2007 Decisions

Opinions of the United

States Court of Appeals

for the Third Circuit

8-14-2007

USA v. Blood

Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 06-2164

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Recommended Citation

"USA v. Blood" (2007). 2007 Decisions. Paper 594.

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NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

__________

No. 06-2164

__________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

 v.

GEORGE BLOOD,

 Appellant.

__________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Delaware

(D.C. Criminal No. 04-cr-00061-1)

District Judge: Honorable Kent A. Jordan

__________

Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

on July 9, 2007

Before: RENDELL and AMBRO, Circuit Judges,

and SHAPIRO,* District Judge.

(Filed August 14, 2007)

__________

OPINION OF THE COURT

__________

__________________

 * Honorable Norma L. Shapiro, Senior Judge of the United States District Court for

the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation. 
2

RENDELL, Circuit Judge.

George Blood appeals from both the conviction and sentence entered against him

by the United States District Court for the District of Delaware. Blood was convicted on

six counts of wire fraud, three counts of mail fraud, and three counts of illegal monetary

transactions and sentenced to 78 months’ imprisonment, three years of supervised release,

a $1,200 special assessment, and restitution of $270,400. With respect to his conviction,

Blood argues that the District Court erred by failing to instruct the jury that he must be

found to have “culpably participated” in the criminal scheme for which he was indicted

and, additionally, that there was insufficient evidence to establish that he knowingly

participated in the fraudulent scheme. With respect to his sentence, Blood argues that the

District Court erred when it found a loss amount of over $1,000,000, and that it violated

his Sixth Amendment rights by imposing guideline enhancements based on facts not

proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. We have jurisdiction over this appeal. See

28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a). We will affirm both Blood’s conviction and

his sentence.

I.

This story begins sometime in 1999 when Blood and his friend and business

partner, Vanden Eynden, were introduced to Jane Wong and Yoichi Moruichi, the owners

of Global Source International, LLC (“Global Source”), that claimed to have had success

investing in “high-yield” investment programs. Around the same time, Blood and

Eynden met Carol McCarthy, who was similarly interested in investing in the high-yield
3

investment programs pitched by Global Source. Soon thereafter, McCarthy founded

Beneficial Growth Systems, Inc. (“BGS”), in which Blood and Eynden became involved. 

BGS was set up to facilitate investments with Global Source and its official address was

the home Blood rented in Newark, Delaware. BGS invested a total of $495,000 in Global

Source, and anticipated a “risk-free” 25% return every 35 days. Global Source, however,

made its fourth and final payment to BGS in August of 1999, leaving BGS with a net loss

of approximately $190,000. 

In November of 1999, Blood, Eynden, and McCarthy were introduced to Frank

Layon, who represented himself as an attorney centrally involved in facilitating highyield investment programs. Soon thereafter, apparently undeterred by its failure with

Global Source, BGS invested $100,000 with Layon’s company “Direct-to-You Trust.” 

Blood, Eynden and McCarthy then formed a new company, Greystone International, Ltd.

(“Greystone”), in January, 2000. All of BGS’s assets and liabilities were transferred to

Greystone which, like BGS, had as its official address Blood’s home in Newark. On

January 12, 2000, Greystone invested an additional $200,000 with Layon, making the

combined BGS/Greystone investment with Direct-to-You Trust $300,000. When

Layon’s promised returns did not materialize, BGS/Greystone demanded that its money

be returned. Layon complied and, by June 19, 2000, BGS/Greystone had received all but

$7,000 of its investment back. 

With a purportedly renewed sense of confidence in Layon, Greystone began

soliciting other investors to partake in Direct-to-You’s “high-yield” investment programs
4

and procured $650,000 of investor capital throughout the year 2000 by making false

representations about Layon’s programs. Blood personally attracted at least three such

investors by guaranteeing high rates of return “risk-free.” For example, on July 19, 2000,

Michael Nadeau invested $50,000 with Greystone after Blood promised a 15% return

every 35 days. Although Nadeau did receive four payments totaling $29,600 between

September 2000 and July 2001, the payments stopped in July, and Nadeau lost the

remaining $20,400 of his investment with Greystone. Blood admitted that he did not tell

Nadeau of his prior failures with the supposedly “risk-free” high-yield investment

programs, and instead that he assured Nadeau that there was “no risk at all.” Appx. at

653-54, 686-89. 

However, before Nadeau learned of the failure of his investment with Greystone,

he and Blood traveled together, pitching high-yield investment programs to various

people. David Brannon and Arnold Ramsey were among the people Blood and Nadeau

convinced to invest. On September 28, 2000, Brannon invested $100,000 with Greystone

and then an additional $50,000 in November of the same year. Blood told Brannon that

Brannon’s $50,000 would be invested with an additional $50,000 that Blood himself was

putting up, and asked Brannon to wire the money to Legasure International Corporation,

another company owned by Blood. Rather than combining Brannon’s money with his

own and sending it to Layon’s supposed high-yield programs as promised, Blood instead

used the money to pay Nadeau for Blood’s portion of an investment in an un-related

Internet business that he and Nadeau were starting up. Blood did so only after telling
5

Brannon that his investment “was to be part of a pool of money that was going to be put

into a secured account in a bank and not at risk, 100 percent safe.” Appx. at 132. In

October of 2000, Blood sent Nadeau an additional $30,000 check from Greystone which,

according to Nadeau, represented an earlier investment in the aforementioned Internet

business. Brannon lost the entire $150,000 he invested with Greystone. 

On November 16, 2000, Ramsey wired $100,000 to Greystone after Blood assured

him that “there was no risk to the investment.” Like Brannon, Ramsey never received

any of his money back. 

On May 25, 2004, George Blood was indicted. The Grand Jury for the District of

Delaware returned a twelve-count Superseding Indictment on April 5, 2005 charging the

Defendant with wire fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C.§ 1343 (Counts One-Six); mail fraud

in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341 (Counts Seven-Nine); and money laundering in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 1957 (Counts Ten-Twelve). Blood elected to go to trial and on September

27, 2005, he was convicted by a jury on all counts. 

 On March 13, 2006, Blood was sentenced to 78 months’ imprisonment, followed

by three years supervised release. The sentence was based upon a base offense level of

17 for an illegal monetary transaction pursuant to the United States Sentencing Guidelines

(“USSG”) § 2S1.2; an additional two-level enhancement under § 2S1.2(b)(1)(B) because

Blood “knew that the funds were the proceeds of any other specified unlawful activity”;

and an additional five-level enhancement pursuant to §§ 2S1.2(b)(2) and 2S1.1(b)(2)(F),

because the loss exceeded $1,000,000. In sum, Blood’s total offense level was 24, and,
6

because his Criminal History Category was III, the Guidelines range was 63 to 78

months. The Court sentenced Blood to the upper end of the range, finding him to be a 

“serial offender and a confidence man apparently without a conscience.” Appx. at 1181.

Blood now appeals both his conviction and his sentence. With respect to his

conviction, Blood argues that it was plain error for the District Court to have failed to

instruct the jury that he must have “culpably participated” in the fraudulent scheme and,

additionally, that the evidence at trial was insufficient to establish that Blood knew he

was participating in the overarching fraudulent scheme. With respect to his sentence,

Blood argues that the District Court erred by finding a loss amount of $1,041,000. 

Additionally, he argues that the District Court’s imposition of sentence enhancements

violated his Sixth Amendment rights because they were based upon factual findings not

proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.

II.

A.

 Blood argues that the District Court erred by failing to instruct the jury on the

“culpable participation” element of wire and mail fraud. “Although we generally review

jury instructions for abuse of discretion our review is plenary when the question is

whether a district court’s instruction misstated the law.” United States v. Dobson,

419 F.3d 231, 237 (3d Cir. 2005) (internal quotations and edits omitted). We review for

plain error because Blood did not properly preserve the issue at trial. “Under the plain

error standard, before an appellate court can correct an error not raised at trial, it must
7

find: (1) an error; (2) that is plain; and (3) that affected substantial rights. If all three

conditions are met, an appellate court may in its discretion grant relief, but only if the

error seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial

proceedings.” Id. at 236 (internal quotations, edits, and citations omitted). 

In support of his argument, Blood relies on our recent decision in Dobson, where a

similar instruction was given to the jury as to the essential elements of mail fraud. We

vacated Dobson’s conviction, finding it based on an incomplete charge. Id. at 241. 

Dobson was a salesperson for a company called Universal Liquidators (“UL”),

which purported to locate and resell surplus and liquidated merchandise. UL charged

individuals a fee to become brokers who would be able to purchase discounted

merchandise and resell it at a substantial profit. UL, however, had no relationships with

any of the manufacturers mentioned in its marketing materials, nor did it have the means

to assist brokers in the location or resale process. In short, UL was a fraud. Dobson was

one of UL’s sales representatives and solicited potential brokers by presenting brochures

and other marketing materials which fraudulently held out UL as having the means to

facilitate sales. Although Dobson testified that she was unaware that UL, overall, was a

fraud or that its marketing materials were bogus, she admitted to making several false

representations to prospective brokers in order to increase her sales total. Dobson was

charged with mail fraud and the District Court instructed the jury that in order to convict

her, they had to find that she knowingly devised or participated in a scheme to defraud,
8

acted with specific intent to defraud, and used the mails to carry out the scheme. Dobson

was convicted. 

On appeal, Dobson challenged the jury instruction. She asserted that there were

two layers of fraud present in her case: her own misrepresentations, and UL’s overarching

fraudulent scheme, of which, again, she claimed she was unaware. Dobson argued that

because the jury instruction did not distinguish between these two layers, the jury may

have convicted her for furthering the overarching scheme by relying only on the evidence

regarding her own self-generated misrepresentations. This ambiguity, in Dobson’s view,

was error, and to remedy it, Dobson asked that we vacate her conviction. We agreed. 

In vacating Dobson’s conviction we relied on our decision in United States v.

Pearlstein, 576 F.2d 531, 545 (3d Cir. 1978), where we held that, to be convicted of mail

fraud, it is not sufficient for the Government to prove merely that the defendant took part

in a fraudulent scheme, but rather that he did so knowingly and “in furtherance of the

illicit enterprise.” We reasoned that when two layers of fraud are at issue, the relevant

inquiry is not whether the defendant made any fraudulent statements, but whether the

fraudulent statements he did make were in furtherance of the overarching fraudulent

scheme. Id. at 537. Therefore, we held that when the jury is confronted with dual layers

of fraud, the District Court must instruct it to find that the defendant “culpably

participated” in the overall scheme. 

Blood argues that, like in Dobson, there are two layers of fraud at issue here: his

own misrepresentations to investors, and Greystone’s overarching fraudulent scheme, of
 1

A “Ponzi scheme” is a “fraudulent investment scheme in which money contributed by

later investors generates artificially high dividends for the original investors, whose

example attracts even larger investments.” Black’s Law Dictionary (8th ed. 2004).

9

which Blood claims he was unaware. Although Blood is correct to assert that the

“culpable participation” instruction is necessary when two levels of fraud exist, this is not

such a case. Unlike Dobson’s statements, which were separate and distinct from UL’s

overarching scheme, there is no dispute that Blood’s “risk-free” misrepresentations were

in furtherance of the one and only scheme to defraud. Indeed, “[t]he only fraudulent

scheme alleged and proven in the case at issue consisted of the false promises Blood

made to induce investments into BGS and Greystone for purported placement in risk-free

high-yield investment programs.” Brief for Appellee at 34. Therefore, we see no error,

let alone plain error, in the District Court’s instruction. 

Blood next argues that there was insufficient evidence to establish that he

knowingly participated in BGS/Greystone’s overall scheme to defraud. He asserts that

there was no evidence presented at trial indicating that BGS or Greystone was

fraudulently conceived and that, on the contrary, BGS/Greystone were themselves victims

of Layon’s misrepresentations. See Brief for Appellant at 57. Blood further argues that,

even if the evidence had supported a finding that Greystone conducted a Ponzi scheme,1

 it

was McCarthy, and only McCarthy, who was “capable of masterminding and

orchestrating such a scheme” because she was “the only person authorized to write

checks.” Id. However, “[w]e must sustain the verdict if there is substantial evidence,
10

viewed in the light most favorable to the government, to uphold the jury’s decision.”

United States v. Beckett, 208 F.3d 140, 151 (3d Cir. 2000) (internal citations omitted). 

Indeed, a finding of insufficiency of the evidence “should be confined to cases where the

prosecution’s failure is clear.” United States v. Smith, 294 F.3d 473, 477 (3d Cir. 2002).

 We are of the opinion that sufficient evidence was presented at trial from which

rational jurors could have concluded, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Blood devised and

participated in a scheme to defraud BGS and Greystone investors. The record clearly

established that Blood promised high rates of return “risk-free” despite having previously

experienced losses from the very same types of investment vehicles - vehicles that were

managed by the same people who controlled the accounts in which Blood asked others to

invest. Nevertheless, Blood testified that he genuinely believed in the high-yield

programs he pitched. However, the guilty verdict reveals that the jury simply rejected

Blood’s contentions that his promises of “risk-free” investment were made in “good

faith.” We believe sufficient evidence supported this conclusion. Finally, with respect to

Blood’s contention that only McCarthy was capable of devising and “orchestrating” the

fraudulent scheme at issue, the evidence presented at trial revealed that both BGS and

Greystone were run out of Blood’s home, that Blood controlled the paperwork, and that

he had significant contact with Global Source and Layon. See Appx. at 1125-35, 1160-61. 

We find that the evidence available to the jury was sufficient for a guilty verdict and

affirm the District Court’s holding with respect to Blood’s conviction.

B.
11

With respect to his sentence, Blood argues that the Government presented

insufficient evidence to support finding a loss of $1,041,000. We will “review factual

findings relevant to the Guidelines for clear error and . . . exercise plenary review over

[the] District Court’s interpretation of the Guidelines.” United States v. Grier, 475 F.3d

556, 561 (3d Cir. 2007) (en banc).

First, Blood argues that “an unknown portion of the Greystone investors’ losses

were legitimate as their contributions were gained through good-faith beliefs in the

investment programs that Greystone offered.” Brief for Appellant at 67-68. In other

words, Blood maintains that, in the early stages of Greystone’s investments with Layon,

Blood and his co-conspirators genuinely believed that investing with Layon would

generate profits for Greystone investors. In support of this notion, Blood contends that

the District Court did not make any findings of fact as to when investors contributed

money to Greystone, or what Blood’s beliefs were at the time invitations to invest were

made. However, these arguments are simply an attempt to relitigate Blood’s conviction,

because, implicit in the jury’s verdict was that he knew that his investments with Layon

could not produce extraordinary rates of return without substantial risk. 

Next, Blood argues that a “more searching and individualized inquiry into [his]

involvement with the losses caused by Greystone is necessary to decipher the amount of

fraud loss that he should be held accountable for under the guidelines’ reference to a

‘jointly undertaken criminal activity.’” Brief for Appellant at 73. Blood claims that the

record neither reveals his role in the conspiracy nor the scope of the criminal activity that
12

he agreed to jointly undertake. We disagree. The conspiracy that Blood agreed to join –

and it is evident from the jury verdict that he did so agree – was the jointly undertaken

operation of Greystone as a vehicle to solicit investments based on fraudulent

representations. As set out in United States v. Collado, the loss amount attributable to

Blood is not limited to his own acts, but rather to those acts which were “reasonably

forseeable in connection with the criminal activity the defendant agreed to undertake.” 

975 F.2d 985, 995 (3d Cir. 1992) (quoting U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3). There is sufficient record

evidence supporting the conclusion that Blood worked in concert with Eynden and

McCarthy to fraudulently procure investment capital. See, e.g., Appx. at 963-70,

1160-63. 

Blood also argues that his “sentencing calculus should not include any of the

losses directly attributable to Layon” because Layon’s conduct was not “in furtherance of

the criminal activity jointly undertaken,” nor was it “reasonably forseeable in connection

with that criminal activity,” and therefore it is not relevant conduct. See Brief for

Appellant at 74 (quoting U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, Application Note 1.). In support of this

argument Blood points to the Presentence Report which states: “There does not appear to

be any evidence that Blood (or Carol [McCarthy] or Bill [Eynden]) knew that Layon was

a complete fraud (and indeed, the fact that their companies lost hundreds of thousands of

dollars they sent to him, seems to argue they were victims)[.]” PSR at 5 n. 2. Although

Blood is correct to assert that Layon was not proven at trial to be one of Blood’s

co-conspirators, this fact does not make Blood eligible for a deduction in the loss total. 
13

Application Note 11 in U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1(b)(1) “definitively rejected adjusting the ‘loss’

itself downward to reflect other causes beyond the defendant’s control.” United States v.

Kopp, 951 F.2d 521, 531 (3d Cir. 1991). However, “[t]o the extent actual loss had other,

more proximate causes, a discretionary downward departure but not a mandatory loss

adjustment might be appropriate.” Id. (emphasis added) (internal quotations and edits

omitted). In other words, the District Court could have concluded that Blood deserved a

downward departure due to misrepresentations Layon may have made to Blood, but it

was under no obligation to do so. And, as is clear, Blood did not move for a downward

departure on these grounds.

 Finally, Blood contends that the District Court erred by imposing sentencing

enhancements based upon factual findings that were not proven to a jury beyond a

reasonable doubt in violation of his 6th Amendment right to a jury trial. However,

“[t]here can be no question, in light of the holding of [United States v.] Booker[, 543 U.S.

220 (2005)], and the reasoning of Apprendi[ v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000)], that the

right to proof beyond a reasonable doubt does not apply to facts relevant to enhancements

under an advisory Guidelines regime.” Grier, 475 F.3d at 565. 

III.

For these reasons, we will AFFIRM the Judgment and Commitment Order of the

District Court. 

_________________