#### Doe on demise of Taylor v. Roe and Shufford.

From Iredell.

Common reputation is evidence in questions of boundary; and in ascertaining Earl Granville’s line, astronomical observation is a more certain mode (the latitude of the line being given) than an actual running of the line from a certain point designated on the sea shore as its beginning.

The sovereign power cannot be estopped. Where the crown, in 1768» granted lands to A which it had previously granted to Earl Gran-ville, the grant in 1768 was void; and as the 6tate succeeded upon the revolution to Earl Granville’s right to the land, a grant made by the state sincé, shall be preferred to the royal grant in 1768.

*Ejjsctmejvt.*The plaintiff’s lessor claimed the land in dispute, lying in Lincoln county, by virtue of a grant issuing to his father in 1768 from the crown of Great Britain.

The defendant claimed the land under a grant from the state of North-Carolina of recent date; and contended, that the land was within the boundaries of Earl *Gran-mile's*grant, which being antecedent to that under which plaintiff claimed, the latter conveyed nothing to plaintiff.

On the trial below, before Nash, Judge, it appeared that, from the year 1753, acts of the legislature of JNorth-Carolina had been passed, at various times, up to the year 1779, which acts call for and point out Earl *Gran-mile's*line as the boundary between different counties; that in the year 1772, the line so called for by those acts had been actually run and marked as *Granville's*line by commissioners appointed for that purpose, and has ever since been reputed the line; but it did not appear how the line so run was ascertained to be *Granville's*line; nor did it appear to have been ascertained tor any other purpose but that of marking the limits of the several counties bounded by it. The land in duspute lay to the northward of the line run as Granville's, several miles..

*117The defendant proved, that the latitude of the town of Lincolnton had been ascertained by observation, and that from Lincolnton to the *Granville*line extended would be about two miles going due north; and farther, that from the observation which had been taken, the latitude of Earl *Granville’s*line, as given in his grant, would make the line pass to the northward of Lincolnton between two and three miles.

On the part of the plaintiff it was contended, that although the grant to Earl *Granville*called for a parallel of latitude as the southern boundary of the territory granted in it, yet it called also for other boundaries more certain in their nature and more easily ascertained, viz. Chickmacornack inlet, and the town of Bath; and that from a point north of Bath, as specified in the grant, Earl *Granville's*line was to be run west*; and that he could not be deprived of his land, unless it w as shown that it lay to the northward of that line so run, which was denied to be the same with the line run and marked as Earl *Granville’s*line.

It was farther proved, that according to the maps examined by the witness, (Mr. *Mushat,')*the 85th degree of north latitude, measured on those maps by the scale upon them, was twelve miles to the south of the line laid down by them as the division line between the Carolinas: from the 35th degree of north latitude, to the land in dispute '^supposing it to be due north from Lincolnton,) would *118be forty-three miles over hiily, broken ground: that the maps were not accurate, and that thirty-four minutes would measure thirty-nine miles, and the witnesses could no£ say tiiat the distance of forty-three miles mentioned above, would be more than thirty-nine miles *air measure.*

The plaintiff, and those under whom he claimed, never had actual possession of the land, but living in another county, the defendant had acted as his agent for many years in taking care of the land and paying taxes for it. Defendant admitted himself to be in the adverse possession.

The Court charged, that if the jury were satisfied that the laud in dispute was within the chartered limits of Earl *Granville’s*land, the plaintiff was not entitled to recover. There was a verdict for the defendant, and a new trial moved for on the ground that the jury should have been instructed that the vnode by which the defendant ascertained the situation ot *Granville’s*line was not such as to entitle it to any weight in deciding the question whore that line was; and farther, that the jury should have been instructed that, although the land was to the north of *Granville’s*line, yet the plaintiff was still entitled to recover, as the defect in his title was cured by the Dill of Rights.

A new trial was refused, and from the judgment rendered plaintiff appealed.

*Wilson,*for the appellant.

1. The southern line of Lord *Granville*does not depend upon where the latitude of thirty-five degrees thirty-four minutes is. The grant from *George*2. by which the boundary is described, calls for a *stake*set upon the sea side in that latitude. (1 JV*. *E. p.*35.) The stake is the object ■called for; the latitude but a guide to it. The stake is a definite point, and controls the call for a parallel of latitude in which it was supposed to be placed. And though the line thence is west, yet it is described as passing *119twenty-five feet to the .southward of the house wherein *Thomas Wallis*lived, and a certain number of poles north Of the south end of Bath town. To ascertain the line, the defendant must begin at Bath, or *Wallis’*house, and extend it by actual survey west. The latitude is uncertain, and cannot be ascertained with precision. The commissioners on the part of this state and South-Carolina, aided by men of science, differed about it. As to the surveys made by authority of the general assembly, they were not proper evidence. They were taken to ascertain the boundaries of counties, and proved nothing as to this controversy. It appears upon the case, that the defendant’s title was acquired dishonestly, and the Court ought to hold him to strict proof.

2. The King granted this land to Earl *Granville;*then granted a part of the same to the plaintiff. Afterwards the state (succeeding to the rights of the King, the former sovereign,) acquired *Granville’s*title by escheat. The state is *estopped,*by the King’s grant, under which the plaintiff claims; and the title acquired by escheat shall enure to the benefit of the plaintiff. This, I admit, sounds like strange doctrine, but I think it can be supported. The contrary opinion owes its origin to the superstitious veneration of our English forefathers for their monarchs^ and ought not to subsist in a republic.

A grantor executes a deed of conveyance, and after-wards receives other title to the estate; he and his heirs are estopped by the first deed. *Mosser et al.*v. *Sebastian et al.*(4 *Bibb.*436.)

Where the legislature, by resolve, declared that a monument mentioned in the resolve.was, and should be considered as the one intended in an Indian deed under which a title was derived to certain proprietors, it was held the commonwealth was thereby *estopped.*(10 *Mass. Rep.*155.)

In *Co. Lit. 270 b.*a case is stated, where, even in Eng* land, the King shall be *estopped*by a deed.

*120A record or patent cannot be contradicted. (Co. *Lit-,*260 a.)

If the King make a grant through mistake, unless there |}e frau(j it shall be good. (6 *Coke 55. the Duke of Cháñ-elos’ case.)*

It is laid down by Mr. *Harper,*in argument, in *T Cranch*617. that a state is estopped to dispute its grant; and the principle seems admitted by the Court, in page «22.

Consequently, as there is no fraud alleged in obtain-taining the first grant under which we hold, the state is *¿Stopped*by it to deny that it passed a good title; and the defendant, claiming under the state by a subsequent grant, is *estopped*likewise.

*Badger,*for the appellee.

1. As to the estoppel. It its not necessary to examine whether the doctrine that the King cannot be estopped, had its origin in a superstitious veneration, or in a rational regard for the interests of the public; nor shall I inquire whether republicans should not feel as high respect for sovereignty when vested in the people, as is paid to it by subjects when formed in the person of a monarch; but shall content myself with assuming this position, that the state stands upon a tooting not inferior to that occupied by a citizen; and if it can be shown that a mere citizen, under the circumstances of this case, would not by law' be estopped, I shall infer, with confidence, that the state is not.

The counsel on the other side seems to have taken it for granted, that any conveyance by which a title professes to be passed, *estops*the grantor to claim any title' subsequently derived by him. This position is entirely without warrant. Those conveyances w'hich operate without transmutation of possession, as releases, grants of incorporeal hereditaments, and deeds which owe their operation to the statute of uses, have no such effect of *121Uieraselves; they pass only what the grantor hath, and if lie hath-nothing they pass nothing. If he afterwards acquires title, it enures to himself, and not to the grantee. But if a warranty be added to.such conveyance, then, by force of the *warranty*and not of the conveyance, the grantor is estopped, and title subsequently acquired shall enure to the grantee.

Thus, a grant passes only the interest which the grantor hath at the time of the grant. So of a release. (Cruise *Dig. Deed. ch. 4. s.*43.)

Hence a grant for a greater estate than the grantor hath, is *merely*void. (s. 18.)

Hence also, if a man grant a rent out of the manor of Dale, when in truth he hath nothing in the manor, if he afterwards purchase the manor lie shall hold it discharged from the grant, (s. 43. and *Perk. s.*65."there cited.)

So, if a son *release*to the disseissor of his father, living the father, he may, after his father’s death, enter against *his own*release. *(Cruise Deed. ch.*6. *s.*46.)

“Yet-a release of all a man’s right, says Ch. B. *Gilbert,*supposeth that he has a right.” Then the estoppel does not arise (as the counsel on the other side seems to think,) from the execution of a deed, which supposes a right in the grantor and professes to transfer it to the grantee.

But in the case of the disseisor of the father, if the son release in the life of the father with *warranty,*then after the father’s death he is barred *by force of the warranty. (Shep. Touch, ch.*8. *p.*182.)

A *fme*is always made with *warranty*express in practice, and if none be expressed it is implied. *(Cruise, title Fine. ch.*2. s. 34, 35.) .

To the validity of *a. feoffment,*nothing is necessary but possession. It always passes an estate, though the feoffor have nothing in the land; the estate may be wrongful, and may he determined by the entry of him who hath title, hut still it is an estate. Thus a feolfment" by tenant for *122years, passes the tee, by force of the *livery*by which actual possession is transferred and the land delivered. And hence it is, that a feoffment barreth and excluded the feoffor of all present and future rights and possibilities of right. And this efficacy of a feoff ment is said to be pe, culiar to itself, arises from *the livery*which accompanies it, and does not belong to fine, recovery, or other conveyance. *(Cruise, Deed. ch.*4. s. 32, 33, 34. *Shep. Touch.*204. *Co. Lit.*9 *a.*

Besides, before the statute of *quia emptores (which*destroyed subinfeudations.) a warranty was attached to every feoff ment; if not expressed, it was Implied from the word *dedi;*and since the statute, such warranty is *implied*to hind the feoffor during his life.

The inference is clear from those cases, that no grant, release, or deed operating under the statute, of uses, creates any bar except by force of an express warranty annexed to it. This position is not opposed by any thing cited on the other side. The case from 10 *Mass. (Rep.*has no relation to the doctrine of estoppel as we are now considering it. It was merely this: doubts existing as to a boundary mentioned in an Indian contract, the legislature, by a resolve, declared and established that boundary. And it was held, that as this resolve was intended for the very purpose of removing the difficulty of proof as to where the object referred to in the contract was, and to establish a certain boundary, the resolve, *having the force of a law,*was conclusive, and could not be contradicted.

The case from 4 *Bill),*means a deed with *warranty;*and if so, it consists with the view' here presented; if it means otherwise, it will hardly be deemed of sufficient authority to overturn the principles established by the authorities I have referred to, to which it stands in direct opposition.

• The case in *Go Lit.*370 *b.*is, that a warranty and assets descended upon King *Edward*1. as the cousin and *123heir of *Edmund,*Earl of Cornwall; and it was held that King *E.*was barred “ by the said *warranty*and assets” of a possibility of reverter, which he claimed in *jure carouse.*

The citations from *Go, Lit.*260 *a.*and 6 *Hep. 55.*are unquestionably law; but their application to this case is not perceived.

The object of Mr. *Harper,*in 7 *Crunch,*is to show, that a state may be estopped as an individual; a position w hich is' admitted as to the basis of this argument. It is only, however, the argument of counsel, and is entitled to no weight.

Upon the whole, then, it appears, that a feoffment bars by force of the livery; and deeds without livery create no bar of themselves, but only by force of the warranty annexed-to them.

The grant issued by King *'George*under which the plaintiff claims, is not a feoffment. It contains no warranty express, and none is implied. If, therefore, it concerned only a citizen, he could not be estopped; and from this it may be concluded, without presumption, that the state is not estopped.

2. The parallel of latitude is the boundary of *Gran-ville’s*tract. It would be absurd to suppose the extent of this large domain was intended to rest upon the position of a stake, or the house of *Thomas Wallis*It is clear the latitude was the boundary designed. The beginning is a stake in that latitude. A stake is ah imaginary point, and this Court have determined it is so to be considered. The call from the beginning is west, and of course is in the same parallel continued. Then the observations taken by Mr. *Mushat*were competent evidence to show where that boundary was. For how else is a parallel of latitude to be ascertained? If competent, its weight was for the jury, and not for the Judge to consider.

The reputation for forty years, and the surveys of tire commissioners, w7ere competent evidence. What are tire *124objections? The foundation of this general reputation, it is said, does not appear. The very reason for admitting reputation as evidence of boundary is, that from the na-^ure 0f fact( direct proof where the line was cannot be procured. The objection would exclude reputation as evidence altogether. For if the evidence which induced, that general belief or reputation be produced, we do not want the reputation; if not produced, then the reputation is not admissible.

Two objections arc urged to the competency of the surveys. 1. That the evidence on which the commissioners acted half a century ago does not appear. This is the same objection with that offered to the reputation, and is already, I think, obviated. 2. That the survey was not taken to ascertain the boundary of tiie tract of land now in controversy, but the boundary of adjoining counties. The answer is plain. The boundary of the counties is *Granville’s*line; the survey ascertains where that line was supposed to be, shortly after the deed to *Granville.*The boundary of this tract depends on *Granville’s*line; and the survey being made for public purposes, without reference to any individual contest, strengthens its force as evidence, for it excludes the idea of partiality or prejudice.

That surveys taken on public occasions are evidence to ascertain the rights of individuals not named in them, will be seen by reference to *Peake’s Evidence, ch.*2. s. 2. (ef *vide Rob.*188. *Gilb. L. E.*78. 1 *Burr.*146. and other cases cited in *Peake.)*

But if the reputation of half a century, the surveys and the observations taken by Mr. *Mushat,*are not evidence, how is the line to be proved? The last proof is objected to for its uncertainty; and what substitute is offered us in lieu of it? We are told to begin on the sea shore at the stake, or at *Wallis’*house, and run a line west by the chain and compass, a line more than three hundred miles in length. Where does the preference lie upon the score of certainty?

*

 “ Bounded to the north hy the line that divides Carolina from Virginia, to the east by the great western ocean, commonly so called, and as far southwardly as a cedar stake set upon the sea side in the latitude of thirty-five degrees and thirt\ -four minutes at north latitude, being six miles and a half' to the southward of Chickmacomack inlet, from that stake, by a west line which passed twenty-five feet to the southward of the housé wherein Thomas Willis liVetb, and so west as far as the oounds of the charter granted to the lords proprietors of Carolina, by his majesty King *Charles*the second, which west line went one thousand six hundred and sixty poles to the north of the south end of Bath town.’*

*125Henderson-, Judge. —

In running a long line upon a parallel of latitude, the only mode of correcting the variation from the true line, is to resort, from time to time, to observations.

*Badger.*— Without that, a departure very trifling at the beginning, would amount to a deviation of many miles before the whole line was run.

But there is another conclusive answer to the objections now urged to the admissibility of the evidence. All the evidence was received in the Court below, without objection taken by the plaintiff’s counsel'. The Judgebc-low was not bound to reject evidence .offered by one parity and not opposed by the other. Being offered, its weight was properly left to the jury. The Ju,dge could not give them an opinion what weight it was entitled to. If he could, he was not bound to do it. If bound to give such opinion, be was bound only when desired by the counsel; and he was not desired to do so.

The counsel for the plaintiff below allow's the proof to be received; never intimates an objection; it is summed up and left with the jury, and no particular instructions asked; biit when the verdict is found against his client, he then brings forward, for the first time, his objections to the evidence, and complains because the Judge did not intrude himself into the jury box and give an opinion upon the w eight of the evidence.

The objection and the complaint certainly come too late, if they could have availed at any time. The duty of objecting to evidence belongs to the counsel, and cannot be transferred to the Judge. To decide upon the objections when made is his province. Where the counsel is silent, the Judge cannot err in receiving evidence, for such silence is a waiver of every objection.

Haix, Judge. —

I can see no objection to the charge given by the Judge to the jury in this case. The question of fact was, whether the lands in dispute lay within the *126boundaries of the lands granted by the King to Earl *Granville;*nor can I see any legal objection to the evidence offered to the jury relative to that fact.

I would also think the question of law arising in the case, free from doubt, if we take as true what the jury have found by their verdict, that is, that the land in dispute lies within the limits of Earl *Granville’s grant from*the crown.

The plaintiff also claims title under a grant from the crown in the year 1768, subsequent, to the date of Earl *Gi'anville’s*grant. As the King had conveyed title to the lands in dispute to Earl *Granville,*it follows, that at the time of the grant to the plaintiff’s father, he had no title to the lands, and of course could convey none. “For if he enters without title, or seizes land by a void or insufficient office, he is no disseisor; but if the King by letters patent grants land so seized, and the patentee enters, he is a disseisor, because he has time to inquire into the legality, which it is supposed the King has no leisure for.” *(Gxvilliam’s Bac. Jib.*“Prerogative” *F. 3.)*Therefore, as the plaintiff’s pretensions to recover in this action rest solely upon the grant from the crown, lie must fail; nor do I think his claim is in any respect bettered by the revolution in government which took place after-wards, when the state succeeded to the rghts of the crown as well as to those of Earl *Granville;*because if, at that time, Earl *Granville*had not disposed of the lands, they still belonged to him, and consequently, title to them vested in the state, and that title was not in any respect effected by any rights derived from the crown, because whatever right it once had to the lands, it had conveyed those rights to Earl Granville. For these reasons I think the rule for a new trial must be discharged.

Henderson, Judge. —

It is contended by the counsel for the defendant, that were it true that the sovereign power, like an individual, could be estopped; yet where. *127the conveyance is by grant without warranty express or implied, as in the present case, there can be no estoppel; and he refers the estoppel arising from bargains and sales, and other conveyances deriving their efficacy from the statute of uses, entirely to the express warranties which are attached thereto; and in feoffments, to the implied warranty arising thereon before the statute of *quia emptores,*from the services due from the feoffee and his heirs to the feoffor and his heirs; and since the statute, to the warranty implied during the life of the feoffee, probably from the nature of the conveyance, or from an adherence to the rule after the reason of it had ceased, a thing not very uncommon in our law; as we still retain many rules growing out of the doctrine of feuds, although feuds have long since ceased among us. I think that the counsel is wrong in attributing the estoppel to the warranty. The estoppel arises entirely out of the affirmations of matters of fact made in the deed. He has confounded es-toppels and rebutters; things essentially different in their nature, although frequently producing the same results. A rebutter operates on *the right of action to the estate.*It operates as to strangers, as well as between parties and privies; which is a consequence flowing from its operation on the *right to the estate.*An estoppel operates entirely as to *facts;*its effect is to conclude the parties from making, and of course proving, the facts to be otherwise than they are stated or acknowledged to be in a deed or other transaction out of which the estoppel arises. My collateral ancestor deprives me of my estate, and makes a feoffment in fee to a stranger with warranty and dies; the warranty descends on me as his heir, (and this is done under such circumstances as that it does not amount to what is called a warranty commencing by disseisin.) In any controversy which I may have with *any*one in regard to the lands, after the warranty has descended on xne, this feoffment and warranty will bar my right of action to the estate. If I had lost my right of entry when *128the warranty descended on me, it is as effectual to bar or-destroy my estate (and that with regard to the *whole*world) as if I myself had made a feoffment of it. But if j (jay si10U](] make a feoffment or bargain and sale of lands, which do not belong to me, to A, and to-morrow purchase the estate of B, to whom it belonged, although nothing in reality passed from- me to A, I having nothing in the estate, could not transfer any thing to him, for a person cannot grant that which he has not; yet in a controversy with B, I shall not be permitted, that is, I shall be estopped to aver and of course to prove that I had nothing when I granted to him, and set up in myself the title which I had afterwards acquired of *B;*for having affirmed in my conveyance to him that J had the estate, I shall not afterwards affirm that another had it. But this estoppel is confined entirely to *parties*and *privies,*it affects not a stranger; and as it affects not a stranger, neither will it affect me in a controversy with him; for the agreement between A and myself as to certain facts, does not make the facts in reality so. The agreement as to how they are, is only binding upon us and our privies: in our controversies with others, we are at liberty to show how they really are. In a controversy, therefore, between myself and a stranger, if the stranger, for the purpose of showing that A has title, and if A had I could not have it, shows my deed to him, it is competent for me to show that when I granted to A, I had nothing in the land, and I will prevail against him on my title derived from B.

Farther, to show that estoppels operate as to the *fads*only, if A reciting that he had not an estate in the lands intended to be granted, but that another has, bargains and sells them to B; if A in reality had *nothing*in the lands, nothing passes, not even by estoppel, for there is affirmation against affirmation, and of course no estoppel can arise. To use the language of Lord *Coke,*there is es-foppyl against estoppel, and the matter is left at larger *129So if one has an interest, although not as large as the estate granted, as if lessee for life or years, bargains and sells in fee, the affirmation of title shall be confined to the estate for life or years, and no estoppel arises; as if A is tenant for the life of B, and A bargains and sells the lands to C and his heirs, and A afterwards purchases the reversion from the owner and then B dies, A may recover the lands from C, notwithstanding his deed to C and his heirs; that is, the afiirmation of title is confined to this, that A had an estate during the life of B. Cases might be multiplied to show the difference between a rebutter arising from a warranty, and an estoppél. We may add also, which would seem of itself conclusive, that estoppels arise in cases where there can be no warranty; *acts in pais,*acts in the country. Nor is the reason more sound, that estoppels arise only from such conveyances as operate by •way of transmutation of possession, as a feoffment, and not on those which operate under the statute of uses; for as to their affirmation, and of course their estoppels, they are precisely alike. A feoffment, accompanied by livery of seisin, passes the estate, there is an actual tradition; the estate passes as to all the world, and any person may show it, because the *fact*is so. But in a bargain and sale, there is no actual tradition; the statute only transfers the seisin which the bargainor has; if he has none, none in *reality*is passed, and strangers cannot be affected by a thing which never happened; but as between the parties the seisin shall be considered as passing, because tbe bargainor is estopped from showing that he was not seised, and if he was seised the statute transferred it. As between the parties, the bargain and sale shall pass what it purports to pass; as to strangers, what it actually does pass. Thus a feoffment in fee by a tenant for life is a forfeiture, because, as to all the world, it passes the fee; it displaces the estate of the reversioner, it is therefore an injury to him which is punished by a forfeiture of the life estate. But if tenant for life bargains and sells the *130lands in fee, it is no forfeiture; for as to all but the par-to the bargain and sale, (in which term I include priVies.) it passes only the lite estate, for that was the ex-^ent 0f the bargainor’s seisin; and passing only the life estate, it did not displace the reversion; it was, therefore, no injury to the reversioner, and. therefore, no cause of forfeiture. Mor do the authorities cited from *Cruise*and *Sheppard*support the position contended for. They were cases of releases, operating by way of *mitter le*droit, or extinguishment. In them no *estate*passed by the release, but only a right, say a right of action. Rights arc not the subject of transfers or conveyance, but estates are. A right to an estate is not demanded in an action, but the estate itself. *Eights*may be *released*or extinguished, but not *granted.*If A is out of possession, and assigns or transfers to B who has no estate in the lands, B can sustain no action for the lands, as well for the reason that the subject matter was not the object of a grant, as from the rule said to be founded on policy, that no man can sell his right of going-to law. If A releases to B all his right in certain lands, B having no estate in the lands nothing passes, not even by estoppel, for that cannot pass by estoppel which in *reality*cannot pass by a conveyance. In the cases cited, the releasor, by his release, affirmed that he had *a right*to the lands, and no estate therein; for a release presupposes the *right*to be in the releasor, and the estate in the releasee, (I mean as to releases operating by way of *mitter le droit*or relinquishment,) and the release can support no action on such *acquisition;*it only confirms and strengthens the estate which he had before. If A, therefore, releases his right to B in a certain estate which B has in possession, and A afterwards acquires a good estate in the lands, he may set it up, for it is a different thing from that which he affirmed he had in his release; and estoppels being odious, the party shall not be concluded from showing the truth, unless the affirmation be directly upon the point, not to be arrived at *131by argument and conclusion. And this distinction between an estate and a right is almost daily acted on. In our actions on covenants for title and quiet, enjoyment, if the right and the estate were the same thing, no breach could ever with propriety be assigned for breaches of covenants for quiet enjoyment contained in an indenture of bargain and sale; for in such cases the bargainee is as much estopped as the bargainor; but it is as to the *estate*in which they are estopped. The breach is not that no estate passed, but that an *estate did pass,*but that the title to that estate was not good, anil that he was disturbed in the *enjoyment of that estate*by one having title. In fact, the very idea of annexing a warranty or covenant presupposes an estate to pass; for without the estate passes there can be no warranty, which is a dependant covenant, as is a covenant for quiet enjoyment, although by the phraseology there may be an independent covenant, but it is not attached in law to the estate. This very clearly proves what is affirmed, and what estoppels arise out of a bargain and sale.

With respect to the case cited by-the counsel for the plaintiff from *Co. Lit.*where *Edward*the 4th was barred, that was clearly the case of a rebutter arising from a warranty made by his collateral ancestor the Duke of *Cornwall,*which descended on *Edward*the 4th. As to the case, from Massachusetts, the operation of the resolve of legislature was not so much to declare where certain falls in the river were, as to locate a prior grant; it operated to locate the lands, where the legislature said the falls were; it operated as a new grant, which the legislature certainly had the power then to make; it confirmed the old grant, and fixed it at certain falls; and if such was ■ not. its operation, the decision was wrong, for a sovereign cannot be estopped. But the sovereign power conveys neither by feoffment, bargain and sale, or any conveyance dependent on livery of seisin or transferring uses into possession. By grant, the sovereign will, alone *132passes the property, evidenced by matter of record; and all grants from the sovereign are matter of record, and when under the great seal of the state prove themselves. Anc| j 0f „0 case where the sovereign power has been estopped; the cases are all the other way, and policy and justice require that they should be so. This sovereign, or sovereign power, is a trustee for the people; it acts by agents; the people should not be bound by any statement of facts made by those agents. For their benefit, the truth may always be shown, notwithstanding any former statement to the contrary. Where the state, therefore, succeeded to the rights of the King, and to those of Lord *Granville,*it was competent for the state to show, that the King's grant to the plaintiff in the year 1768 passed nothing, the King having granted the same lands to Lord *Granville-*in the year 1744; for the King, or sovereign power, cannot, any more than an individual, grant that which he has not. The lands in question were the property of the state, when the grant was made to the defendant, for the state, I think, certainly succeeded to Lord *Granville's*lands, by the most complete confiscation, by taking the very property to itself, as it did by the entry laws, and passed them to the defendant by its grant in 180 — .

As to the evidence which was received to establish the line of Lord *Granville, I*can see no objection to it. Common reputation is certainly admissible in questions of boundary; and it was applied to this case much more consistently with the spirit of the rule, and the reasons on which it was founded, than when we permit a witness to swear that a person since dead told him that a certain tree in a remote wood was a line or a corner tree of some other person’s land; and as to the observations made by Mr. *Mushat,*fixing the latitude, although such observations may not lead to absolute certainty, yet it is the best method which we have to ascertain the fact, and certainly better than by going down to the sea shore and running out *133■west; for the latitude can as well be taken here, or in Lincoln, as there. It would be impossible to continue the same course such a distance by the compass alone. Astronomical observations must, therefore, be frequently made to keep the course correct; for I do not agree with the plaintiff’s counsel, but adopt the argument of the counsel for the defendant, that the cedar stake or the houses by which the line is said in the charter to run, are nothing else than marks pointing to the line, which, notwithstanding those *indicia*given in the charter, is on the parallel of latitude 35 34 north. The rule for a new trial should be discharged.

By the Court,

Judgment affirmed.