NO. 94-609

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

1995

STATE OF MONTANA,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

JADE DEE ANDERSON,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Second Judicial District,

In and for the County of Silver Bow,

The Honorable Mark P. Sullivan, Judge presiding.

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Jade Dee Anderson, Pro Se, Deer Lodge, Montana

For Respondent:

Hon. Joseph P. Mazurek, Attorney General,

Micheal S. Wellenstein, Assistant Attorney

General, Helena, Montana

Robert M. McCarthy, Silver Bow County Attorney,

Brad Newman, Deputy County Attorney,

Butte, Montana

Filed:

Submitted on Briefs: May 19, 1995

Decided: July 18, 1995
Justice Terry N. Trieweiler delivered the opinion of the Court.

On October 12, 1993, the defendant, Jade Dee Anderson, was

charged by information in the District Court for the Second

Judicial District in Silver Bow County with felony assault in

violation of 5 45-5-202(Z) (a), MCA (1991). Anderson pled not

guilty at his arraignment, but later changed his plea to guilty and

was sentenced by the District Court. After the Sentence Review

Division of the Montana Supreme Court upheld Anderson's sentence,

he filed a petition for post-conviction relief which, after an

evidentiary hearing, was denied by the District Court. Anderson

appeals from the District Court's denial of his petition for

post-conviction relief. We affirm the District Court's order in

part and remand for further proceedings.

We restate the issues raised on appeal as follows:

1 . Did the District Court have authority to accept

Anderson's guilty plea?

2 . Was Anderson entitled to withdraw his plea pursuant to

5 46-12-211, MCA?

3 . Was Anderson denied effective assistance of counsel?

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Anderson was charged by information with felony assault based

on the allegation that he stabbed a victim during a fight outside

a bar in Butte, Montana. At his initial arraignment, Anderson pled

not guilty. Following arraignment, Anderson and the State arrived

at a plea agreement pursuant to which the State recommended that

Anderson be sentenced to the Montana Department of Corrections and

2
Human Services for five years for the assault charge, and a

consecutive two years for use of a dangerous weapon. By its

express terms, the agreement was not binding on the court.

At the change of plea hearing, the court asked Anderson if he

wanted to change his plea to guilty; Anderson responded that he

did, and that he understood that the court was not bound by the

agreement. The District Court informed Anderson of the maximum

penalty for felony assault, and informed him that he could receive

an additional two to ten years for using a dangerous weapon, which

he could be ordered to serve consecutive to the first sentence.

Anderson acknowledged that he understood this. The District Court

mentioned that a dangerous offender designation could affect

parole; Anderson's attorney responded that he had already explained

this to his client. The court accepted the guilty plea and ordered

a presentence investigation before it imposed a sentence.

On February 10, 1994, the District Court held a sentencing

hearing. At the sentencing hearing, the court asked Anderson if

his guilty plea was entered voluntarily; Anderson responded that it

had been. Contrary to the agreement, the court sentenced Anderson

to the Montana Department of Corrections for ten years for felony

assault, six consecutive years for use of a dangerous weapon, and

designated Anderson a dangerous offender pursuant to § 46-18-404,

MCA.

Anderson did not appeal his sentence. Following the Sentence

Review Division's refusal to modify his sentence, Anderson filed a

petition for post-conviction relief in the District Court.

3
At a hearing to determine the merits of his petition, Anderson

stated that he would not have pled guilty if he had understood the

waiver of rights form that he signed. However, he acknowledged

that he had not requested his attorney to appeal his conviction,

and agreed that after he was sentenced he authorized his family to

pick up his file so he could talk to another attorney.

Because Anderson alleged that he had received ineffective

assistance of counsel, the attorney-client privilege was waived and

his attorney, Daniel Sweeney, was allowed to testify. Sweeney

testified that he advised Anderson of his constitutional rights

before the change of plea hearing, and also advised Anderson that

the plea agreement was not binding on the court. He stated that

Anderson told him he understood the waiver of rights form and that

Anderson did not request a trial after the court rejected the

State's recommended sentence. Sweeney added that, following

sentencing, he discussed Anderson's options, including an appeal,

but that by February 24, 1993, Anderson requested that he turn over

his file, and that he complied with that request.

On November 10, 1994, the District Court entered its findings

of fact, conclusions of law, and order which denied Anderson's

petition for post-conviction relief.

ISSUE 1

Did the District Court have authority to accept Anderson's

guilty plea?

"The standard of review for a denial of a petition for

post-conviction relief is whether substantial evidence supports the

4
findings and conclusions of the district court." State v. Sheppard

(Mont. 1995), 890 P.Zd 754, 757, 52 St. Rep. 106, 108 (citing State

v.Barruck (1994), 267 Mont. 154, 159, 882 P.2d 1028, 1031).

Anderson contends that the District Court lacked authority to

accept his guilty plea because it failed to inform him of the

maximum penalties provided by law as required by 55 46-16-105 and

46-12-210, MCA. He states that he was not notified of the effect

of the dangerous offender designation until sentencing, and should

have been notified before he changed his plea. Therefore, he

contends that his plea was not voluntary. He claims that the

District Court had an obligation to advise him personally of the

possible effect of being designated a dangerous offender

Section 46-16-105(l), MCA, provides:

Before or during trial, a plea of guilty may be accepted

when:

(a) the defendant enters a plea of guilty in open

court; and

(b) the court has informed the defendant of the

consequences of his plea and of the maximum penalty

provided by law which may be imposed upon acceptance of

such plea.

Section 46-12-210(l), MCA, provides in part that:

Before accepting a plea of guilty, the court shall

determine that the defendant understands the following:

(a) (i) the nature of the charge for which the plea

is offered;

(ii) the mandatory minimum penalty provided by law,

if any;

(iii) the maximum penalty provided by law,

including the effect of any penalty enhancement provision

or special parole restriction . .

A guilty plea must be a voluntary, knowing, and intelligent

choice among the alternatives available to a defendant. State v. Radi

5
(19911, 250 Mont. 155, 159, 818 P.2d 1203, 12 0 6 ( citing North Carolina

v.A@rd (1970), 400 U.S. 25, 91 S. Ct. 160, 27 L. Ed. 2d 162).

The transcript from the change of plea hearing illustrates

that the District Court Judge informed Anderson of the maximum

penalty for the assault charge and informed him that he may receive

an additional two to ten years for using a dangerous weapon, which

he could be ordered to serve consecutively. Anderson stated that

he understood this. In addition, the District Court mentioned that

the dangerous offender designation would affect parole and

Anderson's attorney acknowledged that he had already explained this

to him.

The court was only required to determine that Anderson

understood the consequences of his plea, and toward that end, was

entitled to rely on the statements of his counsel which were made

in his presence. Therefore, we conclude that the District Court

complied with the requirements of §s 46-16-105 and 46-12-210, MCA,

and had the authority to accept Anderson's voluntary plea.

ISSUE 2

Was Anderson entitled to withdraw his plea pursuant to

5 46-12-211, MCA?

Anderson contends that he was entitled to withdraw his guilty

plea after the District Court rejected the State's sentence

recommendation because his plea agreement was pursuant to

§ 46-12-211(l) (b), MCA.
Section 46-12-211, MCA, provides procedural guidelines for

plea agreements. It states, in relevant part, that:

(1) The prosecutor and the attorney for the defendant,

or the defendant when acting pro se, may engage in

discussions with a view toward reaching an agreement

that, upon the entering of a plea of guilty to a charged

offense or to a lesser or related offense, the prosecutor

will do any of the following:

move for dismissal of other charges;

1:; agree that a specific sentence is the

appropriate disposition of the case; or

Cc) make a recommendation, or agree not to oppose

the defendant's request, for a particular sentence, with

the understanding that the recommendation or request may

not be binding upon the court.

(2) If a plea agreement has been reached by the

parties, the court shall, on the record, require a

disclosure of the agreement in open court or, on a

showing of good cause in camera, at the time the plea is

offered. If the agreement is of the type specified in

subsection (1) (a) or (1) (b), the court may accept or

reject the agreement, or may defer its decision as to the

acceptance or rejection until there has been an

opportunity to consider the presentence report. If the

agreement is of the tvoe specified in subsection (1) (c),

the court shall advise the defendant that, if the court

does not accept the recommendation or request, the

defendant nevertheless has no riqht to withdraw the plea.

i4j If the court rejects a plea agreement of the

type specified in subsection (1) (a) or (1) (b), the court

shall, on the record, inform the parties of this fact and

advise the defendant that the court is not bound by the

plea agreement, afford the defendant an opportunity to

withdraw the plea, and advise the defendant that if the

defendant persists in the guilty plea, the disposition of

the case may be less favorable to the defendant than that

contemplated by the plea agreement.

(Emphasis added.)

Anderson asserts that the District Court erred when it did not

allow him to withdraw his guilty plea because he did not believe it

was a paragraph (1) (c) agreement. He also claims that it could not

have been a paragraph (1) (c) type of agreement because the court
did not inform him that if it did not accept the agreement he could

not withdraw his plea. The State concedes that the District Court

did not advise Anderson that he would not be allowed to withdraw

his plea.

The record does not support Anderson's contentions. At the

change of plea hearing the court asked the State whether the

agreement was a (1) (b) or (1) (c) agreement. The State responded

that the agreement was not binding. The court clarified that it

was then pursuant to paragraph (1) (c), and asked Anderson's counsel

if he understood. Anderson's counsel responded that he did and

that he had explained the implications of a paragraph (1) Cc)

agreement to Anderson and informed him of the consequences of

changing his plea to guilty. There is substantial evidence in the

record to support the District Court's finding that the plea

agreement was made pursuant to § 46-12-211(l) (c), MCA, and

therefore, that the District Court was not required to allow

Anderson to withdraw his plea pursuant to § 46-12-211(4), MCA. We

conclude that the District Court did not err when it refused to

allow Anderson to withdraw his plea pursuant to § 46-12-211(l) (b)

and -211(4), MCA.

ISSUE 3

Was Anderson denied effective assistance of counsel?

Anderson contends that Sweeney's failure to file a notice of

appeal constituted ineffective assistance of counsel because he did

not waive a direct appeal.
The State counters that Sweeney did not have a duty to advise

Anderson of a right to appeal under all circumstances, and that if

he did have a duty in this case, the record indicates that he fully

advised Anderson of his appellate rights.

This Court has followed the two-part test set forth in Strickland

v. Washington ( 19 84 ) , 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674,

for resolving ineffective assistance of counsel claims. State v.

Robbins (1985), 218 Mont. 107, 114, 708 P.2d 227, 232. A defendant

must first establish that counsel did not provide assistance within

the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.

State v. Coates (1990), 241 Mont. 331, 337, 786 P.2d 1182, 1185.

Second, a defendant must show that a deficient performance was so

prejudicial that it denied the defendant a fair trial. Strickland,

466 U.S. at 687. In this case, which did not involve a trial, we

must determine whether, but for counsel's advice, Anderson would

have successfully appealed his sentence.

The first inquiry, then, is whether professional competence

requires advising an unsuccessful defendant of his right to appeal

in every case. Several courts have held that an attorney has no

such duty. Laycockv. New Mexico (10th Cir. 19891, 880 F.2d 1184,

1187-88; Marrowv. UnitedStates (9th Cir. 19851, 772 F.2d 525, 527-28;

Careyv. Leverette (4th Cir. 1979), 605 F.2d 745, 746, cert. denied (1979),

444 U.S. 983.
In Marrow, the Ninth Circuit held that counsel has an

obligation to advise a defendant about the right to appeal after a

guilty plea "when the defendant inquires about the appeal rights or

when there are circumstances that indicate that defendant may

benefit from receiving such advice." Murro w , 772 F.2d at 528.

That court explained that:

[1]f there is a claim of error in connection with the

plea proceeding that would constitute grounds for setting

aside the plea, and if counsel either knows or should

have learned of his client's claim or of the relevant

facts giving rise to that claim, counsel has a duty to

advise his client of the right to appeal the conviction.

Marrow, 772 F.2d at 529.

In this case, the District Court failed to advise Anderson

that because his plea was entered pursuant to § 46-12-211(l) (c),

MCA, it could not be withdrawn, even if the District Court chose to

ignore the State's sentencing recommendation. That omission was

contrary to the requirement of 5 46-12-211(2), MCA, and if

Anderson's substantial rights were affected thereby, could have

served as the basis for setting aside the plea and sentence on

appeal. SeeUniiedStatesv.Kennel (9th Cir. 1994), 15 F.3d 134, 138; United

Sfutesv.Graibe (9th Cir. 1991), 946 F.2d 1428, 1435. However, "[alny

variance from the procedure required by 46-12-211 that does not

affect the substantial rights of the defendant must b e

disregarded." Section 46-12-213, MCA.

Therefore, if, as Anderson's attorney suggested at the change

of plea hearing, he had already informed his client of the effect

of his plea, then Anderson was not prejudiced by the District

10
Court's failure to do the same. The District Court's omission

would, then, not have been a basis for setting aside Anderson's

plea and sentence, and Sweeney would have had no duty to advise him

of his right to appeal that omission.

The problem, for purposes of our review, is that no evidence

was presented at Anderson's post-conviction hearing regarding the

nature of advice given by Sweeney to Anderson prior to his change

of plea. Specifically, we do not know whether Sweeney advised

Anderson that because of the nature of his plea it could not be

withdrawn. Therefore, we do not know whether the District Court's

error was harmless, and whether failure to advise Anderson of that

error caused Anderson to waive an appeal that could have resulted

in his plea and sentence being set aside.

Therefore, we remand this case to the District Court for

further evidence regarding the nature of Sweeney's advice to

Anderson, and for findings on that subject by the District Court.

If, based on the additional evidence, the District Court finds that

Anderson was fully informed by Sweeney of the effect of his plea

pursuant to 5 46-12-211(l) (cl, MCA, then the District Court should

conclude that its failure to personally advise Anderson of that

effect was, at most, harmless error. That omission would not have

been a basis for setting aside Anderson's plea and sentence on

appeal; and therefore, would not be an adequate basis for

concluding that Anderson received ineffective assistance of counsel

when he was not notified of that basis for appeal. On the other

hand, if the District Court finds that Sweeney did not advise

l i
Anderson that he would not be able to withdraw his plea, even in

the event that the District Court ignored the State's sentencing

recommendation, then the District Court's failure to so advise

Anderson was an error which affected Anderson's substantial rights

and would have been a basis for setting aside his plea and

sentence. Sweeney's failure to advise him of that error, under

those circumstances, would constitute ineffective assistance of

counsel which would require that Anderson's plea and sentence be

set aside.

For these reasons, we affirm the District Court in part and

remand to the District Court for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion.

Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3 cc), Montana Supreme Court

1988 Internal Operating Rules, this decision shall not be cited as

precedent and shall be published by its filing as a public document

with the Clerk of the Supreme Court and by a report of its result

to Montana Law Week, State Reporter and West Publishing Company.

Justices

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Justice W. William Leaphart, dissenting.

I dissent from our holding on issue number two and specially

concur on issue number three. Section 46-12-211(2), MCA, clearly

requires that in a l(c) type plea agreement, "the court shall

advise the defendant that, if the court does not accept the

recommendation or request, the defendant nevertheless has no right

to withdraw the plea." It is conceded that the court did not

advise Anderson that he would not be allowed to withdraw his plea.

This Court however, circumvents this clear statutory mandate by

assuming that Anderson's counsel picked up the slack by explaining

to Anderson the "implications of a paragraph (1) (c) agreement . .

. and informed him of the consequences of changing his plea to

guilty." The record does not support this assumption. The

transcript of the change of plea proceeding reads as follows:

THE COURT: Would you advise the court if this is a 1B or

1C plea agreement.

MR. NEWMAN: You Honor, this is not a binding plea

agreement. The agreement does advise Mr. Anderson and

his counsel that the court is free to impose any

statutory sentence. The State will recommend that a

sentence be given, a particular sentence. We are going

to recommend that the defendant be committed to the

Montana Department of Corrections and Human Services for

a definite period of time; five years on the underlying

offense and two years consecutive for the use of a

weapon. So we are recommending a commitment to the

custody of the department for a definite period of time.

THE COURT: So then is that a lC?

MR. NEWMAN: I believe it would fit under lC, Your Honor.

THE COURT: Do you understand that, Mr. Sweeney?

MR. SWEENEY: Yes, your Honor.

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THE COURT: All right. Stand up, Anderson. (The

defendant complies.)

THE COURT: Is there a motion?

MR. SWEENEY: Your Honor, thank you. If it please the

Court, as the prosecuting attorney told you, we've

notified the prosecuting attorney that we wish to move to

withdraw our former plea of not guilty, and my client,

Jade Anderson, would instead enter a plea of guilty to

the charge.

THE COURT: Is that what you want to do today, Mr.

Anderson?

THE DEFENDANT: Yes.

THE COURT: Mr. Sweeney, have you fully advised your

client of the consequences of a change of plea to guilty?

MR. SWEENEY: I have, Your Honor, and as Counsel stated

for the State that we have entered into that plea bargain

agreement, but I've explained to Mr. Anderson that that's

not binding on Your Honor, and that you have the right to

sentence him in accordance with the state law or to

follow that plea bargain agreement, depending on what you

want to do.

Although his counsel advised him that the plea agreement was

not binding upon the Court, the record does not reflect any advice

from counsel that, once Anderson changed his plea pursuant to the

agreement, he would not be allowed to withdraw the plea. That

aspect is the most significant "implication" of a (1) (c) type plea

agreement. The fact that Anderson was advised that the agreement

was not binding upon the court does not resolve the issue because

a (1) (c) and a (1) (b) are both the same in that respect. That is,

neither type is binding upon the court. The distinction is that a

(1) (c), unlike a (1) (b) is binding upon the defendant. The statute

requires that the court advise the defendant of this distinction.

That is, if he enters a plea to a (1) (c) agreement and the court

14
rejects that agreement, he cannot withdraw his plea. The record

does not support a finding that anyone, court or counsel, advised

defendant of the special implications of a (l)(c) agreement.

The Court concludes that, since this was purportedly a (I)(c)

agreement, the District Court was not required to allow Anderson to

withdraw his plea pursuant to § 46-12-211(4), MCA. That assumes,

however, that the defendant understands what a "1C" agreement is

after having been properly advised, by the court, of the nature of

his commitment. In the absence of such advice from the court, we

have no basis for concluding that the defendant understood the

nuances of the term of art "1C". Without the proper admonition,

the agreement is, in effect, no different from a (1) (b) agreement

and the defendant should be allowed to withdraw his plea. If this

issue were before us on a direct appeal, I would reverse and allow

him to do so. However, this matter is before us on an appeal from

a petition for post-conviction relief. Accordingly, Anderson is

procedurally barred from raising any issues which he could have,

but failed to raise on direct appeal (5 46-21-105(2), MCA) unless

he can show that his failure to raise the issue on appeal was due

to ineffective assistance of counsel. That leads to issue number

three wherein the court remands for a further hearing on the

question of what precisely Sweeney advised Anderson at the change

of plea stage and what was his subsequent advice to Anderson

concerning his appeal rights. I concur with the remand for a

hearing as to the nature of counsel's advice concerning appeal

rights. I dissent from the remand to the extent that it opens up

15
the question of whether counsel, at the change of plea stage,

advised Anderson that a (1) (c) agreement is binding upon him thus

rending the court's omission harmless error.

The Court remands this matter to the District Court for a

further hearing as to the particulars of defense counsel Sweeney's

advise to his client Anderson. Specifically, did Sweeney advise

Anderson that he would not be allowed to withdraw his plea even if

the court rejected the agreement. If Sweeney did advise Anderson

of this, then the Court concludes that the district judge's

omission would be harmless error. If Sweeney did not, then the

court's omission would not be harmless and Sweeney would then have

had an obligation to advise Anderson that this omission would

constitute a basis for a valid appellate challenge to his plea and

resulting conviction.

In my judgment, the statutory requirement (§ 4612-211(2),

MCA) that the court advise the defendant of the consequences of a

(1) (c) agreement, on the record, was designed to avoid this type of

'tis-t'aint argument between attorney and client. When the plea

agreement itself, the Acknowledge of Waiver of Rights by Plea of

Guilty Form, and the record all fail to disclose the irrevocable

nature of the plea, we must assume that the defendant was not

properly advised as required by law. There is no basis for giving

the prosecution a fourth bite of the apple by remanding for a

further hearing in which we pit counsel against client in hopes of

divining what the defendant really knew about (1) (c) agreements

independently of what he was informed by the Agreement, the Waiver

16
of Rights Form or the District Court. I would reverse and remand

for a hearing solely on the question of whether Anderson received

ineffective assistance of counsel with regard to his appeal rights.

I would not reopen the question of whether counsel, at the change

of plea stage, independently of the court, advised Anderson of the

binding nature of a (1) (c) agreement. The record is clear that the

Agreement itself, the Waiver form and the court all failed to

advise Anderson that he could not withdraw his (1) (c) agreement.

This omission affected his substantial rights and was not harmless

error. The only remaining question is what advice did Sweeney give

to Anderson concerning his right to appeal based on the court's

failure to comply with § 46-12-211(2), MCA. If counsel failed to

advise him of the omission and of his right to appeal based on that

omission, then Anderson is entitled to post-conviction relief.