning a Mechanism for Mon itoring Community greenhouse gas emissions and for implementing the Kyoto Protocol.



## 1.3. General description of methodologies and data sources used3

As a consequence of the responsibility of the regio ns in compiling greenhouse gas inventories, concomitant methodologies have been developed by th e three regions for compiling their inventory from basic data. This section describes the general approach developed by each region. A similar presentation of the national inventory in Belgium h as been applied in the chapters 3 to 8 for each of the IPCC categories and for fluorinated gases (see section 4.2.4).

As the QA/QC procedures are not yet fully implement ed for the Belgian greenhouse gas inventory for the time being, these are not described in detail i n the chapters 3 to 8 for each category but in a mo re general way in section 1.5. The QA/QC procedures fo r the Flemish greenhouse gas inventory are already reasonable developed and are described more in detail in this section.

Section 1.6 gives a detailed description of the unc ertainty analysis of the emission inventory of 2006

and 2007.

Inventory data for the years 1990 to 2006 have been recalculated (always more much less important way compared with previous submissions) as a conseq uence of methodological changes,

harmonisation of allocation and/or methods between the regions, and access to new data sources. The recalculations for the years 1990 to 2006 are mainl y performed as a result of the centralized review o f greenhouse gas inventory submission of Belgium in 2 007 and 2008, coordinated by the United Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) sec retariat , held in Bonn from 1 to 6 September 2009. See sections 3 to 8 for further det ails. Emission figures of the greenhouse gases for 2007 a re estimated on a temporary basis in this submission and will be further optimized during the 2010 submission. Time consistency is obviously guaranteed for all se ctors that has been optimisationoptimised during

this submission.

The fluorinated gases (categories 2E and 2F) consti tute an exception in the inventory process in Belgium in a way that the emission inventory of the se gases is set up at the national level as well as for each of the 3 regions, in a single, harmonised appr oach by external consultancies (Econotec/VITO).

Contrary to all other sectors in the Belgian emissi on inventory, the emissions of CO 2 from road traffic

are not calculated as the sum of the emissions of t he 3 regions (see section 3.2.4 for further information). These emissions are calculated based on the national statistics (fuels sold on the Belgi an territory) and IPCC default emission factors as was agreed upon the UNFCCC-experts in 2003. The other greenhouse gases originating from road transp ort are estimated in Belgium by calculating the sum of the emissions of the regional models (based on Copert III-model) based on fuel combustion in the vehicles that travel within the country’s terri tory.

The regional and national inventory systems are ful ly described in the National Inventory System which has been reported by the end of 2006 to the s ecretariat of UNFCCC. An actulization of the Belgian National Inventory System is carried out du ring the 2009 submission to the UNFCCCsectretariat.

1.3.1. Flemish region

In Flanders, the greenhouse gas inventory is set up by the Department Air, Environment and

Communication of the Flemish Environmental Agency (VMM).

Since the reporting year of 1993 most important ind ustrial companies in the Flemish region in relation with air pollution are obliged to report annually a bout their emissions when exceeding a defined

threshold value.

In 2005 (starting from the year 2004) the most impo rtant industrial sites in Flanders had to report additionally their emissions of greenhouse gases wh en exceeding a defined threshold value.

As a consequence the emissions of the greenhouse ga ses (mainly for CH 4 and N 2 O) were revised for the industrial sector during the 2006 submission fo r the complete time series from 1990 on.4

From 2006 on this reporting obligation was harmoniz ed in the Flemish region with the EPER-decision (2000/479/EC) and with the EPRTR-regulation (166/20 06/EC).

The threshold values are 100 kton for CO 2 , 100 ton for CH 4 and 10 ton for N 2 O. For the F-gases the
thresholdvalues are 0,001 ton for CFC’s, for HCFC’s and for the halones and 0,1 ton for the HFC’s and PFC’s and 0,05 ton for SF 6

. In total approximately 350 industrial companies are registered in an industrial database in the Flemis h region due to this obliged emission reporting by th e industrial companies.

Mainly for the sectors refineries, the iron and ste el sector and the chemical industry (process emissions) this obliged reporting of emissions rema ins since that time an important source of information for the European and international repo rting obligations.

The Flemish region has taken into account the infor mation from the EU-ETS data based on Directive 2003/87/EC in a sense that reported sources in the EU-ETS framework are compared with the reported sources in the greenhouse gas emission inventory an d completed if necessary. Next to this, the

emissions of CO 2 of the most important sources are also compared in these two datasets for the available years and tuned where possible and releva nt. Since 2005 EU-ETS-data are used in the Flemish greenhouse gas inventory in the sectors of glass and ceramic.

CO 2 emissions

CO 2 emissions are mainly calculated on the basis of th e energy balance, which is annually established by the Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito) [1] funded by the Flemish region. Setting up the energy balance is one of the reference tasks of the Vito in the frame work of EMIS (the Energy and Environment-Information system of the Flemish r egion). This is based on available statistical data and models, on the information coming from the obli ged annual emission reporting of industrial companies (mainly class I and class II companies an d for emissions exceeding a given threshold value, compulsory since 1993 and extended with greenhouse gas emissions since 2004) and on a survey among energy suppliers, federations and individual consumers. The methodology is described in the annual reporting document ‘Energiebalans Vlaanderen : Onafhankelijke methode’ (‘Energy Balance Flanders : Independent methodology’). An important element in this Flemish energy balance is that for the intermediary years 1991 to 1993 another methodo logy was used to set up this energy balance

because of lack of resources. This means that for t hese years the so-called ‘difference methodology’ was used (Flemish energy balance = Belgian energy b alance minus Walloon energy balance minus Brussels energy balance) instead of the independent methodology (bottom-up).

Last publication of this document dates from July 2 008 and contains definitive balances for the years 1990 to 2006 and a preliminary energy balance for t he year 2007. The energy balances of all years can

be found on the website http://www.emis.vito.be . Over the years this methodology is fine-tuned whenever necessary. Starting from this energy balan ce, the CO 2 emissions are calculated using CO 2 emission factors. These are mostly the default IPCC emission factors from the Revised 1996 Guidelines, except for some special products (blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, refinery gas, waste products) and sectors (refineries, electricity prod uction) where more accurate, country-specific facto rs are used. See section 3.2. for more information.

The other CO 2 emissions (non-energy consumption, waste incinerat ion without electricity production, process emissions of the glass- and ceramic product ion, iron and steel production and the chemical industry) are calculated by using a country-specifi c methodology. In general, mostly Tier 1 methodology, the sectoral approach, was used for es timating these CO 2 emissions. See section 4.2 for

more information.

The emissions from the LUCF-sector in Flanders were completed during the 2006 submission. More in particular, the emissions and sinks of CO2 (tota l net emissions) of terrestrial ecosystems were new ly5

estimated at that time. This source includes the em issions originating from the changes in carbon stoc k of grasslands, arable lands and forests, changes in biomass (aboveground) of trees in forests and the emissions as a result of cutting down the trees in forests. See section 7 for further detailed informa tion.

CH 4 and N

2 O emissions

The energetic emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O are mostly calculated by multiplying an activity data (fuel consumption) with an emission factor. The emission factors used, are mainly the IPCC default factors of 1996. In some cases country specific emission fa ctors are used.

The methodology used by the Flemish region to calcu late the emissions of road transport, the so called MIMOSA-model, is mainly developed for policy object ives. This MIMOSA III - model calculates the

traffic emissions based on the COPERT III methodolo gy and on data of mobility per road segment.

These emissions are calculated based on a traffic f low model of the Flemish region, which means that a geographical distribution is possible.

Emissions of air traffic are calculated using the E MEP/CORINAIR methodology [3].

Industrial process emissions are estimated using sp ecific plant information combined with specific (or default) emission factors or by using the results o f monitoring work carried out in the plant. An important source for estimating these emissions is the yearly reporting obligations by the industrial companies via the integrated environmental reports.

Country-specific methodologies are developed for ca lculating the emissions of navigation and transport via railways, for agriculture (reference [6] for CH 4 and [7] for N 2 O), for solid waste disposal [8] and for distribution, transmission and storage of natural gas.

See the respective chapters (3 till 8) for more det ailed information about these sectors.

1.3.2. Walloon region

The emission inventories of the Walloon region are compiled by Walloon Agency for Air and Climate (AWAC) using the IPCC methodology (or EMEP/CORINAIR for some sectors where IPCC does not provide emission factors). Emission factors used, a re performed for all industrial sectors. In some cases as agriculture and forestry, the emissions es timates are based on a specific study reflecting th e Walloon environment.

One main data source for the inventory preparation is the energy balance delivered yearly by the Energy and Sustainable Building Department. The en ergy balance describes the quantities of energy imported, produced, transformed and consumed in the Walloon Region in a given year. In 2003, an environmental integrated survey has been created wh ich includes all pertinent environment-related reporting requirements for 300 companies. The envir onmental integrated survey is personalised to the 300 operators of the activities/installations point ed out by one or several regulations (four internat ional Conventions and their protocols, seven European Dir ectives, three European Regulations, two European Decisions, one European Recommendation, tw o Walloon laws, one Walloon Decree and several non legally binding agreements). The inform ation related to GHG emissions is used to calculate the emissions of the most important emitt ers in the energy, industry and waste sectors. In particular, the information coming from the obliged reporting under the ETS-Directive is used in the preparation of the inventory of the greenhouse gase s.

The data sources and inventory preparation are desc ribed in detail in the National Inventory System

which was submitted to the secretariat of UNFCCC at the end of 2006. An actulization of the Belgian National Inventory System is carried out during the 2009 submission to the UNFCCC-secretariat.6

1.3.3. Brussels region

The emission inventory of the greenhouse gases in t he Brussels region is compiled by the Brussels Institute for Environmental Management(IBGE-BIM) using the IPCC- and EMEP/CORINAIRmethodology. The emissions are calculated by multip lying activity data by an emission factor. Generally, these activity data and emission factors used in the Brussels inventory are estimated on th e basis of research projects funded by IBGE-BIM (for instance, the annual energy balance that is established on a survey among energy suppliers, fed erations and individual consumers). These projects combine the socio-economic Brussels specificities a nd the reference values of the IPCC Guidelines, specific bibliographies like PARCOM, TNO, EPA,... as well as in the joint EMEP/CORINAIR handbook [3, 44] . The different sectors taken into account in the Brussels emission inventory reflect

the characteristics of a strict urban environment.

Nearly all the emissions of this urban region origi nate from energy consumption.



## 1.4. Key sou r ces categories

Key source categories are identified according to t he Tier 1 methodology described in the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in Nat ional Greenhouse Gas Inventories [10]. Both a level assessment (contribution of each source categ ory to the total national estimate) and a trend assessment (contribution of each source category’s trend to the total trend) are conducted during this submission. A level assessment is performed for the years 1990, 2006 and 2007 and trend analysis is carried out for the years 1990-2006 and 1990-2007. See annex 1 for more details.

The key source analysis is realised on the basis of the set of sub-categories, at the level of detail of the sectoral report tables. Sources that do not occur i n Belgium as well as those that are not estimated ( no data) are excluded from the analysis. The LUCF-data are included in this analysis since the 2008 submission. Each greenhouse gas emitted by a single source category is considered separately. This procedure leads to the determination of a set of 36 source categories during the level assessment 2007 ) covering 99.6% of the total aggregated emissions Th e key source analysis is performed by using CO 2 - equivalent emissions calculated by means of the glo bal warming potentials (GWPs) specified in the UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories.

The level assessment for 2007 (see Annex 1) results in the identification of 25 key sources, covering

95% 1 of the total national aggregated emissions. These 2 5 key sources are to a large extent the same as those identified for the years 1990 and 2006 (see a nnex 1). Differences are identified for the categor ies 6A1 (solid waste disposal sites) which just falls o ut the key source categories for 2007, the categori es 1A1c (Manufacturing of solid fuels), 2E1 (By-produc t emissions) and 1A2d (Pulp, paper and Print) which are key sources in 1990 but no longer in 2006 and 2007 .

32 key sources are identified from the trend assess ment 1990-2007 (see Annex 1) as those that contribute 95% to the trend of the inventory. Altho ugh there are differences in amount of key sources between the trend assessments for the years 1990-20 06 (31 key sources) and 1990-2007 (see annex 1) the identified key sources overlap to a large exten t.

1 This threshold (95%) is recommended in the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Managem ent in National Greenhouse Gas

Inventories , for both the Level Assessment and the Trend Asses sment ; it was determined to be the level at which 90% of the
uncertainty in a ‘typical’ inventory would be cover ed by key source categories, for the Tier 1 method.7

Key source categories identified form the level and the trend assessments also overlap to a large extent. As a whole (level and trend Assessments), 3 7 key source categories are determined (Table 1.1). The absolute change in direct greenhouse gas emissi ons of these key sources over the period 1990- 2007 is listed in Table 1.1 and shown in Figure 1.1

.

CO 2 emissions from road transportation is the first ke y source of greenhouse gas emissions in Belgium (18.75 % of total aggregated emissions in 2007). It constitutes the main driver of emissions trends (annex 1). CO 2 emissions from road transportation, electricity pr oduction and residential space heating are pointed out by the level assessment as the thre e main key source categories, each contributing to 14 to 19% of the total national emissions (together , these three sources cover around 50% of the total emissions in 2007). Energetic emissions of CO 2 from iron and steel industry (category 1A2a) and chemical industry (category 1A2c) also constitute m ajor key sources, which respectively account for

6.6 % and 6.05 % of the total emissions in 2007.

The three most important key sources of non-CO 2 emissions in Belgium are CH 4 emissions from cattle (non-dairy) (enteric fermentation) (1.58 % in 2007) , N 2 O emissions from agricultural soils (1.58% in 2007) and N 2 O emissions from nitric acid production (1.05% in 2 007). One may finally notice that the five key source cat egories which displayed the most important absolute increase in their emissions over the perio d 1990-2007 (figure 1.1, table 1.1), are CO 2 from road transportation (+5077 Gg CO 2 -eq.), energy related CO 2 from chemicals (category 1A2c, +1267 Gg CO 2 -eq.), CO 2 from commercial & institutional (+1228 Gg CO 2 -eq.), CO 2 from process emissions in the chemical industry (category 2B5, +1121 Gg CO 2 eq) and CO 2 from ammonia production (category 2B1, +881 Gg CO 2 eq). On the contrary, energetic emissions of CO 2 from the iron and steel sector (-5644 CO 2 eq.), N 2 O emissions of nitric acid production (-2201 Gg CO 2 eq), emissions of CH 4 from waste disposal on land (-2049 Gg CO 2 -eq.) and emissions of CO 2 from solid fuels (category 1A1c, -1810 Gg CO 2 -eq.) are the source categories that displayed the most important drop in GHG emissions between 1990 and 2007.

Remark : In the submission of April 2009 to the UNFCCC-sec retariat some very small changes in the Belgian greenhouse gas emission inventory were perf ormed compared to the EC-submission of March 2009. These changes did occur in the sectors of roa d transport 1A3b (emissions of CO 2 did drop with 29 kton in 2007) and in the sector 6B2 (emissions o f N 2 O did increase with 0.09 kton in 1990). The presented key source analysis in this document did not take into account these minor changes.

IPCC category direct greenhouse gas emissions

1990 emissions

2007 criteria for identification absolute
emission
trend

1990-

2007

Gg CO2eq Gg CO2eq Gg CO2eq 1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production CO2 23 504 21862 level, trend -1642 1A1b Petroleum Refining CO2 4299 4607 level, trend 308
1A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries CO2 2144 334 trend -1810
1A2a Iron and Steel CO2 14213 8569 level, trend - 5644

1A2c Chemicals CO2 6585 7852 level, trend 1267 1A2e Food Processing, Bev erages and
Tobacco CO2 2990 1786 level, trend -1203

1A2f Other CO2 8069 7031 level, trend -1038 1A3b Road Transportation CO2 19270 24348 level, tre nd 5077 1A3b Road Transportation N2O 333 793 level, trend 460 1A4a Commercial/Institutional CO2 4272 5500 level, trend 12288

1A4b Residential CO2 20213 18797 level, trend -1417 1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries CO2 2525 2129 l evel, trend -397 2A1 Cement Production CO2 2824 3087 level, trend 2 64 2A2 Lime Production CO2 2097 2040 level, trend -57
2B1 Ammonia Production CO2 420 1301 level, trend 8 81 2B2 Nitric Acid Production N2O 3562 1361 level, t rend -2201 2B5 Other non-specified CO2 224 1345 level, trend 1121 2B5 Other/Caprolactam N2O 372 540 trend 168
2C1 Iron and Steel Production CO2 1946 1427 level, trend -519 2E1 By-product Emissions Other CF4 324 29 trend - 295 2E2 Fugitive Emissions C6F14 230 72 trend -157 2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment HFC-134a 72 597 trend 525 2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditio ning Equipment HFC-143a 4 479 trend 475 2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment HFC-125 3 359 trend 356 2F(a)2 Foam Blowing HFC-134a 324 87 trend -237 2F(a)4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers HFC-134a 35 1 78 trend 143 4A1 Dairy Cattle CH4 1740 1276 level, trend -464 4A1 Non-Dairy Cattle CH4 2134 2054 level -79 4B13 Solid Storage and Dry Lot N2O 892 735 level - 157

4B8 Swine CH4 1350 1252 level -98

4D1 Direct Soil Emissions N2O 2367 2052 level -315 4D2 Pasture, Range and Paddock Manure (3) N2O 936 7 35 level, trend -201 4D3 Indirect Emissions N2O 1242 906 level, trend - 336 5B1 Cropland remaining Cropland CO2 480 578 trend 9 8 5C1 Grassland remaining Grassland CO2 1304 1118 lev el -186 6A1 Managed Waste Disposal on Land CH4 2630 581 tre nd -2049

6C Waste Incineration CO2 253 85 trend -168

Table 1.1. : Key source category analysis: summary (see details in Annex 1).9

Figure 1.1. : Key source category analysis : GHG Em ission Trends 1990-2007 (Gg CO 2 equivalent). -5644 -2201 -2049 -1810 -1642 -1417 -1203 -1038 -519 -464 -397 -336 -315 -295 -237 -201 -186 -168 -157 -157 -98 -79 -57 98 143 168 264 308 356 475 525 881 1121 1228 1267 5077

460

-8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 1A2a Iron and Steel (CO2) 2B2 Nitric Acid Production (N2O) 6A1 Managed Waste Disposal on Land (CH4) 1A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy I ndustries

1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production (CO2) 1A4b Residential (CO2) 1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco (CO2) 1A2f Other (CO2) 2C1 Iron and Steel Production (CO2)

4A1 Dairy Cattle (CH4) 1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries (CO2)

4D3 Indirect Emissions (N2O) 4D1 Direct Soil Emissions (N2O) 2E1 By-product Emissions Other (CF4) 2F(a)2 Foam Blowing (HFC-134a) 4D2 Pasture, Range and Paddock Manure (N2O) 5C1 Grassland remaining Grassland (CO2)

6C Waste Incineration (CO2) 2E2 Fugitive Emissions (C6F14) 4B13 Solid Storage and Dry Lot (N2O)

4B8 Swine (CH4) 4A1 Non-Dairy Cattle (CH4) 2A2 Lime Production (CO2) 5B1 Cropland remaining Cropland (CO2) 2F(a)4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers (HFC-134a)

2B5 Other/Caprolactam (N2O) 2A1 Cement Production (CO2) 1A1b Petroleum Refining (CO2) 2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment (HFC-125) 1A3b Road Transportation (N2O) 2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment (HFC-143a) 2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment (HFC-134a) 2B1 Ammonia Production (CO2) 2B5 Other non-specified (CO2) 1A4a Commercial/Institutional (CO2)

1A2c Chemicals (CO2) 1A3b Road Transportation (CO2)10



## 1.5. QA/QC

Belgium did submit a full QA/QC plan of the Belgian national system for the estimation of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources a nd removals by sinks under Article 5, paragraph 1, of the Kyoto Protocol on the 20 th 

### of October 2008 to the UNFCCC-experts as a

demand of the UNFCCC-centralized review carried out from the 1 st 

### to the 6 th 

### of September 2008. In the final Annual Review Report of UNFCCC ( Report of the individual review of greenhouse gas inventories of Belgium submitted in 2007 and 2008) the ERT concluded that the QA/QC plan has been prepared and implemented in accordance with the IPCC good practice guidance.

Belgium is a federal state organized in communities and regions. The three regions (Flemish Region, Walloon Region, Brussels-Capital Region) ar e responsible for the GHG inventory of their own territory. Consequently every year, 3 inv entories are compiled and aggregated into a national greenhouse gas inventory, which is managed by the national inventory agency (IRCEL/CELINE interregional cell).

The bodies who take responsibility for the preparat ion of inventories in the three regions are:

AWAC : Walloon Agency for Air and Climate 

### ; VMM: the Flemish Environmental Agency;

BIM/IBGE : the Brussels Institute for Environment M anagement.

The activities of these four bodies, as regards the preparation of the national greenhouse gas inventory and the implementation and development of the QA/QC plan, are coordinated via the “Working group on Emissions of the Coordination Committee for International Environmental Policy (CCIEP)” (referred to below as “CCIEP-WG Emissions”). This group plays a central role in the coordination of the nat ional GHG inventory. It is a permanent platform for the exchange of information between th e regions, IRCEL-CELINE, the National Climate Commission (see below) and the Belgian UNFC CC National Focal Point. All methodological aspects of the GHG inventory (method ological choices, emission factors, uncertainty analysis, etc.), as well as the impleme ntation and improvement of the national system, including the QA/QC plan, are coordinated v ia the CCIEP-WG Emissions. This working group is meeting together on a regular basi s and is responsible for coordinating all emission inventory tasks in Belgium.

More information on the various actors can be found in the Belgian National Inventory System which was updated during the 2009 submission to the UNFCCC-secretariat

.



### So far, the compilation of the Belgian emission inv entory is performed by an interim person of the Walloon region in expectation of a new recru itement by April 2009. At that time more time will become available for a complete implement ation of the Belgian QA/QC-plan.

1.5.1 Responsibilities at the national level11



### The overall QA/QC responsibilities on the Belgian G HG inventory are carried out at IRCEL/CELINE, the interregional cell for the enviro nment which is the national inventory agency responsible for international obligations re lated to air emissions reporting.

As a consequence, the quality and assurance control s already carried out within the responsible regions, are supplemented by the QA/QC performed to the national Belgian inventory. After completion of the Belgian greenhou se gas emission inventory by IRCEL/CELINE, the regions and IRCEL/CELINE carry out further quality control checks of the national inventory before the official submissi on takes place

. IRCEL/CELINE is the final responsible for the national inventory, and any cha nge at this stage is conducted only by IRCEL/CELINE, after co-ordination with the relevant regional contacts. The QC checks are

described in section 1.5.5. below.

Independent audits of the greenhouse gas inventorie s of the regions and the national inventory

have started in the course of 2002 and results beca me available in 2003. The purpose of these audits was to analyse the difficulties encountered while compiling the regional emission inventories into the national inventory in order to improve the quality and completeness of the Belgian national emission inventory and to evaluate the differences between the actual process and the obligations in the framework of the UNFCCC & IPCC Guidelines and the Kyoto Protocol.

The results of these audits of greenhouse gases inv entories showed clearly that the Belgian national inventory is of qualitative good value. Th e difference between the actual situation in Belgium at that time and the fulfilling of the IPCC Guidelines was mainly the absence of the complete implementation of the IPCC Good Practice G uidance for the Belgian emission inventory with respect to setting up a quality syst em.

Technical working groups are set up since the begin ning of 2003 to investigate in detail the implementation of the Good Practice Guidance for th e different sectors in Belgium and to harmonise the 3 regional emission inventories in Be lgium as much as possible. The overall conclusion in the different technical working group s was that appropriate methods are used

for all sectors and in accordance with the IPCC Goo d Practice Guidance.

Calculations of uncertainties on greenhouse gas emi ssions estimates on the national level are calculated on Tier 1-level (see Chapter 1.6. for mo re details).

All three regions perform their own QC procedures, however Flanders may be the most advanced in documenting and certifying those proced ures. Hereunder, the state of the art in the three regions is briefly described. The Tier 1 QC checks conducted at the regional and the

national level are also included below.

1.5.2 QA/QC in the Flemish region

Procedures directly applied to the inventories



### In the beginning of 2004, in Flanders, a study star ted to calculate the uncertainties (both on Tier 1 and Tier 2 level) and to guide in the implem entation of a quality system (QA/QC-plan) of the emission inventory of greenhouse gases. Fina l results of this study became available in May 2004.12



### A complete development of the QA/QC system (among o thers further description in detail of all the procedures involved) as well as a first int ernal review became operational in the course of 2005. A responsible for the quality management s ystem of the Flemish greenhouse gas inventory was nominated at that time. A full implem entation of the quality system for all

sectors and on the most detailed level is started i n the beginning of 2006.

The quality system set up in Flanders is completely based on the standardized norm ISO 9001:2000. In the process of development of the qua lity management system in Flanders, a gap-analysis was carried out, a quality structure a nd different standardized procedures were set up. A quality handbook was published which incl udes all aspects of a technical and organizational level to set up the emission invento ry of GHG.

Standardized procedures of different levels have be en defined. In what follows a summary is given of all procedures involved in the QA/QC-syste m:

General procedures

VMM/EIL/GP/0.004: Procedure for the treatment of a complaint (not yet implemented

because not really relevant) VMM/EIL/GP/0.006: Procedure for the management of quality care-personnel files; VMM/EIL/GP/0.008: Procedure for the performance of audits; VMM/EIL/GP/0.010: Procedure for setting up a gener al quality care–management report; VMM/EIL/GP1/0.011: Procedure for the management of documents.

Specific procedures

VMM/EIL/GP/5.001: Procedure to determine non-confo rmities, quality problems and

proposals for improvement and follow-up by means of corrective and preventive measures (not yet fully implemented); VMM/EIL/GP/5.002: Procedure for the training of th e personnel of the service “Emissie

Inventaris Lucht” (Emission Inventory Air); VMM/EIL/GP/5.003: Procedure for the main process: setting up the greenhouse gas

emission inventory; VMM/EIL/GP/5.004: Procedure to manage the Balanced Score Card (not yet implemented).

Besides these procedures, forms are also used in th e Flemish quality management system to follow up the inventory process for the different s ectors. These forms describe the required characteristics of input data that needs to be coll ected to ensure accurate emission estimates. They give an indication of the quality of data, rep ort how the calculation of the emissions occurs and tell something about the trends in that specific sector. These forms were evaluated with all users (responsible for the different secto rs) in the course of 2007.

In the course of 2007 the procedure to manage the B alanced Score Card was simplified with respect to the definition of the indicators and an actualization of the other procedures

occurred. A lot of time went to the actualization a nd further completion of the procedure VMM/EIL/GP/5.003 for the main process (setting up t he greenhouse gas emission inventory). The optimization of these procedures became officia l in the beginning of 2008.13



### In 2007 and 2008 a management evaluation of the qua lity system was performed. This

document formulates conclusions and recommendations to improve the system with respect to the improvement of the effectiveness of the quality system and the involved processes in relation with the requirements of the clients and t he needs of means.

An internal audit took place on the 15 th 

### of June 2007 and on the 12 th 

### of June 2008. Its conclusions noted the uncompleted implementation of some of the procedures (see procedures ‘not yet implemented’ above) and formulated technic al recommendations concerning the use of indicators and the controls carried out in the p rocedure VMM/EIL/GP/5.003 of the main

process.

All the technical procedures involved and an exampl e of one of the forms used in the quality management system of the Flemish greenhouse gas inv entory are presented in annex 4 on CDROM of this report.

Procedures on secondary data



### GHG inventories rely for a large part on energy bal ances established annually. In Flanders, the procedures to prepare the Flemish energy balanc e, set up by the VITO, are part of a certified ISO 9001 system since July 2000 2 

### . This certificate is currently applicable to the development and implementation of complete evaluati on methods and management concepts for the sustainable use of materials, energy and en vironment, including the electronic distribution of information on energy and environme ntal information (EMIS).

The quality system consists of quality procedures a nd planning activities. Specific for the preparation of the energy balance, there are 7 proc edures in place.

2 Certificate number 08376-2003-AQ-ROT-BELCERT.14

EMIS-PRO 021 Energy balance

Flanders General procedure with methodology to prepare an energy balance for a specific year. EMIS-PRO 022 Survey of industry The procedure descr ibes the methodology to carry out a survey in the industrial sectors in a specifi c

year. EMIS-PRO 023 Extrapolation of

industry The procedure describes the methodology to extrapolate the energy consumptions from the survey in the industry to a global energy consumption for the industry in Flanders for a specific year. EMIS-PRO 024 Survey of service sector The procedure describes the methodology to carry out a survey in the service sectors in a specific y ear. EMIS-PRO 025 Extrapolation of service

sector The procedure describes the methodology to extrapolate the energy consumptions from the survey in the service sector to a global energy consumptio n for the service sector in Flanders for a specific y ear. EMIS-PRO 026 Transformation sector The procedure de scribes the methodology to compose the transformation sector in the energy

balance. EMIS-PRO 027 Survey of electricity

sector The procedure describes the methodology to carry out the survey for electricity and heat-production in cooperation with ANRE (the Administration of Natural Resources and Energy) and implementation

of the resolution.



### Procedure EMIS-PRO 021 describes the general method ology used to establish a yearly energy balance for Flanders. Purpose of this proced ure is to give information and instructions to be able to establish in a coherent way an energy balance for Flanders in a specific year. The procedure refers where appropriate to the other pro cedures for specific sectors.

The mentioned EMIS-procedures for the preparation o f the energy balance for Flanders are part of the covering quality system of the expertis e centre IMS (Integral Environmental Studies) in VITO. The quality handbook of the exper tise centre gives an overview on the global quality system with references to the specif ic procedures of specific activities. An example of a general procedure is ‘ALG-PRO 011 Continuous quality improvement, qualit y renewal and control of aberrations’ . This procedure describes the responsibilities an d actions

to be taken of all staff members in case aberration s occur.

1.5.3 QA/QC in the Walloon region



### In the Walloon Region, the inventory is conducted b y the Walloon Agency for Air and Climate
(AWAC)



### .

Good practice checks are routinely applied during t he development of inventories. Notes covering validity checks and recalculations are fil ed and stored by inventory compilers. Among others, data obtained from industrial companies concerned by the European Emission Trading process are systematically cross-checked wi th certified reports in the framework of

that mechanism.15



### Country-specific emission factors used in the inven tories are determined from air emission measurements, performed by laboratories which must be agreed by the official institute ISSEP. The agreement covers a review of material an d methodologies used and checks the compliance with the requirements of a legal decree 3 

### . The updated list of agreed laboratories is published on the website of DGARNE, the responsible Institute in Wallonia.

Procedures on secondary data



### The energy balance in the Walloon region is establi shed by an independent institute, ICEDD (Institut de Conseils et d’Etudes en Développement Durable), whose activities are covered by

an ISO 9001 certification.

1.5.4 QA/QC in the Brussels region

Procedures directly applied to the inventories



### The general methodology of the inventory has been d escribed in a quality handbook for the Brussels region. The handbook has been developed ne xt to the recommendations of the 2007 in-country review of the UNFCCC-secretariat. So the available handbook is a first version (April 2008), improvements still have to be perform ed.

The current handbook describes the methodology used for each sector of the inventory and

refers the data sources as well as the links establ ished between the inventories and these

sources.

Furthermore, the handbook gives information about t he quality control procedures achieved on the regional inventory. The foreseen work will c onsist in fulfilling these procedures and especially formalise them into separate documents.

Besides the handbook, procedures will be implemente d to cross-check the data used in the

inventories with other data from the Institute. The se data are coming from other departments which use them for other requirements (e.g. PRTR, E TS, environmental reports) and help to check the completeness of the inventory.

The consistency is implemented by recalculating the emissions for the complete time series when a new methodology is applied.

Independent experts review the inventory annually.

In order to improve the transparency on inventories , archiving procedures are implemented.

Procedures on secondary data



### The Brussels Capital region is an urban region. Con sequently the most important share of greenhouse gases originates from energy consumption

.

3 Arrêté royal du 13 décembre 1966 relatif aux condi tions et modalités d'agrément des laboratoires et o rganismes chargés des prélèvements, analyses et recherches dans le cadre de la lutte contre la pollution atmosphérique (M.B. 14.02.1967) .16



### The Brussels energy balance is established by ICEDD , whose activities are covered by an ISO 9001 certification. These activities are strictly p lanned in order to get the information needed for updating the inventory in the required times.

Uncertainties analyses on energy balances in the Br ussels-Capital Region have been conducted by the ICEDD. The last version was achiev ed in April 2007.

1.5.5 QC activities : Tier 1 QC checks



### The national inventory agency (IRCEL/CELINE) is res ponsible for the QC checks performed during and after the compilation of the national in ventory. The Working group on Emissions

of the Coordination Committee for International Env ironmental Policy (CCIEP) is responsible for all the QC checks done at the most detailed lev el, and for the co-ordination of the Belgian greenhouse gas inventory. If an error identified by the national inventory agency comes from one of the 3 regional sets of data rather than from a compilation problem, the regional agency is consulted by the national inventory agency befor e any correction takes place, to maintain data consistency between the different levels.

The deadlines for these checks are presented in tab le 1 below, with "year X" being the year of

the submission.

Due to the specificity of the Belgian National Inve ntory System and the responsibility of the regions in collecting primary activity data and rea lizing emissions estimates at regional / sectoral level, some QC checks related to primary data collection and em ission estimates are also performed at the level of the regional invento ry agencies presented in the coordination working group on Emissions. The implementation of t hese QC checks on the regional level is also part of the QA/QC-work carried out for the key source categories. The table 1 gives an overview of the QC checks that are performed on the regional and national level in Belgium.

Table 1 : Tier 1 QC checks



## QC activity Tasks and procedures Responsible Deadl ine

1. Check that assumptions and

criteria for the selection of activity data and emission

factors are documented. • Cross-check descriptions of activity data and

emission factors with information on source categories and ensure that these are properly

recorded and archived.

• Check that any quality control (ISO, verified emissions, accredited laboratory,...) is properly recorded

• Check that changes in data or methodology

are documented

• Check for consistency with IPCC inventory guidelines and good practices, particularly if changes occur Working group on

Emissions of the

Coordination

Committee for

international

environmental policy (CCIEP) Augustus 31 ( year X-1)17

2. Check for transcription errors in data input and

reference • Cross-check a sample of input data from each source category (either measurements or parameters used in calculations) for transcription errors.

• Confirm that bibliographical data references are included (in spreadsheet or paper file) for every primary data element

• Randomly check bibliographical citations for transcription errors Working group on

Emissions of the

Coordination

Committee for

international

environmental policy (CCIEP) October 31 ( year X-1)

3. Check that emissions are calculated correctly. • Reproduce a representative sample of

emissions calculations.

• Selectively mimic complex model

calculations with abbreviated calculations to judge relative accuracy.

• Review spreadsheets with computerized checks and/or quality check reports Working group on

Emissions of the

Coordination

Committee for

international

environmental policy (CCIEP) October 31 ( year X-1)

4. Check that parameter and emission units are correctly

recorded and that appropriate conversion

factors are used. • Check that units are properly labelled in

calculation sheets.

• Check that units are correctly carried through from beginning to end of calculations.

• Check that conversion factors are correct.

• Check that temporal and spatial adjustment factors are used correctly. Working group on

Emissions of the

Coordination

Committee for

international

environmental policy (CCIEP) for

the calculation

sheets.

IRCEL/CELINE for

the national inventory in CRF Reporter. October 31 ( year X-1)

March 31 (year X)

5. Check the integrity of

database files. • Confirm that the appropriate data processing steps are correctly represented in the

database.

• Confirm that data relationships are correctly represented in the database.

• Ensure that data fields are properly labelled and have the correct design specifications.

• Ensure that adequate documentation of database and model structure and operation

are archived. Working group on

Emissions of the

Coordination

Committee for

international

environmental policy (CCIEP) October 31 ( year X-1)

6. Check for consistency in

data between source categories. • Identify parameters (e.g. activity data, constants) that are common to multiple source categories and confirm that there is consistency in the values used for these parameters in the emissions calculations. Working group on

Emissions of the

Coordination

Committee for

international

environmental policy (CCIEP) is responsible for the internal consistency of the inventory and

the harmonisation of parameters where October 31 ( year X-1)18 relevant.

IRCEL/CELINE is responsible for the consistency after compilation. March 31 (year X)

7. Check that the movement of inventory data among processing steps is correct. • Check that emissions data are correctly aggregated from lower reporting levels to higher reporting levels when preparing

summaries.

• Check that emissions data are correctly

transcribed between different intermediate products.

• Check a representative sample of calculations, by hand or electronically Working group on

Emissions of the

Coordination

Committee for

international

environmental policy (CCIEP) up

to the data preparation

IRCEL/CELINE for the compilation of the inventory . Cross

check between

results of the

database aggregation and representative samples in excel are

used. October 31 ( year X-1)

March 31 (year X)

8. Check that uncertainties in

emissions and removals are

estimated or calculated correctly. • Check that qualifications of individuals providing expert judgement for uncertainty estimates are appropriate.

• Check that qualifications, assumptions and expert judgements are recorded. Check that calculated uncertainties are complete and calculated correctly.

• If necessary, duplicate error calculations or a small sample of the probability distributions used by Monte Carlo analyses. IRCEL/CELINE March 31 (year X)

9. Undertake review of internal

documentation. • Check that there is detailed internal documentation to support the estimates and enable duplication of the emission and uncertainty estimates.

• Check that inventory data, supporting data, and inventory records are archived and stored

to facilitate detailed review.

• Check integrity of any data archiving arrangements of outside organisations involved in inventory preparation. Working group on

Emissions of the

Coordination

Committee for

international

environmental policy (CCIEP) for

all sources categories calculated at the regional level.

IRCEL/CELINE for the F-gases inventory and the reference approach. Augustus 31 ( year X-1)

March 31 (year X)

10. Check methodological and data changes resulting in

recalculations. • Check for temporal consistency in time series input data for each source category.

• Check for consistency in the algorithm/method used for calculations Working group on

Emissions of the

Coordination

Committee for October 31 ( year X-1)19 throughout the time series.

• When methods or data have changed, check consistency of time series inputs and

calculations international

environmental policy (CCIEP) for the methodology consistency.

IRCEL/CELINE for

time series consistency of the compilation results. March 31 (year X)

11. Undertake completeness

checks. • Confirm that estimates are reported for all source categories and for all years from the appropriate base year to the period of the current inventory.

• Check that known data gaps that result in incomplete source category emissions

estimates are documented. Working group on

Emissions of the

Coordination

Committee for

international

environmental policy (CCIEP)

IRCEL/CELINE for data gaps and notation keys consistency. October 31 ( year X-1)

March 31 (year X)

12. Specific checks on aggregation of 3 regional

inventories • Check the consistency of type of input data

and units between the inventories

• Check the consistency in allocation of source categories

• Cross-check the national aggregated data with the sum of input inventories, by hand or electronically, to ensure that emissions are correctly aggregated from lower reporting levels to higher reporting levels.

• Check that the average values for emission factors or other parameters are properly

calculated. IRCEL/CELINE March 31 (year X)

13. Compare estimates to previous estimates. • For each source category, current inventory estimates should be compared to previous estimates. If there are significant changes or departures from expected trends, recheck estimates and explain any difference. Working group on

Emissions of the

Coordination

Committee for

international

environmental policy (CCIEP)

IRCEL/CELINE October 31 (year X-1)

March 31 (year X)

1.5.6 QA checks



### In the Flemish region internal audits carried out b y people responsible of the quality management system in the Flemish environment agency were carried out on 14/12/2005, 7/7/2006, 15/6/2007 and 12/6/2008. An external audi t performed by Det Norske Veritas was carried out on 1/2/2006. The outputs of these audit s can be obtained by the responsible of the quality system of the greenhouse gas inventory in F landers. The next audit in the Flemish region will be performed in May/June 2009.20



### Since 2005 a process of approval of the national in ventory by the National Climate Commission is in place in Belgium

.



### A two level peer-review process : The compilation and aggregation of regional inven tories to build the national database constitutes a first opp ortunity to check the consistency and emissions allocations between regional datasets. Th e procedure is led by IRCEL/CELINE and the main responsible personnel of the regional inve ntories (sectoral experts). It includes the verification that methodologies applied to estimate emission levels always respect UNFCCC requirements (i.e. basically Tier 2 methods are to be applied for all identified key sources).

A second level consists in a peer review with simil ar foreign countries following the completeness of the inventory. Such an exercise has been performed in collaboration with the

Netherlands in the course of 2005.

An annual management review 

### : All the outcomes of the QA evaluation are used fo r continuous improvement through an annual management review by the different institutes involved. In the Flemish region this management review alread y has been conducted in the past in April 2007 for the first and in April 2008 for the second time.

As a result of the reviews carried out each year th e Belgian greenhouse gas emission inventory is each time further optimised and the qu ality of the inventory is guaranteed.

In 2008 a few reviews of the Belgian inventory took place by experts of the European Commission in collaboration with the topic center E TC/ACC and by experts of UNFCCC. The next review reports were published in the cours e of 2008:

Status Report Belgium by the EC (received in March 2008); Consistency Report Belgium by the EC (received in M arch 2008); UNFCCC 2008 initial checks (received in May 2008); UNFCCC 2008 Synthesis & Assessment Report (received in June 2008); UNFCCC Report of the individual (centralized) revie w of the greenhouse gas inventories of Belgium submitted in 2007 and 2008 (received in Jan uary 2009).

These reports of the Belgian greenhouse gas invento ry were commented after receiving by the Belgian experts. During this 2009 submission Belgian experts have ta ken the results of these reviews into account as much as possible.



## 1.6 Tier 1 uncertainty calculation

1.6.1. General approach

The IPCC Good Practice Guidance Tier 1 methodology has been applied to assess the uncertainty in the emission greenhouse gas inventory. The uncertai nty calculation is applied on the Belgian greenhouse gas emission inventory for the years 200 6 and 2007 as submitted on the 15th of March 2009 to the European Commission. Some minor changes to the greenhouse gas emission inventory occurred during the 2009 submission to the UNFCCC-s ecretariat. These changes (a drop of emissions21

of CO 2 of 29 kton in the sector 1A3b road transportation in 2007 and a slight increase of emissions of

N 2 O of 0.09 kton N2O in 1990) were not taken into acc ount in the uncertainty analysis carried out in

this document. A trend uncertainty analysis is performed for the y ears 1990, 2006 and 2007.

As a result of the centralized review of the Belgia n greenhouse gas inventory in September 2008, the ERT of UNFCCC recommended in their annual report re view (ARR) ‘Report of the individual review of the greenhouse gas inventories of Belgium submit ted in 2007 and 2008’ of January 2009 that Belgium includes the LULUCF in its uncertainty anal ysis and encourages Belgium not to include the Kyoto base year for F-gases in the 1990 analysis.

As a consequence all sectors are included in the ca lculation of this submission

.

The uncertainty calculation at a Tier 1-level of th e fluorinated greenhouse gases has been carried out from 2005 on by Econotec and the Vito for the years 1995 (base year for F-gases), 2003, 2004 and
2005. See reference [45 

### ] for the most recent published report of emissions o f F-gases.

In Flanders, a complete study of the uncertainty wa s conducted in 2004 by an independent consultant, Det Norske Veritas, both on Tier 1 and Tier 2 level . The uncertainties were determined for the

emission level 2001 and for the 1990-2001 trend in emissions for all source categories comprising

emissions of CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O. These results are available in the technical rep ort ‘Quantification of Uncertainties – Emission Inventory of Greenhouse Ga ses of the Flemish Region of June 2004’.

As most of the data suppliers in Belgium do not pro vide any information on the associated uncertainty, the IPCC default values have been largely used in t he three regions in Belgium, together with expert judgement regarding their applicability in the nati onal /regional circumstances.

In the absence of default IPCC values, estimates ha ve been searched in other sources such as the EMEP/CORINAIR guidebook [3] and studies on uncertai nty in emission inventories conducted in other member states, in the case where national cir cumstances could be assumed comparable.

The results of the three regions have been compiled using expert judgement and/or error propagation equation from the Good Practice Guidance, in order to produce one single table 6.1 (as expressed in the guidelines), presented in Annex III.

According to the available references, in most memb er states the ultimate choice of an uncertainty estimate is often based on expert judgement and is therefore also rather uncertain. However, as stressed by the IPCC Good Practice Guidance [10], u ncertainty calculation is a mean to identify and prioritise improvement activities, rather than an o bjective on itself.

1.6.2. Methodology of the uncertainty calculation i n detail by CRF category

1A1 Energy industries

According to table 2.6 of the IPCC Good Practice Gu idance, the uncertainty on activity data is less than 1% in the case of a survey. The uncertainty ta kes into account that a complete survey of energy industries is conducted yearly for the purpose of e stablishing the energy balance. The uncertainty on emission factors originates from table 2.5 and page 2.15 of the IPCC Good Practice Guidance associated with expert judgement.22

1A1b Petroleum Refining

The uncertainties both on activity data and emissio n factors for CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O are mainly based

on IPCC Good Practice Guidance in combination with expert judgement and are mostly in line with the estimates given in other countries. For gaseous fuels the uncertainty on activity data is estimate d as 1% because of very accurate statistics in Flanders for this fuel.

1A2 Manufacturing industries and construction.

According to table 2.6 of the IPCC Good Practice Gu idance, the uncertainty on activity data is between 2 and 3 % in the case of a survey. In Belgi um, the annual survey is cross-checked with other sources of information of the biggest industries. H owever, it is considered that measuring is more accurate for gaseous fuels (Monni and Syri, 2001) l eading to 2% uncertainty on the activity data, compared in most cases with 5 % for solid fuels. Fo r liquid fuels, the uncertainty lies between 2 and 8 %, depending on the sector considered. Higher value s are chosen for biomass and other fuels, respectively 20 and 5%.

The uncertainty on emission factors is the same as for energy industries, as the same emission factors

are used.

1A3 Transport

The uncertainty on activity data for CO 2 emissions from road transport is given page 2.49 o f the IPCC Good Practice Guidance, which mentions that this is the main source of uncertainty for CO 2 . The same uncertainty on activity data is used for all gases. For CH 4 and N 2 O, the uncertainties on emission factors are those recommended by the IPCC Good Prac tice Guidance. A higher uncertainty is

estimated for N 2 O because of the lack of precise monitoring on the combustion conditions (vehicles types, average speed, etc...).

Default IPCC values are used for civil aviation, bo th for activity data and emission factors. For railways the uncertainty is allocated under the ene rgy industries. In Belgium 93% of the train kilometres for passengers and 75% for goods are per formed in an electrical way. The rest of the

locomotives uses diesel as fuel. In the absence of IPCC default value, the uncertainty on activity dat a is estimated at 6 %, considering that this data is collected and delivered yearly by one single nation al operator. The emissions factors are taken from EMEP /CORINAIR guidebook where their uncertainty rating are respectively "C" and "E" for CH 4 and N 2 O. This ranking seems quite consistent with the values used in Finland [40], respectively 60-110% f or CH 4 and 70- 150 % for N 2 O. Similar values were consequently adopted as a first estimate.

Fuel consumption in navigation is estimated on the basis of the traffic, which is quite controlled on the domestic scale. The uncertainty on activity data is estimated at 10 %. For emissions factors, the uncertainty is in the same range as for railways, c onsidering the same rating of these emission factor s in the EMEP/CORINAIR guidebook.

The CO 2 emissions under category "other" include energetic emissions originating from the transport through pipelines (compression stations). An uncert ainty is assumed of 5% on activity data (information data from the gas federation) and of 1 % on the emission factor (default IPCC emission factor).23

1A4 Other sectors

Commercial and residential fuel consumption is the main activity data in this sector. Surveys are combined with extrapolations in order to estimate t he consumption. The uncertainty on activity data is

based on the table 2.6 of the IPCC Good Practice Gu idance and takes into account the type of fuels : natural gas is measured with accuracy, but wood con sumption is extrapolated from available data. The uncertainty on emission factors is the same as for energy and industrial sectors (see table 2.5 of the IPCC Good Practice Guidance).

1B Fugitive emissions from fuels

Fugitive emissions under category 1B1 are linked to the production of coke. The production is assumed to be well known, while the uncertainty on the emission factor is estimated at 60 %, taking into account the EMEP quality estimate and range of values. Uncertainty estimates on the fugitive emissions fro m oil refining and storage (category 1B2a) are assumed to be the same as in the category 1A1b for the activity data and for the emission factors (5% for the activity data and 50 % for the emission fac tor).

The uncertainty on the amount of gas leaked through the distribution network is high according to page 2.92 of the IPCC Good Practice Guidance. Sinc e the activity data (length of pipelines for the different materials of pipelines) are based on info rmation of the gas distribution company, the uncertainty is estimated at 10%. Emission factors ( = leak rates) are based on measurements carried out by this company and their uncertainty is estimated at 30%.

2A Mineral products

For lime and cement plants, the uncertainty on acti vity data comes from the pages 3.15 and 3.21 of the IPCC Good Practice Guidance. The uncertainty on emi ssion factors is assumed to be low, as plantspecific emission factors are used in these sectors

.

The uncertainty on activity data for glass producti on is assumed to be comparable with the other industrial productions. The CO 2 emission factor of the EMEP/CORINAIR guidebook ori ginates from studies in the Netherlands. Consequently, the uncer tainty on the emission factor was taken from the

NIR of the Netherlands for this sector.

2B Chemical industry

The only references found for the ammonia productio n are the Norwegian uncertainty calculation [41] and the Irish NIR. Average values from these refere nces are used in this study following expert judgement.

Since there is only one producer of nitric acid rem aining in the Flemish region since 2000 with reliab le production data, the uncertainty of the activity da ta is estimated at 2%. Based on the Finnish evaluation in 2001, the uncertainty on the N 2 O emission factor is estimated at 80% in spite of a n agreement of this company for the emission factor u sed. The same uncertainty in activity data is used for t he production of caprolactam as for the production of nitric acid (2%) for the same reason. The uncertain ty of the emission factor is estimated at 30% by expert judgment.24

2C Metal production

The uncertainty on activity data is estimated at 2% because these figures come directly from the companies which dispose of good developed statistic al systems. Their uncertainty is assumed to be in the low range of IPCC values as the emission factor s are mainly plant-specific.

2E Production of halocarbons

The emission figures are a result of measurements c ombined with a mass balance. The calculated scientific and model uncertainty is 13 % (based on error propagation analysis).

The non-fugitive emissions of CF 4 are measured. Their calculated uncertainty is 45 %

.

The uncertainty figures have been reviewed and conf irmed by an external consultant (see 1.6.1 [45]) in 2004. However, they seem to be unrealistically l ow according to this consultant and the company itself. In order to get a conservative estimate, t hey have been doubled in the uncertainty calculatio n table given the small share of this emission source in the overall GHG emissions. The overall impact of this change remains limited (in the order of 0,1 % of the total national GHG emissions).

2F Consumption of halocarbons

The main emission source is the application of dist ributed refrigeration systems (refrigeration plants in industry and the commercial sector, as well as air conditioning plants that are built and filled with refrigerant on site). The emissions are calculated as the product of the bank (activity variable) and the emission rate (emission factor). The size of the ba nk itself is calculated on the basis of past refrig erant deliveries and assumptions on the emission rate. Th erefore the activity variable and the emission

factor are correlated.

Because of this correlation, the uncertainty has be en assessed globally, and this in particular by carrying out sensitivity analyses on the impact of the emission rate on the emissions, using the

emission calculation model.

For the remaining emission sources, the uncertainty has been estimated in general separately for the activity variable and for the emission factor. Give n the lack of statistical data and default values i n the IPCC guidelines, the figures are generally based on expert judgement.

3D N 2 O from anaesthesia

The activity data is the number of hospital beds, w hich is well known. As no default emission factor i s available by EMEP/CORINAIR nor by the IPCC Guidelin es [10], a national specific emission factor has been estimated through surveys in hospitals. Th e uncertainty on this emission factor is considered high.25

4A Enteric fermentation

The only activity data here is the national livesto ck census. The uncertainty is judged small taken in to account the features of the monitoring (census twic e a year, individual earmarks and registration for all bovines, ...),. The emission factors are mainly the IPCC default values, using Tier 1 methodology. Consequently, the IPCC uncertainty estimate of 40% is used for the emission factor.

4B Manure management

The activity data are the livestock census, but als o the type of animal housing. The type of housing i s more difficult to assess than the number of animals . Consequently the uncertainty on the activity data

is estimated at 10 %.

The CH 4 emission factors are based on a regional-specific study. However, given that many assumptions were necessary to calculate these emiss ion factors, the uncertainty on these emission

factors is estimated to be similar to the uncertain ty on enteric fermentation emission factor.

The IPCC emission factors are used to calculate the emissions of N 2 O. Consequently, the IPCC uncertainty (page 4.43) in combination with informa tion of the Finnish emission inventory, are used in the uncertainty calculation.

4D Agricultural soils

This small source for CH 4 is linked to the manure applied during grazing. Th e same uncertainty as for

CH 4 from manure management is applied.

In comparison with the previous agricultural sector s, N 2 O emissions from soils involves the use of more activity data, such as the use of mineral fert ilisers, the atmospheric deposition and runoff, the amount of manure applied on the fields, etc... Conseq uently the uncertainty on activity data is estimated at 30%, which seems in line with the valu es applied by other parties.

It is well known that the uncertainty of N 2 O from agricultural soils is crucial for the determ ination of the overall uncertainty. Although most countries us e the IPCC default values, the uncertainty on emission factors varies widely : 2 orders of magnit ude (Norway, [41]), 509 % (UK, in IPCC Good Practice Guidance), 200 % (France and the Netherlan ds, NIR 2003), 100 % (Ireland, NIR 2003), 75 % (Finland, overall uncertainty for AD*EF, [40]), 24 % (Austria, NIR 2003). For the time being, a more or less average value of 250 % is used for this unc ertainty calculation.

5A LULUCF- Forest land

As described in the chapter 7.3.1.A, the uncerntain ty on Forest Land is 10,3%.

5B LULUCF- Cropland

The data from the sector Cropland comes from the st ock variation of soil organic carbon (SOC) between two years (1990 and 2000). The uncertainty is therefore based on confidence interval on SOC26

data in 1990 and 2000 (=0.2). Then we use the equat ion 6.2 from the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and we obtain an uncertainty of 7.07%.

5C LULUCF- Grassland

In the same way as the sector 5B, the data from the sector Grassland comes from the stock variation of soil organic carbon (SOC) between two years (1990 a nd 2000). The uncertainty is therefore based on confidence interval on SOC data in 1990 and 2000 (= 1). Then we use the equation 6.2 from the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and we obtain an uncertainty of 17.68%.

6A Solid waste disposal on land

In the Flemish region input data of waste disposal sites are available since 1990. There is no waste disposal site in the Brussels region. In Wallonia, complete statistics on the amount of w aste input in solid waste disposal sites are delivered on a yearly basis since 1994. For the pre vious years, the amounts have been estimated using available data and expert judgement from the waste offices. Hence, the uncertainty on activity data is lower since 1994. However, given that in the model the activity data of a single year is used over a 2 5 years degradation time, the same uncertainty of 30 % (1990 estimate) has been applied on the whole

time series. For the same reasons, the activity data are assumed to be correlated for the calculation of the uncertainty in trend.

The overall uncertainty on emission factors report ed in other member states goes from 30 % (Netherlands, Finland, Norway) to 50 % (Ireland, Fr ance). A provisional value of 40 % is adopted for

this calculation.

6B Wastewater handling

IPCC recommends an activity data uncertainty of 5% for population and 30 % for BOD/person. An overall uncertainty of 20 % is considered for activ ity data. The same uncertainty is used for N 2 O calculation, assuming that the uncertainty on the a nnual per capita protein intake and the fraction of nitrogen in these proteins lies in the same range.

The uncertainty on CH 4 emission factor reported by other parties goes fro m 48 % (UK, 2000) to 104 % (Finland), mainly depending on the uncertainty on the Methane Conversion Factor (fraction treated anaerobically). A default value is used for the tim e being and further expert judgement is needed on this estimate. Thus, an average uncertainty of 70 % is used for the time being.

For N 2 O the default IPCC emission factor of 0.01 kg N 2 O/kg N is used. This emission factor originates

from table 4.18 of the IPCC 1996 Guidelines with a given range of 0.0025 to 0.0225. This range represents an uncertainty of –75% to +125%. An unce rtainty of 110 % is used in this calculation.

6C Waste incineration27

For N 2 O, an uncertainty of 100% on the emission factor is applied, following IPCC Good Practice Guidance. The uncertainty on activity data (amount of waste) is estimated at 5%.

In Wallonia, CO 2 emissions are measured in each waste incinerator. The confidence interval was calculated for each of the incinerators, based on t he standard deviation of the mean. Those uncertainties were then combined according to equat ion 6.3 of the IPCC Good Practice Guidance, using the 1990-2001 average quantities of waste for each plant. This estimate gives an overall uncertainty of 24 % on the CO 2 emission factor. However, the estimate of the biog enic content of the waste is another source of uncertainty. Six results on the average composition of the municipal waste are available since 1997, allowing a calculation of the confidence interval. It appears that the avera ge biogenic part of those wastes is rather stable, alt hough the effect of some waste policies such as separate collection of paper can be observed. The u ncertainty based on the confidence interval is 3%. Using equation 6.4, the total uncertainty on the CO 2 emission factor is 24,2%. In Flanders the major uncertainty for the estimatio n of CO 2 is the estimation of the fossil carbon

fraction. As in Flanders the methods to determine t his fossil carbon fraction are identical for this s ector (combustion of waste without energy recuperation) a nd for the energy sector (combustion of waste or other fuels with energy recuperation), the uncertai nty on the CO 2 emission fraction for waste combustion is estimated at 10% (the same as for cat egory 1A1-other fuels).The average of both estimations gives an average uncertainty of 17 %.

Flaring in the chemical industry is monitored, unce rtainty on activity data is estimated at 20% according to expert judgement. The uncertainty on t he emission factor is estimated at 20 %.

6D Composting

The uncertainties both on activity data and emissio n factors for CH 4 are based on expert judgment and results in an uncertainty of 30% on the activity da ta and 200% on the emission factor.

1.6.3. Results and discussion

The Tier 1 analysis of the uncertainty results in a n overall uncertainty of 7.66 % in the 2006 invento ry for Belgium and a trend uncertainty 1990-2006 of 2. 74 %.

As in other Parties, this outcome is largely determ ined by the uncertainty on the estimate of N 2 O emissions from agricultural soils. While reviewing the uncertainty calculation of five industrialised countries, Rypdal and Winiwarter [42] pointed out t hat "The differences in uncertainty are, in particular, due to different subjective assessment of the uncertainty in emissions of nitrous oxide fr om agricultural soils".

The Tier 1 analysis for 2007 gives an overall uncer tainty of 7.60 % and a trend uncertainty 1990-2007 of 2.81 %. More then 80% of Belgian total emissions (the proportion contributed by CO 2 ) have a very small uncertainty of more or less 2%. Even with the contribution of CH 4 (+/- 90% of the total emissions), the uncertainty is still very low, 2% m ore or less. This confirms the influence of N 2 O on the inventory. This influence is not so large in th e trend uncertainty since the changes in N 2 O emissions between 1990 and 2007 are not so importan t. The influence of F-gas is very low since they accou nt for only a few percents of the total emissions.



## 1.7 Completeness analysis28

Sources and sinks

All sources and sinks included in the IPCC Guidelin es are covered with the exception of the following

(very) minor sources:

o CO 2 from asphalt roofing (2A5), due to missing activity data ;

o CO 2 from road paving (2A6), due to missing activity data ;

o N 2 O from Industrial wastewater ( 6B1), due to missing activity data. No CH4 sources from

Industrial wastewater ( 6B1) were identified (see chapter 8).

o Agriculture sector in the Brussels region, due to n egligible amounts (see chapter 6.1.2. for

details)

No additional sources and sinks specific for Belgiu m have been identified for the time being.

Gases

All direct and indirect greenhouse gases are covere d in the Belgian inventory.

Geographic coverage

The geographic coverage is complete. There is no pa rt of the Belgian territory not covered by the inventory.

Notation keys

This is the main completeness issue identified in t he Belgian inventory



## 1.8. Assigned amount

Belgium's base year is 1990 for CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O and 1995 for HFCs, PFCs and SF 6 . Belgium's quantified emission limitation is 92 per cent as in cluded in Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol. As Belgium is part of the European Community, whose me mber States will meet their reduction commitment jointly in accordance with Article 4 of the Kyoto Protocol, Belgium's quantified emission limitation is 92.5 per cent. Belgium's assigned amo unt is calculated based on the Party's Article 4

commitment.

In response to inventory issues identified during t he initial review in 2007, Belgium submitted a revised estimate of its base year inventory, which resulted in its assigned amount to be 673,995,528 tonnes CO2 eq. Based on its calculated assigned amo unt, the commitment period reserve is 606,595,975 tonnes CO2 eq.29



# C HAPTER 

# 2: T RENDS IN GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

GHG emission trends are presented in this section. Emission trends are analysed for each greenhouse gas and for the main key sources, as well as in an aggregated format, using global warming potential (GWP) values. The distribution of emissions by gase s and by sources is also commented. A more detailed analysis of the drivers of the emission tr ends is presented in the Belgian fourth National Communication. A distance-to-target assessment, aim ing at evaluating progress of Belgium towards fulfilling its commitment under the Kyoto Protocol and the EU ‘burden sharing’ agreement, is

commented as well. A division of GHG emission trend s at the regional level is presented in Annex 2.

Trends of indirect GHG and SO 2 are presented at the end of the chapter.



## 2.1. Emission trends for aggregated greenhouse gas emissions

Total greenhouse gas emissions (without LUCF) in Be lgium amounted to 131,3 Mt CO 2 eq in 2007 (Table 2.1.), which constitutes an decrease by 8.3 % compared to GHG emissions in 1990. Emissions in 2007 are 9.9 % under base year emissions 4 (Figure 2.1). Under the Kyoto Protocol and the EU ‘burden sharing’ agreement, Belgium is committed to reduce its GHG emissions by 7.5%. Assuming a linear target path from 1990 to 2010, total GHG emi ssions in 2007 were on target path, but recent changes in the industrial sector should increase th e emissions in the coming years.

Figure 2.1. : Belgium GHG and CO 2 emissions 1990-2007 (excl. LULUCF), compared with Kyoto
target.

Unit: Index point (base year emissions = 100).For t he fluorinated gases, the base year is 1995.

4 Base year is 1995 for fluorinated gases, 1990 for other gases 85 90 95 100 105 110

Base

year 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 200 3 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Greenhouse gas
emissions

CO2 emissions

Target path30Table 2.1. : Overview of Belgium GHG emissions andremovals from 1990 to 2007, excluding LULUCF (Gg CO2equivalents).199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007CO2 incl LULUCF117204119707117098116092121038121926126163120450126927121334122147121268120724125252125478123062118025113071CO2 excl LULUCF118627120889118650117561122517123298127540121844128196122538123678124092123043126952126632123432119085114545CH4999398159674947194919508919790668921874084728050759972697131692567656658N2O1077510660103181066011245116701209811816119501185311525112931077997829990984089348079HFCs4394394394394394395276397798179521083130314671512149616011765PFCs1753167818301759211323352217121166934836122382209306141152172SF6166215761744167720352205212152627112211212911210084847581Total includingLULUCF141827143875141102140097146362148084152323143708149518143215143568142046140600144078144502141549135552129827Total excludingLULUCF143249145057142654141566147840149455153701145102150787144418145100144870142919145778145655141919136612131301Table 2.2. : Overview of GHG emissions and removals in the main sectors from 1990 to 2007 (Gg CO2equivalents)1990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620071. Energy1125441153031130051119851156081159701209591149041211591152591163081172141152251191221184591152161109021066702. Industrial Processes1571715038149351495517499187311839415889154491507915185145501507114575153101516314427136583. Solvent and OtherProduct Use2462462492472432402382372362352522502492482482472472474. Agriculture1134011208111711130311344114851132411286113241137211047108891060810173100839936983696215. Land Use, Land-UseChange and Forestry(5)-1422-1182-1552-1469-1478-1371-1377-1395-1269-1203-1532-2825-2319-1700-1154-370-1061-14736. Waste3403326232963076314530292786278626182474230819671766166015541357120011057. OtherNANANANANANANANANANANANANANANANANANATotal (includingLULUCF)(5)14182714387514110214009714636214808415232314370814951814321514356814204614060014407814450214154913555212982731



## 2.2. Emission trends by gas

The major greenhouse gas in Belgium is carbon dioxi de (CO 2 ), which accounted for 87.2% of total GHG emissions in 2007. Methane (CH 4 ) accounts for 5.1 %, nitrous oxide (N 2 O) for 6.2 %, and fluorinated gases for 1.5% (Figure 2.2). Emissions of CO 2 decreased by 3.4% during 1990-2007,

while CH 4, N 2 O and fluorinated gas emissions have dropped with r espectively 33.4%, 25 % and 47.6

% 5 during the same period.

Figure 2.2. : Share of greenhouse gases in Belgium (2007), and changes compared to base year (1990

for CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O; 1995 for F gases)

5 compared to 1995 emissions CO2
87,2% CH4
5,1% N2O

6,2% HFCs
1,3% PFCs

0,1%

SF6

0,1%

-14000 -12000 -10000 -8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 CO2 CH4 N2O HFCs PFCs SF6 Total (excluding LULUCF)32



## 2.3. Emission trends by source

An overview of the contribution of the main sectors to Belgium greenhouse gas emissions is given in Figure 2.3. Energy industries, manufacturing indust ry, transport, space heating and industrial processes are the most important sectors in the tot al GHG emissions in 2007.

Figure 2.3 : GHG emissions : share of main sectors in 2007 (a) and changes from 1990 to 2007 (b). Energy Industries

21%

Industry (combustion)

20%

Industry (processes )

10% Transport

20% Residential

14% Commercial

4% Agriculture

9% Waste

1% Others

1%

-14000 -12000 -10000 -8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 Energy Industries Industry (combustion) Industry (processes )

Transport Residential Commercial Agriculture Waste Others Total33

Figure 2.3 summarises the impact of the main sector s on the national trend. It clearly shows the sharp increase in road transport on the one hand, but als o the increase of emissions from buildings in the commercial sector on the other hand. Since 1990, th ose two sectors have been responsible for a 4.6 %

increase in total emissions.

This trend is counterbalanced by the 12.9 % decreas e in emissions in the other sectors, particularly industry, giving an overall decrease of -8.3 % comp ared to 1990.

The drivers of these trends are analysed and commen ted upon in the following pages, sector by sector.

2.3.1. Energy industries (1A1)

The main source for this sector is public electrici ty and heat generation (1A1a), which accounted for

82% of sectoral emissions in 2006. Petroleum refini ng (1A1b) and manufacture of solid fuels (1A1c) accounted for 17% and 1% respectively.

Emissions from the manufacture of solid fuels have decreased by 84% since 1990 (-1815 Gg CO2 equivalent) due to the closure of four coke plants in respectively 1993, 1994, 1997 and 2002. In the meantime, emissions from petroleum refining have in creased by 5%, owing to higher production and the general economic context.

As mentioned above, however, the main driver in thi s sector is public electricity and heat generation. While electricity production has risen by 37 % betw een 1990 and 2006, emissions have slightly decreased due to technological improvements and the switch from solid fuels to gaseous fuels. This is illustrated in Figure 2.4.

Figure 2.4: GHG emissions from public electricity a nd heat generation, in relation to gross electricit y generation [1].

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 200 2 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000

Public electricity

and heat production

Petroleum refining

Manufacture of
solid fuels

Gross electricity production (thermal plants)34

2.3.2. Manufacturing industries (1A2)

In the manufacturing industries, added value [1] ha s increased by 30% since 1990, while greenhouse gas emissions decreased by 20% in the meantime.

Figure 2.5 : Manufacturing industries: index of GHG emissions, energy consumption and added value
[1].

As seen in Figure 2.5., primary energy consumption decreased by 7% between 1990 and 2007. This

apparent decoupling of added value and energy consumption can be attributed to various drivers according to sectors:

- In the iron and steel industry, many plants have sw itched to electric furnaces since 1990. For example, the electricity consumption by the sector increased by 28 % from 1990 to 2002 [1]. This is the main cause of the apparent decreasing e nergy consumption, while stable added value is observed in this sector. This sector repre sents in 2007 31% of the energy consumption (fossil fuels) by the manufacturing industries and consequently has a significant impact on the global trend.

- In the chemistry sector, energy consumption has inc reased by 38% between 1990 and 2006, compared to 65% growth in added value [1]. This rel ative decoupling is linked to both rational energy use and high added-value products. In 2007, this sector represents 32% of energy consumption in the manufacturing industries.

- Food processing and beverages represent 7 % of ener gy consumption in the manufacturing industries in 2006 , but 13 to 14% of added value [ 1]. This sector shows the steepest increase in added value compared to energy consumption. The diversity of the plants in this sector does not allow a detailed analysis of the trend; only ce rtain types of plants are commented upon here. In sugar plants, for example, some products w ith high added value, such as inulin and fructose, have been developed recently, but the mai n driver is still the sugar beet yield (quantity and sugar content), which is highly clima te–dependent. 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 110% 120% 130% 140%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 200 2 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 GHG
emissions

Added value

Energy consumption35

- In cement plants , the decoupling between energy co nsumption and total production is linked to the production process: the dry process, which i s considerably less energy-demanding, is gradually replacing the wet process and is now used for 73% of production compared to 61%

in 1990.

Figure 2.5. also shows a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions for an equal l evel of energy consumption . One reason is the increasing use of gaseous fuels , coupled with a decrease in liquid and

solid fuels observed across all sectors. This is il lustrated in Figure 2.6.

The increasing use of 'other fuels' (see Figure 2.6 ) reflects on the one hand the growing numbers of naphtha crackers and the enlargement of existing pl ants. On the other hand, cement plants have been using more and more substitute fuels since 1990, su ch as impregnated sawmills, animal waste, tyres, etc. Those fuels represented 34% of their energy co nsumption in 2003 , compared to 7% in 1990. The

non-biomass fraction of these fuels is included in the "other fuels" category. The biomass fraction of

these fuels is included in biomass fuels and not ac counted for in the national emissions. Cement plant s have caused a doubling of the use of biomass fuels since 1990, with a particularly steep increase sinc e 2001, when the 'dioxin crisis' in Belgium resulted in the elimination of high levels of poultry and

animal meal in cement kilns. The other half of the biomass fuels used in Belgium comes from the pulp and paper sector, where part of the woody raw mater ial has always been used as fuel in pulp paper plants.

Figure 2.6 : Type of fuels used in the manufacturi ng industries.

0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 200 2 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Energy consumption (TJ)

Liquid fuels

Solid fuels

Gaseous fuels

Biomass

Others36

2.3.3. Transport (1A3)

Transport emissions accounted for 14% of total GHG emissions in 1990 and 20 % in 2007. This increasing level is due to road transport, which re presents 97% of total emissions by the sector in

2007.

Emissions from domestic navigation are fairly stabl e and represent 2 % of total emissions. Emissions from railways seem to have decreased since 1990, bu t in fact this reflects the switch from diesel to electrical engines.

In the road transport sector, most indicators are i ncreasing: the number of cars has increased by 38% since 1990, together with traffic (vehicle km) whic h has risen in the meantime by 41% [4].

There is a marked switch from petrol engines to die sel. The number of petrol engines has dropped slightly between 1990 and 2006 (-8%), while the num ber of diesel engines has more than doubled (+ 130%) for the same period. This is reflected in the ir respective emissions (Figure 2.7).

The average engine capacity has also increased sinc e 1995, reflecting the switch to diesel on the one hand and the growing success of SUV vehicles on the other (SUV have doubled between 2000 and 2006) [5]. The average age of the cars has increase d (improved rust protection and overall resistance)

, as has the average distance travelled.

The number of cars using LPG has increased by 17% b etween 1990 and 2007 and represents 1% of private cars compared to 0.8% in 1990 [4]. This rel ative progress is very limited, however, in regard to the price of this fuel and available subsidies.

N 2 O emissions from transport have risen by 138% betwe en 1990 and 2007. This is partly due to the introduction of catalytic converters (the use of ca talytic converters on all petrol-engine cars was ma de compulsory in Belgium in 1993), but also to the age ing of the first converters, which leads to an

increase in their N 2 O emissions. Finally, although there is considerabl e uncertainty, N 2 O emissions represent only 3.1 % of total GHG emissions from ro ad transport.37

Figure 2.7 : Emission trends in the transport secto r

Road transport is the leading source of greenhouse gas emissions in Belgium, in terms of level and trend analysis. With an increase of GHG emissions b y 28 % between 1990 and 2007, it constitutes one

of the main drivers of emissions trends. The absolu te increase in CO 2 emissions from road transport between 1990 and 2007 is the highest among the key sources (+5077 Gg CO2 eq submission 15/03/2009).

International air and maritime transport

In accordance with the UNFCCC guidelines, emissions from international air and maritime transport
are not included in national emissions. In 2006, th ese emissions accounted for 27 % of national emissions, with maritime transport representing the most important source (89 % of this category).

Emissions from international aviation have increase d by 22% since 1990, while emissions from maritime transport have risen by 128%.

2.3.4. Residential and commercial (1A4)

In the residential sector in 2007, fuel consumption has increased between 1990 and 2005. This is mainly linked to the growing number of houses. Annu al fluctuations are of course climate-related: this is particularly clear for 1996, a cold year with a marked peak of emissions from heating, but also for 2006 and 2007, with winters exceptionally mild and marked decrease of the consumption. Since 1990, gaseous fuels consumption has increased from 34 to 46% of total energy consumption, together with a decrease in solid fuels and liquid fuels. Liquid fu els still account for 49%, however. One explanation could be that the gas distribution network does not cover sparsely populated areas, thus hampering the switch from liquid to gaseous fuels, which is obser ved in other sectors.

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 200 2 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007CO2 emissions (Gg CO2-eq)

Gasoline

Diesel

LPG

Road transport38

In the commercial sector, fuel consumption has incr eased by 29% since 1990. One reason is the rising number of employees, which has risen by more than 2 0% since [3]. A clear switch from liquid fuels to gaseous fuels has been observed since 1995 and gase ous fuels represent 72% of the sector's energy consumption. In the meantime, electricity consumpt ion has also grown by more than 50%, mainly due to the development of Information Technologies and the increased use of refrigerated areas and air conditioning. The emissions fromthis final consumpt ion of electricity are included in the energy secto r emissions.

For both sectors, other fuels and biomass remain ne gligible for the time being. In the commercial
sector, a slow increase has been observed since 199 9, but biomass represents only 1.6 % of the sector' s energy consumption . The switch from solid and liqu id fuels is reflected in the decoupling of energy consumption and GHG emissions (fig 2.8)

Figure 2.8 : Greenhouse gas emissions and energy co nsumption in the residential and commercial

sectors.

2.3.5. Industrial processes (category 2)

The 'industrial processes and F-gases' sector cover s emissions from industrial activity, but not resulting from fossil fuel combustion. In 2007, the se emissions of greenhouse gases were mainly caused by mineral products (cement and lime product ion, 38% of emissions) and the chemical industry (nitric acid and ammonia production, 20% o f emissions). Metal production and fluorinated gases accounted for 11% and 14% respectively of to tal emissions in this sector.

Mineral products

These emissions occur during the production of clin kers and are closely linked to production levels,

which are stable on the whole.

Chemical industry 80% 90% 100% 110% 120% 130% 140% 150% 160%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 200 2 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Index ( 1990=100 )

Commercial (emissions)

Commercial (consumption)

Residential (emissions)

Residential (consumption)39

Despite the closure of two nitric acid plants (one in 1995 and another in 2000), the production of nit ric acid in the two remaining plants was multiplied by a factor 4.6 in 2003 compared with 1990. In parallel, these plants have taken measures to reduc e emissions from their processes and one of the plants is still testing catalysts to further decrea se its emissions. Consequently, the emissions remai ned rather stable although production rose substantiall y.

Metal production

In the iron and steel sector, greenhouse gas emissi ons decreased by 24% in 2007 compared to 1990. This is more or less in line with the production of pig iron.

Fluorinated gases

Emissions of fluorinated gases accounted for 1,5% o f total greenhouse gas emissions in 2007. A distinction is made between 'production emissions', which are fugitive emissions during the production process, and 'consumption emissions', which are tho se occurring during the use or dismantling of existing equipment and products.

The sharp decrease in emissions from the production of HFC between 1996 and 1999 (Figure 2.9) is due to the installation of a gas incinerator with a n HF recovery unit (Fluoride Recuperation Unit) in the most important source identified, which is an e lectrochemical synthesis unit.

The growing consumption of HFC (Figure 2.9) is dire ctly linked to the implementation of the Montreal Protocol and EU Regulation 2037/2000, whic h bans the use of ozone-depleting substances such as CFCs. The CFCs which were formerly used are now replaced by HFCs in most sectors like refrigerating and air conditioning installations, f oam production and aerosols. The quantities of HFCs
are nonetheless lower than those of CFCs, because i n many cases CFCs have been replaced by nonfluorinated gases, like ammonia in refrigeration, pentane and CO 2 for rigid foams, etc.

SF 6 emissions originating from the production of acoust ic double-glazing have been cut through the use of alternate products, however, SF 6 consumption emissions are likely to increase in th e coming years due to the dismantling of existing equipment.40

Figure 2.9. : GHG emissions in sector 2 ‘Industrial processes’: changes from 1990 to 2007 (Gg CO 2 equivalent)

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 200 2 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 F. Consumption of
Halocarbons and SF6

E. Production of
Halocarbons and SF6

C. Metal Production

B. Chemical Industry

A. Mineral Products41

2.3.6. Agriculture

GHG emissions from agriculture accounts in 2007 for 9 % of the total emissions in Belgium. Overall, they have decreased by 15.2 % between 1990 and 2007

.

Figure 2.10 : Emission trends in agriculture

37% of these emissions are CH 4 emissions from enteric fermentation in 2007, cattl e are for 93% responsible for these emissions in 2007. Those emis sions decreased by 14 % since 1990, mainly due to a general livestock reduction [6], but also to the shift from dairy cattle to brood cattle (which is a general EU trend linked to the Common Agriculture P olicy), the latter having smaller emissions.

16 % of the emissions are CH 4 emissions from manure management in 2007 of which swine accounts for the biggest part (80%). These emissions are dri ven by the livestock : the swine livestock is risin g from 1990 until 1999 and decreasing since then, its impact on the emissions being smoothed by the cattle livestock evolution explained above.

38% of the emissions in the agriculture are origina ting from N2O emissions from soils. Those have decreased by 19 %, due to the smaller quantities of nitrogen from mineral fertiliser applied on the on e hand and to the livestock reduction (nitrogen excr eted on pasture) on the other hand. Both reductions have also an impact on indirect emissions. 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 200 2 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Emissions (Gg CO2-eq)

Enteric

fermentation

Manure management

Agricultural

soils42

2.3.7. Waste

GHG emissions from waste accounted for 0.8 % of nat ional emissions in 2007, compared to 2.3% in

1990. This decrease is due to CH 4 emissions from solid waste disposal on land, which represents 52% of total emissions for the sector in 2007. Biogas r ecovery in landfills by flaring or for energy purpo ses -according to its richness- has been developed on a wide scale since 1990 and is the main driver of th e trend in this sector. Emissions in this sector have dropped by 78 % in 2007 since 1990.

The remaining 48% of GHG emissions stems in similar quantities from three sources: waste incineration, wastewater handling and composting. E missions from waste incineration in this sector only covers chemical industry and hospital waste fo llowing the IPCC guidelines, municipal waste incineration is mainly allocated in the energy sect or, as all the municipal waste incineration plants are also electricity producers. However, the non-biogen ic CO 2 emissions from the municipal solid waste incineration is added in fig 2.12 to give a complet e overview of the sector. Wastewater handling and green waste composting emissions are gradually incr easing, together with the implementation of policies.

Figure 2.12 : emission trends in the waste sector, and non biogenic CO2 emissions from MSW incineration (electricity sector).

0 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 200 2 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Emissions ( Gg CO2-eq ) Solid waste disposal

Wastewater

treatment

Waste incineration (hospital, chemical)

Composting

Waste incineration (municipal - electricity sector)43



## 2.4. Emission trends for indirect greenhouse gases and SO 2

Emissions of ozone precursors (CO, NO X , NMVOCs) and SO 2 are presented in Figure 2.13 (share of sectors and changes 1990-2007). These data are comm ented below.

2.4.1. Nitrogen oxides (NO X )

The primary NO

x emitting source in Belgium is transport (50% in 20 07), followed by energy industries (12%) and manufacturing industries (24 % ). Total NO

x emissions have substantially decreased (-32% in 2007 compared with 1990), mainly as a result of improved performances in the production of electricity. Emissions from transport have decreased with 35% between 1990 and 2007, thanks to the use of catalytic converters on cars ( since 1993-94), as well as emissions from energy consumption in industry.

2.4.2. Carbon monoxide (CO)

CO emissions in Belgium come mainly from energy con sumption in industry (46%), transport (35%), and space heating in residential and commercial (1 0%). Between 1990 and 2007, national CO emissions fell b y 46 %, chiefly as a result of the introduction in 1993 of catalytic converters.

2.4.3. NMVOC

NMVOC emissions are caused mainly by use of solvent s and other products (31%), followed by transport (18%) and industry process (11%) Biogenic emissions from forests accounts for 25 % of the total emissions. On the whole, these emissions decr eased by 46% between 1990 and 2007, as a result of altered vehicle emission standards, reduced fugi tive emissions and prevention of solvent use. The annual changes of biogenic emissions are mainly dri ven by temperature and light exposure, considering that the areas and specieschange at a s lower pace.

2.4.4. Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 )

SO 2 emissions produced by the energy sector , industry and residential (space heating) sectors decreased sharply in Belgium between 1990 and 2007, leading to a general drop of these emissions by

65%. These reductions are the result of fuel subst itution and reduced sulphur content in the oil products used. The energy sector still accounts for 34% of SO 2 emissions, followed by energy use in industry (28%) and residential and commercial (21%)

. In the transport sector, sulphur dioxide emissions have dropped (-93% in 2007 compared with 1990), mainly due to the constant reduction in the sulphur content of fuels since 1996.44

Figure 2.13. : Indirect GHG emissions and SO 2 : share in 2007 and changes 1990-2007. 

### SO 2 

### :

Industry
(energy)

24%

Transport

50% Industry
(process)

2% Waste

0% Energy

Industries

12% Residential &

commercial

12% Energy Industries

Industry (energy)

Transport

Residential &

commercial Industry (process)

Waste

Industry
(process)

11% Other

4%Land Use, LandUse Change and
Forestry

25%

Solvent and

Other Product

Use

31% Fugitive

Emissions

6% Residential &

commercial

5% Transport

18% Transport

Residential & commercial

Fugitive Emissions

Industry (process)

Solvent and Other

Product Use

Other

Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry

Energy

Industries

34%

Industry
(energy)

28% Transport

1% Residential &

commercial

21% Industry
(process)

16% Energy Industries

Industry (energy)

Transport

Residential &

commercial Industry (process) -2%

-35%

-7%

-54% -56%

-37%

-67%

-68%

-46%

-44%

-15%

-4% -16%

-65% -70%

-93%

-40% -57% Industry
(energy)

46%

Transport

35% Residential &

commercial

10% Energy

Industries

2% Industry
(process)

7% Energy Industries

Industry (energy)

Transport

Residential &

commercial Industry (process)

Waste 12%

-16%

-82%

-77% -62% 

### NOx

CO

NMVOC

SO245



# C HAPTER 

# 3: E NERGY

3.1 Overview

To prepare the Belgian greenhouse gas inventory for the section energy, the regional energy balances of Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels are the prime so urce of activity data and not the Belgian energy balance because of the regional responsibility to s et up the atmospheric emission inventories. One exception on this general rule is the calculation o f the emissions of CO 2 originating from road transport (see sections 1.3 and 3.1.3) for further details.

Differences in emissions of CO 2 between the reference approach and the Belgian nat ional emission inventory are described in detail in section 3.3 ‘R eference approach’ of this report.

Next to this a short description (including the all ocation procedure) of the energy sector is given (energy industries, industry and transport) followe d by the methodological issues in the energy sector (section 3.2), the reference approach (section 3.3) and the recalculations and planned improvements (section 3.4).

3.1.1 Energy industries

In 2006, Belgium’s apparent gross consumption of pr imary energy rose to 56.047 Mtoe (Million tonnes oil equivalent, preliminary data), i.e. appr oximately 5.33 toe per inhabitant. This level is hi gher than the consumption per inhabitant in neighbouring countries and above the European average. Nearly 75% of Belgium’s energy needs are met by the import of fossil fuels (41.489 Mtoe in 2005). This was made up of 5,167 Mtoe of coal, 21,708 Mtoe of oil (crude and petroleum products), and 14,614 Mtoe of gas. In 2006, the use of nuclear fue ls provided 54,9% of the electricity produced. Although the hydroelectric potential is vigorously exploited in Belgium, its share in the production o f energy remains negligible given the topography of t he country (0,4% of electricity produced). The production of wind energy is also very limited (0,4 % of total electricity produced in 2006), due to th e lack of open spaces exposed to the wind, which grea tly constrains the potential for the development of on-shore wind energy. Nevertheless, wind energy fro m offshore wind farms, could contribute significantly to the production of electricity from renewable energy sources in the future. The use of other renewable sources of energy, in particular bi omass, and other recovered fuels (non renewables) contribute about 3% to the total electricity produc tion in Belgium in 2006.

The residential and other sectors are the largest e nd consumer of energy in Belgium. The transport sector has the most spectacular increase recorded o ver last 25 years (+65% from 1979 to 2005). During the same period, the industrial sector as a whole saw its overall consumption decrease by 16%. Structural and technological changes have undeniabl y played a dominant role in this evolution. The recent evolution of the energy market in Belgium is furthermore marked by a very strong reduction in the consumption of solid fuels, mainly on the part of industry (cokes, iron and steel). The primary consumption of gas is increasing sharply, especiall y because of a stronger demand for electricity generation.

The energy industries contain the following sectors : the public electricity and heat production, petroleum refining and the manufacture of solid fue ls and other energy industries. The category ‘Public Electricity and Heat productio n (1A1a)’ includes fuel combustion emissions associated with the generation of electricity for c ommercial or public sale. The auto-generators category is mapped out in the IPCC category 1A2 ‘Ma nufacturing Industries and Construction’ and

1A4 ‘Other sectors’. The allocation to the sub-cate gories under 1A2 and 1A4 depends on the type of the sector or industry where the energy is used. Ho wever, the allocation of CHP (Combined Heat and Power) plants needs more explanation. The most rece nt CHP units are in joint venture with the energy46

sector, in which all heat is delivered to the indus trial plant and the electricity is sold to the ener gy sector. In these cases, all fuel in the energy bala nce is included in the energy sector, category 1A1a

.

The emissions of CO 2 and N 2 O of the refineries, an activity which takes place only in the Flemish region, are allocated in the category 1A1b. The emi ssions of CH 4 of the refineries are allocated to category 1B2a (oil) because a large part of these e missions do have a diffuse character (the flaring emissions are also included in this sector).

The emissions of CO 2 originating from category 1A1c ‘Manufacture of Sol id Fuels and Other Energy Industries’ are the emissions coming form the combu stion in the cokes ovens. Also the emissions of

CO 2 of some energetic activities in the mines (mainly an auto-generator) in the Flemish region during the beginning of the nineties is included in this c ategory 1A1c. Emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O allocated in this category 1A1c are the emissions originating fr om these energetic activities in the mines in the Flemish region and the emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O from the cokes ovens in the other regions (CH 4 emissions are in fact negligible and the N 2 O emissions are rather small).

In Wallonia and Brussels, the emissions of indirect greenhouse gases from the cokes ovens are also reported in category 1A1c. The fugitive emissions are reported in category 1B1b. In the Flemish region the emissions of the air poll utants from the cokes ovens are reported in the category 1A2 except for the NMVOC-emissions (alloca ted in category 1A2) and the CH 4 -emissions are reported in category 1A1c (instead of the categ ory 1B1b in the previous submission).

3.1.2 Industry

The structure of the industrial sector has undergon e profound changes over recent decades. The mining industries have practically disappeared with the closure of the last coalmines in the beginning of the nineties. The metallurgy and textile sectors have been relatively stable, after several waves o f closures and restructuring. The metallurgical indus try nevertheless remains one of the key sectors of Belgian industry, both in terms of employment and t urnover. The two other key sectors of industrial activity are the chemical industry and the food pro cessing industry, which contribute respectively

3.8% and 2.5% to the GDP.

The category 1A2 ‘Manufacturing industries and cons truction’ contains the energetic emissions of the industrial sector of the 3 regions in Belgium. The following sectors are involved: iron and steel (1A2a), non-ferous metals (1A2b), chemicals (1A2c), pulp, paper and print (1A2d), food processing, beverages and tobacco (1A2e) and other industries ( 1A2f).

The following industries are integrated in category 1.A.2.f (Other industries): non-metallic mineral products, (cement, lime, asphalt concrete, glass, m ineral wool, bricks and tiles, fine ceramic materials), metal products, textile, leather and cl othing and other industry (wood industry, rubber an d synthetic material, manufacturing of furniture, rec ycling and construction included).

The urban environment of the Brussels region does n ot provide the great surfaces required for the establishment of industry. With the exception of a producer of cars, the Brussels industry is made up of small and very small industrial companies with h igh added value or close to the ultimate consumer. All these industries are integrated in category 1.A .2.f (Other industries).

The emissions of N 2 O of the sector iron and steel in the Flemish regio n are negligible (several responses of the industry), the emissions of CH 4 of this sector are allocated to the categories 1A1 c (coke oven, see section 3.1.1) and 2C (sinterproduc tion). In the Walloon region, the emissions of N 2 O

and CH 4 of the sector iron and steel are in the category ir on and steel (1A2a) and the fugitive

emissions of CH 4 from the coke ovens are allocated to the categorie s 1B1b.47

The emissions originating from the use of recovered fuels from cracking units or other processes

where a fuel is used as a raw material and where a part of this fuel (or transformed product) is recovered for energy purposes is allocated to categ ory 1A2c / other fuels.

3.1.3 Transport

Belgium is provided with a very dense road (4,958 k m/km2) and rail (116 m/km2) network (2004).

These densities of road and rail networks should be looked at in conjunction with the very high densit y of population in Belgium : relative to the number o f inhabitants the infrastructure is close to the European average. The port of Antwerp is very impor tant for Belgium. It is the second largest European seaport, and one of the 5 largest in the w orld. The port of Antwerp benefits from excellent connections to the hinterland and the large French and German industrial basins by waterway (1500 km of navigable routes). It has also been decided t o strengthen the rail infrastructure giving access to the port of Antwerp. Road transport is the mean of transport the most generally used in Belgium, both for the transport of goods and passengers, generati ng severe traffic congestion. Even though congestion is lower than in the neighbouring countr ies, the number of road accident victims is very high, but is going down. Damages to the environment resulting from fuel use in road traffic are considerable. Goods are transported by railway for 13% of total achieved tonne-kilometers in Belgium, on navigable waterways for 13.6% and by ro ad transport for 73.3% (2006).

The reported emissions in the transport sector are reported in the categories 1A3a civil aviation, 1A3 b road transportation, 1A3c railways, 1A3d navigation and 1A3e other transportation. In the category 1A3e the emissions originating from the transport of natural gas through pipelines are

allocated.

Since the submission in 2004, the CO 2 emissions for road transport are based on fuels so ld. These figures are originating from the Belgian energy bal ance of fuels sold. Emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O are not calculated based on the Belgian energy statisti cs, but are the sum of the emissions calculated by the 3 regions using a methodology based on the COP ERT III methodology in the Walloon and Brussels region and a country-specific methodology (the so-called MIMOSA-model see also section 1.3.1) in the Flemish region. The MIMOSA-model in t he Flemish region is also based on the

COPERT III model.



## 3.2 Methodological issues

3.2.1. Regional energy balances and related greenho use gases

As mentioned above the most important sources to ca lculate the energetic greenhouse gas emissions in the 3 regions in Belgium are the regional energy ba lances.

These balances are established by the Flemish Insti tute for Technological Research (Vito) in the Flemish region and by the ‘Institut de Conseil et d ’Etudes en Développement Durable’ (ICEDD) in the other regions.

The regional energy balances are entirely transferr ed to the energy sector of the regional CRF-tables (CRF-Reporter) to obtain the energy consumption dat a. The regional CRF-tables are annexed to this report (annex 4). To obtain the national energy con sumption data, the regional energy consumption data are added up.48

Flemish energy balance:

Since the mid nineties, VITO establishes in commiss ion of the Flemish administration a yearly energy balance. The first independent energy balance was s et up for the year 1994. In 1999 the independent energy balance was set up for the reference year 19 90. The years 1991 to 1993 are estimates, mainly based on a calculation derived from the Belgian ene rgy statistics and energy data from the other regions (Flanders = Belgium – Wallonia – Brussels). Although the energy balances for the years 1991 to 1993 are set up as qualitative as possible with the available information, some interpolation work was needed to complete these balances. As a consequ ence some questions raised by the ERT of UNFCCC during the reviews remain partly unanswered. The Flemish energy balances, once approved by a committee with representatives of the Flemish administration, are available for the general publ ic

on the website http://www.emis.vito.be

.

By obtaining more accurate and/or more detailed inf ormation or by adapting some methodologies the figures of the energy balances can change, even for the historical years. The energy balance is performed by using the result s of surveys carried out and reporting obligations (industrial sector, the commercial and institutiona l sector and the transformation sector) and by usin g existing statistics.

Before any legal obligations of reporting emissions existed, the Flemish region had a tradition of contacting the most important industry on a volunta ry basis to estimate the emissions of air pollutant s and greenhouse gases. Once the reporting obligation s of greenhouse gases became valid in 2005 (first reporting year 2004), Flanders did optimize its gre enhousegas inventory.

In what follows a short description is given of the main datasources and methodologies used for the different sectors in the energy balance:

1) Transformation sector:

- The production figures of electricity are available from the Belgian Electricity Federat ion until 2003. From 2004 on these figures are available from surveys and from reporting obligations (obliged annual reporting of grid operators of gaz and electricity, auto-producers and operators of combined heat-power installations and of renewab le energy).

- The energy consumption of power installations for t he production of electricity and/or heat is based on different data sources: the surveys carrie d out until 2003 by the Belgian Electricity Federation in cooperation with the Vito, from 2004 on the annual obliged integrated environmental reports (observance by the Flemish En vironment Agency and the department of Environment, Nature & Energy), from May 2005 an obl iged reporting for the producers of renewable heat, combined heat & power installations and the auto-producers in the Flemish region. This information is used to determine total input, output and own-use of the sector of electricity and heat. To conclude also the data of the green stream certificates of the Flemish Regulation Authority for the Electricity and Gas ma rket (the so-called VREG) are used.

- The data sources for the energy consumption (energy content of waste) of waste installations with electricity production are also the annual obl iged integrated environmental reports in combination with information about the green stream certificates of the VREG. Also information about the sorting analysis of the rubb ish (refuse bag) and the calorific values of the different fractions, available from the respons ible waste institute in the Flemish region, are used. The waste is allocated to the input of the po wer installations when it concerns inatallations with energy recuperation. A part of t he waste is considered as biomass. The not-49

renewable fraction is allocated to the category ‘ot her fuels’. The share of biomass is determined on the basis of the sorting analysis.

- The fuel consumption of the auto-producers is not allocated to the transformation sector but to the sector where they belong to. The datasources of the fuel consumption and the electricity production come from the obliged reporting of the a uto-producers to the Flemish authority.

- The figures of the refineries in Belgium (all refin eries in Belgium are located in the Flemish region) are published in the petroleum balances of the federal services of Economy. All products/fuels used and produced are taken over in the Flemish energy balance. Only the output of the refinery gas is calculated and not ta ken over from the petroleum balance. The output of refinery gas is the sum of the input in t he transformation sector, the own-use of the refineries and the end-use of the gas (in the power installations or industry). The data source of the figures of own-use of the refineries are fro m the Verification Office Benchmarking and from the annual integrated environmental reporting obligations. The combined heat-power

installations of 2 refineries are installations in joint-venture with the electricity producers and are allocated to the sector of electricity and heat (1A1a).

- The figures in the sector of the production of coke s are directly originating from the industry involved. From 1997 only one company in the Flemish region is still involved.

- The other activities in the transformation sector a re limited. The losses on the electricity

network are calculated as a fraction of the losses on the Belgian network based on the electricity consumption. The most recent figures ar e available for the year 2004.

2) Industry:

- The non-energy use in the energy balance is the sum of feedstocks of the chemical industry (mainly nafta, propane/LPG/butane) and some other p roducts like white spirit, bitumes, solvents, ... which are used in a non-energetic way. In the course of 2003 a project was developed to estimate the non-energetic use in the Flemish region. The study was carried out in cooperation with the chemical federation. From t hen on, a yearly survey is carried out and sent to all companies involved. Information about r est fuels and their emissions of CO 2 as well as process emissions of CO 2 were asked.

- The energy consumption of the industry is calculate d on the basis of surveys carried out by the Vito, data from the companies which are entered to the benchmarkconvenant (deliverded through the federations), data from the surveys car ried out by the chemical federation (Essencia) and the annual integrated environmental reports. There is also a cooperation with the other federations [Agoria (technological sector s) Fedustria and Centexbel (textile, wood) and Fevia (food)]. The petroleumproducts are extrap olated on the basis of the data of electricity consumption (from the electricity grid operators). Since the liberalization of the gas and electricity market it became difficult to obtai n the consumption data of gas and electricity per sector. From 2003 on the distribution grid oper ators of electricity are obliged to report on an annual basis what they take off of the network p er sector. From 2005 on also the transport grid operator is obliged to report this information . These data together with the results of the surveys carried out by the Vito are used to estimat e the consumption of electricity per subsector. Also since 2005 there is a reporting obl igation of the distribution and transport gridoperators of gas. These data together with the results of the surveys carried out by the Vito are used to estimate the consumption of gas per sub sector. Also since 2005 there is a reporting obligation for the producers of renewable energy, combined heat-power installations and auto-producer s. These data are also performed in the energy balance. The consumption of the rest fuels in the chemical s ector (‘other fuels’ in the energy balance) is estimated on the basis of the results of the survey carried out by Fedichem. In most cases the consumptions in Joules or the emission factor is kn own. In some cases the energy consumption is calculated on the basis of the emiss ions of CO 2 with an emission factor of 70

kton CO 2 /PJ.50

3) households:

- The energy consumption of the households in the Fle mish region for the base year 1990 is estimated based on a calculation model, developed b y prof. Hens of the University of Leuven. The housing stock in the Flemish region in combinat ion with some assumptions concerning the technical properties of the different types of buildings are used in the model. The housing stock is known via the population census (last one dates from 1990). This is performed every ten year and asked about the type of warming and th e used fuels for the different types. The housing stock is corrected with the annual data of new building, back-fitting and scrapping originating from the national statistics.

- For the years 1994 to 1999 the data from the Panel Study of Belgian households (PSBH) of 1995 are used to calculate the energy consumption o f the households for the liquid fuels, coal and butane/propane. Because of the climate-dependen t resource of the energy consumption in the households, a climate correction is added. An a ssumption is used of 85% of the energy consumption in households is climate-dependent. Als o the degree-days are taken into account. The data of the Belgian Electricity Federation and from FIGAS (federation of gas industry) are used for estimating the consumptions of electri city and gas.

- For the years 2000 and 2001 the energy consumption of the households in the Flemish region is calculated based on the survey ‘energy and energ y efficient behaviour 2001’. The consumption in 2000 is calculated on the basis of t he average consumption as a result of the survey, the national statistics about the number of households and an estimation of the percentage using a certain energy carrier. The ener gy consumption in 2001 is based on the same results of the survey in combination with an e xtrapolation based on the number of buildings in the Flemish region and the relative sh are of energy carriers used in the buildings originating from the socio-economic survey of 2001. For 2000 and 2001 a correction is made based on the degree-days and 85% of the energy cons umption is assumed to be climatedependent. Again the data of the Belgian Electricit y Federation and from FIGAS (federation of gas industry) are used for estimating the consum ptions of electricity and gas.

- From 2002 on, a methodology was developed that firs t calculates the number of households in the Flemish region with the main-heating of gas, li quid fuel, coal and other fuels. Afterwards the consumption of the fuels is calculated based on statistics from FIGAS or from the grid operators (gas), results of surveys (liquid fuel) p erformed by the Flemish Energy Agency or models (coal, biomass). The consumption of electric ity is based on the information of the distribution grid operators.

4) commercial and institutional sector:

- The energy consumption in the service sector is cal culated using the energy data of different sources (survey carried out in 2006 by the Vito, en ergy cooperation agreement with the communities and provinces, the annual integrated en vironment reporting). Since the liberalization of the energy market it also became more difficult in the service sector to obtain the consumption data of gas and electricity on a vo luntary basis. Even after the reporting obligations for the distribution grid operators (si nce 2003) and the transport grid operators of electricity (since 2005) and the gas operators (sin ce 2005) it remains difficult to split up the consumption of low voltage into the different subse ctors of the service sector. In combination with the results of the surveys carried out by the Vito, some correction factors are used.

5) agriculture:

- The calculation of the energy consumption for the a griculture is based on the use of specific parameters from literature i.e. the energy consumpt ion per unit or per animal. A lot of

statistical information is available from the natio nal statistics and the services in the policy areas of agriculture and fishery of the Ministry of the Flemish Community. The national statistics publish on an annual basis detailed info rmation about the agriculture countings (on51

the 15 th of May). Statistics about the hectares of agricult ural crops and the number of animals are used to estimate the energy consumption of the different subsectors. The consumption of gas and electricity is based on the data of the gri doperators of gas and electricity. All consumption of gas is allocated to the greenhouse c ultivation. For the electricity consumption the division into the different subsectors is perfo rmed by using the specific parameters from literature except for the greenhouse cultivation. T he electricity consumption of the greenhouse cultivation is total electricity consumption (from grid operators) reduced with electricity consumption of the other subsectors. The energy con sumption of the other energy carriers are based on the specific parameters from literature.

6) transport:

The energy consumption data in the transport sector contains only the consumptions of the real transport activities. No other energy consumption d ata are included (f.i. from buildings, storage areas, ... from transport companies). For the differe nt transport modes other methodologies are used to estimate the energy consumptions.

- road transport : The results of an environmental impact module for road transport, MIMOSA,

are used to calculate the emissions of CO 2 . These emissions are used to calculate the energy consumption data in the energy balance with default emission factors of IPCC. The model is simulating the emissions of the air pollutants orig inating from road traffic. The model is calculating the emissions at the outlet on the basi s of mobility data, vehicle parc data and emission factors. The output of the model gives emi ssions per road segment which allow a geographical distribution of the emissions. The imp lied emission factors are based on the Copert-III methodology but actualized with the resu lts of the ‘on-road’ measurements carried out by the Vito. For more information : http://www.vito.be/english/environment/environmenta lstudy9d2.htm However, CO2 emissions calculated for road transpor t do not originate from the regional energy balances, but the federal sale statistics ar e used to calculate the CO2-emissions for Belgium for road transport.

- railways: The data from the National Society of the Belgian R ailways (NMBS) are used to calculate the energy consumption for the train serv ices in Belgium. These data are available for the transport of persons and goods and for elec tricity and gasoil driving. The total consumption of gasoil in Flanders is based on the B elgian data of gasoil consumption and the regional information on driven train- and tonne-kil ometers of persons and goods. The electricity consumption can be determined in the sa me way but from 2002 on the data of the grid operators are used.

o tram cars : The energy consumption of the tram cars (only ele ctricity) in the Flemish region is based on the electricity consumption data from the grid operators for the total railway traffic (train+tram+trolley busses). The available statistics from the Flemish Transport Society (De Lijn) and the Society for the Inter-urban Transport in Brussels (MIVB) are also used.

o trolley busses : The same methodology as for the tram traffic is u sed here.

- air traffic : All the Flemish airports are reporting about thei r fuel consumption (put in the tanks) of gasoline and kerosene for the civil air t raffic. The fuel consumption of kerosene and gasoline used in military aviation are reported ann ually by the Ministry of Defence. It is difficult to split the energy consumption in air tr affic between inland and foreign/abroad consumption. The assumption is made in the Flemish energy balance that all gasoline is used within the Flemish region and all kerosene is used abroad. The amount of kerosene in the Flemish air traffic is allocated entirely to the in ternational bunkers.

- navigation : Two subsectors are distinguished in the sector of navigation in the Flemish region: the navigation on the Flemish territory and the nav igation which is allocated to the international bunkers. The fishery is allocated to the agriculture sector. The energy consumption for the traffic of goods is based on th e tonne-kilometers on the different rivers and channels and an average energy consumption per tonne-kilometer. For the traffic of52

passengers a rough estimate is made for the commerc ial pleasure cruising. For the noncommercial pleasure cruising the sold vignettes are used in combination with an average consumption per vignette. The Flemish bunkers are t he same as the Belgian bunkers because the Flemish region is the only region which is loca ted to the seasite in Belgium. The Belgian data of international and local bunkering in the na vigation sector are originating from the national petroleum balance.

- pipelines: There is some energy required to transport gases an d liquids (negligible amount of energy) through pipelines. The energy consumption n eeded for the transport, the transit and the distribution of gas in the Flemish region is es timated based on the figures from Fluxys (the independent operator of the gas network in Belgium) and the grid operators.

Walloon energy balance

The regional energy balance is prepared by ICEDD in convention with the “Direction générale opérationnelle Aménagement du territoire, logement, patrimoine, énergie” (Energy administration of the Walloon region).

The report of the regional energy balance is in Fre nch available, but not in English and can be found on the following website.

Walloon energy balance: http://energie.wallonie.be/fr/bilan-energetiquewallon.html?IDC=6288http://energie.wallonie.be

As in Flanders, the energy balance is performed by using the results of surveys and by using existing

statistics.

There aren’t legal obligations of reporting energy consumption, the Walloon region had a tradition of contacting the most important consumers on a volunt ary basis to give their energy consumptions.

In what follows a short description is given of the main data sources and methodologies used for the different sectors in the energy balance:

1) Transformation sector:

- The production figures of electricity are available from surveys to different operators as grid operators of gas and electricity, auto-producers an d operators of renewable energy. - The energy consumption of power installations for the production of electricity and/or heat is based on the REGINE survey (an environmental integr ated survey which includes all pertinent environment-related reporting requirements for 280 companies). These data are simultaneously available by the inventory expert an d the energy statistics experts.

- The figures in the sector of the production of coke s are directly originating from the industry

involved.

2) Industry:

- The energy consumption of the industry sector is ca lculated on the basis of surveys and extrapolations : A part of the data’s from the companies are reporte d to Regine (280 companies) and 800 others companies reports also their data’s. The consumption data of electricity (high voltage) and gas per sector are given by the CWaPE (Walloon commission for energy). The consumption and production data’s of the autopr oducers and the producers of renewable energy are also given by the CWaPE. The petroleum products are extrapolated on the basi s of electricity consumption.53

- The non-energy use in the energy balance is the sum of feedstocks in the chemical industry (natural gas) and some other products like solid fu els, grease, mineral oil, ... which are used in a non-energetic way. The solid fuels and the natura l gas are listed with the annual survey. The

others fuels are estimated with federal data’s extr apolated with the part of the Walloon region in the considered sector and the annual survey.

3) households:

- The energy consumption of the households sector is calculated on the basis of regional data’s on the amount of natural gas and electricity sold i n this sector (CWaPE), on the basis of national data’s (liquid fuels and solid fuels), on the basis of the socio-economic survey of

2001and on the basis of weather data’s.

4) commercial and institutional sector:

- The energy consumption in the service sector is cal culated using the energy data of different sources (regional data’s on the amount of natural g as and electricity sold in this sector (CWaPE), annual survey carried out by Icedd for all consumers “high voltage” (4800 establishments with a respond of 58 %).

5) agriculture:

- The calculation of the energy consumption for the a griculture is based on the use of specific parameters from the “Faculté des Sciences agronomiq ues de Gembloux” i.e. the energy consumption per unit or per animal. A lot of statis tical information is available from the regional statistics (DGA).

6) transport:

The energy consumption data in the transport sector contains only the consumptions of the real transport activities. No other energy consumption d ata are included (f.i. from buildings, storage areas, ... from transport companies). For the differe nt transport modes other methodologies are used to estimate the energy consumptions.

- road transport : CO2 emissions calculated for road transport do no t originate from the regional energy balances, but the federal sale statistics ar e used to calculate the CO2-emissions for Belgium for road transport. On the regional level t he COPERT III model is used for policy

purposes.

- railways: The data from the National Society of the Belgian R ailways (NMBS) are used to calculate the energy consumption for the train serv ices in Belgium. These data are available for the transport of persons and goods and for elec tricity and gasoil driving. The total consumption of gasoil in the Walloon region is base d on the Belgian data of gasoil consumption and the regional information on driven train- and tonne-kilometres of persons and goods.

- air traffic : the fuel consumption (put in the tanks) of gasoli ne and kerosene for the civil air traffic is given by the MET (regional ministry for transport). The fuel consumption of kerosene and gasoline used in military aviation are reported annually by the Ministry of

Defence.

- navigation : The energy consumption for the traffic is given b y the MET and is based on the

tonne-kilometres on the different rivers and channe ls and an average energy consumption per

tonne-kilometre.

- pipelines: There is some energy required to transport gases an d liquids (negligible amount of energy) through pipelines. The energy consumption n eeded for the transport, the transit and54

the distribution of gas in the Walloon region is es timated based on the figures from Fluxys (the independent operator of the gas network in Bel gium).

Brussels energy balance

As in Wallonia, the regional energy balance is prep ared by ICEDD in convention with the IBGE (Brussel’s environnement).

The report of the regional energy balance will be a vailable on the Brussel’s environnement website (www.bruxellesenvironnement.be) in June (final vers ion), only in French. . The old versions are still available at the same place (for 2006 : http://documentation.bruxellesenvironnement.be/docu ments/Bilan_energetique_RBC_2006_FR.PDF).

As in the other regions, the energy balance is perf ormed by using the results of surveys and by using existing statistics.

In what follows a short description is given of the main data sources and methodologies used for the different sectors in the energy balance:

1) Transformation sector:

- The production figures of electricity are available from regulator’s press communication s, statistics from SIBELGA (only distribution network operator for electricity and natural gas in the Brussels-Capital Region), SPF EPMECME (public s ervice) and annual surveys from

ICEDD. - The energy consumption of power installations for the production of electricity and/or heat is based on a survey achieved by ICEDD.

2) Industry:

- The energy consumption of the industry sector is ca lculated on the basis of a survey. This survey is conducted by the biggest industries. Then an extrapolation is achieved, based on the electricity consumptions.

3) households:

- The energy consumption of the households sector is calculated on the basis of regional data’s from SIBELGA and Febupro (electricity and gas) and SPF EPMECME (liquid and solid fuels).

4) commercial and institutional sector:

- High-voltage : the energy consumption is calculated using the energy data based on a survey and direct contacts with “high voltage” consumers and big international public organisms.

- Low-voltage : the energy consumption is calculated by the “topdown” method. The consumption of oil-products is estimated from the f uel/naturel gas ratio and the Belgian consumptions.

5) agriculture:

- No agriculture activities take place in the Brussel s region.

6) transport:55

The energy consumption data in the transport sector contains only the consumptions of the real transport activities. No other energy consumption d ata are included (f.i. from buildings, storage areas, ... from transport companies). For the differe nt transport modes other methodologies are used to estimate the energy consumptions.

- road transport : The results of the COPERT III model are used to c alculate the emissions of

CO 2 on the regional level. This model is revised every ye ar in order to take into account the new calcul conventions from the European experts. T he details of the COPERT model are available on the website of the autors : http://lat .eng.auth.gr/copert/. The input of the model comes from an other model “Myrtille”, developed for the region and base on COPERT III.
However, CO 2 emissions calculated for road transport do not ori ginate from the regional energy balances, but the federal sale statistics ar e used to calculate the CO 2 -emissions for Belgium for road transport.

- railways: The data from the National Society of the Belgian R ailways (NMBS) are used to calculate the energy consumption for the train serv ices in Belgium. These data are available for the transport of persons and goods and for elec tricity and gasoil driving.

- air traffic : this activity does not occur in the Brussels regi on.

- navigation : The energy consumption for the traffic is given b y the Brussel’s port.

- pipelines: There is some energy required to transport gases th rough pipelines. The estimation of energy consumption needed for the transport, the transit and the distribution of gas in the Brussel region is based on the figures from Fluxys (the independent operator of the gas network in Belgium).

Energetic greenhouse gas emissions of CO 2

In the 3 regions in Belgium the IPCC-default emissi on factors of 1996 are mainly used for CO 2 in the sector of energy. These emission factors are summar ized below. In these emission factors of CO 2 the IPCC default oxidation factors are already adjusted . These oxidation factors take into account that no t
100% of the carbon in the fuel is transmitted to CO 2 . This factor is 0.98 for solid fuels and 0.99 for liquid and 0.995 for gaseous fuels.

Products emission factors (g CO 2 /MJ)

Flanders Wallonia Brussels

coal tars 92,7

- coking coal 92,7 (6) 92,7 92.7

Brown coal/lignite 99,2

Butane/propane 62,75

coke oven coke 106,0 106

crude oil 72,6

- Refinery gas 55,1

- 56,5 (1)

- LPG 62,4 62,4

Gasoline 68,6

- Kerosene 70,8 70,8 70,8 gas/diesel oil 73,3 73,3 73.3 lamp petroleum 71,1 71,1
residual fuel oil 76,6 76,6 76.6 Naphta 72,6

-56

petroleum coke 99,8 99,8 other petroleum 72,6

- natural gas 55,8 55,8 55.8

coke oven gas 47,4 (till 2001) and 38-40

(from 2002) on (5) 47.4 47.4

blast furnace gas 250

- 265 (5) 256,8

- 264,3 (4) other products (2)

- biogas

- 75 (3)
Waste gas - 66

- 72,5 (3)

Industrial waste

- 86,6 (3)
Black liquor

- 100 (3)

wood

- 100 (3)

Table 3.1. : Emission factors used to calculate ene rgy related emissions of CO 2 (IPCC default unless indicated).

(1) Inquiry with the refineries

(2) Depending on the product in question, information through inquiries with the companies involved

or default

(3) Source: EMEP/CORINAIR

(4) Country specific emission factors

(5) Inquiry with the electricity sector and iron and s teel sector

(6) The default IPCC value is not used for the large p ower plants

The Net calorific value of these differents product s are mentionned in the annex 5.

Energetic greenhouse gas emissions of CH 4 and N

2 O

The emission factors of CH 4 and N 2 O used to calculate the energetic emissions in the different subsectors of the sector energy are described in th e respective sections 3.2.2. to 3.2.8.

3.2.2. Energy industries (category 1A1)

Public electricity and heat plants (category 1A.a)

The activity data reported in this sector are the f uel consumption data as reported in the regional energybalances (see section 3.2.1.). This category contains the power installations for the production of electricity and heat and the combined heat-power installations (in joint venture with the electrici ty producers). These installations are located in diff erent sectors in Belgium (industry, agriculture and service sector). Also included in this sector are t he waste incineration installations with energy recuperation (waste incineration installations with out energy recuperation are allocated in the sector 6C waste incineration, see chapter 8).

CO 2

For the large power plants in the public electricit y sector, the CO 2 emissions are reported directly by the power plants and based on analyses of the fuels . In Wallonia, since 2004, emission trading companies (included the power plants and coke oven plants) are obliged to report their energy consumptions and CO 2 emissions via a website (Regine). These data have been checked during the emission trading verifications.57

For the smaller plants for which no emissions of CO 2 are reported directly to the responsible authorities, default CO 2 emission factors are used except for some specific fuel types(see table 3.1). In

the latter case more detailed information of the in dividual companies is used .

In the Brussels region there is only one significan t power plant. The electricity is produced from the municipal waste incineration. The CO 2 emission factor from EPA is used. The fraction of organic municipal waste has been deduced from analyses of d ustbins [37 and 48] and have led to a fraction of biomass origin, variable for the whole time series, from 62 % to 53 %. For the smaller plants in Brussels, default CO 2 emission factors are used (see table 3.1).

CH 4 and N

2 O

The emission factors of CH 4 and N 2 O used in the sector of public electricity and heat plants are

summarized in table 3.2. In Flanders, emission factors from TNO (Netherlands ) [4] are used to calculate the emissions of N 2 O for the installations for public electricity and fr om the EMEP/CORINAIR handbook (table 27) [3] to

calculate the emissions of CH 4 . These emission factors are agreed with the elect ricity producers. For the combined heat-power installations the Flemi sh region uses the emission factors of natural gas (in gas turbines) as described in table 3.2 for the industrial sector, the IPCC 1996 emission factors for the service sector (i.e. 5 g CH 4 /GJ and 0.1 g N 2 O/GJ) and the CITEPA90 emission factors for the agriculture sector (i.e. 1 g CH 4 /GJ and 2 g N 2 O/GJ for gas and 3 g CH 4 /GJ and 12 g N 2 O/GJ for fuel).

In Wallonia and in Brussels, emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O are calculated using emission factors of the

1996 IPCC Guidelines.

As the table 3.2 makes clear especially for N 2 O the emission factors of IPCC 1996 and TNO (Netherlands) are largely consistent.

Fuel UNIT CH 4 N 2 O Fl (1) Wall (2) Br (2) Fl (3) Wall (2) Br (2) Coal g/GJ 0,6 1 / 1,40 1,40 /

Fuel g/GJ 0,7 3 / 0,60 0,60 /
diesel oil g/GJ 0,03 1,5 / 0,60 0,60 / diesel oil (in gas turbine) g/GJ 1 natural gas (in gas turbine g/GJ 2,5 2,5 2.5 0,10 0,10 0.1 natural gas g/GJ 0,1 1 / 0,10 0,10 / Cokes gas g/GJ 0,1 1 / 0,10 0,10 /

blast furnace

- gas g/GJ 0,1 1 / 0,10 0,10 /

H 2 - gas g/GJ 0,00

- / 0,00

- / Dry sludge g/ GJ 0,6

- / 1,4

- /

Bisfenol

- resin g/GJ 0,6

- / 1,4

- / Agricultural waste g/GJ

- 30 / 4 / Municipal waste

- 60 g/ton (1) 60 g/ton (1)

Coffee g/GJ

- 1,4
Olive seeds g/GJ 0,6 1,4 Biogas (stat. engines)) G/GJ 2,5 (1) 0,1

Biofuel g/GJ 0,7 0,6

Table 3.2 : Emission factors of CH 4 and N 2 O for the sector 1.A.1.a Public electricity and Hea t
Production.58

(1) Source: EMEP/CORINAIR (2) Source: IPCC 1996 (3) Source : TNO

Petroleum refining (category 1A1b)

The activity data of the petroleum refining are tak en over from the Flemish energy balance (see section 3.2.1 for more information).

As indicated in section 3.1.1. petroleum refining o nly occurs in Flanders. The emissions of CO 2 are reported to the responsible authorities by the Belg ian Petroleum Federation and the petroleum refining companies. Since 2005 (emissions 2004) these emissi ons are reported by the companies on an obligatory basis (see section 1.3.1).

The emissions of the petroleum refineries are alloc ated to the following sectors:

- 1A1a (for the combined heat-power installations of the refineries in joint venture with the electricity producers)

- 1B2c for the flaring emissions of CO 2

- 1B2a for the total CH4-emissions (incl. the flaring emissions which represent an important share) and

1A1b for the total emissions of CO 2 and N 2 O of the refineries excluding the emissions from fl aring and from the combined heat-power installations.

CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from petroleum refining are calculated using a combination of monitoring results (for the 2 largest companies) and emission factors of CITEPA [2] for the smaller companies.

These emission factors are based on the input of cr ude oil :

• 0.24 g CH 4 / ton crude oil originating from 6% auto-combustion *4 g CH4/ton crude oil;

• 22 g N 2 O/ton crude oil originating from 6% auto-consumptio n and an emission factor of 9g/GJ (50% fuel oil and 50% gas);

• To calculate the fugitive emissions an emission fac tor of 5 g CH 4 / ton crude oil is used.

The results of the monitoring of the emissions of C H 4 and N 2 O became available in 2005 (emissions 2004) for the 2 largest companies exceeding the thr eshold value (10 ton/year for N 2 O and 100 ton/year

for CH 4 ). Based on these results, the emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O were revised from 1990 on during the previous submissions (partly monitoring and partly extrapolation) and actualized emissions for the complete time series were included in the inventory

.

Manufacture of solid fuels and other energy industr ies (category 1A1c)

As indicated in section 3.1.1. the emissions origin ating from category 1A1c ‘Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries’ are the emission s coming form the combustion in the cokes ovens. Since the in-country review of UNFCCC in June 2007 the energetic activities of the mine industry, active in the Flemish region, are also included in this category 1A1c. These activities consist of an59

auto-producer of electricity that was active until 1996 (the waste of the coal was used to produce electricity) and of energy needed for the sorting m achines which were active until 1999.

In Wallonia, in the category 1A1c the emission fac tors are those proposed in the EMEP/CORINAIR guidebook and the IPCC Guidelines [24] (table 3.1 a nd table 3.3). Same emissionfactors for N 2 O are used in the Walloon region as those mentioned in th e Emep/corinair guidebook. Since 2005, the CO 2 emissions have been giving directly by the plant in their reporting under the emission trading scheme.

Fuel UNIT Wallonia

CH 4 N 2 O Diesel oil g/GJ 1,5 (2) 0,60 (1)
natural gas g/GJ 2,5 (2) 0,10 (1)
Coke oven gas g/GJ 1 (2) 0,10 (1)
blast furnace-gas g/GJ 0,16(2) 0,10 (1)

Table 3.3. : CH 4 and N 2 O emissions factors per fuel in the coking works.

(1) Source: IPCC 1996 (2) Source: EMEP/CORINAIR

There was one coke plant in the Brussels region unt il 1993. The emission factors used, are the same as the one used in the Walloon region except f or CH 4 for which emission factors from EPA are

used.

In Flanders the emission factors used to calculate the emissions of CO 2 from the mine activities in this category are the IPCC 1996 emiss ion factors which are included in table 3.1. The

emissions of CO 2 from the cokesovens are calculated with specific e mission factors from the industry involved based on analysis of the fuels.

The emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O included in this category from the Flemish region are the energetic

emissions from the mine activities and are also cal culated by using the IPCC 1996 emission factors (see table 3.5).

The emissions of CH4 from the cokesovens in the Fle mish region are during this submission newly allocated in this category 1A1c (instead of the cat egory 1B1b).

Emissions of CH 4 originating from the production of cokes were esti mated in Flanders until the 2005 submission by using emission factors of CI TEPA [2], which are in line with the emission factors of the EMEP/CORINAIR handbook (400 g CH 4 /ton cokes). During the submission in 2006 a revision of the emi ssions of CH 4 was carried out due to the availability of more detailed information of the in dustry involved. Based on monitoring results carrie d out in 2001, 2002 and 2004, the emissions of CH 4 were optimized from 1990 on. During this 2009

submission the emissions of CH 4 of the cokes ovens are newly allocated to this sec tor 1A1c to harmonize with the other regions. After consulting the company involved in the Flemish region, these

emissions of CH 4 are considered as total emissions of the cokesoven s.

Contacts with the relevant industry in Flanders ind icates that no emissions of N 2 O occurs in this

sector.60

3.2.3. Manufacturing industry and construction (cat egory 1A2)

The energy consumption data for the category 1A2 or iginate from the regional energy balances in the 3 regions (see section 3.2.1). Also some specific i nformation from the companies themselves are used to calculate the greenhouse gas emissions. The latt er is the case for the iron and steel sector, cemen t
and lime sectors..

Emissions of CO 2

In general the emissions of CO 2 are calculated by using the IPCC 1996 default emis sion factors listed

in table 3.1. In Wallonia, since 2004, there are analyses perform ed by some plants (under the emission trading scheme) on their solid fuels, blast furnace gas, co ke oven gas and waste fuels. These emission factor s are taking account in the inventory. Concerning nat ural gas, gas oil and residual fuel, the CO 2 emission factors are mainly originated from the IPCC 1996 gu idelines.

Iron and steel sector (category 1A2a)

The methodologies used to estimate the emissions of the iron and steel sector are described below.

Because different approaches approved by the differ ent companies involved (a.o. based on historical background) it is not possible to harmonize these m ethodologies between the 2 regions involved (Flanders and Wallonia).

The CO2-emissions from the iron and steel sector ar e partly put in category 1A2a (the energetic part) except for the emissions from the c okes ovens which are allocated in the category 1A1c) and partly in category 2C1 (process part). Se e the respective chapters for more information.

In the iron and steel sector the energy consumption data in the Flemish region originates directly from the steel company which delivers the information separately for the cokes ovens and for the rest of the company. This information is combin ed with the energy consumption data of the other (smaller) companies in this region to obtain total energy consumption in this sector (see section 3.2. 1 for more information).

In Wallonia, since 2004, all the IPPC companies are obliged to report their energy consumptions, their productions and the emissions o f IPPC pollutants including CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O on a website (Regine). IPPC companies which are also emission trading companies are obliged to report on the same way, by sector. This plant information is compared and combined with the energy balance

of the sector. The remainder of the emissions is c alculated on the based of the remaining fuel consumption (energy balance of the sector minus pla nt energy consumptions).

The CO 2 emissions originating from the blast furnace gas a re also included in the category where the energy is used.61

Category where the Blast furnace gas (TJ) is used in 2006 1A1a Public Electricity 1A2a Iron and steel

Walloon region 0 11707,4 Flemish region 14998 0

In the Flemish region the emissions of CO 2 of the biggest steel plant are calculated by using specific emission factors obtained through analyses performed by this company (also recorded in the monitoring protocol of emissions of CO 2 ). The emissions of CO 2 of the other (smaller) companies are calculated by using mainly IPCC 1996 emission facto rs. The CO 2 emissions from the blast furnace gas used are incl uded in the category 1A1a where the energy is used i.e. in the Flemish region a power i nstallation located in the neighbourhood of the ste el

company.

In Wallonia, all the combustion emissions coming fr om the Iron and steel sector are put in the category 1A2a except for the CO2 emissions from the coke ovens which are allocated in the category 1A1c (the same as in the Flemish region) and the CO 2 emissions captured by “pig iron” in the blast furnace which are allocated in the category 2C. Th e CO 2 emissions from the blast furnace are calculated by a CO 2 balance :

CO 2 from “fuel inputs and reducing agents” – CO 2 from “blast furnace gas used for energy purposes”

– CO 2 in “pig iron”. All the carbon incorporated in the blast furnace is eventually considered to be emitted in CO2

emissions.

Other sectors

The emissions of CO 2 of the other sectors in the category 1A2 are calcu lated by using default IPCC

1996 emission factors. In the lime and cement plants, only located in the Walloon region, the CO 2 emission factors used are presented in table 3.4. Since 2005, the CO 2 emissions from solid fuel and waste are reported d irectly by the companies and based on their fuel consumptio n and fuel analyses.

Fuel UNIT CO 2 x 10 3
Fuel cement g/GJ 78 c Diesel oil cement g/GJ 74 c Coal cement g/GJ 92,7-105 Petroleum coke cement g/GJ 96 Industrial waste cement g/GJ 75-102 Gas naturel cement g/GJ 56 c Coal Lime g/GJ 92,7-105 Industrial waste Lime g/GJ 88 Coke Lime g/GJ 100 c Fuel Lime g/GJ 77,2 i
natural gas Lime g/GJ 55,8 i

Table 3.4. : Emissions factors of CO 2 in lime and cement plants in Wallonia. (Source : IPCC i and EMEP/CORINAIR c )

Emisisons of CH 4 and N

2 O62

General

As a result of the in-country review in June 2007, the 3 regions did perform a harmonization of the

emission factors used to calculate the emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O in the sector of manufacturing industry and construction (category 1A2). Before th is 2008 submission, emission factors of CITEPA (Flemish region), IPCC 1996 and EMEP/CORINAIR (Wall oon region) and from a specific study (Brussels region) were used in Belgium.

The emission factors used to calculate the emission s of CH 4 and N 2 O in the category 1A2 are now for all regions based on those proposed in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines except for some specific fuels (see table 3.5 below).

Flanders Wallonia Brussels Flanders Wallonia Brussels

Fuel Unit CH 4 N 2 O
Coal g/GJ 10 10 10 1,4 1,4 1,4

Coke oven gas g/GJ 5 5 - 0,1 0,1 - coke g/GJ - 10 - 1,4 1,4 - Natural gas g/GJ 5 5 5 0,1 0,1 0,1

blast furnacegas g/GJ

5 5 0,1 0,1 -

Fuel g/GJ 2 2 2 0,6 0,6 0,6

Diesel oil g/GJ 2 2 2 0,6 0,6 0,6

Biogas g/GJ - 4 (1) - - 0,1 - Waste gas g/GJ - 2,5 (1) - - 0,1 -

Industrial waste g/GJ - 10 (1) - - 2 (1)

- Black liquor g/GJ - 15 (1) - - 0,6 - Wood g/GJ - 30 - - 4 -

Table 3.5. : Emission factors of CH 4 and N 2 O in the sector 1.A.2 Manufacturing Industries and

Construction.

(1) Source: EMEP/CORINAIR

Iron and steel sector

The emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O in the iron and steel sector are calculated with different methodologies in the regions: In the Walloon region the following CH 4 and N 2 O emission factors in the iron and steel plants

are used :

Fuel UNIT CH 4 N 2 O Coke breeze Sinter and pelletizing plants g/GJ 50 (2) 1,4 (1)
Coke oven gas Sinter and pelletizing plants g/GJ 25 7 (2) 0.1 (1)
natural gas Blast furnace g/GJ 2,5 (2) 0.1 (1)63

Coke oven gas Blast furnace g/GJ 57 (2 ) 0.1 (1)

blast furnacegas Blast furnace g/GJ 112 (2) 0.1 (1)

Coal Electric arc furnace g/GJ 15 (2) 1,4 (1)
Coke breeze Electric arc furnace g/GJ 15 (2) 1,4 (1)
Natural gas Electric arc furnace g/GJ 2,5 (2) 0.1 (1)

Table 3.6. : CH 4 emissions factors for the different fuels in the i ron and steel plants in Wallonia.

(1) Source: IPCC 1996 (2) Source: EMEP/CORINAIR

In the Flemish region the emissions of CH 4 of the iron and steel sector are allocated in the categories 1B1b (production of cokes) and 2C1 (prod uction of sinter) (see these respective sections fo r more explanation of the methodology used). Contacts with the industry involved in the Flemish region indicates that the emissions of N 2 O in the iron and steel sector are negligible.

Other sectors

Glass industry

In the Walloon region the emission factors used in the glass industry are those proposed in the EMEP/CORINAIR guidebook for CH 4 (table 3.7) and the emission factors from table 3. 5 for N2O.

Fuel UNIT CH 4 N 2 O Fuel g/GJ 3 0,6 Diesel oil g/GJ 1,5 0,6 Natural gas g/GJ 2,5 0,1

Table 3.7. : Emission factors per fuel in glass pro duction (EMEP/CORINAIR and IPCC) in Wallonia.

In the Flemish region the emission factors as shown in table 3.5 are used because in the Flemish energy balance the glass industry belongs to the la rger group of mineral-non metallic industry.

Lime and cement industry

In the lime and cement plants, activities which onl y take place in the Walloon region, the emissions o f

CH 4 and N 2 O are plant-specific and determined by measurements on the chimney. Implied emission

factors for CH 4 and N 2 O by fuel are then derived from the energy consumpt ion data and the reported

emissions.

3.2.4. Transport (category 1A3 and 1A5b)

Road transport (1A3b)

The energy consumption data and CO 2 emissions for road transport in the Belgian emissi on inventory are, in contrary with the other sectors where the s um of the regional data is calculated to obtain the national total, based on federal (Belgian) energy s tatistics. This approach was recommended by the64

expert review team of UNFCCC during the in-country review in Belgium in 2003. The activity data represent the amount of fuels sold in Belgium for r oad transport. These activity data are multiplied

with default IPCC 1996 emission factors to calculat e the CO 2 emissions. An overview of these activity

data and emissions of CO 2 is given in annex 8 of this report ‘Activity data and emissions of CO 2 for road transport in Belgium (category 1A3b)’.

Emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O are calculated by compiling the emissions of each region based on the use of the specific models used in the 3 regions (based on COPERT III in the Walloon and the Brussels region and on the MIMOSA III-model in the Flemish r egion).

See section 3.2.1 for more information about the us ed MIMOSA-model in the Flemish region. The complete detailed description of the MIMOSA- II I-model can be found in annex 4 of this report where the Quality Management System of the greenhou se gas inventory in the Flemish region is described. In the technical procedure of the qualit y management system VMM/EIL/GP/5.003 ‘Procedure for the main process: setting up the gre enhouse gas emission inventory’ this methodology is recorded in annex 7.3.3. with the data acquisiti on plan for road traffic in the Flemish region.

Air transport (1A3a and 1A5)

The energy consumption data for the sector of air t ransport in Belgium, activities which take place in the Flemish and the Walloon region, are these as re ported in the regional energy balances. See section

3.2.1 for more information. The emissions and energy consumption data of the ci vil/domestic and military aviation are allocated respectively to the sectors 1A3a and 1A5. The emiss ions and energy consumption data of the

international activities are allocated to the memo items ‘international bunkers’.

Until the 2008 submission in the Flemish region all kerosene used in the air transport was assigned to the bunker fuels and all gasoline for a ir transport was allocated to domestic air transpor t (included military aviation). A default IPCC emissi on factor for CO 2 was used to calculate the corresponding emissions. After internal discussions, the Flemish region deci ded from the 2009 submission on, to keep the same methodology for estimating the emissions of CO2 as for the other greenhouse gases and air pollutants, mainly to harmonize with the methodology used in th e Walloon region. These emissions are calculated for the Landing and Take-Off cycle. The methodology is mainly based on the methodology described in the EMEP/CORINAIR h andbook [3]. These emissions are calculated for 4 airports for civil aviation (Antwerp, Ostend, Kortrijk-Wevelgem and the international airport of Brussels-National) and for 6 airports for military aviation between 1990 and 1996 (Kleine Brogel, Brasschaat, Koksijde, Melsbroek, Sint-Truiden and G oetsenhoven and 4 airports for military aviation from 1997 untill 2007 (Kleine Brogel, Brasschaat, K oksijde, Melsbroek). There has been made some changes to this methodolog y in the Flemish region after the initial review by the expert review team of UNFCCC in June 2007 (m ore detailed statistics on aircraft movements are used).. Afterwards a redistribution in airplane movements was performed between the civil aviation and the international aviation. The conseq uence of this redistribution is a slight increase o f the greenhouse gas emissions of the base year 1990 with 0,03 kton CO 2 eq. The complete detailed description of this calculati on can be found in annex 4 of this report where the Quality Management System of the greenhouse gas inv entory in the Flemish region is described. In the technical procedure of the quality management s ystem VMM/EIL/GP/5.003 ‘Procedure for the main process: setting up the greenhouse gas emissio n inventory’ this methodology is recorded in annex 7.3.4. with the data acquisition plan for air traffic in the Flemish region. The emissions from domestic LTO and military LTO ar e reported respectively under the categories 1A3a (civil aviation) and 1A5 (military aviation), while emissions from international LTO are

allocated to the memo items ‘international bunkers’

.

In Wallonia, there are two main airports in Liège a nd Charleroi. The emissions from aviation are estimated following a very simple methodology d escribed in the EMEP/CORINAIR guidebook65

[3]. Data on LTO activities and fuel consumption c ome from the statistics of the two main airports. Airports deliver the fuel consumptions for domestic and international activities seperately. In the methodology, a distinction is made between e missions from domestic and international LTO

and cruise activities. Emission factors used to est imate emissions from domestic and international

traffic are also based on the table 8.2 in the EMEP /CORINAIR guidebook [3]. The emissions from domestic LTO and cruise activities are reported und er the category 1A3a (civil aviation), while

emissions from international LTO and cruise activit ies are reported under the memo items ‘international bunkers’. All fuel used are supposed to be kerosene.

Railways (1A3c)

During the 2009 submission the emissions from railw ays are recalculated with EMMOSS-model in the Flemish region ( http://www.tmleuven.be/project/emmoss/index.htm ). The emissions of the air pollutants are calculated by using gross tonne-kilo metres, specific end-energy use and emission factors. For the gross tonne-kilometres a distincti on is made between services of trains (goods/person s) and different train types. The complete detailed de scription of this model can be found in annex 4 of this report where the Quality Management System of the greenhouse gas inventory in the Flemish region is described. In the technical procedure of the quality management system VMM/EIL/GP/5.003 ‘Procedure for the main process: setting up the gre enhouse gas emission inventory’ this methodology is recorded in annex 7.3.6. with the data acquisiti on plan for railways traffic in the Flemish region. This plan will be further actualized in the course of 2009.

Before the greenhouse gas emissions from the railwa y traffic were estimated for the 3 regions in the

same way:

In the 3 regions the fuel consumption is based on a proportional fraction of fuel used in Belgium for rail transportation. See also section 3 .2.1. for more information about the energy consumption data in the regional energy balances. T he emissions of CO 2 are estimated by using

default IPCC 1996 emissions factors as recorded in table 3.1. The emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O are calculated by using the activity data (fuel consump tion) of the regional energy balance combined with emission factors of the EMEP/CORINAIR handbook [3] (table 3.8.).

Fuel UNIT CH 4 N 2 O Diesel oil g/GJ 4,3 29,3

Table 3.8. : Emissions factors per fuel in railways (EMEP/CORINAIR and IPCC)

Navigation (1A3d)

The energy consumption data in the sector of naviga tion (category 1A3d) are taken from the regional energy balances. See section 3.2. for more details.

To calculate the emissions of CO 2 in Walloon and Brussels Region, the fuel consumpti on data are multiplied with IPCC 1996 default emission factors as reported in table 3.1.

In the Brussels and the Walloon regions the non-CO2 emissions are calculated by using emission factors of the EMEP/CORINAIR handbook [3 ] (tableau 8-1, Bulk emission factors for 'Other Mobi le Sources and Machinery', part 1: Diesel engines).66

During the 2009 submission the emissions from inlan d waterways (navigation) are recalculated with EMMOSS-model in Flemish region ( http://www.tmleuven.be/project/emmoss/index.htm ). Energy use is calculated by using detailed information on the kilometres covered by inland waterway vessels per waterway. Other parameters are the rate of empty sh ips, age structure, speed, load. To calculate the

emissions of CO 2 , CH 4 en N 2 O the fuel consumption data are multiplied with IPC C 1996 emission

factors.

The calculation of the emissions from the sea navig ation (departure and arrival in Belgian sea ports) is done in the Flemish region by using the EMMOSS-mode l (for more information about the model see

also : http://www.tmleuven.be/project/emmoss/index.htm ). The traffic of goods between the ports of Antwerp, Gent, Zeebrugge and Oostende is taken into account, and there’s an estimation of the emissions from ships for sand extraction, dredging and tug-boats. In general, the model can be summarized by three formulas : 1) energy use (kWh) = time (h) x installed engine power (kW) x engine load factor (%) x number of ships; 2) fuel u se (kg) = energy use (kWh)/engine efficiency (%)/energy content of the fuel (kWh/kg); 3) emissio ns (kg) = fuel use (kg) x emission factor (kg/kg) x correction factor (-). The emission factors for CH 4 and N 2 O were taken-over from a study in The Netherlands (Klein, 2006, “methoden voor de bereken ing van de emissies door mobiele bronnen in Nederland”). The complete detailed description of the EMMOSS mod el can be found in annex 4 of this report where the Quality Management System of the greenhou se gas inventory in the Flemish region is described. In the technical procedure of the qualit y management system VMM/EIL/GP/5.003 ‘Procedure for the main process: setting up the gre enhouse gas emission inventory’ this methodology is recorded in annex 7.3.5. with the data acquisiti on plan for navigation in the Flemish region. This plan will be further actualized in the course of 20 09.

In the Brussels and the Walloon regions the non-CO 2 emissions are calculated by using emission factors of the EMEP/CORINAIR handbook [3 ] (tableau 8-1, Bulk emission factors for 'Other Mobile Sources and Machinery', part 1: Diesel engin es).

Other transportation (1A3e)

In this category 1A3e the energetic emissions origi nate from the compression activities in the sector storage and transport of natural gas. See section 3 .2.1. (‘pipelines’ in the Flemish energy balance) f or more information.

The emissions of CO 2 are estimated by using the IPCC 1996 default emiss ion factors as reported in table 3.1 and the emissions of CH 4 en N 2 O are calculated by using the emission factors from CITEPA90 [2] i.e. 0,3 g CH 4 /GJ and 3 g N 2 O/GJ.

3.2.5. Other sectors (category 1A4)

The activity data, energy consumption data, of the sector ‘other sectors’ (category 1A4) are taken fro m the regional energy balances and added up for repor ting in the Belgian emission inventory. This category 1A4 contains the subsectors commercial/ins titutional, residential and agriculture/forestry/fishery.

The combined heat-power installations of the servic e and the agriculture sectors are allocated to the sector 1A1a ‘Public electricity and heat production ’, the same way as all combined heat-power

installations are allocated.67

The category 1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries is negligible in the Brussels region. As a consequence no greenhouse gases from this sector a re taken into account for this region.

To calculate the emissions of CO 2 , all regions use the default IPCC 1996 emission fa ctors (see table 3.1).

In the tables 3.9 and 3.10 the emission factors for CH 4 and N 2 O for the ‘other sectors’ (category 1A4)

are listed. These are IPCC 1996 emission factors ex cept for the farming vehicles where emission

factors of EMEP/CORINAIR are used because more deta il was obtained in that way.

Fuel Subsector 1A4 Unit CH 4 (1)

Coal Commercial g/GJ 10

residential g/GJ 300

Agriculture heating g/GJ 300

Natural gas Heating

comm/residential g/GJ 5

Heating agriculture

Fuel/diesel oil Heating

comm/residential g/GJ 10

Heating agricul ture Farming vehicles. 4 (2)

Fuel Fishing activities g/GJ 5 (1)

Heavy fuel Commercial g/GJ 10

residential Agriculture heating 10 Propane/butane/LPG g/GJ 5

Lamp petroleum residential g/GJ 10

- commercial Agriculture heating

wood g/GJ 300

Table 3.9. : Emission factors of CH 4 for category 1A4 Other sectors (service, residentia l and agriculture sector).

(1) IPCC 1996 (2) EMEP/CORINAIR

Fuel Subsector 1A4 Unit N 2 O (1)

Coal Heating comm/residential g/GJ 1,4

Agriculture heating g/GJ

- Natural gas Heating comm/residential g/GJ 0,168 Heating agriculture Fuel/diesel oil Heating comm/residential g/GJ 0,6

Heating agriculture

Farming vehicles g/GJ 30 (2)

Fuel Fishing activities g/GJ 0,6 Heavy fuel Heating comm/residential g/GJ 0,6

Agriculture heating

Propane/butane/LPGG g/GJ 0,1 Lamppetroleum Heating comm/residential g/GJ 0,6

Agriculture heating

wood g/GJ 4

Table 3.10. : Emission factors of N 2 O for category 1A4 Other sectors (service, residentia l and agriculture sector).

(1) IPCC 1996 (2) EMEP/CORINAIR

3.2.6. Other (category 1A5b)

The category 1A5 contains other mobile sources. In this section the energetic activities and emissi ons originating from the military transport (domest ic air transport) are allocated in category 1A5b. The energy consumption data are taken from the regi onal energy balances. See section 3.2.1 for more

information. The emissions of the military transport in Belgium are calculated in the same way as explained in section 3.2.4./ air transport. No activities under category 1A5a take place in Bel gium.

3.2.7. Fugitive emissions from fuels (category 1B1 and 1B2)

Coal mining and handling (category 1B1a)

During the in-country review in June 2007, the expe rt review team of UNFCCC detected some missing underground mining activities in the Belgia n greenhouse gas emission inventory. In the beginning of the nineties untill 1992 there still w as some mining activity in the Flemish region. Unti ll 1999 energetic mining activities remain existing. T hese activities consist of an auto-producer of electricity that was active untill 1996 (the waste of the coal was used to produce electricity) and of energy needed for the sorting machines which were a ctive untill 1999. The latter energetic activities are allocated to the category 1A1c. See sections 3. 2.1.(Flemish energy balance) and 3.2.2 (Manufacturing of solid fuels and other energy indu stries) for more information about this sector. The activity data, production of coal, are obtained from the federal statistics in Belgium. The methodology described in the IPCC 2006 guidelines i s used to estimate the diffuse emissions of CH 4

. The IPCC 2006 guidelines uses slighthly different e mission factors (m 3 CH 4 /ton coal produced) compared to the IPCC 1996 guidelines. The undergrou nd mining activities are allocated to the category 1B1a. The emissions of CH 4 decreases from 14 kton in 1990 to 3 kton in 1992.69

Solid fuel transformation (category 1B1b)

Emissions during the cokes production are caused by the loading of the coal into the ovens, the oven/door leakage during the coking period and by e xtracting the cokes from the ovens. The activity data, production data of cokes, are di rectly reported by the companies involved. See also

section 3.2.1. for more information.

In Wallonia and Brussels, the fugitive CH 4 emissions are estimated with the emission factor o f the EMEP/CORINAIR handbook (400 g CH 4 /ton cokes). Activity data (tons of cokes) are deli vered by the corresponding industry.

Emissions of CH 4 originating from the production of cokes were esti mated in Flanders until the 2005 submission by using emission factors of CI TEPA [2], which are in line with the emission factors of the EMEP/CORINAIR handbook (400 g CH 4 /ton cokes). During the previous submission in 2006 a revision o f the emissions of CH 4 was carried out due to the availability of more detailed information of the in dustry involved. Based on monitoring results carrie d out in 2001, 2002 and 2004, the emissions of CH 4 were optimized from 1990 on. During this 2009

submission the emissions of CH 4 of the cokes ovens are newly allocated to the sect or 1A1c to harmonize with the other regions. After consulting the company involved in the Flemish region, these

emissions of CH 4 are considered as total emissions of the cokesoven s.

Petroleum refineries (category 1B2a and 1B2c)

Petroleum refineries are only located in the Flemis h region in Belgium. The activity data reported under category 1B2a are obtained directly from the companies involved through their obliged reporting obligations in the Flemish region via the annual integrated environment report. The activity data is the amount of crude oil used in the refineries.

The estimation of the emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O of the sector petroleum refining occurs as mentio ned

in section 3.2.2.: CH 4 - and N 2 O-emissions from petroleum refining are calculated using a combination of monitoring results (for the 2 largest companies in the Flemish region) and emission factors of CITEPA [2] for the smaller companies.

All CH 4 -emissions of this sector (except the emissions of the combined heat-power installations which are allocated to the sector 1A1a) are allocated in category 1B2a and all N 2 O-emissions (except the emissions of the combined heat-power installations which are allocated to the sector 1A1a) are allocated in category 1A1b. The emissions of CH 4 reported in this category 1B2a also contain the emissions of flaring activities, as a consequence t hese CH 4 -emissions are allocated in category 1B2a and not in category 1A1b.

As described in section 3.2.2. emissions of CO 2 of the refineries are allocated to the sectors 1A1 a for the involved combined heat-power installations of t he refineries, 1B2c for the flaring emissions and 1A1b for the total emissions excluding the emission s of the combined heat-power installations and excluding the emissions from flaring activities.

Gas distribution (category 1B2b)

The activity data reported in the category 1B2b is the annual total natural gas amount consumed in Belgium. These activity data originate from SYNERGR ID, the federation of the gridoperators of gas and electricity in Belgium.70

All transmission, distribution and transport activi ties of gas in Belgium are allocated in this catego ry 1B2b.

The methodology to calculate the emissions of CH 4 originating from the gas distribution (category 1.B.2.b ii/distribution ) is completely optimized for all the regions in Be lgium since the submission in 2004. All information is reported by SYNERGRID, the federation of the gridoperators of gas and electricity in Belgium. These emissions are determined on the basis of the length of gas distribution pipelines. The lengths of the main pip elines (exclusive additional, service pipelines whi ch are pipelines going to households) per public utili ty board are available. The number of additional service pipelines in Flanders is estimated at 1 500 000 for the year 2002 and an increase is assumed o f 24 000 every year (untill 2002) and 30 000 (from 20 03 on). In Wallonia, the number of these pipelines is estimated at 620 000 for the year 2006. The leng th per additional pipeline is 5 m in the Flemish an d the Walloon region. In Brussels, the number of addi tional pipelines is estimated at 186 555 for the year 2006 and the average length per pipeline is 3 m because of the urban environment. Depending on the material of the pipeline different emission fac tors are used. These emission factors are based on measurements carried out. In particular 869, 7865, 869 and 95 m 3 /y/km for respectively steel, pig iron, fibre cement and synthetic material. The density of methane is 0,716 kg/m 3 . The methane content of natural gas distributed is 85%. For each material the length of the pipelines is mu ltiplied with the corresponding emission factor. Th is results in the total natural gas emission in m 3 per year. Multiplying this figure by the methane c ontent and the density of methane, the diffuse methane emi ssion originating from gas distribution in Belgium

is obtained.

Based on the composition of the natural gas distrib uted, emissions of CO 2 from the gas distribution sector are calculated and added to the inventory (n atural gas contains +/- 1% of CO 2 ) in category

1.B.2.bii/distribution.

Emissions of CH 4 (category 1.B.2.b.ii/transmission ) originating from the storage and transport of natural gas in Belgium are calculated and added to the inventory since the 2006 submission.

These emissions are estimated on the basis of measu rements and calculations (taken into account pressure, distance, volume) carried out. All necess ary interventions in case of problems are known and the amounts of gas blown off is registered as accur ate as possible. All information is obtained from Fluxys, the independent operator of the gas network in Belgium.

3.2.8. International bunkers (category Memo Items – International Bunkers)

Information about the international bunkering orig inates from the regional and the Belgian energy

statistics. See also section 3.2.1 for more informa tion about the activity data for international bunkering.

For the airports in Flanders, the reported kerosene fuel is assigned to the bunker fuels and all gasoline for air transport is allocated to domestic air transport (see also section 3.2.4). During the next submission in 2010 this approach will be further ev aluated. Default IPCC 1996 emission factors are

used to calculate the CO 2 emissions (see table 3.1). Also for the marine bunkering, the emissions of CO 2 are calculated by using the IPCC 1996 emission factors. In the Flemish region the emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O of the marine bunkers are calculated by using emission factors of CITEPA90 [2] i.e. 0.1 CH 4 g/GJ and 13,4 g/GJ N 2 O for fuel (marine bunkering).

In the Walloon region the bunker fuel consumption f or the international air transport is given directly by the two Walloon airports. The emissions of CO 2 are caculated by using the IPCC 199671

emission factors. The emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O are estimated following a very simple methodology described on the table 8.2 in the EMEP/CORINAIR gui debook [3]. Data on LTO activities and fuel consumption come from the statistics of the two mai n airports. Airports divide the statistics followi ng domestic and international activities.

3.2.9. CO 2 emissions from biomass

Emissions of CO 2 from biomass are presented in CRF table 1s2. The e missions of CO 2 reported in this table are estimated as good as possible, depending on the information (activity data) available in the different regions in Belgium. These emissions are p robably not complete. More attention will be going

to this item in the future.

3.2.10. Non-energy use of fuels and related emissio ns (categories 1A2 and 2B)

The emissions of non-energy use of fuels and relate d emissions (emissions from recovered fuels from processes) are reported under categories 1A2

, 2B1 and 2B5. As a result of the in-country review performed by t he expert review team of UNFCCC in June 2007, the emissions reported in category 2G during the pr evious submissions are no longer included in the Belgian emission inventory. In this category 2G the emissions from the non-energy use of fuel were reported, estimated by using the IPCC default emiss ion factors of carbon stored during the use of lubricants and solvents. Following the advise of th e expert review team, these emissions of CO2 from the use of solvents and lubricants will only arise when they are burned or destroyed. As a consequence these emissions are excluded out of the Belgian emi ssion inventory during this submission.

In Flanders, a recalculation of the non-energy use and related CO 2 emissions was performed during the 2005 submission, based on the results of a stu dy conducted in 2003 [43]. The default % of carbon

stored in the IPCC Guidelines were considered to be inaccurate in the Flemish situation. The default % of carbon stored in the 1996 IPCC guidelines are no t well defined: it is not clear what is included or excluded in these default % (f.i. is the waste phas e included or not?). Belgium participated in a European network on the CO 2 -emissions from non-energy use (see website http://www.chem.uu.nl/nws/www/nenergy/ ) and one of the conclusions of this network is tha t the new IPCC guidelines need to give more information on th is subject.

To our opinion, the guidelines are also not very cl ear on the allocation of the resulting emissions: i n the CRF table 1.A(d), as part of the reference appr oach, a country should specify in the documentation box where these emissions are allocated. This prob lem of allocation should be tackled also.

Since the petrochemical industry is important in Fl anders and Belgium and the emissions from the feed stocks are a key source in the Belgian invento ry, the study mentioned above was conducted to get more detailed, country-specific information. A dist inction was made between :

1. The use of recovered fuels from cracking units or other processes where a fue l is used as a raw material and where part of this fuel (or transf ormed product) is recovered for energy purposes. These emissions are reported under catego ry 1A2c ‘other fuels’. This is the largest

source of CO 2 emissions. The involved industry is reporting the CO 2 emissions and PJ for these

recovered fuels.

2. CO 2 emissions occurring during chemical processes , for example the production of ammonia based on natural gas or the production ethylene oxi de where CO 2 is formed in a side reaction (reported respectively under 2B1 and 2B5 other). Th e industry involved is reporting these CO 2 emissions directly for these processes. 3. Waste treatment of final products is not included in the study. This is practically impossible due to import/export of plastic products, etc (it i s also not clear if the waste phase is included in72

the default IPCC carbon stored % or not). The emis sions of waste incineration are therefore calculated separately and are reported under the se ctor of waste (category 6C) or under the sector of energy (category 1A1a), whether or not en ergy recuperation takes place during the

process.

The result of the study made a recalculation possib le for all years. The effect of the recalculation w as greater in the more recent years because the petroc hemical industry has expanded its activities in the beginning of the nineties (that’s one of the reason s this sector is a key source).

The resulting emissions are reported under differen t sections. The first and largest part (recovered

fuels ) of the resulting emissions is reported under 1A2 c, under ‘other fuels’. This includes other fuels in the chemical sector, a result of recovered fuels in the steam cracking units in petrochemical indus try (approx. 2/3) and other recovered fuels from the ch emical industry (approx. 1/3). These recovered fuels are reported directly in the yearly surveys c arried out by the chemical federation in cooperatio n with the Vito [1] to establish a yearly Flemish ene rgy balance. The choice was made to allocate these fuels under ‘other fuels’ and not ‘liquid fuels’ or ‘gaseous fuels’, for transparency reasons.

Another part of the emissions surveyed in the study , are considered to be process emissions and are reported under 2B. These include the CO 2 -emission during the production of ammonia (2B1) an d other process CO 2 emissions (2B5) reported by the chemical industry in Flanders (for example production of ethylene oxide, production of acrylic acid from propene, production of cyclohexanone from cyclohexane, production of paraxylene/meta-xylene, etc). These CO 2 emissions result from the same surveys in the chemical sector in Flanders as those reported under 1A2c. In the survey, more sources of emissions from chemical processes are reported t han are described in the IPCC 1996 guidelines.

3.3.Reference approach

CO 2 emissions from fuel combustion were estimated in a ccordance with the “Reference Approach” (Tier 1 Approach – IPCC Guidelines). This estimatio n is based on the national energy balance, which is derived from national statistics of fuel supply. Default values recommended in the IPCC 1996 guidelines were adopted for carbon emission factors , fraction of carbon oxidised, and fraction of carbon stored (feed stocks), except for naphta, whe re a fraction of carbon stored of 100% is taken. Reason for this 100% is that the amount of naphta r eported as feedstock in table 1.A(d) is revised, after work carried out in the Working Group on Ener gy Balances in Belgium (see further this section for more information). The newly reported naphta eq uals the amount of naphta used as feedstock minus the part that was recovered as fuel (approxim ately 20 to 25% each year). This means that the reported naphta is considered to equal a ‘net’ amou nt of C that is stored in products. The recovered fuels of the naphta cracking are reported in the se ctoral approach and are reported as ‘other fuels’ i n the chemical industry (category 1A2c).

The details of this estimation are provided in the categories 1A(b) (reference approach), 1A(c) (comparison reference approach and sectoral approac h) and 1A(d) (feedstocks and non-energy use) in the CRFReporter.

The comparison with the sectoral approach (Table 1A (c)) shows a differences between -4.0% (in 2002) and +4,1% (in 2000). The difference between t he reference approach and the national inventory for all years is visualised in the figure 3.1 below

.73 -1,1% -2,6%

-0,1% -1,9% -0,7% 2,5% 4,1%

2,5% 0,2% 3,4% 1,1%

2,4%

-1,0%

-1,3% 3,4% 2,0%

-1,5%

-4,0%

100 105 110 115 120 125199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007Mton CO2 reference approach (M ton)

sectoral approach

+ % difference

Figure 3.1. : Difference between the Reference appr oach and the national inventory.

There are several reasons why there is a difference between the results of the reference approach and the national inventory. These differences and their potential reasons have been already discussed in previous National Inventory Reports of Belgium. Exc ept for the differences in the amount of naphta used in the sectoral approach and the reference app roach, the reasons are:

• Reason number 1: the results for the reference appr oach and the national inventory are based on different data sets (top-down and bottom-up) The top-down approach is based on national fuel delivery statstistics, the bottom-up approach is based on fuel uses.

• Reason number 2: the effect of calorific values an d emission factors of liquid fuels in the reference approach is important for countries with high import of crude oil. A small variation in the value used, has a large influence on the tot al CO 2 -emissions following the reference approach.

• Reason number 3 : emissions from solid fuels are pa rtially located under industrial emissions in the national approach contrary to the reference approach.

A working group of Energy Balances under the Nation al Climate Commission (Decision made on the

30 th of October 2003) is set up to improve harmonizatio n of the regional and federal energy balances

for the future. Consultations are going on different areas:

- improvement of the basic data of the federal statis tics with respect to extension of the number of companies involved, extension of non-energy oper ators, link with customs and excise taxes, electronical delivering of data;

- fine tuning of definitions and economic sectors and products;

- adapting forms of the federal statistics to obtain a regional geographical split;

- improvement of the federal energy balance by includ ing regional information;

- arrangements related to yearly data exchange betwee n the federal and regional authorities;

- succession and evaluation on a continuous basis.

Because consultations with different sectors are ne cessary in this process of harmonization and an adaption of the legislation is required in some cas es (in October 2006 the Belgian legislation was adapted with respect to the collection of data for the petroleum balance), it is obvious that this pro cess takes time. Regular meetings of the working group w ere held and the following work was performed:

- adjustments to the historical federal petroleum bal ances concerning the total amount of naphta used as non-energy feedstock, based on regional dat a (already in previous submission).74

- adjustments to the Belgian inventory renewables/was te, based on the regional data (including recovered fuels from the chemical sector)

- good exchange of data for the electricity and heat statistics from 2006 on between federal and regional administrations.

- procedures are in place since 2008 to help a better exchange of data for other energy sources (natural gas, renewables and waste, oil, solid fuel s) from 2008 and on

- exchange of ideas to possibly help divide federal o il statistics into regional data (still ongoing).

3.4. Recalculations and planned improvements

3.4.1 Recalculations

Flemish region:

- The emissions of CO2 in the sector iron and steel (category 1A2a) are recalculated for the years 2002 to 2006 due to the optimization of emission fa ctors delivered by one of the largest companies

in the sector. In the 2009 submission the oxidation factors (also delivered by this company and different from the IPCC default factors) are taken into account to estimate these emissions. As a

result the emissions of CO2 in this sector decrease s with about 50-60 kton CO2 for these years. - During the 2009 submission the emission factors o f CH 4 and N 2 O from the combined heat-power installations in the agriculture and service sector s are harmonized between the 3 regions.

- Some minor corrections were made in the Flemish r egion in the energy sector of energy consumption data and emissions of CO2 (mainly for t he years 1991 to 1993).

Brussels and Walloon region:

The emissions of CH 4 en N 2 O from “other transportation” (1Ae3) are estimated in the Brussel and Walloon regions.

Recalculation of the N 2 O emission from coke production in the Walloon regi on to harmonize with the others regions (1,4 instead of 4).

Recalculation of the N2O and CH4 emissions from the road transport in the Walloon region as

there was a mistake of a data used in the model on the all time serie.

Change in allocations of emissions:

- In the Flemish region the emissions of CH 4 from the cokes ovens are reported in category 1A1c (instead of the category 1B1b in the previous submi ssion) to harmonize with the other regions.

3.4.2 Planned improvements

- During the 2010 submission the emissions of CO 2 from the cement and lime sectors for the years 1990 to 2004 will be recalculated in the Wall on region. The emission factors for liquid fuels and gaseous fuels will be taken from the IPCC guidebook and an average emission factor75

by solid and waste fuels will be calculated with pl ant analyses (2005 to 2008) and applied for the previous years.

- During the 2010 submission the emissions of CH 4 from the glass industries for the years 1990 to 2007 will be recalculated in the Walloon region to harmonize with the Flemish region.76



# C HAPTER 

# 4: I NDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

4.1. Overview

4.1.1. Description of the sector

The structure of the industrial sector has undergon e profound changes over recent decades. The mining industries have practically disappeared with the closure of the last coalmines. The metallurgy and textile sectors have been relatively stable, af ter several waves of closures and restructuring. Th e metallurgy industry nevertheless remains one of the key sectors of Belgian industry, both in terms of employment and turnover. The two other key sectors of industrial activity are the chemical industry and the food processing industry, which contribute respectively 3.8% and 2.5% to the GDP.

In this sector of industrial processes the emission s of industrial activities are included which are n ot
related to the combustion of fossil fuels. Also the emissions of F-gases are included in this sector.

4.1.2. Allocation of emissions

The industrial processes in Belgium are covered by

(1) categories 2A1 (cement production) and 2A2 (lim e production), activities which take place only in the Walloon region and category 2A7 (glass and cera mics), activities which take place in the Flemish and the Walloon region. The latter activities are again allocated to the se ctor 2A7 (other/production of glass and ceramics) i n the present submission following discussions in the Working Group 1’Annual inventories’ of the Climate Change Committee. During the 2007 submissio n these activities were allocated to category 2A3 as a result of discussions with ERT during the in-country review in June 2007.

(2) categories 2B1 (ammonia production), 2B2 (nitri c acid production), these activities take place bot h in the Flemish and the Walloon regions and category 2B5 other industrial in the chemical industry in the Walloon region i.e. the production of maleic an hydride and in the Flemish region i.e. the production of caprolactam and other process emissio ns reported by the chemical industry (f.e. the production of ethylene oxide, acrylic acid, ...);

(3) category 2C1 (metal production i.e. iron and st eel industry), these activities take place both in the Flemish and the Walloon regions;

(4) categories 2E (production of halocarbons and SF 6 ) and 2F (consumption of halocarbons and SF 6 );



## 4.2. Methodological issues

The main process emissions of CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O are calculated in Belgium by using production figures, mainly originating directly from the indus trial plant, combined with emission factors presented in reference works like IPCC 1996 Guideli nes, EMEP/CORINAIR handbook [3], CITEPA77

[2] or other specific bibliographies or calculated via monitoring results carried out by the industria l companies in Blegium.

The activity data recorded in this category also de rive mainly directly from the companies involved.

4.2.1. Mineral products (category 2A)

The mineral industry is one of the most important s ectors of industrial process emissions in Belgium and contributes to 41% in 2007 of greenhouse gas em issions in this sector.

In Belgium, cement production (category 2A1 ) only take place in the Walloon region. The Tier 2 methodology is used.

The activity data is the clinker production collec ted directly from individual plants.

CO 2 emissions occur from

- the calcination of carbonates in the raw materials used to produce the clinker;

- the partial or full calcination of cement kiln dust or bypass dust removed from the process;

- the non-carbonate carbon content of raw materials.

These emissions are estimated by using plant-specif ic emission factors. An average emission factor by plant has been estimated in 2002 and is applied on the all time-series 1990-2001. Since 2002, the emission factor varies each year and was calculated directly by the plant. Since 2004, plant data

include information on the CaO content of the clink er and non-carbonate sources of CaO. The decarbonatation of the dust reinjected in the furna ce is also taking account. The evolution of the emission factor is presented in the table 4.1. .

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Clinker production (kt) 5292 5387 5742 5732 5913 6055 5607 5885 5906 5799 6089 5539 5583 5269 5169 5555 5752 5733

IEF clinker (kg CO2/t) 534 535 538 538 538 538 537 537 538 537 537 534 536 557 549 528 541 539

CO2 emissions (kt) 2824 2880 3089 3082 3179 3255 3009 3162 3175 3113 3270 2957 2993 2933 2837 2934 3112 3087

Table 4.1 : Cement production in Wallonia.

Production of lime (category 2A2 ) also occurs only in the Walloon region of Belgium. These emissions of lime production are estimated by using a plant-specific emission factor (741-839 kg CO 2 /T lime or dolomite). This is presented in table 4. 2. A part of the lime production is coming from the kraft pulping process: the CO 2 liberated during the conversion of calcium carbona te to calcium oxide in the lime kiln in the kraft pulping process contains carbon which originates in wood.

This CO 2 is not included in the net emissions (CO 2 biomass in table 4.2). The activity data is the lime and dolomite lime pro duction and is collected directly from individual plants. The emission factors are also collected di rectly from individual plants. The variations of th e global emission factors are mainly due to the diffe rent proportions of lime and dolomite lime production over the years.78

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Lime (kt) 2091 2037 1981 1962 2057 2080 1897 1993 2 050 2075 2085 1770 1742 1785 1927 1721 1845 2349

IEF lime (kg CO2/t) 750 760 750 750 760 760 750 750 750 750 750 750 740 740 750 750 710 748

Dolomite lime (kt) 570 452 408 393 401 374 360 347 385 419 555 823 939 826 851 880 929 328

IEF

dolomite lime (kg CO2/t) 910 910 910 910 910 910 910 910 910 910 910 910 910 910 910 830 890 861

%
dolomite lime prod 21 18 17 17 16 15 16 15 16 17 21 32 35 32 31 34 33 12

IEF global (kg CO2/t) 790 780 780 780 780 780 780 780 780 780 780 800 800 800 800 780 780 762

CO2

emissions (kt) 2097 1951 1865 1828 1921 1921 1756 1819 1895 1944 2 066 2070 2144 2072 2228 2018 2139 2040

CO2

biomass

emissions (kt) 40,9 42,8 42,8 16,6 38,4 30,8 41,9 41,9 45,6 45,6 5 7,2 48 56,1 61,5 62,3 62,3 72,5 72,5

Table 4.2 : Lime and dolomite lime production in Wa llonia.

The CO 2 emissions in the sector of “ limestone and dolomite use” (category 2A7 ) contains the process emissions of the glass and ceramic indu stry in Belgium. No activity data are recorded in the Belgian emission inventory in this sector 2A7 b ecause of the allocation of different subsectors in to the same category.

The production of glass (category 2A7) in Belgium takes place in the Flemish and in the Walloon regions.

The CO 2 emission factors used in the Walloon region in the glass production for the decarbonation are originating from the joint EMEP/C ORINAIR handbook [3] and are 150 kg/ton glass (container glass and glass wool) and 140 kg/ton gla ss (flat glass). Since 2003, the CO 2 emission factors are calculated by the glass plant. These d ata are verified under the emission trading scheme.

It’s difficult to make a recalculation in the Wallo on region between 1990 and 2002 due to the lack of

data.

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Flat glass (kt) 1142 898 1013 961 1103 1193 1157 1162 1163 1085 1157 1178 1291 1304 1150 1234 1418 1358

IEF flat glass (kg CO2/t) 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 137 155 160 137 136

Container glass (kt) 279 237 269 283 250 264 256 278 307 162 290 158 166 215 213 134 213 228

IEF container glass (kg CO2/t) 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 146 160 156 109 108

Glass wool (kt) 82 76 94 96 101 117 127 133 111 129 140 148 143 164 192 90 96 97

IEF glass wook (kg CO2/t) 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 89 102 88 80 78

IEF global (kg CO2/t) 142 143 143 143 142 142 142 143 143 142 143 142 142 133 149 161 136 134

CO2

emissions (kt) 214 173 196 191 207 224 219 224 226 196 227 211 227 224 232 235 234 22679

Table 4.3.1 : glass sector in Wallonia.

In the Flemish region these process emissions of CO 2 from the glass production were newly added in the 2006 submission for the complete time series after consultation with the industrial companies involved. An emission factor of 125 kg CO 2 /ton glass, as proposed by the glass federation, is mainly used in this sector. One company did revi se this emission factor in the current of 2006 to 3 00 kg process CO 2 /ton glass. Because of the comparability of the melting process in the production of glass and enamel, both industries are related in Flanders and consequently put under the same category 2A7. For the one company involved in the enamel production in Flande rs, an emission factor of 650 kg CO 2 /ton was

used in the 2006 submission. This emission factor w as first given by the company and based on the European BREF-documents (reference document Best Av ailable Technology) and is revised in the current of 2006 to 71,12 kg CO 2 /ton glass. The company involved stated that the em ission factor of 650 kg CO 2 /ton is a combination of process and combustion and consequently a double counting of

the emissions of CO 2 occurred. During the 2009 submission, the proces emissions of CO 2 are newly added for a company as a result of their emission reporting in the framework of the EU-ETS Directive. An estimation of the previous years (1990-2004) is performed by using the same me thodology as used in the framework of the EUETS (C-content of raw materials used). As a consequ ence the emissions of CO2 in this sector did

increase with about 1 kton CO 2 for the years 2005 to 2007 and with about 4 kton C O2 in 1990. Another recalculation in this sector during this 20 09 submission is a revision of the implied emission factor of another glass company in the Flemish regi on based on an average emission factor from the EU-ETS-data for the years 2005-2007. As a result th e emission of CO 2 did decrease with 10 to 13 kton

CO 2

. Aggregated data of production of glass and enamel a nd corresponding emissions of CO 2 are included in the table 4.3.2 below for the Flemish region. Th is table is completed as far as information was available for all companies involved. Some activity data are still missing for some companies and

years.

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 200 2 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

total glas kton 397 363 373 368 390 457 390 327 342 269 349 352 344 324 343 287 271 262

total glasfiber kton 16 18 20 21 27 26 27 28 33 28 38 33 39 41 43 4 0 47 55

total enamel kton 21 21 20 19 20 15 18 19 19 19 21 22 21 18 21 19 21 25

tkton CO2 glass 63 53 54 55 58 59 59 51 53 43 44 44 45 24 26 30 27 26

kton CO2 glasfiber 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 6 6 7 8

kton CO2 enamel 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2

total kton CO2 67 57 58 59 63 63 64 56 58 48 50 50 52 31 34 37 36 36

IEF glas (kg CO2/ton) 159 146 146 150 148 129 152 156 154 161 126 127 132 75 77 104 101 100

IEF glasfiber (kg CO2/ton) 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 1 25 125 125 125 125 125 143 143 150 148

IEF enamel (kg CO2/ton) 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 64 69 73 76 74 79 63

Table 4.3.2 : glass sector in the Flemish region.

Also put in the category 2A7 in the 2009 submission are the process emissions of CO 2 originating from the ceramic sector for the complete time series.

In consultation with the federations and companies involved, an estimate is given of the

emissions of CO 2 in the Flemish region. This estimation is calculate d in Flanders with the methodology recorded in the monitoring protocol of the companies (emission trading scheme) and is based on production information and the evolution o f the gamut of products. No complete database of80

the production figures in this sector is available in the Flemish region for the complete timeseries. Table 4.4.1 gives an overview of the emissions of C O 2 (energy and process) in this sector.

Brickes & Tiles 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 200 2 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

kton kton kton kton kton kton kton kton kton kton kton kton kto n kton kton kton kton kton

Totaal kton CO2 491 555 411 516 544 673 652 622 585 563 558 519 453 454 477 526

energy 367 414 308 385 406 444 429 408 387 372 370 342 302 299 300 333

proces 124 141 103 131 138 229 223 214 198 191 189 177 151 155 177 193 200 201

Table 4.4.1 : Ceramic industry in the Flemish regio n.

In the Walloon region an average emission factor wa s established in 2005 by the plants involved in the ceramic industry. Since the submiss ion 2005, each plant gives their own emissions under the emission trading scheme.

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Ceramic production (kt) 483 483 483 483 483 521 402 434 491 483 518 570 608 626 590 626 622 642

IEF (kg CO2/kt) 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 25 23 24 25

CO2 emissions (kt) 11.6 11.6 11.6 11.6 11.6 12.5 9.6 10.4 11.8 11.6 12 .4 13.7 14.6 15 15 14.3 14,8 16

Table 4.4.2 : Ceramic industry in Wallonia.

Also in the iron and steel sector (category 2C), mo re specifically during the sinter production,

limestone and dolomite are used. These emissions of CO 2 are allocated in this category 2C. See

section 4.2.3 for more information.

The CO 2 -emissions due to the use of limestone in pollution control are assumed to be negligible in Belgium and are consequently not estimated.

Soda Ash production (category 2A4) took place in the Walloon region until 1993 in Sol vay’s plant in Couillet. The production of soda ash was discon tinued at the end of 1993 and the plant was closed in 1998. The process used was the Solvay process. From stoechiometric considerations, the industrial process emission of CO 2 associated with the Solvay Process is zero. The ex cess CO 2 emitted from soda ash production originated from coke oxidation is included in the combustion sector.

4.2.2. Chemical industry (category 2B)

The chemical industry is the most important sector in industrial processes in Belgium and contributes to 34% in 2007 of the emissions of greenhousegases in this sector. The different sectors involved are the ammonia production (category 2B1), the nitric a cid production (category 2B2) and the other, non specified sector (category 2B5) with the production of caprolactam as the most important sector.

4.2.2.1. Ammonia production (category 2B1)

Nowadays there is ammonia production in 2 companies in Belgium.81

In Flanders the emissions of CO 2 originating from the production of ammonia are obt ained as a result of the yearly surveys carried out by the c hemical federation in cooperation with the Vito [1] (see also section 3.2.1 and 3.2.10 for more informa tion). In the past the same methodology as in Wallonia was used, nowadays the methodology is adap ted because a part of the emissions of CO 2 is recuperated in the plant and no longer emitted.

In the Walloon region, until 2004, the amount of na tural gas used in the process was given directly by the plant. The CO 2 process emissions were calculated based on this am ount of natural gas. 100% per cent of the carbon content of the natural gas was presumed to be emitted and the default

IPCC emission factor for CO 2 for natural gas (55,8 kton CO 2 /PJ) was used. Since 2005, CO 2 emissions have been given directly by the reporting of the plant under the emission trading scheme. A part of the process CO 2 emissions is used by two other plants and released after use but all

the CO 2 emissions are allocated to the ammonia plant.

No emission factors and CO2 emissions are presented by regions as there is only one company per region and the activity data are confidential.

4.2.2.2. Nitric acid production (category 2B2)

Production figures of nitric acid in Belgium are we l known and recorded in the category 2B2 ‘nitric acid production’.

The N 2 O emissions from the production of nitric acid (cat egory 2B2) are estimated in Flanders untill 2002 by using an emission factor of 8 kg N 2 O/ton HNO 3 from CITEPA [2]. The three plants involved in Flanders agreed with this factor of 8 k g N 2 O/ton HNO 3 since 1990 and give their nitric acid production figures each year. Since 2000 only one plant is still involved in this sector. From 20 03 on lower emission factors in this plant are reporte d, based on monitoring results (approx. 5.6 kg

N 2 O/ton HNO 3 ). The use of catalysts reduces these emissions. A further reduction of these emissions

will be obtained in the future because of the exten sion of the use of catalysts in the different

installations involved. Although the closure of 2 plants in the Flemish reg ion, in 1995 and in 2000 respectively, the production of nitric acid increases and the emissio ns of N2O decreases in time due to undertaken

measures. From 2003 to 2005 a more or less stabiliz ation in production and emissions occur. From

2006 a further decrease in emissions occurs contrar y to the increase in production. As a result the emission factors decreases to 3 and even to 1 kg N2 O/ton HNO3

The producer of nitric acid in the Walloon region p rovides the N 2 O emissions based on their production and on monitoring. There are three inst allations on the plant. The global emission factor used in this region of Belgium is 4,26 kg/t in 2006 . For the time being , there is only one installat ion with an abatement technology (SCR) installed in 199 6. However, this installation did not lead to a

decrease in the N 2 O emissions because of the strong increase of the p roduction since 1996.

No emission factors and N 2 O emissions are presented by regions as there is on ly one company by region and the activity data are confidential.

4.2.2.3. Other (category 2B5)

In the other chemical industrial processes, the emi ssions of CO 2 originate from

(1) the production of 1,2 dichloromethane, vinychloride and anhydride maleique and phtalique in the Walloon region. The emissions are estimated by the chemical industry.

(2) the emissions of N 2 O originating mainly from the production of caprola ctam. Only one company is involved in Belgium in the Flemish region and since 1997 this company offers each year the results of the monitoring carried out. This company estimated the emissions of the previous years from 1990 on82

as accurate as possible. No emission factors and em issions of N 2 O are presented in this report because only one company is involved in Belgium.

(3) other process CO 2 emissions reported by the chemical industry in Fla nders (for example production of ethylene oxide, production of acrylic acid from propene, production of cyclohexanone from cyclo-hexane, production of paraxylene/meta-xy lene, the emissions of CO 2 of flaring in the chemical industry etc). These CO 2 emissions result from surveys in the chemical sect or in Flanders (see also sectios 3.2.1. an 3.2.10 for more details ).

4.2.3. Metal production (category 2C)

Metal production, more specific the iron and steel production (category 2C) is the third most importan t sector of industrial process emissions in Belgium a nd contributes to more than 10% (10% in 2007) of greenhouse gas emissions in this sector of industri al processes. These activities are situated in the Flemish and the Walloon regions .

Also in the iron and steel sector (category 2C ), more specifically during the sinter production,

limestone and dolomite is used. The emissions are n ot allocated to the sector 2A3 ‘mineral products/limestone and dolomite use’ but are alloca ted to this sector 2C. This category 2C includes th e emissions of CH 4 from sinter production (Flemish region) and the pr ocess emissions of CO 2 from the iron and steel sector (Flemish and Walloon region). All activity data recorded in this sector (fluid s teel, pig iron, sinter and cokes) originate directly from the companies involved.

The methodologies used to estimate the emissions of the iron and steel sector are described below for the 2 regions (Flanders and Wallonia) involved. Bec ause different approaches approved by the different companies involved (a.o. based on histori cal background) it is not possible to harmonize these methodologies completely between the regions.

In Flanders, the calculation of the process CO 2 emissions from iron and steel production is based on the production figures of fluid steel and pig iron and on the consumption of electrodes of th e two biggest industrial plants in this sector and wi th an emission factor approved by these plants (% carbon blown off in the convertor (1,11 to 1,17%)an d an emission factor of 158 kg CO 2 /ton pig iron).

Total emissions of CO2 in the iron and steel sector are estimated in the Flemish region on the basis o f a complete C-balance of the biggest company involve d (emissions of energy and process) in combination with energy and process data of the oth er (smaller) companies. The process emissions of the biggest company are put in this category 2C, th e energy emissions (total minus process) are included in category 1A2a. Emissions of production of cokes are separately put in category 1A1c. See

also section 3.2.3 in this context.

In Flanders the emissions of CH 4 originating from the production of sinter are comp letely revised during the 2006 submission and based on the informa tion in the reference document of the Best Available Techniques of the sector iron and steel a nd on monitoring results from 2001 on. Emissions

of CH 4 are measured since 2001. Because of the switch of cokes grit into anthracite from 2004 on (because of environmental technical reasons) emissi ons of respectively 1964, 2699 and 2750 ton CH 4 are measured in 2005, 2006 and 2007. Emissions of C H 4 in the remaining years are much lower, almost negligible.

Table 4.5.1 gives an overview of the production fig ures of sinter and steel in the Flemish region.

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 200 2 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 sinterproduction in kton 5267 5250 4461 4803 5260 5230 51 60 5468 5541 5366 5601 4524 5752 5195 6300 6300 5800 6500 steel production in kton 4189 4322 3582 3946 42712 4312 45 13 4571 4588 4679 4575 3554 4515 4673 5836 5481 5941 530683

Table 4.5.1 : iron and steel industry in the Flemis h region.

In the Walloon region, iron is produced through the reduction of iron oxides (ore) with metallurgical coke (as the reducing agent) in a bla st furnace to produce pig iron. Steel is made from pig iron and/or scrap steel using electric arc or b asic oxygen.

The emission estimates in this sub-sector include a lso emissions from the production of steel in basic oxygen type furnaces but not the emissions from the combustion of the fuel. Until 2004, the emission factors in the basic oxygen furnace steel plant are used as indicated in table 4.5. The plants approv ed these emission factors. Until 2002, 100 % of the C O 2 in the pig iron produced in the blast furnace has been estimated to be emitted in the basic oxygen fu rnace due to the lack of data’s (purchased pig iron

, C in steel produced, C in steel scrap). According to the industry, the amount of C in steel scrap is equivalent of the amount of C in steel produced and consequently the amount of C is approximately zero. This assumption was confirmed with the emissi on trading data.

Until 2004, the process CO 2 emissions from electric arc furnaces were based on the consumption of electrodes with an emission factor of 5 kg CO 2 / t steel.

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

C in pig iron (% weight) 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4, 6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,66 4,66

CO 2 emission factor (kg/t pig iron) 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 171 171

CO 2 emission factor (kg/t steel) basic oxygen furnace 153 152 154 155 158 158 161 166 165 169 167 164 165 164 162

CO 2 emission factor (kg/t steel) electric arc furnace 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Table 4.5.2 : Emission factors used in the iron and steel sector in the Walloon region (Source: plant specific /ULG)

Since 2005, CO 2 emissions have been obtained directly by the oblig ed reporting of the plants under the emission trading scheme. They take into account the carbon storage in the remaining iron and also the emissions from burning electrodes. This sub-sector included a part of the CO 2 emission in the sinter plant. Until 2004, these e missions were calculated by using an IPCC 1996 emission fact or of 200 kg CO 2 /ton sinter. The emissions calculated involved combustion and process emission s. Combustion emissions were reported in the energy sector (fuel consumption x emission factor ( table 3.1) and the remaining emissions were reported in the process sector. These process emis sions are originating from additive in the furnace as limestone. Since 2005, CO 2 emissions (process and combustion emissions) have been obtaining directly by the obliged reporting of the plants und er the emission trading scheme. In the future, it will be difficult to make a recal culation for the complete time series due to the lack of necessary data. All these data are presente d in the table 4.5.3. The IEF total in 1990 and 19 91 differ from 200 kg CO 2 /t as the production of one pelletization plant is taking into account with no process emissions.

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Sinter production (kt) 8468 7613 6417 5475 5325 6175 5188 5651 6219 6195 6568 6981 7481 7396 6494 5381 5370 4801

CO2

combustion emissions (kt) 1221 1129 1050 880 725 786 692 789 864 724 1010 110 5 907 1241 1148 919 903 852

IEF total (kg CO2/kt) 189 165 200 201 199 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 213 214 212 219 213 22384

CO2 total emissions (kt) 1602 1256 1281 1102 1062 1235 1038 1131 1244 1239 1 311 1396 1593 1582 1375 1179 1144 1071

CO2 process emissions (kt) 381 127 231 223 337 449 345 342 380 515 301 291 686 341 228 260 242 219

IEF process (kg CO2/kt) 45 17 36 41 63 73 66 61 61 83 46 42 92 46 35 48 45 46

Table 4.5.3 : Sinter industry in Wallonia.

CH 4 and N 2 O emissions of the iron and steel sector in the Wal loon region are included in the energy sector (emission factors as recorded in table 3.6). See section 3.2.3. for more information.

4.2.4. Fluorinated gases (categories 2E and 2F)

The emissions of the categories 2E and 2F (producti on and consumption of halocarbons and SF6) contribute to 13% of total greenhouse gas emissions in 2006 in the sector of industrial processes in Belgium. For estimating the emissions of the F-gases describ ed in Annex A to the Kyoto Protocol (hydrofluorocarbons HFCs, perfluorocarbons PFCs, su lphur hexafluoride SF6), a country-specific methodology was developed by 2 consultancies (ECONO TEC and ECOLAS) in 1999 based on the IPCC Guidelines [35][10][28] and since then updated every year and further optimised by ECONOTEC. This optimization did occur in collaborat ion with VITO since 2005 [45].

The present contribution of the F-gases to the tota l GHG emissions covered by the Kyoto Protocol (1.3% in 2006) is significantly lower compared to 1 995 (3.3%), mainly thanks to abatement measures in the chemical industry. Since 1999, the total F-g as emissions have been increasing every year (except in 2005, which can entirely be explained by the reduction of PFCs in the chemical industry), as a result of the current regulations relating to the substitution of ozone depleting substances.

No systematic emission inventories of fluorinated g reenhouse gases were made for the years 1990- 1994 because it is very difficult to obtain reliabl e information. However Belgium did try to estimate the F-gas emissions for these years as accurately a s possible (see CRF-tables): the emissions of the chemical process industry, which represent 89% of t he total fluorinated GHG emissions in 1995, are known for the complete time series. For the years 1 990-1994, the emissions of the remaining sources (11% in 1995) were assumed constant and equal to th eir level of 1995. As a result, the Belgian emission inventory of fluorinated gases from 1995 t o 2006 can be considered as time consistent for the complete time series.

2E Production of halocarbons

The emissions of category 2E (Production of halocarbons) are those of an electr ochemical synthesis (electro-fluorination) plant, which emits, or has e mitted SF 6 , CF 4 , C 2 F 6 , C 3 F 8 , C 4 F 10 , C 5 F 12 and C 6 F 14 as well as fluorinated greenhouse gases not covered by the Kyoto Protocol (among which CF 3 SF 5 , C 7 F 16 , C 8 F 18 and C 8 F 16 O). This plant produces a broad range of fluorochem ical products, which are used as basic chemicals as well as end products and mainly in the electronic industry. The emissions of this key emission source are partly fugitive and partly non-fugitive. A gas incinerator with HF-recovery has been install ed in 1997 to reduce the non-fugitive emissions.

This has resulted in a drastic reduction of the emi ssions, which are estimated for 2006 at about 150 k t CO2 equivalents (for the gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol), down from 4.4 Mton CO2 equivalents

in 1995. The processes used in this electro-fluorinated plan t is unique in the EU (there are however some similar plants in the US). This means that there is no readily available documentation on the processe s85

used neither on the reported emission factors. The emissions have been calculated by using mass

balances in combination with measurements. These me asurements are based on EPA Method 320 using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroscop y) and GC/MS (gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry). The emission estimates are complicated due to the f act that all emissions come from batch processes and that there are many reactors and process steps. For each process step (around 60 steps for the greenhouse gas emissions) an emission factor is rep orted. The emission factors are combined with detailed specific production data. Due to the compl exity and for reasons of confidentiality, the detai led emission calculations cannot be made public. An external audit was performed in 2005 on the emis sion inventory by CH2M HILL. One of the findings was: “CH2M HILL finds that the company has been diligent in its effort to remove scientific uncertainty from the downstream emission estimates, the company has gone above and beyond the expectations outlined in the GHG Protocol in its at tempts to reduce uncertainty, and the resulting emission estimates are transparent and provide a ba sis for consistent reporting of GHG emissions.” (August 2005).

2F Consumption of halocarbons

Emissions of fluorinated greenhouse gases are mainl y estimated on the basis of the consumption of the different substances for each application, the cons umption of products containing such substances, figures on external trade in substances or products containing substances, as well as on emission modelling by application and assumptions on leakage rates. These emissions are allocated to the category 2F

.

As explained in [45], the potential emissions of each substance for each application a re calculated as the consumption minus the amount reco vered, the stock variation being neglected.

The actual

emissions of HFCs come from the following categori es: refrigeration (industrial & commercial and household refrigerators) and air con ditioning equipment (in stationary applications and in vehicles), foams (closed cell foams, polyure thane cans and foams in refrigerators/freezers), Metered Dose Inhalers (MDI), aerosols other than MD Is and fire extinguishing (fixed installations).

For the refrigeration sector, emissions have been e stimated separately for the following source categories: industrial and commercial installations , household refrigerators, air conditioning of priv ate cars, air conditioning of buses and coaches, and re frigerated transport. In accordance with the IPCC guidelines, the assembly emissions, the operation e missions and the disposal emissions are being determined separately. The assembly emissions are c alculated as a function of the estimated amount charged into new systems and the percentage assembl y losses, the operation emissions as a function of the amount stocked in existing systems and assumpti ons on annual leakage rates, and the disposal emissions in function of the amount in systems at t ime of disposal and the estimated recovered

fraction.

An annual inquiry is made on the consumption of the major F-gas containing product manufacturers, among which the 4 car manufacturers. These data are used for calculating the potential emissions as well as the assembly emissions.

The HFC emissions from household refrigerators are rather negligible. They have been calculated separately for the 3 regions together with the emis sions of CFCs and HCFCs from these applications.

Industrial and commercial “installations” represent all on-site assembled systems for industrial & commercial refrigeration as well as stationary air- conditioning applications, which is the largest sin gle source of F-gas emissions. The consumption and emis sion of refrigerants are modelled on the basis of86

an annual inquiry among refrigerant distributors on their national supply by refrigerant mixture 6 , as well as on assumptions on average loss rates, from which the estimated supply for refilling vehicles i s subtracted. No distinction is made between industr ial refrigeration, commercial refrigeration and air conditioning installations, as it is not possible t o disaggregate the consumption data between these sub-sectors, because of the presence of intermediar y wholesalers, and the fact that no inventory of

installations is available.

The refrigerant consumption and emissions of the tr ansportation sector are estimated by modelling the
evolution of the vehicle stock, on the basis of the number of new vehicle registrations and of the percentage of new vehicles equipped with air condit ioning., by category of vehicles (cars, buses and coaches).

There is still no survey concerning the fraction of new car registrations with air conditioning in Belgium. However, the federal public services of Mo bility in collaboration with GOCA (association of the companies carrying out the technical control of automobiles) have performed an inquiry in October

2005 which has resulted in an estimate for several years of the percentage of new cars having air conditioning. The results of this inquiry are used as a basis in the calculations of the emissions.

The emissions from refrigerated transport are calcu lated on the basis of the annual number of new registrations of refrigerated trucks and trailers b y gross / net weight categories, the average quanti ty of refrigerant (by type of refrigerant) contained in e ach vehicle (by vehicle category) and emission

factors taken from the literature.

For the foam sector, the modelling of emissions is based on an annual inquiry among the foam manufacturers on their consumption of blowing agent s, and on assumptions on emission rates for manufacturing and product use, as well as on extern al trade, by type of insulation foam.

Two types of closed cell foam are taken into consid eration: extruded polystyrene foam and polyurethane foam (panels or blocks). The emissions from closed cell foams are calculated from:

- the annual consumptions of F-gases by the manufactu rers;

- assumptions of assembly emission factors;

- assumptions about the relative share of external tr ade;

- assumptions about the emission factors from the foa m bank.

The end-of-year bank of F-gases is calculated annua lly, by substance, from the end-of-year bank of the year before, the quantity added to the bank and the emission from the bank.

The figures for the consumption of foaming agents a re obtained from FEBELPLAST 7 , for the members of this association and from a direct enqui ry, for non members. They are collected separately for the manufacture of polyurethane foam (PUR) and extruded polystyrene (XPS).

Belgium is a large producer of polyurethane cans (‘ one component foam’) and its production is almost completely exported. Emissions of HFCs from this se ctor arise both during manufacturing and as a result of their use. The latter source is much larg er than the former. The emissions during manufacturing are based on data obtained from the m anufacturers. The emissions of HFCs contained in polyurethane cans sold in Belgium are based on e stimates from the leading manufacturer, complemented by figures from the literature. They a re based on estimates of the evolution of the number of cans consumed, the share of the cans cont aining HFCs, the quantity of HFC per can and the

relative shares of HFC 134a and HFC 152a.

6 This inquiry does not cover the supply to equiment manufacturers, which, as already mentioned, are th e subject of a separate

survey.

7 Belgian Association of Plastics and Rubber Convert ers.87

The foam of domestic refrigerators and freezers con tains HFC245fa. The emissions have been evaluated but assumed to be negligible.

For fixed fire extinguishing installations, an annu al questionnaire is being sent to the eight compani es that install such systems in Belgium, asking for th eir consumption of HFCs (HFC 227ea and HFC 125). All companies have responded.

The emissions resulting from the consumption of met ered dose inhalers (MDI) are based on the data on annual sales of MDIs in Belgium, which are obtai ned from the specialised market research firm IMS Health, both in terms of number of units and nu mber of doses. The emissions are estimated on the basis of the type of gas used in each pharmaceu tical product (taken from the Compendium of AGIM) and on assumptions on the quantity of fluorin ated gas per dose.

The former CFC aerosol market has practically compl etely moved to alternative propellants, such as hydrocarbons. However, in the technical aerosol sec tor there are some applications for which it is inappropriate, usually for safety reasons, to use t hese alternative propellants, and manufacturers hav e switched to HFCs (generally HFC 134a) as a safe alt ernative. The emissions during production have been estimated on the basis of HFC consumption data obtained through Essenscia, the professional association of the chemical industry. The scarcity and diffused character of this emission source make s it difficult to quantify the emissions during use. Estimates of the latter are based on a study carrie d out at the European level.

The SF

6 emissions originating from the production and the stock of soundproof double-glazing are calculated from the SF6 consumption data, which hav e been obtained from the main manufacturers.

The stock of SF 6 contained in existing glazing in Belgium is evalua ted on the basis of a balance between production, import and export of this glazi ng over the years. From information obtained from the double glazing producers we assessed a specific export rate for each of them. The import of acoustic double glazing was estimated to be around 10% of the Belgian consumption. The emission rate of glazing from the bank is assumed to be 1% / year, as previously. The emission from production of acoustic double glazing is assumed to be 33% of the SF 6 consumption. The disposal emissions are based on an assumed unique lifetime of 25 years.

SF 6 emissons from the electricity sector are based on stock and emission factor data obtained from the

SYNERGRID association.

In total, the “Kyoto” HFC gas emissions expressed i n tonnes CO2-equivalents have been gradually increased (+257 % between 1995 and 2006), as a resu lt of the current regulations related to CFC and HCFC substitution. The main uses are the refrigerat ion sector and the production of synthetic foams.

During the 2009 submission, the following changes h ave been made to the inventory data for the Fgases for the period 1995-2006:

- Bulk potential emissions have been introduced for t he years 1995-97, for which they were missing.

- The figures for recovery of R12 in dismantled house hold refrigerators have been improved for

2006.

- For the foam of household refrigerators, the estima te of the size of the bank of R11 has been

revised.

- The consumption of R134a of vehicle manufactures ha s been improved for the years 2003-2006.

- For refrigerated transport, small irregularities in the data on registrations of refrigerated trucks a nd trailers, obtained from the FPS Economy, were remov ed for all previous years.

- Some other minor mistakes or inconsistencies have b een removed, with only have a negligible impact on the total emissions.

- In the CRF background data Table 2(II).C,E, complem entary information has been provided for the PFC emissions, for all years. Formatted: Bullets and Numbering88

As a consequence of this recalculation of emissions , only a negligible change (impact on total emissions < 1 kt CO2-eq) has taken place for the em issions of the Kyoto greenhouse gases in 1995. For the later years, the changes remain very limite d.

4.2.5. Non-energy use of fuels (category 2G)

As a result of the in-country review performed by t he expert review team of UNFCCC in June 2007, the emissions reported in category 2G during the pr evious submissions are no longer included in the Belgian emission inventory. In this category 2G the emissions from the non-energy use of fuel were reported, estimated by using the IPCC default emiss ion factors of carbon stored during the use of lubricants and solvents. Following the advise of th e expert review team, these emissions of CO2 from the use of solvents and lubricants will only arise when they are burned or destroyed. As a consequence these emissions are excluded out of the Belgian emi ssion inventory during this 2008 submission and

the emissions of CO 2 in the base year decrease with 415,544 kton CO 2

.



## 4.3. Recalculations and planned improvements

4.3.1. Recalculations

- During the 2009 submission, the proces emissions of CO2 are newly added for one glass company in the Flemish region (category 2A7) as a r esult of their emission reporting in the

framework of the EU-ETS Directive. An estimation of the previous years (1990-2004) is performed by using the same methodology as used in the framework of the EU-ETS (Ccontent of raw materials used). As a consequence th e emissions of CO2 in this sector did increase with about 1 kton CO2 for the years 2005 t o 2007 and with about 4 kton CO2 in

1990.

- Another recalculation in the glass sector (2A7) dur ing this 2009 submission is a revision of the implied emission factor of another glass company in the Flemish region based on an average emission factor from the EU-ETS-data for the years 2005-2007. As a result the emission of

CO2 did decrease with 10 to 13 kton CO2 for the com plete time series.

- During the 2009 submission, the following changes h ave been made to the inventory data for the F-gases for the period 1995-2006:

- Bulk potential emissions have been introduced for t he years 1995-97, for which they were missing.

- The figures for recovery of R12 in dismantled house hold refrigerators have been improved for 2006.

- For the foam of household refrigerators, the estima te of the size of the bank of R11 has

been revised.

- The consumption of R134a of vehicle manufactures ha s been improved for the years

2003-2006.

- For refrigerated transport, small irregularities in the data on registrations of refrigerated trucks and trailers, obtained from the FPS Economy, were removed for all previous years.

- Some other minor mistakes or inconsistencies have b een removed, with only have a negligible impact on the total emissions.89

- In the CRF background data Table 2(II).C,E, complem entary information has been provided for the PFC emissions, for all years.

4.3.2. Planned improvements

No specific improvements are planned in the near fu ture in the estimation of greenhousegas emissions in Belgium in the sector of industrial processes.90



# C HAPTER 

# 5: S OLVENT AND OTHER PRODUCTS USE

5.1 Overview

In Belgium the emissions of NMVOC in the source cat egory ‘Solvent and other product use’ include paint application (building industry & households), production of medicines, paints, inks and glues, domestic use of other products (incl. glues and adh esives), coating processes in general (incl. assemb ly of automobiles), printing industry, wood conservati on, treatment of rubber, storage and handling of products, recuperation of solvents and extraction o f oil, cleaning and degreasing and dry cleaning.

No estimation of the CO 2 equivalent emissions of the solvent consumption is carried out in Belgium.

The greenhousegas emissions in this category 3 in B elgium are related to the use of N 2 O as an

anaesthetics.



## 5.2. Methodological issues

The regions in Belgium are using comparable methodo logies to estimate the emissions of solvent and other product use in their region. The emissions of NMVOC in Flanders are estimated by using the results of a study started by the University of Gent in 1998 and continued by the Fle mish Environment Agency (VMM). In Wallonia, the calculation is based on a methodol ogy established by Econotec [39]. In the Brussels region, the emissions are calculate d by using the results of the research projects [16 ], [17] and [20]. Because of the less importance of these emissions i n the greenhouse gas story, only a general view of how these emissions are calculated in Belgium is gi ven below.

Broadly speaking, emissions of NMVOC are estimated in Belgium as follows :

- All emissions of category 3A (NMVOC emissions for Paint Application...) as well as some of category 3.D (other domestic use, wood coating, woo d conservation, recovery of solvents, treatment of rubber, coating of synthetic material and paper) ar e estimated based on production figures that are given by the specific industry or professional fede rations. The emission factors used are mainly the solvent content of the product.

- The remaining emissions of categories 3C (product ion of paints, inks and glues) and 3D (storage and handling of products and assembly of automobiles, e xtraction of oil seeds, textile coating and printin g industry) are estimated based on information gather ed in the industrial databases mainly originating from the yearly reporting obligations of the indust rial companies.

- The emission calculation for the emission of N 2 O from anaesthesia (3D) is based on the number of hospital beds in Belgium and the average consumptio n of anaesthetics per bed. The emission factor is 10,3 kg N 2 O/bed/year. This factor was determined by inquiries carried out in 1995 by an independent consultant agency Econotec [39]

.

It has been assumed that all of the nitrous oxide u sed for anaesthetics will eventually be released to the atmosphere. The number of beds used for the emissio ns calculations was obtained from the DGASS (General Directorate for Health and Social Action) and from the Health Public Federal Service..91

- There is no estimation carried out in Belgium of the CO 2 equivalents calculated out of the emissions of NMVOC of the solvent consumption because of the unreliability of this factors proposed in

literature.



## 5.3 Recalculations and planned improvements

5.3.1. Recalculations

No main recalculations of greenhousegas emissions a re made in the sector of solvent and other product use during this 2009 submission. However, a s with all other sectors, a constant actualization of the inventory is performed. Consequently most re calculations of the emission inventory 1990-2007 are performed in the last years (2005 and 2006) bec ause more accurate information became available for these years. In the Flemish region a study is conducted in the c ourse of 2008-2009 for the optimization of the inventory of NMVOC, specific for the sectors of coa ting, cleaning & degreasing and dry cleaning. This study started in June 2008, results became ava ilable in June 2009.

5.3.2. Planned improvements

In the Flemish region a study is conducted in the c ourse of 2008-2009 for the optimization of the inventory of NMVOC, specific for the sectors of coa ting, cleaning & degreasing and dry cleaning. This study started in June 2008, results are expect ed in June 2009.92



# C HAPTER 

# 6: A GRICULTURE

6.1. Overview

6.1.1. Description of the sector

The main types of rearing and cultivation business and their numbers are represented in tables 6.1 and 6.2. Those data are available on a yearly basis and are used as one of the activity data for the agricultural sector (see 6.2.1). Tables 6.1 and 6.2 give an overview of the sector in Belgium.

Belgium Evolution

2006-2007 Flemish

Region Walloon

Region Brussels

Capital region

Number of businesses 48013

- 3,7% 31984 16008 21 Agricultural land (ha) 1370285

- 0,9% 622133 747840 312
Grassland (ha) 507304

- 1,9% 165527 34167 7 100
Grains (ha, without maize) 271655

- 0,5% 92525 179045 85
Maize (ha) 222134 +2,0% 165009 57070 55 Sugar beet (ha) 85956

- 0,4% 33881 52048 26
Potatoes (ha) 67942 +1,0% 42393 25526 23
Others (ha) 215293

- 2,4% 122798 92474 22

Table 6.1. : Main types of cultivation in Belgium ( NIS, 2007 http://www.statbel.fgov.be/figures/download_nl.asp# agrtel ).

Belgium Evolution

2006-2007 Flemish

Region Walloon

Region Brussels

Capital region

Bovins (total) 2649392

- 0,5% 1318654 1330452 286 Bovines under 1 year 773554

- 0,6% 429278 344172 104 Male bovine between 1 and 2 years 134604 +0,7% 72136 62458 10

Female bovine between 1 and 2 years 374349

- 0,7% 179493 194821 35

Male bovine more than 2 years 35779 +3,8% 17809 17962 8 Female bovine more than 2 years 286585

- 2,5% 161275 157300 21 Dairy cows 500005

- 1,4% 280720 219218 67

Brood cows 544516 +1,2% 177943 334521 41

Porcs (total) 6255404

- 0,6% 5897632 357769 3 Pigle t under 20 kg 1637982

- 0.7% 1585786 52196 0 Piglet between 20 and 50 kg 1292706 0.4% 1198870 93836 0 Fattening pigs more than 50 kg 2748013

- 0.3% 2557105 190905 0 Breeding males 8494

- 6.4% 7903 591 0

Sows 568209

- 2.5% 547968 20241 0 Sheep 150532 -2.2% 94368 56126 38

Goats 28870 3.2% 17280 11572 18

Horses 35371 -5.9% 22216 13086 69 Poultry (total) 32750113 -7.9% 27529203 522017 4 736 laying hens 11906499

- 4.0% 10304396 1601920 183

Broilers 20160913 +2.3% 16593124 3567309 480

Others 682701

- 10.0% 631683 50945 7393

Table 6.2. : Number of heads in the main livestock categories in Belgium (NIS, 2007 http://www.statbel.fgov.be/figures/download_nl.asp# agrtel).

The land used for agriculture in 2007 extends to 1. 370285 hectares (Table 6.1) or 45.3% of Belgium. In 2007, the number of agricultural and horticultur al businesses amounted to 48013. This number had dropped by 16% in 5 years, the disappearing of smal l businesses being a general trend in the sector.Additionally in Flanders, this partly can be explained due to the subsidized cut down of the number of cattle. This was in 2001 and 2002 only th e case for swine, in 2003 however an extension to bovine and poultry occured. Nevertheless the land a rea used for agricultural purposes remained identical during this period. In 2007 Wallonia has 55% of the land used for agriculture, but 67% of agricultural businesses are situated in Flanders. T he land area used for farming is on average 19 ha p er farm in the Flemish region and 47 ha per farm in th e Walloon region.

Organic farming and the businesses in transition to wards this type of farming only represent 2.4% of the total area in 2007 (3.9 % in Wallonia, 0,6 % in Flanders http://www.bioforum.be/v2/producent_cijfers_05.aspx ) . The evolution of the Belgian agricultural sector is of course directly related to the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union.

6.1.2 Allocation of emissions

Some agricultural sectors such as rice cultivation, prescribed burning of savannahs (categories 4C and 4E) and field burning of agricultural residues (cat egory 4F) are not occurring in Belgium. The agricultural sector in Belgium covers the categorie s 4A, 4B and 4D.

The agricultural activities on the Brussels territo ry are extremely small compared with the 2 other regions in Belgium. As one can see in table 6.2, th e agricultural area or the number of animals in the Brussels region does not exceed 0.02 % of the natio nal figure. Keeping in mind the large uncertainty on agricultural emissions, the emissions in the Bru ssels region are deemed negligible and are consequently not estimated.



## 6.2. Methodological issues

6.2.1. Data sources

The main activity data are the livestock figures, a gricultural land area and edible crop production ofNfixing and non-N-fixing crops. The National Institu te of Statistics (NIS) [26] publishes these numbers yearly. All agricultural businesses have to fill in a form each year about the situation on the 1st of May of that year and send it to the National Statistics (NIS). Further details on the agricultural census methodology and QA/QC issues can be found on the NI S website: www.statbel.fgov.be

.

With an average temperature of 11.5°C in 2007 (www. meteo.be ), Belgium as a whole has a "cool"

climate.

In Flanders, data as average animal weight, weight gain, feeding situation, milk production and nitrogen fertiliser use come from the Department Agriculture and Fishery . The data of milk production used in Flanders is the real production of milk in the region: milk supplies from Flemish producers to Flemish or Walloon consumers and the d irect sales on the farm. For 1990-2003 the real milk production is calculated per milk quota year ( e.g. 1 st april 2000 till 31 st march 2001). The milk production data from 2004 on (with excepetion of th e direct sales on the farm) are calculated for a calendar year (1 st january till 31 st December). Before 2004 this information per calend ar year is not

available.94

For fertilizer use the Department and the Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (the socalled IVLO) conducts surveys on a representative s ample of the different types of agricultural businesses and produces yearly weighted average val ues on the fertiliser use, taking into account manure pressure [49] (table 6.3).

In Flanders the allocation of animals to AWMS as we ll as the detailed data for nitrogen excretion factors originate from the Manure Bank and is based on the regional situation. The nitrogen excretion factors for cattle, horses, sheep, goats and rabbit s are used as described in the Manure Action Plans (MAP2bis till 2006 and from 2007 on MAP3 ( http://www.vlm.be/SiteCollectionDocuments/Publicati es/mestbank/Normen_2009.pdf)). For dairy cows, in MAP3, these N-excretion factors depend on the milkproduction per cow. For the N-excretion factors of swine and poultry, a farmer can choose t o use the standard excretion factors. Or they can choose (or in some cases are obliged) to use the ot her systems (regression, animal feed convenant, input-output balance).

The nitrogen leaching (taken into account in the N 2 O model) is based on the SENTWA model (System for the Evaluation of Nutrient Transport to Water) which is updated yearly [50]. This model empirically calculates the discharge of nutrient st reams caused by agriculture to the surface water. This because one of the polluting sources of the wa tercourses is the diffuse discharge coming from agriculture (from animal manure, fertiliser and sil age). The SENTWA model is based on a split of the

nutrient stream in seven sub-streams or sources of loss. The area of cultivated organic soils is obtained by the University of Leuven (KUL). Given the slow pace of change the area is taken constant over the entire time series.

The N volatilised as NH 3 form fertiliser use and animal manure is derived f rom the models used to calculate the respective NH 3 -emissions [51]. The model used to calculate NH 3 emission from animal manure takes into account four emission stages: ind oor stable, outdoor storage of manure, manure application to land and emissions from grazing anim als. The factors used in this model are updated yearly if necessary. A copy of this model can be fo und in annex 4 of this report.

In Wallonia, the emissions are calculated using a m odel developed by a consultant agency Siterem [30] with recognised experience in this field. Some amendments have been applied on the model in order to better comply with the UNFCCC requirements and to keep only the relevant regional specific emission factors. Different data are used as input in the model which then calculates CH 4 , N 2 O and

NH 3 emissions (NH 3 is used for other mandatory reporting than UNFCCC) . Four emissions sources were pointed: animal husbandry, the excreta of agri cultural animals deposited in buildings and collected as either liquid slurry or solid manure, application of animal manure to land and mineral

fertilisers.

In Wallonia, the data on sludge spreading on agricu ltural soils are available on the website of DGARNE (http://www.environnement.wallonie.be /). The allocation of animals to animal waste management system (AWMS) comes from the NIS agricul tural census of 1992 and 1996, where those data were collected by animal type. Those data are not collected on a yearly basis by the NIS given their slow pace of change. However, an update of th e 1996 data would likely be useful in the near

future. So far we have no information about the NIS planning regarding this update.95

Synthetic fertilizer use Synthetic fertilizer use (kg/ha) Emission Factor (%)

Flanders

The Polders 117.28 11.6

Rest of Flanders 111.08 1.7

Wallonia 110 2.3

Table 6.3. : The amount (kg) of synthetic fertilize r use per ha (2007) and the NH3 emission factor for each region

6.2.2. Enteric fermentation (category 4A)

Because CH 4 -emissions from enteric fermentation are a key sour ce category for cattle, a Tier 2 approach is required in both regions, Flanders and Wallonia. The Tier 2 methodology is used for cattle since the 2008 submission. This methodology is base d on the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and harmonized between the two regions.

CH 4 emissions from enteric fermentation from the other , non key source, animal categories (sheep, goats, swine, horses and mules and asses) are estim ated using the Tier 1 methodology as described in the IPCC Good Practice Guidance [10].

Key source category

The cattle population is divided into slighly diffe rent groups in Flanders and Wallonia as can be seen

in table 6.4. The average animal weight and weight gain, as disc ussed in 6.2.1, originate in Flanders from

the Department Agriculture and Fishery and in Wallonia from average weights published by the federal finance departement : http://www.fisconet.fgov.be/nl/?bron.dll&root=V:/si tes/FisconetNldAdo.2/&versie=04&file=fdi2005/f di2005&zoek=000000000&name=0111/74@0111/75&Style=-1 &hdr_referer=&type=2&

.

Subcategories Average weight (kg) Weight gain

(kg/day)

Flanders Slaughter calves 162 1,100 Bovine under 1 year 184 0,750 Bovine between 1 and 2 years 427 0,700 Bovine more than 2 years 660 0,250 Dairy cows 600 0,650

Brood cows 600 0,650

Wallonia

Bovines under 6 months 164 0,700 Bovines between 6 months and 1 year: male 184 0,700

Bovi nes between 6 months and 1 year: female 184 0,650 Bovines more than 1 year for fattening: male 427 0,700 Bovines more than 1 year for reproduction: male 617 0,700 Bovines more than 1 year: female 501 0,650 Dairy cows 600 0,650

Brood cows 600 0,650 Table 6.4. : Average weight and weight gain for the different cattle categories in Belgium.

The emission factors for each category of cattle ar e estimated based on the gross energy (GE) intake and the methane conversion rate for each category. In successive steps the gross energy intake is96

calculated. These steps include the amount of feed energy required for maintenance, feeding (to obtain their food), growth, lactation and pregnancy. In an nex 4 of this report a copy of the calculation of t he

GE intake and emission factors in Flanders can be f ound. The methodology is the same in the Walloon region. The different steps and the formulas used a re discussed in detail.

For the calculation of the net energy for feeding ( NEfeed) in Wallonia a coefficient of 8.5% of the ne t energy for maintenance (NEm) is used, considering t hat all animal categories spend half of the time on
pasture. In Flanders for slaughter calves a coefficient of 0 % is used, considering the animals are kept inside their entire lifetime. Dairy cows and brood cows sp end 42% of the year on pasture and the other bovine 40%. Resulting in a coefficient respectively of 7.14% and 6.8%.

The formula used for the calculation of the net ene rgy for pregnancy (NEp) originates from the IPCC guidelines 2006 (equation 10.13).In both reguions, a coefficient of 0.8 is applied, assuming that only 80% of this subcategory is actually pregnant each y ear. In Flanders, data for feed digestibility (DE%) orig inate from a report [http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/680125001 .html ] [52] from the Netherlands, a neighbouring country with comparable feeding situat ions. Table 6.5 gives an overview of the feed digestibility of the different feed types. Slaughte r calves in Flanders are only fed with milk replace r. The diet of dairy cows contains more or less 30% co ncentrates and the rest roughage. The absolute amount of concentrates in the diet from dairy cows remained more or less constant over the time series, but by increasing the absolute amount of ro ughage in the diet the milk production has strongly increased from 11kg milk/day/cow in 1990 to 18.7 kg milk/day/cow in 2007. For non-dairy cows the feeding situation is not yet specified, a DE% of 75 % is used.

In Wallonia , an average digestibility of 75% is us ed, considering that the cattle are fed with fresh grass during pasture and with silage and concentrat es in stable.

Table 6.5. : Digestibility of the feed of cattle in %.

In both regions a methane conversion rate (Ym) of 6 % is used to calculate the emission factor for each cattle type. The emission factors for all categorie s with exception for dairy cows stay constant over the entire time series. For dairy cows the emission fac tor increases with increasing milk production. In Flanders from 98 kg CH 4 /head in 1990 to 122.7 kg CH 4 /head in 2007. In Wallonia from 99,8 kg

CH 4 /head in 1990 to 114,4 kg CH 4 /head in 2006.

Table 6.6 shows the calculated emission factors in Flanders and Wallonia for the different cattle type s in 2007.

Subcategories Emission factor (kg CH4 / head)

Flanders Slaughter calves 19,59 Bovines under 1 year 25,80 Bovines between 1 and 2 years 47,16 Bovines more than 2 years 50,4 5 Dairy cows 122.7

Brood cows 67,81 Feed DE%

Calf milk replacer 90%

Concentrates 80%

Maize 72% Grass silage 72% Fresh grass (grazing animals) 79%97

Wallonia

Bovines under 6 months 20,2 Bovines between 6 months and 1 year: male 24,8 Bovines between 6 months and 1 year: female 26,9 Bovines more than 1 year for fattening: male 48,7 Bovines more than 1 year for reproduction: male 61,3 Bovines more than 1 year: female 57 Dairy cows 112,4

Brood cows 68,3 Table 6.6. : Emission factor for each animal catego ry (2006).

Non key source categories

Sheep, goats, swine, horses and asses are no key so urce category. Therefore a Tier 1 methodology is

used:

CH 4 emission (ton) = number of animals * emission fact or

The IPCC 1996 emission factors in table 4-3 of the Guidelines are used for all non-key source animal categories. The classification of the animal categories occurs according to the IPCC 1996 methodology.

The emission factors presented in the CRF tables ar e a weighted average of the emission factors used at the regional level. Table 6.7 gives an overview of the emission factors used in both regions.

Catego ries Emission factor (kg CH 4 / head)

Flanders Emission factor

(kg CH 4 / head)

Wallonia sheep 8,0 8,5

goats 5,0 5.0

Swine 1,5 1,5

Horses 18 18

Mules and asses 10

- Table 6.7. : The emission factors (kg CH 4 /head) for the different non key source categories.

6.2.3. Manure management (category 4B)

Methane

Key source categories

Because CH 4 -emissions from manure management are a key source category for cattle and swine, a Tier2 approach is required. The methodology is base d on the IPCC Good Practice Guidance [10] and is harmonized between the two regions. This Tier2 m ethodology (see also annex 4) is used for both

cattle and swine in Flanders and for cattle alone i n Wallonia since the 2009 submission. Wallonia may use this Tier 2 as well, but swine is not a key sou rce in Wallonia – as presented in table 6.2Wallonia only grows 5 % of the total belgian swine) – and E F used in de current methodology are close to the IPCC value, therefore this methodology is not used for swine for the time being.

Table 6.8 gives an overview of the factors used in both regions in 2007. The gross energy intake (GE) and DE% for cattle are derived from the methodology used to calculate the CH 4 -emissions from cattle.98

The factors ash content of the manure, maximum meth ane producing capacity and methane conversion factors (table 6.9) originate from the IPCC Good Pr actice Guidance [10], the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines (reference manual) [28] or the IPCC 2006 Guidelines [54]. The fraction manure handled in each management system (MS%) is region-specific. As mentioned above Flanders also implemented this T ier2 approach for swine. Because at this moment no region-specific GE intake factor is avail able for each subcategory of swine, the default IPCC GE intake factor is used (Table B-2 from Appen dix B of the Reference Manual). DE% is taken 75%, ash content of the manure and Bo are defaults (IPCC1996).

Subcategories GE (MJ/day) ASH

(%) VS (kg dm/day) Bo

(m3/kg of VS) Emission Factor

(kg CH 4 /head)

Flanders Slaughter calves 50 8 0.25 0.17 1.96 Bovines under 1 year 66 8 0.82 0.17 1.93 Bovines between 1 and 2 years 120 8 1.49 0.17 3.53 Bovines more than 2 years 128 8 1.60 0.17 3.77 Dairy cows 312 8 3.82 0.24 18.42

Brood cows 172 8 2.15 0.17 7.33

Swine 38 2 0.50 0.45 9.96

Wallonia

Bovines under 6 months 51 8 0.26 0.17 0.23

Bovines between 6 months and 1 year: male 63 8 0.77 0.17 0.61

Bovines between 6 months and 1 year: female 68 8 0.85 0.17 0.77

Bovines more than 1 year for fattening: male 124 8 1.54 0.17 1.39

Bovines mor e than 1 year for reproduction: male 156 8 1.94 0.17 2.48

Bovines more than 1 year: female 145 8 1.81 0.17 2. 30 Dairy cows 287 8 3.58 0.24 11.45

Brood cows 174 8 2.31 0.17 1.73

Table 6.8. : Overview of the factors used to calcul ate the CH 4 emission from manure management for

cattle and swine.

The methane conversion factor for each manure manag ement system are harmonized between the two regions.

Manure Management System MCF

MCF pit storage below animal confinements* 19%

MCF daily spread 0,10%

MCF solid storage* 2%

MCF poultry manure 1.5

MCF pasture, range and paddock 1%

* : IPCC 2006 Guidelines

Table 6.9.: The methane conversion factors (%) for each manure management system.

Non key sources categories99

Sheep, goats, poultry, horses, mules and asses are no key source categories. The methodolgy for swine in Wallonia (5% of the belgian swine number of head s) is presented here. The methodology used is different for the two regions, Wallonia and Flander s. Therefore they will be discussed separately.

Flanders

CH 4 emissions from manure management for the non key so urce categories in Flanders are estimated using a region specific methodology.

The model used for the calculation of the emissions has been developed in a simple excel format. A copy of the excel file can be found in annex 4 of t his report.

In the box below the formula used for the estimatio n of CH 4 emissions from manure management can

be found as well as the source of the different fac tors used.

[[(1) Source : Department Agriculture and Fishery; (2) Source : Flemish Land Agency; (3) Source : Casada & Safley [53], (4) see table 6.9].

For poultry the slaughter weight and an integrator (value less than 1) are used (see table 6.10) takin g into account that the weight of the cattle over the whole lifetime is not the same as the slaughter weight. The integrator integrates therefore between the weight at birth and the slaughter weight. For the other animal types, the average weight is k nown, and therefore the integrator is 1. The MCF values are weighted averages depending on the diffe rent manure managent systems for one category.

Category Weight

(kg) Integrator Manure production

(kg/d/1000kg ) VS

(%) Emission

Potential (m3/ kg VS) MCF

(%)

sheep 50 1 40 23 0,19 4.42
goats 50 1 41 26.6 0,17 4.42

Horses 500 1 51 19.6 0,33 1

Mules 250 1 51 19.6 0,33 1 poultry Broilers (for breeding) 2 1 85 19.4 0,32 2 Broilers (for fattening) 1,3 0,52 85 19.4 0,32 2 Laying hens 2 1 85 19.4 0,32 1.78 Young laying hens 1,3 0,52 85 19.4 0,32 1.78
Ducks 2,5 0,54 85 19.4 0,32 1.5
Goose 7,5 0,65 47 19.4 0,30 1.5 Turkeys 7 0,49 47 19.4 0,30 2 Guinia fowl 1,2 0,55 85 19.4 0,32 2

Table 6.10.: Calculation factors used for the CH 4 emissions from manure management in the Flemish region (Source: Department Agriculture and Fishery, Flemish Land Agency, Casada & Safley [53]).

Wallonia CH 4 emission (m3) = number of animals * average weight (1) (kg) * integrator (2) * manure production (2&3) (kg/day/1000kg) * 365/1000 * volatile solid (3) (%) * emission potential (3) (m3/kg VS) * CH 4 potential (4) (%)

CH 4 emission (ton) = CH 4 emission (m3) * 0,662kg/m3 CH 4 emission (m3) = number of animals * average weight (1) (kg) * integrator (2) * manure production (2&3) (kg/day/1000kg) * 365/1000 * volatile solid (3) (%) * emission potential (3) (m3/kg VS) * MCF

(4) (%)

CH 4 emission (ton) = CH 4 emission (m3) * 0,662kg/m3100

Emission factors for other non key source animal ca tegories and swine (key source) have been developed by Siterem [30]. Those factors take into account the type and volume of manure produced during the time spent in stables, its density and c arbon content, and its carbon volatilisation ratio. The parameters come from studies conducted in Wallonia or in France. Those emission factors are multiplied by the number of animals to estimate the total emissions from manure management.

The resulting EF are comparable to the default IPCC EF (table 6.11 hereunder) : in 2009, the EF used in Wallonia is 2,54 for swine (IPCC default = 3).

The change between 1990 and 2005 is linked to the c hanges in AWMS between 1990 and 1996 (see table 6.12a presented under nitrous oxide emissions ). The IEF for swine is a weighted average of many subcategories, so it slightly changes from yea r to year.

Number of heads (100) in 2007 1990 IEF CH4 Manure
management 2005 IEF CH4 Manure

management 2007 IEF CH4 Manure
management

Sheep 56 0,25 0,25 0,25

Goats 12 0,25 0,26 0,25

Horses 13 2,03 2,03 2,03

Swine 358 2,54 2,54 2,47

Poultry 5220 0,11 0,08 0,08

Table 6.11.: The emission factors (kg CH 4 /head) in 1990, 2005, 2007 for the different catego ries

Nitrous oxide

For the calculation of the N 2 O emissions from agriculture in Flanders a methodol ogy is developed by the University of Ghent [7] according to the method ology as described in the IPCC 1996 GPG. The

model used for the calculation of the emissions has been developed in a simple excel format. A copy

of the excel file can be found in annex 4 of this r eport and is similar to the model used in Wallonia. The model integrates the three N 2 O sources: emissions from manure management, discus sed here,

indirect and direct emissions discussed below in 6. 2.4.

The N 2 O emission estimation from manure management is bas ed on the nitrogen excreted by each animal category, estimated through local production factors. The calculation takes into account the number of days in pasture and the ratio of liquid s ystems, solid storage, daily spread and other.

In Wallonia N-excretion factors were first determin ed for the implementation of the CE Nitrates Directive 91/676 (see annexes of the decre e downloadable on http://www.nitrawal.be/pdf/arretenitrates_mb2.pdf , but were representing the nitrogen after deduction of the atmospheric losses, so new factors were calc ulated on this basis for the purposes of estimating atmospheric emissions. In Wallonia, the allocation of animals to AWMS comes from the NIS agricultural census of 1992 and 1996, where those d ata were published by animal type. Those data are not collected yearly by the NIS given their slow pa ce of change. The factors are presented on table

6.12.101 1992 1992 1996 1996 1992

&1996

Nex (kg/head.yr) Solid

manure Liquid

manure Solid

manure Liquid

manure % stable

vs pasture

Bovines under 6 months 13,4 86% 14% 87% 13% 100%
Bovines between 6 months and 1 year: male 37,5 94% 6% 90% 10% 50%
Bovines between 6 months and 1 year:

female 30,8 88% 12% 87% 13% 50%

Bovines more than 1 year for fattening: male 97,8 88% 12% 87% 13% 50%

Bovin es more than 1 year for reproduction:

male 84,4 78% 22% 77% 23% 50%

Bovines more than 1 year: female 58,9 78% 22% 77% 23% 50%
Dairy cows 120,5 63% 37% 56% 44% 56%

Brood cows 97,8 93% 7% 91% 9% 50%

0% Piglet under 20 kg 4,7 49% 51% 42% 58% 100% Piglet between 20 and 50 kg 10,4 49% 51% 42% 58% 10 0% Fattening pigs more than 50 kg 16,1 38% 62% 33% 67 % 100%
Sows 37,5 35% 65% 47% 53% 100% Breeding males 42,9 35% 65% 52% 48% 100%

0%
Lambs 4,4 100% 0% 100% 0% 100% Sheep <1 year 4,4 100% 0% 100% 0% 50% Sheep >1year 8,8 100% 0% 100% 0% 50%

0% 0% Goats <1year 4,4 100% 0% 100% 0% 50% Goat > 1 year 8,8 100% 0% 100% 0% 50%
Horses 75,0 100% 0% 100% 0% 50%

0%
Broilers 0,4 78% 22% 89% 11% 100% Laying hens 0,8 3% 97% 6% 94% 100% Other poultry 0,6 48% 52% 26% 74% 100%

Table 6.12a.: Nitrogen excretion factors and alloca tion of animals to AWMS for each category

in Wallonia . Evolution between 1992 and 1996 data from NIS.

In Belgium, the local excretion factors are more or less comparable to the 1996 IPCC default value, especially if the principle of Table 4.14 of the IP CC Good Practice Guidance is taken into account. The adjustment factors from the revised IPCC 1996: reference manual table 4-20 are given according to the age range. In Belgium, the agricultural cens us allows a detailed disaggregation in subcategorie s according to the age or the weight of the animals ( see table 6.2). Table hereabove gives an overview o f the ratio of liquid and solid manure for the main a nimal categories. The pace of change is slow between 1992 and 1996 for AWMS. However, although c hanges are limited for many subcategories, they have significant impact on emissions for some important categories, such a s dairy cows

In Flanders, the origin of the nitrogen excretion f actors and of the allocation of animals to AWMS is described above in 6.2.1 (see also table 6. 12b).102



### Category N ex (kg N/animal/yr) AWMS

Bovine

Slaughter calves 10,5 100% liquid storage

Other bovine under 1 year

Male 22,3 24% liquid storage

36% solid storage

40% pasture ditto

Female 33 ditto

Bovine from 1 to 2 year

Male

for the reproduction 58 ditto

other 58 ditto

Female

Fattening cows 58 ditto

For replacement of dairy cows 58 ditto

Bovine more than 2 year 77 ditto

Dairy cows 105 39% liquid storage

19% solid storage

42% pasture

Brood cows 65 39% liquid storage

19% solid storage

42% pasture

Sheep

Sheep under 1 year 4,36 19% liquid storage

81% pasture

Sheep more than 1 year and goats 10,5 ditto

Swine

Piglet under 20 kg 2,46 96% liquid storage

4% daily spreading

Piglet between 20 and 50 kg 11,48 ditto

Fattening pigs more than 50 kg 11.48 ditto

Breeding pigs more than 50 kg ditto

Boars 22,08 ditto103

Sows

coverred sows 22,05 76% liquid storage

24% solid storage

Non-coverred sows 21,89 ditto

Horses

Horses under 6 months 35 96% pasture

4% other

Farming horse more than 6 months 65 ditto

Other horses more than 6 months 50 ditto

Mules 35 ditto

Rabbit 3.16 ditto

Furred animals 3 ditto

poultry

Broilers (for breeding) 1.14 85% solid storage

15% other

Broilers (for fattening) 0,58 ditto

Laying hens (for breeding) 0,51 44% storage within housing

23% solid storage

33% other

laying hens 0.59 ditto

Breeding cocks 0.68 100% solid storage

Turkeys 2.01 ditto

ostriches 8,6 100% liquid storage

other 0,24 ditto

Table 6.12b.: Nitrogen excretion factors and alloca tion of animals to AWMS for each category in Flanders (2007).

After determination of the excreted nitrogen per AW MS, in both regions the IPCC default emission

factors from table 4.12 and 4.13 from the IPCC GPG for liquid systems, solid storage, daily spread, pasture and other are applied (respectively 0,001; 0,02; 0; 0,02; 0,005 kg N 2 O-N/kg N excreted). For storage within housing in Flanders 0,001 kg N 2 O-N/kg excreted is used.

6.2.4. Agricultural soils (category 4D)

Nitrous oxide

The N 2 O emission estimation from agricultural soils can b e divided into direct and indirect emissions as described in the IPCC 1996 methodology . The N 2 O emissions are calculated according to104

this IPCC methodology using country or region speci fic data where available. In annex 4 of this report a copy of the excel file can be found for the Flemi sh region. The same methodology is used in

Wallonia.

N 2 O is also emitted as a by-product during soil nitri fication and denitrification processes. There is a very high variability in the emission rates and the estimation methodologies try to take into account local conditions to reduce the uncertainty.

The N 2 O direct soil emissions (category 4D1) include the N 2 O emissions from daily spread, spreading of mineral fertilisers, spreading of organic fertil isers and nitrogen from crop residues.

The N 2 O emissions from mineral fertilisers account for th e nitrogen volatilised as NH 3 and NO. The model uses a volatilisation rate (Frac GASF ) from mineral nitrogen to NH 3 and NO. In Wallonia the average rate of 2.3 % is based on the default value s recommended by IIASA for different types of fertilisers. In Flanders the average rate for NH 3 volatilisation in 2007 is 2.8%. This is calculated by the

model that estimates the NH 3 emissions from synthetic fertiliser as developed b y ILVO. The rate for

NO volatilisation in Flanders is 1.5%. The IPCC 199 6 emission factor from table 4-18 of 1.25% kg

N 2 O-N/kg N is used.

The N 2 O emissions from animal manure application are calc ulated in the same way as N 2 O emission from mineral fertiliser spreading. The animal manur e nitrogen used as fertiliser is again adjusted for

volatilisation. The fraction volatilised as NH 3 and NO in Flanders (Frac GASM ) varies from 0,36 kg(NH 3 -N+NO-N)/kg Nex in 1990 to 0,21 kg(NH 3 -N+NO-N)/kg Nex in 2007. The reason for this strong reduction of Frac GASM can be found in the implementation of the differen t successive Manure Action Plans in Flanders (see hereunder). In Wallon ia and Flanders no animal manure is burned.

Because of the severe manure surplus in Flanders, a Manure Action Plan (MAP) has been set up. The

first in 1991 with the manure decree witch reduced the period in which manure can be spread and foresees for the first time in the emission poor ap plication of manure on land. The MAP2bis in 2000 focuses on the reduction of the manure surplus and manure processing in order to reduce the NH 3 emissions from manure application on land. Other MA P’s followed. Also the MAP describes the amount of manure that a farmer can apply to his agr icultural soils. Briefly, this depends on the proportion of the amount manure produced to the ava ilable agricultural soils of that farmer. Therefore in Flanders the animal manure nitrogen applied to l and is corrected for the amount of manure transported outside Flanders or to a fertiliser pro cessing company. So, in other words, manure that is not applied to the soils in Flanders, can not lead to direct N 2 O emissions in Flanders. On the other hand, manure that is imported in Flanders and appli ed to Flemish soils does lead to direct N 2 O

emissions. This as well has been taken into account

. In both regions the IPCC 1996 emission factor of 1 .25% kg N 2 O-N/kg N is used.

The N 2 O emissions from crop residues can vary according t o the preceding culture. The nitrogen fixed by the N-fixing crops is estimated by multiplying, for each culture, the cultivated area by the edible dry matter crop production and the Frac NCRBF. The dry matter content of the crops in Flanders ar e region specific. In both regions the IPCC 1996 emis sion factor of 1.25% kg N 2 O-N/kg N is used.

In Wallonia, the nitrogen from grazing (category 4D 2) is estimated, taking into account the number of days in pasture and the nitrogen excreted by each a nimal category. Available nitrogen is the differenc e between the manure nitrogen content and the manure nitrogen volatilisation in NH 3 and NO form. The IPCC default emission factor of 0,02 kg N 2 O-N / kg N is then used to estimate the emissions.

In Flanders the implied emission factor for histoso ls is 8 kg N 2 O-N / kg N. The area of histosols in Flanders has been estimated using regi on specific data based on an intersection between

the CORINE Land Cover Geo dataset from 1990 and the Belgian ‘Soil association map’. The area is

held constant for the entire time series . No histo sol cultivation occurs in Wallonia, where the only recorded organic soils are part of a nature reserve

. In Wallonia, the indirect emission (category 4D3) c onsiders the N 2 O emissions from atmospheric deposition, leaching and runoff. The us ed emission factors are IPCC 1996 defaults. The atmospheric deposition is estimated at 10,9 kg N/ha . The N 2 O emissions from leaching and runoff are105

estimated by multiplying available nitrogen quantit y in soil (animals excreta from grazing, mineral an d organic fertilisers spreading, crop residues decomp osition, sludge and atmospheric deposition) by two factors. The first estimates the fraction of nitrog en lost by leaching and runoff, with a value coming

from local studies and which falls into the IPCC ra nge (0.18 kg N / kg N available). The second

estimates the volatilisation rate in N 2 O form with the IPCC default value (0,025 kg N-N 2 O / kg N, table 4.18 of the IPCC Good Practice Guidance).

In Flanders, the nitrogen leaching is based on the SENTWA model (Stystem for the Evaluation of Nutrient Transport to Water) [50]. See 6.2.1 for mo re explanation. FracLeach in 2007 is 0.07.

The category other (category 4D4) consists of N 2 O emission from sludge spreading on agricultural soils. It is considered a fixed contribution of 0,1 kg N/ha x year and an emission factor equal to 0,0 125 kg N-N 2 O/kg N from sludge.



## 6.3. Recalculations and planned improvements

6.3.1. Recalculations

General recalculations :

- In Wallonia, the milk production has been slightly revised, as a mistake in the data source

since 2003 was found. The EF for enteric fermentati on is consequently revised from 2003.

- Also in Wallonia, the methane emissions allocated u nder agricultural soils have been deleted, as they are already included under manure managemen t.

- In Flanders a few corrections have been made to the model used to calculate the NH 3 - emissions from 1996 on. This has minor implications on the N 2 O-emissions (from 1996 to 2004: minor increase, from 2005 on minor decrease).

- In Flanders, from 2004 on data on milkproduction (r eal milk supplies from Flemish producers to Flemish or Walloon consumers) are obtained for a calendar year in stead of a milk quota year (with exception of direct supplies on the farm for which only data on milk quota year (e.g. 1 st april 2007 till 31 st march 2008) are available). In the submission of 2 008 all data were still based on a milk quota year. This results in a reduction of the methane emissions of less

than 0.5%.

Recalculations based on the results of the UNFCCC c entralized review in September 2008:

- In Wallonia, the emission factor for enteric fermen tation for goats, horses and sheep has been revised in order to harmonize the methodology betwe en the regions. The new EF are IPCC default values, the same factors as in Flanders.

- As a result of the centralized review in September 2008, Wallonia and Flanders revised the

estimates for CH 4 -emissions from manure management for cattle (dairy and non-dairy) using the Tier2 methodology as described in the Revised 1 996 IPCC Guidelines. This methodology is harmonized between the two regions. This recalcu lation results in a decrease of the

emissions for the entire time series and a reductio n of 24489 ton CH 4 or 514 kton CO 2 in the base year.106

- Flanders also revised the estimates for CH 4 -emissions from manure management for swine, using the same Tier2 methodology as described above for cattle. This results in an increase of

the emissions for the entire time series and an inc rease of 4999 ton CH 4 or 105 kton CO 2 in the base year.

- Flanders revised the MCF used to calculate the CH 4 -emissions from manure management for the non key source categories. These MCF are harmon ized with the MCF used for cattle and swine. This adjustement results in a decrease of em issions for the entire time series and a

reduction of 2675 ton CH 4 or 56 kton CO 2 in the base year.

6.3.2. Planned improvements

- In Flanders a revision of the model used to calcula te the emissions of NH 3 started at the end of 2007 and was completed in december 2008. Special at tention went to the emissions from manure processing, a revision of the emission facto rs of NH 3 , uncertainty determination, geographical allocations of the NH 3 emissions and inventorying mineral fertilizer type and application. The results of this study will also ha ve an impact on the direct and indirect

emissions of N 2 O (category 4D ) and will be taken into account during the 2010 su bmission.

- In Wallonia, the use of Tier 2 for swine in manure management will be considered, in a view to harmonise the methodologies. The N2O from agric ultural soils will be verified, particularly regarding the accounting of nitrogen lost as NH3 in the current model.107



# C HAPTER 

# 7: L AND 

# -U SE 

# C HANGE AND 

# F ORESTRY

7.1. Overview

Belgium has a temperate maritime climate, with mode rate temperature variability, prevailing westerly winds, heavy cloud cover and regular rain.

Belgium decides to adopt the following forest defin ition for use in accounting for its activities unde r the Convention, and Article 3.3 and 3.4 of the Kyot o Protocol:

 Minimum tree crown cover: 20 %

 Minimum land area : 0.5 ha

 Minimum height at maturity: 5 m

These choices allow to use the result of the actual and projected regional forest inventories (Walloni a and Flanders) to calculate the C stock of different pools (biomass, dead organic matters and mineral soil). This definition is fully consistent with the official FAO definition and is already reported in the 2005 Forest Resource Assessment (FRA 2005).

The distribution of forests in Belgium is shown in table 7.1. The total productive forest area in
Flanders amounted to 144700 ha in 2000, based on th e regional forest mapping (Van de Walle et al, 2005), while Walloon forests covered 458700 ha (Per rin et al. , 2000). Moreover, the non-productive areas as open spaces, roads, rivers etc. in the Fle mish and Walloon forests were also excluded from th e analysis.

Considering the very small forest area in the Bruss els region (0,3 % of the total forested area), no inventory of the emissions has been conducted so fa r.

Regions Total area Forest area Forest cover % of the

total (km2) (km2) (%) Belgian

forest area

Wallonia 16845 4587 27,2% 75,8%
Flanders 13521 1447 10,7% 23,9%

Brussels Capital 162 20 12,3% 0,3%

Belgium 30366 6054 19.9% 100,0%

Table 7.1: Forest cover in Belgium (source: Nationa l Institute of Statistics and regional forest inventories, Year 2000)108



## 7.2. General consideration on the methodological is sues

Belgium follows the methodology described in the Go od Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and forestry (GPG 2000) to establish the LUL UF inventory.



## 7.3. Forest lands

7.3.1 Forest land remaining forest land

A. Change in carbon stocks in living biomass

Forest inventories were conducted both in the Flemi sh and the Walloon regions using similar sampling techniques. The inventories are drawn up by samplin g to determine the surfaces by categories of property (Private or Public: State, Province, Commu nity), type of forest, species, age, size and quali ty. The sampling points of the regional forest inventor ies were selected according to a 1.0 km x 0.5 km grid oriented from the east to the west on the Nati onal Geographic Institute (NGI) maps at a scale of 1/25000. The rectangular grid had the advantage of going against the orientation of the relief element s oriented along a southwest – northwest axis and aga inst ecological and geological gradients predominant in the N-S orientation. Each grid inter section, located in a forest, represented the centr e of a sampling plot. For plots at edges or borders, the plot centre was moved towards the inside of the plantation. The overall impact of changing the plot centre don't conduct to any systematic bias (still a random procedure (Lecomte & Rondeux, 1994; AB&G, 20 01).

Sampling plots are circular and of 10 are each. The following information was collected : category of property (private or public : state, region or prov ince), municipality, forest type, stand structure a nd development stage, commercial quality for broadleaf species with a section exceeding 22 cm circumference, evidence of damage caused by game an d the health and condition for harvest (these two last categories are only available for the Wall oon forests) (see Figure 7.1.). Topography (exposition and slope), soil texture and drainage c lass, age (class), canopy closure, tree species, circumference at 1.5 m and total and dominant heigh ts were also collected. Basic information in the

Flemish and the Walloon inventories was therefore v ery similar. Moreover, the same cubage tables were applied to calculate the total solid wood (TSW ) volume from tree circumference and tree height. The terminology ‘total solid wood’ refers to the co mbination of stem and branches with a circumference exceeding 22 cm (Dagnelie et al., 199 9).

The first Walloon forest inventory was completed in 1984. The current permanent systematic sampling started in 1994 and covers each year 10 % of the ap proximately 11000 sampling points (Lecomte & Rondeux, 1994). In 2000, 50 % of the sample points of the second inventory were measured. In Flanders, 2665 plots were sampled in the framework of the first forest inventory, which was constituted in the period 1997-1999 (AB&G, 2001). T his regional inventory is intended to be repeated every 10 years, to allow e.g. the calculation of gr owth rates in the Flemish forests.

With more than 13000 plots over a territory of 3052 8 km2, forest inventories in Belgium have one of the highest sampling rates in Europe. Compared to o ther countries or regions, the Belgian sampling grid, with each sampling point representing 50 ha o f forest, is very dense (Laitat et al., 2000). In comparison, one plot represents 2400 ha of forest l and in the U.S. (Brown, 2002).

Based on the information of the regional forest inv entories, the total solid wood volumes (TSW) of each species, spread over three age classes, were c alculated for Flanders and Wallonia, as given in table 7.2. Values for Belgium were calculated by su mming up the Flemish and Walloon forest areas

and wood volumes.109

Figure 7.1. : schema of a sampling unit and data co llected (Rondeux et al , 2005)110

Species Wallonia Flanders TOTAL Picea abies (Norway Spruce) 52,5 0,5 53,0 Quercus petraea et Q. robur (Oaks) 25,2 3,6 28,9 Fagus silvatica (Beech) 16,3 2,4 18,7 Pinus silvestris (Scots Pine) 2,9 8,6 11,5 Populus sp (Poplars) 2,8 5,1 7,9 Betula sp (Birch) 3,4 1,4 4,8 Pinus laricio (Corsican Pine) 0,4 3,9 4,4 Fraxinus excelsior (Ash) 3,6 0,4 4,0 Larix sp (Larch) 2,6 0,8 3,4 Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir) 2,9 0,4 3,3 Other species 13,0 4,5 17,6

Total 125,7 31,7 157,4

Table 7.2 : volume per specie in the forest invento ries (TSW in Mm 3 )

The calculation of the amount of carbon stored in t he biomass of trees is usually based on biomass expansion factors s.l We converted solid wood volum es into carbon. For each dominant species, we transformed: volumes of solid wood in total dry mas s multiplying by the infra-densities (WD); solid wood total dry mass in total above-ground dry bioma ss (biomass expansion factor 1 or BEF 1); above-ground dry biomass in total dry biomass (root s included, biomass expansion factor 2 or BEF2) and total dry biomass in carbon quantities (carbon content or CC). Some explicit conditions were applied for the selection of biomass expansion fact ors s.l. from the literature. For the expansion fac tors s.s., foliage had to be included, in accordance wit h the IPCC-methodology (IPCC, 2003). The analysis was limited to data reported for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland

and The Netherlands. Values were selected for ‘coni ferous’ and ‘deciduous’ species separately, but also for the most important tree species in the Bel gian forests: pines (Pinus sp.), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), larches (La rix sp.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), oaks (Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea L.), mixed ‘noble’ species (including maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), elms (Ul mus sp.), ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) and red oak (Quercus rubra L.)) and poplars (Populus sp.). We e stablished the frequency distribution of the values used in neighboring countries and selected the medi an (see Vandewalle et al, 2005). The selected

factors are shown in table 7.3.

Species Wood density ( t.m - 3 ) Carbon content (t.t - 1 )

Min Max Med # Min Max Med # Spruce 0.34 0.45 0.38 15 0.40 0.51 0.50 5

Pines 0.39 0.60 0.48 13 0.40 0.55 0.50 9 Douglas fir 0.37 0.54 0.45 7 0.50 0.50 0.50 1

Larch 0.41 0.55 0.47 8 0.40 0.50 0.50 3

Other resinous 0.35 0.50 0.40 20 0.40 0.50 0.50 7

Beech 0.55 0.72 0.56 11 0.44 0.51 0.49 10

Oaks 0.50 0.72 0.60 9 0.45 0.50 0.50 3 « Nobles » species 0.52 0.69 0.59 9 0.50 0.50 0.50 1 Poplars 0.34 0.55 0.41 48 0.50 0.50 0.50 1

Other deciduous 0.38 0.77 0.55 34 0.45 0.50 0.50 6111 Species BEF 1 : Total aboveground

biomass / Solid wood mass (t.t 1 ) BEF 2 : Total below ground

biomass / total above ground biomass (t.t -1 )

Min Max Med # Min Max Med #

Spruce 1.14 1.71 1.29 9 0.2 0.2 0.2

Pines 1.14 1.40 1.32 5 0.16 0.16 0.16 1 Douglas fir 1.18 2.24 1.28 10 0.17 0.17 0.17 1

Larch 1.14 1.36 1.30 3 0.2 0.2 0.2

Other resinous 1.14 1.71 1.33 5 0.18 0.25 0.20 3

Beech 1.16 2.04 1.34 9 0.23 0.25 0.24 2

Oaks 1.24 1.39 1.32 2 0.2 0.2 0.2 « Nobles » species 1.29 1.29 1.29 1 0.2 0.2 0.2 Poplars 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.2 0.2 0.2

Other deciduous 1.24 1.40 1.32 2 0.20 0.22 0.21 2

Table 7.3 : Conversion factors used to derive fores t inventory data for deciduous and coniferous forests in Belgium (METAGE report, 2006)

The geographic distribution of the biomass organic carbon (BOC) stock in Belgian forests in 2000 is shown in Figure 7.2. The high BOC stocks of the bro adleaf forest on loam soils in central Belgium are
visible, as well as in the Walloon Ardennes. The lo w BOC stocks on the sand soils of Kempen, Sand Region and the coast region are visible as well.

Figure 7.3 gives the evolution of biomass carbon st ock (BOC). For the 1990-2000 simulation, a working hypothesis of a linear trend in forest area s and overall biomass increase was made. A

distinction was made between the main deciduous and coniferous species for estimating the annual wood growth. The annual wood harvest is estimated t hrough a comparison of the estimated annual increase of the carbon stock (based on the annual w ood growth) with the effective annual carbon stock

variation observed in the inventories.

For the 2001-2003 period, a model simulating the ev olution of the forest biomass, called EFOBEL which stands for ‘Evolutions de la FOrêt BELge’ (Tr ends for Belgian Forest in English) was used (Laitat et al, 2005). EFOBEL is a dynamic .xls spre adsheet using 20 tables. The complete description is done in Perrin (2005). The inputs of the model r efer to every grid cells of the Belgian Forest Inventories as published for the year 2000: the sol id wood volume and the area of the stands, by species and by age classes. The parameters are the annual growth increment for each species, the revolution, the period between harvest and replanti ng (also called latency), and the percentage replacement of one species by another according pol icy rules under implementation by the respective forest administrations. The prediction of BOC resul t from various scenarios. The most probable

scenario is the continuation of the current forestr y practices in a scenario "Sylviculture has usual". The parameters relating to such a scenario are obtained either by the inventories themselves, or by

literature searches in reference works.

A comparison between the annual wood harvest calcul ates with the model EFOBEL and the result of forest statistic confirm the accuracy of the method ology.112

Figure 7.2. Biomass organic carbon (BOC) stock (t C ha-1) in forest in 2000 (Lettens et al, 2003)

Belgium use two different methodologies based on st ock change approach: a linear interpolation for the 1990-2000 period and a mechanistic model for th e 2001-2004 period. A significant overestimation of carbon sink in biomass are observed during 2001, 2002 and 2003, due to a underestimation of real harvest (link to the model assumption). After 2003, the model shows a stabilisation of the annual carbon net removals (1300 - 1500 Gg CO2 per year). Belgium will improve the time-series consistency, using the result of a scientific study (Agricultural University of Gembloux) and the

actualization of the forest inventories and wood ha rvest statistics.

The table 7.4. represents the confidence interval ( cl 95%) associated with the volume estimation. We combine the error due to the measurement techniques (diameter, height, number of trees per plot) and

the error linked to the surface and volume estimati on for the whole region (error dependent on the sampling plot number per species).

Wallonia Flanders Spruce Picea excelsa 2,20% 15,10% Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 13,20% 14,40% Larches Larix sp, 9,50% 15% Pines Pinus sp 6,80% 6,50%

Other resinous 7,50% 20,20% Beech Fagus sylvatica 4,70% 12% Oaks Quecus robur and Q. petraea 3% 12,40%

"Noble" broadleaves 4,20% 11,10%

Other broadleaves 5,20% 2,20% Poplars 17,10% 11,70%

Table 7.4. confidence interval associated with the volume estimation per species (2000 forest inventories).113

Solid stem wood volume was converted to carbon as d escribed in the figure at the left with conversion factors preferably selected from COSTE21 publicatio ns (Table 7.2.).

A frequency distribution was established for the va lues used in neighbouring countries, assuming a

normal distribution of the selected variable. The r elative error could be derived from this frequency distribution. Consecutively a Monte Carlo analysis (10000 simulations) was applied to the calculation

of the 2000 stock.

According our calculations, the carbon stock in the biomass averages 59.8 Mton in 2000, with a relative confidence interval (CI95%) on the mean of 10.3%.

B. Carbon in dead organic matter

The definition of deadwood applied in the inventory ’s methodology is all standing dead trees and fallen logs and branches. A dead tree is considered as fallen when it tilts at a vertical angle equal or superior to 45°. Veteran trees are taken into accou nt in the living trees section.

The objectives of the collection of deadwood inform ation consist in estimating the volume of standing dead trees and fallen logs and branches, contributi ng to the estimation of the carbon-stock in Wallonia’s forests and estimating biodiversity indi cators throughout the importance of deadwood.

The collecting method varies according to the type of deadwood.

Entire dead trees (snags) and broken dead trees (ca ndles) are both taken into account by the inventory

. Trees of different sizes are taken into account in each circular plot according to the same rules as f or living trees. This means that a standing dead tree is included in a circular plot according to its

circumference. Dead trees under 20 cm of circumfere nce are not taken into account (threshold of the inventory).

Fallen logs and branches are taken into account in a circular plot for which the size varies depending on the average circumference (Caverage) of the livi ng stand. If the unit is located in a clear cut, clearing or impenetrable stands for which no stand measurements are performed, downed deadwood is taken into account in the 9m plot. Logs of at least 1 m long and 20 cm circumference are considered by the Inventory and their volume is estimated by v olume functions. Crown (logging residue) is also taken into account (as deadwood) if it is 3 years o ld. Logs and branches inferior to 20 cm circumference are taken into account by the Invento ry and their volume is considered by visual

estimation.

For the carbon in deadwood pool, the forestry pract ices evolve according two contradictory tendencies

: increased harvest of the residues in the zones wi thout important constraint of biological conservati on (ie bio-energy) and more deadwood left in forest in the zones where dominating conservation of the biodiversity (zones Natura 2000, which represent mo re than 30% of forest area). We assume that the actual stock (1.38 Mt.C) remains constant.

For the carbon in litter pool, the default IPCC fac tors are used. The C stock in litter pool was estim ated about 13.73 Mt.C. Despite the increase of above an d below ground biomass, Belgium consider the stability of the C stock (conservative approach).

C. Soil organic carbon in agricultural and forest m ineral soils

For the soil C modelling at the large spatial scale (Walloon region), two models were coupled: EFOBEL and YASSO. EFOBEL was developed to integrate the results of the Permanent Forest Inventory of Walloon Region and to simulate the for est biomass growth. The outputs of EFOBEL were used as the inputs of YASSO, a model which aim s at estimate soil C fluxes due to the climatic

variable and forest biomass evolutions. The metholo gy is described in Perrin (2005).114

The C fluxes in soil is 0.0434 tC .ha -1

d. Land converted to forest land

A slight decrease of forest land is observed in Bel gium. A study on the impacts of the land-use change activ ities is planned.



## 7.4. Cropland and grassland

7.4.1. Cropland remaining cropland and grassland re maining grassland

a. Change in carbon stocks in living biomass The majority of the cultures are annually harvested . Belgium does not consider modifications in the C stock in living biomass biomass.

b. Change in carbon stocks in soils

Methodology

The Belgian territory was divided into landscape un its (LSU) by the topological intersection of the 1990 version of the Corine Land Cover (CLC) geo-dat aset (European Commission 1993) and the digitized Soil Association map of Tavernier et al. (1972). The CLC geo-dataset has been produced by manual digitization of printed LANDSAT-images, taki ng into account a minimal mapping unit of 25 hectares. The 34 of the 44 possible classes of the original legend that occur in Belgium were aggregated into the 11 broader classes: (i) croplan d, (ii) grassland (both permanent and temporary), (iii) broadleaf forest, (iv) coniferous forest, (v) mixed forest, (vi) fallow land, (vii) heath land, (viii) inland marshes, poplar in pasture, rush and reed ve getation, (ix) clay pits, mineral extraction sites and excavated soils, (x) peat bogs, (xi) not specified. The Soil Association map (1:500,000) represents broad zones with similar topsoil texture and draina ge conditions in 64 soil associations. The overlay of both geo-datasets resulted in 567 landscape units ( LSU), each characterized by one soil association and one land use class, scattered over 101,376 poly gons.

Due to the generalised nature of the CLC geo-datase t and the Soil Association map, LSUs are pseudohomogeneous with respect to soil and land use compo sition. This is especially true in highly fragmented landscapes, as those present in major pa rts of Belgium, and is illustrated by the fact that according to CLC, there is 1,782,028 ha of arable a nd grassland in Belgium while official net land use statistics show 1,400,300 ha (NIS, 2000). Moreover, a CLC compatible geo-dataset for 1960 and 2000
is not available. Therefore, LSUs derived from CLC- 1990 are used for 1960 and 2000 as well. Hence, spatially explicit land use changes between 1960, 1 990 and 2000 are not accounted for and no data can be generated on the effect of land use change on SO C stocks as derived from multi-temporal assessments. This assumption of absent land use cha nges may be fairly realistic with regard to the overall delineation of the LSUs. The total agricult ural area for example, increased by less than 3% between 1990 and 2000, as indicated by agricultural statistics (NIS, 1990). However, the increase of within-LSU heterogeneity of land use, e.g. the obvi ous growth of rural residential areas, mostly at th e expense of agricultural land fragments, is disregar ded.

The methodology uses the stock change method for es timating CO2 fluxes from the LSUs i.e. soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks of different years are compared. It is assumed that the per-LSU and total CO2 flux is equal to the observed change in SOC sto ck in CO2 equivalents over a certain time span and that the per-LSU-fluxes can be aggregated to yi eld total fluxes at regional or national levels. SO C115

stocks for LSUs are computed for the years 1960, 19 90 and 2000. The SOC estimations are based on a number of heterogeneous databases and modelling eff orts. Three cases can be distinguished when computing per-LSU SOC values.

When elementary point measurements are available, t hey are attributed to the LSU in a process called matching (Van Orshoven et al., 1993). Through match ing, points are attributed to the LSU either based upon their location within the boundaries of the LSU (“geomatching”) or based upon corresponding soil and land use characteristics as the LSU (“class matching”). Class matching may be completely independent of the point’s location. In our approach class matching was restrained by a stratification by soil association.

With regard to agriculture, a number of data source s provide an average SOC-percentage per municipality or other type of administrative unit. These data can be considered to be indirectly georeferenced to the administrative units, functioning as alternative LSUs (further termed ALSU) that do not correspond spatially with the LSUs to which we want to attribute the data. Therefore, the measurements are first disaggregated to the interse ction of the ALSU and the LSU and then reaggregated to the LSU.

For LSUs for which no measurements are available, t he stocks can be estimated using a mechanistic model (YASSO for forest soils, ROTH C for agricultu ral soils). This has been done for the 1990-

stocks of forested LSUs.

Result

Due to the absence of forests in the 1990 assessmen t, the SOC content of only 130 agricultural LSU can be compared between the years 1990 and 2000 by means of a pair-wise comparison. The SOC stock in the 0-20 cm layer of 87 LSUs (74% of the t otal agricultural area) decreased between 1990 and 2000. For 25 (48% of the total agricultural area) o f these LSU, the decrease is significant at the 95% confidence level. Those LSUs are mostly under cropl and and all of them occur in northern or central Belgium. Most of the remaining 43 LSUs (26%) with i ncreased SOC content are situated in southern or central Belgium. Also the 1 LSU (3%) that shows a significant increase of SOC content is located in southern Belgium.

On average, the SOC content of both the land use ty pe grassland and cropland decreased significantly

between 1990 and 2000. Grassland SOC decreased from 64 t C ha-1 in 1990 to 60 t C ha-1 in 2000 (0- 20 cm). Cropland soils stored 38 t C ha-1in 1990 an d 36 t C ha-1 in 2000. If only the soil association s are considered, 39 of the 65 associations have lost SOC between 1990 and 2000. They are situated in the coastal zone and in northern and central Belgiu m. The 16 associations with a significant decrease in SOC are restricted to northern and central Belgi um. The 4 associations with a significant increase in SOC are all situated in southern Belgium.

Finally, the total SOC stock in agricultural land w as compared between 1990 and 2000. In 1990 this stock amounted to 178 Mt C in the upper 100 cm and for 2000 it decreased to 169 Mt C. This decrease is significant at the 95% confidence level (Figure 7.4.).116

Figure 7.4. : Average SOC content and 95% confidenc e intervals (t C ha-1) for 0-20 cm for the land use types broadleaf forest, coniferous forest, mixe d forest, grassland and cropland for 1960, 1990 and 2000 (Lettens et al, 2003)

Figure 7.5 : SOC change of landscape units in Belgi um between 1960 and 2000 in the upper 20 cm of mineral soil. Hatched areas represent non-significa nt changes (Lettens et al, 2003)

7.4.2. Land converted to cropland or grassland

A decrease of agricultural land is observed in Belg ium. A study on the impacts of the land-use change activ ities is planned in 2008.

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0

broadleaf

forest coniferous

forest mixed forest grassland croplandSOC content (t C / ha)

1960 1990 2000117



## 7.5. Wetland, settlement and other lands

These sectors are not estimated. A study on the imp acts of the land-use change activities is in hand.



## 7.6. Recalculations and planned improvement

7.6.1. Recalculations

No major recalculations of emissions are performed in the LUCF-sector during this 2009 submission compared with the 2008 submission.

7.6.2. Planned improvements

Regarding the category "forest land remaining fores t land", Belgium will improve the time-series consistency when the update of the forest inventory will be available.

In 2009 a study will be conducted in Belgium to imp rove the reporting of emissions and supplementary data in the LULUCF-sector and to fulf il the international reporting obligations in this

sector from 2010 on.

More specifically this study will:

- Harmonize methodologies used for the yearly reporti ng under the Convention and GPG LULUCF

taken into account the results of the UNFCCC review s on one site and the reporting obligations on the other site;

- Identify and collect all necessary data to compile the yearly inventory of LULUCF and to give an answer to the obligations of art.3.3 of the Kyoto P rotocol;

- The methodologies used for reporting under the Conv ention and the Kyoto Protocol (art.3.3) must be consistent as much as possible, based on same se t of data and consistent between the regional and national level and to guarantee high quality re porting;

- Calculate the uncertainties of the estimated emissi ons.118



# C HAPTER 

# 8: W

ASTE

8.1. Overview

8.1.1. Description of the sector

The production of waste arising from the residentia l sector and from commercial activities (‘municipal waste’) amounted to 535 kg per inhabitant in 1999, 52% of which was not recycled. Manufacturing industry is the largest source of waste (13.8 Mt). The three regions have implemented waste management plans. The objectives and actions of the Flemish region fo r waste are defined in the report MiNa [Flemish Environmental Policy Plan 2003-2007] . For further information the website www.ovam.be of the institute responsible for waste management in Fland ers (OVAM) can be consulted.

The Wallonia waste plan ‘Horizon 2010 ’, adopted in 1998, contains a series of 70 actions targeted on the prevention, the recycling and the recovery of e nergy, and the elimination of waste. The Waste Prevention and Management Plan in Brussels-Capital Region 2003-2007 also subscribes to this double strategy of waste prevention and recovery.

In addition, a body (FOST Plus) has been created by the private sector to finance, co-ordinate and promote the selective collection, the sorting and r ecycling of household packaging waste. FOST Plus was created to enable industry to respond in a glob al and concrete way to the legislation on packaging and, more specifically, to the introduction of Euro pean Directive 94/62/EC of 20/12/1994, and the Cooperation Agreement between the Regions of March 19 97 relating to the prevention and management of waste from household packaging. The recovery of used materials is becoming a major industry in Belgium and creates plenty of employment. The indus tries most intensive in manpower are textile recycling, the recycling of paper and of constructi on materials.

8.1.2.Allocation of emissions

The waste emission inventory in Belgium covers cate gories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D.

Category 6A1 contains the emissions of CH 4 originating from the solid waste disposal sites in Belgium. No waste disposal sites are located in the Brussels region in Belgium.

The emissions from the treatment of domestic wastew ater are calculated and allocated to the category

6B2 . Category 6B1 is also discussed in this chapter.

The waste incineration category (category 6C ) includes incineration of municipal and industrial waste, incineration of hospital waste and the incineration of corpses. Emissions originating from flaring activities are allocated partly to the sectors 1B2a and 1B2c (Flemish region, refineries, see section 3.2.7 for more information) and 2B5 (Flemish region , see section 4.2.2.3 for more information) and partly to the sector 6C (Walloon region). The emiss ions of the waste incineration plants with energy recuperation are allocated to the category 1A1a.

CH 4 emissions from the production of compost are put u nder category 6D Waste/Other.

In Brussels only category 6B and 6C (waste incinera tion) are relevant in the waste sector. The only one municipal waste incineration plant in this regi on occurs with energy recuperation and is consequently allocated under category 1A1.119



## 8.2. Methodolog i cal issues

8.2.1. Solid waste disposal on land (category 6A)

The methodology used to calculate the emissions fro m solid waste disposal on land differs slightly between the Flemish and the Walloon region in Belgi um, where these solid waste disposal sites are

located.

Flanders

In the Flemish region the CH 4 emissions from solid waste disposal on land (categ ory 6A1) were studied by the Vito [1] in 1994 [8]. The data avail able for Flanders are specific and accurate, what allows a more refined methodology than the one prop osed in the IPCC 1996 Guidelines. The main

source of data collection and information needed fo r the model is originating from the public Flemish institute for waste management (OVAM), located in M echelen. Since 1994 waste policies in Flanders (cfr. Ladder of Lansinck which prefers waste burning over waste dumping) have made some results. The amount o f waste of households dumped decreased since 1994 and from 1998 on, more waste is burned than du mped. A real moratorium in dumping organic waste is set up since 2000.

In the current of 2002 an actualization of the mode l was performed, taken into account the new situation of flaring and valorization of the waste gas in the Flemish region, data which became

available from 1999 on.

From 2005 on consultations with the Flemish waste e xperts of the institute OVAM started in order to evaluate and further optimize this model. These con sultations resulted in actualized emissions for the Flemish region from 2006 on. The in-country review of UNFCCC in June 2007 did no t detect any anomalies in the methodology used in Belgium. Anyway, the Flemish region did con tact the UNFCCC-expert of waste Ms. Sirinthornthep Towprayon after the in-country revie w in January 2008 with some more questions

because more information from the waste institute O VAM to integrate in the model became available at that time. When putting the real amounts of wast e gas production into the model (instead of the calculated amounts originating from the model) only small differences in final emissions of CH 4 were obtained. The amounts of waste gas production are a vailable from the Flemish waste institute from 1999 on (until 2006 for this 2009 submission). After several reminders, the Flemish region did not get any answer from the waste expert so far. Consequently and because of the minor differences d etected, the results of the model are reported so

far.

In the Flemish region a combination of 2 models is used: a multiphase model for the estimation of emissions of the sites which are permitted and a fi rst order decay model for all other, old waste disposal sites which are no longer permitted to dis pose but where still emissions occur after the ban of disposal on these sites (these are the so-called so lid waste disposal sites in after-care).

The results of both models are allocated to the cat egory 6A1.

A short presentation of the 2 models is given below :

1) The first order decay model takes into account residential and industrial wast e. Data for

these sites are available from 1981 on. It has been assumed that the ratio of waste landfilled to wast e produced in the period 1970 to 1980 is the same as for the year 1981. The methodology of this first order kinetic model o f methane production in the stable phase of

methane fermentation takes into account the differe nt factors which influence the velocity and the120

volume of methane generation. One of the most impor tant input parameters is the total amount of waste disposed yearly. An assumption is made that the waste decomposes dur ing a period of 25 years. With respect to the waste composition a biodegradable fraction of 18% i s assumed, conform to studies carried out in the Netherlands [Van Amstel et al., Methane: the other greenhouse gas, RIVM Report 481507001, 58-59, 1993]. In an other study conducted in the Netherlands [Ve rschut et al., Broeikasgassen uit vuilstorts in Nederland, TNO Report 91-444, 1991] methane emissio ns at 3 landfilles sites have been measured and a mean degradation coefficient calculated of k = 0, 1/year. An active lifetime is assumed of 25 years for the Flemish landfills, including an aerobic per iod of 1 year and an anaerobic period of 24 years. The composition of the organic waste fraction can b e described as C 6 H 10 O 4 and the reaction for the production of biogas of organic material is:

C 6 H 10 O 4 + 1.5 H 2 O = 2.75 CO 2 + 3.25 CH 4 (Parken & Owen, 1986)

The formula used to calculate the emissions of meth ane in solid waste disposal sites is:

St = a*Qi*Bo*k*exp-kt (first order kinetic approach of waste gas production S on time t after disposal) based on biodegradation of C 6 H 10 O 4

With a = conversion factor from 1 kg organic waste to 1m 3 waste gas (based on the reaction above and equal to 1m 3 /kg C) St = waste gas production on time t after disposal (in m 3 ) Qi = the amount of disposed biodegradable waste on time t=0 (in ton) Bo = the initial concentration of biodegradable ma terial in the disposed waste (in kg/ton) k = the first order velocity constant of biodegrad ation (in year-1)

The biogas contains 55% of methane (see reaction of Parken & Owen) and an oxidation of methane of 10% in the upper layer is assumed.

The first order velocity constant of biodegradation depends on a few parameters such as humidity and composition of the disposed waste. The composition of the waste varies in time to a smaller amount of biodegradable waste because of the selective waste collection. The consequence is a lower value of k in time (from 0.5/year for mixed waste to 0.05/year for paper, wood and textile). This first order mod el assumes a k-value of 0.1/year. This factor is taken over from the Netherlands in the Flemish region fo r old waste disposal sites which are no longer permit ted to dispose but where still emissions occur afte r the ban of the disposal on these sites (SWD-sites i n after-care). As there are no more accurate data available in Belgium, the results of measurements c arried out in the Netherlands were taken over with the assumption of similar landfill conditions in bo th countries.

To calculate the total emissions of CH 4 of these waste disposal sites, the above equation is calculated for all disposed waste in all years. The overall methodology is described as the Tier-2 -IPCC-methodology.

The results of this first order decay model for the Flemish region are included in annex 9 of this rep ort.

2) The multiphase model treats 15 solid waste disposal sites (category II) which are permitted in Flanders and contains mainly domestic waste.

.121

a) The total municipal waste taken into account in this multiphasemodel in the Flemish region is household waste (residential), rough waste i.e. waste collected by urban services to ensure cleanliness of public places (urban waste) and indu strial waste equal to household waste in terms of composition and consequently treated in the same wa y . To the category of rough waste belongs paper & cart on, trim wood, wood (from construction- & demolition-activities and textile (houses & furnitu re). The composition of rough waste has changed little in the Flemish region over the years.

This model uses velocities of gas production that a re more accurate compared to first order models. The model assumes that the gas production starts 1 year after disposal and goes immediately to a

maximum. The following biodegradation rates are used (practi cal experience):

Quick biodegradation: k1=0.173 (t1/2=4) Average biodegradation: k2=0.069 (t1/2=10) Slow biodegradation : k3 = 0.023 (t1/2 = 30)

The amounts of organic matter (Co,i,j) for differen t kinds of waste categories can be determined by th e composition of the waste and originates from litera ture. The following equation is used:

C o,i = w i d i o i c i X 1000

For each biodegradation rate is

w= fraction of total waste disposed d = fraction dry material in this phase o = fraction organic material in the dry material c = the organic C in the organic dry material

Municipal waste is divided into 10 main fractions d uring sorting analysis in the Flemish region. These analyses were carried out in 1985, 1993-1994, 1994- 1995 and 1995-1996 by the Flemish institute

OVAM. These fractions are connected to 1 of the 3 b iodegradation rates (quick, average and slow). Some of the fractions are determined as ‘not biodeg radable’. - quick biodegradable for waste of kitchen and gard en - average biodegradable for paper and carton - slow biodegradable for textiles, hygienic fractio n, leather, rubber, ... - not degradable for glass, metals, synthetics, sma ll hazardous waste, inert fractions (sand, stones),

... The selective collection which started in 1991 seem ed to have no influence on the relative composition

of the waste but did have an influence on the absol ute values. The study carried out did take into account the selective collection by taken 2 differe nt periods into account: one before 1991 and one after 1991. For the first period before 1991 the ‘ fraction of total waste disposed’ of 1985 is used a s average values, for the second period after 1991 a n average value for this parameter is used of the 3 periods of 1993-1994, 1994-1995 and 1995-1996.

The biodegradable fractions of rough waste on the s olid waste disposal sites are (analyses carried out in 1995): paper and carton: 3% trim wood (from gardening): 10% wood (construction & demolition, furniture): 20%

textile: 6%122

No data are available before 1991. No much informat ion is available about rough waste. Same values parameters of d, o and c are used as for municipal waste.

The amount of organic C in each phase of biodegrada tion rate of residential waste (dw) and rough waste (rw) are presented in table 8.1.

Biodegradation

rate wdw

(...

- 1990) wdw

(1991-...) wrw d o c

quick 0.44 0.49 0.00 0.44 0.51 0.45 average 0.24 0.17 0.13 0.70 0.85 0.45

slow 0.09 0.10 0.26 0.77 0.73 0.45

Tabel 8.1: Characteristics for the determination of the fraction of organic carbon in each phase of biodegradation rate of residential waste (dw) and r ough waste (rw).

b) The calculation of organic carbon in the categor y II industrial waste uses other w-values. Following characteristics could be defined (source = diposal registers and yearly inquiries in the Flemish region):

Process waste: 36% Non-process waste: 36% Recycled residues: 3% Sludge: 9%

Medical waste: 1%

Inert rest: 15%

Because further information is missing, the values for the relative composition for the 3 biodegradation rates and for the amount of organic material in each of the phases are taken from

literature:

Biodegradation rate C iw w iw quick C 0,1 = 49 kg/ton 0.52 average C 0,2 = 8 kg/ton 0.03

slow C 0,3 = 18 kg/ton 0.05

Tabel 8.2: Characteristics for the determination of the fraction of organic carbon in each phase of biodegradation rate of industrial waste (iw)

c) The above mentioned parameters are used in the m ultiphase model for all permitted solid waste disposal sites in Flanders except for 2 sites (DDS for domestic waste after 1991 and DEVOPAN for industrial waste) where more accurate informati on was given by the operator. In these 2 cases the parameters were adapted to local conditions.

d) Other parameters to calculate the waste gas prod uction:

The fraction of biodegradable material is assumed to be 77%.

The biogas contains 50% of methane and an oxidation of methane of 10% in the upper layer is

assumed.123

e) The production of waste gas Q g in the year t (in m 3 /year) is finally calculated as:

Q g = ζ a 

### lwaste residentia e C k A j t k
j i o i j n

i m

j i 

###      

− −

= = 

# ∑ ∑ ) (

,, 1 0 + ζ a

roughwaste j t k
j i o i j n

i m

j i



### e C k A 

    

− −

= = 

# ∑ ∑ ) (

,, 1 0

+ ζ a

industry j t k
j i o i j n

i m

j i



### e C k A 

    

− −

= = 

# ∑ ∑ ) (

,, 1 0

In the above equation the residential waste represe nts the household waste, the rough waste represents

the 2 nd part of the equation. The 3 rd part of the equation represents the industrial was te (equal to household waste in terms of composition and consequ ently treated in the same way).

In the above equation is

- a the factor to transfer the amount of carbon to the amount of waste gas (1,87 m 3 /kg C, confirmed by labmeasurements),

- A j the amount of waste disposed in year i (in ton/year ) - the biodegradation rate k i of each phase (the term ‘phase’ is used to explain the category of biodegradation rate (fast, medium or slow) of the d ifferent types of waste) of biodegradation rate (in 1/year) with the total amount of phases = 3 (quick, average and slow)

- C 0,i,j the amount of organic carbon in each phase

- ζ a formation factor for the reduction of waste gas in some parts of the disposal site (because of loca l unfavourable conditions of micro-organisms. This fa ctor corrects for uncertainties such as level of humidity, pH, temperature, ... and indicates how much gas is really formed. In practice this factor is assumed to be more or less 0,6.

Methane recovery takes place in the Flemish region from 1994 on. Recovery data of the Flemish waste disposal sites are included for the first time in t he 2009 submission. Consequently a complete dataset of recovery data became available in Belgium.

The results of this multiphase model used in the Fl emish region together with the output of the first order decay model are included in annex 10 of this national inventory report.

The amounts of waste disposed in the Flemish waste disposal sites since 1990 are presented in table

8.3.124 ton total waste

1990 2391366

1991 2391366

1992 2391366

1993 2391366

1994 2361972

1995 2243143

1996 1982214

1997 1661619

1998 1431194

1999 1439153

2000 1354366

2001 1162886

2002 840680

2003 879209

2004 718954

2005 756609

2006 719976

2007 567005

Table 8.3 : Quantity of waste disposed in SWDS in the Flemish region (ton) since 1990. Data for 2007 are provisional.

Wallonia

The CO 2 and CH 4 emissions from solid waste disposal on land are ca lculated with a first order decay model that considers separately the emissions of in dustrial and municipal waste. The model, developed by the Vito [24], acknowledges the fact t hat methane is emitted over a long period of time. A first order decay model is used to take into acco unt the various factors that influence the rate and extent of methane generation and release from landf ill.

The model calculates the biogas emissions using the following relation :

S P,Y = Q Y * DOC * k * C* exp (-k * ∆ t)

S P,Y = biogas generation rate at year P (m 3 ) Q Y = the quantity of waste disposed year Y (Ton) DOC = initial degradable organic carbon (kg/Ton) k = biodegradation rate constant (% / year) C = % of DOC really degraded (%)

∆ t = the time since initial disposal (Y-P) (year)

In order to estimate the current biogas emissions f rom waste placed in all years, the equation is solv ed for all values of Q Y and the results summed. The methane production is t hen calculated taking into account the biogas composition and an oxidation fac tor of 10% in the upper layer. The overall methodology follows the Tier 2 IPCC methodology (eq uation 5.1, IPCC Good Practice Guidance [10]). The constants used for household and industr ial waste are presented in the table 8.4.125 Constant Municipal waste Industrial waste DOC(x) (in kg C/tonne waste) 180 (before 1986) 170 (1986-1990) 142,9 (1995) 112,5 (2000) 99,9 (2002) 26,8 (1970-1995) 23,6 (2000) 16,4 (2002)

K 10 10

DOCf 77 77

Table 8.4. : Solid waste disposal on land. Constant s used in the model in Wallonia. For DOC, linear interpolation is used to estimate the intermediate values.

The model assumes that :

- the waste decompose during 25 years

- there is a aerobic period of 1 year where there is no methane production

- the landfill gas contain 55 % of CH4 and 45 % of CO 2

- there is a CH 4 oxidation in the upper layer (10 %)

- the DOC reduction reflects the increased sorting of municipal waste

The model provides, for each year, estimation for t he range of CH 4 and CO 2 production. The biogas

CO 2 emissions are not reported in the CRF tables 6.A a s it is from biogenic source.

The CH 4 recovered is subtracted from total emissions. This CH 4 is assumed to be completely

converted into CO 2 through the combustion process. In previous submis sions, this CO 2 emission was

included in national totals. The CO 2 produced by the biogas recovery is not reported an ymore in the CRF tables 6.A, according to footnote 4 on page 5.1 0 of the IPCC Good Practice Guidance [10].

CH4 recovery started in 1993 and largely increased since that year, by gradually equipping more and more disposal sites. It is the main driver of the reduction of the net emissions in this sector.

In the Walloon region the quantity of waste dispose d comes from the statistics of OWD (Walloon Waste Office). It publishes each year the industrial and municipal waste disposed, based on the taxes declaration forms covering 50 solid waste disposal sites of various sizes. The data are classified according to 12 main categories (119 sub categories), thus allowing an accurate calculation of the amounts of waste and its degradable organic carbon content (IPCC Good Practice Guidance [10] equation 5.4, page 5.9), which are used as an input in the model. Those statistics are available on a yearly basis since 1994. For the years before, th e amounts have been estimated using available data and OWD expert judgement assumptions. The evolution of the ratio of biogenic waste in the waste incineration sector reflects the implementation of the Wallonia Waste Plan, as the "green waste" are increasingly sorted by the citizens and collected f or compost production, thus decreasing the ratio of biogenic waste deposited in solid waste disposal si tes.126

Industrial waste Municipal waste Total

1990 1.370.343 1.217.000 2.587.343

1991 1.384.343 1.248.000 2.632.343

1992 1.392.343 1.264.000 2.656.343

1993 1.333.343 1.275.000 2.608.343

1994 1.428.429 1.314.331 2.742.760

1995 1.345.025 1.303.378 2.648.403

1996 1.134.879 1.274.302 2.409.181

1997 1.254.012 1.078.782 2.332.794

1998 1.187.062 969.358 2.156.420

1999 1.237.725 906.820 2.144.545

2000 1.068.091 873.031 1.941.123

2001 1.075.147 797.496 1.872.643

2002 1.197.336 687.077 1.884.413

2003 1.054.761 628.394 1.683.155

2004 850.471 740.556 1.591.027

2005 822.937 659.000 1.481.937

2006 742.293 616.173 1.358.466

2007 742.293 616.173 1.358.466

Table 8.5 : Quantity of waste disposed in SWDS in Wallonia. (ton) since 1990. Data for 2007 are provisional.

The DOC value calculated for municipal waste lies i n the default value range from IPCC revised 1996

Guidelines. The value for industrial waste was calc ulated using the detailed waste types from OWD and the IPCC Good Practice Guidance methodology (eq uation 5.4, page 5.9). This detailed estimation led to a complete recalculation, as the new estimat ed DOC were much lower than the default value previously used. These values are presented in tabl e 8.4.

The biodegradation rate constant and the rate of DO C really degraded also come from the revised

1996 IPCC Guidelines and the IPCC Good Practice Gui dance [10]. The new default value of 0,5-0,6 for DOCf , proposed in the IPCC Good Practice Guida nce if lignin is included in the DOC value, has been tested in the model. It leads to a major probl em in the sense that from 2002 and on, the biogas recovery (measured in volume and CH4 fraction, thus appearing to be reliable estimate) becomes larger that the emissions as estimated by the model . Consequently, the former default value of 0,77 ha s been deemed more suited to the Walloon context and kept in the model.

Each year, all the landfills with CH 4 recovery (12 in 2002) are contacted to collect dat a on the amount

and CH 4 content of the biogas recovered (flaring or energy purposes). The CH 4 content is measured by landfill owners as it determines the possible use o f the biogas (only "rich" biogas" is used in engine s, the rest is flared). Following a 1997 legal decree, a contract with the ISSEP (Scientific Institute fo r Public Service in Wallonia) also organises a close follow up of the environmental impacts of the Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Air, Water and Health. Seve n main sites are followed for the time being and the report includes biogas analysis. Details can be found on the website of DGARNE.

Methane is recovered in the Walloon region from 199 3 on.127

8.2.2. Wastewater treatment (category 6B)

The CO 2 emissions from municipal wastewater treatment plan ts are not included in the Belgian greenhouse gas inventory in this category of domest ic and commercial wastewater handling (category 6B2) because the carbon derives from biomass raw ma terials. In this category, two sources of CH 4 emissions are taken into account, the municipal was tewater treatment plant and the sceptic tanks.

The methodology for the septic tanks is based on an article (Vasel, 1992) [32] which de scribes the characteristics and parameters of individual se ptic tanks. The IPCC default value of 0.6 kg CH 4 /kg BOD is used. Each habitant produce 60 g BOD/day, wh ose 60 % eventually settles (IPCC fraction that readily settle). It is considered that only 25 % of the BOD loading is anaerobically degraded (60*0.6*0.25), because the septic tanks are regular ly emptied and consequently the sludge is then treated aerobically. The annual emission factor bec omes 1,971 kg CH 4 /inhab*year (60*60%*25%*0,6gCH 4 /kg BOD). This emission factor has been always used in the Walloon region. In the Flemish region untill the 2007 submission th e factor of 1,5 g CH 4 /inhab*day was used. As a result of the in-country review in June 2007 the Fl emish region did recalculate the emissions from waste water treatment / septic tanks and harmonizes the methodology with the other regions also by using the emission factor of 1,971 kg CH 4 /inhab*year. The CH 4 emissions are estimated by multiplying these emission factors by the number of inhabitants not connected with a municipal wastewater treatment plant.

In the Walloon region, after discussion with the re gional responsible for municipal wastewater treatment plants , it appears that most of the plants are conducted aerobically. Those who use anaerobical digestion of the sludge recover the CH 4 for energy purpose. Consequently, no CH 4 emissions are accounted in this subcategory.

In the Brussels region, there are two municipal wa stewater treatment plants. One is conducted aerobically and the other anaerobically. The CH 4 produced by the anaerobical digestion is recovered for energy purpose. No CH 4 emissions are consequently estimated for this subc ategory.

In the Flemish region the emissions of CH 4 of the municipal waste water treatment plants are estimated by using the methodology as described in the EMEP/CORINAIR guidebook [3]. An emission factor of 0,3 kg CH 4 /inhabitant*year is used to calculate these emissio ns. A revision of the

connected inhabitants to the waste water treatment plants for the years 2001 to 2006 during the 2009 submission took place in the Flemish region. As a r esult a slight decrease of the emissions of CH 4 is reported.

The N 2 O emissions from human sewage are estimated by using the methodology described i n the IPCC 1996 Guidelines. The default values for N fraction in protein (kg N / kg protein) and N 2 O emission factor are 16 % and 0.01 kg N 2 O-N / kg sewage-N produced. The figure of protein consumption originates from the FAO statistics (33, 069 kg protein/person in 2006). The population figures comes from the National Institute of Statis tics.

Emissions originating from the anaerobical treatmen t of industrial wastewater (category 6B1) are not estimated in Belgium. The plants that apply this treatment in the Walloon region also recover

the CH 4 for energy purposes. Consequently, as for the anae robical municipal wastewater treatment plants, no CH 4 emissions are accounted in this subcategory. Although the emissions originating from the industr ial waste water plants are probably negligible, attempts are going on in the Flemish re gion to collect data for this sector. So far, neces sary data needed to make a rough estimation, are still m issing.128

8.2.3. Waste incineration (category 6C)

Waste incineration

N 2 O emissions from domestic waste incineration are ca lculated using activity data known from the individual companies involved combined with the emi ssion factor of CITEPA [2], which is 60 g

N 2 O/ton waste.

CH 4 emissions are not relevant here, as IPCC Good Prac tice Guidance [10] states on page 5.23

"Emissions of CH 4 are not likely to be significant because of the co mbustion conditions in incinerators (e.g. high temperatures and long residence time)".

To estimate the CO 2 emissions, each region applies its own methodology according to the available activity data:

Flanders

In Flanders, only the fraction of organic-synthetic waste is taken into consideration (assuming that organic waste does not give any net CO 2 emissions). For the municipal waste, the institute responsible for waste management in Flanders (OVAM) is given th e analysis of the different fractions in the waste. Based on this information, the amount of non -biogenic waste (excluding the inert fraction) is

determined. The carbon emission factor is based on data from literature for the different fractions involved. For industrial waste, the amount of bioge nic waste is considered to be the same as in municipal waste. The remaining amount is considered to be the non-biogenic part in which no inert fraction is present. For industrial waste, it is mo re difficult to determine the content of C and ther efore the results of a study carried out by the Vito ‘Deb ruyn en Van Rensbergen ‘Greenhouse gas emissions from municipal and industrial wastes of October 199 4’ are used. This study gives a content of C of the industrial waste of 65,5 %. Emissions of waste incineration plants with energy recuperation are allocated to the sector 1A1a and emissions of plants without energy recuperation are allocated to the category 6C. A revision of the activity data (amount of waste in cinerated) took place in the Flemish region for the complete time series during the 2009 submission.

Wallonia

In Wallonia, following a legal decree in 2000, the air emissions from municipal waste incineration are measured by ISSEP and the results are validated by a Steering Committee . These results allow a

crosscheck with the results of measurements directl y transmitted by the incinerators to the

environmental administration. From 1990 to 2000 CO 2 emissions of municipal waste incineration are reported assuming that 68 % of the waste is compose d of organic material. This is based on the average garbage composition in Wallonia and the use of IPCC equation on organic content of the various materials. Since 2000, more precise data ar e reported by the waste incineration plants in the context of their environmental reporting. In 2005, the average organic content is 31 %. These emissions are now reported in the energy sector und er 1A1a (biomass and other fuels, for the two respective fractions), according to IPCC guidelines

.

There is a distinction between the emission from mu nicipal waste incineration and hospital waste

incineration. CO 2 emissions from hospital waste incineration are mea sured and are integrated in the waste incineration sector. Since 2005, the only hos pital waste incineration plant was closed. Some hospital waste are incinerated in the municipal was te incineration plants. As the 4 municipal waste incineration plants produce electricity, these emis sions are allocated in the energy sector, category

1A1a.129

Brussels

The emission factors for the incineration of hospit al and municipal waste and corpses are estimated by

measurements in situ in connection with EPA and EME P/CORINAIR emission factors.

Flaring in the chemical industry

The emissions of CO 2 from the flaring in the chemical industry in the Wa lloon region are reported in category 6C according to the IPCC Guide lines.. The chemical industries involved produce polyethylen, polystyren, polypropylen, polyethylen and polyalphaolefine. In the Flemish region the emissions of CO 2 from the flaring activities in the chemical indust ry are allocated to the category 2B5 instead of catego ry 6C. These emissions are included in the results of surveys carried out on a yearly basis by the chemic al federation in cooperation with the Vito and need to be treated confidentially.

In absence of emission factors to estimate CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from flaring activities (no

emission factors are found in various documents as EPA-AP-42, guidebook emep/corinair, NIR from others MS and the IPCC guidelines), these emissions aren’t estimated in Belgium.

8.2.4. Others (category 6D)

CH 4 emissions from compost production are estimated us ing regional activity data combined with a default emission factor of 2,4 kg CH 4 /ton compost. The emission factor of 2,4 kg CH 4 /ton compost is used after consultation the colleagues in the Nethe rlands who uses this factor as a result of measurements carried out. This monitoring program w as carried out in the Netherlands and the Ministry as well as the waste sector were involved. The monitoring was not a random indication of emissions but was carried out over a longer period which increases the reliability of this emission

factor used.



## 8.3. Recalculations and planned improvements

8.3.1. Recalculations

- In the Flemish region the number of inhabitants tha t are connected with the purification plants has been revised for the years 2001 to 2006. A higher a mount of inhabitants connected was registered for these years. As a consequence the emissions of CH 4 are reduced for these years because of the highest share of sceptic tanks in this sector of wa ste water handling. Emissions in this sector did

decrease with +/- 350 ton CH 4 for the years 2001 and 2006 and lower decreases of emissions for the intermediate years are performed.

- In the Flemish region the activity data of incinera ted municipal waste is revised for the complete timeseries during the 2009 submission. As a consequ ence small differences in reported emissions

of N 2 O for the complete timeseries are performed ( in 19 90 +0,169 ton N 2 O and in 2006 +0,09 ton

N 2 O).

- During the 2009 submission CH4 recovery data from t he solid waste disposal sites are included for the Flemish region. Consequently these data are completed for the complete time series in Belgium.130

8.3.2. Planned improvements

- The in-country review of UNFCCC in June 2007 did not detect any anomalies in the methodology used in Belgium to estimate the emissions from soli d waste disposal sites (category 6A ). Anyway, the Flemish region did contact the UNFCCC-expert of was te, Ms. Sirinthornthep Towprayon, after the incountry review in January 2008 with some more quest ions because more information from the waste

institute OVAM became available at that time. After several reminders, the Flemish region did not get any answer so far. Although the differences detecte d in final emissions of CH 4 are rather small, depending on the outcome of this consultation, the methodology can be revised/optimized during the next 2010 submission in the Flemish region.131



# C HAPTER 

# 9: R ECALCULATIONS AND PLANNED

IMPROVEMENTS

9.1. Recalculations and achieved improvements

The specific recalculations and methodological impr ovements achieved since the last 2008 submission are presented in the respective chapters of all sec tors in this National Inventory Report.

A constant actualization of all sectors of the inve ntory is performed (mostly in most recent years) fr om the moment more accurate data become available. Important recalculations (with a major impact on th e total emissions) on the Belgian inventory were carried out during the 2006 submission at the momen t the assigned amounts were set down. In all regions, the emissions were completely updat ed during that submission for the time series. Also important recalculations were performed during the 2008 submission as a result of the in-country

review of UNFCCC in June 2007. During this 2009 submisson Belgium took into accoun t as much as possible the recommendations as formulated in the ‘Report of the individual review of the greenhouse gas inventory of Belgium submitted in 2007 and 2008 (January 2009)’. This re port is attached in annex 4 of this national inventory report.

On the technical side, all the national sectoral ta bles have been fulfilled in this submission.



### Recalculations performed during the 2009 submission :

General

The indirect greenhouse gas emissions (NOx, SO2, NM VOC and CO) have been fully recalculated , to harmonize the present inventory with the reporting of Belgian’s emissions performed under the Convention of EMEP/LRTAP.

In the energy sector :

- The emissions of CO2 in the sector iron and steel (category 1A2a) are recalculated in the Flemish region for the years 2002 to 2006 due to th e optimization of emission factors delivered by one of the largest companies in the sector. In the 2009 submission the oxidation factors (also delivered by this company and different from the IP CC default factors) are taken into account to

estimate these emissions. As a result the emissions of CO2 in this sector decreases with about 50- 60 kton CO2 for these years.

- During the 2009 submission the emission factors o f CH 4 and N 2 O from the combined heat-power installations in the Flemish region in the agricult ure and service sectors are harmonized between the 3 regions.

- Some minor corrections were made in the Flemish r egion in the energy sector of energy consumption data and emissions of CO 2 (mainly for the years 1991 to 1993).

- In the Flemish region the emissions of CH 4 from the cokes ovens are reported in category 1A1c (instead of the category 1B1b in the previous submi ssion) to harmonize with the other regions.

- The emissions of CH 4 en N 2 O from “other transportation” (1Ae3) are estimated in the Brussel and Walloon regions. As a consequence the emissions in this sector are completed for the entire timeseries in Belgium.132

- A recalculation of the N 2 O emissions from cokes production took place in the Walloon region to harmonize with the others regions.

In the sector of industrial processes :

- During the 2009 submission, the proces emissions of CO 2 are newly added for one glass company in the Flemish region (category 2A7) as a r esult of their emission reporting in the

framework of the EU-ETS Directive. An estimation of the previous years (1990-2004) is performed by using the same methodology as used in the framework of the EU-ETS (C-content of raw materials used). As a consequence the emissions of CO2 in this sector did increase with about 1 kton CO2 for the years 2005 to 2007 and with abou t 4 kton CO2 in 1990.

- Another recalculation in the glass sector (2A7) d uring this 2009 submission is a revision of the implied emission factor of another glass company in the Flemish region based on an average emission factor from the EU-ETS-data for the years 2005-2007. As a result the emission of CO2 did decrease with 10 to 13 kton CO2 for the complet e time series.

In the sector of solvent and other product use :

No main recalculations of greenhousegas emissions a re made in the sector of solvent and other product use during this 2009 submission. However, a s with all other sectors, a constant actualization of the inventory is performed. Conseq uently most recalculations of the emission inventory 1990-2007 are performed in the last years (2005 and 2006) because more accurate information became available for these years.

In the sector of agriculture :

Many recalculations were performed between the 2008 and 2009 submission. These are detailed in chapter 6.

In the LULUCF-sector :

No major recalculations of emissions were performed in the LUCF-sector during the 2009 submission compared with the 2008 submission.

In the waste sector :

- In the Flemish region the number of inhabitants t hat are connected with the purification plants has been revised for the years 2001 to 2006. A high er amount of inhabitants connected was registered for these years. As a consequence the em issions of CH4 are reduced for these years because of the highest share of sceptic tanks in th is sector of waste water handling. Emissions in

this sector did decrease with +/- 350 ton CH4 for t he years 2001 and 2006 and lower decreases of emissions for the intermediate years are performed.

- In the Flemish region the activity data of incine rated municipal waste is revised for the complete timeseries during the 2009 submission. As a consequ ence small differences in reported emissions of N2O for the complete timeseries are performed ( in 1990 +0,169 ton N 2 O and in 2006 +0,09 ton N2O).

- During the 2009 submission CH 4 recovery data from the solid waste disposal sites are included for the Flemish region. Consequently these data are completed for the complete time series in Belgium.133



## 9.2. Implication on emission levels and trends

Level

The main implication on level for CH 4 comes from the revision of the EF in the the agric ultural sector, resulting in a decrease of the emissions for the en tire time series, with an overal decrease of 327 kt on CO 2 in 2006 and 411 kton in 1990, in comparison with t he April 2008 submission.

Note : These recalculations were mainly performed o n Otcober 20 th , 2008, following the recommandations of the ERT after the review. A new official submission was sent by Belgium at this time.Consequently,the "previous submission" referre d by the CRF Reporter in the table 8(a)s1 is the

October 20 th 2008, submission and not the April 15 th 2008 submission. Nevertheless, the comments on recalculations in this NIR refers to the April 15 th submission. This is mentionned as it could lead to some confusion for the CH4 emissions from manure ma nagement.

For CO 2 and N 2 O, the recalculations in various sectors resulted i n a overal decrease of the emission of

21 kton CO 2 –eq, for each gas in 2006. CO 2 from fisheries in Flandres have been revised, lead ing to a

decrease of the emission of 200 kton CO 2 in 1990 (sector 1.4.c) .

Trend

The main drivers of the change in trend are the rec alculations in the agriculture sector (whole time serie) and in the fisheries for the year 1990. . Th e overal impact on the 1990-2006 trend is 0,6: the trend was –5,23% in the april 2008 submission and i s –4,63% in the april 2009 submisison.



## 9.3. Planned improvements

- During the 2010 submission the emissions of CO2 f rom the cement and lime sectors for the years

1990 to 2004 will be recalculated in the Walloon re gion. The emission factors for liquid fuels et gaseous fuels will be taken from the IPCC guidebook and an average emission factor by solid and waste fuels will be calculated with plant analyses (2005 to 2008) and will be applied for the previous years.

- During the 2010 submission the emissions of CH4 f rom the glass industries for the years 1990 to 2007 will be recalculated in the Walloon region to harmonize with the Flemish region.

- In Flanders a revision of the agriculture model u sed to calculate the emissions of NH3 started at the end of 2007 and was completed in december 2008. Special attention went to the emissions from manure processing, a revision of the emission factors of NH3, uncertainty determination, geographical allocations of the NH3 emissions and i nventorying mineral fertilizer type and application. The results of this study will also ha ve an impact on the direct and indirect emissions of N2O (category 4D) and will be taken into account during the 2010 submission.134

In 2009 a study will be conducted in Belgium to imp rove the reporting of emissions and supplementary data in the LULUCF-sector and to fulf il the international reporting obligations in

this sector from 2010 on.

- The in-country review of UNFCCC in June 2007 did not detect any anomalies in the methodology used in Belgium to estimate the emissio ns from solid waste disposal sites (category 6A). Anyway, the Flemish region did contact the UNF CCC-expert of waste, Ms. Sirinthornthep Towprayon, after the in-country review in January 2 008 with some more questions because more

information from the waste institute OVAM became av ailable at that time. After several reminders, the Flemish region did not get any answe r so far. Although the differences detected in final emissions of CH4 are rather small, depending on the outcome of this consultation, the methodology can be revised/optimized during the nex t 2010 submission in the Flemish region.135 

# P ART 

# II: S UPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

REQUIRED UNDER ARTICLE 

# 7, PARAGRAPH 

# 1

C HAPTER 

# 10: KP-LULUCF

In 1990 the LULUCF sector in Belgium was a net sink of 1422.19 Gg CO2.y-1. Consequently, according the Article 3.7 of the Kyot o Protocol, Belgium does not take into account the LULUCF sector to calculate the Assigned Amount.

Selected values for forest inventories

Belgium decides to adopt the following forest defin ition for use in accounting for its activities under Article 3.3 and 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol :

Minimum tree crown cover: 20 %

Minimum land area : 0.5 ha Minimum height at maturity: 5 m

These choices allow to use the result of the actual and projected regional forest inventories (Wallonia and Flanders) to calculate the C stock of different pools (biomass, dead organic matters and mineral soil). This definition is fully consistent with the official FAO definition and is already reported in the 2005 Forest Resource Assessment (FRA 2005).

Election of activities under art. 3.4.

Belgium does not elect grasland and cropland manage ment under Article 3.4 for inclusion in its accounting for the first commitment period. 

### Belgium does not elect any activities under Articl e 3.4. for inclusion in its accounting for the first commitment period.

Reporting on art 3.3 and 3.4.



### Belgium intends to account for the entire commitmen t period for all its activities under Article 3(3) of the Kyoto Protocol.



# C HAPTER 

# 11: I NFORMATION ON ACCOUNTING OF 

# K YOTO

UNITS

Information about the transactions of the Kyoto-uni ts is attached in annex 4 to this document.136



# C HAPTER 

# 12: INFORMATION ON CHANGES IN NATIONAL

SYSTEM

The national system in Belgium has been actualized for the submission of April 15 th to the UNFCCCsectretariat. No major changes were performed. The revised national system is in line with the developed QA/QC-plan.



# C HAPTER 

# 13: INFORMATION ON CHANGES IN NATIONAL

REGISTRY



## Elements concerning the national registry of Belgiu m

(numbering below refers to decision 15/CMP.1)



## Information on Kyoto units as set out in section I. E. of the annex to

decision 15/CMP.1

11. The secured SEF (standard electronic format) re port is attached to this report (see annex 4).

12.-17. (not applicable; empty lists)

18. Status of the Commitment Period Reserve (CPR) a t 31/12/2008: 660.776.819, which is 54.180.844 units above the threshold for CP 1 (2008 -2012). For Belgium, this CPR threshold is 606.595.975 unit s (90 per cent of the assigned amount).

19. (no requests received from expert review teams)

20. (not applicable)



## Changes in national registries as set out in sectio n I.G of the annex to

decision 15/CMP.1

Changes occurred in the national registry

Belgium changed its registry datacenter from the Br ussels based SmalS MvM to the Berlin based COLT NV in January 2008. The Seringas registry application was replaced by a n adapted version of the community registry software in February 2008. Since mid October 2008 the Belgian registry is conn ected with the ITL.



### Information submitted in accordance with paragraph 32 of the annex to decision

15/CMP.1

The required information was provided in the UNFCC C Registry Readiness Questionnaire for BE (hereafter referred to as RQ) as confirmed in the I AR of the BE registry.

a. New contact information for the registry adminis trator

Federal Government

The Registry

Administrator FED THE REGISTRY ADMINISTRATOR

FOD VVVL DG Environment, Climate Change Division137 Mark LOOMAN, project manager

- authorised representative of the registry

administrator Eurostation Building, Victor Hortaplein 40 - bus 17 , 1060 Brussels

b. (no changes)

c. (no changes) The software used for the BE registry is an adapted version of the European Community Registry software (the CR software is originally developed b y Trasys, the adapted version is developed by Dr. Lippke & Dr. Wagner GmbH).

d. The adapted CR software was both accredited by t he ITL administrator (in October 2007) and the CITL administrator (in June 2008) to operate under the European and Kyoto rules. The SEF reporting was accredited in January 2009.

e. (no changes) In case of discrepancies,... the incident/problem man agement procedures of the UNFCCC are followed. These procedures are refered to in our ow n incident/problem management procedures
which are written down at the moment within the fra mework of the ISO 9001:2000 certification we are planning to obtain by the end of 2009.

f. (no changes; RQ 2.3)

g. Public reports are available at http://www.climateregistry.be/NL/REP/report.htm (dutch version) and http://www.climateregistry.be/FR/REP/report.htm (French version). Detailed reports on accounts, operators,... are available in the registry at https://www.climateregistry.be/crweb/report/public/ publicReportList.do in Dutch, French, English and German (screenshots are available at the end of thi s document). Reports are provided according to Annex XVI of the Commission Regulation 2216/2004 changed by Regulation 916/2007.

h. (no changes) General registry website: http://www.climateregistry.be ; secured direct access to the Registry: https://www.climateregistry.be

i. (no changes; RQ 2.1-2.2) A new Disaster Recovery exercise has been scheduled for mid May 2009, to revise the current DR procedure that was tested in production in June 200 8 (before the ITL Go-Live).

j. ( RQ 2.8) The adapted CR software was both accredited by the ITL administrator (in October 2007) and the CITL administrator (in June 2008) to operat e under the European and Kyoto rules. The SEF reporting was accredited in January 2009.138139140141142143

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# A NNEXES

Annex 1: Ke y

sources analysis

Level assessment for 1990

IPCC category sector emissions

1990 Direct

greenhouse

gas level

assessment
1990 Cumulative

total Gg CO2eq % % 1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production 23504 CO2 16,58 16,58

1A4b Residential 20213 CO2 14,25 30,83 1A3b Road Transportation 19270 CO2 13,59 44,42

1A2a Iron and Steel 14213 CO2 10,02 54,44

1A2f Other 8069 CO2 5,69 60,13

1A2c Chemicals 6585 CO2 4,64 64,78 1A1b Petroleum Refining 4299 CO2 3,03 67,81

1A4a Commercial/Institutional 4272 CO2 3,01 70,82

2B2 Nitric Acid Production 3562 N2O 2,51 73,33 1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 2990 CO2 2,11 75,44

2A1 Cement Production 2824 CO2 1,99 77,43 6A1 Managed Waste Disposal on Land 2630 CH4 1,85 79,29 1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries 2525 CO2 1,78 81,07

4D1 Direct Soil Emissions 2367 N2O 1,67 82,74 1A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy I ndustries 2144 CO2 1,51 84,25 4A1 Non-Dairy Cattle 2134 CH4 1,50 85,76

2A2 Lime Production 2097 CO2 1,48 87,24

2C1 Iron and Steel Production 1946 CO2 1,37 88,61 4A1 Dairy Cattle 1740 CH4 1,23 89,83 2E1 By-product Emissions Other 1559 SF6 1,10 90,93

4B8 Swine 1350 CH4 0,95 91,89 5C1 Grassland remaining Grassland 1304 CO2 0,92 92,81

4D3 Indirect Emissions 1242 N2O 0,88 93,68 4D2 Pasture, Range and Paddock Manure (3) 936 N2O 0,66 94,34 4B13 Solid Storage and Dry Lot 892 N2O 0,63 94,97 1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print 637 CO2 0,45 95,42 1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals 624 CO2 0,44 95,86 1B2b Natural Gas 519 CH4 0,37 96,23 2E1 By-product Emissions Other 507 C2F6 0,36 96,58 5B1 Cropland remaining Cropland 480 CO2 0,34 96,92 2B1 Ammonia Production 420 CO2 0,30 97,22 1A3d Navigation 396 CO2 0,28 97,50 2B5 Other/Caprolactam 372 N2O 0,26 97,76 1A3b Road Transportation 333 N2O 0,24 97,99 2F(a)2 Foam Blowing 324 HFC-134a 0,23 98,22 2E1 By-product Emissions Other 324 CF4 0,23 98,45 1B1a Coal Mining and Handling 299 CH4 0,21 98,66 2E2 Fugitive Emissions 288 C5F12 0,20 98,87 2A7 Glass Production 281 CO2 0,20 99,06147

6B2 Waste Water Handling/Domestic and Commercial Wa ste
Water 265 N2O 0,19 99,25 6C Waste Incineration 253 CO2 0,18 99,43 3D Other/use of N2O for anaesthesia 246 N2O 0,17 99,60 2E2 Fugitive Emissions 230 C6F14 0,16 99,76 2B5 Other non-specified 224 CO2 0,16 99,92 1A3c Railways 224 CO2 0,16 100,08 6B2 Waste Water Handling/Domestic and Commercial Waste
Water 219 CH4 0,15 100,24 4B1 Dairy Cattle 216 CH4 0,15 100,39
4A8 Swine 211 CH4 0,15 100,54 1A4b Residential 208 CH4 0,15 100,68 1A3e Other Transportation (as specified in table 1. A(a) sheet 3) 197 CO2 0,14 100,82 1A5b Mobile/military use 191 CO2 0,14 100,96 2E1 By-product Emissions Other 181 C4F10 0,13 101,08 2E1 By-product Emissions Other 171 C 3F8 0,12 101,21
2A7 Ceramics 136 CO2 0,10 101,30 1A1b Petroleum Refining 129 N2O 0,09 101,39 4B1 Non-Dairy Cattle 120 CH4 0,08 101,48 1A3b Road Transportation 117 CH4 0,08 101,56 1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production 101 N2 O 0,07 101,63 1B2c Flaring 84 CO2 0,06 101,69 2F(a)9 Other/double glass windows 84 SF6 0,06 101,75 1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries 79 N2O 0,06 101,81 2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 72 HFC-134a 0,05 101,86 4B14 Other AWMS 57 N2O 0,04 101,90 1A4b Residential 51 N2O 0,04 101,93 1A2a Iron and Steel 51 CH4 0,04 101,97 2F(a)4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers 35 HFC-134a 0 ,02 101,99 2E1 By-product Emissions Other 34 C5F12 0,02 102,02 4A3 Sheep 32 CH4 0,02 102,04 1B1b Solid Fuel Transformation 31 CH4 0,02 102,06 1A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2) 29 N2O 0,02 102,08 2E2 Fugitive Emissions 20 C4F10 0,01 102,10 2F(a)8 Electrical Equipment 20 SF6 0,01 102,11 1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries 20 CH4 0,01 102,12 4B9 Poultry 18 CH4 0,01 102,14 1A3d Navigation 15 N2O 0,01 102,15 1A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2) 14 CH4 0,01 102,16 1A4a Commercial/Institutional 13 CH4 0,01 102,17 1A3c Railways 13 N2O 0,01 102,18 4B12 Liquid Systems 10 N2O 0,01 102,18 1A2a Iron and Steel 8 N2O 0,01 102,19 4A6 Horses 8 CH4 0,01 102,19 1A4a Commercial/Institutional 7 N2O 0,01 102,20
1A2c Chemicals 7 N2O 0,01 102,20 1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 7 N2O 0,01 102,21 1A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy I ndustries 7 CH4 0,00 102,21 6D Other (compost production) 7 CH4 0,00 102,22 1A2c Chemicals 7 CH4 0,00 102,22 1A3a Civil Aviation 7 CO2 0,00 102,23 1B2a Oil 6 CH4 0,00 102,23 1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print 4 N2O 0,00 102,24 2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 4 HFC-143a 0,00 102,24 1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 4 CH4 0,00 102,24148

1A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy I ndustries 3 N2O 0,00 102,24 1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production 3 CH4 0,00 102,25 4B3 Sheep 3 CH4 0,00 102,25 1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print 3 CH4 0,00 102,25 2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 3 HFC-125 0,00 102,25 1A3e Other Transportation (as specified in table 1. A(a) sheet 3) 2 N2O 0,00 102,25 1A5b Mobile/military use 2 N2O 0,00 102,25 4B6 Horses 1 CH4 0,00 102,26
1B2b Natural Gas 1 CO2 0,00 102,26
1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals 1 N2O 0,00 102,26 1A3a Civil Aviation 1 N2O 0,00 102,26 4A4 Goats 1 CH4 0,00 102,26 1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals 1 CH4 0,00 102,26 2F(a)3 Fire Extinguishers 1 HFC-227ea 0,00 102,26 4D4 Other/sludge spreading 0,46 N2O 0,00 102,26 1A3d Navigation 0,37 CH4 0,00 102,26 1A3c Railways 0,30 CH4 0,00 102,26
4B4 Goats 0,12 CH4 0,00 102,26 1A3a Civil Aviation 0,09 CH4 0,00 102,26 2F(a)2 Foam Blowing 0,07 HFC-152a 0,00 102,26 1A5b Mobile/military use 0,05 CH4 0,00 102,26 4A7 Mules and Asses 0,04 CH4 0,00 102,26 1A3e Other Transportation (as specified in table 1. A(a) sheet 3) 0,02 CH4 0,00 102,26 6C Waste Incineration 0,02 N2O 0,00 102,26 2B1 Ammonia Production 0,01 CH4 0,00 102,26
4B7 Mules and Asses 0,01 CH4 0,00 102,26 6A1 Managed Waste Disposal on Land 0,00 CO2 0,00 102,26 6B2 Waste Water Handling/Domestic and Commercial Wa ste Water 0,00 CO2 0,00 102,26 1A1b Petroleum Refining 0,00 CH4 0,00 102,26 6C Waste Incineration 0,00 CH4 0,00 102,26 5A1 Forest Land remaining Forest Land -3205 CO2 -2, 26 100,00

TOTAL Gg CO2eq 141798149

Level assessment for 2006

IPCC category sector 2006
emissions Direct

greenhouse

gas level

assessment
2006 Cumulative

total

Gg CO2eq % % 1A3b Road Transportation 24441 CO2 18,03 18,03 1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production 22740 CO2 16,78 34,81

1A4b Residential 20512 CO2 15,13 49,94

1A2a Iron and Steel 9306 CO2 6,87 56,80

1A2c Chemicals 7710 CO2 5,69 62,49 1A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2) 7229 CO2 5,33 67,83

1A4a Commercial/Institutional 5813 CO2 4,29 72,11 1A1b Petroleum Refining 4522 CO2 3,34 75,45

2A1 Cement Production 3112 CO2 2,30 77,75 1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries 2156 CO2 1,59 79,34

4D1 Direct Soil Emissions 2155 N2O 1,59 80,93

2A2 Lime Production 2139 CO2 1,58 82,50

2B2 Nitric Acid Production 2081 N2O 1,53 84,04 4A1 Non-Dairy Cattle 2052 CH4 1,51 85,55 1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 2015 CO2 1,49 87,04

2C1 Iron and Steel Production 1597 CO2 1,18 88,22 2B5 Other non-specified 1354 CO2 1,00 89,22

2B1 Ammonia Production 1290 CO2 0,95 90,17 4A1 Dairy Cattle 1266 CH4 0,93 91,10

4B8 Swine 1258 CH4 0,93 92,03 5C1 Grassland remaining Grassland 1141 CO2 0,84 92,87

4D3 Indirect Emissions 927 N2O 0,68 93,56 4D2 Pasture, Range and Paddock Manure (3) 791 N2O 0,58 94,14 1A3b Road Transportation 789 N2O 0,58 94,72 4B13 Solid Storage and Dry Lot 769 N2O 0,57 95,29 6A1 Managed Waste Disposal on Land 681 CH4 0,50 95,79 1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print 651 CO2 0,48 96,27 5B1 Cropland remaining Cropland 575 CO2 0,42 96,70 2F1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 5 43 HFC-134a 0,40 97,10

1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals 527 CO2 0,39 97,48 2B5 Other/Caprolactam 484 N2O 0,36 97,84 1A3d Navigation 446 CO2 0,33 98,17 2F1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 4 34 HFC-143a 0,32 98,49 1B2b Oil and natural gas/Natural Gas 403 CH4 0,30 98,79 1A1cManufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Ind ustries 395 CO2 0,29 99,08 2F1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 3 22 HFC-125 0,24 99,32 6B2 Domestic and Commercial Waste Water 272 N2O 0, 20 99,52 2A7 Other/glass production 270 CO2 0,20 99,72 3D Other/Use of N2O for Anaesthesia 247 N2O 0,18 99,90

2A7 Other/ceramics 214 CO2 0,16 100,06

4A8 Swine 198 CH4 0,15 100,20
2F4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers 175 HFC-134a 0, 13 100,33 4B1 Dairy Cattle 167 CH4 0,12 100,46 1A3e Other Transportation 156 CO2 0,11 100,57 1A3c Railways 143 CO2 0,11 100,68150

1A4b Residential 141 CH4 0,10 100,78 1B2c Venting and Flaring/Flaring 130 CO2 0,10 100,88 1A5b Other/Mobile/military use 129 CO2 0,10 100,97 6B2 Domestic and Commercial Waste Water 127 CH4 0, 09 101,07 4B2 Non-Dairy Cattle 118 CH4 0,09 101,15 1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production 102 N2 O 0,08 101,23

6C Waste Incineration 78 CO2 0,06 101,29 2E2 Fugitive Emissions 78 C6F14 0,06 101,34 2F2 Foam Blowing 78 HFC-134a 0,06 101,40 1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries 77 N2O 0,06 101,46 2F9 Other/double glass windows 64 SF6 0,05 101,50 1A3b Road Transportation 58 CH4 0,04 101,55 2C1 Iron and Steel Production 57 CH4 0,04 101,59

4B14 Other AWMS 55 N2O 0,04 101,63 1A1b Petroleum Refining 48 N2O 0,04 101,67

1A4b Residential 47 N2O 0,03 101,70 6D Other/Compost production 43 CH4 0,03 101,73 2E2 Fugitive Emissions 42 C4F10 0,03 101,76 2F2 Foam Blowing 29 HFC-152a 0,02 101,78 1A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2) 27 N2O 0,02 101,80 1A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2) 26 CH4 0,02 101,82 4A3 Sheep 26 CH4 0,02 101,84 2E2 Fugitive Emissions 26 C5F12 0,02 101,86

1A2a Iron and Steel 25 CH4 0,02 101,88 4B9 Poultry 23 CH4 0,02 101,90
1A4a Commercial/Institutional 22 CH4 0,02 101,91 1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production 13 CH4 0,01 101,92

4A6 Horses 13 CH4 0,01 101,93

1Bb Solid Fuels/solid fuel transformation 12 CH4 0 ,01 101,94 2F3 Fire Extinguishers 11 HFC-227ea 0,01 101,95 1A3d Navigation 11 N2O 0,01 101,96 2F8 Electrical Equipment 11 SF6 0,01 101,97 1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries 10 CH4 0,01 101,97 4B12 Liquid Systems 9 N2O 0,01 101,98 1A3c Railways 9 N2O 0,01 101,99 1A4a Commercial/Institutional 9 N2O 0,01 101,99 2F1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 8 HFC-32 0,01 102,00

1A2a Iron and Steel 7 N2O 0,01 102,00 2E1 Production of Halocarbons and SF6/By-product Em issions 7 CF4 0,01 102,01

1A2c Chemicals 6 CH4 0,00 102,01

1A3a Civil Aviation 6 CO2 0,00 102,02 1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print 5 N2O 0,00 102,02 1B2a Oil and Natural Gas/oil 4 CH4 0,00 102,02 1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print 4 CH4 0,00 102,03

1A2c Chemicals 3 N2O 0,00 102,03 1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 3 CH4 0,00 102,03

4A4 Goats 3 CH4 0,00 102,03 1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 3 N2O 0,00 102,04 1A3e Other Transportation 3 N2O 0,00 102,04

4B6 Horses 2 CH4 0,00 102,04 4B3 Sheep 2 CH4 0,00 102,04 1B2b Oil and natural gas/Natural Gas 2 CO2 0,00 102,04 1A5b Other/Mobile/military use 1 N2O 0,00 102,04 2F3 Fire Extinguishers 1 HFC-125 0,00 102,04151

1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals 1 CH4 0,00 102,05

1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals 1 N2O 0,00 102,05 2F4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers 1 HFC-227ea 0,0 0 102,05 2B5 Other non-specified 0,48 CH4 0,00 102,05 4D4 Other/Sludge Spreading 0,46 N2O 0,00 102,05

4B4 Goats 0,41 CH4 0,00 102,05 1A3d Navigation 0,31 CH4 0,00 102,05 2F1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 0 ,22 HFC-152a 0,00 102,05 1A3c Railways 0,19 CH4 0,00 102,05 1A1cManufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Ind ustries 0,18 N2O 0,00 102,05

1A3a Civil Aviation 0,18 N2O 0,00 102,05

4A7 Mules and Asses 0,17 CH4 0,00 102,05 1A1cManufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Ind ustries 0,12 CH4 0,00 102,05 1A5b Other/Mobile/military use 0,11 CH4 0,00 102,05 2B5 Other non-specified 0,10 N2O 0,00 102,05

4B7 Mules and Asses 0,03 CH4 0,00 102,05

1A3a Civil Aviation 0,03 CH4 0,00 102,05 1A3e Other Transportation 0,02 CH4 0,00 102,05 2F4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers 0,02 HFC-152a 0 ,00 102,05

2B1 Ammonia Production 0,01 CH4 0,00 102,05 5A1 Forest Land remaining Forest Land -2777 CO2 -2 ,05 100,00

TOTAL Gg CO2eq 135552152

Level assessment for 2007

IPCC category sector 2007 emissions Direct greenhouse

gas level

assess
ment 2007 Cumulative total Gg CO2eq % %

1A3b Road Transportation 24348 CO2 18,75 18,75 1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production 21862 CO2 16,84 35,59

1A4b Residential 18797 CO2 14,47 50,06

1A2a Iron and Steel 8569 CO2 6,60 56,66

1A2c Chemicals 7852 CO2 6,05 62,71 1A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2) 7031 CO2 5,41 68,12

1A4a Commercial/Institutional 5500 CO2 4,24 72,36 1A1b Petroleum Refining 4607 CO2 3,55 75,90

2A1 Cement Production 3087 CO2 2,38 78,28 1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries 2129 CO2 1,64 79,92 4A2 Non-Dairy Cattle 2054 CH4 1,58 81,50

4D1 Direct Soil Emissions 2052 N2O 1,58 83,08

2A2 Lime Production 2040 CO2 1,57 84,65 1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 1786 CO2 1,38 86,03

2C1 Iron and Steel Production 1427 CO2 1,10 87,13

2B2 Nitric Acid Production 1361 N2O 1,05 88,18 2B5 Other non-specified 1345 CO2 1,04 89,21

2B1 Ammonia Production 1301 CO2 1,00 90,21 4A1 Dairy Cattle 1276 CH4 0,98 91,20

4B8 Swine 1252 CH4 0,96 92,16 5C1 Grassland remaining Grassland 1118 CO2 0,86 93,02

4D3 Indirect Emissions 906 N2O 0,70 93,72 1A3b Road Transportation 793 N2O 0,61 94,33 4B13 Solid Storage and Dry Lot 735 N2O 0,57 94,90 4D2 Pasture, Range and Paddock Manure (3) 735 N2O 0,57 95,46 2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 597 HFC-134a 0,46 95,92 1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print 585 CO2 0,45 96,37 6A1 Managed Waste Disposal on Land 581 CH4 0,45 96,82 5B1 Cropland remaining Cropland 578 CO2 0,45 97,26 2B5 Other Caprolactam 540 N2O 0,42 97,68 2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 479 HFC-143a 0,37 98,05 1A3d Navigation 472 CO2 0,36 98,41
1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals 470 CO2 0,36 98,78 1B2b Natural Gas 406 CH4 0,31 99,09 2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 359 HFC-125 0,28 99,36 1A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy
Industries 334 CO2 0,26 99,62 6B2 Waste Water Handling/Domestic and Commercial
Waste Water 273 N2O 0,21 99,83 2A7 Glass Production 262 CO2 0,20 100,03 3D Other/use of N2O for Anaesthesia 247 N2O 0,19 100,22 2A7 ceramics 217 CO2 0,17 100,39

4A8 Swine 197 CH4 0,15 100,54 2F(a)4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers 178 HFC-134a 0,14 100,68153

4B1 Dairy Cattle 169 CH4 0,13 100,81 1A3c Railways 141 CO2 0,11 100,92 1A4b Residential 133 CH4 0,10 101,02 1A3e Other Transportation 125 CO2 0,10 101,12 6B2 Waste Water Handling/Domestic and Commercial
Waste Water 123 CH4 0,09 101,21 4B1 Non-Dairy Cattle 118 CH4 0,09 101,30 1A5B Mobile/military use 102 CO2 0,08 101,38 1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production 100 N2 O 0,08 101,46 1B2c Flaring 89 CO2 0,07 101,53 2F(a)2 Foam Blowing 87 HFC-134a 0,07 101,59 6C Waste Incineration 85 CO2 0,07 101,66 1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries 77 N2O 0,06 101,72 2E2 Fugitive Emissions 72 C6F14 0,06 101,77 2F(a)9 Other/double glass windows 70 SF6 0,05 101,83 1A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2) 67 N2O 0,05 101,88 2C1 Iron and Steel Production 58 CH4 0,04 101,92 1A3b Road Transportation 55 CH4 0,04 101,97 2E2 Fugitive Emissions 50 C4F10 0,04 102,00 4B14 Other AWMS 48 N2O 0,04 102,04 1A1b Petroleum Refining 44 N2O 0,03 102,08 1A4b Residential 43 N2O 0,03 102,11 6D Other (compost production) 43 CH4 0,03 102,14 2F(a)2 Foam Blowing 42 HFC-152a 0,03 102,17 2E1 By-product Emissions/other 29 CF4 0,02 102,20 4A3 Sheep 25 CH4 0,02 102,22 4B9 Poultry 24 CH4 0,02 102,23 1A2a Iron and Steel 23 CH4 0,02 102,25 1A4a Commercial/Institutional 21 CH4 0,02 102,27 2E2 Fugitive Emissions 21 C5F12 0,02 102,28 1A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2) 20 CH4 0,02 102,30 1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production 16 CH4 0,01 102,31
4A6 Horses 13 CH4 0,01 102,32 2F(a)3 Fire Extinguishers 11 HFC-227ea 0,01 102,33 1A3d Navigation 11 N2O 0,01 102,34 2F(a)8 Electrical Equipment 11 SF6 0,01 102,35 1B1b Solid Fuel Transformation 10 CH4 0,01 102,36 2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 10 HFC-32 0,01 102,36 1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries 10 CH4 0,01 102,37 4B12 Liquid Systems 9 N2O 0,01 102,38 1A3c Railways 9 N2O 0,01 102,39
1A3a Civil Aviation 8 CO2 0,01 102,39 1A4a Commercial/Institutional 8 N2O 0,01 102,40 1A2a Iron and Steel 7 N2O 0,01 102,40
1A2c Chemicals 7 CH4 0,01 102,41
1A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels an d Other Energy
Industries 5 CH4 0,00 102,41 1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print 5 N2O 0,00 102,42 1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print 4 CH4 0,00 102,42 1A2c Chemicals 3 N2O 0,00 102,42

4A4 Goats 3 CH4 0,00 102,42 1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 3 CH4 0 ,00 102,43

1B2a Oil 2 CH4 0,00 102,43154

4B6 Horses 2 CH4 0,00 102,43 1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 2 N2O 0 ,00 102,43 4B3 Sheep 2 CH4 0,00 102,43 1A3e Other Transportation 2 N2O 0,00 102,43 1B2b Natural Gas 2 CO2 0,00 102,44 2F(a)3 Fire Extinguishers 1 HFC-125 0,00 102,44 1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals 1 N2O 0,00 102,44 1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals 1 CH4 0,00 102,44 2F(a)4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers 1 HFC-227ea 0,00 102,44 2B5 Other non-specified 0,48 CH4 0,00 102,44 4D4 Other/Sludge Spreading 0,46 N2O 0,00 102,44

4B4 Goats 0,42 CH4 0,00 102,44 1A3d Navigation 0,32 CH4 0,00 102,44 4A7 Mules and Asses 0,20 CH4 0,00 102,44 1A3a Civil Aviation 0,20 N2O 0,00 102,44 2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 0,19 HFC-152a 0,00 102,44 1A3c Railways 0,19 CH4 0,00 102,44 1A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy
Industries 0,16 N2O 0,00 102,44 1A5B Mobile/military use 0,10 CH4 0,00 102,44 2B5 Other non-specified 0,09 N2O 0,00 102,44 1A5B Mobile/military use 0,08 N2O 0,00 102,44
4B7 Mules and Asses 0,04 CH4 0,00 102,44 1A3a Civil Aviation 0,03 CH4 0,00 102,44 2F(a)4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers 0,02 HFC-152 a 0,00 102,44 1A3e Other Transportation 0,01 CH4 0,00 102,44 2B1 Ammonia Production 0,01 CH4 0,00 102,44 5A1 Forest Land remaining Forest Land -3169 CO2 -2 ,44 100,00

TOTAL Gg CO2eq 129856155156Trend assessment 1990-2006IPCC categorydirectgreenhousegasemissions1990emissions2006levelassessment2006trendassessment1990-2006contributionto trendcumulativetotal% % % %1A3b Road TransportationCO2192702444118,034,6520,3720,371A2a Iron and SteelCO21421393066,873,3014,4834,856A1 Managed Waste Disposal on LandCH426306810,501,426,2041,051A4a Commercial/InstitutionalCO2427258134,291,335,8546,901A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy IndustriesCO221443950,291,285,6052,501A2c ChemicalsCO2658577105,691,094,7957,292B2 Nitric Acid ProductionN2O356220811,531,024,4861,771A4b ResidentialCO2202132051215,130,924,0265,792B5 Other non-specifiedCO222413541,000,883,8669,652B1 Ammonia ProductionCO242012900,950,693,0172,661A2e Food Processing, Beverages and TobaccoCO2299020151,490,652,8575,511A2f OtherCO2806972295,330,371,6477,152F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning EquipmentHFC-134a725430,400,371,6078,751A3b Road TransportationN2O3337890,580,361,5980,342F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning EquipmentHFC-143a44340,320,331,4581,802A1 Cement ProductionCO2282431122,300,321,4083,191A1b Petroleum RefiningCO2429945223,340,321,3984,594A1 Dairy CattleCH4174012660,930,311,3485,932F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning EquipmentHFC-12533220,240,251,0887,012E1 By-product Emissions OtherCF432470,010,231,0288,031A1a Public Electricity and Heat ProductionCO2235042274016,780,210,9288,952C1 Iron and Steel ProductionCO2194615971,180,200,8989,844D3 Indirect EmissionsN2O12429270,680,200,8890,721A4c Agriculture/Forestry/FisheriesCO2252521561,590,200,8791,602F(a)2 Foam BlowingHFC-134a324780,060,180,7992,386C Waste IncinerationCO2253780,060,130,5592,942E2 Fugitive EmissionsC6F14230780,060,110,4893,422F(a)4 Aerosols/Metered Dose InhalersHFC-134a351750,130,110,4893,891572A2 Lime ProductionCO2209721391,580,100,4694,352B5 Other/CaprolactamN2O3724840,360,100,4394,785B1 Cropland remaining CroplandCO24805750,420,090,4095,184D1 Direct Soil EmissionsN2O 2367 2155 1,59 0,08 0,36 95,545C1 Grassland remaining GrasslandCO2130411410,840,080,3695,904D2 Pasture, Range and Paddock Manure (3)N2O9367910,580,080,3596,251B2b Natural GasCH45194030,300,070,3196,572A7 CeramicsCO21362140,160,060,2896,854B13 Solid Storage and Dry LotN2O 892 769 0,57 0,06 0,28 97,136B2 Waste Water Handling/Domestic and Commercial WasteWaterCH42191270,090,060,2897,411A1b Petroleum RefiningN2O129480,040,060,2697,671A3c RailwaysCO22241430,110,050,2497,911A2b Non-Ferrous MetalsCO2 624 527 0,39 0,05 0,23 98,141A3d NavigationCO2 396 446 0,33 0,05 0,23 98,371A4b ResidentialCH4 208 141 0,10 0,05 0,20 98,572C1 Iron and Steel ProductionCH40570,040,040,1998,761A5b Mobile/military useCO21911290,100,040,1898,951A3b Road TransportationCH4 117 58 0,04 0,04 0,18 99,131B2c FlaringCO2 84 130 0,10 0,04 0,17 99,301A2d Pulp, Paper and PrintCO2 637 651 0,48 0,03 0,14 99,444B1 Dairy CattleCH4 216 167 0,12 0,03 0,13 99,576D Other (compost production)CH4 7 43 0,03 0,03 0,12 99,694B8 SwineCH4 1350 1258 0,93 0,03 0,11 99,801A3e Other Transportation (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 3) CO2 197 156 0,11 0,02 0,11 99,912F(a)2 Foam BlowingHFC-152a 0 29 0,02 0,02 0,10 100,012E2 Fugitive EmissionsC5F12 0 26 0,02 0,02 0,09 100,101A2a Iron and SteelCH4 51 25 0,02 0,02 0,08 100,182E2 Fugitive EmissionsC4F10 20 42 0,03 0,02 0,08 100,256B2 Waste Water Handling/Domestic and Commercial WasteWaterN2O 265 272 0,20 0,01 0,06 100,312F(a)9 Other/double glass windowsSF6 84 64 0,05 0,01 0,05 100,371A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2)CH4 14 26 0,02 0,01 0,04 100,414A1 Non-Dairy CattleCH4 2134 2052 1,51 0,01 0,04 100,451Bb Solid Fuels/solid fuel transformation CH4 0 120,01 0,01 0,04 100,493D Other/use of N2O for anaesthesia N2O 246 247 0,18 0,01 0,04 100,531582F(a)3 Fire ExtinguishersHFC-227ea1 11 0,01 0,01 0,04 100,571A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production CH4 313 0,01 0,01 0,04 100,601A4a Commercial/InstitutionalCH4 13 22 0,02 0,01 0,03 100,631A4c Agriculture/Forestry/FisheriesCH4 20 10 0,01 0,01 0,03 100,662F1 Refrigerationand Air Conditioning EquipmentHFC-3280,010,010,03100,692F(a)8 Electrical EquipmentSF620110,010,010,03100,721A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy IndustriesCH4700,000,010,02100,744B9 PoultryCH418230,020,000,02100,761A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production N2O 101 102 0,08 0,00 0,02 100,784A6 HorsesCH4 8 13 0,01 0,00 0,02 100,804A3 SheepCH4 32 26 0,02 0,00 0,02 100,811A2e Food Processing, Beverages and TobaccoN2O730,000,000,01100,831A3d NavigationN2O15110,010,000,01100,841A2c ChemicalsN2O730,000,000,01100,854A8 SwineCH42111980,150,000,01100,871A3c RailwaysN2O1390,010,000,01100,884B1 Non-Dairy CattleCH4 120 118 0,09 0,00 0,01 100,891A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries N2O 3 0 0,00 0,00 0,01 100,902A7 Glass ProductionCO2 281 270 0,20 0,00 0,01 100,904A4 GoatsCH4130,000,000,01100,911B2a OilCH4640,000,000,01100,921A4a Commercial/InstitutionalN2O790,010,000,01100,921A4b ResidentialN2O51470,030,000,01100,931A2d Pulp, Paper and PrintCH4 3 4 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,931A4c Agriculture/Forestry/FisheriesN2O 79 77 0,06 0,00 0,00 100,944B6 HorsesCH4 1 2 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,942F3 Fire ExtinguishersHFC-125 0 1 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,941A3a Civil AviationN2O 1 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,951A2a Iron and SteelN2O 8 7 0,01 0,00 0,00 100,951A2d Pulp, Paper and PrintN2O 4 5 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,952F4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers HFC-227ea0 1 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,951A5b Mobile/military useN2O 2 1 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,961B2b Natural GasCO2 1 2 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,962B5 Other non-specifiedCH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,964B3 SheepCH4 3 2 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,961591A2b Non-Ferrous MetalsN2O 1 1 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,961A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2)N2O 29 27 0,02 0,00 0,00 100,964B12 Liquid SystemsN2O 10 9 0,01 0,00 0,00 100,974B4 GoatsCH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,971A2e Food Processing, Beverages and TobaccoCH4430,000,000,00100,974B14 Other AWMSN2O57550,040,000,00100,971A3e Other Transportation (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 3)N2O230,000,000,00100,972F1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning EquipmentHFC-152a00,000,000,00100,974A7 Mules and AssesCH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,972B5 Other non-specifiedN2O 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,971A3c RailwaysCH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,971A2c ChemicalsCH4760,000,000,00100,971A3a Civil AviationCO2760,000,000,00100,971A3a Civil AviationCH4000,000,000,00100,971A5b Mobile/military useCH4000,000,000,00100,971A3d NavigationCH4000,000,000,00100,974B7 Mules and AssesCH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,974D4 Other/sludge spreadingN2O 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,972F4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers HFC-152a 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,971A2b Non-Ferrous MetalsCH4110,000,000,00100,971A3e Other Transportation (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 3)CH4000,000,000,00100,972B1 Ammonia ProductionCH4000,000,000,00100,975A1 Forest Land remaining Forest LandCO2-3205-2777-2,05-0,22-0,97100,00160Trend assessment 1990-2007IPCC categorydirectgreenhousegasemissions1990emissions2007levelassessment2007trendassessment1990-2007contributionto trendcumulativetotal% % % %1A3b Road TransportationCO2192702434818,755,6321,6121,611A2a Iron and SteelCO21421385696,603,7414,3435,942B2 Nitric Acid ProductionN2O356213611,051,606,1342,076A1 Managed Waste Disposal on LandCH426305810,451,545,8947,971A2c ChemicalsCO2658578526,051,535,8853,841A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy IndustriesCO221443340,261,375,2559,091A4a Commercial/InstitutionalCO2427255004,241,335,1264,212B5 Other non-specifiedCO222413451,040,963,6867,891A2e Food Processing, Beverages and TobaccoCO2299017861,380,803,0770,962B1 Ammonia ProductionCO242013011,000,772,9573,911A1b Petroleum RefiningCO2429946073,550,562,1676,072F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning EquipmentHFC-134a725970,460,451,7177,782A1 Cement ProductionCO2282430872,380,421,6279,401A3b Road TransportationN2O3337930,610,411,5780,972F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning EquipmentHFC-143a44790,370,401,5382,501A2f OtherCO2806970315,410,301,1683,662F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning EquipmentHFC-12533590,280,301,1584,812C1 Iron and Steel ProductionCO2194614271,100,301,1585,961A1a Public Electricity and Heat ProductionCO2235042186216,840,281,0987,044A1 Dairy CattleCH4174012760,980,271,0288,071A4b ResidentialCO2202131879714,470,240,9288,992E1 By-product Emissions OtherCF4324290,020,220,8689,854D3 Indirect EmissionsN2O12429060,700,190,7590,602F(a)2 Foam BlowingHFC-134a324870,070,180,6891,282B5 Other/CaprolactamN2O3725400,420,170,6491,921A4c Agriculture/Forestry/FisheriesCO2252521291,640,150,5992,516C Waste IncinerationCO2253850,070,120,4792,992F(a)4 Aerosols/Metered Dose InhalersHFC-134a351780,140,120,4793,461615B1 Cropland remaining CroplandCO24805780,450,120,4593,902E2 Fugitive EmissionsC6F14230720,060,120,4594,354D2 Pasture, Range and Paddock Manure (3)N2O9367350,570,100,3994,742A2 Lime ProductionCO2209720401,570,100,3995,134D1 Direct Soil EmissionsN2O 2367 2052 1,58 0,10 0,37 95,501A3d NavigationCO2 396 472 0,36 0,09 0,35 95,851A2b Non-Ferrous MetalsCO2 624 470 0,36 0,08 0,33 96,184A1 Non-Dairy CattleCH4 2134 2054 1,58 0,08 0,32 96,502A7 CeramicsCO2 136 217 0,17 0,08 0,30 96,804B13 Solid Storage and Dry LotN2O 892 735 0,57 0,07 0,26 97,076B2 Waste Water Handling/Domestic and Commercial WasteWaterCH4 219 123 0,09 0,07 0,25 97,325C1 Grassland remaining Grassland CO2 1304 1118 0,86 0,06 0,24 97,561A1b Petroleum RefiningN2O 129 44 0,03 0,06 0,24 97,801A5b Mobile/military useCO2 191 102 0,08 0,06 0,24 98,041B2b Natural GasCH4 519 406 0,31 0,06 0,22 98,261A3c RailwaysCO2 224 141 0,11 0,05 0,21 98,472C1 Iron and Steel ProductionCH4 0 58 0,04 0,05 0,19 98,651A4b ResidentialCH4 208 133 0,10 0,05 0,19 98,841A3e Other Transportation (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 3) CO2 197 125 0,10 0,05 0,18 99,021A3b Road TransportationCH4 117 55 0,04 0,04 0,17 99,192F(a)2 Foam BlowingHFC-152a 0 42 0,03 0,04 0,14 99,321A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2)N2O 29 67 0,05 0,03 0,13 99,456D Other (compost production)CH4 7 43 0,03 0,03 0,12 99,572E2 Fugitive EmissionsC4F10 20 50 0,04 0,03 0,10 99,676B2 Waste Water Handling/Domestic and Commercial WasteWaterN2O 265 273 0,21 0,03 0,10 99,774B1 Dairy CattleCH4 216 169 0,13 0,02 0,09 99,861A2a Iron and SteelCH4 51 23 0,02 0,02 0,07 99,943D Other/use of N2O for anaesthesia N2O 246 247 0,19 0,02 0,07 100,012E2 Fugitive EmissionsC5F12 0 21 0,02 0,02 0,07 100,071B1b Solid Fuel TransformationCH4 31 10 0,01 0,01 0,06 100,134B8 SwineCH4 1350 1252 0,96 0,01 0,05 100,181A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production CH4 316 0,01 0,01 0,04 100,221B2c FlaringCO2 84 89 0,07 0,01 0,04 100,261622F(a)3 Fire ExtinguishersHFC-227ea1 11 0,01 0,01 0,03 100,302F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning EquipmentHFC-32 10 0,01 0,01 0,03 100,331A4a Commercial/InstitutionalCH4 13 21 0,02 0,01 0,03 100,361A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries CH4 20 10 0,010,01 0,03 100,394B1 Non-Dairy CattleCH4 120 118 0,09 0,01 0,03 100,411A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2)CH4 14 20 0,02 0,01 0,02 100,442F(a)8 Electrical EquipmentSF6 20 11 0,01 0,01 0,02 100,464B9 PoultryCH4 18 24 0,02 0,01 0,02 100,481A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production N2O 101 100 0,08 0,01 0,02 100,502F(a)9 Other/double glass windows SF6 84 70 0,05 0,01 0,02 100,524A6 HorsesCH4 8 13 0,01 0,00 0,02 100,541A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries N2O 79 77 0,060,00 0,01 100,562A7 Glass ProductionCO2 281 262 0,20 0,00 0,01 100,571A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco N2O 72 0,00 0,00 0,01 100,594B14 Other AWMSN2O 57 48 0,04 0,00 0,01 100,604A3 SheepCH4 32 25 0,02 0,00 0,01 100,614A8 SwineCH4 211 197 0,15 0,00 0,01 100,631A4b ResidentialN2O 51 43 0,03 0,00 0,01 100,641A2c ChemicalsN2O 7 3 0,00 0,00 0,01 100,651B2a OilCH4 6 2 0,00 0,00 0,01 100,661A3d NavigationN2O 15 11 0,01 0,00 0,01 100,671A3c RailwaysN2O 13 9 0,01 0,00 0,01 100,681A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries N2O 3 0 0,00 0,00 0,01 100,694A4 GoatsCH4 1 3 0,00 0,00 0,01 100,701A3a Civil AviationCO2 7 8 0,01 0,00 0,01 100,701A2d Pulp, Paper and PrintCO2 637 585 0,45 0,00 0,01 100,711A5b Mobile/military useN2O 2 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,711A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries CH4 7 5 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,721A2d Pulp, Paper and PrintCH4 3 4 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,721A4a Commercial/InstitutionalN2O 7 8 0,01 0,00 0,00 100,724B6 HorsesCH4 1 2 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,731A2d Pulp, Paper and PrintN2O 4 5 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,732F(a)3 Fire ExtinguishersHFC-125 0 1 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,731A3a Civil AviationN2O 1 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,741A2c ChemicalsCH4 7 7 0,01 0,00 0,00 100,741632F(a)4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers HFC-227ea0 1 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,741B2b Natural GasCO2 1 2 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,741A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco CH4 43 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,742B5 Other non-specifiedCH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,751A2a Iron and SteelN2O 8 7 0,01 0,00 0,00 100,754B3 SheepCH4 3 2 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,751A2b Non-Ferrous MetalsN2O 1 1 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,754B4 GoatsCH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,752F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning EquipmentHFC-152a 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,751A3e Other Transportation (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 3) N2O 2 2 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,754A7 Mules and AssesCH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,752B5 Other non-specifiedN2O 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,754B12 Liquid SystemsN2O 10 9 0,01 0,00 0,00 100,751A3c RailwaysCH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,751A2b Non-Ferrous MetalsCH4 1 1 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,751A5b Mobile/military useCH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,751A3a Civil AviationCH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,754D4 Other/sludge spreadingN2O 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,754B7 Mules and AssesCH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,751A3d NavigationCH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,752F(a)4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers HFC-152a 0 00,00 0,00 0,00 100,752B1 Ammonia ProductionCH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,751A3e Other Transportation (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 3) CH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,755A1 Forest Land remaining Forest Land CO2 -3205 -3169 -2,44 -0,20 -0,75 100,00164Annex 2: GHG emission trends in the three RegionsIntroductory note:Greenhouse gas emissions follow very different patterns in the three regions of Belgium (Flanders, Wallonia, Brussels-Capital), due to thedifferent structure of the sectors, and to local circumstances.Figure 1. GHG emissions 1990-2006 in the three regions (excl. LUCF).Unit: Index point (base year emissions = 100).Note: For the fluorinated gases, the base year is 1995; as the y-axis refers to the base year, the index value for the year 1990 is not necessarily 100.80%85%90%95%100%105%110%115%120%1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Index (Base year = 100)WalloniaFlandersBrussels165Figure 2. GHG emissions : share of emissions between the three regions (2006).Wallonia35%Flanders62%Brussels3%166Annex 3: Uncertainty analysisUncertainty analysis - Uncertainty analysis - 2007IPCC source category Gas Base year emissions (1990) Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq Year t emissions : 2007 Gg CO2 eq AD uncertainty (%) EF uncertainty (%) Combined uncertainty Combined uncertainty as % of total national emissions in year t Combined uncertainty squared Type A sensitivity Type B sensitivity Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by emision factor uncertainty Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by activity data uncertainty Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Squared1.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gaseous FuelsCO2 2750,936483 10741,64361 1 1,4142136 0,1169826 0,0136849 0,0581274 0,07604035 0,05812744 0,1075373 0,12224185 0,014943071.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gaseous Fuels CH4 0,392493612 9,54539328 1 100 100,005 0,0073511 5,404E-05 6,502E-05 6,7572E-05 0,00650179 9,5561E-05 0,0065025 4,2282E-051.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gaseous FuelsN2O 1,530162728 29,47749841 500 500,001 0,1135003 0,0128823 0,0001987 0,00020867 0,09935722 0,00029511 0,09935765 0,009871941.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Liquid Fuels CO2 659,0792687 536,051966 1 2 2,236068 0,0092305 8,52E-05 -0,000494 0,00379472 -0,0009884 0,00536655 0,00545681 2,9777E-051.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,170920735 0,17529139 1 100 100,005 0,000135 1,822E-08 1,286E-07 1,2409E-06 1,2863E-05 1,7549E-061,2982E-05 1,6854E-101.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Liquid FuelsN2O 1,653112758 1,232918191 500 500,001 0,0047472 2,254E-05 -2,03E-06 8,7279E-06 -0,0010148 1,2343E-05 0,00101492 1,0301E-061.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Other Fuels CO2 749,0592548 1462,52794 5 10 11,18034 0,12592 0,0158558 0,0054785 0,01035327 0,0547851 0,07320868 0,09143806 0,008360921.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Other Fuels N2O 21,43551048 27,2702867 5 500 500,025 0,1050067 0,0110264 5,356E-05 0,00019305 0,02677815 0,001365050,02681292 0,000718931.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - BiomassCH4 0 5,3544615320 75 77,620873 0,0032006 1,024E-05 3,79E-05 3,7904E-05 0,00284283 0,0010721 0,00303827 9,2311E-061.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Biomass N2O 10,41254412 14,7027482 20 500 500,39984 0,0566567 0,00321 3,632E-05 0,00010408 0,01816096 0,00294386 0,01839801 0,000338491.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Solid FuelsCO2 19344,87344 9122,018941 5 5,0990195 0,3581898 0,1282999 -0,061227 0,06457499 -0,3061353 0,09132283 0,31946626 0,102058691.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Solid Fuels CH4 2,492379131 0,83071907 1 100 100,005 0,0006398 4,093E-07 -1,03E-05 5,8807E-06 -0,0010338 8,3165E-060,00103387 1,0689E-061.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Solid Fuels N2O 66,4426357 26,8812801 1 500 500,001 0,1035038 0,010713 -0,000242 0,00019029 -0,1210391 0,00026912 0,12103936 0,014650531.A.1.b. Petroleum Refining - Gaseous FuelsCO2 13,8225772 259,9631451 1 1,4142136 0,0028311 8,015E-06 0,0017503 0,00184029 0,00175033 0,00260256 0,00313639 9,837E-061.A.1.b. Petroleum Refining - Liquid Fuels CO2 4285,347423 4346,86666 5 2 5,3851648 0,1802648 0,0324954 0,002884 0,03077157 0,00576798 0,21758788 0,21766432 0,047377761.A.1.b. Petroleum Refining - Liquid Fuels N2O 129,34688 43,91057 5 50 50,249378 0,0169916 0,0002887 -0,000531 0,00031084 -0,0265435 0,002198 0,02663436 0,000709391.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind.- Gaseous FuelsCO2 2,592108263 01 1 1,4142136 0 0 -1,69E-05 0 -1,687E-05 0 1,6868E-05 2,8453E-101.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind.- Gaseous Fuels CH4 0,004875919 0 1 100 100,005 0 0 -3,17E-08 0 -3,173E-06 0 3,173E-06 1,0068E-111.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind.- Gaseous FuelsN2O 0,001439557 01 500 500,001 0 0 -9,37E-09 0 -4,684E-06 0 4,6839E-06 2,1939E-111.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind.- Liquid Fuels CO2 4,423369271 0 5 2 5,3851648 0 0 -2,88E-050 -5,757E-05 0 5,757E-05 3,3143E-091.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind.- Solid Fuels CO2 2137,385236 334,367904 1 2 2,236068 0,0057576 3,315E-05 -0,01154 0,002367 -0,0230804 0,00334744 0,02332187 0,000543911.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind.- Solid FuelsCH4 7,073526717 5,0923111 50 50,009999 0,0019611 3,846E-06 -9,98E-06 3,6049E-05 -0,0004991 5,098E-05 0,0005017 2,517E-071.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind.- Solid Fuels N2O 3,090038362 0,1643 1 500 500,001 0,0006326 4,002E-07 -1,89E-05 1,1631E-06 -0,0094726 1,6448E-06 0,0094726 8,973E-051.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Gaseous Fuels CO2 1485,191111 1621,58121 2 1 2,236068 0,0279228 0,0007797 0,0018142 0,01147921 0,00181421 0,03246812 0,03251876 0,001057471.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Gaseous FuelsCH4 1,60902 1,71992 75 75,026662 0,0009937 9,874E-07 1,705E-06 1,2175E-05 0,00012784 3,4437E-05 0,0001324 1,753E-081.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Gaseous Fuels N2O 0,5084 0,6262 2 500 500,004 0,0024111 5,814E-06 1,124E-06 4,4329E-060,00056225 1,2538E-05 0,00056239 3,1628E-071.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Liquid Fuels CO2 878,7539459 90,1393565 2 2 2,8284271 0,0019633 3,855E-06 -0,00508 0,0006381 -0,0101601 0,00180482 0,01031913 0,000106481.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,42021 0,02478 2 75 75,026662 1,432E-05 2,05E-10 -2,56E-06 1,7542E-07 -0,0001919 4,9616E-07 0,00019193 3,6838E-081.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Liquid Fuels N2O 1,86 0,09922 500 500,004 0,000382 1,459E-07 -1,14E-05 7,0224E-07 -0,0057008 1,9862E-06 0,00570081 3,2499E-051.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Solid FuelsCO2 11848,75938 6857,177912 5 5,3851648 0,2843675 0,0808649 -0,028539 0,04854213 -0,142696 0,13729787 0,19802238 0,039212861.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Solid Fuels CH4 48,57741 21,51618 2 75 75,026662 0,0124313 0,0001545 -0,000164 0,00015231 -0,0122851 0,00043081 0,01229264 0,000151111.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Solid Fuels N2O 5,8838 6,3736 2 500 500,004 0,0245411 0,0006023 6,83E-06 4,5119E-05 0,00341515 0,00012762 0,00341753 1,168E-051.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Gaseous FuelsCO2 259,5169704 270,1887922 1 2,236068 0,0046525 2,165E-05 0,0002239 0,00191267 0,00022387 0,00540986 0,00541449 2,9317E-051.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Gaseous Fuels CH4 0,488153141 0,50836408 2 75 75,026662 0,0002937 8,627E-08 4,221E-07 3,5987E-06 3,1657E-05 1,0179E-05 3,3253E-05 1,1057E-091.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Gaseous Fuels N2O 0,144927404 0,15039844 2 500 500,004 0,0005791 3,354E-07 1,216E-07 1,0647E-06 6,0783E-05 3,0114E-06 6,0857E-05 3,7036E-09167IPCC source category Gas Base year emissions (1990) Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq Year t emissions : 2007 Gg CO2 eq AD uncertainty (%) EF uncertainty (%) Combined uncertainty Combined uncertainty as % of total national emissions in year t Combined uncertainty squared Type A sensitivity Type B sensitivity Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by emision factor uncertainty Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by activity data uncertainty Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Squared1.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Liquid Fuels CO2 218,1675907 104,721932 2 2 2,8284271 0,002281 5,203E-06 -0,000678 0,00074133 -0,0013568 0,0020968 0,00249746 6,2373E-061.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,120614561 0,05497537 2 75 75,026662 3,176E-05 1,009E-09 -3,96E-07 3,8917E-07 -2,968E-05 1,1007E-06 2,97E-05 8,8206E-101.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Liquid FuelsN2O 0,530467775 0,239401252 500 500,004 0,0009218 8,497E-07 -1,76E-06 1,6947E-06 -0,0008786 4,7934E-06 0,00087865 7,7202E-071.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Solid Fuels CO2 145,9771903 95,2640932 5 5 7,0710678 0,0051874 2,691E-05 -0,000276 0,00067438 -0,0013778 0,00476856 0,00496362 2,4638E-051.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Solid FuelsCH4 0,289191 0,188724825 75 75,166482 0,0001092 1,193E-08 -5,46E-07 1,336E-06 -4,094E-05 9,4469E-06 4,2019E-05 1,7656E-091.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Solid Fuels N2O 0,5976614 0,39003129 5 500 500,025 0,0015019 2,256E-06 -1,13E-06 2,761E-06 -0,0005641 1,9524E-05 0,00056444 3,186E-071.A.2.c. Chemicals - Gaseous Fuels CO2 2519,326239 3405,30595 2 1 2,236068 0,0586377 0,0034384 0,0077105 0,02410624 0,00771046 0,06818275 0,06861734 0,004708341.A.2.c. Chemicals - Gaseous FuelsCH4 4,824092894 6,406119492 75 75,026662 0,0037012 1,37E-05 1,396E-05 4,5349E-05 0,00104674 0,00012827 0,00105457 1,1121E-061.A.2.c. Chemicals - Gaseous Fuels N2O 1,423573997 1,89077252 2 500 500,004 0,0072803 5,3E-05 4,121E-06 1,3385E-05 0,00206049 3,7858E-05 0,00206084 4,2471E-061.A.2.c. Chemicals - Liquid FuelsCO2 1835,135103 569,647857 2 2 2,8284271 0,0124076 0,0001539 -0,007908 0,00403255 -0,015817 0,01140578 0,01950046 0,000380271.A.2.c. Chemicals - Liquid FuelsCH4 1,013741475 0,31600409 2 75 75,026662 0,0001826 3,333E-08 -4,36E-06 2,237E-06 -0,000327 6,3272E-06 0,00032705 1,0696E-071.A.2.c. Chemicals - Liquid FuelsN2O 4,393358896 1,33519579 2 500 500,004 0,0051411 2,643E-05 -1,91E-05 9,4519E-06 -0,0095688 2,6734E-05 0,009568899,1564E-051.A.2.c. Chemicals - Other FuelsCO2 1833,633533 3846,0282120 20 28,284271 0,8377087 0,7017559 0,0152919 0,02722613 0,30583706 0,77007114 0,82858063 0,686545861.A.2.c. Chemicals - Other FuelsCH4 0 0,00504 20 75 77,620873 3,013E-06 9,076E-12 3,568E-083,5678E-08 2,6759E-06 1,0091E-06 2,8598E-06 8,1786E-121.A.2.c. Chemicals - Other FuelsN2O 0 0,0031 20 500 500,39984 1,195E-05 1,427E-10 2,194E-082,1945E-08 1,0972E-05 6,207E-07 1,099E-05 1,2078E-101.A.2.c. Chemicals - Solid FuelsCO2 396,7020396 31,27363 5 5 7,0710678 0,0017029 2,9E-06 -0,00236 0,00022139 -0,0118003 0,00156544 0,01190372 0,00014171.A.2.c. Chemicals - Solid FuelsCH4 0,811038753 0,06195 5 75 75,166482 3,586E-05 1,286E-09-4,84E-06 4,3855E-07 -0,0003629 3,101E-06 0,00036296 1,3174E-071.A.2.c. Chemicals - Solid FuelsN2O 1,677200757 0,12715 500 500,025 0,0004894 2,395E-07 -1E-05 8,9974E-07 -0,0050073 6,3622E-06 0,00500729 2,5073E-051.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Gaseous Fuels CO2 280,3750604 277,780383 2 1 2,236068 0,0047832 2,288E-05 0,0001419 0,00196641 0,00014188 0,00556186 0,00556367 3,0954E-051.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Gaseous Fuels CH4 0,52753267 0,52263555 2 75 75,026662 0,000302 9,118E-08 2,669E-07 3,6997E-06 2,0014E-05 1,0464E-05 2,2585E-05 5,1007E-101.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Gaseous FuelsN2O 0,155313741 0,153309912 500 500,004 0,0005903 3,485E-07 7,459E-08 1,0853E-06 3,7294E-05 3,0696E-06 3,742E-05 1,4002E-091.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Liquid Fuels CO2 232,1546772 186,477898 5 2 5,3851648 0,0077332 5,98E-05 -0,000191 0,00132008 -0,0003813 0,00933439 0,00934217 8,7276E-051.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,142622565 0,11751331 5 75 75,166482 6,802E-05 4,627E-09 -9,62E-08 8,3188E-07 -7,217E-06 5,8823E-06 9,3108E-06 8,669E-111.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Liquid Fuels N2O 0,566824218 0,45783118 5 500 500,025 0,0017629 3,108E-06 -4,48E-07 3,241E-06 -0,0002238 2,2917E-05 0,00022496 5,0608E-081.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Solid Fuels CO2 124,9518424 114,891189 5 5 7,0710678 0,0062562 3,914E-05 1,989E-07 0,00081332 9,9473E-07 0,00575102 0,00575102 3,3074E-051.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Solid FuelsCH4 0,283038 0,260248845 75 75,166482 0,0001506 2,269E-08 4,507E-10 1,8423E-06 3,3799E-08 1,3027E-05 1,3027E-05 1,6971E-101.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Solid Fuels N2O 0,5849452 0,53784761 5 500 500,025 0,002071 4,289E-06 9,314E-10 3,8074E-06 4,6568E-07 2,6923E-05 2,6927E-05 7,2505E-101.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Other Fuels CO2 0 6,29257 5 10 11,18034 0,0005418 2,935E-07 4,455E-05 4,4545E-05 0,00044545 0,00031498 0,00054557 2,9764E-071.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Other Fuels CH4 0 0,00504 5 75 75,166482 2,917E-06 8,511E-12 3,568E-08 3,5678E-08 2,6759E-06 2,5228E-07 2,6877E-06 7,2239E-121.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Other Fuels N2O 0 0,0031 5 500 500,025 1,194E-05 1,425E-10 2,194E-08 2,1945E-081,0972E-05 1,5517E-07 1,0974E-05 1,2042E-101.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - biomassCH4 1,68714 2,8446620 75 77,620873 0,0017004 2,891E-06 9,158E-06 2,0137E-05 0,00068688 0,00056957 0,00089231 7,9622E-071.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - biomass N2O 2,9822 3,7448 20 500 500,39984 0,0144305 0,0002082 7,103E-06 2,651E-05 0,0035515 0,0007498 0,00362978 1,3175E-051.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Gaseous FuelsCO2 680,7061848 1238,54773 2 1 2,236068 0,0213272 0,0004548 0,0043378 0,00876771 0,00433784 0,02479883 0,02517536 0,00063381.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Gaseous FuelsCH4 1,280596933 2,330087082 75 75,026662 0,0013462 1,812E-06 8,161E-06 1,6495E-05 0,0006121 4,6654E-05 0,00061387 3,7684E-071.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Gaseous FuelsN2O 0,379258999 0,68786226 2 500 500,004 0,0026486 7,015E-06 2,401E-06 4,8694E-06 0,00120069 1,3773E-05 0,001200771,4418E-061.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Liquid FuelsCO2 1671,11382 439,5775446 2 6,3245553 0,0214092 0,0004584 -0,007762 0,00311178 -0,015524 0,02640433 0,03062978 0,00093818168IPCC source category Gas Base year emissions (1990) Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq Year t emissions : 2007 Gg CO2 eq AD uncertainty (%) EF uncertainty (%) Combined uncertainty Combined uncertainty as % of total national emissions in year t Combined uncertainty squared Type A sensitivity Type B sensitivity Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by emision factor uncertainty Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by activity data uncertainty Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Squared1.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,918530259 0,24735888 6 75 75,239617 0,0001433 2,054E-08 -4,23E-06 1,7511E-06 -0,000317 1,4858E-05 0,00031732 1,0069E-071.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Liquid Fuels N2O 4,065520974 1,0681218 6 500 500,036 0,004113 1,692E-05 -1,89E-05 7,5613E-06 -0,0094475 6,4159E-05 0,00944768 8,9259E-051.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Solid FuelsCO2 637,8901324 108,3575355 5 7,0710678 0,0059004 3,481E-05 -0,003384 0,00076707 -0,0169191 0,00542397 0,01776727 0,000315681.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Solid Fuels CH4 1,436408475 0,24165127 5 75 75,166482 0,0001399 1,957E-08 -7,64E-06 1,7107E-06 -0,0005728 1,2096E-05 0,00057288 3,2819E-071.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Solid FuelsN2O 2,968577515 0,499412645 500 500,025 0,001923 3,698E-06 -1,58E-05 3,5354E-06 -0,0078913 2,4999E-05 0,0078913 6,2273E-051.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Biomass CH4 0 0,00945 20 75 77,620873 5,649E-06 3,191E-11 6,69E-08 6,6897E-08 5,0173E-06 1,8921E-06 5,3622E-06 2,8753E-111.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Biomass N2O 0 0,0031 20 500 500,39984 1,195E-05 1,427E-10 2,194E-08 2,1945E-08 1,0972E-05 6,207E-07 1,099E-05 1,2078E-101.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Gaseous FuelsCO2 2558,511857 2786,160072 1 2,236068 0,0479763 0,0023017 0,0030733 0,01972329 0,00307334 0,0557859 0,05587049 0,003121511.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Gaseous Fuels CH4 5,359214209 4,74290917 2 75 75,026662 0,0027403 7,509E-06 -1,3E-06 3,3575E-05 -9,748E-05 9,4965E-050,00013609 1,852E-081.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Gaseous Fuels N2O 1,853494195 1,80331847 2 500 500,004 0,0069435 4,821E-05 7,042E-07 1,2766E-05 0,0003521 3,6107E-05 0,00035395 1,2528E-071.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Liquid Fuels CO2 2697,714306 2409,04881 8 2 8,2462113 0,1529803 0,023403 -0,000501 0,01705371 -0,0010029 0,19294075 0,19294336 0,037227141.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Liquid Fuels CH4 1,992525918 1,88136642 8 75 75,42546 0,0010928 1,194E-06 3,52E-07 1,3318E-05 2,6397E-05 0,00015068 0,00015297 2,3401E-081.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Liquid FuelsN2O 14,88472838 29,70531868 500 500,064 0,1143919 0,0130855 0,0001134 0,00021028 0,05671142 0,0023791 0,0567613 0,003221851.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Solid Fuels CO2 2600,458977 1279,57911 5 5 7,0710678 0,0696767 0,0048548 -0,007863 0,00905817 -0,0393138 0,06405094 0,07515381 0,00564811.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Solid Fuels CH4 6,564766984 11,9409487 5 75 75,166482 0,0069119 4,777E-05 4,181E-05 8,453E-05 0,00313577 0,00059772 0,00319223 1,019E-051.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Solid Fuels N2O 11,9393751 12,5772967 5 500 500,025 0,04843 0,0023455 1,134E-05 8,9035E-05 0,00567001 0,00062957 0,00570486 3,2545E-051.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Other Fuels CO2 212,589876 556,431325 5 5 7,0710678 0,03029930,000918 0,0025555 0,00393899 0,01277767 0,02785287 0,03064394 0,000939051.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Other FuelsCH4 0,00245553 0,609182075 5 7,0710678 3,317E-05 1,1E-09 4,296E-06 4,3124E-06 2,1482E-05 3,0493E-05 3,7301E-05 1,3913E-091.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Other Fuels N2O 0,293079766 15,584969 5 500 500,025 0,06001130,0036014 0,0001084 0,00011033 0,05420958 0,00078013 0,0542152 0,002939291.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - biomass CH4 0,005271 0,982002 20 75 77,620873 0,000587 3,446E-07 6,917E-06 6,9516E-06 0,0005188 0,00019662 0,000554813,0781E-071.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - biomassN2O 0,01023 7,0456820 500 500,39984 0,0271504 0,0007371 4,981E-05 4,9877E-050,02490498 0,00141072 0,02494491 0,000622251.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Aviation Gasoline CO2 1,734838201 1,84984864 7,5 5 9,0138782 0,0001284 1,649E-08 1,806E-06 1,3095E-05 9,0287E-06 0,00013889 0,00013919 1,9373E-081.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Aviation Gasoline CH4 0,019067118 0,01957797 7,5 140 140,20075 2,114E-05 4,468E-10 1,451E-08 1,3859E-07 2,032E-06 1,47E-06 2,508E-06 6,2901E-121.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Aviation Gasoline N2O 0,000266332 0,00015932 7,5 500 500,05625 6,135E-07 3,764E-13 -6,05E-10 1,1278E-09 -3,027E-07 1,1962E-08 3,029E-07 9,1751E-141.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Jet Kerosene CO2 4,8078 6,30223 7,5 5 9,0138782 0,0004375 1,914E-07 1,333E-05 4,4614E-05 6,6635E-05 0,0004732 0,00047787 2,2836E-071.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Jet KeroseneCH4 0,0735 0,009457,5 140 140,20075 1,02E-05 1,041E-10 -4,11E-07 6,6897E-08-5,76E-05 7,0955E-07 5,7601E-05 3,3178E-091.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Jet Kerosene N2O 1,085 0,1953 7,5 500 500,05625 0,0007521 5,656E-07 -5,68E-06 1,3825E-06 -0,002839 1,4664E-05 0,00283907 8,0603E-061.A.3.b. Road Transportation - Diesel Oil CO2 10892,37018 19934,4276 5 2 5,3851648 0,8266817 0,6834027 0,0701806 0,14111629 0,14036113 0,99784287 1,00766644 1,015391651.A.3.b. Road Transportation - Diesel Oil CH4 15,06485134 16,6715196 5 40 40,311289 0,0051753 2,678E-05 1,998E-05 0,00011802 0,00079937 0,00083451 0,0011556 1,3354E-061.A.3.b. Road Transportation - Diesel Oil N2O 273,3746087 559,820768 5 100 100,12492 0,4316451 0,1863175 0,002184 0,00396298 0,21839693 0,02802253 0,22018738 0,048482481.A.3.b. Road Transportation - GasolineCO2 8223,46768 4203,475575 2 5,3851648 0,1743183 0,0303869 -0,023744 0,0297565 -0,047487 0,21041026 0,21570234 0,04652751.A.3.b. Road Transportation - Gasoline CH4 100,4493428 36,9848923 5 40 40,311289 0,0114812 0,0001318 -0,0003920,00026182 -0,015674 0,00185133 0,01578295 0,00024911.A.3.b. Road Transportation - Gasoline N2O 56,72998842 228,195098 5 100 100,12492 0,1759479 0,0309577 0,0012462 0,0016154 0,12462257 0,01142259 0,12514496 0,015661261.A.3.b. Road Transportation - LPGCO2 154,3539075 209,7871335 2 5,3851648 0,0086999 7,569E-05 0,0004806 0,00148509 0,00096126 0,01050116 0,01054506 0,00011121.A.3.b. Road Transportation - LPG CH4 1,106409087 0,9296548 5 40 40,311289 0,0002886 8,329E-08 -6,19E-07 6,581E-06 -2,475E-05 4,6535E-05 5,2709E-05 2,7783E-091.A.3.b. Road Transportation - LPGN2O 3,152566222 4,917458585 100 100,12492 0,0037916 1,438E-05 1,43E-05 3,4811E-05 0,00142956 0,00024615 0,0014506 2,1042E-06169IPCC source category Gas Base year emissions (1990) Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq Year t emissions : 2007 Gg CO2 eq AD uncertainty (%) EF uncertainty (%) Combined uncertainty Combined uncertainty as % of total national emissions in year t Combined uncertainty squared Type A sensitivity Type B sensitivity Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by emision factor uncertainty Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by activity data uncertainty Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Squared1.A.3.c. Railways - Liquid FuelsCO2 224,0929973 141,451478 6 2 6,3245553 0,0068893 4,746E-05 -0,000457 0,00100134 -0,0009139 0,00849664 0,008545647,3028E-051.A.3.c. Railways - Liquid FuelsCH4 0,299010491 0,18761346 6 100 100,17984 0,0001447 2,095E-08 -6,18E-07 1,3281E-06 -6,177E-05 1,1269E-05 6,2787E-05 3,9423E-091.A.3.c. Railways - Liquid FuelsN2O 12,87091051 8,826859076 125 125,14392 0,0085065 7,236E-05 -2,13E-05 6,2486E-05 -0,0026589 0,00053021 0,00271126 7,3509E-061.A.3.d. Navigation - Gas/Diesel Oil CO2 395,9205982 471,864549 10 2 10,198039 0,0370569 0,0013732 0,0007639 0,00334034 0,00152777 0,04723955 0,04726425 0,002233911.A.3.d. Navigation - Gas/Diesel OilCH4 0,371249768 0,3172569310 75 75,66373 0,0001849 3,417E-08 -1,7E-07 2,2459E-06 -1,275E-05 3,1761E-05 3,4226E-05 1,1714E-091.A.3.d. Navigation - Gas/Diesel Oil N2O 15,38249805 10,9396803 10 125 125,39936 0,0105642 0,0001116 -2,27E-05 7,7442E-05 -0,0028323 0,0010952 0,0030367 9,2216E-061.A.3.e. Other Transportation - Gaseous Fuels CO2 196,51 124,903512 5 1 5,0990195 0,0049045 2,405E-05 -0,0003950,00088419 -0,0003946 0,0062522 0,00626464 3,9246E-051.A.3.e. Other Transportation - Gaseous FuelsCH4 0,016691387 0,014096975 75 75,166482 8,16E-06 6,658E-11 -8,83E-09 9,9793E-08 -6,619E-07 7,0564E-07 9,6751E-07 9,3608E-131.A.3.e. Other Transportation - Gaseous Fuels N2O 2,463966667 2,0810737 5 500 500,025 0,0080134 6,421E-05 -1,3E-06 1,4732E-05 -0,0006511 0,00010417 0,00065937 4,3477E-071.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Biomass CH4 0 0,11063021 20 75 77,620873 6,613E-05 4,373E-09 7,832E-07 7,8315E-07 5,8737E-05 2,2151E-05 6,2775E-05 3,9406E-091.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Biomass N2O 0 0,02485025 20 500 500,39984 9,576E-05 9,17E-09 1,759E-07 1,7592E-07 8,7958E-05 4,9756E-06 8,8098E-05 7,7613E-091.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Gaseous FuelsCO2 1920,825122 3688,88432 4 1 4,1231056 0,1171265 0,0137186 0,0136122 0,0261137 0,01361217 0,1477214 0,14834724 0,02200691.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Gaseous FuelsCH4 3,627203693 6,939779234 75 75,106591 0,0040138 1,611E-05 2,552E-05 4,9127E-05 0,00191422 0,0002779 0,00193429 3,7415E-061.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Gaseous FuelsN2O 1,071508709 2,0491972 4 500 500,016 0,0078905 6,226E-05 7,534E-06 1,4506E-05 0,00376676 8,206E-05 0,00376765 1,4195E-051.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Liquid Fuels CO2 2311,587097 1713,87474 10 2 10,198039 0,1345957 0,018116 -0,00291 0,01213256 -0,005819 0,17158032 0,17167896 0,029473671.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Liquid Fuels CH4 6,5970518 4,84193652 10 75 75,66373 0,0028213 7,959E-06-8,65E-06 3,4276E-05 -0,000649 0,00048474 0,00081007 6,5622E-071.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Liquid Fuels N2O 5,843289023 4,23858392 10 500 500,09999 0,0163235 0,0002665 -8,02E-06 3,0005E-05 -0,00401 0,00042434 0,004032341,626E-051.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Other FuelsCO2 30,7021044 95,327586520 20 28,284271 0,0207634 0,0004311 0,000475 0,00067483 0,00950065 0,01908697 0,02132076 0,000454571.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Other Fuels CH4 2,759286572 9,1689129 20 75 77,620873 0,0054806 3,004E-05 4,695E-05 6,4907E-05 0,00352133 0,00183585 0,00397115 1,577E-051.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Other Fuels N2O 0,543097675 1,80467492 20 500 500,39984 0,0069543 4,836E-05 9,241E-06 1,2775E-05 0,00462058 0,00036134 0,00463468 2,148E-051.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Solid FuelsCO2 8,833050642 1,668615 5 15,811388 0,0002032 4,128E-08 -4,57E-05 1,1812E-05 -0,0002283 0,00025057 0,00033901 1,1493E-071.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Solid Fuels CH4 0,002845313 0,00378 15 75 76,485293 2,226E-06 4,957E-12 8,243E-09 2,6759E-08 6,1822E-07 5,6764E-07 8,3929E-07 7,0441E-131.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Solid Fuels N2O 0,042002241 0,0093 15 500 500,22495 3,582E-05 1,283E-09 -2,07E-07 6,5835E-08 -0,0001037 1,3966E-06 0,00010376 1,0765E-081.A.4.b. Residential - BiomassCH4 42,25365942 52,6941271 65 75 99,247166 0,0402732 0,0016219 9,806E-05 0,00037302 0,00735442 0,03428972 0,03506954 0,001229871.A.4.b. Residential - BiomassN2O 8,315559949 10,3725345 65 500 504,2073 0,0402744 0,001622 1,931E-05 7,3427E-05 0,00965714 0,00674973 0,01178216 0,000138821.A.4.b. Residential - Gaseous FuelsCO2 5824,26333 7628,260314 1 4,1231056 0,2422064 0,0586639 0,0160929 0,05400064 0,01609287 0,30547374 0,30589735 0,093573191.A.4.b. Residential - Gaseous Fuels CH4 11,59016383 14,3511256 4 75 75,106591 0,0083004 6,89E-05 2,617E-05 0,00010159 0,00196271 0,00057469 0,00204512 4,1825E-061.A.4.b. Residential - Gaseous Fuels N2O 3,422229893 4,237309 4 500 500,016 0,0163158 0,0002662 7,726E-06 2,9996E-05 0,003863 0,00016968 0,00386673 1,4952E-051.A.4.b. Residential - Liquid Fuels CO2 12609,17554 10618,0234 10 2 10,198039 0,8338653 0,6953314 -0,006882 0,07516524 -0,0137645 1,06299707 1,06308618 1,130152221.A.4.b. Residential - Liquid Fuels CH4 35,03920412 29,9123546 10 75 75,66373 0,0174291 0,0003038 -1,63E-05 0,00021175 -0,0012199 0,0029946 0,00323355 1,0456E-051.A.4.b. Residential - Liquid FuelsN2O 31,03602565 26,094442110 500 500,09999 0,1004941 0,0100991 -1,72E-05 0,00018472-0,0086212 0,00261238 0,00900828 8,1149E-051.A.4.b. Residential - Other Fuels CO2 20,7207 18,0022815 10 2 10,198039 0,0014138 1,999E-06 -7,4E-06 0,00012744-1,48E-05 0,00180225 0,00180231 3,2483E-061.A.4.b. Residential - Other Fuels CH4 0,03296475 0,02863999 10 75 75,66373 1,669E-05 2,785E-10 -1,18E-08 2,0274E-07 -8,83E-07 2,8672E-06 3,0001E-06 9,0007E-121.A.4.b. Residential - Other FuelsN2O 0,00973245 0,0084556210 500 500,09999 3,256E-05 1,06E-09 -3,48E-09 5,9858E-08 -1,738E-06 8,4651E-07 1,9332E-06 3,7372E-121.A.4.b. Residential - Solid FuelsCO2 1759,184627 532,445059 15 5 15,811388 0,0648307 0,004203 -0,007678 0,00376919 -0,0383883 0,07995662 0,088694570,007866731.A.4.b. Residential - Solid FuelsCH4 119,4304959 36,183232115 75 76,485293 0,0213118 0,0004542 -0,000521 0,00025614 -0,0390782 0,00543359 0,03945411 0,00155663170IPCC source category Gas Base year emissions (1990) Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq Year t emissions : 2007 Gg CO2 eq AD uncertainty (%) EF uncertainty (%) Combined uncertainty Combined uncertainty as % of total national emissions in year t Combined uncertainty squared Type A sensitivity Type B sensitivity Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by emision factor uncertainty Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by activity data uncertainty Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Squared1.A.4.b. Residential - Solid FuelsN2O 8,228490227 2,49272186 15 500 500,22495 0,0096023 9,22E-05 -3,59E-05 1,7646E-05 -0,0179502 0,00037433 0,01795414 0,000322351.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Biomass CH4 0 0,06882519 20 75 77,620873 4,114E-05 1,692E-09 4,872E-07 4,8722E-07 3,6541E-05 1,3781E-05 3,9053E-05 1,5252E-091.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - BiomassN2O 0 0,0609594520 500 500,39984 0,0002349 5,518E-08 4,315E-07 4,3153E-070,00021577 1,2206E-05 0,00021611 4,6704E-081.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Gaseous Fuels CO2 67,0392195 304,53297 4 1 4,1231056 0,0096693 9,35E-05 0,0017195 0,0021558 0,00171953 0,01219503 0,01231566 0,000151681.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Gaseous FuelsCH4 0,126105 0,572845724 75 75,106591 0,0003313 1,098E-07 3,235E-06 4,0552E-06 0,00024259 2,294E-05 0,00024367 5,9377E-081.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Gaseous Fuels N2O 0,037231 0,16912588 4 500 500,016 0,0006512 4,241E-07 9,55E-07 1,1972E-06 0,00047748 6,7726E-06 0,00047753 2,2804E-071.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Liquid Fuels CO2 2250,505579 1748,65217 10 2 10,198039 0,1373269 0,0188587 -0,002266 0,01237875 -0,0045319 0,17506197 0,17512062 0,030667231.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Liquid FuelsCH4 5,263632746 3,8799259710 75 75,66373 0,0022607 5,111E-06 -6,79E-06 2,7466E-05 -0,000509 0,00038843 0,00064029 4,0997E-071.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Liquid Fuels N2O 78,46486909 76,8382432 10 500 500,09999 0,295917 0,0875668 3,333E-05 0,00054394 0,01666648 0,00769247 0,01835608 0,000336951.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - SolidFuels CO2 207,851336 75,649728 15 5 15,811388 0,0092111 8,484E-05 -0,000817 0,00053553 -0,0040852 0,01136023 0,01207244 0,000145741.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - SolidFuels CH4 14,1246 5,1408 15 75 76,485293 0,0030279 9,168E-06 -5,55E-05 3,6392E-05 -0,0041642 0,00077199 0,0042352 1,7937E-051.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - SolidFuels N2O 0,973028 0,354144 15 500 500,22495 0,0013642 1,861E-06 -3,82E-06 2,507E-06 -0,0019125 5,3181E-05 0,00191321 3,6604E-061.A.5. Other (Not elsewhere specified) - Liquid FuelsCO2 191,4954276 101,62726720 2 20,099751 0,0157303 0,0002474 -0,000527 0,00071942 -0,0010534 0,02034832 0,02037557 0,000415161.A.5. Other (Not elsewhere specified) - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,049060459 0,10463347 20 75 77,620873 6,254E-05 3,912E-09 4,214E-07 7,407E-07 3,1608E-05 2,095E-05 3,7921E-05 1,438E-091.A.5. Other (Not elsewhere specified) - Liquid Fuels N2O 1,627877205 0,08183883 20 100 101,98039 6,427E-05 4,131E-09 -1E-05 5,7934E-07 -0,0010014 1,6386E-05 0,00100153 1,0031E-061.B.1.b. Fugitive Emissions - Solid Fuel Transformation CH4 30,79314 10,47648 5 60 60,207973 0,0048574 2,359E-05 -0,000126 7,4163E-05 -0,0075733 0,00052441 0,007591425,763E-051.B.2.a. Fugitve Emissions - Oil - Refining / Storage CH4 6,252162 2,49081 5 50 50,249378 0,0009638 9,29E-07 -2,31E-05 1,7633E-05 -0,0011527 0,00012468 0,00115938 1,3442E-061.B.2.b. Fugitive Emissions - Natural Gas - Distribution-transmissionCH4 518,8726621 406,19605810 30 31,622777 0,0989171 0,0097846 -0,000501 0,00287547 -0,0150315 0,04066531 0,04335452 0,001879611.B.2.b. Fugitive Emissions - Natural Gas - Distribution-transmission CO2 1,317994 1,76177 10 30 31,622777 0,000429 1,841E-07 3,895E-06 1,2472E-05 0,00011684 0,00017638 0,00021157 4,4761E-081.B.2.c Fugitive Emissions - Flaring - Combined CO2 83,83 89,3802 1 10 10,049876 0,0069173 4,785E-05 8,72E-05 0,00063272 0,00087204 0,00089481 0,00124945 1,5611E-062.A.1 Mineral products-cementCO2 2823,78288 3087,423035 5 7,0710678 0,168119 0,028264 0,0034796 0,02185594 0,01739803 0,15454485 0,15552106 0,02418682.A.2 Mineral products-limeCO2 2097,11556 2039,99031 5 2 5,3851648 0,0845985 0,0071569 0,0007941 0,01444114 0,00158827 0,10211428 0,10212663 0,010429852.A.3 Mineral products-otherCO2 416,2698815 478,398 5 5 7,0710678 0,0260501 0,0006786 0,0006777 0,00338659 0,00338857 0,02394681 0,02418537 0,000584932.B.1. Chemical Industry - Ammonia Production CO2 420,48 1301,17091 1,5 1,5 2,1213203 0,0212557 0,0004518 0,0064746 0,00921102 0,00971186 0,01953952 0,02182002 0,000476112.B.1. Chemical Industry - Ammonia Production CH4 0,01281 0,01386 2 5 5,3851648 5,748E-07 3,304E-13 1,475E-08 9,8115E-08 7,3774E-08 2,7751E-07 2,8715E-07 8,2455E-142.B.2. Chemical Industry - Nitric Acid ProductionN2O 3561,90496 1361,248132 80 80,024996 0,8388775 0,7037154 -0,013539 0,00963631 -1,0831372 0,0272556 1,08348011 1,173929152.B.5. Chemical Industry - Production of caprolactam N2O 372 540,485 2 30 30,066593 0,1251421 0,0156605 0,0014053 0,00382611 0,04215888 0,01082186 0,04352567 0,001894482.B.5. Chemical Industry - othersCO2 224,225334 1345,12241 20 5 20,615528 0,2135462 0,045602 0,0080629 0,00952215 0,04031445 0,26932718 0,27232772 0,074162392.B.5. Chemical Industry - othersCH4 0 0,480795 20 75 77,620873 0,0002874 8,259E-08 3,404E-06 3,4036E-06 0,00025527 9,6267E-05 0,00027282 7,4429E-082.B.5. Chemical Industry - othersN2O 0 0,09497161 20 100 101,98039 7,458E-05 5,563E-09 6,723E-07 6,7231E-07 6,7231E-05 1,9016E-05 6,9868E-05 4,8816E-092.C.1. Iron and Steel ProductionCO2 1945,985974 1426,863872 5 5,3851648 0,0591721 0,0035013 -0,002562 0,0101008 -0,0128113 0,02856939 0,03131037 0,000980342.C.1. Iron and Steel ProductionCH4 57,75 57,75 2 5 5,3851648 0,0023949 5,736E-06 3,301E-050,00040881 0,00016504 0,0011563 0,00116802 1,3643E-062.E.1. By-product emissions - OtherCF4 29,133 29,133 90 0 90 0,0201913 0,0004077 1,665E-05 0,00020623 0 0,0262492 0,0262492 0,000689022.E.1. By-product emissions - OtherC2F6 506,7084 026 0 26 0 0 -0,003297 0 0 0 0 02.E.1. By-product emissions - OtherC3F8 171,052 0 26 0 26 0 0 -0,001113 0 0 0 0 02.E.1. By-product emissions - OtherC4F10 180,607 026 0 26 0 0 -0,001175 0 0 0 0 0171IPCC source category Gas Base year emissions (1990) Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq Year t emissions : 2007 Gg CO2 eq AD uncertainty (%) EF uncertainty (%) Combined uncertainty Combined uncertainty as % of total national emissions in year t Combined uncertainty squared Type A sensitivity Type B sensitivity Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by emision factor uncertainty Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by activity data uncertainty Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Squared2.E.1. By-product emissions - OtherC5F12 33,5775 0 26 0 26 0 0 -0,000219 0 0 0 0 02.E.1. By-product emissions - OtherSF6 1559,3555 0 26 0 26 0 0 -0,010146 0 0 0 0 02.E.2. Fugitive emissionsC4F10 20,069 50,23226 0 26 0,0100575 0,0001012 0,000225 0,00035559 0 0,01307502 0,01307502 0,000170962.E.2. Fugitive emissionsC5F12 287,8275 20,6325 26 0 26 0,0041311 1,707E-05 -0,001727 0,00014606 0 0,00537049 0,00537049 2,8842E-052.E.2. Fugitive emissionsC6F14 229,7848 72,2906 26 0 26 0,0144741 0,0002095 -0,000984 0,00051175 0 0,0188167 0,0188167 0,000354072.F.1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning EquipmentHFC-32 0 10,442160375 75 0,006031 3,637E-05 7,392E-05 7,392E-05 0,00554402 0 0,00554402 3,0736E-052.F.1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning EquipmentHFC-125 2,5004 358,968204 75 75 0,2073255 0,0429839 0,0025249 0,00254114 0,18936546 0 0,18936546 0,035859282.F.1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning EquipmentHFC-134a 72,4451 597,404877 100 117 154,11035 0,7089835 0,5026576 0,0037576 0,00422904 0,4406166 0,59807707 0,74285878 0,551839162.F.1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning EquipmentHFC-152a 0 0,1886556 75 75 0,000109 1,187E-08 1,335E-06 1,3355E-06 0,00010016 0 0,00010016 1,0032E-082.F.1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning EquipmentHFC-143a 3,971 478,694086 106 106,06602 0,3909938 0,1528762 0,0033628 0,00338869 0,35668357 0 0,35668357 0,127223172.F.2. Foam blowingHFC-134a 324,2954 87,033734 143 146,71401 0,0983319 0,0096692 -0,001494 0,00061611-0,213413 0,02922484 0,21540474 0,04639922.F.2. Foam blowingHFC-152a 0,0686 42,2856 15 17 22,494444 0,0073249 5,365E-05 0,0002989 0,00029934 0,00501038 0,00634998 0,00808864 6,5426E-052.F.3. Fire extinguishersHFC-125 0 0,8568 10 50 50,990195 0,0003364 1,132E-07 6,065E-06 6,0653E-06 0,00030327 8,5776E-05 0,00031516 9,9327E-082.F.3. Fire extinguishersHFC-227ea 0,51678 11,075110 50 50,990195 0,0043488 1,891E-05 7,504E-05 7,8401E-05 0,0037519 0,00110876 0,0039123 1,5306E-052.F.4. Aerosols/Metered Dose InhalersHFC-134a 35,23 177,944 25 206 207,6656 0,2845663 0,080978 0,0010304 0,00125967 0,21242439 0,04453605 0,21704281 0,047107582.F.4. Aerosols/Metered Dose InhalersHFC-227ea 0 0,5655 25 50 55,901699 0,0002434 5,926E-08 4,003E-06 4,0032E-06 0,00020016 0,00014153 0,00024514 6,0096E-082.F.8. Electrical equipmentSF6 19,51435 10,6473401 100 100 0,0081993 6,723E-05 -5,16E-05 7,5373E-05 -0,0051616 0 0,00516159 2,6642E-052.F.9. Other (soundproof glazing)SF6 83,616062 70,332442 100,50 53,85 114,01754 0,0617537 0,0038135 -4,62E-05 0,00049789 -0,0024902 0,07076276 0,07080656 0,005013573.D. Use of N2O for anaesthesiaN2O 246,251972 246,7411523 100 100,04499 0,1900958 0,0361364 0,0001442 0,00174669 0,01442103 0,00741056 0,01621365 0,000262884.A. Enteric FermentationCH4 4125,93727 3568,65054 5 40 40,311289 1,1078125 1,2272486 -0,001586 0,02526256 -0,0634531 0,1786333 0,18956831 0,035936154.B. Manure ManagementCH4 1708,680642 1567,46074 10 40 41,231056 0,4976875 0,2476928 -2,31E-05 0,01109609 -0,0009227 0,15692244 0,15692515 0,02462554.B. Manure ManagementN2O 959,6498995 792,26005310 90 90,553851 0,552472 0,3052253 -0,000636 0,00560843 -0,0572767 0,07931515 0,09783411 0,009571514.D.1. Agricultural SoilsN2O 4545,683748 3693,10835 30 250 251,79357 7,1609766 51,279586 -0,003436 0,0261436 -0,8590314 1,10917913 1,40293027 1,968213345.A. Forest LandCO2 -3205,490468 -3169,36918 0 10,3 10,3 0,2513886 0,0631962 0,0015761 0,02243604 0,0162338 0 0,0162338 0,000263545.B. CroplandCO2 479,6761545 577,86313 0 7,0711 7,0710678 0,0314663 0,0009901 0,0009692 0,00409071 0,0068533 0 0,0068533 4,6968E-055.C. GrasslandCO2 1303,625909 1118,02324 0 17,678 17,67767 0,1521989 0,0231645 -0,000569 0,00791451 -0,0100537 0 0,01005367 0,000101086.A.1. Solid Waste Disposal on Land - Managed Waste DisposalCH4 2629,97868 580,81310730 40 50 0,2236361 0,0500131 -0,013 0,00411159 -0,5200183 0,17443999 0,54849648 0,300848396.B.2. Wastewater Handling - Domestic and Commercial Wastew. CH4 219,4854543 122,927904 20 70 72,801099 0,0689166 0,0047495 -0,000558 0,00087021 -0,0390651 0,02461324 0,04617248 0,00213196.B.2. Wastewater Handling - Domestic and Commercial Wastew. N2O 265,0865123 272,815552 20 110 111,8034 0,2348874 0,0551721 0,0002062 0,00193127 0,02268479 0,05462450,05914758 0,003498446.C. Municipal waste burningCO2 235,7564421 05 17 17,720045 0 0 -0,001534 0 -0,0260805 0 0,02608053 0,000680196.C. Municipal waste burningN2O 0,002697 0 5 100 100,12492 0 0 -1,76E-08 0 -1,755E-06 0 1,7551E-06 3,0802E-126.C Flaring in the chemical industry CO2 16,6 85,09 20 20 28,284271 0,0185336 0,0003435 0,0004943 0,00060235 0,0098866 0,01703715 0,01969795 0,000388016.D. CompostingCH4 6,9552504 43,1068938 30 200 202,23748 0,0671342 0,004507 0,0002599 0,00030515 0,05197873 0,01294662 0,053566810,0028694Emissions totales(kt eq-CO2)141262,4102 129856,719Incertitudes totales7,60403632,80866588Overall uncertainty in the year (%)Trend uncertainty (%)172Uncertainty analysis - 2006IPCC source category Gas Base year emissions (1990) Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq Year t emissions : 2006 Gg CO2 eq AD uncertainty (%) EF uncertainty (%) Combined uncertainty Combined uncertainty as % of total national emissions in year t Combined uncertainty squared Type A sensitivity Type B sensitivity Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by emision factor uncertainty Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by activity data uncertainty Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Squared1.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gaseous FuelsCO2 2750,936483 9894,264459111,41421360,10322720,01065590,05129040,069924520,05129040,09888820,111398290,012409581.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gaseous Fuels CH4 0,392493612 9,2660737871100100,0050,00683624,673E-056,283E-056,5485E-050,00628289,261E-050,006283463,9482E-051.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gaseous Fuels N2O 1,530162728 27,994694241 500 500,001 0,1032624 0,0106631 0,0001875 0,00019784 0,093742 0,00027979 0,09374244 0,008787651.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Liquid Fuels CO2 659,0792687 854,05106891 2 2,236068 0,0140885 0,0001985 0,0015736 0,00603573 0,0031472 0,00853581 0,00909753 8,2765E-051.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,170920735 0,3123517111100100,0050,00023045,31E-081,05E-062,2074E-060,0001053,1218E-060,000105081,1041E-081.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Liquid FuelsN2O 1,653112758 2,374353991500500,0010,00875817,671E-055,588E-061,678E-050,00279412,373E-050,00279427,8076E-061.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Other Fuels CO2 749,0592548 1515,93827751011,180340,12503510,01563380,00564190,01071340,05641880,07575520,094456010,008921941.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Other Fuels N2O 21,43551048 27,176432795 500 500,025 0,1002489 0,0100498 4,694E-05 0,00019206 0,0234698 0,00135807 0,02350907 0,000552681.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Biomass CH4 0 2,87795253520 75 77,620873 0,001648 2,716E-06 2,034E-05 2,0339E-05 0,0015254 0,00057527 0,00163029 2,6579E-061.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Biomass N2O 10,41254412 16,7285771520500500,399840,06175490,00381374,773E-050,000118220,02386480,003343870,024097930,000580711.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Solid FuelsCO2 19344,87344 10476,1586155,09901950,39407990,155299-0,0568530,07403686-0,28426250,104703940,302932520,091768111.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Solid Fuels CH4 2,492379131 0,9651346281100100,0050,0007125,07E-07-1,01E-056,8208E-06-0,00100539,646E-060,001005341,0107E-061.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Solid Fuels N2O 66,4426357 28,204055111 500 500,001 0,1040347 0,0108232 -0,000251 0,00019932 -0,1252502 0,00028189 0,12525049 0,015687681.A.1.b. Petroleum Refining - Gaseous Fuels CO2 13,8225772 204,46727511 1 1,4142136 0,0021332 4,551E-06 0,0013514 0,00144501 0,0013514 0,00204355 0,00244999 6,0024E-061.A.1.b. Petroleum Refining - Liquid FuelsCO2 4285,347423 4317,164129525,38516480,17151150,02941620,00149740,030510160,00299480,215739420,215760210,046552471.A.1.b. Petroleum Refining - Liquid FuelsN2O 129,34688 48,2507031555050,2493780,01788670,0003199-0,0005350,000341-0,02673460,002411210,026843150,000720551.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind.- Gaseous Fuels CO2 2,592108263 0,836391 1 1,4142136 8,726E-06 7,614E-11 -1,16E-05 5,9109E-06 -1,164E-05 8,3593E-06 1,4329E-05 2,0532E-101.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind.- Gaseous Fuels CH4 0,004875919 0,0007869231 100 100,005 5,806E-07 3,371E-13 -2,74E-08 5,5613E-09 -2,745E-06 7,8649E-09 2,7449E-06 7,5347E-121.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind.- Gaseous Fuels N2O 0,001439557 0,0004646591 500 500,001 1,714E-06 2,938E-12 -6,46E-09 3,2838E-09 -3,231E-06 4,644E-09 3,2311E-06 1,044E-111.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind.- Liquid FuelsCO2 4,423369271 0525,385164800-2,99E-050-5,989E-0505,9893E-053,5872E-091.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind.- Solid FuelsCO2 2137,385236 394,4629755122,2360680,00650714,234E-05-0,0116810,00278774-0,02336170,003942460,023692020,000561311.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind.- Solid Fuels CH4 7,073526717 0,119911 50 50,009999 4,424E-05 1,957E-09 -4,7E-05 8,4743E-07 -0,0023521 1,1984E-06 0,00235206 5,5322E-061.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind.- Solid Fuels N2O 3,090038362 0,17671 500 500,001 0,0006518 4,248E-07 -1,97E-05 1,2488E-06 -0,0098356 1,766E-06 0,00983558 9,6739E-051.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Gaseous Fuels CO2 1485,191111 1717,40051 2 1 2,236068 0,0283304 0,0008026 0,002082 0,01213717 0,002082 0,03432911 0,03439219 0,001182821.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Gaseous FuelsCH4 1,60902 1,625822 75 75,026662 0,0008999 8,098E-07 5,967E-07 1,149E-05 4,475E-05 3,2499E-05 5,5308E-05 3,0589E-091.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Gaseous Fuels N2O 0,5084 0,6324 2 500 500,004 0,0023327 5,442E-06 1,027E-06 4,4693E-060,0005137 1,2641E-05 0,00051383 2,6402E-071.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Liquid Fuels CO2 878,7539459 76,9719198 2 2 2,8284271 0,0016061 2,58E-06 -0,005405 0,00054397 -0,0108099 0,00153859 0,01091886 0,000119221.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,42021 0,02814 2 75 75,026662 1,558E-05 2,426E-10 -2,65E-06 1,9887E-07 -0,0001985 5,6249E-07 0,00019845 3,9383E-081.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Liquid Fuels N2O 1,86 0,11472 500 500,004 0,0004231 1,79E-07 -1,18E-05 8,1061E-07 -0,0058909 2,2927E-06 0,00589091 3,4703E-051.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Solid FuelsCO2 11848,75938 7511,568742 5 5,3851648 0,2984182 0,0890534 -0,027109 0,05308558 -0,1355461 0,15014871 0,20228047 0,040917391.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Solid FuelsCH4 48,57741 23,37132 2 75 75,026662 0,0129358 0,0001673 -0,000164 0,00016517 -0,0122779 0,00046717 0,01228676 0,000150961.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Solid FuelsN2O 5,8838 6,2961 2 500 500,004 0,0232242 0,0005394 4,662E-06 4,4496E-05 0,0023308 0,00012585 0,00233421 5,4485E-061.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Gaseous Fuels CO2 259,5169704 322,2946784 2 1 2,236068 0,0053166 2,827E-05 0,0005207 0,00227771 0,0005207 0,00644235 0,00646336 4,1775E-051.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Gaseous Fuels CH4 0,488153141 0,606236934 2 75 75,026662 0,0003355 1,126E-07 9,795E-07 4,2844E-06 7,346E-05 1,2118E-05 7,4457E-05 5,5439E-091.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Gaseous FuelsN2O 0,144927404 0,1787362372 500 500,004 0,0006593 4,347E-07 2,82E-07 1,2632E-06 0,000141 3,5728E-06 0,00014104 1,9892E-08173IPCC source category Gas Base year emissions (1990) Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq Year t emissions : 2006 Gg CO2 eq AD uncertainty (%) EF uncertainty (%) Combined uncertainty Combined uncertainty as % of total national emissions in year t Combined uncertainty squared Type A sensitivity Type B sensitivity Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by emision factor uncertainty Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by activity data uncertainty Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Squared1.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Liquid FuelsCO2 218,1675907 113,95233142 2 2,8284271 0,0023777 5,654E-06 -0,000672 0,00080532 -0,0013434 0,00227779 0,00264443 6,993E-061.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,120614561 0,060190677 2 75 75,026662 3,332E-05 1,11E-09 -3,91E-07 4,2538E-07 -2,934E-05 1,2032E-06 2,9364E-05 8,6227E-101.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Liquid Fuels N2O 0,530467775 0,260164738 2 500 500,004 0,0009597 9,209E-07 -1,75E-06 1,8386E-06 -0,0008763 5,2004E-06 0,00087637 7,6802E-071.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Solid Fuels CO2 145,9771903 90,68175994 5 5 7,0710678 0,0047304 2,238E-05 -0,000347 0,00064086 -0,0017371 0,00453159 0,00485312 2,3553E-051.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Solid FuelsCH4 0,289191 0,1796468945 75 75,166482 9,962E-05 9,924E-09 -6,88E-07 1,2696E-06 -5,162E-05 8,9774E-06 5,2394E-05 2,7452E-091.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Solid FuelsN2O 0,5976614 0,3712702485 500 500,025 0,0013695 1,876E-06 -1,42E-06 2,6238E-06 -0,0007112 1,8553E-05 0,00071145 5,0615E-071.A.2.c. Chemicals - Gaseous Fuels CO2 2519,326239 3210,959953 2 1 2,236068 0,0529682 0,0028056 0,0056353 0,02269242 0,0056353 0,06418386 0,06443077 0,004151321.A.2.c. Chemicals - Gaseous Fuels CH4 4,824092894 6,040613472 2 75 75,026662 0,0033434 1,118E-05 1,003E-05 4,269E-05 0,0007523 0,00012075 0,00076191 5,805E-071.A.2.c. Chemicals - Gaseous Fuels N2O 1,423573997 1,782985216 2 500 500,004 0,0065768 4,325E-05 2,963E-06 1,2601E-05 0,0014815 3,564E-05 0,00148188 2,196E-061.A.2.c. Chemicals - Liquid FuelsCO2 1835,135103 622,03335222 2 2,8284271 0,0129794 0,0001685 -0,008027 0,00439602 -0,016054 0,01243382 0,02030597 0,000412331.A.2.c. Chemicals - Liquid FuelsCH4 1,013741475 0,3429863182 75 75,026662 0,0001898 3,604E-08 -4,44E-06 2,4239E-06 -0,0003329 6,856E-06 0,00033301 1,109E-071.A.2.c. Chemicals - Liquid FuelsN2O 4,393358896 1,463459497 2 500 500,004 0,0053982 2,914E-05 -1,94E-05 1,0343E-05 -0,0097005 2,9253E-05 0,00970056 9,4101E-051.A.2.c. Chemicals - Other FuelsCO2 1833,633533 3845,899367 20 20 28,284271 0,8024879 0,6439869 0,0147638 0,02717965 0,2952764 0,76875661 0,82351374 0,678174871.A.2.c. Chemicals - Other FuelsCH4 0 0,00504 20 75 77,620873 2,886E-06 8,329E-12 3,562E-083,5619E-08 2,671E-06 1,0074E-06 2,855E-06 8,1513E-121.A.2.c. Chemicals - Other FuelsN2O 0 0,003120 500 500,39984 1,144E-05 1,31E-10 2,191E-08 2,1908E-08 1,095E-05 6,1966E-07 1,0972E-05 1,2038E-101.A.2.c. Chemicals - Solid FuelsCO2 396,7020396 31,29125 5 7,0710678 0,0016323 2,664E-06 -0,002465 0,00022114 -0,0123226 0,0015637 0,01242137 0,000154291.A.2.c. Chemicals - Solid FuelsCH4 0,811038753 0,06195 5 75 75,166482 3,435E-05 1,18E-09 -5,05E-06 4,3781E-07 -0,000379 3,0958E-06 0,00037899 1,4363E-071.A.2.c. Chemicals - Solid FuelsN2O 1,677200757 0,1271 5 500 500,025 0,0004688 2,198E-07 -1,05E-05 8,9824E-07 -0,0052283 6,3515E-06 0,00522831 2,7335E-051.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Gaseous Fuels CO2 280,3750604 275,9596831 2 1 2,236068 0,0045523 2,072E-05 5,208E-05 0,00195026 5,208E-05 0,00551616 0,0055164 3,0431E-051.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Gaseous FuelsCH4 0,52753267 0,5191030992 75 75,026662 0,0002873 8,255E-08 9,713E-08 3,6686E-06 7,285E-06 1,0376E-05 1,2678E-05 1,6074E-101.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Gaseous FuelsN2O 0,155313741 0,1520190092 500 500,004 0,0005607 3,144E-07 2,285E-08 1,0743E-06 1,143E-05 3,0387E-06 1,1823E-05 1,3979E-101.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Liquid Fuels CO2 232,1546772 234,3035294 5 2 5,3851648 0,0093084 8,665E-05 8,415E-05 0,00165586 0,0001683 0,01170873 0,01170994 0,000137121.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,142622565 0,162906914 5 75 75,166482 9,034E-05 8,161E-09 1,857E-07 1,1513E-06 1,393E-05 8,1409E-06 1,6134E-05 2,6029E-101.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Liquid Fuels N2O 0,566824218 0,572554688 5 500 500,025 0,0021121 4,461E-06 2,089E-07 4,0463E-06 0,0001044 2,8612E-05 0,00010829 1,1726E-081.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Solid FuelsCO2 124,9518424 140,49864955 5 7,0710678 0,0073291 5,372E-05 0,000147 0,00099293 0,0007349 0,00702107 0,00705943 4,9836E-051.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Solid FuelsCH4 0,283038 0,3182542655 75 75,166482 0,0001765 3,114E-08 3,33E-07 2,2492E-06 2,497E-05 1,5904E-05 2,9606E-05 8,7653E-101.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Solid Fuels N2O 0,5849452 0,657725481 5 500 500,025 0,0024262 5,887E-06 6,881E-07 4,6483E-06 0,0003441 3,2868E-05 0,00034562 1,1946E-071.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Other Fuels CO2 0 0 5 10 11,18034 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Other Fuels CH4 0 0 5 75 75,166482 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Other Fuels N2O 0 0 5 500 500,025 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - biomassCH4 1,68714 2,9805320 75 77,620873 0,0017067 2,913E-06 9,642E-06 2,1064E-05 0,0007231 0,00059578 0,00093695 8,7787E-071.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - biomass N2O 2,9822 3,5433 20 500 500,39984 0,0130804 0,0001711 4,851E-06 2,5041E-05 0,0024256 0,00070827 0,00252693 6,3854E-061.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Gaseous Fuels CO2 680,7061848 1333,517079 2 1 2,236068 0,0219978 0,0004839 0,0048155 0,0094242 0,0048155 0,026655670,02708715 0,000733711.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Gaseous Fuels CH4 1,280596933 2,508748784 2 75 75,026662 0,0013886 1,928E-06 9,06E-06 1,773E-05 0,0006795 5,0147E-05 0,00068135 4,6423E-071.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Gaseous Fuels N2O 0,379258999 0,740306226 2 500 500,004 0,0027307 7,457E-06 2,664E-06 5,2319E-06 0,0013321 1,4798E-05 0,00133221 1,7748E-061.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Liquid FuelsCO2 1671,11382 546,17464436 2 6,3245553 0,0254834 0,0006494 -0,007453 0,00385991 -0,0149057 0,03275245 0,03598475 0,0012949174IPCC source category Gas Base year emissions (1990) Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq Year t emissions : 2006 Gg CO2 eq AD uncertainty (%) EF uncertainty (%) Combined uncertainty Combined uncertainty as % of total national emissions in year t Combined uncertainty squared Type A sensitivity Type B sensitivity Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by emision factor uncertainty Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by activity data uncertainty Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Squared1.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Liquid FuelsCH4 0,918530259 0,3069063966 75 75,239617 0,0001704 2,902E-08 -4,05E-06 2,169E-06 -0,0003037 1,8404E-05 0,00030428 9,2584E-081.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Liquid Fuels N2O 4,065520974 1,334562121 6 500 500,036 0,0049231 2,424E-05 -1,81E-05 9,4316E-06 -0,0090462 8,003E-05 0,00904659 8,1841E-051.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Solid Fuels CO2 637,8901324 135,2350434 5 5 7,0710678 0,0070546 4,977E-05 -0,003363 0,00095573 -0,0168136 0,00675803 0,01812089 0,000328371.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Solid Fuels CH4 1,436408475 0,302449579 5 75 75,166482 0,0001677 2,813E-08 -7,59E-06 2,1375E-06 -0,000569 1,5114E-05 0,00056924 3,2403E-071.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Solid FuelsN2O 2,968577515 0,6252484555 500 500,025 0,0023064 5,32E-06 -1,57E-05 4,4187E-06 -0,0078394 3,1245E-05 0,0078395 6,1458E-051.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - BiomassCH4 0 0,0703520 75 77,620873 4,028E-05 1,623E-09 4,972E-07 4,9718E-07 3,729E-05 1,4062E-05 3,9852E-05 1,5882E-091.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Biomass N2O 0 0,124 20 500 500,39984 0,0004578 2,095E-07 8,763E-07 8,7633E-07 0,0004382 2,4786E-05 0,00043887 1,926E-071.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Gaseous Fuels CO2 2558,511857 2779,907503 2 1 2,236068 0,0458576 0,0021029 0,0023242 0,0196461 0,0023242 0,05556756 0,05561614 0,003093161.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Gaseous Fuels CH4 5,359214209 4,979033337 2 75 75,026662 0,0027559 7,595E-06 -1,09E-06 3,5188E-05 -8,211E-05 9,9526E-05 0,00012903 1,6648E-081.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Gaseous FuelsN2O 1,853494195 0,9740003182 500 500,004 0,0035928 1,291E-05 -5,66E-06 6,8834E-06 -0,0028325 1,9469E-05 0,00283254 8,0233E-061.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Liquid FuelsCO2 2697,714306 2539,162678 2 8,2462113 0,1544687 0,0238606 -0,000319 0,01794471 -0,0006382 0,20302123 0,20302224 0,041218031.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Liquid Fuels CH4 1,992525918 1,393214316 8 75 75,42546 0,0007752 6,01E-07 -3,64E-06 9,8461E-06 -0,0002733 0,0001114 0,0002951 8,7083E-081.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Liquid Fuels N2O 14,88472838 13,83349347 8 500 500,064 0,0510332 0,0026044 -3,01E-06 9,7764E-05 -0,0015038 0,001106070,00186678 3,4849E-061.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Solid Fuels CO2 2600,458977 1284,692049 5 5 7,0710678 0,0670162 0,0044912 -0,008525 0,00907915 -0,0426235 0,06419926 0,07706043 0,005938311.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Solid FuelsCH4 6,564766984 17,908258625 75 75,166482 0,0099305 9,862E-05 8,212E-05 0,00012656 0,0061587 0,00089492 0,00622342 3,8731E-051.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Solid FuelsN2O 11,9393751 6,3204011485 500 500,025 0,0233148 0,0005436 -3,62E-05 4,4667E-05 -0,0180818 0,00031585 0,01808454 0,000327051.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Other Fuels CO2 212,589876 625,4800413 5 5 7,0710678 0,0326283 0,0010646 0,0029811 0,00442038 0,0149054 0,03125679 0,03462885 0,001199161.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Other Fuels CH4 0,00245553 0,630127338 5 5 7,0710678 3,287E-05 1,08E-09 4,437E-06 4,4532E-06 2,218E-05 3,1489E-05 3,8518E-05 1,4836E-091.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Other Fuels N2O 0,293079766 3,100037595 5 500 500,025 0,0114355 0,0001308 1,992E-05 2,1909E-05 0,0099622 0,00015492 0,00996337 9,9269E-051.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - biomassCH4 0,005271 1,0520 75 77,620873 0,0006013 3,615E-07 7,385E-06 7,4205E-06 0,0005539 0,00020988 0,0005923 3,5082E-071.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - biomassN2O 0,01023 3,120 500 500,39984 0,0114439 0,000131 2,184E-05 2,1908E-05 0,0109195 0,00061966 0,01093706 0,000119621.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Aviation Gasoline CO2 1,734838201 2,05405433 7,5 5 9,0138782 0,0001366 1,866E-08 2,771E-06 1,4516E-05 1,386E-05 0,00015397 0,00015459 2,3899E-081.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Aviation Gasoline CH4 0,019067118 0,020403175 7,5 140 140,20075 2,11E-05 4,453E-10 1,511E-08 1,4419E-07 2,115E-06 1,5294E-06 2,6099E-06 6,8117E-121.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Aviation Gasoline N2O 0,000266332 0,000155561 7,5 500 500,05625 5,739E-07 3,293E-13-7,04E-10 1,0994E-09 -3,519E-07 1,1661E-08 3,5206E-07 1,2395E-131.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Jet KeroseneCO2 4,8078 4,289847,5 5 9,0138782 0,0002853 8,138E-08 -2,23E-06 3,0317E-05 -1,116E-05 0,00032156 0,00032175 1,0353E-071.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Jet KeroseneCH4 0,0735 0,009457,5 140 140,20075 9,774E-06 9,553E-11 -4,31E-07 6,6785E-08 -6,031E-05 7,0836E-07 6,0319E-05 3,6384E-091.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Jet Kerosene N2O 1,085 0,1767 7,5 500 500,05625 0,0006519 4,249E-07 -6,1E-06 1,2488E-06 -0,0030484 1,3245E-05 0,00304843 9,2929E-061.A.3.b. Road Transportation - Diesel Oil CO2 10892,37018 19768,89011 5 2 5,3851648 0,7853746 0,6168133 0,0659169 0,13971024 0,1318337 0,98790058 0,99665826 0,993327691.A.3.b. Road Transportation - Diesel Oil CH4 15,06485134 16,8026948 5 40 40,311289 0,0049969 2,497E-05 1,676E-05 0,00011875 0,0006703 0,00083967 0,00107439 1,1543E-061.A.3.b. Road Transportation - Diesel Oil N2O 273,3746087 552,1501488 5 100 100,12492 0,4078448 0,1663374 0,0020513 0,00390214 0,2051324 0,02759232 0,20697984 0,042840651.A.3.b. Road Transportation - GasolineCO2 8223,46768 4417,7285175 2 5,3851648 0,1755067 0,0308026 -0,024439 0,03122087 -0,0488776 0,22076488 0,22611092 0,051126151.A.3.b. Road Transportation - Gasoline CH4 100,4493428 39,85646691 5 40 40,311289 0,0118528 0,0001405 -0,000398 0,00028167 -0,0159351 0,00199173 0,01605913 0,00025791.A.3.b. Road Transportation - Gasoline N2O 56,72998842 231,5859816 5 100 100,12492 0,1710606 0,0292617 0,0012526 0,00163666 0,1252585 0,01157293 0,12579201 0,015823631.A.3.b. Road Transportation - LPGCO2 154,3539075 254,345564 5 2 5,3851648 0,0101046 0,0001021 0,0007525 0,00179751 0,001505 0,01271028 0,01279907 0,000163821.A.3.b. Road Transportation - LPGCH4 1,106409087 0,999959516 5 40 40,311289 0,0002974 8,843E-08 -4,24E-07 7,0669E-06 -1,695E-05 4,997E-05 5,2765E-05 2,7842E-091.A.3.b. Road Transportation - LPGN2O 3,152566222 5,1404331525 100 100,12492 0,003797 1,442E-05 1,499E-05 3,6328E-05 0,0014985 0,00025688 0,00152037 2,3115E-06175IPCC source category Gas Base year emissions (1990) Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq Year t emissions : 2006 Gg CO2 eq AD uncertainty (%) EF uncertainty (%) Combined uncertainty Combined uncertainty as % of total national emissions in year t Combined uncertainty squared Type A sensitivity Type B sensitivity Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by emision factor uncertainty Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by activity data uncertainty Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Squared1.A.3.c. Railways - Liquid FuelsCO2 224,0929973 143,26518696 2 6,3245553 0,0066845 4,468E-05 -0,000505 0,00101248 -0,0010093 0,00859118 0,00865026 7,4827E-051.A.3.c. Railways - Liquid FuelsCH4 0,299010491 0,190153798 6 100 100,17984 0,0001405 1,975E-08 -6,8E-07 1,3439E-06 -6,805E-05 1,1403E-05 6,8997E-05 4,7606E-091.A.3.c. Railways - Liquid FuelsN2O 12,87091051 8,860515883 6 125 125,14392 0,0081802 6,692E-05 -2,45E-05 6,2619E-05 -0,0030648 0,00053134 0,00311056 9,6756E-061.A.3.d. Navigation - Gas/Diesel Oil CO2 395,9205982 446,4749183 10 2 10,198039 0,0335899 0,0011283 0,0004749 0,00315532 0,0009497 0,04462292 0,04463303 0,001992111.A.3.d. Navigation - Gas/Diesel OilCH4 0,371249768 0,30745995810 75 75,66373 0,0001716 2,945E-08 -3,41E-07 2,1729E-06 -2,554E-05 3,0729E-05 3,9957E-05 1,5966E-091.A.3.d. Navigation - Gas/Diesel OilN2O 15,38249805 10,897612610 125 125,39936 0,0100814 0,0001016 -2,71E-05 7,7015E-05-0,0033907 0,00108916 0,00356138 1,2683E-051.A.3.e. Other Transportation - Gaseous Fuels CO2 196,51 155,796 5 1 5,0990195 0,0058606 3,435E-05 -0,000229 0,00110104 -0,0002294 0,00778551 0,00778889 6,0667E-051.A.3.e. Other Transportation - Gaseous Fuels CH4 0,016691387 0,01758516 5 75 75,166482 9,751E-06 9,509E-11 1,127E-08 1,2428E-07 8,456E-07 8,7877E-07 1,2195E-06 1,4873E-121.A.3.e. Other Transportation - Gaseous Fuels N2O 2,463966667 2,595904593 5 500 500,025 0,0095758 9,17E-05 1,664E-06 1,8346E-05 0,0008322 0,00012972 0,00084223 7,0936E-071.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - BiomassCH4 0 0,03301864220 75 77,620873 1,891E-05 3,575E-10 2,333E-07 2,3335E-07 1,75E-05 6,6001E-06 1,8704E-05 3,4985E-101.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - BiomassN2O 0 0,00974836120 500 500,39984 3,599E-05 1,295E-09 6,889E-08 6,8893E-083,445E-05 1,9486E-06 3,4502E-05 1,1904E-091.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Gaseous FuelsCO2 1920,825122 3745,098441 4 1 4,1231056 0,1139156 0,0129768 0,0134612 0,02646727 0,0134612 0,1497215 0,15032542 0,022597731.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Gaseous FuelsCH4 3,627203693 7,045679565 4 75 75,106591 0,0039039 1,524E-05 2,524E-05 4,9793E-05 0,0018927 0,00028167 0,00191358 3,6618E-061.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Gaseous FuelsN2O 1,071508709 2,079533015 4 500 500,016 0,0076709 5,884E-05 7,442E-06 1,4696E-05 0,0037211 8,3136E-05 0,003722021,3853E-051.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Liquid FuelsCO2 2311,587097 1971,92538810 2 10,198039 0,1483552 0,0220093 -0,001713 0,01393595 -0,003427 0,19708403 0,19711382 0,038853861.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Liquid FuelsCH4 6,5970518 5,59260680210 75 75,66373 0,0031217 9,745E-06 -5,14E-06 3,9524E-05 -0,0003854 0,00055895 0,00067895 4,6097E-071.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Liquid Fuels N2O 5,843289023 4,910010479 10 500 500,09999 0,0181149 0,0003281 -4,86E-06 3,47E-05 -0,0024299 0,00049073 0,00247898 6,1454E-061.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Other Fuels CO2 30,7021044 95,56843 20 20 28,284271 0,0199414 0,0003977 0,0004675 0,0006754 0,0093508 0,01910317 0,02126897 0,000452371.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Other Fuels CH4 2,759286572 9,192078 20 75 77,620873 0,0052637 2,771E-054,628E-05 6,4962E-05 0,0034711 0,0018374 0,00392741 1,5425E-051.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Other FuelsN2O 0,543097675 1,809234420 500 500,39984 0,0066789 4,461E-05 9,109E-06 1,2786E-050,0045547 0,00036165 0,00456901 2,0876E-051.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Solid FuelsCO2 8,833050642 015 5 15,811388 0 0 -5,98E-05 0 -0,000299 0 0,000299 8,9403E-081.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Solid Fuels CH4 0,002845313 0 15 75 76,485293 0 0 -1,93E-08 0 -1,445E-06 0 1,4447E-06 2,0873E-121.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Solid Fuels N2O 0,042002241 0 15 500 500,22495 0 0 -2,84E-07 0 -0,0001422 0 0,00014218 2,0215E-081.A.4.b. Residential - BiomassCH4 42,25365942 55,29735378 65 75 99,247166 0,0404872 0,0016392 0,0001047 0,0003908 0,007855 0,0359235 0,03677226 0,00135221.A.4.b. Residential - BiomassN2O 8,315559949 10,882311665 500 504,2073 0,0404786 0,0016385 2,061E-05 7,6907E-05 0,0103049 0,00706961 0,01249684 0,000156171.A.4.b. Residential - Gaseous FuelsCO2 5824,26333 8150,1731084 1 4,1231056 0,2479059 0,0614573 0,0181603 0,05759871 0,0181603 0,32582753 0,32633323 0,106493371.A.4.b. Residential - Gaseous Fuels CH4 11,59016383 15,33312075 4 75 75,106591 0,0084958 7,218E-05 2,99E-05 0,00010836 0,0022421 0,00061299 0,00232441 5,4029E-061.A.4.b. Residential - Gaseous Fuels N2O 3,422229893 4,527107364 4 500 500,016 0,0166994 0,0002789 8,825E-06 3,1994E-05 0,0044125 0,00018098 0,00441619 1,9503E-051.A.4.b. Residential - Liquid FuelsCO2 12609,17554 11803,32026 10 2 10,198039 0,8880071 0,7885567 -0,001948 0,08341615 -0,0038955 1,17968251 1,17968894 1,3916661.A.4.b. Residential - Liquid FuelsCH4 35,03920412 33,4347368 10 75 75,66373 0,018663 0,0003483 -9,3E-07 0,00023629 -6,978E-05 0,00334163 0,00334236 1,1171E-051.A.4.b. Residential - Liquid FuelsN2O 31,03602565 29,300260810 500 500,09999 0,1080996 0,0116855 -3,05E-06 0,00020707-0,0015237 0,00292841 0,00330112 1,0897E-051.A.4.b. Residential - Other FuelsCO2 20,7207 18,00228147 10 2 10,198039 0,0013544 1,834E-06-1,31E-05 0,00012723 -2,611E-05 0,00179924 0,00179943 3,2379E-061.A.4.b. Residential - Other FuelsCH4 0,03296475 0,028639993 10 75 75,66373 1,599E-05 2,556E-10 -2,08E-08 2,024E-07 -1,558E-06 2,8624E-06 3,2589E-061,062E-111.A.4.b. Residential - Other FuelsN2O 0,00973245 0,008455617 10 500 500,09999 3,12E-05 9,732E-10 -6,13E-09 5,9757E-08 -3,066E-06 8,451E-07 3,1806E-06 1,0116E-111.A.4.b. Residential - Solid FuelsCO2 1759,184627 540,6878186 15 5 15,811388 0,0630685 0,0039776 -0,008088 0,00382114 -0,0404387 0,08105854 0,09058575 0,008205781.A.4.b. Residential - Solid FuelsCH4 119,4304959 36,7434759215 75 76,485293 0,0207326 0,0004298 -0,000549 0,00025967 -0,0411661 0,00550849 0,04153302 0,00172499176IPCC source category Gas Base year emissions (1990) Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq Year t emissions : 2006 Gg CO2 eq AD uncertainty (%) EF uncertainty (%) Combined uncertainty Combined uncertainty as % of total national emissions in year t Combined uncertainty squared Type A sensitivity Type B sensitivity Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by emision factor uncertainty Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by activity data uncertainty Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Squared1.A.4.b. Residential - Solid FuelsN2O 8,228490227 2,5306964315 500 500,22495 0,009339 8,722E-05 -3,78E-05 1,7885E-05 -0,0189115 0,0003794 0,01891528 0,000357791.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Biomass CH4 0 0,01481802 20 75 77,620873 8,485E-06 7,2E-11 1,047E-07 1,0472E-07 7,854E-06 2,962E-06 8,3941E-06 7,046E-111.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Biomass N2O 0 0,013124532 20 500 500,39984 4,845E-05 2,347E-09 9,275E-08 9,2753E-08 4,638E-05 2,6235E-06 4,6451E-05 2,1577E-091.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Gaseous Fuels CO2 67,0392195 330,7558915 4 1 4,1231056 0,0100607 0,0001012 0,0018836 0,00233751 0,0018836 0,01322296 0,01335645 0,000178391.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Gaseous FuelsCH4 0,126105 0,6221726924 75 75,106591 0,0003447 1,188E-07 3,543E-06 4,397E-06 0,0002657 2,4873E-05 0,00026691 7,1239E-081.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Gaseous FuelsN2O 0,037231 0,1836890814 500 500,016 0,0006776 4,591E-07 1,046E-06 1,2982E-06 0,0005231 7,3435E-06 0,0005231 2,7364E-071.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Liquid Fuels CO2 2250,505579 1749,885101 10 2 10,198039 0,1316503 0,0173318 -0,002869 0,01236675 -0,005738 0,17489222 0,17498632 0,030620211.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Liquid Fuels CH4 5,263632746 3,883174658 10 75 75,66373 0,0021676 4,698E-06 -8,19E-06 2,7443E-05 -0,0006144 0,0003881 0,00072673 5,2814E-071.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Liquid Fuels N2O 78,46486909 76,8616535 10 500 500,09999 0,2835712 0,0804126 1,198E-05 0,00054319 0,0059892 0,00768194 0,00974074 9,4882E-051.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - SolidFuelsCO2 207,851336 75,64972815 5 15,811388 0,0088242 7,787E-05 -0,000873 0,00053463 -0,0043627 0,01134121 0,01215138 0,000147661.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - SolidFuelsCH4 14,1246 5,140815 75 76,485293 0,0029007 8,414E-06 -5,93E-05 3,6331E-05 -0,0044471 0,0007707 0,00451336 2,037E-051.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - SolidFuels N2O 0,973028 0,354144 15 500 500,22495 0,0013069 1,708E-06 -4,08E-06 2,5028E-06 -0,0020424 5,3092E-05 0,00204305 4,174E-061.A.5. Other (Not elsewhere specified) - Liquid Fuels CO2 191,4954276 129,1760443 20 2 20,099751 0,0191544 0,0003669 -0,000384 0,00091291 -0,0007671 0,02582099 0,02583238 0,000667311.A.5. Other (Not elsewhere specified) - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,049060459 0,105218445 20 75 77,620873 6,025E-05 3,63E-09 4,115E-07 7,436E-07 3,086E-05 2,1032E-05 3,7345E-05 1,3946E-091.A.5. Other (Not elsewhere specified) - Liquid FuelsN2O 1,627877205 1,01209792620 100 101,98039 0,0007614 5,798E-07 -3,87E-06 7,1527E-06-0,0003868 0,00020231 0,00043653 1,9056E-071.B.1.b. Fugitive Emissions - Solid Fuel TransformationCH4 30,79314 11,873825 60 60,207973 0,005274 2,782E-05 -0,000125 8,3914E-05 -0,0074735 0,00059336 0,00749703 5,6205E-051.B.2.a. Fugitve Emissions - Oil - Refining / Storage CH4 6,252162 4,019458973 5 50 50,249378 0,00149 2,22E-06 -1,39E-05 2,8406E-05 -0,0006961 0,00020086 0,00072448 5,2488E-071.B.2.b. Fugitive Emissions - Natural Gas - Distribution-transmission CH4 518,8726621 403,1930996 10 30 31,622777 0,0940608 0,0088474 -0,000663 0,00284944 -0,0199011 0,04029712 0,04494341 0,002019911.B.2.b. Fugitive Emissions - Natural Gas - Distribution-transmission CO2 1,317994 1,76477 10 30 31,622777 0,0004117 1,695E-07 3,549E-06 1,2472E-05 0,0001065 0,00017638 0,00020602 4,2446E-081.B.2.c Fugitive Emissions - Flaring - CombinedCO2 83,83 130,051 10 10,049876 0,009642 9,297E-05 0,0003515 0,00091909 0,0035155 0,00129978 0,00374804 1,4048E-052.A.1 Mineral products-cementCO2 2823,78288 3111,968685 5 7,0710678 0,1623364 0,0263531 0,0028749 0,02199283 0,0143746 0,15551281 0,15617574 0,024390862.A.2 Mineral products-limeCO2 2097,11556 2139,40793 5 2 5,3851648 0,084994 0,007224 0,0009217 0,01511957 0,0018434 0,10691153 0,10692742 0,011433472.A.3 Mineral products-otherCO2 416,2698815 484,16 5 5 7,0710678 0,0252563 0,0006379 0,0006034 0,00342164 0,0030171 0,02419468 0,02438208 0,000594492.B.1. Chemical Industry - Ammonia Production CO2 420,48 1290,306699 1,5 1,5 2,1213203 0,0201927 0,0004077 0,0062719 0,00911883 0,0094079 0,01934395 0,0215104 0,00046272.B.1. Chemical Industry - Ammonia ProductionCH4 0,01281 0,01262 5 5,3851648 5,006E-07 2,506E-13 2,321E-09 8,9046E-08 1,161E-08 2,5186E-07 2,5213E-07 6,3569E-142.B.2. Chemical Industry - Nitric Acid ProductionN2O 3561,90496 2080,522222 80 80,024996 1,2282693 1,5086456 -0,009409 0,01470342 -0,7526988 0,04158755 0,75384676 0,568284932.B.5. Chemical Industry - Production of caprolactam N2O 372 483,91 2 30 30,066593 0,1073358 0,011521 0,00090140,00341988 0,0270411 0,00967287 0,02871907 0,000824782.B.5. Chemical Industry - othersCO2 224,225334 1353,928585 20 5 20,615528 0,205914 0,0424006 0,0080503 0,00956845 0,0402515 0,27063671 0,27361361 0,074864412.B.5. Chemical Industry - othersCH4 0 0,48174 20 75 77,620873 0,0002759 7,61E-08 3,405E-06 3,4045E-06 0,0002553 9,6295E-05 0,00027289 7,4472E-082.B.5. Chemical Industry - othersN2O 0 0,099860935 20 100 101,98039 7,513E-05 5,644E-09 7,057E-07 7,0573E-07 7,057E-05 1,9961E-05 7,3342E-05 5,3791E-092.C.1. Iron and Steel ProductionCO2 1945,985974 1597,3234022 5 5,3851648 0,0634582 0,0040269 -0,001886 0,01128857 -0,0094287 0,03192889 0,03329194 0,001108352.C.1. Iron and Steel ProductionCH4 0 56,679 2 5 5,3851648 0,0022517 5,07E-06 0,0004006 0,00040056 0,0020028 0,00113296 0,00230104 5,2948E-062.E.1. By-product emissions - OtherCF4 323,6935 6,864 90 0 90 0,0045574 2,077E-05 -0,002143 4,8509E-05 0 0,0061742 0,0061742 3,8121E-052.E.1. By-product emissions - OtherC2F6 506,7084 0 26 0 26 0 0 -0,00343 0 0 0 0 02.E.1. By-product emissions - OtherC3F8 171,052 0 26 0 26 0 0 -0,001158 0 0 0 0 02.E.1. By-product emissions - OtherC4F10 180,607 026 0 26 0 0 -0,001223 0 0 0 0 0177IPCC source category Gas Base year emissions (1990) Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq Year t emissions : 2006 Gg CO2 eq AD uncertainty (%) EF uncertainty (%) Combined uncertainty Combined uncertainty as % of total national emissions in year t Combined uncertainty squared Type A sensitivity Type B sensitivity Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by emision factor uncertainty Uncertainty in trend in national emissions introduced by activity data uncertainty Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Uncertainty introduced into the trend in total national emissions Squared2.E.1. By-product emissions - OtherC5F12 33,5775 0 26 0 26 0 0 -0,000227 0 0 0 0 02.E.1. By-product emissions - OtherSF6 1559,3555 0 26 0 26 0 0 -0,010556 0 0 0 0 02.E.2. Fugitive emissionsC4F10 20,069 41,916 26 0 26 0,0080399 6,464E-05 0,0001604 0,00029623 0 0,01089216 0,01089216 0,000118642.E.2. Fugitive emissionsC5F12 287,8275 25,725 26 0 26 0,0049343 2,435E-05 -0,0017670,0001818 0 0,00668482 0,00668482 4,4687E-052.E.2. Fugitive emissionsC6F14 229,7848 77,726 0 26 0,0149036 0,0002221 -0,001007 0,00054912 0 0,02019088 0,02019088 0,000407672.F.1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning EquipmentHFC-32 0 8,390571429 75 75 0,0046425 2,155E-05 5,93E-05 5,9298E-05 0,0044473 0 0,00444732 1,9779E-052.F.1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning EquipmentHFC-125 2,5004 321,758816 75 75 0,1780276 0,0316938 0,002257 0,00227393 0,1692749 0 0,16927485 0,028653982.F.1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning EquipmentHFC-134a 72,4451 543,3373068 100 117 154,11035 0,6177275 0,3815872 0,0033494 0,00383986 0,3927498 0,54303832 0,67018134 0,449143032.F.1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning EquipmentHFC-152a 0 0,22068 75 75 0,0001221 1,491E-08 1,56E-06 1,5596E-06 0,000117 0 0,00011697 1,3682E-082.F.1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning EquipmentHFC-143a 3,971 433,5599143106 106,06602 0,3392509 0,1150912 0,0030372 0,00306404 0,3221394 0 0,32213942 0,10377382.F.2. Foam blowingHFC-134a 324,2954 77,6178 34 143 146,71401 0,0840095 0,0070576 -0,001647 0,00054854 -0,2352304 0,02601948 0,23666504 0,056010342.F.2. Foam blowingHFC-152a 0,0686 28,9296 15 17 22,494444 0,0048008 2,305E-05 0,000204 0,00020445 0,0034194 0,00433705 0,00552291 3,0503E-052.F.3. Fire extinguishersHFC-125 0 0,8652 10 50 50,990195 0,0003255 1,059E-07 6,115E-06 6,1145E-06 0,0003057 8,6472E-05 0,00031772 1,0095E-072.F.3. Fire extinguishersHFC-227ea 0,51678 11,0664 10 50 50,990195 0,0041628 1,733E-05 7,471E-05 7,8208E-05 0,0037355 0,00110603 0,003895781,5177E-052.F.4. Aerosols/Metered Dose InhalersHFC-134a 35,23 174,830525 206 207,6656 0,2678412 0,0717389 0,000997 0,00123556 0,2055459 0,04368357 0,21013659 0,044157392.F.4. Aerosols/Metered Dose InhalersHFC-227ea 0 0,725 25 50 55,901699 0,000299 8,94E-08 5,124E-06 5,1237E-06 0,0002562 0,00018115 0,00031376 9,8446E-082.F.8. Electrical equipmentSF6 19,51435 10,64734006 100 100 0,0078548 6,17E-05 -5,69E-05 7,5247E-05 -0,0056868 0 0,00568678 3,2339E-052.F.9. Other (soundproof glazing)SF6 83,616062 64,232684 100,50 53,85 114,01754 0,0540286 0,0029191 -0,000112 0,00045394 -0,0060393 0,06451753 0,06479957 0,004198983.D. Use of N2O for anaesthesiaN2O 246,251972 246,683554 3 100 100,04499 0,182067 0,0331484 7,62E-05 0,00174336 0,00762 0,00739643 0,01061938 0,000112774.A. Enteric FermentationCH4 4125,93727 3557,8599065 40 40,311289 1,058062 1,1194952 -0,002788 0,02514402 -0,11153 0,1777951 0,209881 0,044050034.B. Manure ManagementCH4 1708,680642 1570,971671 10 40 41,231056 0,4778465 0,2283373 -0,000466 0,01110233 -0,0186232 0,15701072 0,15811132 0,024999194.B. Manure ManagementN2O 959,6498995 833,5395202 10 90 90,553851 0,5568378 0,3100683 -0,000606 0,00589077 -0,0545519 0,08330808 0,09957984 0,009916144.D.1. Agricultural SoilsN2O 4545,683748 3873,815899 30 250 251,79357 7,1958019 51,779565 -0,003397 0,02737694 -0,849197 1,16150526 1,43882937 2,070229965.A. Forest LandCO2 -3205,49047 -2776,93735 0 10,3 10,3 0,211008 0,0445244-0,002076 0,01962511 -0,0213825 0 0,02138254 0,000457215.B. CroplandCO2 479,6761545 575,37971110 7,0711 7,0710678 0,0300148 0,0009009 0,0008188 0,00406631 0,0057899 0 0,00578991 3,3523E-055.C. GrasslandCO2 1303,625909 1140,695658 0 17,678 17,67767 0,1487614 0,02213 -0,000764 0,0080615 -0,0135081 0 0,01350812 0,000182476.A.1. Solid Waste Disposal on Land - Managed Waste Disposal CH4 2629,97868 680,500842 30 40 50 0,2510119 0,063007 -0,012994 0,00480922 -0,5197454 0,20403791 0,55836074 0,311766726.B.2. Wastewater Handling - Domestic and Commercial Wastew. CH4 219,4854543 126,5463759 20 70 72,801099 0,0679647 0,0046192 -0,000592 0,00089433 -0,0414126 0,02529535 0,04852684 0,002354856.B.2. Wastewater Handling - Domestic and Commercial Wastew. N2O 265,0865123 271,9311628 20 110 111,8034 0,2242898 0,0503059 0,0001271 0,00192179 0,0139828 0,05435630,05612598 0,003150136.C. Municipal waste burningCO2 235,7564421 05 17 17,720045 0 0 -0,001596 0 -0,0271332 0 0,02713323 0,000736216.C. Municipal waste burningN2O 0,002697 0 5 100 100,12492 0 0 -1,83E-08 0 -1,826E-06 0 1,8259E-06 3,3339E-126.C Flaring in the chemical industryCO2 16,6 78,16 20 20 28,284271 0,0163089 0,000266 0,00044 0,00055237 0,0087997 0,0156234 0,01793114 0,000321536.D. CompostingCH4 6,9552504 43,10689382 30 200 202,23748 0,0643138 0,0041363 0,0002576 0,00030464 0,0515112 0,01292495 0,05310799 0,00282046Emissions totales(kt eq-CO2)141499,2207 135551,5253Incertitudes totales7,66497852,7419526Overall uncertainty in the year (%)Trend uncertainty (%)178Annex 4: CDROM with-National CRF tables (CRFReporter) for the years 1990-2007-regional CRF tables for the years 1990-2007Remark1: The tables 1A(b), 1A(c) [Reference approach] and 1A(d) [Feedstocks and non-energy use of fuels] are only completed on the national level andnot on the regional level;Remark2: No LUCF-data are included in the regionalCRF tables;Remark3: No data on F-gases (categories 2E and 2F)are included in the regional CRF tables.-The final 2008 Annual Review Report for Belgium ‘Report of the individual review of the greenhouse gasinventories of Belgium submitted in 2007 and2008’ (mail from M. Dudley (UNFCCC-secretariat) on30thof January 2009).-The quality management system used in the Flemish region with the more technical procedures and an example of the forms used to control the data andthe calculation of the emissions.-A copy of the model used to calculate the CH4emissions from enteric fermentation en manure management (category 4A en 4B(a)) in Flanders (1990).-A copy of the model used to calculate the direct and indirect N2O emissions (category 4D) and the N2Oemissions from manure management (category4B(b)) in Flanders (1990).-A copy of the model used to calculate the NH3emissions from cattle breeding/animal manure in Flanders (1990).-Information related to the transactions of Kyoto-units in Belgium.179Annex 5 : Net calorific value of the main productsProductsNet calorific value(TJ/kton)coking coal29,30Butane45,73Propane46,14coke oven coke29,30LPG45,95gas/diesel oil42,7lamp petroleum43,12residual fuel oil40,6petroleum coke31,4180Annex 6 : Key sources : flows of activity data181Commercial/Institutional data (1A4a - CO2)- Natural gasconsumption : CWaPEfrom grid operators- Petroleum products andsolid fuels consumption :SPF EPMECME- Buildings data : Statbel(*)- temp. data : IRM /KMIENERGY- Key Sources - flow of activity data WalloniaAWAC(=> Emissionestimates)Manufacture of Solid fuels and other energyindustries data (1A1c - CO2)(=> coke oven plant energy & natural gas transp.)Iron and steel data (1A2a - CO2)Chemicals data (1A2c - CO2)Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco (1A2e -CO2)(=> sugar prod., milk prod., beer prod, other smallmanufacturies...)Other data (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2)(data1A2f - CO2)(=> cement prod., lime prod., glass prod, bricks &tiles, other small manufacturies)=> data provided for each specific plant by producers.* to ET and/or REGINE for the main sources* to ICEDD for the smallest sources.Consolidation ofenergy balances carriedout by « groupharmonization ofenergy »CO2)- Natural gasconsumption : CWaPEfrom Grid operators- Petroleum productsand solid fuelsconsumption : SPFEPMECME- Buildings data :Statbel (*)-temp. data :Road transportdata for (1A3b -N2O) :- mobility (vehkm) : SPFMobility- Vehicle stocks :Statbel (*) &EMISSIONTRADINGDECLARATIONSICEDD (=>Walloon Energybalance)Flemish Energy balance(VITO)Brussels Energy balance(ICEDD)Road transport data(1A3b - C02) :Fuel consumption :SPF EPMECMEAgriculture/Forestry/Fisheries data (1A4c -CO2)- agricultural andhorticultural census :Statbel (*)Navigation (inlandwaterway data)(1A3d - CO2)Mobility (t-km) : MET(combined with energyconsumption per t-km)(*) Federal Public Service for Economy–General Directorate for Statistics and Informationon Economy (former INS/NIS)REGINE (DGARNE -DCE=> Energy consump.from LPS)Public Electricity and HeatProduction data (1A1a - CO2)- Main electricity productioncompanies (to ET & REGINE)- Small electricity producers &autoproducers (to ICEDD)- Decentralized heat production (toICEDD)- Energy consumption of wasteinstallations with electricityproduction (to ET & REGINE)182VITO (=>FlemishEnergyENERGY- Key Sources - flow of activity data - FlandersRoad transport data for(1A3b - N2O) :- mobility (veh-km) : SPFmobilityVehicle stocks : DIV(Federal Public Servicefor Mobility andVMM(=> Emission estimatesEMISSIONTRADINGDECLARATIONSRoad transport data(1A3b - C02) :Fuel consumption :SPF EPMECME (nat.level)MIMOSA based ontraffic flow modelAnnualintegratedenvironmental reports(VMM)Brussel Energy balance(ICEDD)Consolidation of energy balances carriedout by « group harmonization ofenergy »Public Electricity and HeatProduction main data (1A1a - CO2)- Energy consumption via the obligedreporting for :* producers of renewable heat, addedwith data from green certificates* producers of combined heat/powerinstallations ;* autoproducers.-Energy consumption ofwaste, installations withelectricity production(via the annualintegrated environmentalreports) and OVAMWalloon Energy balance(ICEDD)Industrial federationsNavigation (inlandwaterway data and seanavigation betweenBelgian sea ports) (1A3d -CO2)-Mobility (t-km): Statbel (*)(combined withenergyResidential data (1A4b -CO2)- Natural gas consumption :FIGAS & Grid operators- Liquid fuels consumption :VEA (Flemish EnergyAgency)-Coal, biomassconsumption :modeldata-(Commercial/Institutional data (1A4a - CO2)- Energy consumption :* Survey carried by vito (2006)* Energy cooperation agreement withcommunities and provinces,* Annual integrated environment reporting,* Grid operators (nat. Gaz)Petroleum Refining main data (1A1b- CO2)-integratedenvironmental reports-verification officebenchmarking-additional data fromSPF (petroleumbalances)Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheriesdata (1A4c - CO2)- agricultural and horticulturalcensus : Statbel (*) and Policy areaof agriculture and fishery of theMinistry of the FlemishCommunity and Institute forAgricultural and FisheriesResearch (ILVO)Manufacture of Solid fuels and otherenergy industries data (1A1c - CO2)Iron and steel data (1A2a - CO2)Chemicals data (1A2c - CO2)Food Processing, Beverages andTobacco (1A2e - CO2)Other data (as specifies in table1.A(a) sheet 2)( data1A2f - CO2)-integratedenvironmental reports-verification officebenchmarking-survey chemicalfederation183Commercial/Institutional data (1A4a - CO2)- Natural gasconsumption : CWaPEfrom grid operators- Petroleum products andsolid fuels consumption :SPF EPMECME- Buildings data : Statbel(*)- temp. data : IRM /KMIENERGY- Key Sources - flow of activity data WalloniaAWAC(=> Emissionestimates)Manufacture of Solid fuels and other energyindustries data (1A1c - CO2)(=> coke oven plant energy & natural gas transp.)Iron and steel data (1A2a - CO2)Chemicals data (1A2c - CO2)Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco (1A2e -CO2)(=> sugar prod., milk prod., beer prod, other smallmanufacturies...)Other data (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2)(data1A2f - CO2)(=> cement prod., lime prod., glass prod, bricks &tiles, other small manufacturies)=> data provided for each specific plant by producers.* to ET and/or REGINE for the main sources* to ICEDD for the smallest sources.Consolidation ofenergy balances carriedout by « groupharmonization ofenergy »CO2)- Natural gasconsumption : CWaPEfrom Grid operators- Petroleum productsand solid fuelsconsumption : SPFEPMECME- Buildings data :Statbel (*)-temp. data :Road transportdata for (1A3b -N2O) :- mobility (vehkm) : SPFMobility- Vehicle stocks :Statbel (*) &EMISSIONTRADINGDECLARATIONSICEDD (=>Walloon Energybalance)Flemish Energy balance(VITO)Brussels Energy balance(ICEDD)Road transport data(1A3b - C02) :Fuel consumption :SPF EPMECMEAgriculture/Forestry/Fisheries data (1A4c -CO2)- agricultural andhorticultural census :Statbel (*)Navigation (inlandwaterway data)(1A3d - CO2)Mobility (t-km) : MET(combined with energyconsumption per t-km)(*) Federal Public Service for Economy–General Directorate for Statistics and Informationon Economy (former INS/NIS)REGINE (DGARNE -DCE=> Energy consump.from LPS)Public Electricity and HeatProduction data (1A1a - CO2)- Main electricity productioncompanies (to ET & REGINE)- Small electricity producers &autoproducers (to ICEDD)- Decentralized heat production (toICEDD)- Energy consumption of wasteinstallations with electricityproduction (to ET & REGINE)184VITO (=>FlemishEnergyENERGY- Key Sources - flow of activity data - FlandersRoad transport data for(1A3b - N2O) :- mobility (veh-km) : SPFmobilityVehicle stocks : DIV(Federal Public Servicefor Mobility andVMM(=> Emission estimatesEMISSIONTRADINGDECLARATIONSRoad transport data(1A3b - C02) :Fuel consumption :SPF EPMECME (nat.level)MIMOSA based ontraffic flow modelAnnualintegratedenvironmental reports(VMM)Brussel Energy balance(ICEDD)Consolidation of energy balances carriedout by « group harmonization ofenergy »Public Electricity and HeatProduction main data (1A1a - CO2)- Energy consumption via the obligedreporting for :* producers of renewable heat, addedwith data from green certificates* producers of combined heat/powerinstallations ;* autoproducers.-Energy consumption ofwaste, installations withelectricity production(via the annualintegrated environmentalreports) and OVAMWalloon Energy balance(ICEDD)Industrial federationsNavigation (inlandwaterway data and seanavigation betweenBelgian sea ports) (1A3d -CO2)-Mobility (t-km): Statbel (*)(combined withenergyResidential data (1A4b -CO2)- Natural gas consumption :FIGAS & Grid operators- Liquid fuels consumption :VEA (Flemish EnergyAgency)-Coal, biomassconsumption :modeldata-(Commercial/Institutional data (1A4a - CO2)- Energy consumption :* Survey carried by vito (2006)* Energy cooperation agreement withcommunities and provinces,* Annual integrated environment reporting,* Grid operators (nat. Gaz)Petroleum Refining main data (1A1b- CO2)-integratedenvironmental reports-verification officebenchmarking-additional data fromSPF (petroleumbalances)Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheriesdata (1A4c - CO2)- agricultural and horticulturalcensus : Statbel (*) and Policy areaof agriculture and fishery of theMinistry of the FlemishCommunity and Institute forAgricultural and FisheriesResearch (ILVO)Manufacture of Solid fuels andotherenergy industries data (1A1c - CO2)Iron and steel data (1A2a - CO2)Chemicals data (1A2c - CO2)Food Processing, Beverages andTobacco (1A2e - CO2)Other data (as specifies in table1.A(a) sheet 2)( data1A2f - CO2)-integratedenvironmental reports-verification officebenchmarking-survey chemicalfederation185ENERGY- Key Sources - flow of activity data - BrusselsEMISSIONTRADINGDECLARATIOConsolidation ofenergy balances carriedout by « groupharmonization ofenergy »Road transport data for(1A3b ) :- mobility (veh-km) : SPFmobility- Vehicle stocks : Statbel (*)& FEBIAC from DIVNavigation (inlandwaterway data) (1A3d -CO2)Energy consumption for thetraffic : Brussels harbour.Flemish Energy balance(VITO)Walloon Energybalance(ICEDD)Brussels Energybalance(ICEDD)Residential data (1A4b - CO2)- Natural gas consumption :SIBELGA- Butane & Propane consumption :FeBuPro- Petroleum products and solid fuelsconsumption : SPF EPMECME- Buildings data : Statbel (*)- temp. data : IRM/KMICommercial/Institutionaldata (1A4a - CO2)- Natural gas consumption :SIBELGA- Petroleum products and solidfuels consumption : SPFEPMECME- Buildings data : Statbel (*)- temp. data : IRM /KMIPublic Electricity and HeatProduction data (1A1a - CO2)- Main electricity productioncompanies- Small electricity producers &autoproducers- Decentralized heat production- Energy consumption of wasteinstallations with electricityproductionIBGE/BIM -(=> Emissionestimates)Road transportdata (1A3b - C02) :Fuel consumption :SPF EPMECME(*) Federal Public Service for Economy–General Directorate for Statistics and Informationon Economy (former INS/NIS)186INDUSTRY - Key Sources - Flow of activity data - WalloniaAWAC=> EmissionestimatesFoam blowing data (2F2 -HFC 134a)FEBELPLAST : figures for theconsumption of foaming agents)Refrigeration & Air conditioningEquipment data (2F1 - HFC-134a -HFC 143a - HFC 125)- Refrigerant sales : Annual inquirycarried out by ECONOTEC/VITOnear the suppliers- Refrigerant recovery : Statutoryannual reporting to authorities(OVAM) of companies recoveringozone depleting substances.Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers data(2F4 - HFC 134a)Annual sales of units and doses inBelgium : Statistics established by IMSHEALTH.ECONOTEC/VITO :ANNUAL UPDATE OF THEEMISSION INVENTORY OFOZONE DEPLETINGSUBSTANCES,HFCs, PFCs AND SF6 INBELGIUM (with regionalestimates).Cement Production (2A1 - CO2)Lime Production (2A2 - CO2)Ammonia Production data (2B1 -CO2)Nitric acid Production data (2B2 -N2O)Iron & Steel Production data(2C1 - CO2)=> data provided for each specificplants by producersEMISSIONTRADINGDECLARATIONSREGINE(DGARNEDCE)(Emission datafrom LPS)For ETcompaniesreporting alsoenergy/emissiondata in Regine,comparison of theconsistency ofreported data.187INDUSTRY - Key Sources - Flow of activity data - FlandersVMM=> EmissionestimatesFoam blowing data (2F2 -HFC 134a)FEBELPLAST : figures for theconsumption of foaming agents)Refrigeration & Air conditioningEquipment data (2F1 - HFC-134a -HFC 143a - HFC 125)- Refrigerant sales : Annual inquirycarried out by ECONOTEC/VITOnear the suppliers- Refrigerant recovery : Statutoryannual reporting to authorities(OVAM) of companies recoveringozone depleting substances.Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers data(2F4 - HFC 134a)Annual sales of units and doses inBelgium : Statistics established by IMSHEALTH.ECONOTEC/VITO :ANNUAL UPDATE OF THEEMISSION INVENTORY OFOZONE DEPLETINGSUBSTANCES,HFCs, PFCs AND SF6 INBELGIUM (with regionalestimates).Ammonia Production data (2B1-CO2)Nitric acid Production data (2B2 - N2O)Other - black carbon (2B5 - CO2)Other - caprolactam (2B5 - N2O)Iron & Steel Production data (2C1 - CO2)By-product Emissions data (2E1 - CF4)Fugitive Emissions data (2E2 - C5F12 -C6F14)=> data provided for each specific plant byproducers via integrated environmentalreportingEMISSIONTRADINGDECLARATIONSAnnualintegratedenvironmentalreports(VMM)For ET companiesreporting alsoenergy/emission data inthe "annual integratedenv. report",comparison of theconsistency ofreported data.188MANURE MANAGEMENT (4B)- Cattle (4B1-CH4)- Swine (4B8 - CH4)- Solid storage and dry lot (4 B13 - N20)- livestock figures : Statbel (*)- - Manure production : Nitrawal(implementation of the nitrates directive)ENTERIC FERMENTATION (4A)Cattle (4A1-CH4)- livestock figures ad housing: Statbel (*)-Average animal weight andweight gain : Federal FinanceDepartment-Milk production : CSWAAAAGRICULTURAL SOILS (4D)Direct soil Emissions (4D1 - N2O)Indirect emissions (4D3 - N2O)(=> Em. from atm. deposition, leaching and runoff)Pasture, range,and paddock manure (4D2 - N2O)- livestock figures : Statbel (*)- Manure production : Nitrawal (implementation of thenitrates directive)- N Atmospheric deposition : UCL (Catholic University ofLouvain)-Mineral fertiliser : IEA (Institute of agriculturaleconomy)AWAC=> Emissionestimates(*) Federal Public Service for Economy –General Directorate for Statistics andInformation on Economy (former INS/NIS)AGRICULTURE - Key Sources - Flow of activity data -Wallonia189MANURE MANAGEMENT (4B)- Cattle (4B1-CH4)- Swine (4B8 - CH4)- Solid storage and dry lot (4 B13 - N20)- livestock figures : Statbel (*)- average weight : Department Agriculture andFishery.- Integrator : Flemish Land Agency- Manure production : Flemish Land Agency (&Cascada & Safley)-Amount of manure processed : Manure bank ofthe Flemish Land Agency-Allocation to AWMS : Flemish Land AgencyENTERICFERMENTATION (4A)Cattle (4A1-CH4)- livestock figures : Statbel (*)- Average animal weight,milkproduction, feedingsituation and weight gain :Flemish DepartmentAgriculture and FisheryAGRICULTURE - Key Sources - Flow of activity data -FlandersAGRICULTURAL SOILS (4D)Direct soil Emissions (4D1 - N2O)Indirect emissions (4D3 - N2O)(=> Em. from atm. deposition, leaching andrunoff)Pasture, range,and paddock manure (4D2 -N2O)-Area organic soils : University ofLeuven-Nitrogen leaching & run-off and Natmosperic deposition: VMM-livestock figures, agricultural landarea, edible crop production: Statbel(*)-Fertilizer use : Department andInstitute for agricultural & Fisheriesresearch-Amount of manure exported orprocessed : Flemish Land AgencyVMM=> Emission estimates(*) Federal Public Service for Economy –General Directorate for Statistics andInformation on Economy (former INS/NIS)190Managed waste Disposal on Land (6 A1-CH4)- Annual amount and types of waste disposed :OWD (Wallon waste office), based on taxesdeclaration forms.- Data on amount and CH4 content of thebiogas recovered : Reported directly bylandfill owners + further data on biogascomposition from ISSEP (Scientific Institutefor Public Service in Wallonia).Waste Incineration (Flaring inthe chemical industry (6C -CO2)=> data provided for eachspecific plants by producers.REGINE(DGARNE - DCE)AWACWASTE - Key Sources - Flow of activity data - Wallonia191Managed waste Disposal on Land(6 A1 - CH4)- Data and information needed formodelling : OVAMWaste Incineration(Flaring in the chemicalindustry (6C - CO2)⇒allocated in 2B5Data provided by VITO(surveys chemicalfederation)VMM, by modelling :"first order decay model"and "multiphase model"WASTE - Key Sources - Flow of activity data - FlandersVMM=> Emissionestimates192193



## Annex 7 : Glossary

Organisms and sources of information

AWAC Walloon Agency for Air and Climate, in charge of GHG inventories

CELINE/IRCEL Interregional environmental agency a.o. in charge o f national GHG inventory

compilation.
CSWAAA Walloon council for agriculture, agrofood an d food
CWaPE Walloon Commission for Energy (energy markets regulator)
DCE Part of the DGARNE responsible of the coordinat ion of environmental matters.

DGARNE Walloon Ministry for Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment (formerly

DGRNE)
DGTRE Walloon Ministry for technologies, R&D and en ergy DIV National office for the licensing of vehicles

ECONOTEC Energy and environm ental consultants a.o. in charge of F

- gas emission inventory for Belgium (with VITO) FEBIAC Belgian federation of automobile and bicycle s FeBuPro Federation Butane Propane FIGAS/FIGAZ Federation of natural gas suppliers and equipment manufacturers

IBGE/BIM Brussels institute for environmental management a.o . in charge of GHG

inventories

ICEDD Private company in charge of energy balances in the Walloon and Brussels

regions
IEA International Energy Agency IMS Health Private company collecting pharmaceutica l market data
IRM/KMI Royal meteorological institute
MET Ministry of equipment and transports in the Wal loon region OVAM Flemish office for Waste Management
REGINE Databank of industrial atmospheric emissions in Wallonia

STATBEL Name of the web-site of the federal public service of Economy (SPF Économie -

Direction générale Statistique et Information écono mique, former INS/NIS) where Belgian offcial statistics are published

VEA Flemish Energy Agency

VITO Flemish Institute for Technological Researcha.o. in charge of energy balances for Flanders and of F-gases inventories (with ECONOTEC)
VLM Flemish agency for Land Management (databank fo r manure management)
VMM Flemish agency for environment a.o. in charge o f GHG emission inventory
VREG Flemish Commission for Energy (energy markets regulator)

Acronyms

CCIEP Coordination Committee for International Envi ronmental Policy

COP Conference of Parties
CRF Common Reporting Format EC European Commission
EMAS Eco Management and Audit Scheme
ERT Expert Review Team194

ET Emission Trading
GHG Greenhouse gases
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ISO International Organisation for Standardization
LPS Large Point Sources
MOP Meeting Of the Parties
QA Quality Assurance QC Quality Control

SPF/FOD Federal Public Service

SPF EPMECME Federal Public Service for Economy, SME, middle cl ass and Energy (Service

public fédéral Economie, PME, classes moyennes et E nergie)

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Clima te Change195



## Annex 8: Activity data and emissions of CO2 for ro ad transport in Belgium (category 1A3b)

ton TJ Gg CO2 gasoline gasoil LPG gasoline gasoil LPG total gaso line gasoil LPG total

1990 2727081 3479101 53803 119863 148547 2472 27088 3 8223 10892 154 19270

1991 2738415 3535629 45114 120362 150961 2073 27339 5 8258 11069 129 19456

1992 2902959 3609910 43110 127594 154132 1981 28370 7 8754 11302 124 20179

1993 2838984 3837999 37753 124782 163871 1735 29038 8 8561 12016 108 20685

1994 2839334 3978669 50032 124797 169877 2299 29697 3 8562 12456 144 21162

1995 2832973 4000341 57208 124518 170803 2629 29794 9 8543 12524 164 21231

1996 2738785 4218890 62412 120378 180134 2868 30338 0 8259 13209 179 21646

1997 2535155 4493523 70751 111428 191860 3251 30653 9 7645 14068 203 21916

1998 2511940 4712042 92571 110407 201190 4254 31585 1 7575 14752 266 22593

1999 2393828 4924499 100414 105216 210261 4614 3200 91 7219 15418 288 22924

2000 2244723 5192316 103334 98662 221696 4748 32510 7 6769 16256 296 23321

2001 2185712 5425970 134033 96069 231673 6159 33390 0 6591 16988 385 23963

2002 2086596 5632263 123134 91712 240481 5658 33785 1 6292 17633 353 24279

2003 2104943 5799046 108100 92519 247602 4967 34508 8 6347 18156 310 24813

2004 1932387 6305457 80419 84934 269224 3695 357853 5827 19741 231 25799

2005 1761955 6195292 76267 77443 264520 3504 345468 5313 19396 219 24928

2006 1465015 6314325 88657 64392 269603 4074 338068 4418 19769 254 24441

2007 1394026 6367495 62869 61272 271873 2889 336033 4204 19935 180 24319196



## Annex 9: First order decay model in Flemish region for wast disposal sites

in after-care197



## Annex 10: Total emissions of CH 4 

## from permitted and unpermitted SWD sites in the Flemish region