iv

BE L GI UM’S GR E E N H OUS E GAS 

IN VE N T ORY (1990-2007) 

National Inventory Report 

submitted under the United Nations Framework Convention on 

Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol

April 2009 
1

Prepared by: 

Flemish Environment Agency (VMM) 

Alfons Van de Maelestraat 96 9320 Erembodegem Belgium 

Telephone +32 (0)53 72.66.52 

Fax +32 (0)53 70.63.44 

http://www.vmm.be

E-Mail: m.dheer@vmm.be, i.vanvynckt@vmm.be, c.debosscher@vmm.be and 

m.vandenhende@vmm.be

Flemish institute for technological research (Vito)

Boeretang 200 B-2400 Mol Belgium 

Telephone + 32 (0)14 33 55 11 

Fax + 32 (0)14 33 55 99 

http://www.Vito.be

E-Mail: kristien.aernouts@Vito.be and kaat.jespers@vito.be

Walloon Public Service 

Walloon Agency for Air and Climate (AWAC) 

Av. Princes de Liège 15 5100 Jambes Belgium 

Telephone +32 (0) 81-33 51 84 

Fax +32 (0) 81 33 51 22 

http://environnement.wallonie.be

E-Mail: isabelle.higuet@spw.wallonie.be et andre.guns@spw.wallonie.be

Brussels Institute for the Management of the Environment(IBGE-BIM) 

Gulledelle 100 1200 Brussel Belgium 

Telephone +32 (0)2 775 7681 

Fax +32 (0)2 775 76 21 

http://www.ibgebim.be

E-Mail: lbo@ibgebim.be

Interregional Cell for the Environment (IRCEL) 

Avenue des Arts/Kunstlaan 10-11 1210 Brussels 

Telephone +32 (0)2 227 57 01 

Fax +32 (0)2 227 56 99 

http://www.irceline.be

ECONOTEC 

Rue du Delta 35 

B-7000 Mons 

Telephone +32(0)65 31 63 43 

Fax +32(0)65 84 30 91 

http://www.econotec.be

E-Mail: francis.altdorfer@econotec.be
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TABLE OF CONTENT 

National Inventory Report .................................................................................................................... iv 

Part I: Annual inventory submission ........................................................................................... 1 

Chapter 1: General Issues ............................................................................................................. 1 

1.1. Overview ............................................................................................................................................ 1 

1.2. Institutional arrangements and process of inventory preparation .......................................... 2 

1.3. General description of methodologies and data sources used ................................................... 2 

1.3.1. Flemish region ................................................................................................................................ 3 

1.3.2. Walloon region ............................................................................................................................... 5 

1.3.3. Brussels region ............................................................................................................................... 6 

1.4. Key sources categories ..................................................................................................................... 6 

1.5. QA/QC .............................................................................................................................................. 10 

1.5.1 Responsibilities at the national level ............................................................................................... 10 

1.5.2 QA/QC in the Flemish region ......................................................................................................... 11 

1.5.3 QA/QC in the Walloon region ........................................................................................................ 14 

1.5.4 QA/QC in the Brussels region ........................................................................................................ 15 

1.5.5 QC activities : Tier 1 QC checks .................................................................................................... 16 

1.5.6 QA checks ..................................................................................................................................... 19 

1.6 Tier 1 uncertainty calculation ....................................................................................................... 20 

1.6.1. General approach .......................................................................................................................... 20 

1.6.2. Methodology of the uncertainty calculation in detail by CRF category ........................................... 21 

1.6.3. Results and discussion ................................................................................................................... 27 

1.7 Completeness analysis ..................................................................................................................... 27 

1.8. Assigned amount............................................................................................................................. 28 

Chapter 2: Trends in greenhouse gas emissions ...................................................................... 29 

2.1. Emission trends for aggregated greenhouse gas emissions ...................................................... 29 

2.2. Emission trends by gas .................................................................................................................. 31 

2.3. Emission trends by source ............................................................................................................. 32 

2.3.1. Energy industries (1A1) ................................................................................................................ 33 

2.3.2. Manufacturing industries (1A2) ..................................................................................................... 34 

2.3.3. Transport (1A3) ............................................................................................................................ 36 

2.3.4. Residential and commercial (1A4) ................................................................................................. 37 

2.3.5. Industrial processes (category 2).................................................................................................... 38 

2.3.6. Agriculture ................................................................................................................................... 41

2.3.7. Waste ........................................................................................................................................... 42 

2.4. Emission trends for indirect greenhouse gases and SO2 .......................................................... 43 

2.4.1. Nitrogen oxides (NOX) .................................................................................................................. 43 

2.4.2. Carbon monoxide (CO) ................................................................................................................. 43 

2.4.3. NMVOC ....................................................................................................................................... 43 

2.4.4. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) ................................................................................................................... 43 

Chapter 3: Energy ........................................................................................................................ 45 

3.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 45 

3.1.1 Energy industries ........................................................................................................................... 45 

3.1.2 Industry ......................................................................................................................................... 46 

3.1.3 Transport ....................................................................................................................................... 47 
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3.2 Methodological issues...................................................................................................................... 47 

3.2.1. Regional energy balances and related greenhouse gases ................................................................. 47 

3.2.2. Energy industries (category 1A1) .................................................................................................. 56 

3.2.3. Manufacturing industry and construction (category 1A2) ............................................................... 60 

3.2.4. Transport (category 1A3 and 1A5b) .............................................................................................. 63 

3.2.5. Other sectors (category 1A4) ......................................................................................................... 66 

3.2.6. Other (category 1A5b) .................................................................................................................. 68 

3.2.7. Fugitive emissions from fuels (category 1B1 and 1B2) .................................................................. 68 

3.2.8. International bunkers (category Memo Items – International Bunkers) ........................................... 70 

3.2.9. CO2 emissions from biomass ......................................................................................................... 71 

3.2.10. Non-energy use of fuels and related emissions (categories 1A2 and 2B) ....................................... 71 

3.3.Reference approach......................................................................................................................... 72 

3.4. Recalculations and planned improvements ................................................................................ 74 

3.4.1 Recalculations................................................................................................................................ 74 

3.4.2 Planned improvements ................................................................................................................... 74 

Chapter 4: Industrial processes .................................................................................................. 76 

4.1. Overview .......................................................................................................................................... 76 

4.1.1. Description of the sector................................................................................................................ 76 

4.1.2. Allocation of emissions ................................................................................................................. 76 

4.2. Methodological issues .................................................................................................................... 76 

4.2.1. Mineral products (category 2A) ..................................................................................................... 77 

4.2.2. Chemical industry (category 2B) ................................................................................................... 80 

4.2.3. Metal production (category 2C) ..................................................................................................... 82 

4.2.4. Fluorinated gases (categories 2E and 2F) ....................................................................................... 84 

4.2.5. Non-energy use of fuels (category 2G) .......................................................................................... 88 

4.3. Recalculations and planned improvements ................................................................................ 88 

4.3.1. Recalculations ............................................................................................................................... 88 

4.3.2. Planned improvements .................................................................................................................. 89 

Chapter 5: Solvent and other products use................................................................................ 90 

5.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 90 

5.2. Methodological issues .................................................................................................................... 90 

5.3 Recalculations and planned improvements ................................................................................. 91 

5.3.1. Recalculations ............................................................................................................................... 91 

5.3.2. Planned improvements .................................................................................................................. 91 

Chapter 6: Agriculture ................................................................................................................. 92 

6.1. Overview .......................................................................................................................................... 92 

6.1.1. Description of the sector................................................................................................................ 92 

6.1.2 Allocation of emissions .................................................................................................................. 93 

6.2. Methodological issues .................................................................................................................... 93 

6.2.1. Data sources ................................................................................................................................. 93 

6.2.2. Enteric fermentation (category 4A)................................................................................................ 95 

6.2.3. Manure management (category 4B) ............................................................................................... 97 

6.2.4. Agricultural soils (category 4D) .................................................................................................. 103 

6.3. Recalculations and planned improvements .............................................................................. 105 

6.3.1. Recalculations ............................................................................................................................. 105 

6.3.2. Planned improvements ................................................................................................................ 106 

Chapter 7: Land-Use Change and Forestry ............................................................................ 107 

7.1. Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 107 

7.2. General consideration on the methodological issues .............................................................. 108 
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7.3. Forest lands ................................................................................................................................... 108

7.3.1 Forest land remaining forest land.................................................................................................. 108 

7.4. Cropland and grassland .............................................................................................................. 114 

7.5. Wetland, settlement and other lands ......................................................................................... 117 

7.6. Recalculations and planned improvement ............................................................................... 117 

7.6.1. Recalculations ............................................................................................................................. 117 

7.6.2. Planned improvements ................................................................................................................ 117 

Chapter 8: Waste ........................................................................................................................ 118 

8.1. Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 118 

8.1.1. Description of the sector.............................................................................................................. 118 

8.1.2.Allocation of emissions ................................................................................................................ 118 

8.2. Methodological issues .................................................................................................................. 119 

8.2.1. Solid waste disposal on land (category 6A) .................................................................................. 119 

8.2.2. Wastewater treatment (category 6B) ............................................................................................ 127 

8.2.3. Waste incineration (category 6C)................................................................................................. 128 

8.2.4. Others (category 6D) ................................................................................................................... 129 

8.3. Recalculations and planned improvements .............................................................................. 129 

8.3.1. Recalculations ............................................................................................................................. 129 

8.3.2. Planned improvements ................................................................................................................ 130 

Chapter 9: Recalculations and planned improvements.......................................................... 131 

9.1. Recalculations and achieved improvements............................................................................. 131 

9.2. Implication on emission levels and trends ................................................................................ 133 

9.3. Planned improvements ................................................................................................................ 133 

Part II: Supplementary information required under article 7, paragraph 1 ...................... 135 

Chapter 10: KP-LULUCF ......................................................................................................... 135 

Chapter 11: Information on accounting of Kyoto units......................................................... 135 

Chapter 12: information on changes in national system ....................................................... 136 

Chapter 13: information on changes in national registry ..................................................... 136 

References ................................................................................................................................... 143 

Annexes ....................................................................................................................................... 146 

Annex 1: Key sources analysis ........................................................................................................... 146 

Annex 2: GHG emission trends in the three Regions .................................................................... 164 

 Annex 3: Uncertainty analysis .......................................................................................................... 166 

Annex 4: CDROM with ...................................................................................................................... 178 

Annex 5 : Net calorific value of the main products ........................................................................ 179 

Annex 6 : Key sources : flows of activity data ................................................................................. 180 

Annex 7 : Glossary ............................................................................................................................... 193 

Annex 8: Activity data and emissions of CO2 for road transport in Belgium (category 1A3b)

................................................................................................................................................................. 195 

Annex 9: First order decay model in Flemish region for wast disposal sites in after-care ...... 196 

Annex 10: Total emissions of CH4 from permitted and unpermitted SWD sites in the Flemish 

region ..................................................................................................................................................... 197 
PART I: ANNUAL INVENTORY SUBMISSION

CHAPTER 1: GENERAL ISSUES

1.1. Overview 

This eighth National Inventory Report documents the Belgian greenhouse gas emission inventory in 

accordance with the revised UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories. It is aimed at 

complying with decisions 11/CP.4, 3/CP.5 and 18/CP.8 of the Conference of the Parties, and the 

Council Decision 280/2004/EC concerning a Mechanism for Monitoring Community greenhouse gas 

emissions and for implementing the Kyoto Protocol. 

The greenhouse gas inventory presented here contains information on anthropogenic emissions by 

sources and removals by sinks for direct greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, PFCs, HFCs, and SF6), 

indirect greenhouse gases (CO, NOx, NMVOCs) and SO2. It covers the period 1990-2007. Inventory 

data for the years 1990 to 2006 have been recalculated where necessary, considering that a major 

update on the Belgian inventory was reported during the previous submissions. 

The recalculations for the years 1990 to 2005 are mainly performed as a result of the in-country 

review of the initial report of Belgium and of the 2006 greenhouse gas inventory submission of 

Belgium, coordinated by the United Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 

secretariat in accordance with the guidelines for review under article 8 of the Kyoto Protocol (decision 

22/CMP.1) and in accordance with decision 19/CP.8. This review took place from 4 to 9 June 2007 in 

Brussels, Belgium. 

After the above mentioned UNFCCC-review that took place in 2007 some minor recalculations for the 

complete timeseries took place during this 2009 submission, mainly as a result of the UNFCCCcentralized review that took place in September 2008. 

The revision of the Belgian greenhouse gas inventory for the complete timeseries 1990-2007 is 

attached to this report together with the 2008 Annual Review Report for Belgium with the results of 

the centralized review of the greenhouse gas inventory of Belgium that took place in September 2008 

(CDROM, annex 4). 

This eight National Inventory Report is still presented according to the structure outlined in document 

FCCC/CP/2002/8, amended to fit to the Belgian national context. The ouline of the NIR as set out in 

the updated UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories following incorporation of the 

provisions of decision 14/CP.11, noted by the SBSTA at its 25th session, is not yet used in this 

document by Belgium. In spite of this, the content of this document is completely in line with this new 

proposed outline. 

Complete CRF tables (CRFReporter) on the national and regional level, for years 1990 to 2007, are 

provided as an annex 4 to this report, under electronic format. Next to the emissions data, the CRFtables are completed with – as requested - the standard indicators (notation keys), providing 

information on data gaps, methods applied, emission factors used, completeness and quality. 

This national inventory report includes a description of the methodologies and data sources used for 

estimating emissions by sources and removals by sinks, an analysis of the key source categories, a 

discussion of these emission estimates and their trends, information on recalculations, planned 

improvements, uncertainties and quality assessment and quality control. 
2 

Annex I parties that are also Parties to the Kyoto Protocol are also required to report supplementary 

information required under article 7, paragraphe 1, of the Kyoto Protocol, with the inventory 

submission due under the Convention, in accordance with paragraph 3(a) of decision 15/CMP.1. 

This supplementary information comprises: 

- information on anthropogenic GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks from land-use, landuse change and forestry (LULUCF) activities under article 3, paragraph 3, and, if any, elected 

activities under article 3, paragraph 4, of the Kyoto Protocol, as set out in section I.D of the annex to 

decision 15/CMP.1: see sections I. 7 and II. 10 for more information. 

- information on Kyoto-units (emission reduction units, assigned amount units (AAUs) and removal 

units (RMUs), as set out in section I.E of the annex to the decision 15/CMP.1: see section II.11 for 

more information. 

- changes in national systems in accordance with article 5, paragraph 1, and set out in section I.F of the 

annex to decision 15/CMP.1: the actualized national system of Belgium is attached to the submission 

of April 15th to the UNFCCC-secretariat. No main differences compared to the previous version are 

performed. The national system is in line with the developed QA/QC-plan of Belgium. See also 

section II.12 for more information. 

- changes in national registries as set out in section I.G of the annex to the decision 15/CMP.1: see 

section II.13 for more information. 

1.2. Institutional arrangements and process of inventory preparation 

In the Belgian federal context, major responsibilities related to environment lie with the regions. 

Compiling greenhouse gas emissions inventories is one of these responsibilities. Each region 

implements the necessary means to establish their own emission inventory in accordance with the 

IPCC guidelines. The emission inventories of the three regions are subsequently combined to compile 

the national greenhouse gas emission inventory. Since 1980, the three regions have been developing 

different methodologies (depending on various external factors) for compiling their atmospheric 

emission inventories. During the last years important efforts are made to tune these different 

methodologies, especially for the most important (key) sectors. Obviously, this requires some coordination to ensure the consistency of the data and the establishment of the national inventory. This

co-ordination is one of the permanent duties of the Working Group on « Emissions » of the Coordination Committee for International Environmental Policy (CCIEP), where the different actors 

decide how the regional data will be aggregated to a national total, taking into account the specific 

characteristics and interests of each region as well as the available means. This working group consists 

of representatives of the 3 regions and of the federal public services. The Interregional Environment 

Unit (CELINE - IRCEL) is responsible for integrating the emission data from the inventories of the 

three regions and for compiling the national inventory. The National inventory report is than formally

submitted to the National Climate Commission, established by the Cooperation agreement of 14 

November 2002, for approval, before its submission to the secretariat of the United Nations 

Framework Convention on Climate Change and to the European Commission, under the Council 

Decision 280/2004/EC concerning a Mechanism for Monitoring Community greenhouse gas 

emissions and for implementing the Kyoto Protocol. 

1.3. General description of methodologies and data sources used 
3 

As a consequence of the responsibility of the regions in compiling greenhouse gas inventories, 

concomitant methodologies have been developed by the three regions for compiling their inventory 

from basic data. This section describes the general approach developed by each region. A similar 

presentation of the national inventory in Belgium has been applied in the chapters 3 to 8 for each of 

the IPCC categories and for fluorinated gases (see section 4.2.4). 

As the QA/QC procedures are not yet fully implemented for the Belgian greenhouse gas inventory for 

the time being, these are not described in detail in the chapters 3 to 8 for each category but in a more 

general way in section 1.5. The QA/QC procedures for the Flemish greenhouse gas inventory are 

already reasonable developed and are described more in detail in this section. 

Section 1.6 gives a detailed description of the uncertainty analysis of the emission inventory of 2006

and 2007. 

Inventory data for the years 1990 to 2006 have been recalculated (always more much less important 

way compared with previous submissions) as a consequence of methodological changes, 

harmonisation of allocation and/or methods between the regions, and access to new data sources. The 

recalculations for the years 1990 to 2006 are mainly performed as a result of the centralized review of 

greenhouse gas inventory submission of Belgium in 2007 and 2008, coordinated by the United 

Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) secretariat , held in Bonn from 1 to 6 

September 2009. See sections 3 to 8 for further details. 

Emission figures of the greenhouse gases for 2007 are estimated on a temporary basis in this 

submission and will be further optimized during the 2010 submission. 

Time consistency is obviously guaranteed for all sectors that has been optimisationoptimised during 

this submission. 

The fluorinated gases (categories 2E and 2F) constitute an exception in the inventory process in 

Belgium in a way that the emission inventory of these gases is set up at the national level as well as for 

each of the 3 regions, in a single, harmonised approach by external consultancies (Econotec/VITO). 

Contrary to all other sectors in the Belgian emission inventory, the emissions of CO2 from road traffic 

are not calculated as the sum of the emissions of the 3 regions (see section 3.2.4 for further 

information). These emissions are calculated based on the national statistics (fuels sold on the Belgian 

territory) and IPCC default emission factors as was agreed upon the UNFCCC-experts in 2003. The 

other greenhouse gases originating from road transport are estimated in Belgium by calculating the 

sum of the emissions of the regional models (based on Copert III-model) based on fuel combustion in 

the vehicles that travel within the country’s territory. 

The regional and national inventory systems are fully described in the National Inventory System 

which has been reported by the end of 2006 to the secretariat of UNFCCC. An actulization of the 

Belgian National Inventory System is carried out during the 2009 submission to the UNFCCCsectretariat. 

1.3.1. Flemish region 

In Flanders, the greenhouse gas inventory is set up by the Department Air, Environment and 

Communication of the Flemish Environmental Agency (VMM). 

Since the reporting year of 1993 most important industrial companies in the Flemish region in relation

with air pollution are obliged to report annually about their emissions when exceeding a defined 

threshold value. 

In 2005 (starting from the year 2004) the most important industrial sites in Flanders had to report 

additionally their emissions of greenhouse gases when exceeding a defined threshold value. 

As a consequence the emissions of the greenhouse gases (mainly for CH4 and N2O) were revised for 

the industrial sector during the 2006 submission for the complete time series from 1990 on. 
4 

From 2006 on this reporting obligation was harmonized in the Flemish region with the EPER-decision 

(2000/479/EC) and with the EPRTR-regulation (166/2006/EC). 

The threshold values are 100 kton for CO2, 100 ton for CH4 and 10 ton for N2O. For the F-gases the 

thresholdvalues are 0,001 ton for CFC’s, for HCFC’s and for the halones and 0,1 ton for the HFC’s 

and PFC’s and 0,05 ton for SF6. 

In total approximately 350 industrial companies are registered in an industrial database in the Flemish 

region due to this obliged emission reporting by the industrial companies. 

Mainly for the sectors refineries, the iron and steel sector and the chemical industry (process 

emissions) this obliged reporting of emissions remains since that time an important source of 

information for the European and international reporting obligations. 

The Flemish region has taken into account the information from the EU-ETS data based on Directive 

2003/87/EC in a sense that reported sources in the EU-ETS framework are compared with the reported 

sources in the greenhouse gas emission inventory and completed if necessary. Next to this, the 

emissions of CO2 of the most important sources are also compared in these two datasets for the 

available years and tuned where possible and relevant. Since 2005 EU-ETS-data are used in the 

Flemish greenhouse gas inventory in the sectors of glass and ceramic. 

CO2 emissions 

CO2 emissions are mainly calculated on the basis of the energy balance, which is annually established 

by the Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito) [1] funded by the Flemish region. Setting 

up the energy balance is one of the reference tasks of the Vito in the frame work of EMIS (the Energy 

and Environment-Information system of the Flemish region). This is based on available statistical data

and models, on the information coming from the obliged annual emission reporting of industrial 

companies (mainly class I and class II companies and for emissions exceeding a given threshold value, 

compulsory since 1993 and extended with greenhouse gas emissions since 2004) and on a survey 

among energy suppliers, federations and individual consumers. The methodology is described in the 

annual reporting document ‘Energiebalans Vlaanderen : Onafhankelijke methode’ (‘Energy Balance 

Flanders : Independent methodology’). An important element in this Flemish energy balance is that for 

the intermediary years 1991 to 1993 another methodology was used to set up this energy balance 

because of lack of resources. This means that for these years the so-called ‘difference methodology’ 

was used (Flemish energy balance = Belgian energy balance minus Walloon energy balance minus 

Brussels energy balance) instead of the independent methodology (bottom-up). 

Last publication of this document dates from July 2008 and contains definitive balances for the years 

1990 to 2006 and a preliminary energy balance for the year 2007. The energy balances of all years can 

be found on the website http://www.emis.vito.be. Over the years this methodology is fine-tuned 

whenever necessary. Starting from this energy balance, the CO2 emissions are calculated using CO2 

emission factors. These are mostly the default IPCC emission factors from the Revised 1996 

Guidelines, except for some special products (blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, refinery gas, waste 

products) and sectors (refineries, electricity production) where more accurate, country-specific factors 

are used. See section 3.2. for more information. 

The other CO2 emissions (non-energy consumption, waste incineration without electricity production, 

process emissions of the glass- and ceramic production, iron and steel production and the chemical 

industry) are calculated by using a country-specific methodology. In general, mostly Tier 1 

methodology, the sectoral approach, was used for estimating these CO2 emissions. See section 4.2 for 

more information. 

The emissions from the LUCF-sector in Flanders were completed during the 2006 submission. More 

in particular, the emissions and sinks of CO2 (total net emissions) of terrestrial ecosystems were newly 
5 

estimated at that time. This source includes the emissions originating from the changes in carbon stock 

of grasslands, arable lands and forests, changes in biomass (aboveground) of trees in forests and the 

emissions as a result of cutting down the trees in forests. See section 7 for further detailed information.

CH4 and N2O emissions 

The energetic emissions of CH4 and N2O are mostly calculated by multiplying an activity data (fuel 

consumption) with an emission factor. The emission factors used, are mainly the IPCC default factors 

of 1996. In some cases country specific emission factors are used. 

The methodology used by the Flemish region to calculate the emissions of road transport, the so called

MIMOSA-model, is mainly developed for policy objectives. This MIMOSA III - model calculates the 

traffic emissions based on the COPERT III methodology and on data of mobility per road segment. 

These emissions are calculated based on a traffic flow model of the Flemish region, which means that 

a geographical distribution is possible. 

Emissions of air traffic are calculated using the EMEP/CORINAIR methodology [3]. 

Industrial process emissions are estimated using specific plant information combined with specific (or

default) emission factors or by using the results of monitoring work carried out in the plant. An 

important source for estimating these emissions is the yearly reporting obligations by the industrial 

companies via the integrated environmental reports.

Country-specific methodologies are developed for calculating the emissions of navigation and 

transport via railways, for agriculture (reference [6] for CH4 and [7] for N2O), for solid waste disposal 

[8] and for distribution, transmission and storage of natural gas. 

See the respective chapters (3 till 8) for more detailed information about these sectors. 

1.3.2. Walloon region 

The emission inventories of the Walloon region are compiled by Walloon Agency for Air and Climate 

(AWAC) using the IPCC methodology (or EMEP/CORINAIR for some sectors where IPCC does not 

provide emission factors). Emission factors used, are performed for all industrial sectors. In some 

cases as agriculture and forestry, the emissions estimates are based on a specific study reflecting the 

Walloon environment. 

One main data source for the inventory preparation is the energy balance delivered yearly by the 

Energy and Sustainable Building Department. The energy balance describes the quantities of energy 

imported, produced, transformed and consumed in the Walloon Region in a given year. In 2003, an 

environmental integrated survey has been created which includes all pertinent environment-related 

reporting requirements for 300 companies. The environmental integrated survey is personalised to the 

300 operators of the activities/installations pointed out by one or several regulations (four international 

Conventions and their protocols, seven European Directives, three European Regulations, two 

European Decisions, one European Recommendation, two Walloon laws, one Walloon Decree and 

several non legally binding agreements). The information related to GHG emissions is used to 

calculate the emissions of the most important emitters in the energy, industry and waste sectors. In 

particular, the information coming from the obliged reporting under the ETS-Directive is used in the 

preparation of the inventory of the greenhouse gases. 

The data sources and inventory preparation are described in detail in the National Inventory System 

which was submitted to the secretariat of UNFCCC at the end of 2006. An actulization of the Belgian 

National Inventory System is carried out during the 2009 submission to the UNFCCC-secretariat. 
6 

1.3.3. Brussels region 

The emission inventory of the greenhouse gases in the Brussels region is compiled by the Brussels 

Institute for Environmental Management (IBGE-BIM) using the IPCC- and EMEP/CORINAIRmethodology. The emissions are calculated by multiplying activity data by an emission factor. 

Generally, these activity data and emission factors used in the Brussels inventory are estimated on the 

basis of research projects funded by IBGE-BIM (for instance, the annual energy balance that is 

established on a survey among energy suppliers, federations and individual consumers). These projects 

combine the socio-economic Brussels specificities and the reference values of the IPCC Guidelines, 

specific bibliographies like PARCOM, TNO, EPA,... as well as in the joint EMEP/CORINAIR 

handbook [3, 44] . The different sectors taken into account in the Brussels emission inventory reflect

the characteristics of a strict urban environment. 

Nearly all the emissions of this urban region originate from energy consumption. 

1.4. Key sources categories 

Key source categories are identified according to the Tier 1 methodology described in the IPCC Good 

Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories [10]. Both a 

level assessment (contribution of each source category to the total national estimate) and a trend 

assessment (contribution of each source category’s trend to the total trend) are conducted during this

submission. A level assessment is performed for the years 1990, 2006 and 2007 and trend analysis is 

carried out for the years 1990-2006 and 1990-2007. See annex 1 for more details. 

The key source analysis is realised on the basis of the set of sub-categories, at the level of detail of the 

sectoral report tables. Sources that do not occur in Belgium as well as those that are not estimated (no 

data) are excluded from the analysis. The LUCF-data are included in this analysis since the 2008 

submission. Each greenhouse gas emitted by a single source category is considered separately. This 

procedure leads to the determination of a set of 36 source categories during the level assessment 2007) 

covering 99.6% of the total aggregated emissions The key source analysis is performed by using CO2-

equivalent emissions calculated by means of the global warming potentials (GWPs) specified in the 

UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories. 

The level assessment for 2007 (see Annex 1) results in the identification of 25 key sources, covering 

95%1of the total national aggregated emissions. These 25 key sources are to a large extent the same as 

those identified for the years 1990 and 2006 (see annex 1). Differences are identified for the categories 

6A1 (solid waste disposal sites) which just falls out the key source categories for 2007, the categories 

1A1c (Manufacturing of solid fuels), 2E1 (By-product emissions) and 1A2d (Pulp, paper and Print) 

which are key sources in 1990 but no longer in 2006 and 2007 . 

32 key sources are identified from the trend assessment 1990-2007 (see Annex 1) as those that 

contribute 95% to the trend of the inventory. Although there are differences in amount of key sources 

between the trend assessments for the years 1990-2006 (31 key sources) and 1990-2007 (see annex 1) 

the identified key sources overlap to a large extent. 

 

1 This threshold (95%) is recommended in the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas 

Inventories, for both the Level Assessment and the Trend Assessment ; it was determined to be the level at which 90% of the 

uncertainty in a ‘typical’ inventory would be covered by key source categories, for the Tier 1 method.
7 

Key source categories identified form the level and the trend assessments also overlap to a large 

extent. As a whole (level and trend Assessments), 37 key source categories are determined (Table 1.1).

The absolute change in direct greenhouse gas emissions of these key sources over the period 1990-

2007 is listed in Table 1.1 and shown in Figure 1.1. 

CO2 emissions from road transportation is the first key source of greenhouse gas emissions in Belgium 

(18.75 % of total aggregated emissions in 2007). It constitutes the main driver of emissions trends 

(annex 1). CO2 emissions from road transportation, electricity production and residential space heating 

are pointed out by the level assessment as the three main key source categories, each contributing to 

14 to 19% of the total national emissions (together, these three sources cover around 50% of the total

emissions in 2007). Energetic emissions of CO2 from iron and steel industry (category 1A2a) and 

chemical industry (category 1A2c) also constitute major key sources, which respectively account for 

6.6 % and 6.05 % of the total emissions in 2007. 

The three most important key sources of non-CO2 emissions in Belgium are CH4 emissions from cattle 

(non-dairy) (enteric fermentation) (1.58 % in 2007), N2O emissions from agricultural soils (1.58% in 

2007) and N2O emissions from nitric acid production (1.05% in 2007). 

One may finally notice that the five key source categories which displayed the most important 

absolute increase in their emissions over the period 1990-2007 (figure 1.1, table 1.1), are CO2 from 

road transportation (+5077 Gg CO2-eq.), energy related CO2 from chemicals (category 1A2c, +1267 

Gg CO2-eq.), CO2 from commercial & institutional (+1228 Gg CO2-eq.), CO2 from process emissions 

in the chemical industry (category 2B5, +1121 Gg CO2eq) and CO2 from ammonia production 

(category 2B1, +881 Gg CO2eq). 

On the contrary, energetic emissions of CO2 from the iron and steel sector (-5644 CO2 eq.), N2O 

emissions of nitric acid production (-2201 Gg CO2 eq), emissions of CH4 from waste disposal on land 

(-2049 Gg CO2-eq.) and emissions of CO2 from solid fuels (category 1A1c, -1810 Gg CO2-eq.) are the 

source categories that displayed the most important drop in GHG emissions between 1990 and 2007. 

Remark: In the submission of April 2009 to the UNFCCC-secretariat some very small changes in the 

Belgian greenhouse gas emission inventory were performed compared to the EC-submission of March 

2009. These changes did occur in the sectors of road transport 1A3b (emissions of CO2 did drop with 

29 kton in 2007) and in the sector 6B2 (emissions of N2O did increase with 0.09 kton in 1990). The 

presented key source analysis in this document did not take into account these minor changes. 

IPCC category direct greenhouse gas 

emissions 

1990 

emissions 

2007 criteria for identification 

absolute 

emission 

trend 

1990-

2007 

 Gg CO2eq Gg CO2eq

Gg 

CO2eq 

1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production CO2 23504 21862 level, trend -1642 

1A1b Petroleum Refining CO2 4299 4607 level, trend 308 

1A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other 

Energy Industries CO2 2144 334 trend -1810 

1A2a Iron and Steel CO2 14213 8569 level, trend -5644 

1A2c Chemicals CO2 6585 7852 level, trend 1267 

1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and 

Tobacco CO2 2990 1786 level, trend -1203 

1A2f Other CO2 8069 7031 level, trend -1038 

1A3b Road Transportation CO2 19270 24348 level, trend 5077 

1A3b Road Transportation N2O 333 793 level, trend 460 

1A4a Commercial/Institutional CO2 4272 5500 level, trend 1228 
8 

1A4b Residential CO2 20213 18797 level, trend -1417 

1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries CO2 2525 2129 level, trend -397 

2A1 Cement Production CO2 2824 3087 level, trend 264 

2A2 Lime Production CO2 2097 2040 level, trend -57

2B1 Ammonia Production CO2 420 1301 level, trend 881 

2B2 Nitric Acid Production N2O 3562 1361 level, trend -2201 

2B5 Other non-specified CO2 224 1345 level, trend 1121 

2B5 Other/Caprolactam N2O 372 540 trend 168 

2C1 Iron and Steel Production CO2 1946 1427 level, trend -519 

2E1 By-product Emissions Other CF4 324 29 trend -295 

2E2 Fugitive Emissions C6F14 230 72 trend -157 

2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 

Equipment HFC-134a 72 597 trend 525 

2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 

Equipment HFC-143a 4 479 trend 475 

2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 

Equipment HFC-125 3 359 trend 356 

2F(a)2 Foam Blowing HFC-134a 324 87 trend -237 

2F(a)4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers HFC-134a 35 178 trend 143 

4A1 Dairy Cattle CH4 1740 1276 level, trend -464 

4A1 Non-Dairy Cattle CH4 2134 2054 level -79 

4B13 Solid Storage and Dry Lot N2O 892 735 level -157 

4B8 Swine CH4 1350 1252 level -98 

4D1 Direct Soil Emissions N2O 2367 2052 level -315

4D2 Pasture, Range and Paddock Manure (3) N2O 936 735 level, trend -201 

4D3 Indirect Emissions N2O 1242 906 level, trend -336 

5B1 Cropland remaining Cropland CO2 480 578 trend 98 

5C1 Grassland remaining Grassland CO2 1304 1118 level -186 

6A1 Managed Waste Disposal on Land CH4 2630 581 trend -2049 

6C Waste Incineration CO2 253 85 trend -168 

Table 1.1. : Key source category analysis: summary (see details in Annex 1). 
9 

Figure 1.1. : Key source category analysis : GHG Emission Trends 1990-2007 (Gg CO2 equivalent). 

-5644

-2201

-2049

-1810

-1642

-1417

-1203

-1038

-519

-464

-397

-336

-315

-295

-237

-201

-186

-168

-157

-157

-98

-79

-57

98

143

168

264

308

356

475

525

881

1121

1228

1267

5077

460

-8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000

1A2a Iron and Steel (CO2)

2B2 Nitric Acid Production (N2O)

6A1 Managed Waste Disposal on Land (CH4)

1A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries

1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production (CO2)

1A4b Residential (CO2)

1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco (CO2)

1A2f Other (CO2)

2C1 Iron and Steel Production (CO2)

4A1 Dairy Cattle (CH4)

1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries (CO2)

4D3 Indirect Emissions (N2O)

4D1 Direct Soil Emissions (N2O)

2E1 By-product Emissions Other (CF4)

2F(a)2 Foam Blowing (HFC-134a)

4D2 Pasture, Range and Paddock Manure (N2O)

5C1 Grassland remaining Grassland (CO2)

6C Waste Incineration (CO2)

2E2 Fugitive Emissions (C6F14)

4B13 Solid Storage and Dry Lot (N2O)

4B8 Swine (CH4)

4A1 Non-Dairy Cattle (CH4)

2A2 Lime Production (CO2)

5B1 Cropland remaining Cropland (CO2)

2F(a)4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers (HFC-134a)

2B5 Other/Caprolactam (N2O)

2A1 Cement Production (CO2)

1A1b Petroleum Refining (CO2)

2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment (HFC-125)

1A3b Road Transportation (N2O)

2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment (HFC-143a)

2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment (HFC-134a)

2B1 Ammonia Production (CO2)

2B5 Other non-specified (CO2)

1A4a Commercial/Institutional (CO2)

1A2c Chemicals (CO2)

1A3b Road Transportation (CO2)
10 

1.5. QA/QC 

Belgium did submit a full QA/QC plan of the Belgian national system for the estimation of 

anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks under Article 5, 

paragraph 1, of the Kyoto Protocol on the 20th of October 2008 to the UNFCCC-experts as a 

demand of the UNFCCC-centralized review carried out from the 1st to the 6th of September 

2008. In the final Annual Review Report of UNFCCC (Report of the individual review of 

greenhouse gas inventories of Belgium submitted in 2007 and 2008) the ERT concluded that 

the QA/QC plan has been prepared and implemented in accordance with the IPCC good 

practice guidance. 

Belgium is a federal state organized in communities and regions. The three regions (Flemish 

Region, Walloon Region, Brussels-Capital Region) are responsible for the GHG inventory of 

their own territory. Consequently every year, 3 inventories are compiled and aggregated into a 

national greenhouse gas inventory, which is managed by the national inventory agency 

(IRCEL/CELINE interregional cell). 

The bodies who take responsibility for the preparation of inventories in the three regions are: 

AWAC : Walloon Agency for Air and Climate; 

VMM: the Flemish Environmental Agency; 

BIM/IBGE : the Brussels Institute for Environment Management. 

The activities of these four bodies, as regards the preparation of the national greenhouse gas 

inventory and the implementation and development of the QA/QC plan, are coordinated via 

the “Working group on Emissions of the Coordination Committee for International 

Environmental Policy (CCIEP)” (referred to below as “CCIEP-WG Emissions”). This group 

plays a central role in the coordination of the national GHG inventory. It is a permanent 

platform for the exchange of information between the regions, IRCEL-CELINE, the National 

Climate Commission (see below) and the Belgian UNFCCC National Focal Point. All 

methodological aspects of the GHG inventory (methodological choices, emission factors, 

uncertainty analysis, etc.), as well as the implementation and improvement of the national 

system, including the QA/QC plan, are coordinated via the CCIEP-WG Emissions. This 

working group is meeting together on a regular basis and is responsible for coordinating all 

emission inventory tasks in Belgium. 

More information on the various actors can be found in the Belgian National Inventory

System which was updated during the 2009 submission to the UNFCCC-secretariat. 

So far, the compilation of the Belgian emission inventory is performed by an interim person 

of the Walloon region in expectation of a new recruitement by April 2009. At that time more 

time will become available for a complete implementation of the Belgian QA/QC-plan. 

1.5.1 Responsibilities at the national level 
11 

The overall QA/QC responsibilities on the Belgian GHG inventory are carried out at 

IRCEL/CELINE, the interregional cell for the environment which is the national inventory 

agency responsible for international obligations related to air emissions reporting. 

As a consequence, the quality and assurance controls already carried out within the 

responsible regions, are supplemented by the QA/QC performed to the national Belgian 

inventory. After completion of the Belgian greenhouse gas emission inventory by 

IRCEL/CELINE, the regions and IRCEL/CELINE carry out further quality control checks of 

the national inventory before the official submission takes place. IRCEL/CELINE is the final 

responsible for the national inventory, and any change at this stage is conducted only by 

IRCEL/CELINE, after co-ordination with the relevant regional contacts. The QC checks are 

described in section 1.5.5. below. 

Independent audits of the greenhouse gas inventories of the regions and the national inventory 

have started in the course of 2002 and results became available in 2003. The purpose of these 

audits was to analyse the difficulties encountered while compiling the regional emission 

inventories into the national inventory in order to improve the quality and completeness of the 

Belgian national emission inventory and to evaluate the differences between the actual 

process and the obligations in the framework of the UNFCCC & IPCC Guidelines and the 

Kyoto Protocol. 

The results of these audits of greenhouse gases inventories showed clearly that the Belgian 

national inventory is of qualitative good value. The difference between the actual situation in 

Belgium at that time and the fulfilling of the IPCC Guidelines was mainly the absence of the 

complete implementation of the IPCC Good Practice Guidance for the Belgian emission 

inventory with respect to setting up a quality system. 

Technical working groups are set up since the beginning of 2003 to investigate in detail the 

implementation of the Good Practice Guidance for the different sectors in Belgium and to 

harmonise the 3 regional emission inventories in Belgium as much as possible. The overall 

conclusion in the different technical working groups was that appropriate methods are used 

for all sectors and in accordance with the IPCC Good Practice Guidance. 

Calculations of uncertainties on greenhouse gas emissions estimates on the national level are 

calculated on Tier 1-level (see Chapter 1.6. for more details). 

All three regions perform their own QC procedures, however Flanders may be the most 

advanced in documenting and certifying those procedures. Hereunder, the state of the art in 

the three regions is briefly described. The Tier 1 QC checks conducted at the regional and the 

national level are also included below. 

1.5.2 QA/QC in the Flemish region 

Procedures directly applied to the inventories 

In the beginning of 2004, in Flanders, a study started to calculate the uncertainties (both on 

Tier 1 and Tier 2 level) and to guide in the implementation of a quality system (QA/QC-plan) 

of the emission inventory of greenhouse gases. Final results of this study became available in 

May 2004. 
12 

A complete development of the QA/QC system (among others further description in detail of 

all the procedures involved) as well as a first internal review became operational in the course 

of 2005. A responsible for the quality management system of the Flemish greenhouse gas 

inventory was nominated at that time. A full implementation of the quality system for all 

sectors and on the most detailed level is started in the beginning of 2006.

The quality system set up in Flanders is completely based on the standardized norm ISO 

9001:2000. In the process of development of the quality management system in Flanders, a 

gap-analysis was carried out, a quality structure and different standardized procedures were 

set up. A quality handbook was published which includes all aspects of a technical and 

organizational level to set up the emission inventory of GHG. 

Standardized procedures of different levels have been defined. In what follows a summary is 

given of all procedures involved in the QA/QC-system: 

General procedures

VMM/EIL/GP/0.004: Procedure for the treatment of a complaint (not yet implemented 

because not really relevant) 

VMM/EIL/GP/0.006: Procedure for the management of quality care-personnel files; 

VMM/EIL/GP/0.008: Procedure for the performance of audits; 

VMM/EIL/GP/0.010: Procedure for setting up a general quality care–management report; 

VMM/EIL/GP1/0.011: Procedure for the management of documents. 

Specific procedures 

VMM/EIL/GP/5.001: Procedure to determine non-conformities, quality problems and 

proposals for improvement and follow-up by means of corrective and 

preventive measures (not yet fully implemented); 

VMM/EIL/GP/5.002: Procedure for the training of the personnel of the service “Emissie 

Inventaris Lucht” (Emission Inventory Air); 

VMM/EIL/GP/5.003: Procedure for the main process: setting up the greenhouse gas 

emission inventory; 

VMM/EIL/GP/5.004: Procedure to manage the Balanced Score Card (not yet implemented). 

Besides these procedures, forms are also used in the Flemish quality management system to 

follow up the inventory process for the different sectors. These forms describe the required 

characteristics of input data that needs to be collected to ensure accurate emission estimates. 

They give an indication of the quality of data, report how the calculation of the emissions 

occurs and tell something about the trends in that specific sector. These forms were evaluated 

with all users (responsible for the different sectors) in the course of 2007. 

In the course of 2007 the procedure to manage the Balanced Score Card was simplified with 

respect to the definition of the indicators and an actualization of the other procedures 

occurred. A lot of time went to the actualization and further completion of the procedure 

VMM/EIL/GP/5.003 for the main process (setting up the greenhouse gas emission inventory). 

The optimization of these procedures became official in the beginning of 2008. 
13 

In 2007 and 2008 a management evaluation of the quality system was performed. This 

document formulates conclusions and recommendations to improve the system with respect to 

the improvement of the effectiveness of the quality system and the involved processes in 

relation with the requirements of the clients and the needs of means. 

An internal audit took place on the 15th of June 2007 and on the 12th of June 2008. Its 

conclusions noted the uncompleted implementation of some of the procedures (see procedures 

‘not yet implemented’ above) and formulated technical recommendations concerning the use 

of indicators and the controls carried out in the procedure VMM/EIL/GP/5.003 of the main 

process. 

All the technical procedures involved and an example of one of the forms used in the quality 

management system of the Flemish greenhouse gas inventory are presented in annex 4 on 

CDROM of this report. 

Procedures on secondary data 

GHG inventories rely for a large part on energy balances established annually. In Flanders, 

the procedures to prepare the Flemish energy balance, set up by the VITO, are part of a 

certified ISO 9001 system since July 20002

. This certificate is currently applicable to the 

development and implementation of complete evaluation methods and management concepts 

for the sustainable use of materials, energy and environment, including the electronic 

distribution of information on energy and environmental information (EMIS). 

The quality system consists of quality procedures and planning activities. Specific for the 

preparation of the energy balance, there are 7 procedures in place. 

 

2 Certificate number 08376-2003-AQ-ROT-BELCERT. 
14 

EMIS-PRO 021 Energy balance 

Flanders 

General procedure with methodology to prepare an 

energy balance for a specific year. 

EMIS-PRO 022 Survey of industry The procedure describes the methodology to carry 

out a survey in the industrial sectors in a specific 

year. 

EMIS-PRO 023 Extrapolation of 

industry 

The procedure describes the methodology to 

extrapolate the energy consumptions from the survey

in the industry to a global energy consumption for the 

industry in Flanders for a specific year. 

EMIS-PRO 024 Survey of service sector The procedure describes the methodology to carry 

out a survey in the service sectors in a specific year. 

EMIS-PRO 025 Extrapolation of service 

sector 

The procedure describes the methodology to 

extrapolate the energy consumptions from the survey

in the service sector to a global energy consumption 

for the service sector in Flanders for a specific year. 

EMIS-PRO 026 Transformation sector The procedure describes the methodology to 

compose the transformation sector in the energy 

balance. 

EMIS-PRO 027 Survey of electricity 

sector 

The procedure describes the methodology to carry 

out the survey for electricity and heat-production in 

cooperation with ANRE (the Administration of 

Natural Resources and Energy) and implementation 

of the resolution. 

Procedure EMIS-PRO 021 describes the general methodology used to establish a yearly 

energy balance for Flanders. Purpose of this procedure is to give information and instructions 

to be able to establish in a coherent way an energy balance for Flanders in a specific year. The 

procedure refers where appropriate to the other procedures for specific sectors. 

The mentioned EMIS-procedures for the preparation of the energy balance for Flanders are 

part of the covering quality system of the expertise centre IMS (Integral Environmental 

Studies) in VITO. The quality handbook of the expertise centre gives an overview on the 

global quality system with references to the specific procedures of specific activities. An 

example of a general procedure is ‘ALG-PRO 011 Continuous quality improvement, quality 

renewal and control of aberrations’. This procedure describes the responsibilities and actions 

to be taken of all staff members in case aberrations occur. 

1.5.3 QA/QC in the Walloon region 

In the Walloon Region, the inventory is conducted by the Walloon Agency for Air and Climate 

(AWAC). 

Good practice checks are routinely applied during the development of inventories. Notes 

covering validity checks and recalculations are filed and stored by inventory compilers. 

Among others, data obtained from industrial companies concerned by the European Emission 

Trading process are systematically cross-checked with certified reports in the framework of 

that mechanism. 
15 

Country-specific emission factors used in the inventories are determined from air emission 

measurements, performed by laboratories which must be agreed by the official institute 

ISSEP. The agreement covers a review of material and methodologies used and checks the 

compliance with the requirements of a legal decree3. The updated list of agreed laboratories is 

published on the website of DGARNE, the responsible Institute in Wallonia. 

Procedures on secondary data 

The energy balance in the Walloon region is established by an independent institute, ICEDD 

(Institut de Conseils et d’Etudes en Développement Durable), whose activities are covered by 

an ISO 9001 certification.

1.5.4 QA/QC in the Brussels region 

Procedures directly applied to the inventories 

The general methodology of the inventory has been described in a quality handbook for the 

Brussels region. The handbook has been developed next to the recommendations of the 2007 

in-country review of the UNFCCC-secretariat. So the available handbook is a first version 

(April 2008), improvements still have to be performed. 

The current handbook describes the methodology used for each sector of the inventory and 

refers the data sources as well as the links established between the inventories and these 

sources. 

Furthermore, the handbook gives information about the quality control procedures achieved 

on the regional inventory. The foreseen work will consist in fulfilling these procedures and 

especially formalise them into separate documents. 

Besides the handbook, procedures will be implemented to cross-check the data used in the 

inventories with other data from the Institute. These data are coming from other departments 

which use them for other requirements (e.g. PRTR, ETS, environmental reports) and help to 

check the completeness of the inventory. 

The consistency is implemented by recalculating the emissions for the complete time series 

when a new methodology is applied. 

Independent experts review the inventory annually. 

In order to improve the transparency on inventories, archiving procedures are implemented. 

Procedures on secondary data 

The Brussels Capital region is an urban region. Consequently the most important share of 

greenhouse gases originates from energy consumption. 

 

3 Arrêté royal du 13 décembre 1966 relatif aux conditions et modalités d'agrément des laboratoires et organismes chargés des 

prélèvements, analyses et recherches dans le cadre de la lutte contre la pollution atmosphérique (M.B. 14.02.1967) . 
16 

The Brussels energy balance is established by ICEDD, whose activities are covered by an ISO 

9001 certification. These activities are strictly planned in order to get the information needed 

for updating the inventory in the required times. 

Uncertainties analyses on energy balances in the Brussels-Capital Region have been 

conducted by the ICEDD. The last version was achieved in April 2007.

1.5.5 QC activities : Tier 1 QC checks 

The national inventory agency (IRCEL/CELINE) is responsible for the QC checks performed 

during and after the compilation of the national inventory. The Working group on Emissions 

of the Coordination Committee for International Environmental Policy (CCIEP) is responsible 

for all the QC checks done at the most detailed level, and for the co-ordination of the Belgian 

greenhouse gas inventory. If an error identified by the national inventory agency comes from 

one of the 3 regional sets of data rather than from a compilation problem, the regional agency 

is consulted by the national inventory agency before any correction takes place, to maintain 

data consistency between the different levels. 

The deadlines for these checks are presented in table 1 below, with "year X" being the year of 

the submission. 

Due to the specificity of the Belgian National Inventory System and the responsibility of the 

regions in collecting primary activity data and realizing emissions estimates at regional / 

sectoral level, some QC checks related to primary data collection and emission estimates are 

also performed at the level of the regional inventory agencies presented in the coordination 

working group on Emissions. The implementation of these QC checks on the regional level is 

also part of the QA/QC-work carried out for the key source categories. 

The table 1 gives an overview of the QC checks that are performed on the regional and 

national level in Belgium. 

Table 1 : Tier 1 QC checks 

 

QC activity Tasks and procedures Responsible Deadline 

1. Check that assumptions and 

criteria for the selection of 

activity data and emission 

factors are documented. 

• Cross-check descriptions of activity data and 

emission factors with information on source 

categories and ensure that these are properly 

recorded and archived. 

• Check that any quality control (ISO, verified 

emissions, accredited laboratory,...) is 

properly recorded 

• Check that changes in data or methodology 

are documented 

• Check for consistency with IPCC inventory 

guidelines and good practices, particularly if 

changes occur 

Working group on 

Emissions of the 

Coordination 

Committee for 

international 

environmental 

policy (CCIEP) 

Augustus 31 ( year X-1) 
17 

2. Check for transcription 

errors in data input and 

reference 

• Cross-check a sample of input data from each 

source category (either measurements or 

parameters used in calculations) for 

transcription errors. 

• Confirm that bibliographical data references 

are included (in spreadsheet or paper file) for 

every primary data element 

• Randomly check bibliographical citations for 

transcription errors 

Working group on 

Emissions of the 

Coordination 

Committee for 

international 

environmental 

policy (CCIEP) 

October 31 ( year X-1) 

3. Check that emissions are 

calculated correctly. 

• Reproduce a representative sample of 

emissions calculations. 

• Selectively mimic complex model 

calculations with abbreviated calculations to 

judge relative accuracy. 

• Review spreadsheets with computerized 

checks and/or quality check reports 

Working group on 

Emissions of the 

Coordination 

Committee for 

international 

environmental 

policy (CCIEP) 

October 31 ( year X-1) 

4. Check that parameter and 

emission units are correctly 

recorded and that 

appropriate conversion 

factors are used. 

• Check that units are properly labelled in 

calculation sheets. 

• Check that units are correctly carried through 

from beginning to end of calculations. 

• Check that conversion factors are correct. 

• Check that temporal and spatial adjustment 

factors are used correctly. 

Working group on 

Emissions of the 

Coordination 

Committee for 

international 

environmental 

policy (CCIEP) for 

the calculation 

sheets. 

IRCEL/CELINE for 

the national 

inventory in CRF 

Reporter. 

October 31 ( year X-1) 

March 31 (year X) 

5. Check the integrity of 

database files. 

• Confirm that the appropriate data processing 

steps are correctly represented in the 

database. 

• Confirm that data relationships are correctly 

represented in the database. 

• Ensure that data fields are properly labelled 

and have the correct design specifications. 

• Ensure that adequate documentation of 

database and model structure and operation 

are archived. 

Working group on 

Emissions of the 

Coordination 

Committee for 

international 

environmental 

policy (CCIEP) 

October 31 ( year X-1) 

6. Check for consistency in 

data between source 

categories. 

• Identify parameters (e.g. activity data, 

constants) that are common to multiple 

source categories and confirm that there is 

consistency in the values used for these 

parameters in the emissions calculations. 

Working group on 

Emissions of the 

Coordination 

Committee for 

international 

environmental 

policy (CCIEP) is 

responsible for the 

internal consistency 

of the inventory and 

the harmonisation of 

parameters where 

October 31 ( year X-1) 
18 

relevant. 

IRCEL/CELINE is 

responsible for the 

consistency after 

compilation. 

March 31 (year X) 

7. Check that the movement of 

inventory data among 

processing steps is correct. 

• Check that emissions data are correctly 

aggregated from lower reporting levels to 

higher reporting levels when preparing 

summaries. 

• Check that emissions data are correctly 

transcribed between different intermediate 

products. 

• Check a representative sample of 

calculations, by hand or electronically 

Working group on 

Emissions of the 

Coordination 

Committee for 

international 

environmental 

policy (CCIEP) up 

to the data 

preparation 

IRCEL/CELINE for 

the compilation of 

the inventory . Cross 

check between 

results of the 

database 

aggregation and 

representative 

samples in excel are 

used. 

October 31 ( year X-1) 

March 31 (year X) 

8. Check that uncertainties in 

emissions and removals are 

estimated or calculated 

correctly. 

• Check that qualifications of individuals 

providing expert judgement for uncertainty 

estimates are appropriate. 

• Check that qualifications, assumptions and 

expert judgements are recorded. Check that 

calculated uncertainties are complete and 

calculated correctly. 

• If necessary, duplicate error calculations or a 

small sample of the probability distributions 

used by Monte Carlo analyses. 

IRCEL/CELINE March 31 (year X) 

9. Undertake review of internal 

documentation. 

• Check that there is detailed internal 

documentation to support the estimates and 

enable duplication of the emission and 

uncertainty estimates. 

• Check that inventory data, supporting data, 

and inventory records are archived and stored 

to facilitate detailed review. 

• Check integrity of any data archiving 

arrangements of outside organisations 

involved in inventory preparation. 

Working group on 

Emissions of the 

Coordination 

Committee for 

international 

environmental 

policy (CCIEP) for 

all sources 

categories calculated 

at the regional level. 

IRCEL/CELINE for 

the F-gases 

inventory and the 

reference approach. 

Augustus 31 ( year X-1) 

March 31 (year X) 

10. Check methodological and 

data changes resulting in 

recalculations. 

• Check for temporal consistency in time series 

input data for each source category. 

• Check for consistency in the 

algorithm/method used for calculations 

Working group on 

Emissions of the 

Coordination 

Committee for 

October 31 ( year X-1) 
19 

throughout the time series. 

• When methods or data have changed, check 

consistency of time series inputs and 

calculations 

international 

environmental 

policy (CCIEP) for 

the methodology 

consistency. 

IRCEL/CELINE for 

time series 

consistency of the 

compilation results. 

March 31 (year X) 

11. Undertake completeness 

checks. 

• Confirm that estimates are reported for all 

source categories and for all years from the 

appropriate base year to the period of the 

current inventory. 

• Check that known data gaps that result in 

incomplete source category emissions 

estimates are documented. 

Working group on 

Emissions of the 

Coordination 

Committee for 

international 

environmental 

policy (CCIEP) 

IRCEL/CELINE for 

data gaps and 

notation keys 

consistency. 

October 31 ( year X-1) 

March 31 (year X) 

12. Specific checks on 

aggregation of 3 regional 

inventories 

• Check the consistency of type of input data 

and units between the inventories 

• Check the consistency in allocation of source 

categories 

• Cross-check the national aggregated data 

with the sum of input inventories, by hand or 

electronically, to ensure that emissions are 

correctly aggregated from lower reporting 

levels to higher reporting levels. 

• Check that the average values for emission 

factors or other parameters are properly 

calculated. 

IRCEL/CELINE March 31 (year X) 

13. Compare estimates to 

previous estimates. 

• For each source category, current inventory 

estimates should be compared to previous 

estimates. If there are significant changes or 

departures from expected trends, recheck 

estimates and explain any difference. 

Working group on 

Emissions of the 

Coordination 

Committee for 

international 

environmental 

policy (CCIEP) 

IRCEL/CELINE 

October 31 (year X-1) 

March 31 (year X) 

1.5.6 QA checks 

In the Flemish region internal audits carried out by people responsible of the quality 

management system in the Flemish environment agency were carried out on 14/12/2005, 

7/7/2006, 15/6/2007 and 12/6/2008. An external audit performed by Det Norske Veritas was 

carried out on 1/2/2006. The outputs of these audits can be obtained by the responsible of the 

quality system of the greenhouse gas inventory in Flanders. The next audit in the Flemish 

region will be performed in May/June 2009. 
20 

Since 2005 a process of approval of the national inventory by the National Climate 

Commission is in place in Belgium. 

A two level peer-review process: The compilation and aggregation of regional inventories to 

build the national database constitutes a first opportunity to check the consistency and 

emissions allocations between regional datasets. The procedure is led by IRCEL/CELINE and 

the main responsible personnel of the regional inventories (sectoral experts). It includes the 

verification that methodologies applied to estimate emission levels always respect UNFCCC 

requirements (i.e. basically Tier 2 methods are to be applied for all identified key sources). 

A second level consists in a peer review with similar foreign countries following the 

completeness of the inventory. Such an exercise has been performed in collaboration with the 

Netherlands in the course of 2005. 

An annual management review : All the outcomes of the QA evaluation are used for continuous 

improvement through an annual management review by the different institutes involved. 

In the Flemish region this management review already has been conducted in the past in April 

2007 for the first and in April 2008 for the second time. 

As a result of the reviews carried out each year the Belgian greenhouse gas emission 

inventory is each time further optimised and the quality of the inventory is guaranteed. 

In 2008 a few reviews of the Belgian inventory took place by experts of the European 

Commission in collaboration with the topic center ETC/ACC and by experts of UNFCCC. 

The next review reports were published in the course of 2008: 

Status Report Belgium by the EC (received in March 2008); 

Consistency Report Belgium by the EC (received in March 2008); 

UNFCCC 2008 initial checks (received in May 2008); 

UNFCCC 2008 Synthesis & Assessment Report (received in June 2008); 

UNFCCC Report of the individual (centralized) review of the greenhouse gas inventories of 

Belgium submitted in 2007 and 2008 (received in January 2009). 

These reports of the Belgian greenhouse gas inventory were commented after receiving by the 

Belgian experts. 

During this 2009 submission Belgian experts have taken the results of these reviews into 

account as much as possible. 

1.6 Tier 1 uncertainty calculation 

 

1.6.1. General approach 

The IPCC Good Practice Guidance Tier 1 methodology has been applied to assess the uncertainty in 

the emission greenhouse gas inventory. The uncertainty calculation is applied on the Belgian 

greenhouse gas emission inventory for the years 2006 and 2007 as submitted on the 15th of March 

2009 to the European Commission. Some minor changes to the greenhouse gas emission inventory 

occurred during the 2009 submission to the UNFCCC-secretariat. These changes (a drop of emissions 
21 

of CO2 of 29 kton in the sector 1A3b road transportation in 2007 and a slight increase of emissions of 

N2O of 0.09 kton N2O in 1990) were not taken into account in the uncertainty analysis carried out in 

this document. 

A trend uncertainty analysis is performed for the years 1990, 2006 and 2007. 

As a result of the centralized review of the Belgian greenhouse gas inventory in September 2008, the 

ERT of UNFCCC recommended in their annual report review (ARR) ‘Report of the individual review 

of the greenhouse gas inventories of Belgium submitted in 2007 and 2008’ of January 2009 that 

Belgium includes the LULUCF in its uncertainty analysis and encourages Belgium not to include the 

Kyoto base year for F-gases in the 1990 analysis. 

As a consequence all sectors are included in the calculation of this submission.

The uncertainty calculation at a Tier 1-level of the fluorinated greenhouse gases has been carried out

from 2005 on by Econotec and the Vito for the years 1995 (base year for F-gases), 2003, 2004 and 

2005. See reference [45] for the most recent published report of emissions of F-gases. 

In Flanders, a complete study of the uncertainty was conducted in 2004 by an independent consultant, 

Det Norske Veritas, both on Tier 1 and Tier 2 level. The uncertainties were determined for the 

emission level 2001 and for the 1990-2001 trend in emissions for all source categories comprising 

emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O. These results are available in the technical report ‘Quantification of 

Uncertainties – Emission Inventory of Greenhouse Gases of the Flemish Region of June 2004’. 

As most of the data suppliers in Belgium do not provide any information on the associated uncertainty,

the IPCC default values have been largely used in the three regions in Belgium, together with expert 

judgement regarding their applicability in the national /regional circumstances. 

In the absence of default IPCC values, estimates have been searched in other sources such as the 

EMEP/CORINAIR guidebook [3] and studies on uncertainty in emission inventories conducted in 

other member states, in the case where national circumstances could be assumed comparable. 

The results of the three regions have been compiled using expert judgement and/or error propagation 

equation from the Good Practice Guidance, in order to produce one single table 6.1 (as expressed in 

the guidelines), presented in Annex III. 

According to the available references, in most member states the ultimate choice of an uncertainty 

estimate is often based on expert judgement and is therefore also rather uncertain. However, as 

stressed by the IPCC Good Practice Guidance [10], uncertainty calculation is a mean to identify and 

prioritise improvement activities, rather than an objective on itself. 

 

1.6.2. Methodology of the uncertainty calculation in detail by CRF category 

1A1 Energy industries 

According to table 2.6 of the IPCC Good Practice Guidance, the uncertainty on activity data is less 

than 1% in the case of a survey. The uncertainty takes into account that a complete survey of energy 

industries is conducted yearly for the purpose of establishing the energy balance. The uncertainty on 

emission factors originates from table 2.5 and page 2.15 of the IPCC Good Practice Guidance 

associated with expert judgement. 
22 

1A1b Petroleum Refining 

The uncertainties both on activity data and emission factors for CO2, CH4 and N2O are mainly based 

on IPCC Good Practice Guidance in combination with expert judgement and are mostly in line with 

the estimates given in other countries. For gaseous fuels the uncertainty on activity data is estimated as 

1% because of very accurate statistics in Flanders for this fuel. 

1A2 Manufacturing industries and construction. 

According to table 2.6 of the IPCC Good Practice Guidance, the uncertainty on activity data is 

between 2 and 3 % in the case of a survey. In Belgium, the annual survey is cross-checked with other 

sources of information of the biggest industries. However, it is considered that measuring is more 

accurate for gaseous fuels (Monni and Syri, 2001) leading to 2% uncertainty on the activity data, 

compared in most cases with 5 % for solid fuels. For liquid fuels, the uncertainty lies between 2 and 8 

%, depending on the sector considered. Higher values are chosen for biomass and other fuels, 

respectively 20 and 5%. 

The uncertainty on emission factors is the same as for energy industries, as the same emission factors

are used. 

1A3 Transport 

The uncertainty on activity data for CO2 emissions from road transport is given page 2.49 of the IPCC 

Good Practice Guidance, which mentions that this is the main source of uncertainty for CO2. The same 

uncertainty on activity data is used for all gases. For CH4 and N2O, the uncertainties on emission 

factors are those recommended by the IPCC Good Practice Guidance. A higher uncertainty is 

estimated for N2O because of the lack of precise monitoring on the combustion conditions (vehicles 

types, average speed, etc...). 

Default IPCC values are used for civil aviation, both for activity data and emission factors. For 

railways the uncertainty is allocated under the energy industries. In Belgium 93% of the train 

kilometres for passengers and 75% for goods are performed in an electrical way. The rest of the 

locomotives uses diesel as fuel. In the absence of IPCC default value, the uncertainty on activity data 

is estimated at 6 %, considering that this data is collected and delivered yearly by one single national 

operator. The emissions factors are taken from EMEP/CORINAIR guidebook where their uncertainty 

rating are respectively "C" and "E" for CH4 and N2O. This ranking seems quite consistent with the 

values used in Finland [40], respectively 60-110% for CH4 and 70- 150 % for N2O. Similar values 

were consequently adopted as a first estimate. 

Fuel consumption in navigation is estimated on the basis of the traffic, which is quite controlled on the 

domestic scale. The uncertainty on activity data is estimated at 10 %. For emissions factors, the 

uncertainty is in the same range as for railways, considering the same rating of these emission factors 

in the EMEP/CORINAIR guidebook. 

The CO2 emissions under category "other" include energetic emissions originating from the transport 

through pipelines (compression stations). An uncertainty is assumed of 5% on activity data 

(information data from the gas federation) and of 1% on the emission factor (default IPCC emission 

factor). 
23 

1A4 Other sectors 

Commercial and residential fuel consumption is the main activity data in this sector. Surveys are 

combined with extrapolations in order to estimate the consumption. The uncertainty on activity data is

based on the table 2.6 of the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and takes into account the type of fuels : 

natural gas is measured with accuracy, but wood consumption is extrapolated from available data. The 

uncertainty on emission factors is the same as for energy and industrial sectors (see table 2.5 of the

IPCC Good Practice Guidance). 

1B Fugitive emissions from fuels 

Fugitive emissions under category 1B1 are linked to the production of coke. The production is 

assumed to be well known, while the uncertainty on the emission factor is estimated at 60 %, taking 

into account the EMEP quality estimate and range of values. 

Uncertainty estimates on the fugitive emissions from oil refining and storage (category 1B2a) are 

assumed to be the same as in the category 1A1b for the activity data and for the emission factors (5% 

for the activity data and 50 % for the emission factor). 

The uncertainty on the amount of gas leaked through the distribution network is high according to 

page 2.92 of the IPCC Good Practice Guidance. Since the activity data (length of pipelines for the 

different materials of pipelines) are based on information of the gas distribution company, the 

uncertainty is estimated at 10%. Emission factors (= leak rates) are based on measurements carried out

by this company and their uncertainty is estimated at 30%. 

2A Mineral products 

For lime and cement plants, the uncertainty on activity data comes from the pages 3.15 and 3.21 of the

IPCC Good Practice Guidance. The uncertainty on emission factors is assumed to be low, as plantspecific emission factors are used in these sectors. 

The uncertainty on activity data for glass production is assumed to be comparable with the other 

industrial productions. The CO2 emission factor of the EMEP/CORINAIR guidebook originates from 

studies in the Netherlands. Consequently, the uncertainty on the emission factor was taken from the 

NIR of the Netherlands for this sector. 

2B Chemical industry 

The only references found for the ammonia production are the Norwegian uncertainty calculation [41] 

and the Irish NIR. Average values from these references are used in this study following expert 

judgement. 

Since there is only one producer of nitric acid remaining in the Flemish region since 2000 with reliable 

production data, the uncertainty of the activity data is estimated at 2%. Based on the Finnish 

evaluation in 2001, the uncertainty on the N2O emission factor is estimated at 80% in spite of an 

agreement of this company for the emission factor used. 

The same uncertainty in activity data is used for the production of caprolactam as for the production of 

nitric acid (2%) for the same reason. The uncertainty of the emission factor is estimated at 30% by 

expert judgment. 
24 

2C Metal production 

The uncertainty on activity data is estimated at 2% because these figures come directly from the 

companies which dispose of good developed statistical systems. Their uncertainty is assumed to be in 

the low range of IPCC values as the emission factors are mainly plant-specific. 

2E Production of halocarbons 

The emission figures are a result of measurements combined with a mass balance. The calculated 

scientific and model uncertainty is 13 % (based on error propagation analysis). 

The non-fugitive emissions of CF4 are measured. Their calculated uncertainty is 45 %. 

The uncertainty figures have been reviewed and confirmed by an external consultant (see 1.6.1 [45]) 

in 2004. However, they seem to be unrealistically low according to this consultant and the company 

itself. In order to get a conservative estimate, they have been doubled in the uncertainty calculation 

table given the small share of this emission source in the overall GHG emissions. The overall impact 

of this change remains limited (in the order of 0,1% of the total national GHG emissions). 

2F Consumption of halocarbons 

The main emission source is the application of distributed refrigeration systems (refrigeration plants in 

industry and the commercial sector, as well as air conditioning plants that are built and filled with 

refrigerant on site). The emissions are calculated as the product of the bank (activity variable) and the 

emission rate (emission factor). The size of the bank itself is calculated on the basis of past refrigerant 

deliveries and assumptions on the emission rate. Therefore the activity variable and the emission 

factor are correlated. 

Because of this correlation, the uncertainty has been assessed globally, and this in particular by 

carrying out sensitivity analyses on the impact of the emission rate on the emissions, using the 

emission calculation model. 

For the remaining emission sources, the uncertainty has been estimated in general separately for the 

activity variable and for the emission factor. Given the lack of statistical data and default values in the 

IPCC guidelines, the figures are generally based on expert judgement. 

3D N2O from anaesthesia 

The activity data is the number of hospital beds, which is well known. As no default emission factor is 

available by EMEP/CORINAIR nor by the IPCC Guidelines [10], a national specific emission factor 

has been estimated through surveys in hospitals. The uncertainty on this emission factor is considered

high. 
25 

4A Enteric fermentation 

The only activity data here is the national livestock census. The uncertainty is judged small taken into 

account the features of the monitoring (census twice a year, individual earmarks and registration for all 

bovines, ...),. The emission factors are mainly the IPCC default values, using Tier 1 methodology. 

Consequently, the IPCC uncertainty estimate of 40% is used for the emission factor. 

4B Manure management 

The activity data are the livestock census, but also the type of animal housing. The type of housing is 

more difficult to assess than the number of animals. Consequently the uncertainty on the activity data

is estimated at 10 %. 

The CH4 emission factors are based on a regional-specific study. However, given that many 

assumptions were necessary to calculate these emission factors, the uncertainty on these emission 

factors is estimated to be similar to the uncertainty on enteric fermentation emission factor. 

The IPCC emission factors are used to calculate the emissions of N2O. Consequently, the IPCC 

uncertainty (page 4.43) in combination with information of the Finnish emission inventory, are used in

the uncertainty calculation. 

4D Agricultural soils 

This small source for CH4 is linked to the manure applied during grazing. The same uncertainty as for 

CH4 from manure management is applied. 

In comparison with the previous agricultural sectors, N2O emissions from soils involves the use of 

more activity data, such as the use of mineral fertilisers, the atmospheric deposition and runoff, the

amount of manure applied on the fields, etc... Consequently the uncertainty on activity data is 

estimated at 30%, which seems in line with the values applied by other parties. 

It is well known that the uncertainty of N2O from agricultural soils is crucial for the determination of 

the overall uncertainty. Although most countries use the IPCC default values, the uncertainty on 

emission factors varies widely : 2 orders of magnitude (Norway, [41]), 509 % (UK, in IPCC Good 

Practice Guidance), 200 % (France and the Netherlands, NIR 2003), 100 % (Ireland, NIR 2003), 75 % 

(Finland, overall uncertainty for AD*EF, [40]), 24 % (Austria, NIR 2003). For the time being, a more 

or less average value of 250 % is used for this uncertainty calculation. 

5A LULUCF- Forest land 

As described in the chapter 7.3.1.A, the uncerntainty on Forest Land is 10,3%. 

5B LULUCF- Cropland 

The data from the sector Cropland comes from the stock variation of soil organic carbon (SOC) 

between two years (1990 and 2000). The uncertainty is therefore based on confidence interval on SOC 
26 

data in 1990 and 2000 (=0.2). Then we use the equation 6.2 from the IPCC Good Practice Guidance 

and we obtain an uncertainty of 7.07%. 

5C LULUCF- Grassland 

In the same way as the sector 5B, the data from the sector Grassland comes from the stock variation of

soil organic carbon (SOC) between two years (1990 and 2000). The uncertainty is therefore based on 

confidence interval on SOC data in 1990 and 2000 (=1). Then we use the equation 6.2 from the IPCC 

Good Practice Guidance and we obtain an uncertainty of 17.68%. 

6A Solid waste disposal on land 

In the Flemish region input data of waste disposal sites are available since 1990. There is no waste 

disposal site in the Brussels region. 

In Wallonia, complete statistics on the amount of waste input in solid waste disposal sites are 

delivered on a yearly basis since 1994. For the previous years, the amounts have been estimated using 

available data and expert judgement from the waste offices. Hence, the uncertainty on activity data is

lower since 1994. However, given that in the model the activity data of a single year is used over a 25 

years degradation time, the same uncertainty of 30 % (1990 estimate) has been applied on the whole 

time series. 

For the same reasons, the activity data are assumed to be correlated for the calculation of the 

uncertainty in trend. 

The overall uncertainty on emission factors reported in other member states goes from 30 % 

(Netherlands, Finland, Norway) to 50 % (Ireland, France). A provisional value of 40 % is adopted for 

this calculation. 

6B Wastewater handling 

IPCC recommends an activity data uncertainty of 5% for population and 30 % for BOD/person. An 

overall uncertainty of 20 % is considered for activity data. The same uncertainty is used for N2O 

calculation, assuming that the uncertainty on the annual per capita protein intake and the fraction of

nitrogen in these proteins lies in the same range. 

The uncertainty on CH4 emission factor reported by other parties goes from 48 % (UK, 2000) to 104 

% (Finland), mainly depending on the uncertainty on the Methane Conversion Factor (fraction treated 

anaerobically). A default value is used for the time being and further expert judgement is needed on 

this estimate. Thus, an average uncertainty of 70 % is used for the time being. 

For N2O the default IPCC emission factor of 0.01 kg N2O/kg N is used. This emission factor originates 

from table 4.18 of the IPCC 1996 Guidelines with a given range of 0.0025 to 0.0225. This range 

represents an uncertainty of –75% to +125%. An uncertainty of 110 % is used in this calculation. 

6C Waste incineration 
27 

For N2O, an uncertainty of 100% on the emission factor is applied, following IPCC Good Practice 

Guidance. The uncertainty on activity data (amount of waste) is estimated at 5%. 

In Wallonia, CO2 emissions are measured in each waste incinerator. The confidence interval was 

calculated for each of the incinerators, based on the standard deviation of the mean. Those 

uncertainties were then combined according to equation 6.3 of the IPCC Good Practice Guidance, 

using the 1990-2001 average quantities of waste for each plant. This estimate gives an overall 

uncertainty of 24 % on the CO2 emission factor. However, the estimate of the biogenic content of the 

waste is another source of uncertainty. Six results on the average composition of the municipal waste 

are available since 1997, allowing a calculation of the confidence interval. It appears that the average 

biogenic part of those wastes is rather stable, although the effect of some waste policies such as 

separate collection of paper can be observed. The uncertainty based on the confidence interval is 3%. 

Using equation 6.4, the total uncertainty on the CO2 emission factor is 24,2%. 

In Flanders the major uncertainty for the estimation of CO2 is the estimation of the fossil carbon 

fraction. As in Flanders the methods to determine this fossil carbon fraction are identical for this sector 

(combustion of waste without energy recuperation) and for the energy sector (combustion of waste or 

other fuels with energy recuperation), the uncertainty on the CO2 emission fraction for waste 

combustion is estimated at 10% (the same as for category 1A1-other fuels).The average of both 

estimations gives an average uncertainty of 17 %. 

Flaring in the chemical industry is monitored, uncertainty on activity data is estimated at 20% 

according to expert judgement. The uncertainty on the emission factor is estimated at 20 %. 

6D Composting 

The uncertainties both on activity data and emission factors for CH4 are based on expert judgment and 

results in an uncertainty of 30% on the activity data and 200% on the emission factor. 

1.6.3. Results and discussion 

The Tier 1 analysis of the uncertainty results in an overall uncertainty of 7.66 % in the 2006 inventory 

for Belgium and a trend uncertainty 1990-2006 of 2.74 %. 

As in other Parties, this outcome is largely determined by the uncertainty on the estimate of N2O 

emissions from agricultural soils. While reviewing the uncertainty calculation of five industrialised 

countries, Rypdal and Winiwarter [42] pointed out that "The differences in uncertainty are, in 

particular, due to different subjective assessment of the uncertainty in emissions of nitrous oxide from 

agricultural soils". 

The Tier 1 analysis for 2007 gives an overall uncertainty of 7.60 % and a trend uncertainty 1990-2007 

of 2.81 %. More then 80% of Belgian total emissions (the proportion contributed by CO2) have a very 

small uncertainty of more or less 2%. Even with the contribution of CH4 (+/- 90% of the total 

emissions), the uncertainty is still very low, 2% more or less. This confirms the influence of N2O on 

the inventory. This influence is not so large in the trend uncertainty since the changes in N2O 

emissions between 1990 and 2007 are not so important. 

The influence of F-gas is very low since they account for only a few percents of the total emissions. 

1.7 Completeness analysis 
28 

Sources and sinks 

All sources and sinks included in the IPCC Guidelines are covered with the exception of the following 

(very) minor sources: 

o CO2 from asphalt roofing (2A5), due to missing activity data; 

o CO2 from road paving (2A6), due to missing activity data; 

o N2O from Industrial wastewater (6B1), due to missing activity data. No CH4 sources from 

Industrial wastewater (6B1) were identified (see chapter 8).

o Agriculture sector in the Brussels region, due to negligible amounts (see chapter 6.1.2. for 

details)

No additional sources and sinks specific for Belgium have been identified for the time being. 

Gases 

All direct and indirect greenhouse gases are covered in the Belgian inventory. 

Geographic coverage 

The geographic coverage is complete. There is no part of the Belgian territory not covered by 

the inventory. 

Notation keys 

This is the main completeness issue identified in the Belgian inventory 

1.8. Assigned amount 

Belgium's base year is 1990 for CO2, CH4 and N2O and 1995 for HFCs, PFCs and SF6. Belgium's 

quantified emission limitation is 92 per cent as included in Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol. As 

Belgium is part of the European Community, whose member States will meet their reduction 

commitment jointly in accordance with Article 4 of the Kyoto Protocol, Belgium's quantified emission 

limitation is 92.5 per cent. Belgium's assigned amount is calculated based on the Party's Article 4 

commitment. 

In response to inventory issues identified during the initial review in 2007, Belgium submitted a 

revised estimate of its base year inventory, which resulted in its assigned amount to be 673,995,528 

tonnes CO2 eq. Based on its calculated assigned amount, the commitment period reserve is 

606,595,975 tonnes CO2 eq. 
29 

CHAPTER 2: TRENDS IN GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

GHG emission trends are presented in this section. Emission trends are analysed for each greenhouse 

gas and for the main key sources, as well as in an aggregated format, using global warming potential 

(GWP) values. The distribution of emissions by gases and by sources is also commented. A more 

detailed analysis of the drivers of the emission trends is presented in the Belgian fourth National 

Communication. A distance-to-target assessment, aiming at evaluating progress of Belgium towards 

fulfilling its commitment under the Kyoto Protocol and the EU ‘burden sharing’ agreement, is 

commented as well. A division of GHG emission trends at the regional level is presented in Annex 2. 

Trends of indirect GHG and SO2 are presented at the end of the chapter. 

2.1. Emission trends for aggregated greenhouse gas emissions 

Total greenhouse gas emissions (without LUCF) in Belgium amounted to 131,3 Mt CO2 eq in 2007 

(Table 2.1.), which constitutes an decrease by 8.3 % compared to GHG emissions in 1990. Emissions 

in 2007 are 9.9 % under base year emissions4 (Figure 2.1). Under the Kyoto Protocol and the EU 

‘burden sharing’ agreement, Belgium is committed to reduce its GHG emissions by 7.5%. Assuming a 

linear target path from 1990 to 2010, total GHG emissions in 2007 were on target path, but recent 

changes in the industrial sector should increase the emissions in the coming years. 

Figure 2.1. : Belgium GHG and CO2 emissions 1990-2007 (excl. LULUCF), compared with Kyoto 

target. 

Unit: Index point (base year emissions = 100).For the fluorinated gases, the base year is 1995. 

 

4

 Base year is 1995 for fluorinated gases, 1990 for other gases 

85

90

95

100

105

110

Base

year

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Greenhouse gas

emissions

CO2 emissions 

Target path
30

Table 2.1. : Overview of Belgium GHG emissions and removals from 1990 to 2007, excluding LULUCF (Gg CO2 equivalents). 

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

CO2 incl LULUCF 117204 119707 117098 116092 121038 121926 126163 120450 126927 121334 122147 121268 120724 125252 125478 123062 118025 113071CO2 excl LULUCF 118627 120889 118650 117561 122517 123298 127540 121844 128196 122538 123678 124092 123043 126952 126632 123432 119085 114545CH4 9993 9815 9674 9471 9491 9508 9197 9066 8921 8740 8472 8050 7599 7269 7131 6925 6765 6658N2O 10775 10660 10318 10660 11245 11670 12098 11816 11950 11853 11525 11293 10779 9782 9990 9840 8934 8079HFCs 439 439 439 439 439 439 527 639 779 817 952 1083 1303 1467 1512 1496 1601 1765PFCs 1753 1678 1830 1759 2113 2335 2217 1211 669 348 361 223 82 209 306 141 152 172SF6 1662 1576 1744 1677 2035 2205 2121 526 271 122 112 129 112 100 84 84 75 81Total including LULUCF 141827 143875 141102 140097 146362 148084 152323 143708 149518 143215 143568 142046 140600 144078 144502 141549 135552 129827Total excluding LULUCF 143249 145057 142654 141566 147840 149455 153701 145102 150787 144418 145100 144870 142919 145778 145655 141919 136612 131301 Table 2.2. : Overview of GHG emissions and removals in the main sectors from 1990 to 2007 (Gg CO2 equivalents) 

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

1. Energy 112544 115303 113005 111985 115608 115970 120959 114904 121159 115259 116308 117214 115225 119122 118459 115216 110902 1066702. Industrial Processes 15717 15038 14935 14955 17499 18731 18394 15889 15449 15079 15185 14550 15071 14575 15310 15163 14427 136583. Solvent and Other Product Use 246 246 249 247 243 240 238 237 236 235 252 250 249 248 248 247 247 2474. Agriculture 11340 11208 11171 11303 11344 11485 11324 11286 11324 11372 11047 10889 10608 10173 10083 9936 9836 96215. Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry(5) -1422 -1182 -1552 -1469 -1478 -1371 -1377 -1395 -1269 -1203 -1532 -2825 -2319 -1700 -1154 -370 -1061 -14736. Waste 3403 3262 3296 3076 3145 3029 2786 2786 2618 2474 2308 1967 1766 1660 1554 1357 1200 11057. Other NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Total (including LULUCF)(5) 141827 143875 141102 140097 146362 148084 152323 143708 149518 143215 143568 142046 140600 144078 144502 141549 135552 129827
31 

2.2. Emission trends by gas 

The major greenhouse gas in Belgium is carbon dioxide (CO2), which accounted for 87.2% of total 

GHG emissions in 2007. Methane (CH4) accounts for 5.1 %, nitrous oxide (N2O) for 6.2 %, and 

fluorinated gases for 1.5% (Figure 2.2). Emissions of CO2 decreased by 3.4% during 1990-2007, 

while CH4, N2O and fluorinated gas emissions have dropped with respectively 33.4%, 25 % and 47.6 

%

5

 during the same period. 

Figure 2.2. : Share of greenhouse gases in Belgium (2007), and changes compared to base year (1990 

for CO2, CH4 and N2O; 1995 for F gases) 

 

5 compared to 1995 emissions 

CO2

87,2%

CH4

5,1%

N2O

6,2%

HFCs

1,3%

PFCs

0,1%

SF6

0,1%

-14000 -12000 -10000 -8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000

CO2

CH4

N2O

HFCs

PFCs

SF6

Total (excluding LULUCF)
32 

2.3. Emission trends by source 

An overview of the contribution of the main sectors to Belgium greenhouse gas emissions is given in 

Figure 2.3. Energy industries, manufacturing industry, transport, space heating and industrial 

processes are the most important sectors in the total GHG emissions in 2007. 

Figure 2.3 : GHG emissions : share of main sectors in 2007 (a) and changes from 1990 to 2007 (b). 

Energy Industries

21%

Industry (combustion)

20%

Industry (processes )

10%

Transport

20%

Residential

14%

Commercial

4%

Agriculture

9%

Waste

1%

Others

1%

-14000 -12000 -10000 -8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000

Energy Industries

Industry (combustion)

Industry (processes )

Transport

Residential

Commercial

Agriculture

Waste

Others

Total
33 

Figure 2.3 summarises the impact of the main sectors on the national trend. It clearly shows the sharp

increase in road transport on the one hand, but also the increase of emissions from buildings in the 

commercial sector on the other hand. Since 1990, those two sectors have been responsible for a 4.6 % 

increase in total emissions. 

This trend is counterbalanced by the 12.9 % decrease in emissions in the other sectors, particularly 

industry, giving an overall decrease of -8.3 % compared to 1990. 

The drivers of these trends are analysed and commented upon in the following pages, sector by sector. 

 

2.3.1. Energy industries (1A1) 

The main source for this sector is public electricity and heat generation (1A1a), which accounted for 

82% of sectoral emissions in 2006. Petroleum refining (1A1b) and manufacture of solid fuels (1A1c) 

accounted for 17% and 1% respectively. 

Emissions from the manufacture of solid fuels have decreased by 84% since 1990 (-1815 Gg CO2 

equivalent) due to the closure of four coke plants in respectively 1993, 1994, 1997 and 2002. In the 

meantime, emissions from petroleum refining have increased by 5%, owing to higher production and 

the general economic context. 

As mentioned above, however, the main driver in this sector is public electricity and heat generation.

While electricity production has risen by 37 % between 1990 and 2006, emissions have slightly 

decreased due to technological improvements and the switch from solid fuels to gaseous fuels. This is 

illustrated in Figure 2.4. 

Figure 2.4: GHG emissions from public electricity and heat generation, in relation to gross electricity 

generation [1]. 

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

Public electricity

and heat

production

Petroleum

refining

Manufacture of

solid fuels 

Gross electricity

production

(thermal plants)
34 

2.3.2. Manufacturing industries (1A2) 

In the manufacturing industries, added value [1] has increased by 30% since 1990, while greenhouse 

gas emissions decreased by 20% in the meantime. 

Figure 2.5 : Manufacturing industries: index of GHG emissions, energy consumption and added value 

[1].

As seen in Figure 2.5., primary energy consumption decreased by 7% between 1990 and 2007. This 

apparent decoupling of added value and energy consumption can be attributed to various drivers 

according to sectors: 

- In the iron and steel industry, many plants have switched to electric furnaces since 1990. For 

example, the electricity consumption by the sector increased by 28 % from 1990 to 2002 [1]. 

This is the main cause of the apparent decreasing energy consumption, while stable added 

value is observed in this sector. This sector represents in 2007 31% of the energy consumption 

(fossil fuels) by the manufacturing industries and consequently has a significant impact on the 

global trend. 

- In the chemistry sector, energy consumption has increased by 38% between 1990 and 2006, 

compared to 65% growth in added value [1]. This relative decoupling is linked to both rational 

energy use and high added-value products. In 2007, this sector represents 32% of energy 

consumption in the manufacturing industries. 

- Food processing and beverages represent 7 % of energy consumption in the manufacturing 

industries in 2006 , but 13 to 14% of added value [1]. This sector shows the steepest increase 

in added value compared to energy consumption. The diversity of the plants in this sector does 

not allow a detailed analysis of the trend; only certain types of plants are commented upon 

here. In sugar plants, for example, some products with high added value, such as inulin and 

fructose, have been developed recently, but the main driver is still the sugar beet yield 

(quantity and sugar content), which is highly climate–dependent. 

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

110%

120%

130%

140%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

GHG

emissions

Added value

Energy

consumption 
35 

- In cement plants , the decoupling between energy consumption and total production is linked 

to the production process: the dry process, which is considerably less energy-demanding, is 

gradually replacing the wet process and is now used for 73% of production compared to 61% 

in 1990. 

Figure 2.5. also shows a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions for an equal level of energy 

consumption. One reason is the increasing use of gaseous fuels, coupled with a decrease in liquid and 

solid fuels observed across all sectors. This is illustrated in Figure 2.6. 

The increasing use of 'other fuels' (see Figure 2.6) reflects on the one hand the growing numbers of 

naphtha crackers and the enlargement of existing plants. On the other hand, cement plants have been 

using more and more substitute fuels since 1990, such as impregnated sawmills, animal waste, tyres, 

etc. Those fuels represented 34% of their energy consumption in 2003 , compared to 7% in 1990. The 

non-biomass fraction of these fuels is included in the "other fuels" category. The biomass fraction of

these fuels is included in biomass fuels and not accounted for in the national emissions. Cement plants 

have caused a doubling of the use of biomass fuels since 1990, with a particularly steep increase since 

2001, when the 'dioxin crisis' in Belgium resulted in the elimination of high levels of poultry and 

animal meal in cement kilns. The other half of the biomass fuels used in Belgium comes from the pulp 

and paper sector, where part of the woody raw material has always been used as fuel in pulp paper 

plants. 

Figure 2.6 : Type of fuels used in the manufacturing industries. 

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Energy consumption (TJ)

Liquid fuels

Solid fuels 

Gaseous fuels

Biomass

Others
36 

2.3.3. Transport (1A3) 

Transport emissions accounted for 14% of total GHG emissions in 1990 and 20 % in 2007. This 

increasing level is due to road transport, which represents 97% of total emissions by the sector in 

2007. 

Emissions from domestic navigation are fairly stable and represent 2 % of total emissions. Emissions 

from railways seem to have decreased since 1990, but in fact this reflects the switch from diesel to 

electrical engines. 

In the road transport sector, most indicators are increasing: the number of cars has increased by 38% 

since 1990, together with traffic (vehicle km) which has risen in the meantime by 41% [4]. 

There is a marked switch from petrol engines to diesel. The number of petrol engines has dropped 

slightly between 1990 and 2006 (-8%), while the number of diesel engines has more than doubled (+ 

130%) for the same period. This is reflected in their respective emissions (Figure 2.7). 

The average engine capacity has also increased since 1995, reflecting the switch to diesel on the one 

hand and the growing success of SUV vehicles on the other (SUV have doubled between 2000 and 

2006) [5]. The average age of the cars has increased (improved rust protection and overall resistance), 

as has the average distance travelled. 

The number of cars using LPG has increased by 17% between 1990 and 2007 and represents 1% of 

private cars compared to 0.8% in 1990 [4]. This relative progress is very limited, however, in regard

to the price of this fuel and available subsidies. 

N2O emissions from transport have risen by 138% between 1990 and 2007. This is partly due to the 

introduction of catalytic converters (the use of catalytic converters on all petrol-engine cars was made 

compulsory in Belgium in 1993), but also to the ageing of the first converters, which leads to an 

increase in their N2O emissions. Finally, although there is considerable uncertainty, N2O emissions 

represent only 3.1 % of total GHG emissions from road transport. 
37 

Figure 2.7 : Emission trends in the transport sector 

Road transport is the leading source of greenhouse gas emissions in Belgium, in terms of level and 

trend analysis. With an increase of GHG emissions by 28 % between 1990 and 2007, it constitutes one 

of the main drivers of emissions trends. The absolute increase in CO2 emissions from road transport 

between 1990 and 2007 is the highest among the key sources (+5077 Gg CO2 eq submission 

15/03/2009). 

 International air and maritime transport 

In accordance with the UNFCCC guidelines, emissions from international air and maritime transport 

are not included in national emissions. In 2006, these emissions accounted for 27 % of national 

emissions, with maritime transport representing the most important source (89 % of this category). 

Emissions from international aviation have increased by 22% since 1990, while emissions from 

maritime transport have risen by 128%. 

2.3.4. Residential and commercial (1A4) 

In the residential sector in 2007, fuel consumption has increased between 1990 and 2005. This is 

mainly linked to the growing number of houses. Annual fluctuations are of course climate-related: this

is particularly clear for 1996, a cold year with a marked peak of emissions from heating, but also for

2006 and 2007, with winters exceptionally mild and marked decrease of the consumption. Since 1990, 

gaseous fuels consumption has increased from 34 to 46% of total energy consumption, together with a 

decrease in solid fuels and liquid fuels. Liquid fuels still account for 49%, however. One explanation

could be that the gas distribution network does not cover sparsely populated areas, thus hampering the

switch from liquid to gaseous fuels, which is observed in other sectors. 

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

CO2 emissions (Gg CO2-eq)

Gasoline

Diesel

LPG

Road

transport
38 

In the commercial sector, fuel consumption has increased by 29% since 1990. One reason is the rising 

number of employees, which has risen by more than 20% since [3]. A clear switch from liquid fuels to 

gaseous fuels has been observed since 1995 and gaseous fuels represent 72% of the sector's energy 

consumption. In the meantime, electricity consumption has also grown by more than 50%, mainly due 

to the development of Information Technologies and the increased use of refrigerated areas and air 

conditioning. The emissions fromthis final consumption of electricity are included in the energy sector 

emissions. 

For both sectors, other fuels and biomass remain negligible for the time being. In the commercial 

sector, a slow increase has been observed since 1999, but biomass represents only 1.6 % of the sector's 

energy consumption . The switch from solid and liquid fuels is reflected in the decoupling of energy 

consumption and GHG emissions (fig 2.8) 

Figure 2.8 : Greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption in the residential and commercial 

sectors. 

2.3.5. Industrial processes (category 2) 

The 'industrial processes and F-gases' sector covers emissions from industrial activity, but not 

resulting from fossil fuel combustion. In 2007, these emissions of greenhouse gases were mainly 

caused by mineral products (cement and lime production, 38% of emissions) and the chemical 

industry (nitric acid and ammonia production, 20% of emissions). Metal production and fluorinated 

gases accounted for 11% and 14% respectively of total emissions in this sector. 

Mineral products 

These emissions occur during the production of clinkers and are closely linked to production levels, 

which are stable on the whole. 

Chemical industry 

80%

90%

100%

110%

120%

130%

140%

150%

160%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Index ( 1990=100 )

Commercial (emissions)

Commercial (consumption)

Residential (emissions)

Residential (consumption)
39 

Despite the closure of two nitric acid plants (one in 1995 and another in 2000), the production of nitric 

acid in the two remaining plants was multiplied by a factor 4.6 in 2003 compared with 1990. In 

parallel, these plants have taken measures to reduce emissions from their processes and one of the 

plants is still testing catalysts to further decrease its emissions. Consequently, the emissions remained 

rather stable although production rose substantially. 

Metal production 

In the iron and steel sector, greenhouse gas emissions decreased by 24% in 2007 compared to 1990. 

This is more or less in line with the production of pig iron.

Fluorinated gases 

Emissions of fluorinated gases accounted for 1,5% of total greenhouse gas emissions in 2007. A 

distinction is made between 'production emissions', which are fugitive emissions during the production

process, and 'consumption emissions', which are those occurring during the use or dismantling of 

existing equipment and products. 

The sharp decrease in emissions from the production of HFC between 1996 and 1999 (Figure 2.9) is 

due to the installation of a gas incinerator with an HF recovery unit (Fluoride Recuperation Unit) in 

the most important source identified, which is an electrochemical synthesis unit. 

The growing consumption of HFC (Figure 2.9) is directly linked to the implementation of the 

Montreal Protocol and EU Regulation 2037/2000, which bans the use of ozone-depleting substances 

such as CFCs. The CFCs which were formerly used are now replaced by HFCs in most sectors like 

refrigerating and air conditioning installations, foam production and aerosols. The quantities of HFCs

are nonetheless lower than those of CFCs, because in many cases CFCs have been replaced by nonfluorinated gases, like ammonia in refrigeration, pentane and CO2 for rigid foams, etc. 

SF6 emissions originating from the production of acoustic double-glazing have been cut through the 

use of alternate products, however, SF6 consumption emissions are likely to increase in the coming 

years due to the dismantling of existing equipment.
40 

Figure 2.9. : GHG emissions in sector 2 ‘Industrial processes’: changes from 1990 to 2007 (Gg CO2

equivalent) 

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

F. Consumption of

Halocarbons and SF6

E. Production of

Halocarbons and SF6

C. Metal Production

B. Chemical Industry 

A. Mineral Products
41 

2.3.6. Agriculture 

GHG emissions from agriculture accounts in 2007 for 9 % of the total emissions in Belgium. Overall, 

they have decreased by 15.2 % between 1990 and 2007. 

Figure 2.10 : Emission trends in agriculture 

37% of these emissions are CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation in 2007, cattle are for 93% 

responsible for these emissions in 2007. Those emissions decreased by 14 % since 1990, mainly due to 

a general livestock reduction [6], but also to the shift from dairy cattle to brood cattle (which is a

general EU trend linked to the Common Agriculture Policy), the latter having smaller emissions. 

16 % of the emissions are CH4 emissions from manure management in 2007 of which swine accounts 

for the biggest part (80%). These emissions are driven by the livestock : the swine livestock is rising 

from 1990 until 1999 and decreasing since then, its impact on the emissions being smoothed by the 

cattle livestock evolution explained above. 

38% of the emissions in the agriculture are originating from N2O emissions from soils. Those have 

decreased by 19 %, due to the smaller quantities of nitrogen from mineral fertiliser applied on the one 

hand and to the livestock reduction (nitrogen excreted on pasture) on the other hand. Both reductions

have also an impact on indirect emissions. 

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Emissions (Gg CO2-eq)

Enteric

fermentation

Manure

management

Agricultural

soils
42 

2.3.7. Waste 

GHG emissions from waste accounted for 0.8 % of national emissions in 2007, compared to 2.3% in 

1990. This decrease is due to CH4 emissions from solid waste disposal on land, which represents 52% 

of total emissions for the sector in 2007. Biogas recovery in landfills by flaring or for energy purposes 

-according to its richness- has been developed on a wide scale since 1990 and is the main driver of the 

trend in this sector. Emissions in this sector have dropped by 78 % in 2007 since 1990. 

The remaining 48% of GHG emissions stems in similar quantities from three sources: waste 

incineration, wastewater handling and composting. Emissions from waste incineration in this sector 

only covers chemical industry and hospital waste following the IPCC guidelines, municipal waste 

incineration is mainly allocated in the energy sector, as all the municipal waste incineration plants are 

also electricity producers. However, the non-biogenic CO2 emissions from the municipal solid waste 

incineration is added in fig 2.12 to give a complete overview of the sector. Wastewater handling and 

green waste composting emissions are gradually increasing, together with the implementation of 

policies. 

Figure 2.12 : emission trends in the waste sector, and non biogenic CO2 emissions from MSW 

incineration (electricity sector). 

0

500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

3.000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Emissions ( Gg CO2-eq )

Solid waste disposal

Wastewater

treatment

Waste incineration

(hospital, chemical)

Composting

Waste incineration

(municipal -

electricity sector)
43 

2.4. Emission trends for indirect greenhouse gases and SO2 

Emissions of ozone precursors (CO, NOX, NMVOCs) and SO2 are presented in Figure 2.13 (share of 

sectors and changes 1990-2007). These data are commented below. 

2.4.1. Nitrogen oxides (NOX) 

The primary NOx emitting source in Belgium is transport (50% in 2007), followed by energy 

industries (12%) and manufacturing industries (24 %). Total NOx emissions have substantially 

decreased (-32% in 2007 compared with 1990), mainly as a result of improved performances in the 

production of electricity. Emissions from transport have decreased with 35% between 1990 and 2007, 

thanks to the use of catalytic converters on cars (since 1993-94), as well as emissions from energy 

consumption in industry. 

2.4.2. Carbon monoxide (CO) 

CO emissions in Belgium come mainly from energy consumption in industry (46%), transport (35%), 

and space heating in residential and commercial (10%). 

Between 1990 and 2007, national CO emissions fell by 46 %, chiefly as a result of the introduction in 

1993 of catalytic converters. 

2.4.3. NMVOC 

NMVOC emissions are caused mainly by use of solvents and other products (31%), followed by 

transport (18%) and industry process (11%) Biogenic emissions from forests accounts for 25 % of the 

total emissions. On the whole, these emissions decreased by 46% between 1990 and 2007, as a result 

of altered vehicle emission standards, reduced fugitive emissions and prevention of solvent use. The 

annual changes of biogenic emissions are mainly driven by temperature and light exposure, 

considering that the areas and specieschange at a slower pace. 

2.4.4. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 

SO2 emissions produced by the energy sector , industry and residential (space heating) sectors 

decreased sharply in Belgium between 1990 and 2007, leading to a general drop of these emissions by 

65%. These reductions are the result of fuel substitution and reduced sulphur content in the oil 

products used. The energy sector still accounts for 34% of SO2 emissions, followed by energy use in 

industry (28%) and residential and commercial (21%). 

In the transport sector, sulphur dioxide emissions have dropped (-93% in 2007 compared with 1990), 

mainly due to the constant reduction in the sulphur content of fuels since 1996. 
44 

Figure 2.13. : Indirect GHG emissions and SO2 : share in 2007 and changes 1990-2007. 

Industry 

(energy)

24%

Transport

50%

Industry 

(process)

2%

Waste 

0% Energy 

Industries

Residential & 12%

commercial

12%

Energy Industries

Industry (energy)

Transport

Residential &

commercial

Industry (process)

Waste 

Industry 

(process)

11%

Other

4%

Land Use, LandUse Change and 

Forestry

25%

Solvent and 

Other Product 

Use

31%

Fugitive 

Emissions

6%

Residential & 

commercial

5%

Transport

18%

Transport

Residential & commercial

Fugitive Emissions

Industry (process)

Solvent and Other

Product Use

Other

Land Use, Land-Use

Change and Forestry

Energy 

Industries

34%

Industry 

(energy)

28%

Transport

1%

Residential & 

commercial

21%

Industry 

(process)

16% Energy Industries

Industry (energy)

Transport

Residential &

commercial

Industry (process)

-2%

-35%

-7%

-54%

-56%

-37%

-67%

-68%

-46%

-44%

-15%

-4%

-16%

-65%

-70%

-93%

-40%

-57%

Industry 

(energy)

46%

Transport

35%

Residential & 

commercial

10%

Energy 

Industries

2%

Industry 

(process)

7% Energy Industries

Industry (energy)

Transport

Residential &

commercial

Industry (process)

Waste 

12%

-16%

-82%

-77%

-62%

NOx

CO

NMVOC

SO2
45 

CHAPTER 3: ENERGY

3.1 Overview 

To prepare the Belgian greenhouse gas inventory for the section energy, the regional energy balances 

of Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels are the prime source of activity data and not the Belgian energy 

balance because of the regional responsibility to set up the atmospheric emission inventories. One 

exception on this general rule is the calculation of the emissions of CO2 originating from road 

transport (see sections 1.3 and 3.1.3) for further details. 

Differences in emissions of CO2 between the reference approach and the Belgian national emission 

inventory are described in detail in section 3.3 ‘Reference approach’ of this report. 

Next to this a short description (including the allocation procedure) of the energy sector is given 

(energy industries, industry and transport) followed by the methodological issues in the energy sector

(section 3.2), the reference approach (section 3.3) and the recalculations and planned improvements 

(section 3.4). 

3.1.1 Energy industries 

In 2006, Belgium’s apparent gross consumption of primary energy rose to 56.047 Mtoe (Million 

tonnes oil equivalent, preliminary data), i.e. approximately 5.33 toe per inhabitant. This level is higher 

than the consumption per inhabitant in neighbouring countries and above the European average. 

Nearly 75% of Belgium’s energy needs are met by the import of fossil fuels (41.489 Mtoe in 2005). 

This was made up of 5,167 Mtoe of coal, 21,708 Mtoe of oil (crude and petroleum products), and 

14,614 Mtoe of gas. In 2006, the use of nuclear fuels provided 54,9% of the electricity produced. 

Although the hydroelectric potential is vigorously exploited in Belgium, its share in the production of 

energy remains negligible given the topography of the country (0,4% of electricity produced). The 

production of wind energy is also very limited (0,4% of total electricity produced in 2006), due to the 

lack of open spaces exposed to the wind, which greatly constrains the potential for the development of

on-shore wind energy. Nevertheless, wind energy from offshore wind farms, could contribute 

significantly to the production of electricity from renewable energy sources in the future. The use of

other renewable sources of energy, in particular biomass, and other recovered fuels (non renewables) 

contribute about 3% to the total electricity production in Belgium in 2006. 

The residential and other sectors are the largest end consumer of energy in Belgium. The transport 

sector has the most spectacular increase recorded over last 25 years (+65% from 1979 to 2005). 

During the same period, the industrial sector as a whole saw its overall consumption decrease by 16%. 

Structural and technological changes have undeniably played a dominant role in this evolution. The 

recent evolution of the energy market in Belgium is furthermore marked by a very strong reduction in 

the consumption of solid fuels, mainly on the part of industry (cokes, iron and steel). The primary 

consumption of gas is increasing sharply, especially because of a stronger demand for electricity 

generation. 

The energy industries contain the following sectors: the public electricity and heat production, 

petroleum refining and the manufacture of solid fuels and other energy industries. 

The category ‘Public Electricity and Heat production (1A1a)’ includes fuel combustion emissions 

associated with the generation of electricity for commercial or public sale. The auto-generators 

category is mapped out in the IPCC category 1A2 ‘Manufacturing Industries and Construction’ and 

1A4 ‘Other sectors’. The allocation to the sub-categories under 1A2 and 1A4 depends on the type of 

the sector or industry where the energy is used. However, the allocation of CHP (Combined Heat and 

Power) plants needs more explanation. The most recent CHP units are in joint venture with the energy 
46 

sector, in which all heat is delivered to the industrial plant and the electricity is sold to the energy 

sector. In these cases, all fuel in the energy balance is included in the energy sector, category 1A1a. 

The emissions of CO2 and N2O of the refineries, an activity which takes place only in the Flemish 

region, are allocated in the category 1A1b. The emissions of CH4 of the refineries are allocated to 

category 1B2a (oil) because a large part of these emissions do have a diffuse character (the flaring 

emissions are also included in this sector). 

 

The emissions of CO2 originating from category 1A1c ‘Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy 

Industries’ are the emissions coming form the combustion in the cokes ovens. Also the emissions of 

CO2 of some energetic activities in the mines (mainly an auto-generator) in the Flemish region during 

the beginning of the nineties is included in this category 1A1c. Emissions of CH4 and N2O allocated in 

this category 1A1c are the emissions originating from these energetic activities in the mines in the 

Flemish region and the emissions of CH4 and N2O from the cokes ovens in the other regions (CH4

emissions are in fact negligible and the N2O emissions are rather small). 

In Wallonia and Brussels, the emissions of indirect greenhouse gases from the cokes ovens are also 

reported in category 1A1c. The fugitive emissions are reported in category 1B1b. 

In the Flemish region the emissions of the air pollutants from the cokes ovens are reported in the 

category 1A2 except for the NMVOC-emissions (allocated in category 1A2) and the CH4-emissions 

are reported in category 1A1c (instead of the category 1B1b in the previous submission). 

3.1.2 Industry 

The structure of the industrial sector has undergone profound changes over recent decades. The 

mining industries have practically disappeared with the closure of the last coalmines in the beginning

of the nineties. The metallurgy and textile sectors have been relatively stable, after several waves of 

closures and restructuring. The metallurgical industry nevertheless remains one of the key sectors of 

Belgian industry, both in terms of employment and turnover. The two other key sectors of industrial 

activity are the chemical industry and the food processing industry, which contribute respectively 

3.8% and 2.5% to the GDP. 

The category 1A2 ‘Manufacturing industries and construction’ contains the energetic emissions of the 

industrial sector of the 3 regions in Belgium. The following sectors are involved: iron and steel 

(1A2a), non-ferous metals (1A2b), chemicals (1A2c), pulp, paper and print (1A2d), food processing, 

beverages and tobacco (1A2e) and other industries (1A2f). 

The following industries are integrated in category 1.A.2.f (Other industries): non-metallic mineral 

products, (cement, lime, asphalt concrete, glass, mineral wool, bricks and tiles, fine ceramic 

materials), metal products, textile, leather and clothing and other industry (wood industry, rubber and 

synthetic material, manufacturing of furniture, recycling and construction included). 

The urban environment of the Brussels region does not provide the great surfaces required for the 

establishment of industry. With the exception of a producer of cars, the Brussels industry is made up 

of small and very small industrial companies with high added value or close to the ultimate consumer. 

All these industries are integrated in category 1.A.2.f (Other industries). 

The emissions of N2O of the sector iron and steel in the Flemish region are negligible (several 

responses of the industry), the emissions of CH4 of this sector are allocated to the categories 1A1c 

(coke oven, see section 3.1.1) and 2C (sinterproduction). In the Walloon region, the emissions of N2O 

and CH4 of the sector iron and steel are in the category iron and steel (1A2a) and the fugitive 

emissions of CH4 from the coke ovens are allocated to the categories 1B1b. 
47 

The emissions originating from the use of recovered fuels from cracking units or other processes 

where a fuel is used as a raw material and where a part of this fuel (or transformed product) is 

recovered for energy purposes is allocated to category 1A2c / other fuels. 

3.1.3 Transport 

Belgium is provided with a very dense road (4,958 km/km2) and rail (116 m/km2) network (2004). 

These densities of road and rail networks should be looked at in conjunction with the very high density 

of population in Belgium : relative to the number of inhabitants the infrastructure is close to the 

European average. The port of Antwerp is very important for Belgium. It is the second largest 

European seaport, and one of the 5 largest in the world. The port of Antwerp benefits from excellent 

connections to the hinterland and the large French and German industrial basins by waterway (1500 

km of navigable routes). It has also been decided to strengthen the rail infrastructure giving access to 

the port of Antwerp. Road transport is the mean of transport the most generally used in Belgium, both 

for the transport of goods and passengers, generating severe traffic congestion. Even though 

congestion is lower than in the neighbouring countries, the number of road accident victims is very 

high, but is going down. Damages to the environment resulting from fuel use in road traffic are 

considerable. Goods are transported by railway for 13% of total achieved tonne-kilometers in 

Belgium, on navigable waterways for 13.6% and by road transport for 73.3% (2006). 

 

The reported emissions in the transport sector are reported in the categories 1A3a civil aviation, 1A3b 

road transportation, 1A3c railways, 1A3d navigation and 1A3e other transportation. 

In the category 1A3e the emissions originating from the transport of natural gas through pipelines are

allocated. 

Since the submission in 2004, the CO2 emissions for road transport are based on fuels sold. These 

figures are originating from the Belgian energy balance of fuels sold. Emissions of CH4 and N2O are 

not calculated based on the Belgian energy statistics, but are the sum of the emissions calculated by 

the 3 regions using a methodology based on the COPERT III methodology in the Walloon and 

Brussels region and a country-specific methodology (the so-called MIMOSA-model see also section 

1.3.1) in the Flemish region. The MIMOSA-model in the Flemish region is also based on the 

COPERT III model. 

3.2 Methodological issues 

3.2.1. Regional energy balances and related greenhouse gases 

As mentioned above the most important sources to calculate the energetic greenhouse gas emissions in 

the 3 regions in Belgium are the regional energy balances. 

These balances are established by the Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito) in the 

Flemish region and by the ‘Institut de Conseil et d’Etudes en Développement Durable’ (ICEDD) in the 

other regions. 

The regional energy balances are entirely transferred to the energy sector of the regional CRF-tables 

(CRF-Reporter) to obtain the energy consumption data. The regional CRF-tables are annexed to this 

report (annex 4). To obtain the national energy consumption data, the regional energy consumption 

data are added up. 
48 

Flemish energy balance:

Since the mid nineties, VITO establishes in commission of the Flemish administration a yearly energy 

balance. The first independent energy balance was set up for the year 1994. In 1999 the independent 

energy balance was set up for the reference year 1990. The years 1991 to 1993 are estimates, mainly 

based on a calculation derived from the Belgian energy statistics and energy data from the other 

regions (Flanders = Belgium – Wallonia – Brussels). Although the energy balances for the years 1991 

to 1993 are set up as qualitative as possible with the available information, some interpolation work 

was needed to complete these balances. As a consequence some questions raised by the ERT of 

UNFCCC during the reviews remain partly unanswered. The Flemish energy balances, once approved 

by a committee with representatives of the Flemish administration, are available for the general public 

on the website http://www.emis.vito.be. 

By obtaining more accurate and/or more detailed information or by adapting some methodologies the 

figures of the energy balances can change, even for the historical years. 

The energy balance is performed by using the results of surveys carried out and reporting obligations 

(industrial sector, the commercial and institutional sector and the transformation sector) and by using 

existing statistics. 

Before any legal obligations of reporting emissions existed, the Flemish region had a tradition of 

contacting the most important industry on a voluntary basis to estimate the emissions of air pollutants 

and greenhouse gases. Once the reporting obligations of greenhouse gases became valid in 2005 (first 

reporting year 2004), Flanders did optimize its greenhousegas inventory. 

In what follows a short description is given of the main datasources and methodologies used for the 

different sectors in the energy balance: 

1) Transformation sector: 

 

- The production figures of electricity are available from the Belgian Electricity Federation until 

2003. From 2004 on these figures are available from surveys and from reporting obligations 

(obliged annual reporting of grid operators of gaz and electricity, auto-producers and operators 

of combined heat-power installations and of renewable energy). 

- The energy consumption of power installations for the production of electricity and/or heat is 

based on different data sources: the surveys carried out until 2003 by the Belgian Electricity 

Federation in cooperation with the Vito, from 2004 on the annual obliged integrated 

environmental reports (observance by the Flemish Environment Agency and the department of 

Environment, Nature & Energy), from May 2005 an obliged reporting for the producers of 

renewable heat, combined heat & power installations and the auto-producers in the Flemish 

region. This information is used to determine total input, output and own-use of the sector of 

electricity and heat. To conclude also the data of the green stream certificates of the Flemish 

Regulation Authority for the Electricity and Gas market (the so-called VREG) are used. 

- The data sources for the energy consumption (energy content of waste) of waste installations

with electricity production are also the annual obliged integrated environmental reports in 

combination with information about the green stream certificates of the VREG. Also 

information about the sorting analysis of the rubbish (refuse bag) and the calorific values of 

the different fractions, available from the responsible waste institute in the Flemish region, are 

used. The waste is allocated to the input of the power installations when it concerns 

inatallations with energy recuperation. A part of the waste is considered as biomass. The not-
49 

renewable fraction is allocated to the category ‘other fuels’. The share of biomass is 

determined on the basis of the sorting analysis. 

- The fuel consumption of the auto-producers is not allocated to the transformation sector but to 

the sector where they belong to. The datasources of the fuel consumption and the electricity 

production come from the obliged reporting of the auto-producers to the Flemish authority. 

- The figures of the refineries in Belgium (all refineries in Belgium are located in the Flemish 

region) are published in the petroleum balances of the federal services of Economy. All 

products/fuels used and produced are taken over in the Flemish energy balance. Only the 

output of the refinery gas is calculated and not taken over from the petroleum balance. The 

output of refinery gas is the sum of the input in the transformation sector, the own-use of the 

refineries and the end-use of the gas (in the power installations or industry). The data source 

of the figures of own-use of the refineries are from the Verification Office Benchmarking and 

from the annual integrated environmental reporting obligations. The combined heat-power 

installations of 2 refineries are installations in joint-venture with the electricity producers and 

are allocated to the sector of electricity and heat (1A1a). 

- The figures in the sector of the production of cokes are directly originating from the industry 

involved. From 1997 only one company in the Flemish region is still involved. 

- The other activities in the transformation sector are limited. The losses on the electricity 

network are calculated as a fraction of the losses on the Belgian network based on the 

electricity consumption. The most recent figures are available for the year 2004. 

2) Industry: 

- The non-energy use in the energy balance is the sum of feedstocks of the chemical industry 

(mainly nafta, propane/LPG/butane) and some other products like white spirit, bitumes, 

solvents, ... which are used in a non-energetic way. In the course of 2003 a project was 

developed to estimate the non-energetic use in the Flemish region. The study was carried out 

in cooperation with the chemical federation. From then on, a yearly survey is carried out and 

sent to all companies involved. Information about rest fuels and their emissions of CO2 as well 

as process emissions of CO2 were asked. 

- The energy consumption of the industry is calculated on the basis of surveys carried out by the 

Vito, data from the companies which are entered to the benchmarkconvenant (deliverded 

through the federations), data from the surveys carried out by the chemical federation 

(Essencia) and the annual integrated environmental reports. There is also a cooperation with 

the other federations [Agoria (technological sectors) Fedustria and Centexbel (textile, wood) 

and Fevia (food)]. The petroleumproducts are extrapolated on the basis of the data of 

electricity consumption (from the electricity grid operators). Since the liberalization of the gas 

and electricity market it became difficult to obtain the consumption data of gas and electricity 

per sector. From 2003 on the distribution grid operators of electricity are obliged to report on 

an annual basis what they take off of the network per sector. From 2005 on also the transport 

grid operator is obliged to report this information. These data together with the results of the 

surveys carried out by the Vito are used to estimate the consumption of electricity per 

subsector. Also since 2005 there is a reporting obligation of the distribution and transport 

gridoperators of gas. These data together with the results of the surveys carried out by the Vito 

are used to estimate the consumption of gas per subsector. 

Also since 2005 there is a reporting obligation for the producers of renewable energy, 

combined heat-power installations and auto-producers. These data are also performed in the 

energy balance. 

The consumption of the rest fuels in the chemical sector (‘other fuels’ in the energy balance) is 

estimated on the basis of the results of the survey carried out by Fedichem. In most cases the 

consumptions in Joules or the emission factor is known. In some cases the energy 

consumption is calculated on the basis of the emissions of CO2 with an emission factor of 70 

kton CO2/PJ. 
50 

3) households: 

- The energy consumption of the households in the Flemish region for the base year 1990 is 

estimated based on a calculation model, developed by prof. Hens of the University of Leuven. 

The housing stock in the Flemish region in combination with some assumptions concerning 

the technical properties of the different types of buildings are used in the model. The housing 

stock is known via the population census (last one dates from 1990). This is performed every 

ten year and asked about the type of warming and the used fuels for the different types. The 

housing stock is corrected with the annual data of new building, back-fitting and scrapping 

originating from the national statistics. 

- For the years 1994 to 1999 the data from the Panel Study of Belgian households (PSBH) of 

1995 are used to calculate the energy consumption of the households for the liquid fuels, coal 

and butane/propane. Because of the climate-dependent resource of the energy consumption in 

the households, a climate correction is added. An assumption is used of 85% of the energy 

consumption in households is climate-dependent. Also the degree-days are taken into account. 

The data of the Belgian Electricity Federation and from FIGAS (federation of gas industry) 

are used for estimating the consumptions of electricity and gas. 

- For the years 2000 and 2001 the energy consumption of the households in the Flemish region 

is calculated based on the survey ‘energy and energy efficient behaviour 2001’. The 

consumption in 2000 is calculated on the basis of the average consumption as a result of the 

survey, the national statistics about the number of households and an estimation of the 

percentage using a certain energy carrier. The energy consumption in 2001 is based on the 

same results of the survey in combination with an extrapolation based on the number of 

buildings in the Flemish region and the relative share of energy carriers used in the buildings 

originating from the socio-economic survey of 2001. For 2000 and 2001 a correction is made 

based on the degree-days and 85% of the energy consumption is assumed to be climatedependent. Again the data of the Belgian Electricity Federation and from FIGAS (federation 

of gas industry) are used for estimating the consumptions of electricity and gas. 

- From 2002 on, a methodology was developed that first calculates the number of households in 

the Flemish region with the main-heating of gas, liquid fuel, coal and other fuels. Afterwards 

the consumption of the fuels is calculated based on statistics from FIGAS or from the grid 

operators (gas), results of surveys (liquid fuel) performed by the Flemish Energy Agency or 

models (coal, biomass). The consumption of electricity is based on the information of the 

distribution grid operators. 

4) commercial and institutional sector: 

- The energy consumption in the service sector is calculated using the energy data of different 

sources (survey carried out in 2006 by the Vito, energy cooperation agreement with the 

communities and provinces, the annual integrated environment reporting). Since the 

liberalization of the energy market it also became more difficult in the service sector to obtain 

the consumption data of gas and electricity on a voluntary basis. Even after the reporting 

obligations for the distribution grid operators (since 2003) and the transport grid operators of 

electricity (since 2005) and the gas operators (since 2005) it remains difficult to split up the 

consumption of low voltage into the different subsectors of the service sector. In combination 

with the results of the surveys carried out by the Vito, some correction factors are used. 

5) agriculture: 

- The calculation of the energy consumption for the agriculture is based on the use of specific 

parameters from literature i.e. the energy consumption per unit or per animal. A lot of 

statistical information is available from the national statistics and the services in the policy 

areas of agriculture and fishery of the Ministry of the Flemish Community. The national 

statistics publish on an annual basis detailed information about the agriculture countings (on 
51 

the 15th of May). Statistics about the hectares of agricultural crops and the number of animals 

are used to estimate the energy consumption of the different subsectors. The consumption of 

gas and electricity is based on the data of the gridoperators of gas and electricity. All 

consumption of gas is allocated to the greenhouse cultivation. For the electricity consumption 

the division into the different subsectors is performed by using the specific parameters from 

literature except for the greenhouse cultivation. The electricity consumption of the greenhouse 

cultivation is total electricity consumption (from grid operators) reduced with electricity 

consumption of the other subsectors. The energy consumption of the other energy carriers are 

based on the specific parameters from literature. 

6) transport: 

The energy consumption data in the transport sector contains only the consumptions of the real 

transport activities. No other energy consumption data are included (f.i. from buildings, storage 

areas, ... from transport companies). For the different transport modes other methodologies are 

used to estimate the energy consumptions. 

- road transport: The results of an environmental impact module for road transport, MIMOSA, 

are used to calculate the emissions of CO2. These emissions are used to calculate the energy 

consumption data in the energy balance with default emission factors of IPCC. The model is 

simulating the emissions of the air pollutants originating from road traffic. The model is 

calculating the emissions at the outlet on the basis of mobility data, vehicle parc data and 

emission factors. The output of the model gives emissions per road segment which allow a 

geographical distribution of the emissions. The implied emission factors are based on the 

Copert-III methodology but actualized with the results of the ‘on-road’ measurements carried 

out by the Vito. For more information : 

http://www.vito.be/english/environment/environmentalstudy9d2.htm 

However, CO2 emissions calculated for road transport do not originate from the regional 

energy balances, but the federal sale statistics are used to calculate the CO2-emissions for 

Belgium for road transport. 

- railways: The data from the National Society of the Belgian Railways (NMBS) are used to 

calculate the energy consumption for the train services in Belgium. These data are available 

for the transport of persons and goods and for electricity and gasoil driving. The total 

consumption of gasoil in Flanders is based on the Belgian data of gasoil consumption and the 

regional information on driven train- and tonne-kilometers of persons and goods. The 

electricity consumption can be determined in the same way but from 2002 on the data of the 

grid operators are used. 

o tram cars: The energy consumption of the tram cars (only electricity) in the Flemish 

region is based on the electricity consumption data from the grid operators for the 

total railway traffic (train+tram+trolley busses). The available statistics from the 

Flemish Transport Society (De Lijn) and the Society for the Inter-urban Transport in 

Brussels (MIVB) are also used. 

o trolley busses: The same methodology as for the tram traffic is used here. 

- air traffic: All the Flemish airports are reporting about their fuel consumption (put in the 

tanks) of gasoline and kerosene for the civil air traffic. The fuel consumption of kerosene and 

gasoline used in military aviation are reported annually by the Ministry of Defence. It is 

difficult to split the energy consumption in air traffic between inland and foreign/abroad 

consumption. The assumption is made in the Flemish energy balance that all gasoline is used 

within the Flemish region and all kerosene is used abroad. The amount of kerosene in the 

Flemish air traffic is allocated entirely to the international bunkers. 

- navigation: Two subsectors are distinguished in the sector of navigation in the Flemish region: 

the navigation on the Flemish territory and the navigation which is allocated to the 

international bunkers. The fishery is allocated to the agriculture sector. The energy 

consumption for the traffic of goods is based on the tonne-kilometers on the different rivers 

and channels and an average energy consumption per tonne-kilometer. For the traffic of 
52 

passengers a rough estimate is made for the commercial pleasure cruising. For the noncommercial pleasure cruising the sold vignettes are used in combination with an average 

consumption per vignette. The Flemish bunkers are the same as the Belgian bunkers because 

the Flemish region is the only region which is located to the seasite in Belgium. The Belgian 

data of international and local bunkering in the navigation sector are originating from the 

national petroleum balance. 

- pipelines: There is some energy required to transport gases and liquids (negligible amount of 

energy) through pipelines. The energy consumption needed for the transport, the transit and 

the distribution of gas in the Flemish region is estimated based on the figures from Fluxys (the 

independent operator of the gas network in Belgium) and the grid operators. 

Walloon energy balance

The regional energy balance is prepared by ICEDD in convention with the “Direction générale 

opérationnelle Aménagement du territoire, logement, patrimoine, énergie” (Energy administration of 

the Walloon region). 

The report of the regional energy balance is in French available, but not in English and can be found 

on the following website. 

Walloon energy balance: http://energie.wallonie.be/fr/bilan-energetiquewallon.html?IDC=6288http://energie.wallonie.be 

As in Flanders, the energy balance is performed by using the results of surveys and by using existing 

statistics. 

There aren’t legal obligations of reporting energy consumption, the Walloon region had a tradition of 

contacting the most important consumers on a voluntary basis to give their energy consumptions. 

In what follows a short description is given of the main data sources and methodologies used for the 

different sectors in the energy balance: 

1) Transformation sector: 

 

- The production figures of electricity are available from surveys to different operators as grid 

operators of gas and electricity, auto-producers and operators of renewable energy. 

- The energy consumption of power installations for the production of electricity and/or heat is 

based on the REGINE survey (an environmental integrated survey which includes all pertinent 

environment-related reporting requirements for 280 companies). These data are 

simultaneously available by the inventory expert and the energy statistics experts.

- The figures in the sector of the production of cokes are directly originating from the industry 

involved. 

2) Industry: 

- The energy consumption of the industry sector is calculated on the basis of surveys and 

extrapolations : 

A part of the data’s from the companies are reported to Regine (280 companies) and 800 

others companies reports also their data’s. 

The consumption data of electricity (high voltage) and gas per sector are given by the CWaPE 

(Walloon commission for energy). 

The consumption and production data’s of the autoproducers and the producers of renewable 

energy are also given by the CWaPE. 

The petroleum products are extrapolated on the basis of electricity consumption. 
53 

- The non-energy use in the energy balance is the sum of feedstocks in the chemical industry 

(natural gas) and some other products like solid fuels, grease, mineral oil, ... which are used in 

a non-energetic way. The solid fuels and the natural gas are listed with the annual survey. The 

others fuels are estimated with federal data’s extrapolated with the part of the Walloon region 

in the considered sector and the annual survey. 

3) households: 

- The energy consumption of the households sector is calculated on the basis of regional data’s 

on the amount of natural gas and electricity sold in this sector (CWaPE), on the basis of 

national data’s (liquid fuels and solid fuels), on the basis of the socio-economic survey of 

2001and on the basis of weather data’s. 

4) commercial and institutional sector: 

- The energy consumption in the service sector is calculated using the energy data of different 

sources (regional data’s on the amount of natural gas and electricity sold in this sector 

(CWaPE), annual survey carried out by Icedd for all consumers “high voltage” (4800 

establishments with a respond of 58 %). 

5) agriculture: 

- The calculation of the energy consumption for the agriculture is based on the use of specific 

parameters from the “Faculté des Sciences agronomiques de Gembloux” i.e. the energy 

consumption per unit or per animal. A lot of statistical information is available from the 

regional statistics (DGA). 

6) transport: 

The energy consumption data in the transport sector contains only the consumptions of the real 

transport activities. No other energy consumption data are included (f.i. from buildings, storage 

areas, ... from transport companies). For the different transport modes other methodologies are 

used to estimate the energy consumptions. 

- road transport: CO2 emissions calculated for road transport do not originate from the regional 

energy balances, but the federal sale statistics are used to calculate the CO2-emissions for 

Belgium for road transport. On the regional level the COPERT III model is used for policy 

purposes. 

- railways: The data from the National Society of the Belgian Railways (NMBS) are used to 

calculate the energy consumption for the train services in Belgium. These data are available 

for the transport of persons and goods and for electricity and gasoil driving. The total 

consumption of gasoil in the Walloon region is based on the Belgian data of gasoil 

consumption and the regional information on driven train- and tonne-kilometres of persons 

and goods. 

- air traffic: the fuel consumption (put in the tanks) of gasoline and kerosene for the civil air 

traffic is given by the MET (regional ministry for transport). The fuel consumption of 

kerosene and gasoline used in military aviation are reported annually by the Ministry of 

Defence. 

- navigation: The energy consumption for the traffic is given by the MET and is based on the 

tonne-kilometres on the different rivers and channels and an average energy consumption per 

tonne-kilometre. 

- pipelines: There is some energy required to transport gases and liquids (negligible amount of 

energy) through pipelines. The energy consumption needed for the transport, the transit and 
54 

the distribution of gas in the Walloon region is estimated based on the figures from Fluxys 

(the independent operator of the gas network in Belgium). 

Brussels energy balance

As in Wallonia, the regional energy balance is prepared by ICEDD in convention with the IBGE 

(Brussel’s environnement). 

The report of the regional energy balance will be available on the Brussel’s environnement website 

(www.bruxellesenvironnement.be) in June (final version), only in French. . The old versions are still 

available at the same place (for 2006 : 

http://documentation.bruxellesenvironnement.be/documents/Bilan_energetique_RBC_2006_FR.PDF). 

As in the other regions, the energy balance is performed by using the results of surveys and by using 

existing statistics. 

In what follows a short description is given of the main data sources and methodologies used for the 

different sectors in the energy balance: 

1) Transformation sector: 

 

- The production figures of electricity are available from regulator’s press communications, 

statistics from SIBELGA (only distribution network operator for electricity and natural gas in 

the Brussels-Capital Region), SPF EPMECME (public service) and annual surveys from 

ICEDD. 

- The energy consumption of power installations for the production of electricity and/or heat is 

based on a survey achieved by ICEDD. 

2) Industry: 

- The energy consumption of the industry sector is calculated on the basis of a survey. This 

survey is conducted by the biggest industries. Then an extrapolation is achieved, based on the 

electricity consumptions. 

3) households: 

- The energy consumption of the households sector is calculated on the basis of regional data’s 

from SIBELGA and Febupro (electricity and gas) and SPF EPMECME (liquid and solid 

fuels). 

4) commercial and institutional sector: 

- High-voltage : the energy consumption is calculated using the energy data based on a survey 

and direct contacts with “high voltage” consumers and big international public organisms. 

- Low-voltage : the energy consumption is calculated by the “topdown” method. The 

consumption of oil-products is estimated from the fuel/naturel gas ratio and the Belgian 

consumptions. 

5) agriculture: 

- No agriculture activities take place in the Brussels region. 

6) transport: 
55 

The energy consumption data in the transport sector contains only the consumptions of the real 

transport activities. No other energy consumption data are included (f.i. from buildings, storage 

areas, ... from transport companies). For the different transport modes other methodologies are 

used to estimate the energy consumptions. 

- road transport: The results of the COPERT III model are used to calculate the emissions of 

CO2 on the regional level. This model is revised every year in order to take into account the 

new calcul conventions from the European experts. The details of the COPERT model are 

available on the website of the autors : http://lat.eng.auth.gr/copert/. The input of the model 

comes from an other model “Myrtille”, developed for the region and base on COPERT III. 

However, CO2 emissions calculated for road transport do not originate from the regional 

energy balances, but the federal sale statistics are used to calculate the CO2-emissions for 

Belgium for road transport. 

- railways: The data from the National Society of the Belgian Railways (NMBS) are used to 

calculate the energy consumption for the train services in Belgium. These data are available 

for the transport of persons and goods and for electricity and gasoil driving. 

- air traffic: this activity does not occur in the Brussels region. 

- navigation: The energy consumption for the traffic is given by the Brussel’s port. 

- pipelines: There is some energy required to transport gases through pipelines. The estimation 

of energy consumption needed for the transport, the transit and the distribution of gas in the 

Brussel region is based on the figures from Fluxys (the independent operator of the gas 

network in Belgium). 

Energetic greenhouse gas emissions of CO2

In the 3 regions in Belgium the IPCC-default emission factors of 1996 are mainly used for CO2 in the 

sector of energy. These emission factors are summarized below. In these emission factors of CO2 the 

IPCC default oxidation factors are already adjusted. These oxidation factors take into account that not 

100% of the carbon in the fuel is transmitted to CO2. This factor is 0.98 for solid fuels and 0.99 for 

liquid and 0.995 for gaseous fuels. 

Products emission factors 

 (g CO2/MJ) 

Flanders Wallonia Brussels

coal tars 92,7 -

coking coal 92,7 (6) 92,7 92.7

Brown 

coal/lignite 

99,2 

Butane/propane 62,75

coke oven coke 106,0 106 

crude oil 72,6 -

Refinery gas 55,1 - 56,5 (1)-

LPG 62,4 62,4

Gasoline 68,6 -

Kerosene 70,8 70,8 70,8

gas/diesel oil 73,3 73,3 73.3 

lamp petroleum 71,1 71,1

residual fuel oil 76,6 76,6 76.6 

Naphta 72,6 -
56 

petroleum coke 99,8 99,8

other petroleum 72,6 -

natural gas 55,8 55,8 55.8

coke oven gas 

47,4 (till 2001) and 38-40 

(from 2002) on(5)

47.4 47.4 

blast furnace gas 250-265(5) 256,8-264,3 (4)

other products (2) -

biogas -75 (3)

Waste gas -66-72,5 (3)

Industrial waste -86,6 (3)

Black liquor -100 (3)

wood -100 (3)

Table 3.1. : Emission factors used to calculate energy related emissions of CO2 (IPCC default unless 

indicated). 

(1) Inquiry with the refineries 

(2) Depending on the product in question, information through inquiries with the companies involved 

or default 

(3) Source: EMEP/CORINAIR 

(4) Country specific emission factors 

(5) Inquiry with the electricity sector and iron and steel sector 

(6) The default IPCC value is not used for the large power plants 

The Net calorific value of these differents products are mentionned in the annex 5. 

Energetic greenhouse gas emissions of CH4 and N2O

The emission factors of CH4 and N2O used to calculate the energetic emissions in the different 

subsectors of the sector energy are described in the respective sections 3.2.2. to 3.2.8. 

3.2.2. Energy industries (category 1A1) 

Public electricity and heat plants (category 1A.a) 

The activity data reported in this sector are the fuel consumption data as reported in the regional 

energybalances (see section 3.2.1.). This category contains the power installations for the production

of electricity and heat and the combined heat-power installations (in joint venture with the electricity 

producers). These installations are located in different sectors in Belgium (industry, agriculture and

service sector). Also included in this sector are the waste incineration installations with energy 

recuperation (waste incineration installations without energy recuperation are allocated in the sector

6C waste incineration, see chapter 8). 

CO2

For the large power plants in the public electricity sector, the CO2 emissions are reported directly by 

the power plants and based on analyses of the fuels. In Wallonia, since 2004, emission trading 

companies (included the power plants and coke oven plants) are obliged to report their energy 

consumptions and CO2 emissions via a website (Regine). These data have been checked during the 

emission trading verifications. 
57 

For the smaller plants for which no emissions of CO2 are reported directly to the responsible 

authorities, default CO2 emission factors are used except for some specific fuel types(see table 3.1). In 

the latter case more detailed information of the individual companies is used . 

In the Brussels region there is only one significant power plant. The electricity is produced from the

municipal waste incineration. The CO2 emission factor from EPA is used. The fraction of organic 

municipal waste has been deduced from analyses of dustbins [37 and 48] and have led to a fraction of 

biomass origin, variable for the whole time series, from 62 % to 53 %. 

For the smaller plants in Brussels, default CO2 emission factors are used (see table 3.1). 

CH4 and N2O 

The emission factors of CH4 and N2O used in the sector of public electricity and heat plants are 

summarized in table 3.2. 

In Flanders, emission factors from TNO (Netherlands) [4] are used to calculate the emissions of N2O 

for the installations for public electricity and from the EMEP/CORINAIR handbook (table 27) [3] to 

calculate the emissions of CH4. These emission factors are agreed with the electricity producers. 

For the combined heat-power installations the Flemish region uses the emission factors of natural gas 

(in gas turbines) as described in table 3.2 for the industrial sector, the IPCC 1996 emission factors for 

the service sector (i.e. 5 g CH4/GJ and 0.1 g N2O/GJ) and the CITEPA90 emission factors for the 

agriculture sector (i.e. 1 g CH4/GJ and 2 g N2O/GJ for gas and 3 g CH4/GJ and 12 g N2O/GJ for fuel). 

In Wallonia and in Brussels, emissions of CH4 and N2O are calculated using emission factors of the 

1996 IPCC Guidelines. 

As the table 3.2 makes clear especially for N2O the emission factors of IPCC 1996 and TNO 

(Netherlands) are largely consistent. 

Fuel UNIT CH4 N2O

Fl (1) Wall (2) Br (2) Fl (3) Wall (2) Br (2)

Coal g/GJ 0,6 1 / 1,40 1,40 /

Fuel g/GJ 0,7 3 / 0,60 0,60 /

diesel oil g/GJ 0,03 1,5 / 0,60 0,60 /

diesel oil (in gas turbine) g/GJ 1

natural gas (in gas turbine g/GJ 2,5 2,5 2.5 0,10 0,10 0.1

natural gas g/GJ 0,1 1 / 0,10 0,10 /

Cokes gas g/GJ 0,1 1 / 0,10 0,10 / 

blast furnace-gas g/GJ 0,1 1 / 0,10 0,10 /

H2-gas g/GJ 0,00 - / 0,00 - /

Dry sludge g/GJ 0,6 - / 1,4 - /

Bisfenol-resin g/GJ 0,6 - / 1,4 - /

Agricultural waste g/GJ - 30 / 4 /

Municipal waste - 60 g/ton (1) 60 g/ton (1)

Coffee g/GJ - 1,4

Olive seeds g/GJ 0,6 1,4

Biogas (stat. engines)) G/GJ 2,5 (1) 0,1

Biofuel g/GJ 0,7 0,6

Table 3.2 : Emission factors of CH4 and N2O for the sector 1.A.1.a Public electricity and Heat 

Production. 
58 

(1) Source: EMEP/CORINAIR 

(2) Source: IPCC 1996 

(3) Source : TNO 

Petroleum refining (category 1A1b) 

The activity data of the petroleum refining are taken over from the Flemish energy balance (see 

section 3.2.1 for more information). 

As indicated in section 3.1.1. petroleum refining only occurs in Flanders. The emissions of CO2 are 

reported to the responsible authorities by the Belgian Petroleum Federation and the petroleum refining

companies. Since 2005 (emissions 2004) these emissions are reported by the companies on an 

obligatory basis (see section 1.3.1). 

The emissions of the petroleum refineries are allocated to the following sectors: 

- 1A1a (for the combined heat-power installations of the refineries in joint venture with the 

electricity producers) 

- 1B2c for the flaring emissions of CO2

- 1B2a for the total CH4-emissions (incl. the flaring emissions which represent an important 

share) and 

1A1b for the total emissions of CO2 and N2O of the refineries excluding the emissions from flaring 

and from the combined heat-power installations. 

 

CH4 and N2O emissions from petroleum refining are calculated using a combination of monitoring 

results (for the 2 largest companies) and emission factors of CITEPA [2] for the smaller companies. 

These emission factors are based on the input of crude oil : 

• 0.24 g CH4/ ton crude oil originating from 6% auto-combustion *4 g CH4/ton crude oil; 

• 22 g N2O/ton crude oil originating from 6% auto-consumption and an emission factor of 

9g/GJ (50% fuel oil and 50% gas); 

• To calculate the fugitive emissions an emission factor of 5 g CH4 / ton crude oil is used. 

The results of the monitoring of the emissions of CH4 and N2O became available in 2005 (emissions 

2004) for the 2 largest companies exceeding the threshold value (10 ton/year for N2O and 100 ton/year 

for CH4). Based on these results, the emissions of CH4 and N2O were revised from 1990 on during the 

previous submissions (partly monitoring and partly extrapolation) and actualized emissions for the 

complete time series were included in the inventory. 

Manufacture of solid fuels and other energy industries (category 1A1c) 

As indicated in section 3.1.1. the emissions originating from category 1A1c ‘Manufacture of Solid 

Fuels and Other Energy Industries’ are the emissions coming form the combustion in the cokes ovens. 

Since the in-country review of UNFCCC in June 2007 the energetic activities of the mine industry, 

active in the Flemish region, are also included in this category 1A1c. These activities consist of an 
59 

auto-producer of electricity that was active until 1996 (the waste of the coal was used to produce 

electricity) and of energy needed for the sorting machines which were active until 1999. 

In Wallonia, in the category 1A1c the emission factors are those proposed in the EMEP/CORINAIR 

guidebook and the IPCC Guidelines [24] (table 3.1 and table 3.3). Same emissionfactors for N2O are 

used in the Walloon region as those mentioned in the Emep/corinair guidebook. Since 2005, the CO2

emissions have been giving directly by the plant in their reporting under the emission trading scheme.

Fuel UNIT Wallonia 

 CH4 N2O 

Diesel oil g/GJ 1,5(2) 0,60(1)

natural gas g/GJ 2,5(2) 0,10(1)

Coke oven gas g/GJ 1(2) 0,10(1)

blast furnace-gas g/GJ 0,16(2) 0,10(1)

Table 3.3. : CH4 and N2O emissions factors per fuel in the coking works. 

(1) Source: IPCC 1996 

(2) Source: EMEP/CORINAIR 

There was one coke plant in the Brussels region until 1993. The emission factors used, are the 

same as the one used in the Walloon region except for CH4 for which emission factors from EPA are 

used. 

In Flanders the emission factors used to calculate the emissions of CO2 from the mine 

activities in this category are the IPCC 1996 emission factors which are included in table 3.1. The 

emissions of CO2 from the cokesovens are calculated with specific emission factors from the industry 

involved based on analysis of the fuels. 

The emissions of CH4 and N2O included in this category from the Flemish region are the energetic 

emissions from the mine activities and are also calculated by using the IPCC 1996 emission factors 

(see table 3.5). 

The emissions of CH4 from the cokesovens in the Flemish region are during this submission newly 

allocated in this category 1A1c (instead of the category 1B1b). 

Emissions of CH4 originating from the production of cokes were estimated in Flanders until 

the 2005 submission by using emission factors of CITEPA [2], which are in line with the emission 

factors of the EMEP/CORINAIR handbook (400 g CH4/ton cokes). 

During the submission in 2006 a revision of the emissions of CH4 was carried out due to the 

availability of more detailed information of the industry involved. Based on monitoring results carried 

out in 2001, 2002 and 2004, the emissions of CH4 were optimized from 1990 on. During this 2009 

submission the emissions of CH4 of the cokes ovens are newly allocated to this sector 1A1c to 

harmonize with the other regions. After consulting the company involved in the Flemish region, these 

emissions of CH4 are considered as total emissions of the cokesovens. 

Contacts with the relevant industry in Flanders indicates that no emissions of N2O occurs in this 

sector. 
60 

3.2.3. Manufacturing industry and construction (category 1A2) 

The energy consumption data for the category 1A2 originate from the regional energy balances in the 

3 regions (see section 3.2.1). Also some specific information from the companies themselves are used 

to calculate the greenhouse gas emissions. The latter is the case for the iron and steel sector, cement 

and lime sectors.. 

Emissions of CO2 

In general the emissions of CO2 are calculated by using the IPCC 1996 default emission factors listed 

in table 3.1. 

In Wallonia, since 2004, there are analyses performed by some plants (under the emission trading 

scheme) on their solid fuels, blast furnace gas, coke oven gas and waste fuels. These emission factors 

are taking account in the inventory. Concerning natural gas, gas oil and residual fuel, the CO2 emission 

factors are mainly originated from the IPCC 1996 guidelines. 

Iron and steel sector (category 1A2a) 

The methodologies used to estimate the emissions of the iron and steel sector are described below. 

Because different approaches approved by the different companies involved (a.o. based on historical 

background) it is not possible to harmonize these methodologies between the 2 regions involved 

(Flanders and Wallonia). 

The CO2-emissions from the iron and steel sector are partly put in category 1A2a (the 

energetic part) except for the emissions from the cokes ovens which are allocated in the category 

1A1c) and partly in category 2C1 (process part). See the respective chapters for more information. 

In the iron and steel sector the energy consumption data in the Flemish region originates 

directly from the steel company which delivers the information separately for the cokes ovens and for 

the rest of the company. This information is combined with the energy consumption data of the other 

(smaller) companies in this region to obtain total energy consumption in this sector (see section 3.2.1 

for more information). 

In Wallonia, since 2004, all the IPPC companies are obliged to report their energy 

consumptions, their productions and the emissions of IPPC pollutants including CO2, CH4 and N2O on 

a website (Regine). IPPC companies which are also emission trading companies are obliged to report 

on the same way, by sector. This plant information is compared and combined with the energy balance 

of the sector. The remainder of the emissions is calculated on the based of the remaining fuel 

consumption (energy balance of the sector minus plant energy consumptions). 

The CO2 emissions originating from the blast furnace gas are also included in the category where the 

energy is used. 
61 

Category where the Blast furnace gas 

(TJ) is used in 2006 

1A1a Public Electricity 1A2a Iron and steel 

Walloon region 0 11707,4 

Flemish region 14998 0

In the Flemish region the emissions of CO2 of the biggest steel plant are calculated by using

specific emission factors obtained through analyses performed by this company (also recorded in the 

monitoring protocol of emissions of CO2). The emissions of CO2 of the other (smaller) companies are 

calculated by using mainly IPCC 1996 emission factors. 

The CO2 emissions from the blast furnace gas used are included in the category 1A1a where the 

energy is used i.e. in the Flemish region a power installation located in the neighbourhood of the steel 

company. 

In Wallonia, all the combustion emissions coming from the Iron and steel sector are put in the 

category 1A2a except for the CO2 emissions from the coke ovens which are allocated in the category 

1A1c (the same as in the Flemish region) and the CO2 emissions captured by “pig iron” in the blast 

furnace which are allocated in the category 2C. The CO2 emissions from the blast furnace are 

calculated by a CO2 balance : 

CO2 from “fuel inputs and reducing agents” – CO2 from “blast furnace gas used for energy purposes” 

– CO2 in “pig iron”. 

All the carbon incorporated in the blast furnace is eventually considered to be emitted in CO2 

emissions. 

Other sectors 

The emissions of CO2 of the other sectors in the category 1A2 are calculated by using default IPCC 

1996 emission factors. 

In the lime and cement plants, only located in the Walloon region, the CO2 emission factors used are 

presented in table 3.4. Since 2005, the CO2 emissions from solid fuel and waste are reported directly 

by the companies and based on their fuel consumption and fuel analyses. 

Fuel UNIT CO2 x 103

Fuel cement g/GJ 78c

Diesel oil cement g/GJ 74c

Coal cement g/GJ 92,7-105 

Petroleum coke cement g/GJ 96 

Industrial waste cement g/GJ 75-102 

Gas naturel cement g/GJ 56c

Coal Lime g/GJ 92,7-105 

Industrial waste Lime g/GJ 88 

Coke Lime g/GJ 100c

Fuel Lime g/GJ 77,2i

natural gas Lime g/GJ 55,8i

Table 3.4. : Emissions factors of CO2 in lime and cement plants in Wallonia. 

(Source : IPCCi and EMEP/CORINAIRc ) 

Emisisons of CH4 and N2O 
62 

General 

As a result of the in-country review in June 2007, the 3 regions did perform a harmonization of the 

emission factors used to calculate the emissions of CH4 and N2O in the sector of manufacturing 

industry and construction (category 1A2). Before this 2008 submission, emission factors of CITEPA 

(Flemish region), IPCC 1996 and EMEP/CORINAIR (Walloon region) and from a specific study 

(Brussels region) were used in Belgium. 

The emission factors used to calculate the emissions of CH4 and N2O in the category 1A2 are now for 

all regions based on those proposed in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines except for some specific 

fuels (see table 3.5 below). 

 Flanders Wallonia Brussels Flanders Wallonia Brussels 

Fuel Unit CH4 N2O 

Coal g/GJ 10 10 10 1,4 1,4 1,4 

Coke oven gas g/GJ 5 5 - 0,1 0,1 - 

coke g/GJ - 10 - 1,4 1,4 - 

Natural gas g/GJ 5 5 5 0,1 0,1 0,1 

blast furnacegasg/GJ

5 5

 

0,1 0,1 

- 

Fuel g/GJ 2 2 2 0,6 0,6 0,6 

Diesel oil g/GJ 2 2 2 0,6 0,6 0,6 

Biogas g/GJ - 4 (1) - - 0,1 - 

Waste gas g/GJ - 2,5 (1) - - 0,1 - 

Industrial waste g/GJ - 10 (1) - - 2 (1) - 

Black liquor g/GJ - 15 (1) - - 0,6 - 

Wood g/GJ - 30 - - 4 - 

Table 3.5. : Emission factors of CH4 and N2O in the sector 1.A.2 Manufacturing Industries and 

Construction. 

(1) Source: EMEP/CORINAIR 

Iron and steel sector 

The emissions of CH4 and N2O in the iron and steel sector are calculated with different methodologies 

in the regions: 

In the Walloon region the following CH4 and N2O emission factors in the iron and steel plants 

are used : 

Fuel UNIT CH4 N2O 

Coke breeze Sinter and pelletizing plants g/GJ 50 (2) 1,4 (1)

Coke oven gas Sinter and pelletizing plants g/GJ 257

(2) 0.1 (1)

natural gas Blast furnace g/GJ 2,5 (2) 0.1 (1)
63 

Coke oven gas Blast furnace g/GJ 57 (2) 0.1 (1)

blast furnacegas Blast furnace g/GJ 112 (2) 0.1 (1)

Coal Electric arc furnace g/GJ 15 (2) 1,4 (1)

Coke breeze Electric arc furnace g/GJ 15 (2) 1,4 (1)

Natural gas Electric arc furnace g/GJ 2,5 (2) 0.1 (1)

Table 3.6. : CH4 emissions factors for the different fuels in the iron and steel plants in Wallonia. 

(1) Source: IPCC 1996 

(2) Source: EMEP/CORINAIR 

In the Flemish region the emissions of CH4 of the iron and steel sector are allocated in the 

categories 1B1b (production of cokes) and 2C1 (production of sinter) (see these respective sections for 

more explanation of the methodology used). 

Contacts with the industry involved in the Flemish region indicates that the emissions of N2O in the 

iron and steel sector are negligible. 

Other sectors 

Glass industry 

In the Walloon region the emission factors used in the glass industry are those proposed in the 

EMEP/CORINAIR guidebook for CH4 (table 3.7) and the emission factors from table 3.5 for N2O. 

Fuel UNIT CH4 N2O 

Fuel g/GJ 3 0,6 

Diesel oil g/GJ 1,5 0,6 

Natural gas g/GJ 2,5 0,1 

Table 3.7. : Emission factors per fuel in glass production (EMEP/CORINAIR and IPCC) in Wallonia. 

In the Flemish region the emission factors as shown in table 3.5 are used because in the Flemish 

energy balance the glass industry belongs to the larger group of mineral-non metallic industry. 

Lime and cement industry 

In the lime and cement plants, activities which only take place in the Walloon region, the emissions of 

CH4 and N2O are plant-specific and determined by measurements on the chimney. Implied emission 

factors for CH4 and N2O by fuel are then derived from the energy consumption data and the reported 

emissions. 

3.2.4. Transport (category 1A3 and 1A5b) 

Road transport (1A3b) 

The energy consumption data and CO2 emissions for road transport in the Belgian emission inventory 

are, in contrary with the other sectors where the sum of the regional data is calculated to obtain the

national total, based on federal (Belgian) energy statistics. This approach was recommended by the 
64 

expert review team of UNFCCC during the in-country review in Belgium in 2003. The activity data 

represent the amount of fuels sold in Belgium for road transport. These activity data are multiplied 

with default IPCC 1996 emission factors to calculate the CO2 emissions. An overview of these activity 

data and emissions of CO2 is given in annex 8 of this report ‘Activity data and emissions of CO2 for 

road transport in Belgium (category 1A3b)’. 

Emissions of CH4 and N2O are calculated by compiling the emissions of each region based on the use 

of the specific models used in the 3 regions (based on COPERT III in the Walloon and the Brussels 

region and on the MIMOSA III-model in the Flemish region). 

See section 3.2.1 for more information about the used MIMOSA-model in the Flemish region. 

The complete detailed description of the MIMOSA- III-model can be found in annex 4 of this report 

where the Quality Management System of the greenhouse gas inventory in the Flemish region is 

described. In the technical procedure of the quality management system VMM/EIL/GP/5.003 

‘Procedure for the main process: setting up the greenhouse gas emission inventory’ this methodology 

is recorded in annex 7.3.3. with the data acquisition plan for road traffic in the Flemish region. 

Air transport (1A3a and 1A5) 

The energy consumption data for the sector of air transport in Belgium, activities which take place in

the Flemish and the Walloon region, are these as reported in the regional energy balances. See section

3.2.1 for more information. 

The emissions and energy consumption data of the civil/domestic and military aviation are allocated 

respectively to the sectors 1A3a and 1A5. The emissions and energy consumption data of the 

international activities are allocated to the memo items ‘international bunkers’.

Until the 2008 submission in the Flemish region all kerosene used in the air transport was 

assigned to the bunker fuels and all gasoline for air transport was allocated to domestic air transport 

(included military aviation). A default IPCC emission factor for CO2 was used to calculate the 

corresponding emissions. 

After internal discussions, the Flemish region decided from the 2009 submission on, to keep the same 

methodology for estimating the emissions of CO2 as for the other greenhouse gases and air pollutants, 

mainly to harmonize with the methodology used in the Walloon region. 

These emissions are calculated for the Landing and Take-Off cycle. The methodology is mainly based 

on the methodology described in the EMEP/CORINAIR handbook [3]. These emissions are calculated 

for 4 airports for civil aviation (Antwerp, Ostend, Kortrijk-Wevelgem and the international airport of

Brussels-National) and for 6 airports for military aviation between 1990 and 1996 (Kleine Brogel, 

Brasschaat, Koksijde, Melsbroek, Sint-Truiden and Goetsenhoven and 4 airports for military aviation 

from 1997 untill 2007 (Kleine Brogel, Brasschaat, Koksijde, Melsbroek). 

There has been made some changes to this methodology in the Flemish region after the initial review 

by the expert review team of UNFCCC in June 2007 (more detailed statistics on aircraft movements 

are used).. Afterwards a redistribution in airplane movements was performed between the civil 

aviation and the international aviation. The consequence of this redistribution is a slight increase of the 

greenhouse gas emissions of the base year 1990 with 0,03 kton CO2 eq. 

The complete detailed description of this calculation can be found in annex 4 of this report where the

Quality Management System of the greenhouse gas inventory in the Flemish region is described. In 

the technical procedure of the quality management system VMM/EIL/GP/5.003 ‘Procedure for the 

main process: setting up the greenhouse gas emission inventory’ this methodology is recorded in 

annex 7.3.4. with the data acquisition plan for air traffic in the Flemish region. 

The emissions from domestic LTO and military LTO are reported respectively under the categories 

1A3a (civil aviation) and 1A5 (military aviation), while emissions from international LTO are 

allocated to the memo items ‘international bunkers’. 

In Wallonia, there are two main airports in Liège and Charleroi. The emissions from aviation 

are estimated following a very simple methodology described in the EMEP/CORINAIR guidebook 
65 

[3]. Data on LTO activities and fuel consumption come from the statistics of the two main airports. 

Airports deliver the fuel consumptions for domestic and international activities seperately. 

In the methodology, a distinction is made between emissions from domestic and international LTO 

and cruise activities. Emission factors used to estimate emissions from domestic and international 

traffic are also based on the table 8.2 in the EMEP/CORINAIR guidebook [3]. The emissions from 

domestic LTO and cruise activities are reported under the category 1A3a (civil aviation), while 

emissions from international LTO and cruise activities are reported under the memo items 

‘international bunkers’. All fuel used are supposed to be kerosene. 

Railways (1A3c) 

During the 2009 submission the emissions from railways are recalculated with EMMOSS-model in the 

Flemish region (http://www.tmleuven.be/project/emmoss/index.htm). The emissions of the air 

pollutants are calculated by using gross tonne-kilometres, specific end-energy use and emission 

factors. For the gross tonne-kilometres a distinction is made between services of trains (goods/persons) 

and different train types. The complete detailed description of this model can be found in annex 4 of 

this report where the Quality Management System of the greenhouse gas inventory in the Flemish 

region is described. In the technical procedure of the quality management system VMM/EIL/GP/5.003 

‘Procedure for the main process: setting up the greenhouse gas emission inventory’ this methodology 

is recorded in annex 7.3.6. with the data acquisition plan for railways traffic in the Flemish region.

This plan will be further actualized in the course of 2009. 

Before the greenhouse gas emissions from the railway traffic were estimated for the 3 regions in the 

same way: 

In the 3 regions the fuel consumption is based on a proportional fraction of fuel used in 

Belgium for rail transportation. See also section 3.2.1. for more information about the energy 

consumption data in the regional energy balances. The emissions of CO2 are estimated by using 

default IPCC 1996 emissions factors as recorded in table 3.1. The emissions of CH4 and N2O are 

calculated by using the activity data (fuel consumption) of the regional energy balance combined with 

emission factors of the EMEP/CORINAIR handbook [3] (table 3.8.). 

Fuel UNIT CH4 N2O 

Diesel oil g/GJ 4,3 29,3 

Table 3.8. : Emissions factors per fuel in railways (EMEP/CORINAIR and IPCC) 

Navigation (1A3d) 

The energy consumption data in the sector of navigation (category 1A3d) are taken from the regional 

energy balances. See section 3.2. for more details.

To calculate the emissions of CO2 in Walloon and Brussels Region, the fuel consumption data are 

multiplied with IPCC 1996 default emission factors as reported in table 3.1. 

In the Brussels and the Walloon regions the non-CO2 emissions are calculated by using emission 

factors of the EMEP/CORINAIR handbook [3] (tableau 8-1, Bulk emission factors for 'Other Mobile 

Sources and Machinery', part 1: Diesel engines). 
66 

During the 2009 submission the emissions from inland waterways (navigation) are recalculated with 

EMMOSS-model in Flemish region (http://www.tmleuven.be/project/emmoss/index.htm). Energy use 

is calculated by using detailed information on the kilometres covered by inland waterway vessels per 

waterway. Other parameters are the rate of empty ships, age structure, speed, load. To calculate the 

emissions of CO2, CH4 en N2O the fuel consumption data are multiplied with IPCC 1996 emission 

factors. 

The calculation of the emissions from the sea navigation (departure and arrival in Belgian sea ports) is 

done in the Flemish region by using the EMMOSS-model (for more information about the model see 

also : http://www.tmleuven.be/project/emmoss/index.htm). The traffic of goods between the ports of 

Antwerp, Gent, Zeebrugge and Oostende is taken into account, and there’s an estimation of the 

emissions from ships for sand extraction, dredging and tug-boats. In general, the model can be 

summarized by three formulas : 1) energy use (kWh) = time (h) x installed engine power (kW) x 

engine load factor (%) x number of ships; 2) fuel use (kg) = energy use (kWh)/engine efficiency 

(%)/energy content of the fuel (kWh/kg); 3) emissions (kg) = fuel use (kg) x emission factor (kg/kg) x

correction factor (-). The emission factors for CH4 and N2O were taken-over from a study in The 

Netherlands (Klein, 2006, “methoden voor de berekening van de emissies door mobiele bronnen in 

Nederland”). 

The complete detailed description of the EMMOSS model can be found in annex 4 of this report 

where the Quality Management System of the greenhouse gas inventory in the Flemish region is 

described. In the technical procedure of the quality management system VMM/EIL/GP/5.003 

‘Procedure for the main process: setting up the greenhouse gas emission inventory’ this methodology 

is recorded in annex 7.3.5. with the data acquisition plan for navigation in the Flemish region. This 

plan will be further actualized in the course of 2009. 

 In the Brussels and the Walloon regions the non-CO2 emissions are calculated by using 

emission factors of the EMEP/CORINAIR handbook [3] (tableau 8-1, Bulk emission factors for 'Other 

Mobile Sources and Machinery', part 1: Diesel engines). 

Other transportation (1A3e) 

In this category 1A3e the energetic emissions originate from the compression activities in the sector 

storage and transport of natural gas. See section 3.2.1. (‘pipelines’ in the Flemish energy balance) for 

more information. 

The emissions of CO2 are estimated by using the IPCC 1996 default emission factors as 

reported in table 3.1 and the emissions of CH4 en N2O are calculated by using the emission factors 

from CITEPA90 [2] i.e. 0,3 g CH4/GJ and 3 g N2O/GJ. 

3.2.5. Other sectors (category 1A4) 

The activity data, energy consumption data, of the sector ‘other sectors’ (category 1A4) are taken from 

the regional energy balances and added up for reporting in the Belgian emission inventory. This 

category 1A4 contains the subsectors commercial/institutional, residential and 

agriculture/forestry/fishery. 

The combined heat-power installations of the service and the agriculture sectors are allocated to the 

sector 1A1a ‘Public electricity and heat production’, the same way as all combined heat-power 

installations are allocated. 
67 

The category 1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries is negligible in the Brussels region. As a 

consequence no greenhouse gases from this sector are taken into account for this region. 

To calculate the emissions of CO2, all regions use the default IPCC 1996 emission factors (see table 

3.1). 

In the tables 3.9 and 3.10 the emission factors for CH4 and N2O for the ‘other sectors’ (category 1A4) 

are listed. These are IPCC 1996 emission factors except for the farming vehicles where emission 

factors of EMEP/CORINAIR are used because more detail was obtained in that way.

Fuel Subsector 1A4 Unit CH4 

(1)

Coal Commercial g/GJ 10 

 residential g/GJ 300 

 Agriculture heating g/GJ 300 

Natural gas Heating 

comm/residential 

g/GJ 5 

 Heating agriculture 

Fuel/diesel oil Heating 

comm/residential 

g/GJ 10 

Heating agriculture

Farming vehicles. 4 (2)

Fuel Fishing activities g/GJ 5 (1)

Heavy fuel Commercial g/GJ 10 

residential

Agriculture heating 10

Propane/butane/LPG g/GJ 5 

Lamp petroleum residential g/GJ 10 

-

commercial

Agriculture heating

wood g/GJ 300

Table 3.9. : Emission factors of CH4 for category 1A4 Other sectors (service, residential and 

agriculture sector). 

(1) IPCC 1996 

(2) EMEP/CORINAIR 

Fuel Subsector 1A4 Unit N2O (1)

Coal Heating comm/residential g/GJ 1,4 

Agriculture heating g/GJ -

Natural gas Heating comm/residential g/GJ 0,1 
68 

Heating agriculture

Fuel/diesel oil Heating comm/residential g/GJ 0,6 

Heating agriculture 

Farming vehicles g/GJ 30 (2)

Fuel Fishing activities g/GJ 0,6

Heavy fuel Heating comm/residential g/GJ 0,6 

 Agriculture heating 

Propane/butane/LPGG g/GJ 0,1

Lamppetroleum Heating comm/residential g/GJ 0,6 

 Agriculture heating 

wood g/GJ 4

Table 3.10. : Emission factors of N2O for category 1A4 Other sectors (service, residential and 

agriculture sector). 

(1) IPCC 1996 

(2) EMEP/CORINAIR 

3.2.6. Other (category 1A5b) 

The category 1A5 contains other mobile sources. 

In this section the energetic activities and emissions originating from the military transport (domestic 

air transport) are allocated in category 1A5b. 

The energy consumption data are taken from the regional energy balances. See section 3.2.1 for more 

information. 

The emissions of the military transport in Belgium are calculated in the same way as explained in 

section 3.2.4./ air transport. 

No activities under category 1A5a take place in Belgium. 

3.2.7. Fugitive emissions from fuels (category 1B1 and 1B2) 

Coal mining and handling (category 1B1a) 

During the in-country review in June 2007, the expert review team of UNFCCC detected some 

missing underground mining activities in the Belgian greenhouse gas emission inventory. In the 

beginning of the nineties untill 1992 there still was some mining activity in the Flemish region. Untill 

1999 energetic mining activities remain existing. These activities consist of an auto-producer of 

electricity that was active untill 1996 (the waste of the coal was used to produce electricity) and of

energy needed for the sorting machines which were active untill 1999. The latter energetic activities 

are allocated to the category 1A1c. See sections 3.2.1.(Flemish energy balance) and 3.2.2 

(Manufacturing of solid fuels and other energy industries) for more information about this sector. 

The activity data, production of coal, are obtained from the federal statistics in Belgium. The 

methodology described in the IPCC 2006 guidelines is used to estimate the diffuse emissions of CH4. 

The IPCC 2006 guidelines uses slighthly different emission factors (m3 CH4/ton coal produced) 

compared to the IPCC 1996 guidelines. The underground mining activities are allocated to the 

category 1B1a. The emissions of CH4 decreases from 14 kton in 1990 to 3 kton in 1992. 
69 

Solid fuel transformation (category 1B1b) 

 

Emissions during the cokes production are caused by the loading of the coal into the ovens, the 

oven/door leakage during the coking period and by extracting the cokes from the ovens. 

The activity data, production data of cokes, are directly reported by the companies involved. See also

section 3.2.1. for more information. 

In Wallonia and Brussels, the fugitive CH4 emissions are estimated with the emission factor of 

the EMEP/CORINAIR handbook (400 g CH4/ton cokes). Activity data (tons of cokes) are delivered by 

the corresponding industry. 

Emissions of CH4 originating from the production of cokes were estimated in Flanders until 

the 2005 submission by using emission factors of CITEPA [2], which are in line with the emission 

factors of the EMEP/CORINAIR handbook (400 g CH4/ton cokes). 

During the previous submission in 2006 a revision of the emissions of CH4 was carried out due to the 

availability of more detailed information of the industry involved. Based on monitoring results carried 

out in 2001, 2002 and 2004, the emissions of CH4 were optimized from 1990 on. During this 2009 

submission the emissions of CH4 of the cokes ovens are newly allocated to the sector 1A1c to 

harmonize with the other regions. After consulting the company involved in the Flemish region, these 

emissions of CH4 are considered as total emissions of the cokesovens. 

Petroleum refineries (category 1B2a and 1B2c) 

Petroleum refineries are only located in the Flemish region in Belgium. 

The activity data reported under category 1B2a are obtained directly from the companies involved 

through their obliged reporting obligations in the Flemish region via the annual integrated 

environment report. The activity data is the amount of crude oil used in the refineries. 

The estimation of the emissions of CH4 and N2O of the sector petroleum refining occurs as mentioned 

in section 3.2.2.: CH4- and N2O-emissions from petroleum refining are calculated using a combination 

of monitoring results (for the 2 largest companies in the Flemish region) and emission factors of 

CITEPA [2] for the smaller companies. 

All CH4-emissions of this sector (except the emissions of the combined heat-power installations which 

are allocated to the sector 1A1a) are allocated in category 1B2a and all N2O-emissions (except the 

emissions of the combined heat-power installations which are allocated to the sector 1A1a) are 

allocated in category 1A1b. The emissions of CH4 reported in this category 1B2a also contain the 

emissions of flaring activities, as a consequence these CH4-emissions are allocated in category 1B2a 

and not in category 1A1b. 

As described in section 3.2.2. emissions of CO2 of the refineries are allocated to the sectors 1A1a for 

the involved combined heat-power installations of the refineries, 1B2c for the flaring emissions and 

1A1b for the total emissions excluding the emissions of the combined heat-power installations and 

excluding the emissions from flaring activities. 

Gas distribution (category 1B2b) 

The activity data reported in the category 1B2b is the annual total natural gas amount consumed in 

Belgium. These activity data originate from SYNERGRID, the federation of the gridoperators of gas 

and electricity in Belgium. 
70 

All transmission, distribution and transport activities of gas in Belgium are allocated in this category 

1B2b. 

 

The methodology to calculate the emissions of CH4 originating from the gas distribution 

(category 1.B.2.b ii/distribution) is completely optimized for all the regions in Belgium since the 

submission in 2004. All information is reported by SYNERGRID, the federation of the gridoperators 

of gas and electricity in Belgium. These emissions are determined on the basis of the length of gas 

distribution pipelines. The lengths of the main pipelines (exclusive additional, service pipelines which 

are pipelines going to households) per public utility board are available. The number of additional 

service pipelines in Flanders is estimated at 1 500 000 for the year 2002 and an increase is assumed of 

24 000 every year (untill 2002) and 30 000 (from 2003 on). In Wallonia, the number of these pipelines 

is estimated at 620 000 for the year 2006. The length per additional pipeline is 5 m in the Flemish and 

the Walloon region. In Brussels, the number of additional pipelines is estimated at 186 555 for the 

year 2006 and the average length per pipeline is 3 m because of the urban environment. Depending on 

the material of the pipeline different emission factors are used. These emission factors are based on 

measurements carried out. In particular 869, 7865, 869 and 95 m3/y/km for respectively steel, pig iron, 

fibre cement and synthetic material. The density of methane is 0,716 kg/m3. The methane content of 

natural gas distributed is 85%. 

For each material the length of the pipelines is multiplied with the corresponding emission factor. This 

results in the total natural gas emission in m3 per year. Multiplying this figure by the methane content 

and the density of methane, the diffuse methane emission originating from gas distribution in Belgium 

is obtained. 

Based on the composition of the natural gas distributed, emissions of CO2 from the gas distribution 

sector are calculated and added to the inventory (natural gas contains +/- 1% of CO2 ) in category 

1.B.2.bii/distribution. 

Emissions of CH4 (category 1.B.2.b.ii/transmission) originating from the storage and transport 

of natural gas in Belgium are calculated and added to the inventory since the 2006 submission. 

These emissions are estimated on the basis of measurements and calculations (taken into account 

pressure, distance, volume) carried out. All necessary interventions in case of problems are known and

the amounts of gas blown off is registered as accurate as possible. All information is obtained from 

Fluxys, the independent operator of the gas network in Belgium. 

3.2.8. International bunkers (category Memo Items – International Bunkers) 

Information about the international bunkering originates from the regional and the Belgian energy 

statistics. See also section 3.2.1 for more information about the activity data for international 

bunkering. 

For the airports in Flanders, the reported kerosene fuel is assigned to the bunker fuels and all 

gasoline for air transport is allocated to domestic air transport (see also section 3.2.4). During the next 

submission in 2010 this approach will be further evaluated. Default IPCC 1996 emission factors are 

used to calculate the CO2 emissions (see table 3.1). 

Also for the marine bunkering, the emissions of CO2 are calculated by using the IPCC 1996 emission 

factors. In the Flemish region the emissions of CH4 and N2O of the marine bunkers are calculated by 

using emission factors of CITEPA90 [2] i.e. 0.1 CH4 g/GJ and 13,4 g/GJ N2O for fuel (marine 

bunkering). 

In the Walloon region the bunker fuel consumption for the international air transport is given 

directly by the two Walloon airports. The emissions of CO2 are caculated by using the IPCC 1996 
71 

emission factors. The emissions of CH4 and N2O are estimated following a very simple methodology

described on the table 8.2 in the EMEP/CORINAIR guidebook [3]. Data on LTO activities and fuel 

consumption come from the statistics of the two main airports. Airports divide the statistics following 

domestic and international activities. 

3.2.9. CO2 emissions from biomass 

Emissions of CO2 from biomass are presented in CRF table 1s2. The emissions of CO2 reported in this 

table are estimated as good as possible, depending on the information (activity data) available in the

different regions in Belgium. These emissions are probably not complete. More attention will be going 

to this item in the future. 

3.2.10. Non-energy use of fuels and related emissions (categories 1A2 and 2B) 

The emissions of non-energy use of fuels and related emissions (emissions from recovered fuels from 

processes) are reported under categories 1A2, 2B1 and 2B5. 

As a result of the in-country review performed by the expert review team of UNFCCC in June 2007, 

the emissions reported in category 2G during the previous submissions are no longer included in the 

Belgian emission inventory. In this category 2G the emissions from the non-energy use of fuel were 

reported, estimated by using the IPCC default emission factors of carbon stored during the use of 

lubricants and solvents. Following the advise of the expert review team, these emissions of CO2 from 

the use of solvents and lubricants will only arise when they are burned or destroyed. As a consequence

these emissions are excluded out of the Belgian emission inventory during this submission. 

 

In Flanders, a recalculation of the non-energy use and related CO2 emissions was performed during 

the 2005 submission, based on the results of a study conducted in 2003 [43]. The default % of carbon 

stored in the IPCC Guidelines were considered to be inaccurate in the Flemish situation. The default %

of carbon stored in the 1996 IPCC guidelines are not well defined: it is not clear what is included or

excluded in these default % (f.i. is the waste phase included or not?). Belgium participated in a 

European network on the CO2-emissions from non-energy use (see website 

http://www.chem.uu.nl/nws/www/nenergy/) and one of the conclusions of this network is that the new 

IPCC guidelines need to give more information on this subject. 

To our opinion, the guidelines are also not very clear on the allocation of the resulting emissions: in 

the CRF table 1.A(d), as part of the reference approach, a country should specify in the documentation

box where these emissions are allocated. This problem of allocation should be tackled also. 

Since the petrochemical industry is important in Flanders and Belgium and the emissions from the 

feed stocks are a key source in the Belgian inventory, the study mentioned above was conducted to get 

more detailed, country-specific information. A distinction was made between : 

1. The use of recovered fuels from cracking units or other processes where a fuel is used as a 

raw material and where part of this fuel (or transformed product) is recovered for energy 

purposes. These emissions are reported under category 1A2c ‘other fuels’. This is the largest 

source of CO2 emissions. The involved industry is reporting the CO2 emissions and PJ for these 

recovered fuels. 

2. CO2 emissions occurring during chemical processes, for example the production of ammonia 

based on natural gas or the production ethylene oxide where CO2 is formed in a side reaction 

(reported respectively under 2B1 and 2B5 other). The industry involved is reporting these CO2

emissions directly for these processes. 

3. Waste treatment of final products is not included in the study. This is practically impossible 

due to import/export of plastic products, etc (it is also not clear if the waste phase is included in 
72 

the default IPCC carbon stored % or not). The emissions of waste incineration are therefore 

calculated separately and are reported under the sector of waste (category 6C) or under the 

sector of energy (category 1A1a), whether or not energy recuperation takes place during the 

process. 

The result of the study made a recalculation possible for all years. The effect of the recalculation was 

greater in the more recent years because the petrochemical industry has expanded its activities in the

beginning of the nineties (that’s one of the reasons this sector is a key source). 

The resulting emissions are reported under different sections. The first and largest part (recovered 

fuels) of the resulting emissions is reported under 1A2c, under ‘other fuels’. This includes other fuels 

in the chemical sector, a result of recovered fuels in the steam cracking units in petrochemical industry 

(approx. 2/3) and other recovered fuels from the chemical industry (approx. 1/3). These recovered 

fuels are reported directly in the yearly surveys carried out by the chemical federation in cooperation 

with the Vito [1] to establish a yearly Flemish energy balance. The choice was made to allocate these

fuels under ‘other fuels’ and not ‘liquid fuels’ or ‘gaseous fuels’, for transparency reasons. 

Another part of the emissions surveyed in the study, are considered to be process emissions and are 

reported under 2B. These include the CO2-emission during the production of ammonia (2B1) and other 

process CO2 emissions (2B5) reported by the chemical industry in Flanders (for example production 

of ethylene oxide, production of acrylic acid from propene, production of cyclohexanone from cyclohexane, production of paraxylene/meta-xylene, etc). These CO2 emissions result from the same 

surveys in the chemical sector in Flanders as those reported under 1A2c. In the survey, more sources 

of emissions from chemical processes are reported than are described in the IPCC 1996 guidelines. 

3.3.Reference approach 

CO2 emissions from fuel combustion were estimated in accordance with the “Reference Approach” 

(Tier 1 Approach – IPCC Guidelines). This estimation is based on the national energy balance, which 

is derived from national statistics of fuel supply. Default values recommended in the IPCC 1996 

guidelines were adopted for carbon emission factors, fraction of carbon oxidised, and fraction of 

carbon stored (feed stocks), except for naphta, where a fraction of carbon stored of 100% is taken. 

Reason for this 100% is that the amount of naphta reported as feedstock in table 1.A(d) is revised, 

after work carried out in the Working Group on Energy Balances in Belgium (see further this section 

for more information). The newly reported naphta equals the amount of naphta used as feedstock 

minus the part that was recovered as fuel (approximately 20 to 25% each year). This means that the 

reported naphta is considered to equal a ‘net’ amount of C that is stored in products. The recovered 

fuels of the naphta cracking are reported in the sectoral approach and are reported as ‘other fuels’ in 

the chemical industry (category 1A2c). 

The details of this estimation are provided in the categories 1A(b) (reference approach), 1A(c) 

(comparison reference approach and sectoral approach) and 1A(d) (feedstocks and non-energy use) in 

the CRFReporter. 

The comparison with the sectoral approach (Table 1A(c)) shows a differences between -4.0% (in 

2002) and +4,1% (in 2000). The difference between the reference approach and the national inventory 

for all years is visualised in the figure 3.1 below. 
73 

-1,1%

-2,6%

-0,1%

-1,9%

-0,7%

2,5%

4,1%

2,5%

0,2%

3,4%

1,1%

2,4%

-1,0%

-1,3%

3,4%

2,0%

-1,5%

-4,0%

100

105

110

115

120

125

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007

Mton CO2

reference approach (M ton)

sectoral approach

+ % difference

Figure 3.1. : Difference between the Reference approach and the national inventory. 

There are several reasons why there is a difference between the results of the reference approach and 

the national inventory. These differences and their potential reasons have been already discussed in 

previous National Inventory Reports of Belgium. Except for the differences in the amount of naphta 

used in the sectoral approach and the reference approach, the reasons are: 

• Reason number 1: the results for the reference approach and the national inventory are based 

on different data sets (top-down and bottom-up) The top-down approach is based on national 

fuel delivery statstistics, the bottom-up approach is based on fuel uses. 

• Reason number 2: the effect of calorific values and emission factors of liquid fuels in the 

reference approach is important for countries with high import of crude oil. A small variation 

in the value used, has a large influence on the total CO2-emissions following the reference 

approach. 

• Reason number 3 : emissions from solid fuels are partially located under industrial emissions 

in the national approach contrary to the reference approach. 

A working group of Energy Balances under the National Climate Commission (Decision made on the 

30th of October 2003) is set up to improve harmonization of the regional and federal energy balances 

for the future. 

Consultations are going on different areas: 

- improvement of the basic data of the federal statistics with respect to extension of the number 

of companies involved, extension of non-energy operators, link with customs and excise taxes, 

electronical delivering of data; 

- fine tuning of definitions and economic sectors and products; 

- adapting forms of the federal statistics to obtain a regional geographical split; 

- improvement of the federal energy balance by including regional information; 

- arrangements related to yearly data exchange between the federal and regional authorities; 

- succession and evaluation on a continuous basis. 

Because consultations with different sectors are necessary in this process of harmonization and an 

adaption of the legislation is required in some cases (in October 2006 the Belgian legislation was 

adapted with respect to the collection of data for the petroleum balance), it is obvious that this process 

takes time. Regular meetings of the working group were held and the following work was performed: 

- adjustments to the historical federal petroleum balances concerning the total amount of naphta 

used as non-energy feedstock, based on regional data (already in previous submission). 
74 

- adjustments to the Belgian inventory renewables/waste, based on the regional data (including 

recovered fuels from the chemical sector) 

- good exchange of data for the electricity and heat statistics from 2006 on between federal and 

regional administrations. 

- procedures are in place since 2008 to help a better exchange of data for other energy sources 

(natural gas, renewables and waste, oil, solid fuels) from 2008 and on 

- exchange of ideas to possibly help divide federal oil statistics into regional data (still 

ongoing). 

3.4. Recalculations and planned improvements 

3.4.1 Recalculations 

Flemish region: 

- The emissions of CO2 in the sector iron and steel (category 1A2a) are recalculated for the years 

2002 to 2006 due to the optimization of emission factors delivered by one of the largest companies 

in the sector. In the 2009 submission the oxidation factors (also delivered by this company and 

different from the IPCC default factors) are taken into account to estimate these emissions. As a 

result the emissions of CO2 in this sector decreases with about 50-60 kton CO2 for these years. 

- During the 2009 submission the emission factors of CH4 and N2O from the combined heat-power 

installations in the agriculture and service sectors are harmonized between the 3 regions. 

- Some minor corrections were made in the Flemish region in the energy sector of energy 

consumption data and emissions of CO2 (mainly for the years 1991 to 1993). 

Brussels and Walloon region: 

The emissions of CH4 en N2O from “other transportation” (1Ae3) are estimated in the Brussel and 

Walloon regions. 

Recalculation of the N2O emission from coke production in the Walloon region to harmonize with 

the others regions (1,4 instead of 4). 

Recalculation of the N2O and CH4 emissions from the road transport in the Walloon region as 

there was a mistake of a data used in the model on the all time serie. 

Change in allocations of emissions: 

- In the Flemish region the emissions of CH4 from the cokes ovens are reported in category 1A1c

(instead of the category 1B1b in the previous submission) to harmonize with the other regions. 

3.4.2 Planned improvements 

- During the 2010 submission the emissions of CO2 from the cement and lime sectors for the 

years 1990 to 2004 will be recalculated in the Wallon region. The emission factors for liquid 

fuels and gaseous fuels will be taken from the IPCC guidebook and an average emission factor 
75 

by solid and waste fuels will be calculated with plant analyses (2005 to 2008) and applied for 

the previous years. 

- During the 2010 submission the emissions of CH4 from the glass industries for the years 1990 

to 2007 will be recalculated in the Walloon region to harmonize with the Flemish region. 
76 

CHAPTER 4:INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

4.1. Overview 

4.1.1. Description of the sector 

The structure of the industrial sector has undergone profound changes over recent decades. The 

mining industries have practically disappeared with the closure of the last coalmines. The metallurgy 

and textile sectors have been relatively stable, after several waves of closures and restructuring. The 

metallurgy industry nevertheless remains one of the key sectors of Belgian industry, both in terms of 

employment and turnover. The two other key sectors of industrial activity are the chemical industry 

and the food processing industry, which contribute respectively 3.8% and 2.5% to the GDP. 

In this sector of industrial processes the emissions of industrial activities are included which are not 

related to the combustion of fossil fuels. Also the emissions of F-gases are included in this sector. 

4.1.2. Allocation of emissions 

The industrial processes in Belgium are covered by 

(1) categories 2A1 (cement production) and 2A2 (lime production), activities which take place only in 

the Walloon region and category 2A7 (glass and ceramics), activities which take place in the Flemish 

and the Walloon region. 

The latter activities are again allocated to the sector 2A7 (other/production of glass and ceramics) in 

the present submission following discussions in the Working Group 1’Annual inventories’ of the 

Climate Change Committee. During the 2007 submission these activities were allocated to category 

2A3 as a result of discussions with ERT during the in-country review in June 2007. 

(2) categories 2B1 (ammonia production), 2B2 (nitric acid production), these activities take place both 

in the Flemish and the Walloon regions and category 2B5 other industrial in the chemical industry in 

the Walloon region i.e. the production of maleic anhydride and in the Flemish region i.e. the 

production of caprolactam and other process emissions reported by the chemical industry (f.e. the 

production of ethylene oxide, acrylic acid, ...); 

(3) category 2C1 (metal production i.e. iron and steel industry), these activities take place both in the 

Flemish and the Walloon regions; 

 

(4) categories 2E (production of halocarbons and SF6) and 2F (consumption of halocarbons and SF6); 

4.2. Methodological issues 

The main process emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O are calculated in Belgium by using production 

figures, mainly originating directly from the industrial plant, combined with emission factors 

presented in reference works like IPCC 1996 Guidelines, EMEP/CORINAIR handbook [3], CITEPA 
77 

[2] or other specific bibliographies or calculated via monitoring results carried out by the industrial 

companies in Blegium. 

The activity data recorded in this category also derive mainly directly from the companies involved. 

4.2.1. Mineral products (category 2A) 

The mineral industry is one of the most important sectors of industrial process emissions in Belgium 

and contributes to 41% in 2007 of greenhouse gas emissions in this sector. 

In Belgium, cement production (category 2A1) only take place in the Walloon region. The 

Tier 2 methodology is used. 

 The activity data is the clinker production collected directly from individual plants. 

CO2 emissions occur from 

- the calcination of carbonates in the raw materials used to produce the clinker; 

- the partial or full calcination of cement kiln dust or bypass dust removed from the process; 

- the non-carbonate carbon content of raw materials. 

These emissions are estimated by using plant-specific emission factors. An average emission factor by 

plant has been estimated in 2002 and is applied on the all time-series 1990-2001. Since 2002, the 

emission factor varies each year and was calculated directly by the plant. Since 2004, plant data 

include information on the CaO content of the clinker and non-carbonate sources of CaO. The 

decarbonatation of the dust reinjected in the furnace is also taking account. The evolution of the 

emission factor is presented in the table 4.1. . 

 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Clinker 

production (kt) 

5292 5387 5742 5732 5913 6055 5607 5885 5906 5799 6089 5539 5583 5269 5169 5555 5752 5733

IEF clinker (kg 

CO2/t) 

534 535 538 538 538 538 537 537 538 537 537 534 536 557 549 528 541 539

CO2 emissions 

(kt) 

2824 2880 3089 3082 3179 3255 3009 3162 3175 3113 3270 2957 2993 2933 2837 2934 3112 3087

Table 4.1 : Cement production in Wallonia. 

Production of lime (category 2A2) also occurs only in the Walloon region of Belgium. 

These emissions of lime production are estimated by using a plant-specific emission factor (741-839 

kg CO2/T lime or dolomite). This is presented in table 4.2. A part of the lime production is coming 

from the kraft pulping process: the CO2 liberated during the conversion of calcium carbonate to 

calcium oxide in the lime kiln in the kraft pulping process contains carbon which originates in wood.

This CO2 is not included in the net emissions (CO2 biomass in table 4.2). 

The activity data is the lime and dolomite lime production and is collected directly from individual 

plants. The emission factors are also collected directly from individual plants. The variations of the 

global emission factors are mainly due to the different proportions of lime and dolomite lime 

production over the years. 
78 

 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

Lime (kt) 2091 2037 1981 1962 2057 2080 1897 1993 2050 2075 2085 1770 1742 1785 1927 1721 1845 2349 

IEF lime 

(kg 

CO2/t) 

750 760 750 750 760 760 750 750 750 750 750 750 740 740 750 750 710 748

Dolomite 

lime (kt) 

570 452 408 393 401 374 360 347 385 419 555 823 939 826 851 880 929 328 

IEF 

dolomite 

lime (kg 

CO2/t) 

910 910 910 910 910 910 910 910 910 910 910 910 910 910 910 830 890 861

% 

dolomite 

lime prod 

21 18 17 17 16 15 16 15 16 17 21 32 35 32 31 34 33 12

IEF 

global 

(kg 

CO2/t) 

790 780 780 780 780 780 780 780 780 780 780 800 800 800 800 780 780 762

CO2 

emissions 

(kt) 

2097 1951 1865 1828 1921 1921 1756 1819 1895 1944 2066 2070 2144 2072 2228 2018 2139 2040 

CO2 

biomass 

emissions 

(kt) 

40,9 42,8 42,8 16,6 38,4 30,8 41,9 41,9 45,6 45,6 57,2 48 56,1 61,5 62,3 62,3 72,5 72,5 

Table 4.2 : Lime and dolomite lime production in Wallonia. 

The CO2 emissions in the sector of “limestone and dolomite use” (category 2A7) contains 

the process emissions of the glass and ceramic industry in Belgium. No activity data are recorded in 

the Belgian emission inventory in this sector 2A7 because of the allocation of different subsectors into 

the same category. 

The production of glass (category 2A7) in Belgium takes place in the Flemish and in the 

Walloon regions. 

The CO2 emission factors used in the Walloon region in the glass production for the 

decarbonation are originating from the joint EMEP/CORINAIR handbook [3] and are 150 kg/ton glass 

(container glass and glass wool) and 140 kg/ton glass (flat glass). Since 2003, the CO2 emission 

factors are calculated by the glass plant. These data are verified under the emission trading scheme. 

It’s difficult to make a recalculation in the Walloon region between 1990 and 2002 due to the lack of 

data. 

 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Flat glass (kt) 1142 898 1013 961 1103 1193 1157 1162 1163 1085 1157 1178 1291 1304 1150 1234 1418 1358 

IEF flat glass 

(kg CO2/t) 

140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 137 155 160 137 136 

Container 

glass (kt) 

279 237 269 283 250 264 256 278 307 162 290 158 166 215 213 134 213 228 

IEF container 

glass (kg 

CO2/t) 

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 146 160 156 109 108 

Glass wool 

(kt) 

82 76 94 96 101 117 127 133 111 129 140 148 143 164 192 90 96 97 

IEF glass 

wook (kg 

CO2/t) 

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 89 102 88 80 78 

IEF global 

(kg CO2/t) 

142 143 143 143 142 142 142 143 143 142 143 142 142 133 149 161 136 134

CO2 

emissions 

(kt) 

214 173 196 191 207 224 219 224 226 196 227 211 227 224 232 235 234 226
79 

 

Table 4.3.1 : glass sector in Wallonia. 

In the Flemish region these process emissions of CO2 from the glass production were newly 

added in the 2006 submission for the complete time series after consultation with the industrial 

companies involved. An emission factor of 125 kg CO2/ton glass, as proposed by the glass federation, 

is mainly used in this sector. One company did revise this emission factor in the current of 2006 to 300 

kg process CO2/ton glass. 

Because of the comparability of the melting process in the production of glass and enamel, both 

industries are related in Flanders and consequently put under the same category 2A7. For the one 

company involved in the enamel production in Flanders, an emission factor of 650 kg CO2/ton was 

used in the 2006 submission. This emission factor was first given by the company and based on the 

European BREF-documents (reference document Best Available Technology) and is revised in the 

current of 2006 to 71,12 kg CO2/ton glass. The company involved stated that the emission factor of 

650 kg CO2/ton is a combination of process and combustion and consequently a double counting of 

the emissions of CO2 occurred. 

During the 2009 submission, the proces emissions of CO2 are newly added for a company as a result 

of their emission reporting in the framework of the EU-ETS Directive. An estimation of the previous 

years (1990-2004) is performed by using the same methodology as used in the framework of the EUETS (C-content of raw materials used). As a consequence the emissions of CO2 in this sector did 

increase with about 1 kton CO2 for the years 2005 to 2007 and with about 4 kton CO2 in 1990. 

Another recalculation in this sector during this 2009 submission is a revision of the implied emission

factor of another glass company in the Flemish region based on an average emission factor from the 

EU-ETS-data for the years 2005-2007. As a result the emission of CO2 did decrease with 10 to 13 kton 

CO2. 

Aggregated data of production of glass and enamel and corresponding emissions of CO2 are included 

in the table 4.3.2 below for the Flemish region. This table is completed as far as information was 

available for all companies involved. Some activity data are still missing for some companies and 

years. 

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

total glas kton 397 363 373 368 390 457 390 327 342 269 349 352 344 324 343 287 271 262

total glasfiber kton 16 18 20 21 27 26 27 28 33 28 38 33 39 41 43 40 47 55

total enamel kton 21 21 20 19 20 15 18 19 19 19 21 22 21 18 21 19 21 25

tkton CO2 glass 63 53 54 55 58 59 59 51 53 43 44 44 45 24 26 30 27 26

kton CO2 glasfiber 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 6 6 7 8

kton CO2 enamel 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2

total kton CO2 67 57 58 59 63 63 64 56 58 48 50 50 52 31 34 37 36 36

IEF glas (kg CO2/ton) 159 146 146 150 148 129 152 156 154 161 126 127 132 75 77 104 101 100

IEF glasfiber (kg CO2/ton) 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 143 143 150 148

IEF enamel (kg CO2/ton) 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 64 69 73 76 74 79 63

Table 4.3.2 : glass sector in the Flemish region. 

Also put in the category 2A7 in the 2009 submission are the process emissions of CO2

originating from the ceramic sector for the complete time series. 

In consultation with the federations and companies involved, an estimate is given of the 

emissions of CO2 in the Flemish region. This estimation is calculated in Flanders with the 

methodology recorded in the monitoring protocol of the companies (emission trading scheme) and is 

based on production information and the evolution of the gamut of products. No complete database of 
80 

the production figures in this sector is available in the Flemish region for the complete timeseries. 

Table 4.4.1 gives an overview of the emissions of CO2 (energy and process) in this sector. 

 

Brickes & Tiles 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

kton kton kton kton kton kton kton kton kton kton kton kton kton kton kton kton kton kton

Totaal kton CO2 491 555 411 516 544 673 652 622 585 563 558 519 453 454 477 526

energy 367 414 308 385 406 444 429 408 387 372 370 342 302 299 300 333

proces 124 141 103 131 138 229 223 214 198 191 189 177 151 155 177 193 200 201

Table 4.4.1 : Ceramic industry in the Flemish region. 

In the Walloon region an average emission factor was established in 2005 by the plants 

involved in the ceramic industry. Since the submission 2005, each plant gives their own emissions 

under the emission trading scheme. 

 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Ceramic 

production 

(kt) 

483 483 483 483 483 521 402 434 491 483 518 570 608 626 590 626 622 642 

IEF (kg 

CO2/kt) 

24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 25 23 24 25 

CO2 

emissions (kt) 

11.6 11.6 11.6 11.6 11.6 12.5 9.6 10.4 11.8 11.6 12.4 13.7 14.6 15 15 14.3 14,8 16 

Table 4.4.2 : Ceramic industry in Wallonia. 

Also in the iron and steel sector (category 2C), more specifically during the sinter production, 

limestone and dolomite are used. These emissions of CO2 are allocated in this category 2C. See 

section 4.2.3 for more information. 

The CO2-emissions due to the use of limestone in pollution control are assumed to be negligible in 

Belgium and are consequently not estimated. 

Soda Ash production (category 2A4) took place in the Walloon region until 1993 in Solvay’s plant 

in Couillet. The production of soda ash was discontinued at the end of 1993 and the plant was closed 

in 1998. The process used was the Solvay process. From stoechiometric considerations, the industrial

process emission of CO2 associated with the Solvay Process is zero. The excess CO2 emitted from 

soda ash production originated from coke oxidation is included in the combustion sector. 

4.2.2. Chemical industry (category 2B) 

The chemical industry is the most important sector in industrial processes in Belgium and contributes 

to 34% in 2007 of the emissions of greenhousegases in this sector. The different sectors involved are 

the ammonia production (category 2B1), the nitric acid production (category 2B2) and the other, non 

specified sector (category 2B5) with the production of caprolactam as the most important sector. 

4.2.2.1. Ammonia production (category 2B1) 

Nowadays there is ammonia production in 2 companies in Belgium. 
81 

In Flanders the emissions of CO2 originating from the production of ammonia are obtained as 

a result of the yearly surveys carried out by the chemical federation in cooperation with the Vito [1]

(see also section 3.2.1 and 3.2.10 for more information). In the past the same methodology as in 

Wallonia was used, nowadays the methodology is adapted because a part of the emissions of CO2 is 

recuperated in the plant and no longer emitted. 

In the Walloon region, until 2004, the amount of natural gas used in the process was given 

directly by the plant. The CO2 process emissions were calculated based on this amount of natural gas. 

100% per cent of the carbon content of the natural gas was presumed to be emitted and the default 

IPCC emission factor for CO2 for natural gas (55,8 kton CO2/PJ) was used. Since 2005, CO2

emissions have been given directly by the reporting of the plant under the emission trading scheme. 

A part of the process CO2 emissions is used by two other plants and released after use but all 

the CO2 emissions are allocated to the ammonia plant. 

No emission factors and CO2 emissions are presented by regions as there is only one company per 

region and the activity data are confidential. 

4.2.2.2. Nitric acid production (category 2B2) 

Production figures of nitric acid in Belgium are wel known and recorded in the category 2B2 ‘nitric 

acid production’. 

The N2O emissions from the production of nitric acid (category 2B2) are estimated in Flanders 

untill 2002 by using an emission factor of 8 kg N2O/ton HNO3 from CITEPA [2]. The three plants 

involved in Flanders agreed with this factor of 8 kg N2O/ton HNO3 since 1990 and give their nitric 

acid production figures each year. Since 2000 only one plant is still involved in this sector. From 2003 

on lower emission factors in this plant are reported, based on monitoring results (approx. 5.6 kg 

N2O/ton HNO3). The use of catalysts reduces these emissions. A further reduction of these emissions 

will be obtained in the future because of the extension of the use of catalysts in the different 

installations involved. 

Although the closure of 2 plants in the Flemish region, in 1995 and in 2000 respectively, the 

production of nitric acid increases and the emissions of N2O decreases in time due to undertaken 

measures. From 2003 to 2005 a more or less stabilization in production and emissions occur. From 

2006 a further decrease in emissions occurs contrary to the increase in production. As a result the 

emission factors decreases to 3 and even to 1 kg N2O/ton HNO3 

The producer of nitric acid in the Walloon region provides the N2O emissions based on their 

production and on monitoring. There are three installations on the plant. The global emission factor

used in this region of Belgium is 4,26 kg/t in 2006. For the time being , there is only one installation 

with an abatement technology (SCR) installed in 1996. However, this installation did not lead to a 

decrease in the N2O emissions because of the strong increase of the production since 1996. 

No emission factors and N2O emissions are presented by regions as there is only one company 

by region and the activity data are confidential. 

4.2.2.3. Other (category 2B5) 

In the other chemical industrial processes, the emissions of CO2 originate from 

(1) the production of 1,2 dichloromethane, vinychloride and anhydride maleique and phtalique in the 

Walloon region. The emissions are estimated by the chemical industry. 

(2) the emissions of N2O originating mainly from the production of caprolactam. Only one company is 

involved in Belgium in the Flemish region and since 1997 this company offers each year the results of 

the monitoring carried out. This company estimated the emissions of the previous years from 1990 on 
82 

as accurate as possible. No emission factors and emissions of N2O are presented in this report because 

only one company is involved in Belgium. 

(3) other process CO2 emissions reported by the chemical industry in Flanders (for example 

production of ethylene oxide, production of acrylic acid from propene, production of cyclohexanone 

from cyclo-hexane, production of paraxylene/meta-xylene, the emissions of CO2 of flaring in the 

chemical industry etc). These CO2 emissions result from surveys in the chemical sector in Flanders 

(see also sectios 3.2.1. an 3.2.10 for more details). 

4.2.3. Metal production (category 2C) 

Metal production, more specific the iron and steel production (category 2C) is the third most important 

sector of industrial process emissions in Belgium and contributes to more than 10% (10% in 2007) of 

greenhouse gas emissions in this sector of industrial processes. These activities are situated in the 

Flemish and the Walloon regions . 

Also in the iron and steel sector (category 2C), more specifically during the sinter production, 

limestone and dolomite is used. The emissions are not allocated to the sector 2A3 ‘mineral 

products/limestone and dolomite use’ but are allocated to this sector 2C. This category 2C includes the 

emissions of CH4 from sinter production (Flemish region) and the process emissions of CO2 from the 

iron and steel sector (Flemish and Walloon region). All activity data recorded in this sector (fluid steel, 

pig iron, sinter and cokes) originate directly from the companies involved. 

The methodologies used to estimate the emissions of the iron and steel sector are described below for 

the 2 regions (Flanders and Wallonia) involved. Because different approaches approved by the 

different companies involved (a.o. based on historical background) it is not possible to harmonize 

these methodologies completely between the regions. 

In Flanders, the calculation of the process CO2 emissions from iron and steel production is 

based on the production figures of fluid steel and pig iron and on the consumption of electrodes of the 

two biggest industrial plants in this sector and with an emission factor approved by these plants (% 

carbon blown off in the convertor (1,11 to 1,17%)and an emission factor of 158 kg CO2/ton pig iron). 

Total emissions of CO2 in the iron and steel sector are estimated in the Flemish region on the basis of 

a complete C-balance of the biggest company involved (emissions of energy and process) in 

combination with energy and process data of the other (smaller) companies. The process emissions of 

the biggest company are put in this category 2C, the energy emissions (total minus process) are 

included in category 1A2a. Emissions of production of cokes are separately put in category 1A1c. See 

also section 3.2.3 in this context. 

In Flanders the emissions of CH4 originating from the production of sinter are completely revised 

during the 2006 submission and based on the information in the reference document of the Best 

Available Techniques of the sector iron and steel and on monitoring results from 2001 on. Emissions 

of CH4 are measured since 2001. Because of the switch of cokes grit into anthracite from 2004 on 

(because of environmental technical reasons) emissions of respectively 1964, 2699 and 2750 ton CH4

are measured in 2005, 2006 and 2007. Emissions of CH4 in the remaining years are much lower, 

almost negligible. 

Table 4.5.1 gives an overview of the production figures of sinter and steel in the Flemish region. 

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

sinterproduction in kton 5267 5250 4461 4803 5260 5230 5160 5468 5541 5366 5601 4524 5752 5195 6300 6300 5800 6500

steel production in kton 4189 4322 3582 3946 42712 4312 4513 4571 4588 4679 4575 3554 4515 4673 5836 5481 5941 5306
83 

Table 4.5.1 : iron and steel industry in the Flemish region. 

In the Walloon region, iron is produced through the reduction of iron oxides (ore) with 

metallurgical coke (as the reducing agent) in a blast furnace to produce pig iron. Steel is made from 

pig iron and/or scrap steel using electric arc or basic oxygen. 

The emission estimates in this sub-sector include also emissions from the production of steel in basic

oxygen type furnaces but not the emissions from the combustion of the fuel. Until 2004, the emission 

factors in the basic oxygen furnace steel plant are used as indicated in table 4.5. The plants approved 

these emission factors. Until 2002, 100 % of the CO2 in the pig iron produced in the blast furnace has 

been estimated to be emitted in the basic oxygen furnace due to the lack of data’s (purchased pig iron, 

C in steel produced, C in steel scrap). According to the industry, the amount of C in steel scrap is 

equivalent of the amount of C in steel produced and consequently the amount of C is approximately 

zero. This assumption was confirmed with the emission trading data. 

Until 2004, the process CO2 emissions from electric arc furnaces were based on the consumption of 

electrodes with an emission factor of 5 kg CO2/ t steel.

 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

C in pig iron (% weight) 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,66 4,66 

CO2 emission factor (kg/t 

pig iron) 

169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 171 171 

CO2 emission factor (kg/t 

steel) basic oxygen furnace 

153 152 154 155 158 158 161 166 165 169 167 164 165 164 162 

CO2 emission factor (kg/t 

steel) electric arc furnace 

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 

Table 4.5.2 : Emission factors used in the iron and steel sector in the Walloon region (Source: plant 

specific /ULG) 

Since 2005, CO2 emissions have been obtained directly by the obliged reporting of the plants under the 

emission trading scheme. They take into account the carbon storage in the remaining iron and also the 

emissions from burning electrodes. 

This sub-sector included a part of the CO2 emission in the sinter plant. Until 2004, these emissions 

were calculated by using an IPCC 1996 emission factor of 200 kg CO2/ton sinter. The emissions 

calculated involved combustion and process emissions. Combustion emissions were reported in the 

energy sector (fuel consumption x emission factor (table 3.1) and the remaining emissions were 

reported in the process sector. These process emissions are originating from additive in the furnace as 

limestone. Since 2005, CO2 emissions (process and combustion emissions) have been obtaining 

directly by the obliged reporting of the plants under the emission trading scheme. 

In the future, it will be difficult to make a recalculation for the complete time series due to the 

lack of necessary data. All these data are presented in the table 4.5.3. The IEF total in 1990 and 1991 

differ from 200 kg CO2/t as the production of one pelletization plant is taking into account with no 

process emissions. 

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 

Sinter 

production 

(kt) 

8468 7613 6417 5475 5325 6175 5188 5651 6219 6195 6568 6981 7481 7396 6494 5381 5370 4801

CO2 

combustion 

emissions (kt) 

1221 1129 1050 880 725 786 692 789 864 724 1010 1105 907 1241 1148 919 903 852 

IEF total (kg 

CO2/kt) 

189 165 200 201 199 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 213 214 212 219 213 223
84 

CO2 total 

emissions (kt) 

1602 1256 1281 1102 1062 1235 1038 1131 1244 1239 1311 1396 1593 1582 1375 1179 1144 1071 

CO2 process 

emissions (kt) 

381 127 231 223 337 449 345 342 380 515 301 291 686 341 228 260 242 219

IEF process 

(kg CO2/kt) 

45 17 36 41 63 73 66 61 61 83 46 42 92 46 35 48 45 46

Table 4.5.3 : Sinter industry in Wallonia. 

CH4 and N2O emissions of the iron and steel sector in the Walloon region are included in the energy 

sector (emission factors as recorded in table 3.6). See section 3.2.3. for more information. 

4.2.4. Fluorinated gases (categories 2E and 2F) 

The emissions of the categories 2E and 2F (production and consumption of halocarbons and SF6) 

contribute to 13% of total greenhouse gas emissions in 2006 in the sector of industrial processes in 

Belgium. 

For estimating the emissions of the F-gases described in Annex A to the Kyoto Protocol 

(hydrofluorocarbons HFCs, perfluorocarbons PFCs, sulphur hexafluoride SF6), a country-specific 

methodology was developed by 2 consultancies (ECONOTEC and ECOLAS) in 1999 based on the 

IPCC Guidelines [35][10][28] and since then updated every year and further optimised by 

ECONOTEC. This optimization did occur in collaboration with VITO since 2005 [45]. 

The present contribution of the F-gases to the total GHG emissions covered by the Kyoto Protocol 

(1.3% in 2006) is significantly lower compared to 1995 (3.3%), mainly thanks to abatement measures 

in the chemical industry. Since 1999, the total F-gas emissions have been increasing every year 

(except in 2005, which can entirely be explained by the reduction of PFCs in the chemical industry), 

as a result of the current regulations relating to the substitution of ozone depleting substances. 

No systematic emission inventories of fluorinated greenhouse gases were made for the years 1990-

1994 because it is very difficult to obtain reliable information. However Belgium did try to estimate 

the F-gas emissions for these years as accurately as possible (see CRF-tables): the emissions of the 

chemical process industry, which represent 89% of the total fluorinated GHG emissions in 1995, are 

known for the complete time series. For the years 1990-1994, the emissions of the remaining sources 

(11% in 1995) were assumed constant and equal to their level of 1995. As a result, the Belgian 

emission inventory of fluorinated gases from 1995 to 2006 can be considered as time consistent for the

complete time series. 

2E Production of halocarbons 

The emissions of category 2E (Production of halocarbons) are those of an electrochemical synthesis 

(electro-fluorination) plant, which emits, or has emitted SF6, CF4, C2F6, C3F8, C4F10, C5F12 and C6F14 as 

well as fluorinated greenhouse gases not covered by the Kyoto Protocol (among which CF3SF5, C7F16, 

C8F18 and C8F16O). This plant produces a broad range of fluorochemical products, which are used as 

basic chemicals as well as end products and mainly in the electronic industry. The emissions of this 

key emission source are partly fugitive and partly non-fugitive. 

A gas incinerator with HF-recovery has been installed in 1997 to reduce the non-fugitive emissions. 

This has resulted in a drastic reduction of the emissions, which are estimated for 2006 at about 150 kt 

CO2 equivalents (for the gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol), down from 4.4 Mton CO2 equivalents 

in 1995. 

The processes used in this electro-fluorinated plant is unique in the EU (there are however some 

similar plants in the US). This means that there is no readily available documentation on the processes 
85 

used neither on the reported emission factors. The emissions have been calculated by using mass 

balances in combination with measurements. These measurements are based on EPA Method 320 

using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroscopy) and GC/MS (gas chromatography combined 

with mass spectrometry). 

The emission estimates are complicated due to the fact that all emissions come from batch processes 

and that there are many reactors and process steps. For each process step (around 60 steps for the 

greenhouse gas emissions) an emission factor is reported. The emission factors are combined with 

detailed specific production data. Due to the complexity and for reasons of confidentiality, the detailed 

emission calculations cannot be made public. 

An external audit was performed in 2005 on the emission inventory by CH2M HILL. One of the 

findings was: “CH2M HILL finds that the company has been diligent in its effort to remove scientific 

uncertainty from the downstream emission estimates, the company has gone above and beyond the 

expectations outlined in the GHG Protocol in its attempts to reduce uncertainty, and the resulting 

emission estimates are transparent and provide a basis for consistent reporting of GHG emissions.” 

(August 2005). 

2F Consumption of halocarbons 

Emissions of fluorinated greenhouse gases are mainly estimated on the basis of the consumption of the 

different substances for each application, the consumption of products containing such substances, 

figures on external trade in substances or products containing substances, as well as on emission 

modelling by application and assumptions on leakage rates. These emissions are allocated to the 

category 2F. 

As explained in [45], the potential emissions of each substance for each application are 

calculated as the consumption minus the amount recovered, the stock variation being neglected. 

The actual emissions of HFCs come from the following categories: refrigeration (industrial & 

commercial and household refrigerators) and air conditioning equipment (in stationary applications 

and in vehicles), foams (closed cell foams, polyurethane cans and foams in refrigerators/freezers), 

Metered Dose Inhalers (MDI), aerosols other than MDIs and fire extinguishing (fixed installations). 

For the refrigeration sector, emissions have been estimated separately for the following source 

categories: industrial and commercial installations, household refrigerators, air conditioning of private 

cars, air conditioning of buses and coaches, and refrigerated transport. In accordance with the IPCC 

guidelines, the assembly emissions, the operation emissions and the disposal emissions are being 

determined separately. The assembly emissions are calculated as a function of the estimated amount 

charged into new systems and the percentage assembly losses, the operation emissions as a function of 

the amount stocked in existing systems and assumptions on annual leakage rates, and the disposal 

emissions in function of the amount in systems at time of disposal and the estimated recovered 

fraction. 

An annual inquiry is made on the consumption of the major F-gas containing product manufacturers, 

among which the 4 car manufacturers. These data are used for calculating the potential emissions as 

well as the assembly emissions. 

The HFC emissions from household refrigerators are rather negligible. They have been calculated 

separately for the 3 regions together with the emissions of CFCs and HCFCs from these applications. 

Industrial and commercial “installations” represent all on-site assembled systems for industrial & 

commercial refrigeration as well as stationary air-conditioning applications, which is the largest single 

source of F-gas emissions. The consumption and emission of refrigerants are modelled on the basis of 
86 

an annual inquiry among refrigerant distributors on their national supply by refrigerant mixture6, as 

well as on assumptions on average loss rates, from which the estimated supply for refilling vehicles is 

subtracted. No distinction is made between industrial refrigeration, commercial refrigeration and air

conditioning installations, as it is not possible to disaggregate the consumption data between these 

sub-sectors, because of the presence of intermediary wholesalers, and the fact that no inventory of 

installations is available. 

The refrigerant consumption and emissions of the transportation sector are estimated by modelling the 

evolution of the vehicle stock, on the basis of the number of new vehicle registrations and of the 

percentage of new vehicles equipped with air conditioning., by category of vehicles (cars, buses and 

coaches). 

There is still no survey concerning the fraction of new car registrations with air conditioning in 

Belgium. However, the federal public services of Mobility in collaboration with GOCA (association of 

the companies carrying out the technical control of automobiles) have performed an inquiry in October 

2005 which has resulted in an estimate for several years of the percentage of new cars having air 

conditioning. The results of this inquiry are used as a basis in the calculations of the emissions. 

The emissions from refrigerated transport are calculated on the basis of the annual number of new 

registrations of refrigerated trucks and trailers by gross / net weight categories, the average quantity of 

refrigerant (by type of refrigerant) contained in each vehicle (by vehicle category) and emission 

factors taken from the literature. 

For the foam sector, the modelling of emissions is based on an annual inquiry among the foam 

manufacturers on their consumption of blowing agents, and on assumptions on emission rates for 

manufacturing and product use, as well as on external trade, by type of insulation foam. 

Two types of closed cell foam are taken into consideration: extruded polystyrene foam and 

polyurethane foam (panels or blocks). The emissions from closed cell foams are calculated from: 

- the annual consumptions of F-gases by the manufacturers; 

- assumptions of assembly emission factors; 

- assumptions about the relative share of external trade; 

- assumptions about the emission factors from the foam bank. 

The end-of-year bank of F-gases is calculated annually, by substance, from the end-of-year bank of the

year before, the quantity added to the bank and the emission from the bank. 

The figures for the consumption of foaming agents are obtained from FEBELPLAST7

, for the 

members of this association and from a direct enquiry, for non members. They are collected separately 

for the manufacture of polyurethane foam (PUR) and extruded polystyrene (XPS). 

Belgium is a large producer of polyurethane cans (‘one component foam’) and its production is almost 

completely exported. Emissions of HFCs from this sector arise both during manufacturing and as a 

result of their use. The latter source is much larger than the former. The emissions during 

manufacturing are based on data obtained from the manufacturers. The emissions of HFCs contained 

in polyurethane cans sold in Belgium are based on estimates from the leading manufacturer, 

complemented by figures from the literature. They are based on estimates of the evolution of the 

number of cans consumed, the share of the cans containing HFCs, the quantity of HFC per can and the 

relative shares of HFC 134a and HFC 152a. 

 

6 This inquiry does not cover the supply to equiment manufacturers, which, as already mentioned, are the subject of a separate 

survey. 

7 Belgian Association of Plastics and Rubber Converters. 
87 

The foam of domestic refrigerators and freezers contains HFC245fa. The emissions have been 

evaluated but assumed to be negligible. 

For fixed fire extinguishing installations, an annual questionnaire is being sent to the eight companies 

that install such systems in Belgium, asking for their consumption of HFCs (HFC 227ea and HFC 

125). All companies have responded. 

The emissions resulting from the consumption of metered dose inhalers (MDI) are based on the data 

on annual sales of MDIs in Belgium, which are obtained from the specialised market research firm 

IMS Health, both in terms of number of units and number of doses. The emissions are estimated on 

the basis of the type of gas used in each pharmaceutical product (taken from the Compendium of 

AGIM) and on assumptions on the quantity of fluorinated gas per dose. 

The former CFC aerosol market has practically completely moved to alternative propellants, such as 

hydrocarbons. However, in the technical aerosol sector there are some applications for which it is 

inappropriate, usually for safety reasons, to use these alternative propellants, and manufacturers have 

switched to HFCs (generally HFC 134a) as a safe alternative. The emissions during production have 

been estimated on the basis of HFC consumption data obtained through Essenscia, the professional 

association of the chemical industry. The scarcity and diffused character of this emission source makes 

it difficult to quantify the emissions during use. Estimates of the latter are based on a study carried out 

at the European level. 

The SF6 emissions originating from the production and the stock of soundproof double-glazing are 

calculated from the SF6 consumption data, which have been obtained from the main manufacturers. 

The stock of SF6 contained in existing glazing in Belgium is evaluated on the basis of a balance 

between production, import and export of this glazing over the years. From information obtained from 

the double glazing producers we assessed a specific export rate for each of them. The import of 

acoustic double glazing was estimated to be around 10% of the Belgian consumption. The emission 

rate of glazing from the bank is assumed to be 1% /year, as previously. The emission from production 

of acoustic double glazing is assumed to be 33% of the SF6 consumption. The disposal emissions are 

based on an assumed unique lifetime of 25 years. 

SF6 emissons from the electricity sector are based on stock and emission factor data obtained from the 

SYNERGRID association. 

In total, the “Kyoto” HFC gas emissions expressed in tonnes CO2-equivalents have been gradually 

increased (+257 % between 1995 and 2006), as a result of the current regulations related to CFC and 

HCFC substitution. The main uses are the refrigeration sector and the production of synthetic foams. 

During the 2009 submission, the following changes have been made to the inventory data for the Fgases for the period 1995-2006: 

- Bulk potential emissions have been introduced for the years 1995-97, for which they were 

missing. 

- The figures for recovery of R12 in dismantled household refrigerators have been improved for 

2006. 

- For the foam of household refrigerators, the estimate of the size of the bank of R11 has been 

revised. 

- The consumption of R134a of vehicle manufactures has been improved for the years 2003-2006. 

- For refrigerated transport, small irregularities in the data on registrations of refrigerated trucks and 

trailers, obtained from the FPS Economy, were removed for all previous years. 

- Some other minor mistakes or inconsistencies have been removed, with only have a negligible 

impact on the total emissions. 

-In the CRF background data Table 2(II).C,E, complementary information has been provided for the 

PFC emissions, for all years. 

Formatted: Bullets and Numbering
88 

As a consequence of this recalculation of emissions, only a negligible change (impact on total 

emissions < 1 kt CO2-eq) has taken place for the emissions of the Kyoto greenhouse gases in 1995. 

For the later years, the changes remain very limited. 

4.2.5. Non-energy use of fuels (category 2G) 

As a result of the in-country review performed by the expert review team of UNFCCC in June 2007, 

the emissions reported in category 2G during the previous submissions are no longer included in the 

Belgian emission inventory. In this category 2G the emissions from the non-energy use of fuel were 

reported, estimated by using the IPCC default emission factors of carbon stored during the use of 

lubricants and solvents. Following the advise of the expert review team, these emissions of CO2 from 

the use of solvents and lubricants will only arise when they are burned or destroyed. As a consequence

these emissions are excluded out of the Belgian emission inventory during this 2008 submission and 

the emissions of CO2 in the base year decrease with 415,544 kton CO2. 

4.3. Recalculations and planned improvements 

4.3.1. Recalculations 

- During the 2009 submission, the proces emissions of CO2 are newly added for one glass 

company in the Flemish region (category 2A7) as a result of their emission reporting in the 

framework of the EU-ETS Directive. An estimation of the previous years (1990-2004) is 

performed by using the same methodology as used in the framework of the EU-ETS (Ccontent of raw materials used). As a consequence the emissions of CO2 in this sector did 

increase with about 1 kton CO2 for the years 2005 to 2007 and with about 4 kton CO2 in 

1990. 

- Another recalculation in the glass sector (2A7) during this 2009 submission is a revision of the 

implied emission factor of another glass company in the Flemish region based on an average 

emission factor from the EU-ETS-data for the years 2005-2007. As a result the emission of 

CO2 did decrease with 10 to 13 kton CO2 for the complete time series. 

- During the 2009 submission, the following changes have been made to the inventory data for 

the F-gases for the period 1995-2006: 

- Bulk potential emissions have been introduced for the years 1995-97, for which they were 

missing. 

- The figures for recovery of R12 in dismantled household refrigerators have been 

improved for 2006. 

- For the foam of household refrigerators, the estimate of the size of the bank of R11 has 

been revised. 

- The consumption of R134a of vehicle manufactures has been improved for the years 

2003-2006. 

- For refrigerated transport, small irregularities in the data on registrations of refrigerated 

trucks and trailers, obtained from the FPS Economy, were removed for all previous years. 

- Some other minor mistakes or inconsistencies have been removed, with only have a 

negligible impact on the total emissions. 
89 

- In the CRF background data Table 2(II).C,E, complementary information has been 

provided for the PFC emissions, for all years. 

4.3.2. Planned improvements 

No specific improvements are planned in the near future in the estimation of greenhousegas emissions 

in Belgium in the sector of industrial processes.
90 

CHAPTER 5: SOLVENT AND OTHER PRODUCTS USE

5.1 Overview 

In Belgium the emissions of NMVOC in the source category ‘Solvent and other product use’ include 

paint application (building industry & households), production of medicines, paints, inks and glues, 

domestic use of other products (incl. glues and adhesives), coating processes in general (incl. assembly 

of automobiles), printing industry, wood conservation, treatment of rubber, storage and handling of 

products, recuperation of solvents and extraction of oil, cleaning and degreasing and dry cleaning. 

No estimation of the CO2 equivalent emissions of the solvent consumption is carried out in Belgium. 

The greenhousegas emissions in this category 3 in Belgium are related to the use of N2O as an 

anaesthetics. 

5.2. Methodological issues 

The regions in Belgium are using comparable methodologies to estimate the emissions of solvent and 

other product use in their region. 

The emissions of NMVOC in Flanders are estimated by using the results of a study started by the 

University of Gent in 1998 and continued by the Flemish Environment Agency (VMM). 

In Wallonia, the calculation is based on a methodology established by Econotec [39]. 

In the Brussels region, the emissions are calculated by using the results of the research projects [16], 

[17] and [20]. 

Because of the less importance of these emissions in the greenhouse gas story, only a general view of 

how these emissions are calculated in Belgium is given below. 

Broadly speaking, emissions of NMVOC are estimated in Belgium as follows : 

- All emissions of category 3A (NMVOC emissions for Paint Application...) as well as some of 

category 3.D (other domestic use, wood coating, wood conservation, recovery of solvents, treatment of 

rubber, coating of synthetic material and paper) are estimated based on production figures that are 

given by the specific industry or professional federations. The emission factors used are mainly the 

solvent content of the product. 

- The remaining emissions of categories 3C (production of paints, inks and glues) and 3D (storage and 

handling of products and assembly of automobiles, extraction of oil seeds, textile coating and printing 

industry) are estimated based on information gathered in the industrial databases mainly originating 

from the yearly reporting obligations of the industrial companies. 

- The emission calculation for the emission of N2O from anaesthesia (3D) is based on the number of 

hospital beds in Belgium and the average consumption of anaesthetics per bed. The emission factor is 

10,3 kg N2O/bed/year. This factor was determined by inquiries carried out in 1995 by an independent 

consultant agency Econotec [39]. 

It has been assumed that all of the nitrous oxide used for anaesthetics will eventually be released to the 

atmosphere. The number of beds used for the emissions calculations was obtained from the DGASS 

(General Directorate for Health and Social Action) and from the Health Public Federal Service.. 
91 

- There is no estimation carried out in Belgium of the CO2 equivalents calculated out of the emissions 

of NMVOC of the solvent consumption because of the unreliability of this factors proposed in 

literature. 

5.3 Recalculations and planned improvements 

5.3.1. Recalculations 

No main recalculations of greenhousegas emissions are made in the sector of solvent and other 

product use during this 2009 submission. However, as with all other sectors, a constant actualization 

of the inventory is performed. Consequently most recalculations of the emission inventory 1990-2007 

are performed in the last years (2005 and 2006) because more accurate information became available 

for these years. 

In the Flemish region a study is conducted in the course of 2008-2009 for the optimization of the 

inventory of NMVOC, specific for the sectors of coating, cleaning & degreasing and dry cleaning. 

This study started in June 2008, results became available in June 2009. 

5.3.2. Planned improvements 

In the Flemish region a study is conducted in the course of 2008-2009 for the optimization of the 

inventory of NMVOC, specific for the sectors of coating, cleaning & degreasing and dry cleaning. 

This study started in June 2008, results are expected in June 2009. 
92 

CHAPTER 6: AGRICULTURE

6.1. Overview 

6.1.1. Description of the sector 

The main types of rearing and cultivation business and their numbers are represented in tables 6.1 and

6.2. Those data are available on a yearly basis and are used as one of the activity data for the 

agricultural sector (see 6.2.1). Tables 6.1 and 6.2 give an overview of the sector in Belgium. 

Belgium Evolution 

2006-2007 

Flemish 

Region 

Walloon 

Region 

Brussels 

Capital 

region 

 Number of businesses 48013 -3,7% 31984 16008 21

 Agricultural land (ha) 1370285 -0,9% 622133 747840 312

 Grassland (ha) 507304 -1,9% 165527 341677 100

 Grains (ha, without maize) 271655 -0,5% 92525 179045 85

 Maize (ha) 222134 +2,0% 165009 57070 55

 Sugar beet (ha) 85956 -0,4% 33881 52048 26

 Potatoes (ha) 67942 +1,0% 42393 25526 23

 Others (ha) 215293 -2,4% 122798 92474 22

Table 6.1. : Main types of cultivation in Belgium (NIS, 2007 

http://www.statbel.fgov.be/figures/download_nl.asp#agrtel ). 

Belgium Evolution 

2006-2007 

Flemish 

Region 

Walloon 

Region 

Brussels 

Capital 

region 

 Bovins (total) 2649392 -0,5% 1318654 1330452 286

 Bovines under 1 year 773554 -0,6% 429278 344172 104

 Male bovine between 1 and 2 years 134604 +0,7% 72136 62458 10

 Female bovine between 1 and 2 years 374349 -0,7% 179493 194821 35

 Male bovine more than 2 years 35779 +3,8% 17809 17962 8

 Female bovine more than 2 years 286585 -2,5% 161275 157300 21

 Dairy cows 500005 -1,4% 280720 219218 67

 Brood cows 544516 +1,2% 177943 334521 41

 Porcs (total) 6255404 -0,6% 5897632 357769 3

 Piglet under 20 kg 1637982 -0.7% 1585786 52196 0 

 Piglet between 20 and 50 kg 1292706 0.4% 1198870 93836 0

 Fattening pigs more than 50 kg 2748013 -0.3% 2557105 190905 0 

 Breeding males 8494 -6.4% 7903 591 0 

 Sows 568209 -2.5% 547968 20241 0 

 Sheep 150532 -2.2% 94368 56126 38 

 Goats 28870 3.2% 17280 11572 18 

 Horses 35371 -5.9% 22216 13086 69 

 Poultry (total) 32750113 -7.9% 27529203 5220174 736 

 laying hens 11906499 -4.0% 10304396 1601920 183 

 Broilers 20160913 +2.3% 16593124 3567309 480

 Others 682701 -10.0% 631683 50945 73 
93 

Table 6.2. : Number of heads in the main livestock categories in Belgium (NIS, 2007 

http://www.statbel.fgov.be/figures/download_nl.asp#agrtel). 

The land used for agriculture in 2007 extends to 1.370285 hectares (Table 6.1) or 45.3% of Belgium. 

In 2007, the number of agricultural and horticultural businesses amounted to 48013. This number had 

dropped by 16% in 5 years, the disappearing of small businesses being a general trend in the 

sector.Additionally in Flanders, this partly can be explained due to the subsidized cut down of the 

number of cattle. This was in 2001 and 2002 only the case for swine, in 2003 however an extension to 

bovine and poultry occured. Nevertheless the land area used for agricultural purposes remained 

identical during this period. In 2007 Wallonia has 55% of the land used for agriculture, but 67% of 

agricultural businesses are situated in Flanders. The land area used for farming is on average 19 ha per 

farm in the Flemish region and 47 ha per farm in the Walloon region. 

Organic farming and the businesses in transition towards this type of farming only represent 2.4% of 

the total area in 2007 (3.9 % in Wallonia, 0,6 % in Flanders 

http://www.bioforum.be/v2/producent_cijfers_05.aspx) . The evolution of the Belgian agricultural 

sector is of course directly related to the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union. 

6.1.2 Allocation of emissions 

Some agricultural sectors such as rice cultivation, prescribed burning of savannahs (categories 4C and

4E) and field burning of agricultural residues (category 4F) are not occurring in Belgium. The 

agricultural sector in Belgium covers the categories 4A, 4B and 4D. 

The agricultural activities on the Brussels territory are extremely small compared with the 2 other 

regions in Belgium. As one can see in table 6.2, the agricultural area or the number of animals in the

Brussels region does not exceed 0.02 % of the national figure. Keeping in mind the large uncertainty 

on agricultural emissions, the emissions in the Brussels region are deemed negligible and are 

consequently not estimated. 

6.2. Methodological issues 

6.2.1. Data sources 

The main activity data are the livestock figures, agricultural land area and edible crop production of Nfixing and non-N-fixing crops. The National Institute of Statistics (NIS) [26] publishes these numbers

yearly. All agricultural businesses have to fill in a form each year about the situation on the 1st of May 

of that year and send it to the National Statistics (NIS). Further details on the agricultural census 

methodology and QA/QC issues can be found on the NIS website: www.statbel.fgov.be. 

With an average temperature of 11.5°C in 2007 (www.meteo.be), Belgium as a whole has a "cool" 

climate. 

In Flanders, data as average animal weight, weight gain, feeding situation, milk production and 

nitrogen fertiliser use come from the Department Agriculture and Fishery. The data of milk 

production used in Flanders is the real production of milk in the region: milk supplies from Flemish 

producers to Flemish or Walloon consumers and the direct sales on the farm. For 1990-2003 the real 

milk production is calculated per milk quota year (e.g. 1st april 2000 till 31st march 2001). The milk 

production data from 2004 on (with excepetion of the direct sales on the farm) are calculated for a 

calendar year (1st january till 31st December). Before 2004 this information per calendar year is not 

available. 
94 

For fertilizer use the Department and the Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (the socalled IVLO) conducts surveys on a representative sample of the different types of agricultural 

businesses and produces yearly weighted average values on the fertiliser use, taking into account 

manure pressure [49] (table 6.3). 

In Flanders the allocation of animals to AWMS as well as the detailed data for nitrogen excretion 

factors originate from the Manure Bank and is based on the regional situation. The nitrogen excretion 

factors for cattle, horses, sheep, goats and rabbits are used as described in the Manure Action Plans 

(MAP2bis till 2006 and from 2007 on MAP3 ( 

http://www.vlm.be/SiteCollectionDocuments/Publicaties/mestbank/Normen_2009.pdf)). For dairy 

cows, in MAP3, these N-excretion factors depend on the milkproduction per cow. For the N-excretion 

factors of swine and poultry, a farmer can choose to use the standard excretion factors. Or they can 

choose (or in some cases are obliged) to use the other systems (regression, animal feed convenant, 

input-output balance). 

The nitrogen leaching (taken into account in the N2O model) is based on the SENTWA model (System 

for the Evaluation of Nutrient Transport to Water) which is updated yearly [50]. This model 

empirically calculates the discharge of nutrient streams caused by agriculture to the surface water. 

This because one of the polluting sources of the watercourses is the diffuse discharge coming from 

agriculture (from animal manure, fertiliser and silage). The SENTWA model is based on a split of the 

nutrient stream in seven sub-streams or sources of loss. 

The area of cultivated organic soils is obtained by the University of Leuven (KUL). Given the slow 

pace of change the area is taken constant over the entire time series. 

The N volatilised as NH3 form fertiliser use and animal manure is derived from the models used to 

calculate the respective NH3-emissions [51]. The model used to calculate NH3 emission from animal 

manure takes into account four emission stages: indoor stable, outdoor storage of manure, manure 

application to land and emissions from grazing animals. The factors used in this model are updated 

yearly if necessary. A copy of this model can be found in annex 4 of this report. 

In Wallonia, the emissions are calculated using a model developed by a consultant agency Siterem 

[30] with recognised experience in this field. Some amendments have been applied on the model in 

order to better comply with the UNFCCC requirements and to keep only the relevant regional specific 

emission factors. Different data are used as input in the model which then calculates CH4, N2O and 

NH3 emissions (NH3 is used for other mandatory reporting than UNFCCC). Four emissions sources 

were pointed: animal husbandry, the excreta of agricultural animals deposited in buildings and 

collected as either liquid slurry or solid manure, application of animal manure to land and mineral 

fertilisers. 

In Wallonia, the data on sludge spreading on agricultural soils are available on the website of 

DGARNE (http://www.environnement.wallonie.be/). The allocation of animals to animal waste 

management system (AWMS) comes from the NIS agricultural census of 1992 and 1996, where those 

data were collected by animal type. Those data are not collected on a yearly basis by the NIS given 

their slow pace of change. However, an update of the 1996 data would likely be useful in the near 

future. So far we have no information about the NIS planning regarding this update. 
95 

Synthetic fertilizer use Synthetic fertilizer use 

(kg/ha) 

Emission Factor 

(%) 

Flanders 

 The Polders 117.28 11.6

 Rest of Flanders 111.08 1.7

Wallonia 110 2.3

 

Table 6.3. : The amount (kg) of synthetic fertilizer use per ha (2007) and 

the NH3 emission factor for each region 

6.2.2. Enteric fermentation (category 4A) 

Because CH4-emissions from enteric fermentation are a key source category for cattle, a Tier 2 

approach is required in both regions, Flanders and Wallonia. The Tier 2 methodology is used for cattle

since the 2008 submission. This methodology is based on the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and 

harmonized between the two regions. 

CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation from the other, non key source, animal categories (sheep, 

goats, swine, horses and mules and asses) are estimated using the Tier 1 methodology as described in 

the IPCC Good Practice Guidance [10]. 

Key source category

The cattle population is divided into slighly different groups in Flanders and Wallonia as can be seen

in table 6.4. 

 The average animal weight and weight gain, as discussed in 6.2.1, originate in Flanders from 

the Department Agriculture and Fishery and in Wallonia from average weights published by the 

federal finance departement : 

http://www.fisconet.fgov.be/nl/?bron.dll&root=V:/sites/FisconetNldAdo.2/&versie=04&file=fdi2005/f

di2005&zoek=000000000&name=0111/74@0111/75&Style=-1&hdr_referer=&type=2&. 

Subcategories Average weight 

(kg) 

Weight gain 

(kg/day) 

Flanders 

Slaughter calves 162 1,100

Bovine under 1 year 184 0,750

Bovine between 1 and 2 years 427 0,700

Bovine more than 2 years 660 0,250

Dairy cows 600 0,650

Brood cows 600 0,650

Wallonia 

Bovines under 6 months 164 0,700

Bovines between 6 months and 1 year: male 184 0,700

Bovines between 6 months and 1 year: female 184 0,650

Bovines more than 1 year for fattening: male 427 0,700

Bovines more than 1 year for reproduction: male 617 0,700

Bovines more than 1 year: female 501 0,650

Dairy cows 600 0,650

Brood cows 600 0,650

Table 6.4. : Average weight and weight gain for the different cattle categories in Belgium. 

The emission factors for each category of cattle are estimated based on the gross energy (GE) intake 

and the methane conversion rate for each category. In successive steps the gross energy intake is 
96 

calculated. These steps include the amount of feed energy required for maintenance, feeding (to obtain

their food), growth, lactation and pregnancy. In annex 4 of this report a copy of the calculation of the 

GE intake and emission factors in Flanders can be found. The methodology is the same in the Walloon 

region. The different steps and the formulas used are discussed in detail. 

For the calculation of the net energy for feeding (NEfeed) in Wallonia a coefficient of 8.5% of the net 

energy for maintenance (NEm) is used, considering that all animal categories spend half of the time on

pasture. 

In Flanders for slaughter calves a coefficient of 0% is used, considering the animals are kept inside 

their entire lifetime. Dairy cows and brood cows spend 42% of the year on pasture and the other 

bovine 40%. Resulting in a coefficient respectively of 7.14% and 6.8%. 

The formula used for the calculation of the net energy for pregnancy (NEp) originates from the IPCC 

guidelines 2006 (equation 10.13).In both reguions, a coefficient of 0.8 is applied, assuming that only

80% of this subcategory is actually pregnant each year. 

In Flanders, data for feed digestibility (DE%) originate from a report 

[http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/680125001.html] [52] from the Netherlands, a 

neighbouring country with comparable feeding situations. Table 6.5 gives an overview of the feed 

digestibility of the different feed types. Slaughter calves in Flanders are only fed with milk replacer. 

The diet of dairy cows contains more or less 30% concentrates and the rest roughage. The absolute 

amount of concentrates in the diet from dairy cows remained more or less constant over the time 

series, but by increasing the absolute amount of roughage in the diet the milk production has strongly

increased from 11kg milk/day/cow in 1990 to 18.7 kg milk/day/cow in 2007. For non-dairy cows the 

feeding situation is not yet specified, a DE% of 75% is used. 

In Wallonia , an average digestibility of 75% is used, considering that the cattle are fed with fresh 

grass during pasture and with silage and concentrates in stable. 

Table 6.5. : Digestibility of the feed of cattle in %. 

In both regions a methane conversion rate (Ym) of 6% is used to calculate the emission factor for each

cattle type. The emission factors for all categories with exception for dairy cows stay constant over the 

entire time series. For dairy cows the emission factor increases with increasing milk production. In 

Flanders from 98 kg CH4/head in 1990 to 122.7 kg CH4/head in 2007. In Wallonia from 99,8 kg 

CH4/head in 1990 to 114,4 kg CH4/head in 2006. 

Table 6.6 shows the calculated emission factors in Flanders and Wallonia for the different cattle types 

in 2007. 

Subcategories Emission factor 

(kg CH4 / head)

Flanders 

Slaughter calves 19,59

Bovines under 1 year 25,80

Bovines between 1 and 2 years 47,16

Bovines more than 2 years 50,45

Dairy cows 122.7

Brood cows 67,81

Feed DE%

Calf milk replacer 90%

Concentrates 80%

Maize 72%

Grass silage 72%

Fresh grass (grazing animals) 79%
97 

Wallonia 

Bovines under 6 months 20,2

Bovines between 6 months and 1 year: male 24,8

Bovines between 6 months and 1 year: female 26,9

Bovines more than 1 year for fattening: male 48,7

Bovines more than 1 year for reproduction: male 61,3

Bovines more than 1 year: female 57

Dairy cows 112,4

Brood cows 68,3

Table 6.6. : Emission factor for each animal category (2006). 

Non key source categories

Sheep, goats, swine, horses and asses are no key source category. Therefore a Tier 1 methodology is 

used: 

CH4 emission (ton) = number of animals * emission factor 

 The IPCC 1996 emission factors in table 4-3 of the Guidelines are used for all non-key source 

animal categories. The classification of the animal categories occurs according to the IPCC 1996 

methodology. 

The emission factors presented in the CRF tables are a weighted average of the emission factors used 

at the regional level. Table 6.7 gives an overview of the emission factors used in both regions. 

Categories Emission factor 

(kg CH4 / head)

Flanders 

Emission factor 

(kg CH4 / head) 

Wallonia 

sheep 8,0 8,5

goats 5,0 5.0

Swine 1,5 1,5

Horses 18 18

Mules and asses 10 -

Table 6.7. : The emission factors (kg CH4/head) for the different non key source categories.

6.2.3. Manure management (category 4B) 

Methane 

Key source categories

Because CH4-emissions from manure management are a key source category for cattle and swine, a 

Tier2 approach is required. The methodology is based on the IPCC Good Practice Guidance [10] and 

is harmonized between the two regions. This Tier2 methodology (see also annex 4) is used for both 

cattle and swine in Flanders and for cattle alone in Wallonia since the 2009 submission. Wallonia may 

use this Tier 2 as well, but swine is not a key source in Wallonia – as presented in table 6.2Wallonia

only grows 5 % of the total belgian swine) – and EF used in de current methodology are close to the 

IPCC value, therefore this methodology is not used for swine for the time being. 

Table 6.8 gives an overview of the factors used in both regions in 2007. The gross energy intake (GE) 

and DE% for cattle are derived from the methodology used to calculate the CH4-emissions from cattle. 
98 

The factors ash content of the manure, maximum methane producing capacity and methane conversion 

factors (table 6.9) originate from the IPCC Good Practice Guidance [10], the Revised 1996 IPCC 

Guidelines (reference manual) [28] or the IPCC 2006 Guidelines [54]. The fraction manure handled in 

each management system (MS%) is region-specific. 

As mentioned above Flanders also implemented this Tier2 approach for swine. Because at this 

moment no region-specific GE intake factor is available for each subcategory of swine, the default 

IPCC GE intake factor is used (Table B-2 from Appendix B of the Reference Manual). DE% is taken 

75%, ash content of the manure and Bo are defaults (IPCC1996). 

Subcategories GE

(MJ/day) 

ASH

(%) 

VS

(kg dm/day) 

Bo

(m3/kg of VS) 

Emission Factor

(kg CH4/head) 

Flanders

Slaughter calves 50 8 0.25 0.17 1.96

Bovines under 1 year 66 8 0.82 0.17 1.93

Bovines between 1 and 2 years 120 8 1.49 0.17 3.53

Bovines more than 2 years 128 8 1.60 0.17 3.77

Dairy cows 312 8 3.82 0.24 18.42

Brood cows 172 8 2.15 0.17 7.33

Swine 38 2 0.50 0.45 9.96

Wallonia

Bovines under 6 months 51 8 0.26 0.17 0.23

Bovines between 6 months and 1 

year: male 

63 8 0.77 0.17 0.61

Bovines between 6 months and 1 

year: female 

68 8 0.85 0.17 0.77

Bovines more than 1 year for 

fattening: male 

124 8 1.54 0.17 1.39

Bovines more than 1 year for 

reproduction: male 

156 8 1.94 0.17 2.48

Bovines more than 1 year: female 145 8 1.81 0.17 2.30 

Dairy cows 287 8 3.58 0.24 11.45

Brood cows 174 8 2.31 0.17 1.73

Table 6.8. : Overview of the factors used to calculate the CH4 emission from manure management for 

cattle and swine. 

The methane conversion factor for each manure management system are harmonized between the two 

regions. 

Manure Management System MCF 

MCF pit storage below animal confinements* 19% 

MCF daily spread 0,10% 

MCF solid storage* 2% 

MCF poultry manure 1.5 

MCF pasture, range and paddock 1%

* : IPCC 2006 Guidelines 

Table 6.9.: The methane conversion factors (%) for each manure management system. 

Non key sources categories 
99 

Sheep, goats, poultry, horses, mules and asses are no key source categories. The methodolgy for swine 

in Wallonia (5% of the belgian swine number of heads) is presented here. The methodology used is 

different for the two regions, Wallonia and Flanders. Therefore they will be discussed separately. 

 Flanders 

CH4 emissions from manure management for the non key source categories in Flanders are estimated 

using a region specific methodology. 

The model used for the calculation of the emissions has been developed in a simple excel format. A 

copy of the excel file can be found in annex 4 of this report. 

In the box below the formula used for the estimation of CH4 emissions from manure management can 

be found as well as the source of the different factors used. 

[[(1) Source : Department Agriculture and Fishery; (2) Source : Flemish Land Agency; (3) Source : 

Casada & Safley [53], (4) see table 6.9]. 

For poultry the slaughter weight and an integrator (value less than 1) are used (see table 6.10) taking 

into account that the weight of the cattle over the whole lifetime is not the same as the slaughter 

weight. The integrator integrates therefore between the weight at birth and the slaughter weight. 

For the other animal types, the average weight is known, and therefore the integrator is 1. The MCF 

values are weighted averages depending on the different manure managent systems for one category. 

Category Weight 

(kg)

Integrator Manure production 

(kg/d/1000kg) 

VS 

(%)

Emission 

Potential 

(m3/ kg VS) 

MCF 

(%) 

sheep 50 1 40 23 0,19 4.42 

goats 50 1 41 26.6 0,17 4.42 

Horses 500 1 51 19.6 0,33 1 

Mules 250 1 51 19.6 0,33 1 

poultry 

Broilers (for breeding) 2 1 85 19.4 0,32 2 

Broilers (for fattening) 1,3 0,52 85 19.4 0,32 2 

Laying hens 2 1 85 19.4 0,32 1.78 

Young laying hens 1,3 0,52 85 19.4 0,32 1.78 

Ducks 2,5 0,54 85 19.4 0,32 1.5 

Goose 7,5 0,65 47 19.4 0,30 1.5 

Turkeys 7 0,49 47 19.4 0,30 2 

Guinia fowl 1,2 0,55 85 19.4 0,32 2 

Table 6.10.: Calculation factors used for the CH4 emissions from manure management in the Flemish 

region (Source: Department Agriculture and Fishery, Flemish Land Agency, Casada & Safley [53]). 

 Wallonia 

CH4 emission (m3) = number of animals * average weight(1) (kg) * integrator(2) * manure 

production(2&3) (kg/day/1000kg) * 365/1000 * volatile solid(3) (%) * emission potential(3) (m3/kg 

VS) * CH4 potential(4) (%) 

CH4 emission (ton) = CH4 emission (m3) * 0,662kg/m3 

CH4 emission (m3) = number of animals * average weight(1) (kg) * integrator(2) * manure 

production(2&3) (kg/day/1000kg) * 365/1000 * volatile solid(3) (%) * emission potential(3) (m3/kg 

VS) * MCF(4) (%) 

CH4 emission (ton) = CH4 emission (m3) * 0,662kg/m3 
100 

Emission factors for other non key source animal categories and swine (key source) have been 

developed by Siterem [30]. Those factors take into account the type and volume of manure produced 

during the time spent in stables, its density and carbon content, and its carbon volatilisation ratio. The 

parameters come from studies conducted in Wallonia or in France. Those emission factors are 

multiplied by the number of animals to estimate the total emissions from manure management. 

The resulting EF are comparable to the default IPCC EF (table 6.11 hereunder) : in 2009, the EF used 

in Wallonia is 2,54 for swine (IPCC default = 3). 

The change between 1990 and 2005 is linked to the changes in AWMS between 1990 and 1996 (see 

table 6.12a presented under nitrous oxide emissions). The IEF for swine is a weighted average of 

many subcategories, so it slightly changes from year to year. 

 Number of heads (100) in 2007 1990 IEF CH4 Manure 

management 

2005 IEF CH4 Manure 

management 

2007 IEF CH4 Manure 

management 

Sheep 56 0,25 0,25 0,25 

Goats 12 0,25 0,26 0,25 

Horses 13 2,03 2,03 2,03 

Swine 358 2,54 2,54 2,47 

Poultry 5220 0,11 0,08 0,08 

Table 6.11.: The emission factors (kg CH4/head) in 1990, 2005, 2007 for the different categories 

Nitrous oxide 

For the calculation of the N2O emissions from agriculture in Flanders a methodology is developed by 

the University of Ghent [7] according to the methodology as described in the IPCC 1996 GPG. The 

model used for the calculation of the emissions has been developed in a simple excel format. A copy 

of the excel file can be found in annex 4 of this report and is similar to the model used in Wallonia.

The model integrates the three N2O sources: emissions from manure management, discussed here, 

indirect and direct emissions discussed below in 6.2.4. 

The N2O emission estimation from manure management is based on the nitrogen excreted by each 

animal category, estimated through local production factors. The calculation takes into account the 

number of days in pasture and the ratio of liquid systems, solid storage, daily spread and other. 

In Wallonia N-excretion factors were first determined for the implementation of the CE 

Nitrates Directive 91/676 (see annexes of the decree downloadable on 

http://www.nitrawal.be/pdf/arretenitrates_mb2.pdf, but were representing the nitrogen after deduction 

of the atmospheric losses, so new factors were calculated on this basis for the purposes of estimating

atmospheric emissions. In Wallonia, the allocation of animals to AWMS comes from the NIS 

agricultural census of 1992 and 1996, where those data were published by animal type. Those data are 

not collected yearly by the NIS given their slow pace of change. The factors are presented on table 

6.12. 
101 

 1992 1992 1996 1996 1992 

&1996 

Nex 

(kg/head.yr)

Solid 

manure

Liquid 

manure 

Solid 

manure 

Liquid 

manure 

% stable 

vs pasture

Bovines under 6 months 13,4 86% 14% 87% 13% 100% 

Bovines between 6 months and 1 year: male 37,5 94% 6% 90% 10% 50% 

Bovines between 6 months and 1 year: 

female 

30,8 88% 12% 87% 13% 50% 

Bovines more than 1 year for fattening: male 97,8 88% 12% 87% 13% 50% 

Bovines more than 1 year for reproduction: 

male 

84,4 78% 22% 77% 23% 50% 

Bovines more than 1 year: female 58,9 78% 22% 77% 23% 50% 

Dairy cows 120,5 63% 37% 56% 44% 56% 

Brood cows 97,8 93% 7% 91% 9% 50% 

 0% 

Piglet under 20 kg 4,7 49% 51% 42% 58% 100% 

Piglet between 20 and 50 kg 10,4 49% 51% 42% 58% 100% 

Fattening pigs more than 50 kg 16,1 38% 62% 33% 67% 100% 

Sows 37,5 35% 65% 47% 53% 100% 

Breeding males 42,9 35% 65% 52% 48% 100% 

 0% 

Lambs 4,4 100% 0% 100% 0% 100% 

Sheep <1 year 4,4 100% 0% 100% 0% 50% 

Sheep >1year 8,8 100% 0% 100% 0% 50% 

 0% 0% 

Goats <1year 4,4 100% 0% 100% 0% 50% 

Goat > 1 year 8,8 100% 0% 100% 0% 50% 

Horses 75,0 100% 0% 100% 0% 50% 

 0% 

Broilers 0,4 78% 22% 89% 11% 100% 

Laying hens 0,8 3% 97% 6% 94% 100% 

Other poultry 0,6 48% 52% 26% 74% 100% 

Table 6.12a.: Nitrogen excretion factors and allocation of animals to AWMS for each category 

in Wallonia . Evolution between 1992 and 1996 data from NIS. 

In Belgium, the local excretion factors are more or less comparable to the 1996 IPCC default value, 

especially if the principle of Table 4.14 of the IPCC Good Practice Guidance is taken into account. 

The adjustment factors from the revised IPCC 1996: reference manual table 4-20 are given according 

to the age range. In Belgium, the agricultural census allows a detailed disaggregation in subcategories 

according to the age or the weight of the animals (see table 6.2). Table hereabove gives an overview of 

the ratio of liquid and solid manure for the main animal categories. The pace of change is slow 

between 1992 and 1996 for AWMS. However, although changes are limited for many subcategories, 

they have significant impact on emissions for some important categories, such a s dairy cows 

In Flanders, the origin of the nitrogen excretion factors and of the allocation of animals to 

AWMS is described above in 6.2.1 (see also table 6.12b). 
102 

Category N ex (kg N/animal/yr) AWMS 

Bovine 

Slaughter calves 10,5 100% liquid storage 

Other bovine under 1 year 

 Male 22,3 24% liquid storage 

36% solid storage 

40% pasture ditto 

 Female 33 ditto 

Bovine from 1 to 2 year 

 Male 

 for the reproduction 58 ditto 

 other 58 ditto 

 Female 

 Fattening cows 58 ditto 

 For replacement of dairy cows 58 ditto 

Bovine more than 2 year 77 ditto 

Dairy cows 105 39% liquid storage 

19% solid storage 

42% pasture 

Brood cows 65 39% liquid storage 

19% solid storage 

42% pasture 

Sheep 

 Sheep under 1 year 4,36 19% liquid storage 

81% pasture 

 Sheep more than 1 year and goats 10,5 ditto 

Swine 

Piglet under 20 kg 2,46 96% liquid storage 

4% daily spreading 

Piglet between 20 and 50 kg 11,48 ditto 

Fattening pigs more than 50 kg 11.48 ditto 

Breeding pigs more than 50 kg ditto 

 Boars 22,08 ditto 
103 

 Sows 

 coverred sows 22,05 76% liquid storage 

24% solid storage 

 Non-coverred sows 21,89 ditto 

Horses 

 Horses under 6 months 35 96% pasture 

4% other 

 Farming horse more than 6 months 65 ditto 

 Other horses more than 6 months 50 ditto 

Mules 35 ditto 

Rabbit 3.16 ditto 

Furred animals 3 ditto 

poultry 

Broilers (for breeding) 1.14 85% solid storage 

15% other 

Broilers (for fattening) 0,58 ditto 

Laying hens (for breeding) 0,51 44% storage within housing 

23% solid storage 

33% other 

laying hens 0.59 ditto 

Breeding cocks 0.68 100% solid storage 

Turkeys 2.01 ditto 

ostriches 8,6 100% liquid storage 

other 0,24 ditto 

Table 6.12b.: Nitrogen excretion factors and allocation of animals to AWMS for each category in 

Flanders (2007). 

After determination of the excreted nitrogen per AWMS, in both regions the IPCC default emission 

factors from table 4.12 and 4.13 from the IPCC GPG for liquid systems, solid storage, daily spread, 

pasture and other are applied (respectively 0,001; 0,02; 0; 0,02; 0,005 kg N2O-N/kg N excreted). For 

storage within housing in Flanders 0,001 kg N2O-N/kg excreted is used. 

6.2.4. Agricultural soils (category 4D) 

Nitrous oxide

The N2O emission estimation from agricultural soils can be divided into direct and indirect 

emissions as described in the IPCC 1996 methodology. The N2O emissions are calculated according to 
104 

this IPCC methodology using country or region specific data where available. In annex 4 of this report

a copy of the excel file can be found for the Flemish region. The same methodology is used in 

Wallonia. 

N2O is also emitted as a by-product during soil nitrification and denitrification processes. There is a 

very high variability in the emission rates and the estimation methodologies try to take into account 

local conditions to reduce the uncertainty.

The N2O direct soil emissions (category 4D1) include the N2O emissions from daily spread, spreading 

of mineral fertilisers, spreading of organic fertilisers and nitrogen from crop residues. 

The N2O emissions from mineral fertilisers account for the nitrogen volatilised as NH3 and NO. The 

model uses a volatilisation rate (FracGASF) from mineral nitrogen to NH3 and NO. In Wallonia the 

average rate of 2.3 % is based on the default values recommended by IIASA for different types of 

fertilisers. In Flanders the average rate for NH3 volatilisation in 2007 is 2.8%. This is calculated by the 

model that estimates the NH3 emissions from synthetic fertiliser as developed by ILVO. The rate for 

NO volatilisation in Flanders is 1.5%. The IPCC 1996 emission factor from table 4-18 of 1.25% kg 

N2O-N/kg N is used. 

The N2O emissions from animal manure application are calculated in the same way as N2O emission 

from mineral fertiliser spreading. The animal manure nitrogen used as fertiliser is again adjusted for

volatilisation. The fraction volatilised as NH3 and NO in Flanders (FracGASM) varies from 0,36 

kg(NH3-N+NO-N)/kg Nex in 1990 to 0,21 kg(NH3-N+NO-N)/kg Nex in 2007. The reason for this 

strong reduction of FracGASM can be found in the implementation of the different successive Manure 

Action Plans in Flanders (see hereunder). In Wallonia and Flanders no animal manure is burned. 

Because of the severe manure surplus in Flanders, a Manure Action Plan (MAP) has been set up. The 

first in 1991 with the manure decree witch reduced the period in which manure can be spread and 

foresees for the first time in the emission poor application of manure on land. The MAP2bis in 2000 

focuses on the reduction of the manure surplus and manure processing in order to reduce the NH3

emissions from manure application on land. Other MAP’s followed. Also the MAP describes the 

amount of manure that a farmer can apply to his agricultural soils. Briefly, this depends on the 

proportion of the amount manure produced to the available agricultural soils of that farmer. Therefore

in Flanders the animal manure nitrogen applied to land is corrected for the amount of manure 

transported outside Flanders or to a fertiliser processing company. So, in other words, manure that is 

not applied to the soils in Flanders, can not lead to direct N2O emissions in Flanders. On the other 

hand, manure that is imported in Flanders and applied to Flemish soils does lead to direct N2O 

emissions. This as well has been taken into account. 

 In both regions the IPCC 1996 emission factor of 1.25% kg N2O-N/kg N is used. 

The N2O emissions from crop residues can vary according to the preceding culture. The nitrogen fixed 

by the N-fixing crops is estimated by multiplying, for each culture, the cultivated area by the edible

dry matter crop production and the FracNCRBF. The dry matter content of the crops in Flanders are 

region specific. In both regions the IPCC 1996 emission factor of 1.25% kg N2O-N/kg N is used. 

In Wallonia, the nitrogen from grazing (category 4D2) is estimated, taking into account the number of 

days in pasture and the nitrogen excreted by each animal category. Available nitrogen is the difference 

between the manure nitrogen content and the manure nitrogen volatilisation in NH3 and NO form. The 

IPCC default emission factor of 0,02 kg N2O-N / kg N is then used to estimate the emissions. 

In Flanders the implied emission factor for histosols is 8 kg N2O-N / kg N. The area of 

histosols in Flanders has been estimated using region specific data based on an intersection between 

the CORINE Land Cover Geo dataset from 1990 and the Belgian ‘Soil association map’. The area is 

held constant for the entire time series . No histosol cultivation occurs in Wallonia, where the only 

recorded organic soils are part of a nature reserve. 

In Wallonia, the indirect emission (category 4D3) considers the N2O emissions from 

atmospheric deposition, leaching and runoff. The used emission factors are IPCC 1996 defaults. The 

atmospheric deposition is estimated at 10,9 kg N/ha. The N2O emissions from leaching and runoff are 
105 

estimated by multiplying available nitrogen quantity in soil (animals excreta from grazing, mineral and 

organic fertilisers spreading, crop residues decomposition, sludge and atmospheric deposition) by two 

factors. The first estimates the fraction of nitrogen lost by leaching and runoff, with a value coming

from local studies and which falls into the IPCC range (0.18 kg N / kg N available). The second 

estimates the volatilisation rate in N2O form with the IPCC default value (0,025 kg N-N2O / kg N, 

table 4.18 of the IPCC Good Practice Guidance). 

In Flanders, the nitrogen leaching is based on the SENTWA model (Stystem for the Evaluation of 

Nutrient Transport to Water) [50]. See 6.2.1 for more explanation. FracLeach in 2007 is 0.07. 

The category other (category 4D4) consists of N2O emission from sludge spreading on agricultural 

soils. It is considered a fixed contribution of 0,1 kg N/ha x year and an emission factor equal to 0,0125 

kg N-N2O/kg N from sludge.

6.3. Recalculations and planned improvements 

6.3.1. Recalculations 

General recalculations: 

- In Wallonia, the milk production has been slightly revised, as a mistake in the data source 

since 2003 was found. The EF for enteric fermentation is consequently revised from 2003. 

- Also in Wallonia, the methane emissions allocated under agricultural soils have been deleted, 

as they are already included under manure management. 

- In Flanders a few corrections have been made to the model used to calculate the NH3-

emissions from 1996 on. This has minor implications on the N2O-emissions (from 1996 to 

2004: minor increase, from 2005 on minor decrease).

- In Flanders, from 2004 on data on milkproduction (real milk supplies from Flemish producers 

to Flemish or Walloon consumers) are obtained for a calendar year in stead of a milk quota 

year (with exception of direct supplies on the farm for which only data on milk quota year 

(e.g. 1st april 2007 till 31st march 2008) are available). In the submission of 2008 all data were 

still based on a milk quota year. This results in a reduction of the methane emissions of less 

than 0.5%. 

Recalculations based on the results of the UNFCCC centralized review in September 2008: 

- In Wallonia, the emission factor for enteric fermentation for goats, horses and sheep has been 

revised in order to harmonize the methodology between the regions. The new EF are IPCC 

default values, the same factors as in Flanders. 

- As a result of the centralized review in September 2008, Wallonia and Flanders revised the 

estimates for CH4-emissions from manure management for cattle (dairy and non-dairy) using 

the Tier2 methodology as described in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines. This methodology 

is harmonized between the two regions. This recalculation results in a decrease of the 

emissions for the entire time series and a reduction of 24489 ton CH4 or 514 kton CO2 in the 

base year. 
106 

- Flanders also revised the estimates for CH4-emissions from manure management for swine, 

using the same Tier2 methodology as described above for cattle. This results in an increase of 

the emissions for the entire time series and an increase of 4999 ton CH4 or 105 kton CO2 in the 

base year. 

- Flanders revised the MCF used to calculate the CH4-emissions from manure management for 

the non key source categories. These MCF are harmonized with the MCF used for cattle and 

swine. This adjustement results in a decrease of emissions for the entire time series and a 

reduction of 2675 ton CH4 or 56 kton CO2 in the base year. 

6.3.2. Planned improvements 

 

- In Flanders a revision of the model used to calculate the emissions of NH3 started at the end of 

2007 and was completed in december 2008. Special attention went to the emissions from 

manure processing, a revision of the emission factors of NH3, uncertainty determination, 

geographical allocations of the NH3 emissions and inventorying mineral fertilizer type and 

application. The results of this study will also have an impact on the direct and indirect 

emissions of N2O (category 4D) and will be taken into account during the 2010 submission. 

- In Wallonia, the use of Tier 2 for swine in manure management will be considered, in a view 

to harmonise the methodologies. The N2O from agricultural soils will be verified, particularly 

regarding the accounting of nitrogen lost as NH3 in the current model. 
107 

CHAPTER 7: LAND-USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY

7.1. Overview 

Belgium has a temperate maritime climate, with moderate temperature variability, prevailing westerly 

winds, heavy cloud cover and regular rain. 

Belgium decides to adopt the following forest definition for use in accounting for its activities under 

the Convention, and Article 3.3 and 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol: 

 Minimum tree crown cover: 20 % 

 Minimum land area : 0.5 ha 

 Minimum height at maturity: 5 m 

These choices allow to use the result of the actual and projected regional forest inventories (Wallonia 

and Flanders) to calculate the C stock of different pools (biomass, dead organic matters and mineral 

soil). This definition is fully consistent with the official FAO definition and is already reported in the 

2005 Forest Resource Assessment (FRA 2005). 

The distribution of forests in Belgium is shown in table 7.1. The total productive forest area in 

Flanders amounted to 144700 ha in 2000, based on the regional forest mapping (Van de Walle et al,

2005), while Walloon forests covered 458700 ha (Perrin et al., 2000). Moreover, the non-productive 

areas as open spaces, roads, rivers etc. in the Flemish and Walloon forests were also excluded from the 

analysis. 

Considering the very small forest area in the Brussels region (0,3 % of the total forested area), no 

inventory of the emissions has been conducted so far. 

Regions Total area Forest area Forest cover % of the 

total 

 (km2) (km2) (%) Belgian 

forest area 

Wallonia 16845 4587 27,2% 75,8% 

Flanders 13521 1447 10,7% 23,9% 

Brussels 

Capital

162 20 12,3% 0,3% 

Belgium 30366 6054 19.9% 100,0%

Table 7.1: Forest cover in Belgium (source: National Institute of Statistics and regional forest 

inventories, Year 2000) 
108 

7.2. General consideration on the methodological issues 

Belgium follows the methodology described in the Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use 

Change and forestry (GPG 2000) to establish the LULUF inventory. 

7.3. Forest lands 

7.3.1 Forest land remaining forest land 

A. Change in carbon stocks in living biomass 

Forest inventories were conducted both in the Flemish and the Walloon regions using similar sampling 

techniques. The inventories are drawn up by sampling to determine the surfaces by categories of 

property (Private or Public: State, Province, Community), type of forest, species, age, size and quality. 

The sampling points of the regional forest inventories were selected according to a 1.0 km x 0.5 km 

grid oriented from the east to the west on the National Geographic Institute (NGI) maps at a scale of 

1/25000. The rectangular grid had the advantage of going against the orientation of the relief elements 

oriented along a southwest – northwest axis and against ecological and geological gradients 

predominant in the N-S orientation. Each grid intersection, located in a forest, represented the centre 

of a sampling plot. For plots at edges or borders, the plot centre was moved towards the inside of the

plantation. The overall impact of changing the plot centre don't conduct to any systematic bias (still a 

random procedure (Lecomte & Rondeux, 1994; AB&G, 2001). 

Sampling plots are circular and of 10 are each. The following information was collected : category of 

property (private or public : state, region or province), municipality, forest type, stand structure and 

development stage, commercial quality for broadleaf species with a section exceeding 22 cm 

circumference, evidence of damage caused by game and the health and condition for harvest (these 

two last categories are only available for the Walloon forests) (see Figure 7.1.). Topography 

(exposition and slope), soil texture and drainage class, age (class), canopy closure, tree species, 

circumference at 1.5 m and total and dominant heights were also collected. Basic information in the 

Flemish and the Walloon inventories was therefore very similar. Moreover, the same cubage tables 

were applied to calculate the total solid wood (TSW) volume from tree circumference and tree height. 

The terminology ‘total solid wood’ refers to the combination of stem and branches with a 

circumference exceeding 22 cm (Dagnelie et al., 1999). 

The first Walloon forest inventory was completed in 1984. The current permanent systematic sampling 

started in 1994 and covers each year 10 % of the approximately 11000 sampling points (Lecomte & 

Rondeux, 1994). In 2000, 50 % of the sample points of the second inventory were measured. In 

Flanders, 2665 plots were sampled in the framework of the first forest inventory, which was 

constituted in the period 1997-1999 (AB&G, 2001). This regional inventory is intended to be repeated 

every 10 years, to allow e.g. the calculation of growth rates in the Flemish forests. 

With more than 13000 plots over a territory of 30528 km2, forest inventories in Belgium have one of 

the highest sampling rates in Europe. Compared to other countries or regions, the Belgian sampling 

grid, with each sampling point representing 50 ha of forest, is very dense (Laitat et al., 2000). In 

comparison, one plot represents 2400 ha of forest land in the U.S. (Brown, 2002). 

Based on the information of the regional forest inventories, the total solid wood volumes (TSW) of 

each species, spread over three age classes, were calculated for Flanders and Wallonia, as given in 

table 7.2. Values for Belgium were calculated by summing up the Flemish and Walloon forest areas 

and wood volumes. 
109 

Figure 7.1. : schema of a sampling unit and data collected (Rondeux et al, 2005) 
110 

Species Wallonia Flanders TOTAL

Picea abies (Norway Spruce) 52,5 0,5 53,0 

Quercus petraea et Q. robur (Oaks) 25,2 3,6 28,9 

Fagus silvatica (Beech) 16,3 2,4 18,7 

Pinus silvestris (Scots Pine) 2,9 8,6 11,5 

Populus sp (Poplars) 2,8 5,1 7,9 

Betula sp (Birch) 3,4 1,4 4,8 

Pinus laricio (Corsican Pine) 0,4 3,9 4,4 

Fraxinus excelsior (Ash) 3,6 0,4 4,0 

Larix sp (Larch) 2,6 0,8 3,4 

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir) 2,9 0,4 3,3 

Other species 13,0 4,5 17,6 

Total 

125,7 31,7 157,4 

Table 7.2 : volume per specie in the forest inventories (TSW in Mm3) 

The calculation of the amount of carbon stored in the biomass of trees is usually based on biomass 

expansion factors s.l We converted solid wood volumes into carbon. For each dominant species, we 

transformed: volumes of solid wood in total dry mass multiplying by the infra-densities (WD); solid 

wood total dry mass in total above-ground dry biomass (biomass expansion factor 1 or BEF 1); 

above-ground dry biomass in total dry biomass (roots included, biomass expansion factor 2 or BEF2) 

and total dry biomass in carbon quantities (carbon content or CC). Some explicit conditions were 

applied for the selection of biomass expansion factors s.l. from the literature. For the expansion factors 

s.s., foliage had to be included, in accordance with the IPCC-methodology (IPCC, 2003). The analysis 

was limited to data reported for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland 

and The Netherlands. Values were selected for ‘coniferous’ and ‘deciduous’ species separately, but 

also for the most important tree species in the Belgian forests: pines (Pinus sp.), Douglas fir 

(Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), larches (Larix sp.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), 

beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), oaks (Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea L.), mixed ‘noble’ species 

(including maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), elms (Ulmus sp.), ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) and red oak 

(Quercus rubra L.)) and poplars (Populus sp.). We established the frequency distribution of the values

used in neighboring countries and selected the median (see Vandewalle et al, 2005). The selected 

factors are shown in table 7.3. 

Species Wood density ( t.m-3

) Carbon content (t.t-1) 

Min Max Med # Min Max Med # 

Spruce 0.34 0.45 0.38 15 0.40 0.51 0.50 5 

Pines 0.39 0.60 0.48 13 0.40 0.55 0.50 9 

Douglas fir 0.37 0.54 0.45 7 0.50 0.50 0.50 1 

Larch 0.41 0.55 0.47 8 0.40 0.50 0.50 3 

Other resinous 0.35 0.50 0.40 20 0.40 0.50 0.50 7 

Beech 0.55 0.72 0.56 11 0.44 0.51 0.49 10 

Oaks 0.50 0.72 0.60 9 0.45 0.50 0.50 3 

« Nobles » species 0.52 0.69 0.59 9 0.50 0.50 0.50 1 

Poplars 0.34 0.55 0.41 48 0.50 0.50 0.50 1 

Other deciduous 0.38 0.77 0.55 34 0.45 0.50 0.50 6 
111 

Species 

BEF 1 : Total aboveground 

biomass / Solid wood mass (t.t1

) 

BEF 2 : Total below ground 

biomass / total above ground 

biomass (t.t-1) 

Min Max Med # Min Max Med # 

Spruce 1.14 1.71 1.29 9 0.2 0.2 0.2 

Pines 1.14 1.40 1.32 5 0.16 0.16 0.16 1 

Douglas fir 1.18 2.24 1.28 10 0.17 0.17 0.17 1 

Larch 1.14 1.36 1.30 3 0.2 0.2 0.2 

Other resinous 1.14 1.71 1.33 5 0.18 0.25 0.20 3 

Beech 1.16 2.04 1.34 9 0.23 0.25 0.24 2 

Oaks 1.24 1.39 1.32 2 0.2 0.2 0.2 

« Nobles » species 1.29 1.29 1.29 1 0.2 0.2 0.2 

Poplars 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 

Other deciduous 1.24 1.40 1.32 2 0.20 0.22 0.21 2 

Table 7.3 : Conversion factors used to derive forest inventory data for deciduous and coniferous 

forests in Belgium (METAGE report, 2006) 

The geographic distribution of the biomass organic carbon (BOC) stock in Belgian forests in 2000 is 

shown in Figure 7.2. The high BOC stocks of the broadleaf forest on loam soils in central Belgium are 

visible, as well as in the Walloon Ardennes. The low BOC stocks on the sand soils of Kempen, Sand 

Region and the coast region are visible as well. 

Figure 7.3 gives the evolution of biomass carbon stock (BOC). For the 1990-2000 simulation, a 

working hypothesis of a linear trend in forest areas and overall biomass increase was made. A 

distinction was made between the main deciduous and coniferous species for estimating the annual 

wood growth. The annual wood harvest is estimated through a comparison of the estimated annual 

increase of the carbon stock (based on the annual wood growth) with the effective annual carbon stock 

variation observed in the inventories. 

For the 2001-2003 period, a model simulating the evolution of the forest biomass, called EFOBEL 

which stands for ‘Evolutions de la FOrêt BELge’ (Trends for Belgian Forest in English) was used 

(Laitat et al, 2005). EFOBEL is a dynamic .xls spreadsheet using 20 tables. The complete description 

is done in Perrin (2005). The inputs of the model refer to every grid cells of the Belgian Forest 

Inventories as published for the year 2000: the solid wood volume and the area of the stands, by 

species and by age classes. The parameters are the annual growth increment for each species, the 

revolution, the period between harvest and replanting (also called latency), and the percentage 

replacement of one species by another according policy rules under implementation by the respective 

forest administrations. The prediction of BOC result from various scenarios. The most probable 

scenario is the continuation of the current forestry practices in a scenario "Sylviculture has usual".The 

parameters relating to such a scenario are obtained either by the inventories themselves, or by 

literature searches in reference works. 

A comparison between the annual wood harvest calculates with the model EFOBEL and the result of 

forest statistic confirm the accuracy of the methodology. 
112 

Figure 7.2. Biomass organic carbon (BOC) stock (t C ha-1) in forest in 2000 (Lettens et al, 2003) 

Belgium use two different methodologies based on stock change approach: a linear interpolation for 

the 1990-2000 period and a mechanistic model for the 2001-2004 period. A significant overestimation 

of carbon sink in biomass are observed during 2001, 2002 and 2003, due to a underestimation of real 

harvest (link to the model assumption). After 2003, the model shows a stabilisation of the annual 

carbon net removals (1300 - 1500 Gg CO2 per year). Belgium will improve the time-series 

consistency, using the result of a scientific study (Agricultural University of Gembloux) and the 

actualization of the forest inventories and wood harvest statistics. 

The table 7.4. represents the confidence interval (cl 95%) associated with the volume estimation. We 

combine the error due to the measurement techniques (diameter, height, number of trees per plot) and 

the error linked to the surface and volume estimation for the whole region (error dependent on the 

sampling plot number per species). 

Wallonia Flanders 

Spruce Picea excelsa 2,20% 15,10%

Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 13,20% 14,40%

Larches Larix sp, 9,50% 15%

Pines Pinus sp 6,80% 6,50%

Other resinous 7,50% 20,20%

Beech Fagus sylvatica 4,70% 12%

Oaks Quecus robur and Q. petraea 3% 12,40%

"Noble" broadleaves 4,20% 11,10%

Other broadleaves 5,20% 2,20%

Poplars 17,10% 11,70%

Table 7.4. confidence interval associated with the volume estimation per species (2000 forest 

inventories). 
113 

Solid stem wood volume was converted to carbon as described in the figure at the left with conversion 

factors preferably selected from COSTE21 publications (Table 7.2.). 

A frequency distribution was established for the values used in neighbouring countries, assuming a 

normal distribution of the selected variable. The relative error could be derived from this frequency 

distribution. Consecutively a Monte Carlo analysis (10000 simulations) was applied to the calculation 

of the 2000 stock. 

According our calculations, the carbon stock in the biomass averages 59.8 Mton in 2000, with a 

relative confidence interval (CI95%) on the mean of 10.3%. 

B. Carbon in dead organic matter 

The definition of deadwood applied in the inventory’s methodology is all standing dead trees and 

fallen logs and branches. A dead tree is considered as fallen when it tilts at a vertical angle equal or 

superior to 45°. Veteran trees are taken into account in the living trees section. 

The objectives of the collection of deadwood information consist in estimating the volume of standing 

dead trees and fallen logs and branches, contributing to the estimation of the carbon-stock in 

Wallonia’s forests and estimating biodiversity indicators throughout the importance of deadwood. 

The collecting method varies according to the type of deadwood. 

Entire dead trees (snags) and broken dead trees (candles) are both taken into account by the inventory. 

Trees of different sizes are taken into account in each circular plot according to the same rules as for 

living trees. This means that a standing dead tree is included in a circular plot according to its 

circumference. Dead trees under 20 cm of circumference are not taken into account (threshold of the 

inventory). 

Fallen logs and branches are taken into account in a circular plot for which the size varies depending

on the average circumference (Caverage) of the living stand. If the unit is located in a clear cut, 

clearing or impenetrable stands for which no stand measurements are performed, downed deadwood is 

taken into account in the 9m plot. Logs of at least 1 m long and 20 cm circumference are considered 

by the Inventory and their volume is estimated by volume functions. Crown (logging residue) is also 

taken into account (as deadwood) if it is 3 years old. Logs and branches inferior to 20 cm 

circumference are taken into account by the Inventory and their volume is considered by visual 

estimation. 

For the carbon in deadwood pool, the forestry practices evolve according two contradictory tendencies 

: increased harvest of the residues in the zones without important constraint of biological conservation 

(ie bio-energy) and more deadwood left in forest in the zones where dominating conservation of the 

biodiversity (zones Natura 2000, which represent more than 30% of forest area). We assume that the 

actual stock (1.38 Mt.C) remains constant. 

For the carbon in litter pool, the default IPCC factors are used. The C stock in litter pool was estimated 

about 13.73 Mt.C. Despite the increase of above and below ground biomass, Belgium consider the 

stability of the C stock (conservative approach). 

C. Soil organic carbon in agricultural and forest mineral soils 

For the soil C modelling at the large spatial scale (Walloon region), two models were coupled: 

EFOBEL and YASSO. EFOBEL was developed to integrate the results of the Permanent Forest 

Inventory of Walloon Region and to simulate the forest biomass growth. The outputs of EFOBEL 

were used as the inputs of YASSO, a model which aims at estimate soil C fluxes due to the climatic 

variable and forest biomass evolutions. The methology is described in Perrin (2005). 
114 

The C fluxes in soil is 0.0434 tC .ha-1

d. Land converted to forest land 

A slight decrease of forest land is observed in Belgium. 

A study on the impacts of the land-use change activities is planned. 

7.4. Cropland and grassland 

7.4.1. Cropland remaining cropland and grassland remaining grassland 

a. Change in carbon stocks in living biomass 

The majority of the cultures are annually harvested. Belgium does not consider modifications in the C 

stock in living biomass biomass. 

b. Change in carbon stocks in soils 

Methodology 

The Belgian territory was divided into landscape units (LSU) by the topological intersection of the 

1990 version of the Corine Land Cover (CLC) geo-dataset (European Commission 1993) and the 

digitized Soil Association map of Tavernier et al. (1972). The CLC geo-dataset has been produced by 

manual digitization of printed LANDSAT-images, taking into account a minimal mapping unit of 25 

hectares. The 34 of the 44 possible classes of the original legend that occur in Belgium were 

aggregated into the 11 broader classes: (i) cropland, (ii) grassland (both permanent and temporary), 

(iii) broadleaf forest, (iv) coniferous forest, (v) mixed forest, (vi) fallow land, (vii) heath land, (viii) 

inland marshes, poplar in pasture, rush and reed vegetation, (ix) clay pits, mineral extraction sites and 

excavated soils, (x) peat bogs, (xi) not specified. The Soil Association map (1:500,000) represents 

broad zones with similar topsoil texture and drainage conditions in 64 soil associations. The overlay of 

both geo-datasets resulted in 567 landscape units (LSU), each characterized by one soil association 

and one land use class, scattered over 101,376 polygons. 

Due to the generalised nature of the CLC geo-dataset and the Soil Association map, LSUs are pseudohomogeneous with respect to soil and land use composition. This is especially true in highly 

fragmented landscapes, as those present in major parts of Belgium, and is illustrated by the fact that

according to CLC, there is 1,782,028 ha of arable and grassland in Belgium while official net land use

statistics show 1,400,300 ha (NIS, 2000). Moreover, a CLC compatible geo-dataset for 1960 and 2000 

is not available. Therefore, LSUs derived from CLC-1990 are used for 1960 and 2000 as well. Hence, 

spatially explicit land use changes between 1960, 1990 and 2000 are not accounted for and no data can 

be generated on the effect of land use change on SOC stocks as derived from multi-temporal 

assessments. This assumption of absent land use changes may be fairly realistic with regard to the 

overall delineation of the LSUs. The total agricultural area for example, increased by less than 3% 

between 1990 and 2000, as indicated by agricultural statistics (NIS, 1990). However, the increase of 

within-LSU heterogeneity of land use, e.g. the obvious growth of rural residential areas, mostly at the 

expense of agricultural land fragments, is disregarded. 

The methodology uses the stock change method for estimating CO2 fluxes from the LSUs i.e. soil 

organic carbon (SOC) stocks of different years are compared. It is assumed that the per-LSU and total 

CO2 flux is equal to the observed change in SOC stock in CO2 equivalents over a certain time span 

and that the per-LSU-fluxes can be aggregated to yield total fluxes at regional or national levels. SOC 
115 

stocks for LSUs are computed for the years 1960, 1990 and 2000. The SOC estimations are based on a 

number of heterogeneous databases and modelling efforts. Three cases can be distinguished when 

computing per-LSU SOC values. 

When elementary point measurements are available, they are attributed to the LSU in a process called 

matching (Van Orshoven et al., 1993). Through matching, points are attributed to the LSU either 

based upon their location within the boundaries of the LSU (“geomatching”) or based upon 

corresponding soil and land use characteristics as the LSU (“class matching”). Class matching may be 

completely independent of the point’s location. In our approach class matching was restrained by a 

stratification by soil association. 

With regard to agriculture, a number of data sources provide an average SOC-percentage per 

municipality or other type of administrative unit. These data can be considered to be indirectly georeferenced to the administrative units, functioning as alternative LSUs (further termed ALSU) that do 

not correspond spatially with the LSUs to which we want to attribute the data. Therefore, the 

measurements are first disaggregated to the intersection of the ALSU and the LSU and then reaggregated to the LSU. 

For LSUs for which no measurements are available, the stocks can be estimated using a mechanistic 

model (YASSO for forest soils, ROTH C for agricultural soils). This has been done for the 1990-

stocks of forested LSUs. 

Result 

Due to the absence of forests in the 1990 assessment, the SOC content of only 130 agricultural LSU 

can be compared between the years 1990 and 2000 by means of a pair-wise comparison. The SOC 

stock in the 0-20 cm layer of 87 LSUs (74% of the total agricultural area) decreased between 1990 and 

2000. For 25 (48% of the total agricultural area) of these LSU, the decrease is significant at the 95%

confidence level. Those LSUs are mostly under cropland and all of them occur in northern or central 

Belgium. Most of the remaining 43 LSUs (26%) with increased SOC content are situated in southern 

or central Belgium. Also the 1 LSU (3%) that shows a significant increase of SOC content is located 

in southern Belgium. 

On average, the SOC content of both the land use type grassland and cropland decreased significantly 

between 1990 and 2000. Grassland SOC decreased from 64 t C ha-1 in 1990 to 60 t C ha-1 in 2000 (0-

20 cm). Cropland soils stored 38 t C ha-1in 1990 and 36 t C ha-1 in 2000. If only the soil associations 

are considered, 39 of the 65 associations have lost SOC between 1990 and 2000. They are situated in 

the coastal zone and in northern and central Belgium. The 16 associations with a significant decrease 

in SOC are restricted to northern and central Belgium. The 4 associations with a significant increase in 

SOC are all situated in southern Belgium. 

Finally, the total SOC stock in agricultural land was compared between 1990 and 2000. In 1990 this 

stock amounted to 178 Mt C in the upper 100 cm and for 2000 it decreased to 169 Mt C. This decrease 

is significant at the 95% confidence level (Figure 7.4.). 
116 

Figure 7.4. : Average SOC content and 95% confidence intervals (t C ha-1) for 0-20 cm for the land 

use types broadleaf forest, coniferous forest, mixed forest, grassland and cropland for 1960, 1990 and

2000 (Lettens et al, 2003) 

Figure 7.5 : SOC change of landscape units in Belgium between 1960 and 2000 in the upper 20 cm of 

mineral soil. Hatched areas represent non-significant changes (Lettens et al, 2003) 

7.4.2. Land converted to cropland or grassland 

A decrease of agricultural land is observed in Belgium. 

A study on the impacts of the land-use change activities is planned in 2008. 

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

broadleaf

forest

coniferous

forest

mixed forest grassland cropland

SOC content (t C / ha)

1960 1990 2000
117 

7.5. Wetland, settlement and other lands 

These sectors are not estimated. A study on the impacts of the land-use change activities is in hand. 

7.6. Recalculations and planned improvement 

7.6.1. Recalculations 

No major recalculations of emissions are performed in the LUCF-sector during this 2009 submission 

compared with the 2008 submission. 

7.6.2. Planned improvements 

Regarding the category "forest land remaining forest land", Belgium will improve the time-series 

consistency when the update of the forest inventory will be available. 

In 2009 a study will be conducted in Belgium to improve the reporting of emissions and 

supplementary data in the LULUCF-sector and to fulfil the international reporting obligations in this 

sector from 2010 on. 

More specifically this study will: 

- Harmonize methodologies used for the yearly reporting under the Convention and GPG LULUCF 

taken into account the results of the UNFCCC reviews on one site and the reporting obligations on 

the other site; 

- Identify and collect all necessary data to compile the yearly inventory of LULUCF and to give an 

answer to the obligations of art.3.3 of the Kyoto Protocol; 

- The methodologies used for reporting under the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol (art.3.3) must 

be consistent as much as possible, based on same set of data and consistent between the regional 

and national level and to guarantee high quality reporting; 

- Calculate the uncertainties of the estimated emissions. 
118 

CHAPTER 8: WASTE

8.1. Overview 

8.1.1. Description of the sector 

The production of waste arising from the residential sector and from commercial activities (‘municipal

waste’) amounted to 535 kg per inhabitant in 1999, 52% of which was not recycled. Manufacturing 

industry is the largest source of waste (13.8 Mt). The three regions have implemented waste 

management plans. 

The objectives and actions of the Flemish region for waste are defined in the report MiNa [Flemish 

Environmental Policy Plan 2003-2007]. For further information the website www.ovam.be of the 

institute responsible for waste management in Flanders (OVAM) can be consulted. 

The Wallonia waste plan ‘Horizon 2010’, adopted in 1998, contains a series of 70 actions targeted on 

the prevention, the recycling and the recovery of energy, and the elimination of waste. The Waste 

Prevention and Management Plan in Brussels-Capital Region 2003-2007 also subscribes to this 

double strategy of waste prevention and recovery. 

In addition, a body (FOST Plus) has been created by the private sector to finance, co-ordinate and 

promote the selective collection, the sorting and recycling of household packaging waste. FOST Plus 

was created to enable industry to respond in a global and concrete way to the legislation on packaging

and, more specifically, to the introduction of European Directive 94/62/EC of 20/12/1994, and the Cooperation Agreement between the Regions of March 1997 relating to the prevention and management 

of waste from household packaging. The recovery of used materials is becoming a major industry in 

Belgium and creates plenty of employment. The industries most intensive in manpower are textile 

recycling, the recycling of paper and of construction materials. 

8.1.2.Allocation of emissions 

The waste emission inventory in Belgium covers categories 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D. 

Category 6A1 contains the emissions of CH4 originating from the solid waste disposal sites in

Belgium. No waste disposal sites are located in the Brussels region in Belgium. 

The emissions from the treatment of domestic wastewater are calculated and allocated to the category 

6B2. Category 6B1 is also discussed in this chapter. 

The waste incineration category (category 6C) includes incineration of municipal and industrial waste, 

incineration of hospital waste and the incineration of corpses. Emissions originating from flaring 

activities are allocated partly to the sectors 1B2a and 1B2c (Flemish region, refineries, see section 

3.2.7 for more information) and 2B5 (Flemish region, see section 4.2.2.3 for more information) and 

partly to the sector 6C (Walloon region). The emissions of the waste incineration plants with energy 

recuperation are allocated to the category 1A1a. 

CH4 emissions from the production of compost are put under category 6D Waste/Other. 

In Brussels only category 6B and 6C (waste incineration) are relevant in the waste sector. The only 

one municipal waste incineration plant in this region occurs with energy recuperation and is 

consequently allocated under category 1A1. 
119 

8.2. Methodological issues 

8.2.1. Solid waste disposal on land (category 6A) 

The methodology used to calculate the emissions from solid waste disposal on land differs slightly 

between the Flemish and the Walloon region in Belgium, where these solid waste disposal sites are 

located. 

Flanders 

In the Flemish region the CH4 emissions from solid waste disposal on land (category 6A1) were 

studied by the Vito [1] in 1994 [8]. The data available for Flanders are specific and accurate, what 

allows a more refined methodology than the one proposed in the IPCC 1996 Guidelines. The main 

source of data collection and information needed for the model is originating from the public Flemish 

institute for waste management (OVAM), located in Mechelen. 

Since 1994 waste policies in Flanders (cfr. Ladder of Lansinck which prefers waste burning over 

waste dumping) have made some results. The amount of waste of households dumped decreased since 

1994 and from 1998 on, more waste is burned than dumped. A real moratorium in dumping organic 

waste is set up since 2000. 

In the current of 2002 an actualization of the model was performed, taken into account the new 

situation of flaring and valorization of the waste gas in the Flemish region, data which became 

available from 1999 on. 

From 2005 on consultations with the Flemish waste experts of the institute OVAM started in order to 

evaluate and further optimize this model. These consultations resulted in actualized emissions for the

Flemish region from 2006 on. 

The in-country review of UNFCCC in June 2007 did not detect any anomalies in the methodology 

used in Belgium. Anyway, the Flemish region did contact the UNFCCC-expert of waste Ms. 

Sirinthornthep Towprayon after the in-country review in January 2008 with some more questions 

because more information from the waste institute OVAM to integrate in the model became available 

at that time. When putting the real amounts of waste gas production into the model (instead of the 

calculated amounts originating from the model) only small differences in final emissions of CH4 were 

obtained. The amounts of waste gas production are available from the Flemish waste institute from 

1999 on (until 2006 for this 2009 submission). 

After several reminders, the Flemish region did not get any answer from the waste expert so far. 

Consequently and because of the minor differences detected, the results of the model are reported so 

far. 

In the Flemish region a combination of 2 models is used: a multiphase model for the estimation of 

emissions of the sites which are permitted and a first order decay model for all other, old waste 

disposal sites which are no longer permitted to dispose but where still emissions occur after the ban of 

disposal on these sites (these are the so-called solid waste disposal sites in after-care). 

The results of both models are allocated to the category 6A1.

A short presentation of the 2 models is given below: 

1) The first order decay model takes into account residential and industrial waste. Data for 

these sites are available from 1981 on. It has been assumed that the ratio of waste landfilled to waste 

produced in the period 1970 to 1980 is the same as for the year 1981. 

The methodology of this first order kinetic model of methane production in the stable phase of 

methane fermentation takes into account the different factors which influence the velocity and the 
120 

volume of methane generation. One of the most important input parameters is the total amount of 

waste disposed yearly. 

An assumption is made that the waste decomposes during a period of 25 years. With respect to the 

waste composition a biodegradable fraction of 18% is assumed, conform to studies carried out in the 

Netherlands [Van Amstel et al., Methane: the other greenhouse gas, RIVM Report 481507001, 58-59, 

1993].

 In an other study conducted in the Netherlands [Verschut et al., Broeikasgassen uit vuilstorts in 

Nederland, TNO Report 91-444, 1991] methane emissions at 3 landfilles sites have been measured and 

a mean degradation coefficient calculated of k = 0,1/year. An active lifetime is assumed of 25 years 

for the Flemish landfills, including an aerobic period of 1 year and an anaerobic period of 24 years. 

The composition of the organic waste fraction can be described as C6H10O4 and the reaction for the 

production of biogas of organic material is: 

C6H10O4 + 1.5 H2O = 2.75 CO2 + 3.25 CH4 (Parken & Owen, 1986) 

The formula used to calculate the emissions of methane in solid waste disposal sites is: 

St = a*Qi*Bo*k*exp-kt (first order kinetic approach of waste gas production S on time t after 

disposal) based on biodegradation of C6H10O4

With a = conversion factor from 1 kg organic waste to 1m3 waste gas (based on the reaction above 

and equal to 1m3/kg C) 

 St = waste gas production on time t after disposal (in m3) 

 Qi = the amount of disposed biodegradable waste on time t=0 (in ton) 

 Bo = the initial concentration of biodegradable material in the disposed waste (in kg/ton) 

 k = the first order velocity constant of biodegradation (in year-1) 

The biogas contains 55% of methane (see reaction of Parken & Owen) and an oxidation of methane of 

10% in the upper layer is assumed. 

The first order velocity constant of biodegradation depends on a few parameters such as humidity and 

composition of the disposed waste. The composition of the waste varies in time to a smaller amount of 

biodegradable waste because of the selective waste collection. The consequence is a lower value of k 

in time (from 0.5/year for mixed waste to 0.05/year for paper, wood and textile). This first order model 

assumes a k-value of 0.1/year. This factor is taken over from the Netherlands in the Flemish region for 

old waste disposal sites which are no longer permitted to dispose but where still emissions occur after 

the ban of the disposal on these sites (SWD-sites in after-care). As there are no more accurate data 

available in Belgium, the results of measurements carried out in the Netherlands were taken over with 

the assumption of similar landfill conditions in both countries. 

To calculate the total emissions of CH4 of these waste disposal sites, the above equation is calculated 

for all disposed waste in all years. 

The overall methodology is described as the Tier-2-IPCC-methodology. 

The results of this first order decay model for the Flemish region are included in annex 9 of this report. 

2) The multiphase model treats 15 solid waste disposal sites (category II) which are permitted 

in Flanders and contains mainly domestic waste. 

. 
121 

a) The total municipal waste taken into account in this multiphasemodel in the Flemish region 

is household waste (residential), rough waste i.e. waste collected by urban services to ensure 

cleanliness of public places (urban waste) and industrial waste equal to household waste in terms of 

composition and consequently treated in the same way . 

To the category of rough waste belongs paper & carton, trim wood, wood (from construction- & 

demolition-activities and textile (houses & furniture). The composition of rough waste has changed 

little in the Flemish region over the years. 

This model uses velocities of gas production that are more accurate compared to first order models. 

The model assumes that the gas production starts 1 year after disposal and goes immediately to a 

maximum. 

The following biodegradation rates are used (practical experience): 

Quick biodegradation: k1=0.173 (t1/2=4) 

Average biodegradation: k2=0.069 (t1/2=10) 

Slow biodegradation : k3 = 0.023 (t1/2 = 30) 

The amounts of organic matter (Co,i,j) for different kinds of waste categories can be determined by the 

composition of the waste and originates from literature. The following equation is used: 

Co,i = widioici X 1000 

For each biodegradation rate is 

 w= fraction of total waste disposed 

 d = fraction dry material in this phase 

 o = fraction organic material in the dry material 

 c = the organic C in the organic dry material 

Municipal waste is divided into 10 main fractions during sorting analysis in the Flemish region. These

analyses were carried out in 1985, 1993-1994, 1994-1995 and 1995-1996 by the Flemish institute 

OVAM. These fractions are connected to 1 of the 3 biodegradation rates (quick, average and slow). 

Some of the fractions are determined as ‘not biodegradable’. 

- quick biodegradable for waste of kitchen and garden 

- average biodegradable for paper and carton 

- slow biodegradable for textiles, hygienic fraction, leather, rubber, ...

- not degradable for glass, metals, synthetics, small hazardous waste, inert fractions (sand, stones), ...

The selective collection which started in 1991 seemed to have no influence on the relative composition

of the waste but did have an influence on the absolute values. The study carried out did take into 

account the selective collection by taken 2 different periods into account: one before 1991 and one 

after 1991. For the first period before 1991 the ‘fraction of total waste disposed’ of 1985 is used as 

average values, for the second period after 1991 an average value for this parameter is used of the 3

periods of 1993-1994, 1994-1995 and 1995-1996. 

The biodegradable fractions of rough waste on the solid waste disposal sites are (analyses carried out

in 1995): 

paper and carton: 3% 

trim wood (from gardening): 10% 

wood (construction & demolition, furniture): 20% 

textile: 6% 
122 

No data are available before 1991. No much information is available about rough waste. Same values 

parameters of d, o and c are used as for municipal waste. 

The amount of organic C in each phase of biodegradation rate of residential waste (dw) and rough 

waste (rw) are presented in table 8.1. 

Biodegradation 

rate 

wdw 

(...-

1990) 

wdw 

(1991-...) 

wrw d o c 

quick 0.44 0.49 0.00 0.44 0.51 0.45 

average 0.24 0.17 0.13 0.70 0.85 0.45 

slow 0.09 0.10 0.26 0.77 0.73 0.45 

Tabel 8.1: Characteristics for the determination of the fraction of organic carbon in each phase of 

biodegradation rate of residential waste (dw) and rough waste (rw). 

b) The calculation of organic carbon in the category II industrial waste uses other w-values. 

Following characteristics could be defined (source = diposal registers and yearly inquiries in the 

Flemish region): 

Process waste: 36% 

Non-process waste: 36% 

Recycled residues: 3% 

Sludge: 9% 

Medical waste: 1% 

Inert rest: 15% 

Because further information is missing, the values for the relative composition for the 3 

biodegradation rates and for the amount of organic material in each of the phases are taken from 

literature: 

Biodegradation rate Ciw wiw

quick C0,1 = 49 kg/ton 0.52 

average C0,2 = 8 kg/ton 0.03 

slow C0,3 = 18 kg/ton 0.05 

Tabel 8.2: Characteristics for the determination of the fraction of organic carbon in each phase of 

biodegradation rate of industrial waste (iw) 

c) The above mentioned parameters are used in the multiphase model for all permitted solid 

waste disposal sites in Flanders except for 2 sites (DDS for domestic waste after 1991 and DEVOPAN 

for industrial waste) where more accurate information was given by the operator. In these 2 cases the 

parameters were adapted to local conditions. 

d) Other parameters to calculate the waste gas production: 

 The fraction of biodegradable material is assumed to be 77%. 

 

The biogas contains 50% of methane and an oxidation of methane of 10% in the upper layer is 

assumed. 
123 

e) The production of waste gas Qg in the year t (in m3/year) is finally calculated as: 

Qg = ζ a A k C e residentialwaste k t j

j i o i j

n

i

m

j

i













− −

= =

∑ ∑

( )

,,

0 1

 + ζ a 

roughwaste

k t j

j i o i j

n

i

m

j

i A k C e 











− −

= =

∑ ∑

( )

,,

0 1

 

 + ζ a 

industry

k t j

j i o i j

n

i

m

j

i A k C e 











− −

= =

∑ ∑

( )

,,

0 1

In the above equation the residential waste represents the household waste, the rough waste represents

the 2nd part of the equation. The 3rd part of the equation represents the industrial waste (equal to 

household waste in terms of composition and consequently treated in the same way). 

In the above equation is 

- a the factor to transfer the amount of carbon to the amount of waste gas (1,87 m3/kg C, confirmed by 

labmeasurements), 

- Aj the amount of waste disposed in year i (in ton/year) 

- the biodegradation rate ki of each phase (the term ‘phase’ is used to explain the category of 

biodegradation rate (fast, medium or slow) of the different types of waste) of biodegradation rate (in

1/year) with the total amount of phases = 3 (quick, average and slow) 

- C0,i,j the amount of organic carbon in each phase 

- ζ a formation factor for the reduction of waste gas in some parts of the disposal site (because of local 

unfavourable conditions of micro-organisms. This factor corrects for uncertainties such as level of 

humidity, pH, temperature, ... and indicates how much gas is really formed. In practice this factor is 

assumed to be more or less 0,6. 

Methane recovery takes place in the Flemish region from 1994 on. Recovery data of the Flemish waste 

disposal sites are included for the first time in the 2009 submission. Consequently a complete dataset 

of recovery data became available in Belgium. 

The results of this multiphase model used in the Flemish region together with the output of the first 

order decay model are included in annex 10 of this national inventory report. 

The amounts of waste disposed in the Flemish waste disposal sites since 1990 are presented in table 

8.3. 
124 

ton total waste

1990 2391366

1991 2391366

1992 2391366

1993 2391366

1994 2361972

1995 2243143

1996 1982214

1997 1661619

1998 1431194

1999 1439153

2000 1354366

2001 1162886

2002 840680

2003 879209

2004 718954

2005 756609

2006 719976

2007 567005

Table 8.3 : Quantity of waste disposed in SWDS in the Flemish region (ton) since 1990. Data for 

2007 are provisional. 

Wallonia 

The CO2 and CH4 emissions from solid waste disposal on land are calculated with a first order decay 

model that considers separately the emissions of industrial and municipal waste. The model, 

developed by the Vito [24], acknowledges the fact that methane is emitted over a long period of time. 

A first order decay model is used to take into account the various factors that influence the rate and

extent of methane generation and release from landfill. 

The model calculates the biogas emissions using the following relation : 

SP,Y = QY * DOC * k * C* exp (-k * ∆t) 

SP,Y = biogas generation rate at year P (m3)

QY = the quantity of waste disposed year Y (Ton) 

DOC = initial degradable organic carbon (kg/Ton) 

k = biodegradation rate constant (% / year) 

C = % of DOC really degraded (%) 

∆t = the time since initial disposal (Y-P) (year) 

In order to estimate the current biogas emissions from waste placed in all years, the equation is solved 

for all values of QY and the results summed. The methane production is then calculated taking into 

account the biogas composition and an oxidation factor of 10% in the upper layer. The overall 

methodology follows the Tier 2 IPCC methodology (equation 5.1, IPCC Good Practice Guidance 

[10]). The constants used for household and industrial waste are presented in the table 8.4. 
125 

Constant Municipal waste Industrial waste 

DOC(x) (in kg C/tonne waste) 180 (before 1986) 

 170 (1986-1990) 

142,9 (1995) 

112,5 (2000) 

99,9 (2002) 

26,8 (1970-1995) 

23,6 (2000) 

16,4 (2002) 

K 10 10 

DOCf 77 77 

Table 8.4. : Solid waste disposal on land. Constants used in the model in Wallonia. For DOC, linear 

interpolation is used to estimate the intermediate values. 

The model assumes that : 

- the waste decompose during 25 years 

- there is a aerobic period of 1 year where there is no methane production 

- the landfill gas contain 55 % of CH4 and 45 % of CO2

- there is a CH4 oxidation in the upper layer (10 %) 

- the DOC reduction reflects the increased sorting of municipal waste 

The model provides, for each year, estimation for the range of CH4 and CO2 production. The biogas 

CO2 emissions are not reported in the CRF tables 6.A as it is from biogenic source. 

The CH4 recovered is subtracted from total emissions. This CH4 is assumed to be completely 

converted into CO2 through the combustion process. In previous submissions, this CO2 emission was 

included in national totals. The CO2 produced by the biogas recovery is not reported anymore in the 

CRF tables 6.A, according to footnote 4 on page 5.10 of the IPCC Good Practice Guidance [10]. 

CH4 recovery started in 1993 and largely increased since that year, by gradually equipping more and 

more disposal sites. It is the main driver of the reduction of the net emissions in this sector. 

In the Walloon region the quantity of waste disposed comes from the statistics of OWD 

(Walloon Waste Office). It publishes each year the industrial and municipal waste disposed, based on 

the taxes declaration forms covering 50 solid waste disposal sites of various sizes. The data are 

classified according to 12 main categories (119 subcategories), thus allowing an accurate calculation 

of the amounts of waste and its degradable organic carbon content (IPCC Good Practice Guidance 

[10] equation 5.4, page 5.9), which are used as an input in the model. Those statistics are available on 

a yearly basis since 1994. For the years before, the amounts have been estimated using available data 

and OWD expert judgement assumptions. The evolution of the ratio of biogenic waste in the waste 

incineration sector reflects the implementation of the Wallonia Waste Plan, as the "green waste" are 

increasingly sorted by the citizens and collected for compost production, thus decreasing the ratio of

biogenic waste deposited in solid waste disposal sites. 
126 

 Industrial waste Municipal waste Total 

1990 1.370.343 1.217.000 2.587.343 

1991 1.384.343 1.248.000 2.632.343 

1992 1.392.343 1.264.000 2.656.343 

1993 1.333.343 1.275.000 2.608.343 

1994 1.428.429 1.314.331 2.742.760 

1995 1.345.025 1.303.378 2.648.403 

1996 1.134.879 1.274.302 2.409.181 

1997 1.254.012 1.078.782 2.332.794 

1998 1.187.062 969.358 2.156.420 

1999 1.237.725 906.820 2.144.545 

2000 1.068.091 873.031 1.941.123 

2001 1.075.147 797.496 1.872.643 

2002 1.197.336 687.077 1.884.413 

2003 1.054.761 628.394 1.683.155 

2004 850.471 740.556 1.591.027 

2005 822.937 659.000 1.481.937 

2006 742.293 616.173 1.358.466 

2007 742.293 616.173 1.358.466 

Table 8.5 : Quantity of waste disposed in SWDS in Wallonia. (ton) since 1990. Data for 2007 are 

provisional. 

The DOC value calculated for municipal waste lies in the default value range from IPCC revised 1996 

Guidelines. The value for industrial waste was calculated using the detailed waste types from OWD 

and the IPCC Good Practice Guidance methodology (equation 5.4, page 5.9). This detailed estimation 

led to a complete recalculation, as the new estimated DOC were much lower than the default value 

previously used. These values are presented in table 8.4. 

The biodegradation rate constant and the rate of DOC really degraded also come from the revised 

1996 IPCC Guidelines and the IPCC Good Practice Guidance [10]. The new default value of 0,5-0,6 

for DOCf , proposed in the IPCC Good Practice Guidance if lignin is included in the DOC value, has 

been tested in the model. It leads to a major problem in the sense that from 2002 and on, the biogas 

recovery (measured in volume and CH4 fraction, thus appearing to be reliable estimate) becomes 

larger that the emissions as estimated by the model. Consequently, the former default value of 0,77 has 

been deemed more suited to the Walloon context and kept in the model. 

Each year, all the landfills with CH4 recovery (12 in 2002) are contacted to collect data on the amount 

and CH4 content of the biogas recovered (flaring or energy purposes). The CH4 content is measured by 

landfill owners as it determines the possible use of the biogas (only "rich" biogas" is used in engines, 

the rest is flared). Following a 1997 legal decree, a contract with the ISSEP (Scientific Institute for 

Public Service in Wallonia) also organises a close follow up of the environmental impacts of the Solid

Waste Disposal Sites on Air, Water and Health. Seven main sites are followed for the time being and 

the report includes biogas analysis. Details can be found on the website of DGARNE. 

Methane is recovered in the Walloon region from 1993 on. 
127 

8.2.2. Wastewater treatment (category 6B) 

The CO2 emissions from municipal wastewater treatment plants are not included in the Belgian 

greenhouse gas inventory in this category of domestic and commercial wastewater handling (category 

6B2) because the carbon derives from biomass raw materials. In this category, two sources of CH4 

emissions are taken into account, the municipal wastewater treatment plant and the sceptic tanks. 

The methodology for the septic tanks is based on an article (Vasel, 1992) [32] which describes 

the characteristics and parameters of individual septic tanks. The IPCC default value of 0.6 kg CH4/kg 

BOD is used. Each habitant produce 60 g BOD/day, whose 60 % eventually settles (IPCC fraction that 

readily settle). It is considered that only 25 % of the BOD loading is anaerobically degraded 

(60*0.6*0.25), because the septic tanks are regularly emptied and consequently the sludge is then 

treated aerobically. The annual emission factor becomes 1,971 kg CH4/inhab*year 

(60*60%*25%*0,6gCH4/kg BOD). This emission factor has been always used in the Walloon region. 

In the Flemish region untill the 2007 submission the factor of 1,5 g CH4/inhab*day was used. As a 

result of the in-country review in June 2007 the Flemish region did recalculate the emissions from 

waste water treatment / septic tanks and harmonizes the methodology with the other regions also by 

using the emission factor of 1,971 kg CH4/inhab*year. The CH4 emissions are estimated by 

multiplying these emission factors by the number of inhabitants not connected with a municipal 

wastewater treatment plant.

In the Walloon region, after discussion with the regional responsible for municipal wastewater 

treatment plants, it appears that most of the plants are conducted aerobically. Those who use 

anaerobical digestion of the sludge recover the CH4 for energy purpose. Consequently, no CH4

emissions are accounted in this subcategory. 

 In the Brussels region, there are two municipal wastewater treatment plants. One is conducted 

aerobically and the other anaerobically. The CH4 produced by the anaerobical digestion is recovered

for energy purpose. No CH4 emissions are consequently estimated for this subcategory. 

In the Flemish region the emissions of CH4 of the municipal waste water treatment plants are 

estimated by using the methodology as described in the EMEP/CORINAIR guidebook [3]. An 

emission factor of 0,3 kg CH4/inhabitant*year is used to calculate these emissions. A revision of the 

connected inhabitants to the waste water treatment plants for the years 2001 to 2006 during the 2009 

submission took place in the Flemish region. As a result a slight decrease of the emissions of CH4 is 

reported. 

The N2O emissions from human sewage are estimated by using the methodology described in 

the IPCC 1996 Guidelines. The default values for N fraction in protein (kg N / kg protein) and N2O 

emission factor are 16 % and 0.01 kg N2O-N / kg sewage-N produced. The figure of protein 

consumption originates from the FAO statistics (33,069 kg protein/person in 2006). The population 

figures comes from the National Institute of Statistics. 

Emissions originating from the anaerobical treatment of industrial wastewater (category 6B1) 

are not estimated in Belgium. The plants that apply this treatment in the Walloon region also recover 

the CH4 for energy purposes. Consequently, as for the anaerobical municipal wastewater treatment 

plants, no CH4 emissions are accounted in this subcategory. 

Although the emissions originating from the industrial waste water plants are probably 

negligible, attempts are going on in the Flemish region to collect data for this sector. So far, necessary 

data needed to make a rough estimation, are still missing. 
128 

8.2.3. Waste incineration (category 6C) 

Waste incineration

N2O emissions from domestic waste incineration are calculated using activity data known from the 

individual companies involved combined with the emission factor of CITEPA [2], which is 60 g 

N2O/ton waste. 

CH4 emissions are not relevant here, as IPCC Good Practice Guidance [10] states on page 5.23 

"Emissions of CH4 are not likely to be significant because of the combustion conditions in incinerators 

(e.g. high temperatures and long residence time)". 

To estimate the CO2 emissions, each region applies its own methodology according to the available 

activity data: 

Flanders 

In Flanders, only the fraction of organic-synthetic waste is taken into consideration (assuming that 

organic waste does not give any net CO2 emissions). For the municipal waste, the institute responsible 

for waste management in Flanders (OVAM) is given the analysis of the different fractions in the 

waste. Based on this information, the amount of non-biogenic waste (excluding the inert fraction) is 

determined. The carbon emission factor is based on data from literature for the different fractions 

involved. For industrial waste, the amount of biogenic waste is considered to be the same as in 

municipal waste. The remaining amount is considered to be the non-biogenic part in which no inert 

fraction is present. For industrial waste, it is more difficult to determine the content of C and therefore 

the results of a study carried out by the Vito ‘Debruyn en Van Rensbergen ‘Greenhouse gas emissions 

from municipal and industrial wastes of October 1994’ are used. This study gives a content of C of the

industrial waste of 65,5 %. 

Emissions of waste incineration plants with energy recuperation are allocated to the sector 1A1a and 

emissions of plants without energy recuperation are allocated to the category 6C. 

A revision of the activity data (amount of waste incinerated) took place in the Flemish region for the

complete time series during the 2009 submission. 

Wallonia 

In Wallonia, following a legal decree in 2000, the air emissions from municipal waste incineration are

measured by ISSEP and the results are validated by a Steering Committee . These results allow a 

crosscheck with the results of measurements directly transmitted by the incinerators to the 

environmental administration. From 1990 to 2000 CO2 emissions of municipal waste incineration are 

reported assuming that 68 % of the waste is composed of organic material. This is based on the 

average garbage composition in Wallonia and the use of IPCC equation on organic content of the 

various materials. Since 2000, more precise data are reported by the waste incineration plants in the 

context of their environmental reporting. In 2005, the average organic content is 31 %. These 

emissions are now reported in the energy sector under 1A1a (biomass and other fuels, for the two 

respective fractions), according to IPCC guidelines. 

There is a distinction between the emission from municipal waste incineration and hospital waste 

incineration. CO2 emissions from hospital waste incineration are measured and are integrated in the 

waste incineration sector. Since 2005, the only hospital waste incineration plant was closed. Some 

hospital waste are incinerated in the municipal waste incineration plants. As the 4 municipal waste 

incineration plants produce electricity, these emissions are allocated in the energy sector, category 

1A1a. 
129 

Brussels 

The emission factors for the incineration of hospital and municipal waste and corpses are estimated by

measurements in situ in connection with EPA and EMEP/CORINAIR emission factors. 

Flaring in the chemical industry

The emissions of CO2 from the flaring in the chemical industry in the Walloon region are 

reported in category 6C according to the IPCC Guidelines.. The chemical industries involved produce 

polyethylen, polystyren, polypropylen, polyethylen and polyalphaolefine. 

In the Flemish region the emissions of CO2 from the flaring activities in the chemical industry 

are allocated to the category 2B5 instead of category 6C. These emissions are included in the results of 

surveys carried out on a yearly basis by the chemical federation in cooperation with the Vito and need

to be treated confidentially. 

In absence of emission factors to estimate CH4 and N2O emissions from flaring activities (no 

emission factors are found in various documents as EPA-AP-42, guidebook emep/corinair, NIR from 

others MS and the IPCC guidelines), these emissions aren’t estimated in Belgium. 

8.2.4. Others (category 6D) 

CH4 emissions from compost production are estimated using regional activity data combined with a 

default emission factor of 2,4 kg CH4/ton compost. The emission factor of 2,4 kg CH4/ton compost is 

used after consultation the colleagues in the Netherlands who uses this factor as a result of 

measurements carried out. This monitoring program was carried out in the Netherlands and the 

Ministry as well as the waste sector were involved. The monitoring was not a random indication of 

emissions but was carried out over a longer period which increases the reliability of this emission 

factor used. 

8.3. Recalculations and planned improvements 

8.3.1. Recalculations 

- In the Flemish region the number of inhabitants that are connected with the purification plants has 

been revised for the years 2001 to 2006. A higher amount of inhabitants connected was registered 

for these years. As a consequence the emissions of CH4 are reduced for these years because of the 

highest share of sceptic tanks in this sector of waste water handling. Emissions in this sector did 

decrease with +/- 350 ton CH4 for the years 2001 and 2006 and lower decreases of emissions for 

the intermediate years are performed. 

- In the Flemish region the activity data of incinerated municipal waste is revised for the complete 

timeseries during the 2009 submission. As a consequence small differences in reported emissions 

of N2O for the complete timeseries are performed ( in 1990 +0,169 ton N2O and in 2006 +0,09 ton 

N2O). 

- During the 2009 submission CH4 recovery data from the solid waste disposal sites are included 

for the Flemish region. Consequently these data are completed for the complete time series in 

Belgium. 
130 

8.3.2. Planned improvements 

- The in-country review of UNFCCC in June 2007 did not detect any anomalies in the methodology 

used in Belgium to estimate the emissions from solid waste disposal sites (category 6A). Anyway, the 

Flemish region did contact the UNFCCC-expert of waste, Ms. Sirinthornthep Towprayon, after the incountry review in January 2008 with some more questions because more information from the waste 

institute OVAM became available at that time. After several reminders, the Flemish region did not get 

any answer so far. Although the differences detected in final emissions of CH4 are rather small, 

depending on the outcome of this consultation, the methodology can be revised/optimized during the 

next 2010 submission in the Flemish region. 

 
131 

CHAPTER 9: RECALCULATIONS AND PLANNED 

IMPROVEMENTS

9.1. Recalculations and achieved improvements 

The specific recalculations and methodological improvements achieved since the last 2008 submission 

are presented in the respective chapters of all sectors in this National Inventory Report. 

A constant actualization of all sectors of the inventory is performed (mostly in most recent years) from 

the moment more accurate data become available. 

Important recalculations (with a major impact on the total emissions) on the Belgian inventory were 

carried out during the 2006 submission at the moment the assigned amounts were set down. 

In all regions, the emissions were completely updated during that submission for the time series. 

Also important recalculations were performed during the 2008 submission as a result of the in-country 

review of UNFCCC in June 2007. 

During this 2009 submisson Belgium took into account as much as possible the recommendations as 

formulated in the ‘Report of the individual review of the greenhouse gas inventory of Belgium 

submitted in 2007 and 2008 (January 2009)’. This report is attached in annex 4 of this national 

inventory report. 

On the technical side, all the national sectoral tables have been fulfilled in this submission. 

Recalculations performed during the 2009 submission:

General

The indirect greenhouse gas emissions (NOx, SO2, NMVOC and CO) have been fully 

recalculated , to harmonize the present inventory with the reporting of Belgian’s emissions 

performed under the Convention of EMEP/LRTAP. 

In the energy sector: 

- The emissions of CO2 in the sector iron and steel (category 1A2a) are recalculated in the 

Flemish region for the years 2002 to 2006 due to the optimization of emission factors delivered by 

one of the largest companies in the sector. In the 2009 submission the oxidation factors (also 

delivered by this company and different from the IPCC default factors) are taken into account to 

estimate these emissions. As a result the emissions of CO2 in this sector decreases with about 50-

60 kton CO2 for these years. 

- During the 2009 submission the emission factors of CH4 and N2O from the combined heat-power 

installations in the Flemish region in the agriculture and service sectors are harmonized between 

the 3 regions. 

- Some minor corrections were made in the Flemish region in the energy sector of energy 

consumption data and emissions of CO2 (mainly for the years 1991 to 1993). 

- In the Flemish region the emissions of CH4 from the cokes ovens are reported in category 1A1c

(instead of the category 1B1b in the previous submission) to harmonize with the other regions. 

- The emissions of CH4 en N2O from “other transportation” (1Ae3) are estimated in the Brussel 

and Walloon regions. As a consequence the emissions in this sector are completed for the entire 

timeseries in Belgium. 
132 

- A recalculation of the N2O emissions from cokes production took place in the Walloon region to 

harmonize with the others regions. 

In the sector of industrial processes: 

- During the 2009 submission, the proces emissions of CO2 are newly added for one glass 

company in the Flemish region (category 2A7) as a result of their emission reporting in the 

framework of the EU-ETS Directive. An estimation of the previous years (1990-2004) is 

performed by using the same methodology as used in the framework of the EU-ETS (C-content of 

raw materials used). As a consequence the emissions of CO2 in this sector did increase with about 

1 kton CO2 for the years 2005 to 2007 and with about 4 kton CO2 in 1990. 

- Another recalculation in the glass sector (2A7) during this 2009 submission is a revision of the 

implied emission factor of another glass company in the Flemish region based on an average 

emission factor from the EU-ETS-data for the years 2005-2007. As a result the emission of CO2 

did decrease with 10 to 13 kton CO2 for the complete time series. 

In the sector of solvent and other product use: 

No main recalculations of greenhousegas emissions are made in the sector of solvent and other 

product use during this 2009 submission. However, as with all other sectors, a constant 

actualization of the inventory is performed. Consequently most recalculations of the emission 

inventory 1990-2007 are performed in the last years (2005 and 2006) because more accurate 

information became available for these years. 

In the sector of agriculture: 

Many recalculations were performed between the 2008 and 2009 submission. These are detailed in 

chapter 6. 

 In the LULUCF-sector: 

No major recalculations of emissions were performed in the LUCF-sector during the 2009 

submission compared with the 2008 submission. 

In the waste sector: 

- In the Flemish region the number of inhabitants that are connected with the purification plants 

has been revised for the years 2001 to 2006. A higher amount of inhabitants connected was 

registered for these years. As a consequence the emissions of CH4 are reduced for these years 

because of the highest share of sceptic tanks in this sector of waste water handling. Emissions in 

this sector did decrease with +/- 350 ton CH4 for the years 2001 and 2006 and lower decreases of 

emissions for the intermediate years are performed.

- In the Flemish region the activity data of incinerated municipal waste is revised for the complete 

timeseries during the 2009 submission. As a consequence small differences in reported emissions 

of N2O for the complete timeseries are performed ( in 1990 +0,169 ton N2O and in 2006 +0,09 ton 

N2O). 

- During the 2009 submission CH4 recovery data from the solid waste disposal sites are included 

for the Flemish region. Consequently these data are completed for the complete time series in 

Belgium. 
133 

9.2. Implication on emission levels and trends 

Level 

The main implication on level for CH4 comes from the revision of the EF in the the agricultural sector, 

resulting in a decrease of the emissions for the entire time series, with an overal decrease of 327 kton 

CO2 in 2006 and 411 kton in 1990, in comparison with the April 2008 submission. 

Note : These recalculations were mainly performed on Otcober 20th, 2008, following the 

recommandations of the ERT after the review. A new official submission was sent by Belgium at this 

time.Consequently,the "previous submission" referred by the CRF Reporter in the table 8(a)s1 is the 

October 20th 2008, submission and not the April 15th 2008 submission. Nevertheless, the comments on 

recalculations in this NIR refers to the April 15th submission. This is mentionned as it could lead to

some confusion for the CH4 emissions from manure management. 

For CO2 and N2O, the recalculations in various sectors resulted in a overal decrease of the emission of 

21 kton CO2 –eq, for each gas in 2006. CO2 from fisheries in Flandres have been revised, leading to a 

decrease of the emission of 200 kton CO2 in 1990 (sector 1.4.c) . 

Trend 

The main drivers of the change in trend are the recalculations in the agriculture sector (whole time 

serie) and in the fisheries for the year 1990. . The overal impact on the 1990-2006 trend is 0,6: the 

trend was –5,23% in the april 2008 submission and is –4,63% in the april 2009 submisison. 

9.3. Planned improvements 

- During the 2010 submission the emissions of CO2 from the cement and lime sectors for the years 

1990 to 2004 will be recalculated in the Walloon region. The emission factors for liquid fuels et 

gaseous fuels will be taken from the IPCC guidebook and an average emission factor by solid and 

waste fuels will be calculated with plant analyses (2005 to 2008) and will be applied for the 

previous years. 

- During the 2010 submission the emissions of CH4 from the glass industries for the years 1990 to 

2007 will be recalculated in the Walloon region to harmonize with the Flemish region. 

- In Flanders a revision of the agriculture model used to calculate the emissions of NH3 started at 

the end of 2007 and was completed in december 2008. Special attention went to the emissions 

from manure processing, a revision of the emission factors of NH3, uncertainty determination, 

geographical allocations of the NH3 emissions and inventorying mineral fertilizer type and 

application. The results of this study will also have an impact on the direct and indirect emissions 

of N2O (category 4D) and will be taken into account during the 2010 submission. 
134 

In 2009 a study will be conducted in Belgium to improve the reporting of emissions and 

supplementary data in the LULUCF-sector and to fulfil the international reporting obligations in 

this sector from 2010 on. 

- The in-country review of UNFCCC in June 2007 did not detect any anomalies in the 

methodology used in Belgium to estimate the emissions from solid waste disposal sites (category 

6A). Anyway, the Flemish region did contact the UNFCCC-expert of waste, Ms. Sirinthornthep 

Towprayon, after the in-country review in January 2008 with some more questions because more 

information from the waste institute OVAM became available at that time. After several 

reminders, the Flemish region did not get any answer so far. Although the differences detected in 

final emissions of CH4 are rather small, depending on the outcome of this consultation, the 

methodology can be revised/optimized during the next 2010 submission in the Flemish region. 
135 

PART II: SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 

REQUIRED UNDER ARTICLE 7, PARAGRAPH 1

CHAPTER 10: KP-LULUCF 

In 1990 the LULUCF sector in Belgium was a net sink of 1422.19 Gg CO2.y-1. 

Consequently, according the Article 3.7 of the Kyoto Protocol, Belgium does not take into 

account the LULUCF sector to calculate the Assigned Amount. 

Selected values for forest inventories 

Belgium decides to adopt the following forest definition for use in accounting for its activities 

under Article 3.3 and 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol : 

Minimum tree crown cover: 20 %

Minimum land area : 0.5 ha

Minimum height at maturity: 5 m 

These choices allow to use the result of the actual and projected regional forest inventories 

(Wallonia and Flanders) to calculate the C stock of different pools (biomass, dead organic 

matters and mineral soil). This definition is fully consistent with the official FAO definition 

and is already reported in the 2005 Forest Resource Assessment (FRA 2005). 

Election of activities under art. 3.4. 

Belgium does not elect grasland and cropland management under Article 3.4 for inclusion in 

its accounting for the first commitment period. 

Belgium does not elect any activities under Article 3.4. for inclusion in its accounting for the 

first commitment period. 

Reporting on art 3.3 and 3.4. 

Belgium intends to account for the entire commitment period for all its activities under 

Article 3(3) of the Kyoto Protocol. 

CHAPTER 11: INFORMATION ON ACCOUNTING OF KYOTO 

UNITS

Information about the transactions of the Kyoto-units is attached in annex 4 to this document. 
136 

CHAPTER 12: INFORMATION ON CHANGES IN NATIONAL 

SYSTEM

The national system in Belgium has been actualized for the submission of April 15th to the UNFCCCsectretariat. No major changes were performed. The revised national system is in line with the 

developed QA/QC-plan.

CHAPTER 13: INFORMATION ON CHANGES IN NATIONAL 

REGISTRY

Elements concerning the national registry of Belgium 

(numbering below refers to decision 15/CMP.1) 

Information on Kyoto units as set out in section I.E. of the annex to 

decision 15/CMP.1 

11. The secured SEF (standard electronic format) report is attached to this report (see annex 4). 

12.-17. (not applicable; empty lists)

18. Status of the Commitment Period Reserve (CPR) at 31/12/2008: 660.776.819, which is 

54.180.844 units above the threshold for CP 1 (2008-2012). 

For Belgium, this CPR threshold is 606.595.975 units (90 per cent of the assigned amount). 

19. (no requests received from expert review teams)

20. (not applicable)

Changes in national registries as set out in section I.G of the annex to 

decision 15/CMP.1 

Changes occurred in the national registry 

Belgium changed its registry datacenter from the Brussels based SmalS MvM to the Berlin 

based COLT NV in January 2008. 

The Seringas registry application was replaced by an adapted version of the community registry 

software in February 2008. 

Since mid October 2008 the Belgian registry is connected with the ITL. 

Information submitted in accordance with paragraph 32 of the annex to decision 

15/CMP.1 

The required information was provided in the UNFCCC Registry Readiness Questionnaire for BE 

(hereafter referred to as RQ) as confirmed in the IAR of the BE registry. 

a. New contact information for the registry administrator 

Federal Government

The Registry 

Administrator FED 

THE REGISTRY ADMINISTRATOR 

FOD VVVL 

DG Environment, Climate Change Division 
137 

Mark LOOMAN, project manager - authorised representative of the registry 

administrator 

Eurostation Building, Victor Hortaplein 40 - bus 17, 1060 Brussels 

b. (no changes) 

c. (no changes) 

The software used for the BE registry is an adapted version of the European Community Registry 

software (the CR software is originally developed by Trasys, the adapted version is developed by 

Dr. Lippke & Dr. Wagner GmbH). 

d. The adapted CR software was both accredited by the ITL administrator (in October 2007) and the 

CITL administrator (in June 2008) to operate under the European and Kyoto rules. The SEF 

reporting was accredited in January 2009. 

e. (no changes) 

In case of discrepancies,... the incident/problem management procedures of the UNFCCC are 

followed. These procedures are refered to in our own incident/problem management procedures 

which are written down at the moment within the framework of the ISO 9001:2000 certification we 

are planning to obtain by the end of 2009. 

f. (no changes; RQ 2.3)

g. Public reports are available at http://www.climateregistry.be/NL/REP/report.htm (dutch version) and 

http://www.climateregistry.be/FR/REP/report.htm (French version). Detailed reports on accounts, 

operators,... are available in the registry at 

https://www.climateregistry.be/crweb/report/public/publicReportList.do in Dutch, French, English and 

German (screenshots are available at the end of this document). 

Reports are provided according to Annex XVI of the Commission Regulation 2216/2004 changed by 

Regulation 916/2007. 

h. (no changes) 

General registry website: http://www.climateregistry.be; secured direct access to the Registry: 

https://www.climateregistry.be 

i. (no changes; RQ 2.1-2.2) 

A new Disaster Recovery exercise has been scheduled for mid May 2009, to revise the current DR 

procedure that was tested in production in June 2008 (before the ITL Go-Live). 

j. (RQ 2.8) The adapted CR software was both accredited by the ITL administrator (in October 2007) 

and the CITL administrator (in June 2008) to operate under the European and Kyoto rules. The SEF 

reporting was accredited in January 2009. 
138 
139 
140 
141 
142 
143 

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144 

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146

ANNEXES

Annex 1: Key sources analysis 

Level assessment for 1990 

IPCC category sector 

emissions 

1990 

Direct 

greenhouse 

gas 

level 

assessment 

1990 

Cumulative 

total 

Gg 

CO2eq % % 

1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production 23504 CO2 16,58 16,58

1A4b Residential 20213 CO2 14,25 30,83

1A3b Road Transportation 19270 CO2 13,59 44,42

1A2a Iron and Steel 14213 CO2 10,02 54,44

1A2f Other 8069 CO2 5,69 60,13

1A2c Chemicals 6585 CO2 4,64 64,78

1A1b Petroleum Refining 4299 CO2 3,03 67,81

1A4a Commercial/Institutional 4272 CO2 3,01 70,82

2B2 Nitric Acid Production 3562 N2O 2,51 73,33

1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 2990 CO2 2,11 75,44

2A1 Cement Production 2824 CO2 1,99 77,43

6A1 Managed Waste Disposal on Land 2630 CH4 1,85 79,29

1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries 2525 CO2 1,78 81,07

4D1 Direct Soil Emissions 2367 N2O 1,67 82,74

1A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries 2144 CO2 1,51 84,25

4A1 Non-Dairy Cattle 2134 CH4 1,50 85,76

2A2 Lime Production 2097 CO2 1,48 87,24

2C1 Iron and Steel Production 1946 CO2 1,37 88,61

4A1 Dairy Cattle 1740 CH4 1,23 89,83

2E1 By-product Emissions Other 1559 SF6 1,10 90,93

4B8 Swine 1350 CH4 0,95 91,89

5C1 Grassland remaining Grassland 1304 CO2 0,92 92,81

4D3 Indirect Emissions 1242 N2O 0,88 93,68

4D2 Pasture, Range and Paddock Manure (3) 936 N2O 0,66 94,34

4B13 Solid Storage and Dry Lot 892 N2O 0,63 94,97

1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print 637 CO2 0,45 95,42

1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals 624 CO2 0,44 95,86

1B2b Natural Gas 519 CH4 0,37 96,23

2E1 By-product Emissions Other 507 C2F6 0,36 96,58

5B1 Cropland remaining Cropland 480 CO2 0,34 96,92

2B1 Ammonia Production 420 CO2 0,30 97,22

1A3d Navigation 396 CO2 0,28 97,50

2B5 Other/Caprolactam 372 N2O 0,26 97,76

1A3b Road Transportation 333 N2O 0,24 97,99

2F(a)2 Foam Blowing 324 HFC-134a 0,23 98,22

2E1 By-product Emissions Other 324 CF4 0,23 98,45

1B1a Coal Mining and Handling 299 CH4 0,21 98,66

2E2 Fugitive Emissions 288 C5F12 0,20 98,87

2A7 Glass Production 281 CO2 0,20 99,06
147

6B2 Waste Water Handling/Domestic and Commercial Waste 

Water 265 N2O 0,19 99,25

6C Waste Incineration 253 CO2 0,18 99,43

3D Other/use of N2O for anaesthesia 246 N2O 0,17 99,60

2E2 Fugitive Emissions 230 C6F14 0,16 99,76

2B5 Other non-specified 224 CO2 0,16 99,92

1A3c Railways 224 CO2 0,16 100,08

6B2 Waste Water Handling/Domestic and Commercial Waste 

Water 219 CH4 0,15 100,24

4B1 Dairy Cattle 216 CH4 0,15 100,39

4A8 Swine 211 CH4 0,15 100,54

1A4b Residential 208 CH4 0,15 100,68

1A3e Other Transportation (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 3) 197 CO2 0,14 100,82

1A5b Mobile/military use 191 CO2 0,14 100,96

2E1 By-product Emissions Other 181 C4F10 0,13 101,08

2E1 By-product Emissions Other 171 C 3F8 0,12 101,21

2A7 Ceramics 136 CO2 0,10 101,30

1A1b Petroleum Refining 129 N2O 0,09 101,39

4B1 Non-Dairy Cattle 120 CH4 0,08 101,48

1A3b Road Transportation 117 CH4 0,08 101,56

1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production 101 N2O 0,07 101,63

1B2c Flaring 84 CO2 0,06 101,69

2F(a)9 Other/double glass windows 84 SF6 0,06 101,75

1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries 79 N2O 0,06 101,81

2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 72 HFC-134a 0,05 101,86

4B14 Other AWMS 57 N2O 0,04 101,90

1A4b Residential 51 N2O 0,04 101,93

1A2a Iron and Steel 51 CH4 0,04 101,97

2F(a)4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers 35 HFC-134a 0,02 101,99

2E1 By-product Emissions Other 34 C5F12 0,02 102,02

4A3 Sheep 32 CH4 0,02 102,04

1B1b Solid Fuel Transformation 31 CH4 0,02 102,06

1A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2) 29 N2O 0,02 102,08

2E2 Fugitive Emissions 20 C4F10 0,01 102,10

2F(a)8 Electrical Equipment 20 SF6 0,01 102,11

1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries 20 CH4 0,01 102,12

4B9 Poultry 18 CH4 0,01 102,14

1A3d Navigation 15 N2O 0,01 102,15

1A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2) 14 CH4 0,01 102,16

1A4a Commercial/Institutional 13 CH4 0,01 102,17

1A3c Railways 13 N2O 0,01 102,18

4B12 Liquid Systems 10 N2O 0,01 102,18

1A2a Iron and Steel 8 N2O 0,01 102,19

4A6 Horses 8 CH4 0,01 102,19

1A4a Commercial/Institutional 7 N2O 0,01 102,20

1A2c Chemicals 7 N2O 0,01 102,20

1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 7 N2O 0,01 102,21

1A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries 7 CH4 0,00 102,21

6D Other (compost production) 7 CH4 0,00 102,22

1A2c Chemicals 7 CH4 0,00 102,22

1A3a Civil Aviation 7 CO2 0,00 102,23

1B2a Oil 6 CH4 0,00 102,23

1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print 4 N2O 0,00 102,24

2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 4 HFC-143a 0,00 102,24

1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 4 CH4 0,00 102,24
148

1A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries 3 N2O 0,00 102,24

1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production 3 CH4 0,00 102,25

4B3 Sheep 3 CH4 0,00 102,25

1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print 3 CH4 0,00 102,25

2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 3 HFC-125 0,00 102,25

1A3e Other Transportation (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 3) 2 N2O 0,00 102,25

1A5b Mobile/military use 2 N2O 0,00 102,25

4B6 Horses 1 CH4 0,00 102,26

1B2b Natural Gas 1 CO2 0,00 102,26

1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals 1 N2O 0,00 102,26

1A3a Civil Aviation 1 N2O 0,00 102,26

4A4 Goats 1 CH4 0,00 102,26

1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals 1 CH4 0,00 102,26

2F(a)3 Fire Extinguishers 1 HFC-227ea 0,00 102,26

4D4 Other/sludge spreading 0,46 N2O 0,00 102,26

1A3d Navigation 0,37 CH4 0,00 102,26

1A3c Railways 0,30 CH4 0,00 102,26

4B4 Goats 0,12 CH4 0,00 102,26

1A3a Civil Aviation 0,09 CH4 0,00 102,26

2F(a)2 Foam Blowing 0,07 HFC-152a 0,00 102,26

1A5b Mobile/military use 0,05 CH4 0,00 102,26

4A7 Mules and Asses 0,04 CH4 0,00 102,26

1A3e Other Transportation (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 3) 0,02 CH4 0,00 102,26

6C Waste Incineration 0,02 N2O 0,00 102,26

2B1 Ammonia Production 0,01 CH4 0,00 102,26

4B7 Mules and Asses 0,01 CH4 0,00 102,26

6A1 Managed Waste Disposal on Land 0,00 CO2 0,00 102,26

6B2 Waste Water Handling/Domestic and Commercial Waste 

Water 0,00 CO2 0,00 102,26

1A1b Petroleum Refining 0,00 CH4 0,00 102,26

6C Waste Incineration 0,00 CH4 0,00 102,26

5A1 Forest Land remaining Forest Land -3205 CO2 -2,26 100,00

 

TOTAL Gg CO2eq 141798 
149

Level assessment for 2006 

IPCC category sector 

2006 

emissions 

Direct 

greenhouse 

gas 

level 

assessment 

2006 

Cumulative 

total 

 Gg CO2eq % % 

1A3b Road Transportation 24441 CO2 18,03 18,03

1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production 22740 CO2 16,78 34,81

1A4b Residential 20512 CO2 15,13 49,94

1A2a Iron and Steel 9306 CO2 6,87 56,80

1A2c Chemicals 7710 CO2 5,69 62,49

1A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2) 7229 CO2 5,33 67,83

1A4a Commercial/Institutional 5813 CO2 4,29 72,11

1A1b Petroleum Refining 4522 CO2 3,34 75,45

2A1 Cement Production 3112 CO2 2,30 77,75

1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries 2156 CO2 1,59 79,34

4D1 Direct Soil Emissions 2155 N2O 1,59 80,93

2A2 Lime Production 2139 CO2 1,58 82,50

2B2 Nitric Acid Production 2081 N2O 1,53 84,04

4A1 Non-Dairy Cattle 2052 CH4 1,51 85,55

1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 2015 CO2 1,49 87,04

2C1 Iron and Steel Production 1597 CO2 1,18 88,22

2B5 Other non-specified 1354 CO2 1,00 89,22

2B1 Ammonia Production 1290 CO2 0,95 90,17

4A1 Dairy Cattle 1266 CH4 0,93 91,10

4B8 Swine 1258 CH4 0,93 92,03

5C1 Grassland remaining Grassland 1141 CO2 0,84 92,87

4D3 Indirect Emissions 927 N2O 0,68 93,56

4D2 Pasture, Range and Paddock Manure (3) 791 N2O 0,58 94,14

1A3b Road Transportation 789 N2O 0,58 94,72

4B13 Solid Storage and Dry Lot 769 N2O 0,57 95,29

6A1 Managed Waste Disposal on Land 681 CH4 0,50 95,79

1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print 651 CO2 0,48 96,27

5B1 Cropland remaining Cropland 575 CO2 0,42 96,70

2F1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 543 HFC-134a 0,40 97,10

1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals 527 CO2 0,39 97,48

2B5 Other/Caprolactam 484 N2O 0,36 97,84

1A3d Navigation 446 CO2 0,33 98,17

2F1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 434 HFC-143a 0,32 98,49

1B2b Oil and natural gas/Natural Gas 403 CH4 0,30 98,79

1A1cManufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries 395 CO2 0,29 99,08

2F1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 322 HFC-125 0,24 99,32

6B2 Domestic and Commercial Waste Water 272 N2O 0,20 99,52

2A7 Other/glass production 270 CO2 0,20 99,72

3D Other/Use of N2O for Anaesthesia 247 N2O 0,18 99,90

2A7 Other/ceramics 214 CO2 0,16 100,06

4A8 Swine 198 CH4 0,15 100,20

2F4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers 175 HFC-134a 0,13 100,33

4B1 Dairy Cattle 167 CH4 0,12 100,46

1A3e Other Transportation 156 CO2 0,11 100,57

1A3c Railways 143 CO2 0,11 100,68
150

1A4b Residential 141 CH4 0,10 100,78

1B2c Venting and Flaring/Flaring 130 CO2 0,10 100,88

1A5b Other/Mobile/military use 129 CO2 0,10 100,97

6B2 Domestic and Commercial Waste Water 127 CH4 0,09 101,07

4B2 Non-Dairy Cattle 118 CH4 0,09 101,15

1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production 102 N2O 0,08 101,23

6C Waste Incineration 78 CO2 0,06 101,29

2E2 Fugitive Emissions 78 C6F14 0,06 101,34

2F2 Foam Blowing 78 HFC-134a 0,06 101,40

1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries 77 N2O 0,06 101,46

2F9 Other/double glass windows 64 SF6 0,05 101,50

1A3b Road Transportation 58 CH4 0,04 101,55

2C1 Iron and Steel Production 57 CH4 0,04 101,59

4B14 Other AWMS 55 N2O 0,04 101,63

1A1b Petroleum Refining 48 N2O 0,04 101,67

1A4b Residential 47 N2O 0,03 101,70

6D Other/Compost production 43 CH4 0,03 101,73

2E2 Fugitive Emissions 42 C4F10 0,03 101,76

2F2 Foam Blowing 29 HFC-152a 0,02 101,78

1A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2) 27 N2O 0,02 101,80

1A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2) 26 CH4 0,02 101,82

4A3 Sheep 26 CH4 0,02 101,84

2E2 Fugitive Emissions 26 C5F12 0,02 101,86

1A2a Iron and Steel 25 CH4 0,02 101,88

4B9 Poultry 23 CH4 0,02 101,90

1A4a Commercial/Institutional 22 CH4 0,02 101,91

1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production 13 CH4 0,01 101,92

4A6 Horses 13 CH4 0,01 101,93

1Bb Solid Fuels/solid fuel transformation 12 CH4 0,01 101,94

2F3 Fire Extinguishers 11 HFC-227ea 0,01 101,95

1A3d Navigation 11 N2O 0,01 101,96

2F8 Electrical Equipment 11 SF6 0,01 101,97

1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries 10 CH4 0,01 101,97

4B12 Liquid Systems 9 N2O 0,01 101,98

1A3c Railways 9 N2O 0,01 101,99

1A4a Commercial/Institutional 9 N2O 0,01 101,99

2F1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 8 HFC-32 0,01 102,00

1A2a Iron and Steel 7 N2O 0,01 102,00

2E1 Production of Halocarbons and SF6/By-product Emissions 7 CF4 0,01 102,01

1A2c Chemicals 6 CH4 0,00 102,01

1A3a Civil Aviation 6 CO2 0,00 102,02

1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print 5 N2O 0,00 102,02

1B2a Oil and Natural Gas/oil 4 CH4 0,00 102,02

1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print 4 CH4 0,00 102,03

1A2c Chemicals 3 N2O 0,00 102,03

1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 3 CH4 0,00 102,03

4A4 Goats 3 CH4 0,00 102,03

1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 3 N2O 0,00 102,04

1A3e Other Transportation 3 N2O 0,00 102,04

4B6 Horses 2 CH4 0,00 102,04

4B3 Sheep 2 CH4 0,00 102,04

1B2b Oil and natural gas/Natural Gas 2 CO2 0,00 102,04

1A5b Other/Mobile/military use 1 N2O 0,00 102,04

2F3 Fire Extinguishers 1 HFC-125 0,00 102,04
151

1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals 1 CH4 0,00 102,05

1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals 1 N2O 0,00 102,05

2F4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers 1 HFC-227ea 0,00 102,05

2B5 Other non-specified 0,48 CH4 0,00 102,05

4D4 Other/Sludge Spreading 0,46 N2O 0,00 102,05

4B4 Goats 0,41 CH4 0,00 102,05

1A3d Navigation 0,31 CH4 0,00 102,05

2F1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 0,22 HFC-152a 0,00 102,05

1A3c Railways 0,19 CH4 0,00 102,05

1A1cManufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries 0,18 N2O 0,00 102,05

1A3a Civil Aviation 0,18 N2O 0,00 102,05

4A7 Mules and Asses 0,17 CH4 0,00 102,05

1A1cManufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries 0,12 CH4 0,00 102,05

1A5b Other/Mobile/military use 0,11 CH4 0,00 102,05

2B5 Other non-specified 0,10 N2O 0,00 102,05

4B7 Mules and Asses 0,03 CH4 0,00 102,05

1A3a Civil Aviation 0,03 CH4 0,00 102,05

1A3e Other Transportation 0,02 CH4 0,00 102,05

2F4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers 0,02 HFC-152a 0,00 102,05

2B1 Ammonia Production 0,01 CH4 0,00 102,05

5A1 Forest Land remaining Forest Land -2777 CO2 -2,05 100,00

 

TOTAL Gg CO2eq 135552 
152

Level assessment for 2007 

IPCC category sector 2007 emissions

Direct 

greenhouse 

gas 

level 

assess

ment 

2007 Cumulative total 

 Gg CO2eq % % 

 

1A3b Road Transportation 24348 CO2 18,75 18,75

1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production 21862 CO2 16,84 35,59

1A4b Residential 18797 CO2 14,47 50,06

1A2a Iron and Steel 8569 CO2 6,60 56,66

1A2c Chemicals 7852 CO2 6,05 62,71

1A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 

2) 7031 CO2 5,41 68,12

1A4a Commercial/Institutional 5500 CO2 4,24 72,36

1A1b Petroleum Refining 4607 CO2 3,55 75,90

2A1 Cement Production 3087 CO2 2,38 78,28

1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries 2129 CO2 1,64 79,92

4A2 Non-Dairy Cattle 2054 CH4 1,58 81,50

4D1 Direct Soil Emissions 2052 N2O 1,58 83,08

2A2 Lime Production 2040 CO2 1,57 84,65

1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 1786 CO2 1,38 86,03

2C1 Iron and Steel Production 1427 CO2 1,10 87,13

2B2 Nitric Acid Production 1361 N2O 1,05 88,18

2B5 Other non-specified 1345 CO2 1,04 89,21

2B1 Ammonia Production 1301 CO2 1,00 90,21

4A1 Dairy Cattle 1276 CH4 0,98 91,20

4B8 Swine 1252 CH4 0,96 92,16

5C1 Grassland remaining Grassland 1118 CO2 0,86 93,02

4D3 Indirect Emissions 906 N2O 0,70 93,72

1A3b Road Transportation 793 N2O 0,61 94,33

4B13 Solid Storage and Dry Lot 735 N2O 0,57 94,90

4D2 Pasture, Range and Paddock Manure (3) 735 N2O 0,57 95,46

2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 597 HFC-134a 0,46 95,92

1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print 585 CO2 0,45 96,37

6A1 Managed Waste Disposal on Land 581 CH4 0,45 96,82

5B1 Cropland remaining Cropland 578 CO2 0,45 97,26

2B5 Other Caprolactam 540 N2O 0,42 97,68

2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 479 HFC-143a 0,37 98,05

1A3d Navigation 472 CO2 0,36 98,41

1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals 470 CO2 0,36 98,78

1B2b Natural Gas 406 CH4 0,31 99,09

2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 359 HFC-125 0,28 99,36

1A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy 

Industries 334 CO2 0,26 99,62

6B2 Waste Water Handling/Domestic and Commercial 

Waste Water 273 N2O 0,21 99,83

2A7 Glass Production 262 CO2 0,20 100,03

3D Other/use of N2O for Anaesthesia 247 N2O 0,19 100,22

2A7 ceramics 217 CO2 0,17 100,39

4A8 Swine 197 CH4 0,15 100,54

2F(a)4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers 178 HFC-134a 0,14 100,68
153

4B1 Dairy Cattle 169 CH4 0,13 100,81

1A3c Railways 141 CO2 0,11 100,92

1A4b Residential 133 CH4 0,10 101,02

1A3e Other Transportation 125 CO2 0,10 101,12

6B2 Waste Water Handling/Domestic and Commercial 

Waste Water 123 CH4 0,09 101,21

4B1 Non-Dairy Cattle 118 CH4 0,09 101,30

1A5B Mobile/military use 102 CO2 0,08 101,38

1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production 100 N2O 0,08 101,46

1B2c Flaring 89 CO2 0,07 101,53

2F(a)2 Foam Blowing 87 HFC-134a 0,07 101,59

6C Waste Incineration 85 CO2 0,07 101,66

1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries 77 N2O 0,06 101,72

2E2 Fugitive Emissions 72 C6F14 0,06 101,77

2F(a)9 Other/double glass windows 70 SF6 0,05 101,83

1A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 

2) 67 N2O 0,05 101,88

2C1 Iron and Steel Production 58 CH4 0,04 101,92

1A3b Road Transportation 55 CH4 0,04 101,97

2E2 Fugitive Emissions 50 C4F10 0,04 102,00

4B14 Other AWMS 48 N2O 0,04 102,04

1A1b Petroleum Refining 44 N2O 0,03 102,08

1A4b Residential 43 N2O 0,03 102,11

6D Other (compost production) 43 CH4 0,03 102,14

2F(a)2 Foam Blowing 42 HFC-152a 0,03 102,17

2E1 By-product Emissions/other 29 CF4 0,02 102,20

4A3 Sheep 25 CH4 0,02 102,22

4B9 Poultry 24 CH4 0,02 102,23

1A2a Iron and Steel 23 CH4 0,02 102,25

1A4a Commercial/Institutional 21 CH4 0,02 102,27

2E2 Fugitive Emissions 21 C5F12 0,02 102,28

1A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 

2) 20 CH4 0,02 102,30

1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production 16 CH4 0,01 102,31

4A6 Horses 13 CH4 0,01 102,32

2F(a)3 Fire Extinguishers 11 HFC-227ea 0,01 102,33

1A3d Navigation 11 N2O 0,01 102,34

2F(a)8 Electrical Equipment 11 SF6 0,01 102,35

1B1b Solid Fuel Transformation 10 CH4 0,01 102,36

2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 10 HFC-32 0,01 102,36

1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries 10 CH4 0,01 102,37

4B12 Liquid Systems 9 N2O 0,01 102,38

1A3c Railways 9 N2O 0,01 102,39

1A3a Civil Aviation 8 CO2 0,01 102,39

1A4a Commercial/Institutional 8 N2O 0,01 102,40

1A2a Iron and Steel 7 N2O 0,01 102,40

1A2c Chemicals 7 CH4 0,01 102,41

1A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy 

Industries 5 CH4 0,00 102,41

1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print 5 N2O 0,00 102,42

1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print 4 CH4 0,00 102,42

1A2c Chemicals 3 N2O 0,00 102,42

4A4 Goats 3 CH4 0,00 102,42

1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 3 CH4 0,00 102,43

1B2a Oil 2 CH4 0,00 102,43
154

4B6 Horses 2 CH4 0,00 102,43

1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 2 N2O 0,00 102,43

4B3 Sheep 2 CH4 0,00 102,43

1A3e Other Transportation 2 N2O 0,00 102,43

1B2b Natural Gas 2 CO2 0,00 102,44

2F(a)3 Fire Extinguishers 1 HFC-125 0,00 102,44

1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals 1 N2O 0,00 102,44

1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals 1 CH4 0,00 102,44

2F(a)4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers 1 HFC-227ea 0,00 102,44

2B5 Other non-specified 0,48 CH4 0,00 102,44

4D4 Other/Sludge Spreading 0,46 N2O 0,00 102,44

4B4 Goats 0,42 CH4 0,00 102,44

1A3d Navigation 0,32 CH4 0,00 102,44

4A7 Mules and Asses 0,20 CH4 0,00 102,44

1A3a Civil Aviation 0,20 N2O 0,00 102,44

2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment 0,19 HFC-152a 0,00 102,44

1A3c Railways 0,19 CH4 0,00 102,44

1A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy 

Industries 0,16 N2O 0,00 102,44

1A5B Mobile/military use 0,10 CH4 0,00 102,44

2B5 Other non-specified 0,09 N2O 0,00 102,44

1A5B Mobile/military use 0,08 N2O 0,00 102,44

4B7 Mules and Asses 0,04 CH4 0,00 102,44

1A3a Civil Aviation 0,03 CH4 0,00 102,44

2F(a)4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers 0,02 HFC-152a 0,00 102,44

1A3e Other Transportation 0,01 CH4 0,00 102,44

2B1 Ammonia Production 0,01 CH4 0,00 102,44

5A1 Forest Land remaining Forest Land -3169 CO2 -2,44 100,00

 

TOTAL Gg CO2eq 129856 
155
156

Trend assessment 1990-2006 

IPCC category 

direct 

greenhouse 

gas 

emissions 

1990 

emissions 

2006 

level 

assessment 

2006 

trend 

assessment 

1990-2006 

contribution 

to trend 

cumulative 

total 

 % % % % 

1A3b Road Transportation CO2 19270 24441 18,03 4,65 20,37 20,37 1A2a Iron and Steel CO2 14213 9306 6,87 3,30 14,48 34,85 6A1 Managed Waste Disposal on Land CH4 2630 681 0,50 1,42 6,20 41,05 1A4a Commercial/Institutional CO2 4272 5813 4,29 1,33 5,85 46,90 1A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries CO2 2144 395 0,29 1,28 5,60 52,50 1A2c Chemicals CO2 6585 7710 5,69 1,09 4,79 57,29 2B2 Nitric Acid Production N2O 3562 2081 1,53 1,02 4,48 61,77 1A4b Residential CO2 20213 20512 15,13 0,92 4,02 65,79 2B5 Other non-specified CO2 224 1354 1,00 0,88 3,86 69,65 2B1 Ammonia Production CO2 420 1290 0,95 0,69 3,01 72,66 1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco CO2 2990 2015 1,49 0,65 2,85 75,51 1A2f Other CO2 8069 7229 5,33 0,37 1,64 77,15 2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment HFC-134a 72 543 0,40 0,37 1,60 78,75 1A3b Road Transportation N2O 333 789 0,58 0,36 1,59 80,34 2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment HFC-143a 4 434 0,32 0,33 1,45 81,80 2A1 Cement Production CO2 2824 3112 2,30 0,32 1,40 83,19 1A1b Petroleum Refining CO2 4299 4522 3,34 0,32 1,39 84,59 4A1 Dairy Cattle CH4 1740 1266 0,93 0,31 1,34 85,93 2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment HFC-125 3 322 0,24 0,25 1,08 87,01 2E1 By-product Emissions Other CF4 324 7 0,01 0,23 1,02 88,03 1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production CO2 23504 22740 16,78 0,21 0,92 88,95 2C1 Iron and Steel Production CO2 1946 1597 1,18 0,20 0,89 89,84 4D3 Indirect Emissions N2O 1242 927 0,68 0,20 0,88 90,721A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries CO2 2525 2156 1,59 0,20 0,87 91,60 2F(a)2 Foam Blowing HFC-134a 324 78 0,06 0,18 0,79 92,38 6C Waste Incineration CO2 253 78 0,06 0,13 0,55 92,94 2E2 Fugitive Emissions C6F14 230 78 0,06 0,11 0,48 93,42 2F(a)4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers HFC-134a 35 175 0,13 0,11 0,48 93,89
157

2A2 Lime Production CO2 2097 2139 1,58 0,10 0,46 94,35 2B5 Other/Caprolactam N2O 372 484 0,36 0,10 0,43 94,78 5B1 Cropland remaining Cropland CO2 480 575 0,42 0,09 0,40 95,18 

4D1 Direct Soil Emissions N2O 2367 2155 1,59 0,08 0,36 95,54 

5C1 Grassland remaining Grassland CO2 1304 1141 0,84 0,08 0,36 95,904D2 Pasture, Range and Paddock Manure (3) N2O 936 791 0,58 0,08 0,35 96,251B2b Natural Gas CH4 519 403 0,30 0,07 0,31 96,572A7 Ceramics CO2 136 214 0,16 0,06 0,28 96,854B13 Solid Storage and Dry Lot N2O 892 769 0,57 0,06 0,28 97,13 6B2 Waste Water Handling/Domestic and Commercial Waste Water CH4 219 127 0,09 0,06 0,28 97,411A1b Petroleum Refining N2O 129 48 0,04 0,06 0,26 97,671A3c Railways CO2 224 143 0,11 0,05 0,24 97,911A2b Non-Ferrous Metals CO2 624 527 0,39 0,05 0,23 98,14 1A3d Navigation CO2 396 446 0,33 0,05 0,23 98,37 1A4b Residential CH4 208 141 0,10 0,05 0,20 98,57 2C1 Iron and Steel Production CH4 0 57 0,04 0,04 0,19 98,761A5b Mobile/military use CO2 191 129 0,10 0,04 0,18 98,951A3b Road Transportation CH4 117 58 0,04 0,04 0,18 99,13 1B2c Flaring CO2 84 130 0,10 0,04 0,17 99,30 1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print CO2 637 651 0,48 0,03 0,14 99,44 4B1 Dairy Cattle CH4 216 167 0,12 0,03 0,13 99,57 6D Other (compost production) CH4 7 43 0,03 0,03 0,12 99,69 4B8 Swine CH4 1350 1258 0,93 0,03 0,11 99,80 1A3e Other Transportation (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 3) CO2 197 156 0,11 0,02 0,11 99,91 2F(a)2 Foam Blowing HFC-152a 0 29 0,02 0,02 0,10 100,01 2E2 Fugitive Emissions C5F12 0 26 0,02 0,02 0,09 100,10 1A2a Iron and Steel CH4 51 25 0,02 0,02 0,08 100,18 2E2 Fugitive Emissions C4F10 20 42 0,03 0,02 0,08 100,25 6B2 Waste Water Handling/Domestic and Commercial Waste Water N2O 265 272 0,20 0,01 0,06 100,31 2F(a)9 Other/double glass windows SF6 84 64 0,05 0,01 0,05 100,37 1A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2) CH4 14 26 0,02 0,01 0,04 100,41 4A1 Non-Dairy Cattle CH4 2134 2052 1,51 0,01 0,04 100,45 1Bb Solid Fuels/solid fuel transformation CH4 0 12 0,01 0,01 0,04 100,49 3D Other/use of N2O for anaesthesia N2O 246 247 0,18 0,01 0,04 100,53 
158

2F(a)3 Fire Extinguishers HFC-227ea 1 11 0,01 0,01 0,04 100,57 

1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production CH4 3 13 0,01 0,01 0,04 100,60 1A4a Commercial/Institutional CH4 13 22 0,02 0,01 0,03 100,63 1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries CH4 20 10 0,01 0,01 0,03 100,66 

2F1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment HFC-32 8 0,01 0,01 0,03 100,692F(a)8 Electrical Equipment SF6 20 11 0,01 0,01 0,03 100,721A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries CH4 7 0 0,00 0,01 0,02 100,744B9 Poultry CH4 18 23 0,02 0,00 0,02 100,761A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production N2O 101 102 0,08 0,00 0,02 100,78 4A6 Horses CH4 8 13 0,01 0,00 0,02 100,80 4A3 Sheep CH4 32 26 0,02 0,00 0,02 100,81 1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco N2O 7 3 0,00 0,00 0,01 100,831A3d Navigation N2O 15 11 0,01 0,00 0,01 100,841A2c Chemicals N2O 7 3 0,00 0,00 0,01 100,854A8 Swine CH4 211 198 0,15 0,00 0,01 100,871A3c Railways N2O 13 9 0,01 0,00 0,01 100,884B1 Non-Dairy Cattle CH4 120 118 0,09 0,00 0,01 100,89 1A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries N2O 3 0 0,00 0,00 0,01 100,90 2A7 Glass Production CO2 281 270 0,20 0,00 0,01 100,90 4A4 Goats CH4 1 3 0,00 0,00 0,01 100,911B2a Oil CH4 6 4 0,00 0,00 0,01 100,921A4a Commercial/Institutional N2O 7 9 0,01 0,00 0,01 100,921A4b Residential N2O 51 47 0,03 0,00 0,01 100,931A2d Pulp, Paper and Print CH4 3 4 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,93 1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries N2O 79 77 0,06 0,00 0,00 100,94 4B6 Horses CH4 1 2 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,94 2F3 Fire Extinguishers HFC-125 0 1 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,94 1A3a Civil Aviation N2O 1 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,95 1A2a Iron and Steel N2O 8 7 0,01 0,00 0,00 100,95 1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print N2O 4 5 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,95 2F4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers HFC-227ea 0 1 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,95 

1A5b Mobile/military use N2O 2 1 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,96 1B2b Natural Gas CO2 1 2 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,96 2B5 Other non-specified CH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,96 4B3 Sheep CH4 3 2 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,96 
159

1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals N2O 1 1 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,96 1A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2) N2O 29 27 0,02 0,00 0,00 100,96 4B12 Liquid Systems N2O 10 9 0,01 0,00 0,00 100,97 4B4 Goats CH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,97 1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco CH4 4 3 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,974B14 Other AWMS N2O 57 55 0,04 0,00 0,00 100,971A3e Other Transportation (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 3) N2O 2 3 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,972F1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment HFC-152a 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,974A7 Mules and Asses CH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,97 2B5 Other non-specified N2O 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,97 1A3c Railways CH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,97 1A2c Chemicals CH4 7 6 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,971A3a Civil Aviation CO2 7 6 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,971A3a Civil Aviation CH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,971A5b Mobile/military use CH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,971A3d Navigation CH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,974B7 Mules and Asses CH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,97 4D4 Other/sludge spreading N2O 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,97 2F4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers HFC-152a 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,97 1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals CH4 1 1 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,971A3e Other Transportation (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 3) CH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,972B1 Ammonia Production CH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,975A1 Forest Land remaining Forest Land CO2 -3205 -2777 -2,05 -0,22 -0,97 100,00
160

Trend assessment 1990-2007 

IPCC category 

direct 

greenhouse 

gas 

emissions 

1990 

emissions 

2007 

level 

assessment 

2007 

trend 

assessment 

1990-2007 

contribution 

to trend 

cumulative 

total 

 % % % % 

1A3b Road Transportation CO2 19270 24348 18,75 5,63 21,61 21,61 1A2a Iron and Steel CO2 14213 8569 6,60 3,74 14,34 35,94 2B2 Nitric Acid Production N2O 3562 1361 1,05 1,60 6,13 42,07 6A1 Managed Waste Disposal on Land CH4 2630 581 0,45 1,54 5,89 47,97 1A2c Chemicals CO2 6585 7852 6,05 1,53 5,88 53,84 1A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries CO2 2144 334 0,26 1,37 5,25 59,09 1A4a Commercial/Institutional CO2 4272 5500 4,24 1,33 5,12 64,21 2B5 Other non-specified CO2 224 1345 1,04 0,96 3,68 67,89 1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco CO2 2990 1786 1,38 0,80 3,07 70,96 2B1 Ammonia Production CO2 420 1301 1,00 0,77 2,95 73,91 1A1b Petroleum Refining CO2 4299 4607 3,55 0,56 2,16 76,07 2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment HFC-134a 72 597 0,46 0,45 1,71 77,78 2A1 Cement Production CO2 2824 3087 2,38 0,42 1,62 79,40 1A3b Road Transportation N2O 333 793 0,61 0,41 1,57 80,97 2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment HFC-143a 4 479 0,37 0,40 1,53 82,50 1A2f Other CO2 8069 7031 5,41 0,30 1,16 83,66 2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment HFC-125 3 359 0,28 0,30 1,15 84,81 2C1 Iron and Steel Production CO2 1946 1427 1,10 0,30 1,15 85,96 1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production CO2 23504 21862 16,84 0,28 1,09 87,04 4A1 Dairy Cattle CH4 1740 1276 0,98 0,27 1,02 88,07 1A4b Residential CO2 20213 18797 14,47 0,24 0,92 88,99 2E1 By-product Emissions Other CF4 324 29 0,02 0,22 0,86 89,85 4D3 Indirect Emissions N2O 1242 906 0,70 0,19 0,75 90,60 2F(a)2 Foam Blowing HFC-134a 324 87 0,07 0,18 0,68 91,28 2B5 Other/Caprolactam N2O 372 540 0,42 0,17 0,64 91,92 1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries CO2 2525 2129 1,64 0,15 0,59 92,51 6C Waste Incineration CO2 253 85 0,07 0,12 0,47 92,99 2F(a)4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers HFC-134a 35 178 0,14 0,12 0,47 93,46 
161

5B1 Cropland remaining Cropland CO2 480 578 0,45 0,12 0,45 93,90 2E2 Fugitive Emissions C6F14 230 72 0,06 0,12 0,45 94,35 4D2 Pasture, Range and Paddock Manure (3) N2O 936 735 0,57 0,10 0,39 94,74 2A2 Lime Production CO2 2097 2040 1,57 0,10 0,39 95,13 

4D1 Direct Soil Emissions N2O 2367 2052 1,58 0,10 0,37 95,50 1A3d Navigation CO2 396 472 0,36 0,09 0,35 95,85 1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals CO2 624 470 0,36 0,08 0,33 96,18 4A1 Non-Dairy Cattle CH4 2134 2054 1,58 0,08 0,32 96,50 2A7 Ceramics CO2 136 217 0,17 0,08 0,30 96,80 4B13 Solid Storage and Dry Lot N2O 892 735 0,57 0,07 0,26 97,07 

6B2 Waste Water Handling/Domestic and Commercial Waste Water CH4 219 123 0,09 0,07 0,25 97,32 5C1 Grassland remaining Grassland CO2 1304 1118 0,86 0,06 0,24 97,56 1A1b Petroleum Refining N2O 129 44 0,03 0,06 0,24 97,80 1A5b Mobile/military use CO2 191 102 0,08 0,06 0,24 98,04 1B2b Natural Gas CH4 519 406 0,31 0,06 0,22 98,26 1A3c Railways CO2 224 141 0,11 0,05 0,21 98,47 2C1 Iron and Steel Production CH4 0 58 0,04 0,05 0,19 98,65 1A4b Residential CH4 208 133 0,10 0,05 0,19 98,84 1A3e Other Transportation (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 3) CO2 197 125 0,10 0,05 0,18 99,02 1A3b Road Transportation CH4 117 55 0,04 0,04 0,17 99,19 2F(a)2 Foam Blowing HFC-152a 0 42 0,03 0,04 0,14 99,32 1A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2) N2O 29 67 0,05 0,03 0,13 99,45 6D Other (compost production) CH4 7 43 0,03 0,03 0,12 99,57 2E2 Fugitive Emissions C4F10 20 50 0,04 0,03 0,10 99,67 6B2 Waste Water Handling/Domestic and Commercial Waste Water N2O 265 273 0,21 0,03 0,10 99,77 4B1 Dairy Cattle CH4 216 169 0,13 0,02 0,09 99,86 1A2a Iron and Steel CH4 51 23 0,02 0,02 0,07 99,94 3D Other/use of N2O for anaesthesia N2O 246 247 0,19 0,02 0,07 100,01 2E2 Fugitive Emissions C5F12 0 21 0,02 0,02 0,07 100,07 1B1b Solid Fuel Transformation CH4 31 10 0,01 0,01 0,06 100,13 4B8 Swine CH4 1350 1252 0,96 0,01 0,05 100,18 1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production CH4 3 16 0,01 0,01 0,04 100,22 1B2c Flaring CO2 84 89 0,07 0,01 0,04 100,26 
162

2F(a)3 Fire Extinguishers HFC-227ea 1 11 0,01 0,01 0,03 100,30 

2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment HFC-32 10 0,01 0,01 0,03 100,33 1A4a Commercial/Institutional CH4 13 21 0,02 0,01 0,03 100,36 1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries CH4 20 10 0,01 0,01 0,03 100,39 4B1 Non-Dairy Cattle CH4 120 118 0,09 0,01 0,03 100,41 1A2f Other (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2) CH4 14 20 0,02 0,01 0,02 100,44 2F(a)8 Electrical Equipment SF6 20 11 0,01 0,01 0,02 100,46 4B9 Poultry CH4 18 24 0,02 0,01 0,02 100,48 1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production N2O 101 100 0,08 0,01 0,02 100,50 2F(a)9 Other/double glass windows SF6 84 70 0,05 0,01 0,02 100,52 4A6 Horses CH4 8 13 0,01 0,00 0,02 100,54 1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries N2O 79 77 0,06 0,00 0,01 100,56 2A7 Glass Production CO2 281 262 0,20 0,00 0,01 100,57 1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco N2O 7 2 0,00 0,00 0,01 100,59 4B14 Other AWMS N2O 57 48 0,04 0,00 0,01 100,60 4A3 Sheep CH4 32 25 0,02 0,00 0,01 100,61 4A8 Swine CH4 211 197 0,15 0,00 0,01 100,63 1A4b Residential N2O 51 43 0,03 0,00 0,01 100,64 1A2c Chemicals N2O 7 3 0,00 0,00 0,01 100,65 1B2a Oil CH4 6 2 0,00 0,00 0,01 100,66 1A3d Navigation N2O 15 11 0,01 0,00 0,01 100,67 1A3c Railways N2O 13 9 0,01 0,00 0,01 100,68 1A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries N2O 3 0 0,00 0,00 0,01 100,69 4A4 Goats CH4 1 3 0,00 0,00 0,01 100,70 1A3a Civil Aviation CO2 7 8 0,01 0,00 0,01 100,70 1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print CO2 637 585 0,45 0,00 0,01 100,71 1A5b Mobile/military use N2O 2 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,71 1A1c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries CH4 7 5 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,72 1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print CH4 3 4 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,72 1A4a Commercial/Institutional N2O 7 8 0,01 0,00 0,00 100,72 4B6 Horses CH4 1 2 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,73 1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print N2O 4 5 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,73 2F(a)3 Fire Extinguishers HFC-125 0 1 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,73 1A3a Civil Aviation N2O 1 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,74 1A2c Chemicals CH4 7 7 0,01 0,00 0,00 100,74 
163

2F(a)4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers HFC-227ea 0 1 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,74 

1B2b Natural Gas CO2 1 2 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,74 1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco CH4 4 3 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,74 2B5 Other non-specified CH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,75 1A2a Iron and Steel N2O 8 7 0,01 0,00 0,00 100,75 4B3 Sheep CH4 3 2 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,75 1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals N2O 1 1 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,75 4B4 Goats CH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,75 2F(a)1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment HFC-152a 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,75 1A3e Other Transportation (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 3) N2O 2 2 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,75 4A7 Mules and Asses CH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,75 2B5 Other non-specified N2O 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,75 4B12 Liquid Systems N2O 10 9 0,01 0,00 0,00 100,75 1A3c Railways CH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,75 1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals CH4 1 1 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,75 1A5b Mobile/military use CH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,75 1A3a Civil Aviation CH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,75 4D4 Other/sludge spreading N2O 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,75 4B7 Mules and Asses CH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,75 1A3d Navigation CH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,75 2F(a)4 Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers HFC-152a 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,75 2B1 Ammonia Production CH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,75 1A3e Other Transportation (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 3) CH4 0 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,75 5A1 Forest Land remaining Forest Land CO2 -3205 -3169 -2,44 -0,20 -0,75 100,00 
164

Annex 2: GHG emission trends in the three Regions Introductory note: Greenhouse gas emissions follow very different patterns in the three regions of Belgium (Flanders, Wallonia, Brussels-Capital), due to the 

different structure of the sectors, and to local circumstances. Figure 1. GHG emissions 1990-2006 in the three regions (excl. LUCF). Unit: Index point (base year emissions = 100). Note: For the fluorinated gases, the base year is 1995; as the y-axis refers to the base year, the index value for the year 1990 is not necessarily 100. 

80%85%90%95%

100%105%110%115%120%

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Index (Base year = 100) Wallonia Flanders Brussels
165

Figure 2. GHG emissions : share of emissions between the three regions (2006). 

Wallonia

35%

Flanders

62%

Brussels

3%
166

 Annex 3: Uncertainty analysis Uncertainty analysis - Uncertainty analysis - 2007 

IPCC source category Gas

Base year emissions 

(1990) 

Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq

Year t emissions : 2007

Gg CO2 eq

AD uncertainty (%)

EF uncertainty (%)

Combined uncertainty

Combined uncertainty as 

% of total national 

emissions in year t

Combined uncertainty 

squared

Type A sensitivity

Type B sensitivity

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by emision 

factor uncertainty

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by activity data 

uncertainty

Uncertainty introduced 

into the trend in total 

national emissions 

Uncertainty introduced 

into the trend in total 

national emissions 

Squared

1.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gaseous Fuels CO2 2750,936483 10741,6436 1 1 1,4142136 0,1169826 0,0136849 0,0581274 0,07604035 0,05812744 0,1075373 0,12224185 0,01494307

1.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gaseous Fuels CH4 0,392493612 9,54539328 1 100 100,005 0,0073511 5,404E-05 6,502E-05 6,7572E-05 0,00650179 9,5561E-05 0,0065025 4,2282E-05

1.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gaseous Fuels N2O 1,530162728 29,4774984 1 500 500,001 0,1135003 0,0128823 0,0001987 0,00020867 0,09935722 0,00029511 0,09935765 0,00987194

1.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Liquid Fuels CO2 659,0792687 536,051966 1 2 2,236068 0,0092305 8,52E-05 -0,000494 0,00379472 -0,0009884 0,00536655 0,00545681 2,9777E-05

1.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,170920735 0,17529139 1 100 100,005 0,000135 1,822E-08 1,286E-07 1,2409E-06 1,2863E-05 1,7549E-06 1,2982E-05 1,6854E-101.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Liquid Fuels N2O 1,653112758 1,23291819 1 500 500,001 0,0047472 2,254E-05 -2,03E-06 8,7279E-06 -0,0010148 1,2343E-05 0,00101492 1,0301E-06

1.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Other Fuels CO2 749,0592548 1462,52794 5 10 11,18034 0,12592 0,0158558 0,0054785 0,01035327 0,0547851 0,07320868 0,09143806 0,008360921.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Other Fuels N2O 21,43551048 27,2702867 5 500 500,025 0,1050067 0,0110264 5,356E-05 0,00019305 0,02677815 0,00136505 0,02681292 0,00071893

1.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Biomass CH4 0 5,35446153 20 75 77,620873 0,0032006 1,024E-05 3,79E-05 3,7904E-05 0,00284283 0,0010721 0,00303827 9,2311E-06

1.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Biomass N2O 10,41254412 14,7027482 20 500 500,39984 0,0566567 0,00321 3,632E-05 0,00010408 0,01816096 0,00294386 0,01839801 0,000338491.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Solid Fuels CO2 19344,87344 9122,01894 1 5 5,0990195 0,3581898 0,1282999 -0,061227 0,06457499 -0,3061353 0,09132283 0,31946626 0,10205869

1.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Solid Fuels CH4 2,492379131 0,83071907 1 100 100,005 0,0006398 4,093E-07 -1,03E-05 5,8807E-06 -0,0010338 8,3165E-06 0,00103387 1,0689E-06

1.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Solid Fuels N2O 66,4426357 26,8812801 1 500 500,001 0,1035038 0,010713 -0,000242 0,00019029 -0,1210391 0,00026912 0,12103936 0,01465053

1.A.1.b. Petroleum Refining - Gaseous Fuels CO2 13,8225772 259,963145 1 1 1,4142136 0,0028311 8,015E-06 0,0017503 0,00184029 0,00175033 0,00260256 0,00313639 9,837E-06

1.A.1.b. Petroleum Refining - Liquid Fuels CO2 4285,347423 4346,86666 5 2 5,3851648 0,1802648 0,0324954 0,002884 0,03077157 0,00576798 0,21758788 0,21766432 0,047377761.A.1.b. Petroleum Refining - Liquid Fuels N2O 129,34688 43,91057 5 50 50,249378 0,0169916 0,0002887 -0,000531 0,00031084 -0,0265435 0,002198 0,02663436 0,00070939

1.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind. - Gaseous Fuels CO2 2,592108263 0 1 1 1,4142136 0 0 -1,69E-05 0 -1,687E-05 0 1,6868E-05 2,8453E-10

1.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind. - Gaseous Fuels CH4 0,004875919 0 1 100 100,005 0 0 -3,17E-08 0 -3,173E-06 0 3,173E-06 1,0068E-111.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind. - Gaseous Fuels N2O 0,001439557 0 1 500 500,001 0 0 -9,37E-09 0 -4,684E-06 0 4,6839E-06 2,1939E-11

1.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind. - Liquid Fuels CO2 4,423369271 0 5 2 5,3851648 0 0 -2,88E-05 0 -5,757E-05 0 5,757E-05 3,3143E-09

1.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind. - Solid Fuels CO2 2137,385236 334,367904 1 2 2,236068 0,0057576 3,315E-05 -0,01154 0,002367 -0,0230804 0,00334744 0,02332187 0,00054391

1.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind. - Solid Fuels CH4 7,073526717 5,092311 1 50 50,009999 0,0019611 3,846E-06 -9,98E-06 3,6049E-05 -0,0004991 5,098E-05 0,0005017 2,517E-07

1.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind. - Solid Fuels N2O 3,090038362 0,1643 1 500 500,001 0,0006326 4,002E-07 -1,89E-05 1,1631E-06 -0,0094726 1,6448E-06 0,0094726 8,973E-05

1.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Gaseous Fuels CO2 1485,191111 1621,58121 2 1 2,236068 0,0279228 0,0007797 0,0018142 0,01147921 0,00181421 0,03246812 0,03251876 0,00105747

1.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Gaseous Fuels CH4 1,60902 1,7199 2 75 75,026662 0,0009937 9,874E-07 1,705E-06 1,2175E-05 0,00012784 3,4437E-05 0,0001324 1,753E-08

1.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Gaseous Fuels N2O 0,5084 0,6262 2 500 500,004 0,0024111 5,814E-06 1,124E-06 4,4329E-06 0,00056225 1,2538E-05 0,00056239 3,1628E-07

1.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Liquid Fuels CO2 878,7539459 90,1393565 2 2 2,8284271 0,0019633 3,855E-06 -0,00508 0,0006381 -0,0101601 0,00180482 0,01031913 0,000106481.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,42021 0,02478 2 75 75,026662 1,432E-05 2,05E-10 -2,56E-06 1,7542E-07 -0,0001919 4,9616E-07 0,00019193 3,6838E-08

1.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Liquid Fuels N2O 1,86 0,0992 2 500 500,004 0,000382 1,459E-07 -1,14E-05 7,0224E-07 -0,0057008 1,9862E-06 0,00570081 3,2499E-05

1.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Solid Fuels CO2 11848,75938 6857,17791 2 5 5,3851648 0,2843675 0,0808649 -0,028539 0,04854213 -0,142696 0,13729787 0,19802238 0,039212861.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Solid Fuels CH4 48,57741 21,51618 2 75 75,026662 0,0124313 0,0001545 -0,000164 0,00015231 -0,0122851 0,00043081 0,01229264 0,000151111.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Solid Fuels N2O 5,8838 6,3736 2 500 500,004 0,0245411 0,0006023 6,83E-06 4,5119E-05 0,00341515 0,00012762 0,00341753 1,168E-051.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Gaseous Fuels CO2 259,5169704 270,188792 2 1 2,236068 0,0046525 2,165E-05 0,0002239 0,00191267 0,00022387 0,00540986 0,00541449 2,9317E-051.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Gaseous Fuels CH4 0,488153141 0,50836408 2 75 75,026662 0,0002937 8,627E-08 4,221E-07 3,5987E-06 3,1657E-05 1,0179E-05 3,3253E-05 1,1057E-09

1.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Gaseous Fuels N2O 0,144927404 0,15039844 2 500 500,004 0,0005791 3,354E-07 1,216E-07 1,0647E-06 6,0783E-05 3,0114E-06 6,0857E-05 3,7036E-09
167

IPCC source category Gas

Base year emissions (1990) 

Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq

Year t emissions : 2007

Gg CO2 eq

AD uncertainty (%)

EF uncertainty (%)

Combined uncertainty

Combined uncertainty as % of 

total national emissions in 

year t

Combined uncertainty 

squared

Type A sensitivity

Type B sensitivity

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by emision factor 

uncertainty

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by activity data 

uncertainty

Uncertainty introduced into 

the trend in total national 

emissions 

Uncertainty introduced into 

the trend in total national 

emissions Squared

1.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Liquid Fuels CO2 218,1675907 104,721932 2 2 2,8284271 0,002281 5,203E-06 -0,000678 0,00074133 -0,0013568 0,0020968 0,00249746 6,2373E-06

1.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,120614561 0,05497537 2 75 75,026662 3,176E-05 1,009E-09 -3,96E-07 3,8917E-07 -2,968E-05 1,1007E-06 2,97E-05 8,8206E-10

1.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Liquid Fuels N2O 0,530467775 0,23940125 2 500 500,004 0,0009218 8,497E-07 -1,76E-06 1,6947E-06 -0,0008786 4,7934E-06 0,00087865 7,7202E-07

1.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Solid Fuels CO2 145,9771903 95,2640932 5 5 7,0710678 0,0051874 2,691E-05 -0,000276 0,00067438 -0,0013778 0,00476856 0,00496362 2,4638E-051.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Solid Fuels CH4 0,289191 0,18872482 5 75 75,166482 0,0001092 1,193E-08 -5,46E-07 1,336E-06 -4,094E-05 9,4469E-06 4,2019E-05 1,7656E-09

1.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Solid Fuels N2O 0,5976614 0,39003129 5 500 500,025 0,0015019 2,256E-06 -1,13E-06 2,761E-06 -0,0005641 1,9524E-05 0,00056444 3,186E-071.A.2.c. Chemicals - Gaseous Fuels CO2 2519,326239 3405,30595 2 1 2,236068 0,0586377 0,0034384 0,0077105 0,02410624 0,00771046 0,06818275 0,06861734 0,004708341.A.2.c. Chemicals - Gaseous Fuels CH4 4,824092894 6,40611949 2 75 75,026662 0,0037012 1,37E-05 1,396E-05 4,5349E-05 0,00104674 0,00012827 0,00105457 1,1121E-06

1.A.2.c. Chemicals - Gaseous Fuels N2O 1,423573997 1,89077252 2 500 500,004 0,0072803 5,3E-05 4,121E-06 1,3385E-05 0,00206049 3,7858E-05 0,00206084 4,2471E-061.A.2.c. Chemicals - Liquid Fuels CO2 1835,135103 569,647857 2 2 2,8284271 0,0124076 0,0001539 -0,007908 0,00403255 -0,015817 0,01140578 0,01950046 0,00038027

1.A.2.c. Chemicals - Liquid Fuels CH4 1,013741475 0,31600409 2 75 75,026662 0,0001826 3,333E-08 -4,36E-06 2,237E-06 -0,000327 6,3272E-06 0,00032705 1,0696E-07

1.A.2.c. Chemicals - Liquid Fuels N2O 4,393358896 1,33519579 2 500 500,004 0,0051411 2,643E-05 -1,91E-05 9,4519E-06 -0,0095688 2,6734E-05 0,00956889 9,1564E-05

1.A.2.c. Chemicals - Other Fuels CO2 1833,633533 3846,02821 20 20 28,284271 0,8377087 0,7017559 0,0152919 0,02722613 0,30583706 0,77007114 0,82858063 0,68654586

1.A.2.c. Chemicals - Other Fuels CH4 0 0,00504 20 75 77,620873 3,013E-06 9,076E-12 3,568E-08 3,5678E-08 2,6759E-06 1,0091E-06 2,8598E-06 8,1786E-12

1.A.2.c. Chemicals - Other Fuels N2O 0 0,0031 20 500 500,39984 1,195E-05 1,427E-10 2,194E-08 2,1945E-08 1,0972E-05 6,207E-07 1,099E-05 1,2078E-10

1.A.2.c. Chemicals - Solid Fuels CO2 396,7020396 31,27363 5 5 7,0710678 0,0017029 2,9E-06 -0,00236 0,00022139 -0,0118003 0,00156544 0,01190372 0,0001417

1.A.2.c. Chemicals - Solid Fuels CH4 0,811038753 0,06195 5 75 75,166482 3,586E-05 1,286E-09 -4,84E-06 4,3855E-07 -0,0003629 3,101E-06 0,00036296 1,3174E-07

1.A.2.c. Chemicals - Solid Fuels N2O 1,677200757 0,1271 5 500 500,025 0,0004894 2,395E-07 -1E-05 8,9974E-07 -0,0050073 6,3622E-06 0,00500729 2,5073E-05

1.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Gaseous Fuels CO2 280,3750604 277,780383 2 1 2,236068 0,0047832 2,288E-05 0,0001419 0,00196641 0,00014188 0,00556186 0,00556367 3,0954E-05

1.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Gaseous Fuels CH4 0,52753267 0,52263555 2 75 75,026662 0,000302 9,118E-08 2,669E-07 3,6997E-06 2,0014E-05 1,0464E-05 2,2585E-05 5,1007E-10

1.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Gaseous Fuels N2O 0,155313741 0,15330991 2 500 500,004 0,0005903 3,485E-07 7,459E-08 1,0853E-06 3,7294E-05 3,0696E-06 3,742E-05 1,4002E-09

1.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Liquid Fuels CO2 232,1546772 186,477898 5 2 5,3851648 0,0077332 5,98E-05 -0,000191 0,00132008 -0,0003813 0,00933439 0,00934217 8,7276E-05

1.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,142622565 0,11751331 5 75 75,166482 6,802E-05 4,627E-09 -9,62E-08 8,3188E-07 -7,217E-06 5,8823E-06 9,3108E-06 8,669E-111.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Liquid Fuels N2O 0,566824218 0,45783118 5 500 500,025 0,0017629 3,108E-06 -4,48E-07 3,241E-06 -0,0002238 2,2917E-05 0,00022496 5,0608E-081.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Solid Fuels CO2 124,9518424 114,891189 5 5 7,0710678 0,0062562 3,914E-05 1,989E-07 0,00081332 9,9473E-07 0,00575102 0,00575102 3,3074E-05

1.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Solid Fuels CH4 0,283038 0,26024884 5 75 75,166482 0,0001506 2,269E-08 4,507E-10 1,8423E-06 3,3799E-08 1,3027E-05 1,3027E-05 1,6971E-101.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Solid Fuels N2O 0,5849452 0,53784761 5 500 500,025 0,002071 4,289E-06 9,314E-10 3,8074E-06 4,6568E-07 2,6923E-05 2,6927E-05 7,2505E-10

1.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Other Fuels CO2 0 6,29257 5 10 11,18034 0,0005418 2,935E-07 4,455E-05 4,4545E-05 0,00044545 0,00031498 0,00054557 2,9764E-07

1.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Other Fuels CH4 0 0,00504 5 75 75,166482 2,917E-06 8,511E-12 3,568E-08 3,5678E-08 2,6759E-06 2,5228E-07 2,6877E-06 7,2239E-12

1.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Other Fuels N2O 0 0,0031 5 500 500,025 1,194E-05 1,425E-10 2,194E-08 2,1945E-08 1,0972E-05 1,5517E-07 1,0974E-05 1,2042E-10

1.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - biomass CH4 1,68714 2,84466 20 75 77,620873 0,0017004 2,891E-06 9,158E-06 2,0137E-05 0,00068688 0,00056957 0,00089231 7,9622E-07

1.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - biomass N2O 2,9822 3,7448 20 500 500,39984 0,0144305 0,0002082 7,103E-06 2,651E-05 0,0035515 0,0007498 0,00362978 1,3175E-05

1.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Gaseous Fuels CO2 680,7061848 1238,54773 2 1 2,236068 0,0213272 0,0004548 0,0043378 0,00876771 0,00433784 0,02479883 0,02517536 0,00063381.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Gaseous Fuels CH4 1,280596933 2,33008708 2 75 75,026662 0,0013462 1,812E-06 8,161E-06 1,6495E-05 0,0006121 4,6654E-05 0,00061387 3,7684E-071.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Gaseous Fuels N2O 0,379258999 0,68786226 2 500 500,004 0,0026486 7,015E-06 2,401E-06 4,8694E-06 0,00120069 1,3773E-05 0,00120077 1,4418E-06

1.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Liquid Fuels CO2 1671,11382 439,577544 6 2 6,3245553 0,0214092 0,0004584 -0,007762 0,00311178 -0,015524 0,02640433 0,03062978 0,00093818
168

IPCC source category Gas

Base year emissions (1990) 

Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq

Year t emissions : 2007

Gg CO2 eq

AD uncertainty (%)

EF uncertainty (%)

Combined uncertainty

Combined uncertainty as % of 

total national emissions in 

year t

Combined uncertainty 

squared

Type A sensitivity

Type B sensitivity

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by emision factor 

uncertainty

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by activity data 

uncertainty

Uncertainty introduced into 

the trend in total national 

emissions 

Uncertainty introduced into 

the trend in total national 

emissions Squared

1.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,918530259 0,24735888 6 75 75,239617 0,0001433 2,054E-08 -4,23E-06 1,7511E-06 -0,000317 1,4858E-05 0,00031732 1,0069E-07

1.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Liquid Fuels N2O 4,065520974 1,0681218 6 500 500,036 0,004113 1,692E-05 -1,89E-05 7,5613E-06 -0,0094475 6,4159E-05 0,00944768 8,9259E-05

1.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Solid Fuels CO2 637,8901324 108,357535 5 5 7,0710678 0,0059004 3,481E-05 -0,003384 0,00076707 -0,0169191 0,00542397 0,01776727 0,00031568

1.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Solid Fuels CH4 1,436408475 0,24165127 5 75 75,166482 0,0001399 1,957E-08 -7,64E-06 1,7107E-06 -0,0005728 1,2096E-05 0,00057288 3,2819E-07

1.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Solid Fuels N2O 2,968577515 0,49941264 5 500 500,025 0,001923 3,698E-06 -1,58E-05 3,5354E-06 -0,0078913 2,4999E-05 0,0078913 6,2273E-05

1.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Biomass CH4 0 0,00945 20 75 77,620873 5,649E-06 3,191E-11 6,69E-08 6,6897E-08 5,0173E-06 1,8921E-06 5,3622E-06 2,8753E-11

1.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Biomass N2O 0 0,0031 20 500 500,39984 1,195E-05 1,427E-10 2,194E-08 2,1945E-08 1,0972E-05 6,207E-07 1,099E-05 1,2078E-10

1.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Gaseous Fuels CO2 2558,511857 2786,16007 2 1 2,236068 0,0479763 0,0023017 0,0030733 0,01972329 0,00307334 0,0557859 0,05587049 0,00312151

1.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Gaseous Fuels CH4 5,359214209 4,74290917 2 75 75,026662 0,0027403 7,509E-06 -1,3E-06 3,3575E-05 -9,748E-05 9,4965E-05 0,00013609 1,852E-08

1.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Gaseous Fuels N2O 1,853494195 1,80331847 2 500 500,004 0,0069435 4,821E-05 7,042E-07 1,2766E-05 0,0003521 3,6107E-05 0,00035395 1,2528E-07

1.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Liquid Fuels CO2 2697,714306 2409,04881 8 2 8,2462113 0,1529803 0,023403 -0,000501 0,01705371 -0,0010029 0,19294075 0,19294336 0,03722714

1.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Liquid Fuels CH4 1,992525918 1,88136642 8 75 75,42546 0,0010928 1,194E-06 3,52E-07 1,3318E-05 2,6397E-05 0,00015068 0,00015297 2,3401E-081.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Liquid Fuels N2O 14,88472838 29,7053186 8 500 500,064 0,1143919 0,0130855 0,0001134 0,00021028 0,05671142 0,0023791 0,0567613 0,00322185

1.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Solid Fuels CO2 2600,458977 1279,57911 5 5 7,0710678 0,0696767 0,0048548 -0,007863 0,00905817 -0,0393138 0,06405094 0,07515381 0,0056481

1.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Solid Fuels CH4 6,564766984 11,9409487 5 75 75,166482 0,0069119 4,777E-05 4,181E-05 8,453E-05 0,00313577 0,00059772 0,00319223 1,019E-051.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Solid Fuels N2O 11,9393751 12,5772967 5 500 500,025 0,04843 0,0023455 1,134E-05 8,9035E-05 0,00567001 0,00062957 0,00570486 3,2545E-05

1.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Other Fuels CO2 212,589876 556,431325 5 5 7,0710678 0,0302993 0,000918 0,0025555 0,00393899 0,01277767 0,02785287 0,03064394 0,00093905

1.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Other Fuels CH4 0,00245553 0,60918207 5 5 7,0710678 3,317E-05 1,1E-09 4,296E-06 4,3124E-06 2,1482E-05 3,0493E-05 3,7301E-05 1,3913E-09

1.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Other Fuels N2O 0,293079766 15,584969 5 500 500,025 0,0600113 0,0036014 0,0001084 0,00011033 0,05420958 0,00078013 0,0542152 0,00293929

1.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - biomass CH4 0,005271 0,982002 20 75 77,620873 0,000587 3,446E-07 6,917E-06 6,9516E-06 0,0005188 0,00019662 0,00055481 3,0781E-07

1.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - biomass N2O 0,01023 7,04568 20 500 500,39984 0,0271504 0,0007371 4,981E-05 4,9877E-05 0,02490498 0,00141072 0,02494491 0,00062225

1.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Aviation Gasoline CO2 1,734838201 1,84984864 7,5 5 9,0138782 0,0001284 1,649E-08 1,806E-06 1,3095E-05 9,0287E-06 0,00013889 0,00013919 1,9373E-081.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Aviation Gasoline CH4 0,019067118 0,01957797 7,5 140 140,20075 2,114E-05 4,468E-10 1,451E-08 1,3859E-07 2,032E-06 1,47E-06 2,508E-06 6,2901E-12

1.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Aviation Gasoline N2O 0,000266332 0,00015932 7,5 500 500,05625 6,135E-07 3,764E-13 -6,05E-10 1,1278E-09 -3,027E-07 1,1962E-08 3,029E-07 9,1751E-14

1.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Jet Kerosene CO2 4,8078 6,30223 7,5 5 9,0138782 0,0004375 1,914E-07 1,333E-05 4,4614E-05 6,6635E-05 0,0004732 0,00047787 2,2836E-071.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Jet Kerosene CH4 0,0735 0,00945 7,5 140 140,20075 1,02E-05 1,041E-10 -4,11E-07 6,6897E-08 -5,76E-05 7,0955E-07 5,7601E-05 3,3178E-091.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Jet Kerosene N2O 1,085 0,1953 7,5 500 500,05625 0,0007521 5,656E-07 -5,68E-06 1,3825E-06 -0,002839 1,4664E-05 0,00283907 8,0603E-061.A.3.b. Road Transportation - Diesel Oil CO2 10892,37018 19934,4276 5 2 5,3851648 0,8266817 0,6834027 0,0701806 0,14111629 0,14036113 0,99784287 1,00766644 1,015391651.A.3.b. Road Transportation - Diesel Oil CH4 15,06485134 16,6715196 5 40 40,311289 0,0051753 2,678E-05 1,998E-05 0,00011802 0,00079937 0,00083451 0,0011556 1,3354E-06

1.A.3.b. Road Transportation - Diesel Oil N2O 273,3746087 559,820768 5 100 100,12492 0,4316451 0,1863175 0,002184 0,00396298 0,21839693 0,02802253 0,22018738 0,04848248

1.A.3.b. Road Transportation - Gasoline CO2 8223,46768 4203,47557 5 2 5,3851648 0,1743183 0,0303869 -0,023744 0,0297565 -0,047487 0,21041026 0,21570234 0,0465275

1.A.3.b. Road Transportation - Gasoline CH4 100,4493428 36,9848923 5 40 40,311289 0,0114812 0,0001318 -0,000392 0,00026182 -0,015674 0,00185133 0,01578295 0,0002491

1.A.3.b. Road Transportation - Gasoline N2O 56,72998842 228,195098 5 100 100,12492 0,1759479 0,0309577 0,0012462 0,0016154 0,12462257 0,01142259 0,12514496 0,015661261.A.3.b. Road Transportation - LPG CO2 154,3539075 209,787133 5 2 5,3851648 0,0086999 7,569E-05 0,0004806 0,00148509 0,00096126 0,01050116 0,01054506 0,0001112

1.A.3.b. Road Transportation - LPG CH4 1,106409087 0,9296548 5 40 40,311289 0,0002886 8,329E-08 -6,19E-07 6,581E-06 -2,475E-05 4,6535E-05 5,2709E-05 2,7783E-09

1.A.3.b. Road Transportation - LPG N2O 3,152566222 4,91745858 5 100 100,12492 0,0037916 1,438E-05 1,43E-05 3,4811E-05 0,00142956 0,00024615 0,0014506 2,1042E-06
169

IPCC source category Gas

Base year emissions (1990) 

Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq

Year t emissions : 2007

Gg CO2 eq

AD uncertainty (%)

EF uncertainty (%)

Combined uncertainty

Combined uncertainty as % of 

total national emissions in 

year t

Combined uncertainty 

squared

Type A sensitivity

Type B sensitivity

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by emision factor 

uncertainty

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by activity data 

uncertainty

Uncertainty introduced into 

the trend in total national 

emissions 

Uncertainty introduced into 

the trend in total national 

emissions Squared

1.A.3.c. Railways - Liquid Fuels CO2 224,0929973 141,451478 6 2 6,3245553 0,0068893 4,746E-05 -0,000457 0,00100134 -0,0009139 0,00849664 0,00854564 7,3028E-05

1.A.3.c. Railways - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,299010491 0,18761346 6 100 100,17984 0,0001447 2,095E-08 -6,18E-07 1,3281E-06 -6,177E-05 1,1269E-05 6,2787E-05 3,9423E-09

1.A.3.c. Railways - Liquid Fuels N2O 12,87091051 8,82685907 6 125 125,14392 0,0085065 7,236E-05 -2,13E-05 6,2486E-05 -0,0026589 0,00053021 0,00271126 7,3509E-06

1.A.3.d. Navigation - Gas/Diesel Oil CO2 395,9205982 471,864549 10 2 10,198039 0,0370569 0,0013732 0,0007639 0,00334034 0,00152777 0,04723955 0,04726425 0,00223391

1.A.3.d. Navigation - Gas/Diesel Oil CH4 0,371249768 0,31725693 10 75 75,66373 0,0001849 3,417E-08 -1,7E-07 2,2459E-06 -1,275E-05 3,1761E-05 3,4226E-05 1,1714E-091.A.3.d. Navigation - Gas/Diesel Oil N2O 15,38249805 10,9396803 10 125 125,39936 0,0105642 0,0001116 -2,27E-05 7,7442E-05 -0,0028323 0,0010952 0,0030367 9,2216E-06

1.A.3.e. Other Transportation - Gaseous Fuels CO2 196,51 124,903512 5 1 5,0990195 0,0049045 2,405E-05 -0,000395 0,00088419 -0,0003946 0,0062522 0,00626464 3,9246E-051.A.3.e. Other Transportation - Gaseous Fuels CH4 0,016691387 0,01409697 5 75 75,166482 8,16E-06 6,658E-11 -8,83E-09 9,9793E-08 -6,619E-07 7,0564E-07 9,6751E-07 9,3608E-13

1.A.3.e. Other Transportation - Gaseous Fuels N2O 2,463966667 2,0810737 5 500 500,025 0,0080134 6,421E-05 -1,3E-06 1,4732E-05 -0,0006511 0,00010417 0,00065937 4,3477E-07

1.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Biomass CH4 0 0,11063021 20 75 77,620873 6,613E-05 4,373E-09 7,832E-07 7,8315E-07 5,8737E-05 2,2151E-05 6,2775E-05 3,9406E-09

1.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Biomass N2O 0 0,02485025 20 500 500,39984 9,576E-05 9,17E-09 1,759E-07 1,7592E-07 8,7958E-05 4,9756E-06 8,8098E-05 7,7613E-091.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Gaseous Fuels CO2 1920,825122 3688,88432 4 1 4,1231056 0,1171265 0,0137186 0,0136122 0,0261137 0,01361217 0,1477214 0,14834724 0,0220069

1.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Gaseous Fuels CH4 3,627203693 6,93977923 4 75 75,106591 0,0040138 1,611E-05 2,552E-05 4,9127E-05 0,00191422 0,0002779 0,00193429 3,7415E-061.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Gaseous Fuels N2O 1,071508709 2,0491972 4 500 500,016 0,0078905 6,226E-05 7,534E-06 1,4506E-05 0,00376676 8,206E-05 0,00376765 1,4195E-05

1.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Liquid Fuels CO2 2311,587097 1713,87474 10 2 10,198039 0,1345957 0,018116 -0,00291 0,01213256 -0,005819 0,17158032 0,17167896 0,029473671.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Liquid Fuels CH4 6,5970518 4,84193652 10 75 75,66373 0,0028213 7,959E-06 -8,65E-06 3,4276E-05 -0,000649 0,00048474 0,00081007 6,5622E-07

1.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Liquid Fuels N2O 5,843289023 4,23858392 10 500 500,09999 0,0163235 0,0002665 -8,02E-06 3,0005E-05 -0,00401 0,00042434 0,00403234 1,626E-05

1.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Other Fuels CO2 30,7021044 95,3275865 20 20 28,284271 0,0207634 0,0004311 0,000475 0,00067483 0,00950065 0,01908697 0,02132076 0,000454571.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Other Fuels CH4 2,759286572 9,1689129 20 75 77,620873 0,0054806 3,004E-05 4,695E-05 6,4907E-05 0,00352133 0,00183585 0,00397115 1,577E-051.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Other Fuels N2O 0,543097675 1,80467492 20 500 500,39984 0,0069543 4,836E-05 9,241E-06 1,2775E-05 0,00462058 0,00036134 0,00463468 2,148E-051.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Solid Fuels CO2 8,833050642 1,6686 15 5 15,811388 0,0002032 4,128E-08 -4,57E-05 1,1812E-05 -0,0002283 0,00025057 0,00033901 1,1493E-071.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Solid Fuels CH4 0,002845313 0,00378 15 75 76,485293 2,226E-06 4,957E-12 8,243E-09 2,6759E-08 6,1822E-07 5,6764E-07 8,3929E-07 7,0441E-131.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Solid Fuels N2O 0,042002241 0,0093 15 500 500,22495 3,582E-05 1,283E-09 -2,07E-07 6,5835E-08 -0,0001037 1,3966E-06 0,00010376 1,0765E-081.A.4.b. Residential - Biomass CH4 42,25365942 52,6941271 65 75 99,247166 0,0402732 0,0016219 9,806E-05 0,00037302 0,00735442 0,03428972 0,03506954 0,00122987

1.A.4.b. Residential - Biomass N2O 8,315559949 10,3725345 65 500 504,2073 0,0402744 0,001622 1,931E-05 7,3427E-05 0,00965714 0,00674973 0,01178216 0,000138821.A.4.b. Residential - Gaseous Fuels CO2 5824,26333 7628,26031 4 1 4,1231056 0,2422064 0,0586639 0,0160929 0,05400064 0,01609287 0,30547374 0,30589735 0,09357319

1.A.4.b. Residential - Gaseous Fuels CH4 11,59016383 14,3511256 4 75 75,106591 0,0083004 6,89E-05 2,617E-05 0,00010159 0,00196271 0,00057469 0,00204512 4,1825E-06

1.A.4.b. Residential - Gaseous Fuels N2O 3,422229893 4,237309 4 500 500,016 0,0163158 0,0002662 7,726E-06 2,9996E-05 0,003863 0,00016968 0,00386673 1,4952E-051.A.4.b. Residential - Liquid Fuels CO2 12609,17554 10618,0234 10 2 10,198039 0,8338653 0,6953314 -0,006882 0,07516524 -0,0137645 1,06299707 1,06308618 1,13015222

1.A.4.b. Residential - Liquid Fuels CH4 35,03920412 29,9123546 10 75 75,66373 0,0174291 0,0003038 -1,63E-05 0,00021175 -0,0012199 0,0029946 0,00323355 1,0456E-05

1.A.4.b. Residential - Liquid Fuels N2O 31,03602565 26,0944421 10 500 500,09999 0,1004941 0,0100991 -1,72E-05 0,00018472 -0,0086212 0,00261238 0,00900828 8,1149E-05

1.A.4.b. Residential - Other Fuels CO2 20,7207 18,0022815 10 2 10,198039 0,0014138 1,999E-06 -7,4E-06 0,00012744 -1,48E-05 0,00180225 0,00180231 3,2483E-061.A.4.b. Residential - Other Fuels CH4 0,03296475 0,02863999 10 75 75,66373 1,669E-05 2,785E-10 -1,18E-08 2,0274E-07 -8,83E-07 2,8672E-06 3,0001E-06 9,0007E-121.A.4.b. Residential - Other Fuels N2O 0,00973245 0,00845562 10 500 500,09999 3,256E-05 1,06E-09 -3,48E-09 5,9858E-08 -1,738E-06 8,4651E-07 1,9332E-06 3,7372E-12

1.A.4.b. Residential - Solid Fuels CO2 1759,184627 532,445059 15 5 15,811388 0,0648307 0,004203 -0,007678 0,00376919 -0,0383883 0,07995662 0,08869457 0,00786673

1.A.4.b. Residential - Solid Fuels CH4 119,4304959 36,1832321 15 75 76,485293 0,0213118 0,0004542 -0,000521 0,00025614 -0,0390782 0,00543359 0,03945411 0,00155663
170

IPCC source category Gas

Base year emissions (1990) 

Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq

Year t emissions : 2007

Gg CO2 eq

AD uncertainty (%)

EF uncertainty (%)

Combined uncertainty

Combined uncertainty as % of 

total national emissions in 

year t

Combined uncertainty 

squared

Type A sensitivity

Type B sensitivity

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by emision factor 

uncertainty

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by activity data 

uncertainty

Uncertainty introduced into 

the trend in total national 

emissions 

Uncertainty introduced into 

the trend in total national 

emissions Squared

1.A.4.b. Residential - Solid Fuels N2O 8,228490227 2,49272186 15 500 500,22495 0,0096023 9,22E-05 -3,59E-05 1,7646E-05 -0,0179502 0,00037433 0,01795414 0,00032235

1.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Biomass CH4 0 0,06882519 20 75 77,620873 4,114E-05 1,692E-09 4,872E-07 4,8722E-07 3,6541E-05 1,3781E-05 3,9053E-05 1,5252E-091.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Biomass N2O 0 0,06095945 20 500 500,39984 0,0002349 5,518E-08 4,315E-07 4,3153E-07 0,00021577 1,2206E-05 0,00021611 4,6704E-08

1.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Gaseous Fuels CO2 67,0392195 304,53297 4 1 4,1231056 0,0096693 9,35E-05 0,0017195 0,0021558 0,00171953 0,01219503 0,01231566 0,00015168

1.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Gaseous Fuels CH4 0,126105 0,57284572 4 75 75,106591 0,0003313 1,098E-07 3,235E-06 4,0552E-06 0,00024259 2,294E-05 0,00024367 5,9377E-08

1.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Gaseous Fuels N2O 0,037231 0,16912588 4 500 500,016 0,0006512 4,241E-07 9,55E-07 1,1972E-06 0,00047748 6,7726E-06 0,00047753 2,2804E-071.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Liquid Fuels CO2 2250,505579 1748,65217 10 2 10,198039 0,1373269 0,0188587 -0,002266 0,01237875 -0,0045319 0,17506197 0,17512062 0,03066723

1.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Liquid Fuels CH4 5,263632746 3,87992597 10 75 75,66373 0,0022607 5,111E-06 -6,79E-06 2,7466E-05 -0,000509 0,00038843 0,00064029 4,0997E-07

1.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Liquid Fuels N2O 78,46486909 76,8382432 10 500 500,09999 0,295917 0,0875668 3,333E-05 0,00054394 0,01666648 0,00769247 0,01835608 0,00033695

1.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Solid Fuels CO2 207,851336 75,649728 15 5 15,811388 0,0092111 8,484E-05 -0,000817 0,00053553 -0,0040852 0,01136023 0,01207244 0,00014574

1.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Solid Fuels CH4 14,1246 5,1408 15 75 76,485293 0,0030279 9,168E-06 -5,55E-05 3,6392E-05 -0,0041642 0,00077199 0,0042352 1,7937E-05

1.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Solid Fuels N2O 0,973028 0,354144 15 500 500,22495 0,0013642 1,861E-06 -3,82E-06 2,507E-06 -0,0019125 5,3181E-05 0,00191321 3,6604E-06

1.A.5. Other (Not elsewhere specified) - Liquid Fuels CO2 191,4954276 101,627267 20 2 20,099751 0,0157303 0,0002474 -0,000527 0,00071942 -0,0010534 0,02034832 0,02037557 0,00041516

1.A.5. Other (Not elsewhere specified) - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,049060459 0,10463347 20 75 77,620873 6,254E-05 3,912E-09 4,214E-07 7,407E-07 3,1608E-05 2,095E-05 3,7921E-05 1,438E-09

1.A.5. Other (Not elsewhere specified) - Liquid Fuels N2O 1,627877205 0,08183883 20 100 101,98039 6,427E-05 4,131E-09 -1E-05 5,7934E-07 -0,0010014 1,6386E-05 0,00100153 1,0031E-06

1.B.1.b. Fugitive Emissions - Solid Fuel Transformation CH4 30,79314 10,47648 5 60 60,207973 0,0048574 2,359E-05 -0,000126 7,4163E-05 -0,0075733 0,00052441 0,00759142 5,763E-05

1.B.2.a. Fugitve Emissions - Oil - Refining / Storage CH4 6,252162 2,49081 5 50 50,249378 0,0009638 9,29E-07 -2,31E-05 1,7633E-05 -0,0011527 0,00012468 0,00115938 1,3442E-06

1.B.2.b. Fugitive Emissions - Natural Gas - Distribution-transmission CH4 518,8726621 406,196058 10 30 31,622777 0,0989171 0,0097846 -0,000501 0,00287547 -0,0150315 0,04066531 0,04335452 0,00187961

1.B.2.b. Fugitive Emissions - Natural Gas - Distribution-transmission CO2 1,317994 1,76177 10 30 31,622777 0,000429 1,841E-07 3,895E-06 1,2472E-05 0,00011684 0,00017638 0,00021157 4,4761E-08

1.B.2.c Fugitive Emissions - Flaring - Combined CO2 83,83 89,3802 1 10 10,049876 0,0069173 4,785E-05 8,72E-05 0,00063272 0,00087204 0,00089481 0,00124945 1,5611E-06

2.A.1 Mineral products-cement CO2 2823,78288 3087,42303 5 5 7,0710678 0,168119 0,028264 0,0034796 0,02185594 0,01739803 0,15454485 0,15552106 0,0241868

2.A.2 Mineral products-lime CO2 2097,11556 2039,99031 5 2 5,3851648 0,0845985 0,0071569 0,0007941 0,01444114 0,00158827 0,10211428 0,10212663 0,010429852.A.3 Mineral products-other CO2 416,2698815 478,398 5 5 7,0710678 0,0260501 0,0006786 0,0006777 0,00338659 0,00338857 0,02394681 0,02418537 0,00058493

2.B.1. Chemical Industry - Ammonia Production CO2 420,48 1301,17091 1,5 1,5 2,1213203 0,0212557 0,0004518 0,0064746 0,00921102 0,00971186 0,01953952 0,02182002 0,00047611

2.B.1. Chemical Industry - Ammonia Production CH4 0,01281 0,01386 2 5 5,3851648 5,748E-07 3,304E-13 1,475E-08 9,8115E-08 7,3774E-08 2,7751E-07 2,8715E-07 8,2455E-14

2.B.2. Chemical Industry - Nitric Acid Production N2O 3561,90496 1361,24813 2 80 80,024996 0,8388775 0,7037154 -0,013539 0,00963631 -1,0831372 0,0272556 1,08348011 1,17392915

2.B.5. Chemical Industry - Production of caprolactam N2O 372 540,485 2 30 30,066593 0,1251421 0,0156605 0,0014053 0,00382611 0,04215888 0,01082186 0,04352567 0,00189448

2.B.5. Chemical Industry - others CO2 224,225334 1345,12241 20 5 20,615528 0,2135462 0,045602 0,0080629 0,00952215 0,04031445 0,26932718 0,27232772 0,074162392.B.5. Chemical Industry - others CH4 0 0,480795 20 75 77,620873 0,0002874 8,259E-08 3,404E-06 3,4036E-06 0,00025527 9,6267E-05 0,00027282 7,4429E-08

2.B.5. Chemical Industry - others N2O 0 0,09497161 20 100 101,98039 7,458E-05 5,563E-09 6,723E-07 6,7231E-07 6,7231E-05 1,9016E-05 6,9868E-05 4,8816E-09

2.C.1. Iron and Steel Production CO2 1945,985974 1426,86387 2 5 5,3851648 0,0591721 0,0035013 -0,002562 0,0101008 -0,0128113 0,02856939 0,03131037 0,00098034

2.C.1. Iron and Steel Production CH4 57,75 57,75 2 5 5,3851648 0,0023949 5,736E-06 3,301E-05 0,00040881 0,00016504 0,0011563 0,00116802 1,3643E-06

2.E.1. By-product emissions - Other CF4 29,133 29,133 90 0 90 0,0201913 0,0004077 1,665E-05 0,00020623 0 0,0262492 0,0262492 0,00068902

2.E.1. By-product emissions - Other C2F6 506,7084 0 26 0 26 0 0 -0,003297 0 0 0 0 0

2.E.1. By-product emissions - Other C3F8 171,052 0 26 0 26 0 0 -0,001113 0 0 0 0 0

2.E.1. By-product emissions - Other C4F10 180,607 0 26 0 26 0 0 -0,001175 0 0 0 0 0
171

IPCC source category Gas

Base year emissions (1990) 

Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq

Year t emissions : 2007

Gg CO2 eq

AD uncertainty (%)

EF uncertainty (%)

Combined uncertainty

Combined uncertainty as % of 

total national emissions in 

year t

Combined uncertainty 

squared

Type A sensitivity

Type B sensitivity

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by emision factor 

uncertainty

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by activity data 

uncertainty

Uncertainty introduced into 

the trend in total national 

emissions 

Uncertainty introduced into 

the trend in total national 

emissions Squared

2.E.1. By-product emissions - Other C5F12 33,5775 0 26 0 26 0 0 -0,000219 0 0 0 0 0

2.E.1. By-product emissions - Other SF6 1559,3555 0 26 0 26 0 0 -0,010146 0 0 0 0 0

2.E.2. Fugitive emissions C4F10 20,069 50,232 26 0 26 0,0100575 0,0001012 0,000225 0,00035559 0 0,01307502 0,01307502 0,00017096

2.E.2. Fugitive emissions C5F12 287,8275 20,6325 26 0 26 0,0041311 1,707E-05 -0,001727 0,00014606 0 0,00537049 0,00537049 2,8842E-05

2.E.2. Fugitive emissions C6F14 229,7848 72,2906 26 0 26 0,0144741 0,0002095 -0,000984 0,00051175 0 0,0188167 0,0188167 0,00035407

2.F.1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment HFC-32 0 10,4421603 75 75 0,006031 3,637E-05 7,392E-05 7,392E-05 0,00554402 0 0,00554402 3,0736E-05

2.F.1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment HFC-125 2,5004 358,968204 75 75 0,2073255 0,0429839 0,0025249 0,00254114 0,18936546 0 0,18936546 0,03585928

2.F.1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment HFC-134a 72,4451 597,404877 100 117 154,11035 0,7089835 0,5026576 0,0037576 0,00422904 0,4406166 0,59807707 0,74285878 0,551839162.F.1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment HFC-152a 0 0,1886556 75 75 0,000109 1,187E-08 1,335E-06 1,3355E-06 0,00010016 0 0,00010016 1,0032E-08

2.F.1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment HFC-143a 3,971 478,694086 106 106,06602 0,3909938 0,1528762 0,0033628 0,00338869 0,35668357 0 0,35668357 0,12722317

2.F.2. Foam blowing HFC-134a 324,2954 87,0337 34 143 146,71401 0,0983319 0,0096692 -0,001494 0,00061611 -0,213413 0,02922484 0,21540474 0,0463992

2.F.2. Foam blowing HFC-152a 0,0686 42,2856 15 17 22,494444 0,0073249 5,365E-05 0,0002989 0,00029934 0,00501038 0,00634998 0,00808864 6,5426E-05

2.F.3. Fire extinguishers HFC-125 0 0,8568 10 50 50,990195 0,0003364 1,132E-07 6,065E-06 6,0653E-06 0,00030327 8,5776E-05 0,00031516 9,9327E-08

2.F.3. Fire extinguishers HFC-227ea 0,51678 11,0751 10 50 50,990195 0,0043488 1,891E-05 7,504E-05 7,8401E-05 0,0037519 0,00110876 0,0039123 1,5306E-05

2.F.4. Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers HFC-134a 35,23 177,944 25 206 207,6656 0,2845663 0,080978 0,0010304 0,00125967 0,21242439 0,04453605 0,21704281 0,04710758

2.F.4. Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers HFC-227ea 0 0,5655 25 50 55,901699 0,0002434 5,926E-08 4,003E-06 4,0032E-06 0,00020016 0,00014153 0,00024514 6,0096E-082.F.8. Electrical equipment SF6 19,51435 10,6473401 100 100 0,0081993 6,723E-05 -5,16E-05 7,5373E-05 -0,0051616 0 0,00516159 2,6642E-05

2.F.9. Other (soundproof glazing) SF6 83,616062 70,332442 100,50 53,85 114,01754 0,0617537 0,0038135 -4,62E-05 0,00049789 -0,0024902 0,07076276 0,07080656 0,00501357

3.D. Use of N2O for anaesthesia N2O 246,251972 246,741152 3 100 100,04499 0,1900958 0,0361364 0,0001442 0,00174669 0,01442103 0,00741056 0,01621365 0,00026288

4.A. Enteric Fermentation CH4 4125,93727 3568,65054 5 40 40,311289 1,1078125 1,2272486 -0,001586 0,02526256 -0,0634531 0,1786333 0,18956831 0,03593615

4.B. Manure Management CH4 1708,680642 1567,46074 10 40 41,231056 0,4976875 0,2476928 -2,31E-05 0,01109609 -0,0009227 0,15692244 0,15692515 0,0246255

4.B. Manure Management N2O 959,6498995 792,260053 10 90 90,553851 0,552472 0,3052253 -0,000636 0,00560843 -0,0572767 0,07931515 0,09783411 0,00957151

4.D.1. Agricultural Soils N2O 4545,683748 3693,10835 30 250 251,79357 7,1609766 51,279586 -0,003436 0,0261436 -0,8590314 1,10917913 1,40293027 1,96821334

5.A. Forest Land CO2 -3205,490468 -3169,36918 0 10,3 10,3 0,2513886 0,0631962 0,0015761 0,02243604 0,0162338 0 0,0162338 0,00026354

5.B. Cropland CO2 479,6761545 577,86313 0 7,0711 7,0710678 0,0314663 0,0009901 0,0009692 0,00409071 0,0068533 0 0,0068533 4,6968E-05

5.C. Grassland CO2 1303,625909 1118,02324 0 17,678 17,67767 0,1521989 0,0231645 -0,000569 0,00791451 -0,0100537 0 0,01005367 0,00010108

6.A.1. Solid Waste Disposal on Land - Managed Waste Disposal CH4 2629,97868 580,813107 30 40 50 0,2236361 0,0500131 -0,013 0,00411159 -0,5200183 0,17443999 0,54849648 0,30084839

6.B.2. Wastewater Handling - Domestic and Commercial Wastew. CH4 219,4854543 122,927904 20 70 72,801099 0,0689166 0,0047495 -0,000558 0,00087021 -0,0390651 0,02461324 0,04617248 0,0021319

6.B.2. Wastewater Handling - Domestic and Commercial Wastew. N2O 265,0865123 272,815552 20 110 111,8034 0,2348874 0,0551721 0,0002062 0,00193127 0,02268479 0,0546245 0,05914758 0,003498446.C. Municipal waste burning CO2 235,7564421 0 5 17 17,720045 0 0 -0,001534 0 -0,0260805 0 0,02608053 0,00068019

6.C. Municipal waste burning N2O 0,002697 0 5 100 100,12492 0 0 -1,76E-08 0 -1,755E-06 0 1,7551E-06 3,0802E-12

6.C Flaring in the chemical industry CO2 16,6 85,09 20 20 28,284271 0,0185336 0,0003435 0,0004943 0,00060235 0,0098866 0,01703715 0,01969795 0,000388016.D. Composting CH4 6,9552504 43,1068938 30 200 202,23748 0,0671342 0,004507 0,0002599 0,00030515 0,05197873 0,01294662 0,05356681 0,0028694

Emissions totales (kt eq-CO2) 141262,4102 129856,719

Incertitudes totales Overall uncertainty in the year (%) 7,6040363 Trend uncertainty (%) 2,80866588
172

Uncertainty analysis - 2006 

IPCC source category Gas

Base year emissions (1990) 

Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq

Year t emissions : 2006

Gg CO2 eq

AD uncertainty (%)

EF uncertainty (%)

Combined uncertainty

Combined uncertainty as % 

of total national emissions 

in year t

Combined uncertainty 

squared

Type A sensitivity

Type B sensitivity

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by emision 

factor uncertainty

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by activity data 

uncertainty

Uncertainty introduced 

into the trend in total 

national emissions 

Uncertainty introduced 

into the trend in total 

national emissions 

Squared

1.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gaseous Fuels CO2 2750,936483 9894,264459 1 1 1,4142136 0,1032272 0,0106559 0,0512904 0,06992452 0,0512904 0,0988882 0,11139829 0,012409581.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gaseous Fuels CH4 0,392493612 9,266073787 1 100 100,005 0,0068362 4,673E-05 6,283E-05 6,5485E-05 0,0062828 9,261E-05 0,00628346 3,9482E-051.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gaseous Fuels N2O 1,530162728 27,99469424 1 500 500,001 0,1032624 0,0106631 0,0001875 0,00019784 0,093742 0,00027979 0,09374244 0,00878765

1.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Liquid Fuels CO2 659,0792687 854,0510689 1 2 2,236068 0,0140885 0,0001985 0,0015736 0,00603573 0,0031472 0,00853581 0,00909753 8,2765E-05

1.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,170920735 0,312351711 1 100 100,005 0,0002304 5,31E-08 1,05E-06 2,2074E-06 0,000105 3,1218E-06 0,00010508 1,1041E-08

1.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Liquid Fuels N2O 1,653112758 2,37435399 1 500 500,001 0,0087581 7,671E-05 5,588E-06 1,678E-05 0,0027941 2,373E-05 0,0027942 7,8076E-061.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Other Fuels CO2 749,0592548 1515,938277 5 10 11,18034 0,1250351 0,0156338 0,0056419 0,0107134 0,0564188 0,0757552 0,09445601 0,008921941.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Other Fuels N2O 21,43551048 27,17643279 5 500 500,025 0,1002489 0,0100498 4,694E-05 0,00019206 0,0234698 0,00135807 0,02350907 0,00055268

1.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Biomass CH4 0 2,877952535 20 75 77,620873 0,001648 2,716E-06 2,034E-05 2,0339E-05 0,0015254 0,00057527 0,00163029 2,6579E-061.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Biomass N2O 10,41254412 16,72857715 20 500 500,39984 0,0617549 0,0038137 4,773E-05 0,00011822 0,0238648 0,00334387 0,02409793 0,00058071

1.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Solid Fuels CO2 19344,87344 10476,1586 1 5 5,0990195 0,3940799 0,155299 -0,056853 0,07403686 -0,2842625 0,10470394 0,30293252 0,091768111.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Solid Fuels CH4 2,492379131 0,965134628 1 100 100,005 0,000712 5,07E-07 -1,01E-05 6,8208E-06 -0,0010053 9,646E-06 0,00100534 1,0107E-061.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production - Solid Fuels N2O 66,4426357 28,20405511 1 500 500,001 0,1040347 0,0108232 -0,000251 0,00019932 -0,1252502 0,00028189 0,12525049 0,015687681.A.1.b. Petroleum Refining - Gaseous Fuels CO2 13,8225772 204,4672751 1 1 1,4142136 0,0021332 4,551E-06 0,0013514 0,00144501 0,0013514 0,00204355 0,00244999 6,0024E-06

1.A.1.b. Petroleum Refining - Liquid Fuels CO2 4285,347423 4317,164129 5 2 5,3851648 0,1715115 0,0294162 0,0014974 0,03051016 0,0029948 0,21573942 0,21576021 0,04655247

1.A.1.b. Petroleum Refining - Liquid Fuels N2O 129,34688 48,25070315 5 50 50,249378 0,0178867 0,0003199 -0,000535 0,000341 -0,0267346 0,00241121 0,02684315 0,000720551.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind. - Gaseous Fuels CO2 2,592108263 0,83639 1 1 1,4142136 8,726E-06 7,614E-11 -1,16E-05 5,9109E-06 -1,164E-05 8,3593E-06 1,4329E-05 2,0532E-10

1.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind. - Gaseous Fuels CH4 0,004875919 0,000786923 1 100 100,005 5,806E-07 3,371E-13 -2,74E-08 5,5613E-09 -2,745E-06 7,8649E-09 2,7449E-06 7,5347E-12

1.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind. - Gaseous Fuels N2O 0,001439557 0,000464659 1 500 500,001 1,714E-06 2,938E-12 -6,46E-09 3,2838E-09 -3,231E-06 4,644E-09 3,2311E-06 1,044E-11

1.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind. - Liquid Fuels CO2 4,423369271 0 5 2 5,3851648 0 0 -2,99E-05 0 -5,989E-05 0 5,9893E-05 3,5872E-09

1.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind. - Solid Fuels CO2 2137,385236 394,4629755 1 2 2,236068 0,0065071 4,234E-05 -0,011681 0,00278774 -0,0233617 0,00394246 0,02369202 0,000561311.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind. - Solid Fuels CH4 7,073526717 0,11991 1 50 50,009999 4,424E-05 1,957E-09 -4,7E-05 8,4743E-07 -0,0023521 1,1984E-06 0,00235206 5,5322E-06

1.A.1.c. Manuf.of Solid Fuels and Other Energ.Ind. - Solid Fuels N2O 3,090038362 0,1767 1 500 500,001 0,0006518 4,248E-07 -1,97E-05 1,2488E-06 -0,0098356 1,766E-06 0,00983558 9,6739E-05

1.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Gaseous Fuels CO2 1485,191111 1717,40051 2 1 2,236068 0,0283304 0,0008026 0,002082 0,01213717 0,002082 0,03432911 0,03439219 0,001182821.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Gaseous Fuels CH4 1,60902 1,62582 2 75 75,026662 0,0008999 8,098E-07 5,967E-07 1,149E-05 4,475E-05 3,2499E-05 5,5308E-05 3,0589E-091.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Gaseous Fuels N2O 0,5084 0,6324 2 500 500,004 0,0023327 5,442E-06 1,027E-06 4,4693E-06 0,0005137 1,2641E-05 0,00051383 2,6402E-07

1.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Liquid Fuels CO2 878,7539459 76,9719198 2 2 2,8284271 0,0016061 2,58E-06 -0,005405 0,00054397 -0,0108099 0,00153859 0,01091886 0,00011922

1.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,42021 0,02814 2 75 75,026662 1,558E-05 2,426E-10 -2,65E-06 1,9887E-07 -0,0001985 5,6249E-07 0,00019845 3,9383E-081.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Liquid Fuels N2O 1,86 0,1147 2 500 500,004 0,0004231 1,79E-07 -1,18E-05 8,1061E-07 -0,0058909 2,2927E-06 0,00589091 3,4703E-05

1.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Solid Fuels CO2 11848,75938 7511,56874 2 5 5,3851648 0,2984182 0,0890534 -0,027109 0,05308558 -0,1355461 0,15014871 0,20228047 0,040917391.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Solid Fuels CH4 48,57741 23,37132 2 75 75,026662 0,0129358 0,0001673 -0,000164 0,00016517 -0,0122779 0,00046717 0,01228676 0,000150961.A.2.a. Iron and Steel - Solid Fuels N2O 5,8838 6,2961 2 500 500,004 0,0232242 0,0005394 4,662E-06 4,4496E-05 0,0023308 0,00012585 0,00233421 5,4485E-06

1.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Gaseous Fuels CO2 259,5169704 322,2946784 2 1 2,236068 0,0053166 2,827E-05 0,0005207 0,00227771 0,0005207 0,00644235 0,00646336 4,1775E-051.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Gaseous Fuels CH4 0,488153141 0,606236934 2 75 75,026662 0,0003355 1,126E-07 9,795E-07 4,2844E-06 7,346E-05 1,2118E-05 7,4457E-05 5,5439E-09

1.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Gaseous Fuels N2O 0,144927404 0,178736237 2 500 500,004 0,0006593 4,347E-07 2,82E-07 1,2632E-06 0,000141 3,5728E-06 0,00014104 1,9892E-08
173

IPCC source category Gas

Base year emissions (1990) 

Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq

Year t emissions : 2006

Gg CO2 eq

AD uncertainty (%)

EF uncertainty (%)

Combined uncertainty

Combined uncertainty as % of 

total national emissions in 

year t

Combined uncertainty 

squared

Type A sensitivity

Type B sensitivity

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by emision factor 

uncertainty

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by activity data 

uncertainty

Uncertainty introduced into 

the trend in total national 

emissions 

Uncertainty introduced into 

the trend in total national 

emissions Squared

1.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Liquid Fuels CO2 218,1675907 113,9523314 2 2 2,8284271 0,0023777 5,654E-06 -0,000672 0,00080532 -0,0013434 0,00227779 0,00264443 6,993E-061.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,120614561 0,060190677 2 75 75,026662 3,332E-05 1,11E-09 -3,91E-07 4,2538E-07 -2,934E-05 1,2032E-06 2,9364E-05 8,6227E-101.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Liquid Fuels N2O 0,530467775 0,260164738 2 500 500,004 0,0009597 9,209E-07 -1,75E-06 1,8386E-06 -0,0008763 5,2004E-06 0,00087637 7,6802E-071.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Solid Fuels CO2 145,9771903 90,68175994 5 5 7,0710678 0,0047304 2,238E-05 -0,000347 0,00064086 -0,0017371 0,00453159 0,00485312 2,3553E-05

1.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Solid Fuels CH4 0,289191 0,179646894 5 75 75,166482 9,962E-05 9,924E-09 -6,88E-07 1,2696E-06 -5,162E-05 8,9774E-06 5,2394E-05 2,7452E-091.A.2.b. Non-Ferrous Metals - Solid Fuels N2O 0,5976614 0,371270248 5 500 500,025 0,0013695 1,876E-06 -1,42E-06 2,6238E-06 -0,0007112 1,8553E-05 0,00071145 5,0615E-07

1.A.2.c. Chemicals - Gaseous Fuels CO2 2519,326239 3210,959953 2 1 2,236068 0,0529682 0,0028056 0,0056353 0,02269242 0,0056353 0,06418386 0,06443077 0,004151321.A.2.c. Chemicals - Gaseous Fuels CH4 4,824092894 6,040613472 2 75 75,026662 0,0033434 1,118E-05 1,003E-05 4,269E-05 0,0007523 0,00012075 0,00076191 5,805E-071.A.2.c. Chemicals - Gaseous Fuels N2O 1,423573997 1,782985216 2 500 500,004 0,0065768 4,325E-05 2,963E-06 1,2601E-05 0,0014815 3,564E-05 0,00148188 2,196E-061.A.2.c. Chemicals - Liquid Fuels CO2 1835,135103 622,0333522 2 2 2,8284271 0,0129794 0,0001685 -0,008027 0,00439602 -0,016054 0,01243382 0,02030597 0,00041233

1.A.2.c. Chemicals - Liquid Fuels CH4 1,013741475 0,342986318 2 75 75,026662 0,0001898 3,604E-08 -4,44E-06 2,4239E-06 -0,0003329 6,856E-06 0,00033301 1,109E-07

1.A.2.c. Chemicals - Liquid Fuels N2O 4,393358896 1,463459497 2 500 500,004 0,0053982 2,914E-05 -1,94E-05 1,0343E-05 -0,0097005 2,9253E-05 0,00970056 9,4101E-051.A.2.c. Chemicals - Other Fuels CO2 1833,633533 3845,899367 20 20 28,284271 0,8024879 0,6439869 0,0147638 0,02717965 0,2952764 0,76875661 0,82351374 0,678174871.A.2.c. Chemicals - Other Fuels CH4 0 0,00504 20 75 77,620873 2,886E-06 8,329E-12 3,562E-08 3,5619E-08 2,671E-06 1,0074E-06 2,855E-06 8,1513E-12

1.A.2.c. Chemicals - Other Fuels N2O 0 0,0031 20 500 500,39984 1,144E-05 1,31E-10 2,191E-08 2,1908E-08 1,095E-05 6,1966E-07 1,0972E-05 1,2038E-101.A.2.c. Chemicals - Solid Fuels CO2 396,7020396 31,2912 5 5 7,0710678 0,0016323 2,664E-06 -0,002465 0,00022114 -0,0123226 0,0015637 0,01242137 0,00015429

1.A.2.c. Chemicals - Solid Fuels CH4 0,811038753 0,06195 5 75 75,166482 3,435E-05 1,18E-09 -5,05E-06 4,3781E-07 -0,000379 3,0958E-06 0,00037899 1,4363E-071.A.2.c. Chemicals - Solid Fuels N2O 1,677200757 0,1271 5 500 500,025 0,0004688 2,198E-07 -1,05E-05 8,9824E-07 -0,0052283 6,3515E-06 0,00522831 2,7335E-05

1.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Gaseous Fuels CO2 280,3750604 275,9596831 2 1 2,236068 0,0045523 2,072E-05 5,208E-05 0,00195026 5,208E-05 0,00551616 0,0055164 3,0431E-051.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Gaseous Fuels CH4 0,52753267 0,519103099 2 75 75,026662 0,0002873 8,255E-08 9,713E-08 3,6686E-06 7,285E-06 1,0376E-05 1,2678E-05 1,6074E-101.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Gaseous Fuels N2O 0,155313741 0,152019009 2 500 500,004 0,0005607 3,144E-07 2,285E-08 1,0743E-06 1,143E-05 3,0387E-06 1,1823E-05 1,3979E-10

1.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Liquid Fuels CO2 232,1546772 234,3035294 5 2 5,3851648 0,0093084 8,665E-05 8,415E-05 0,00165586 0,0001683 0,01170873 0,01170994 0,00013712

1.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,142622565 0,162906914 5 75 75,166482 9,034E-05 8,161E-09 1,857E-07 1,1513E-06 1,393E-05 8,1409E-06 1,6134E-05 2,6029E-101.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Liquid Fuels N2O 0,566824218 0,572554688 5 500 500,025 0,0021121 4,461E-06 2,089E-07 4,0463E-06 0,0001044 2,8612E-05 0,00010829 1,1726E-08

1.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Solid Fuels CO2 124,9518424 140,4986495 5 5 7,0710678 0,0073291 5,372E-05 0,000147 0,00099293 0,0007349 0,00702107 0,00705943 4,9836E-05

1.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Solid Fuels CH4 0,283038 0,318254265 5 75 75,166482 0,0001765 3,114E-08 3,33E-07 2,2492E-06 2,497E-05 1,5904E-05 2,9606E-05 8,7653E-10

1.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Solid Fuels N2O 0,5849452 0,657725481 5 500 500,025 0,0024262 5,887E-06 6,881E-07 4,6483E-06 0,0003441 3,2868E-05 0,00034562 1,1946E-07

1.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Other Fuels CO2 0 0 5 10 11,18034 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Other Fuels CH4 0 0 5 75 75,166482 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - Other Fuels N2O 0 0 5 500 500,025 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - biomass CH4 1,68714 2,98053 20 75 77,620873 0,0017067 2,913E-06 9,642E-06 2,1064E-05 0,0007231 0,00059578 0,00093695 8,7787E-071.A.2.d. Pulp, Paper and Print - biomass N2O 2,9822 3,5433 20 500 500,39984 0,0130804 0,0001711 4,851E-06 2,5041E-05 0,0024256 0,00070827 0,00252693 6,3854E-061.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Gaseous Fuels CO2 680,7061848 1333,517079 2 1 2,236068 0,0219978 0,0004839 0,0048155 0,0094242 0,0048155 0,02665567 0,02708715 0,000733711.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Gaseous Fuels CH4 1,280596933 2,508748784 2 75 75,026662 0,0013886 1,928E-06 9,06E-06 1,773E-05 0,0006795 5,0147E-05 0,00068135 4,6423E-07

1.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Gaseous Fuels N2O 0,379258999 0,740306226 2 500 500,004 0,0027307 7,457E-06 2,664E-06 5,2319E-06 0,0013321 1,4798E-05 0,00133221 1,7748E-06

1.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Liquid Fuels CO2 1671,11382 546,1746443 6 2 6,3245553 0,0254834 0,0006494 -0,007453 0,00385991 -0,0149057 0,03275245 0,03598475 0,0012949
174

IPCC source category Gas

Base year emissions (1990) 

Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq

Year t emissions : 2006

Gg CO2 eq

AD uncertainty (%)

EF uncertainty (%)

Combined uncertainty

Combined uncertainty as % of 

total national emissions in 

year t

Combined uncertainty 

squared

Type A sensitivity

Type B sensitivity

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by emision factor 

uncertainty

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by activity data 

uncertainty

Uncertainty introduced into 

the trend in total national 

emissions 

Uncertainty introduced into 

the trend in total national 

emissions Squared

1.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,918530259 0,306906396 6 75 75,239617 0,0001704 2,902E-08 -4,05E-06 2,169E-06 -0,0003037 1,8404E-05 0,00030428 9,2584E-081.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Liquid Fuels N2O 4,065520974 1,334562121 6 500 500,036 0,0049231 2,424E-05 -1,81E-05 9,4316E-06 -0,0090462 8,003E-05 0,00904659 8,1841E-051.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Solid Fuels CO2 637,8901324 135,2350434 5 5 7,0710678 0,0070546 4,977E-05 -0,003363 0,00095573 -0,0168136 0,00675803 0,01812089 0,000328371.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Solid Fuels CH4 1,436408475 0,302449579 5 75 75,166482 0,0001677 2,813E-08 -7,59E-06 2,1375E-06 -0,000569 1,5114E-05 0,00056924 3,2403E-071.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Solid Fuels N2O 2,968577515 0,625248455 5 500 500,025 0,0023064 5,32E-06 -1,57E-05 4,4187E-06 -0,0078394 3,1245E-05 0,0078395 6,1458E-05

1.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Biomass CH4 0 0,07035 20 75 77,620873 4,028E-05 1,623E-09 4,972E-07 4,9718E-07 3,729E-05 1,4062E-05 3,9852E-05 1,5882E-091.A.2.e. Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco - Biomass N2O 0 0,124 20 500 500,39984 0,0004578 2,095E-07 8,763E-07 8,7633E-07 0,0004382 2,4786E-05 0,00043887 1,926E-07

1.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Gaseous Fuels CO2 2558,511857 2779,907503 2 1 2,236068 0,0458576 0,0021029 0,0023242 0,0196461 0,0023242 0,05556756 0,05561614 0,003093161.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Gaseous Fuels CH4 5,359214209 4,979033337 2 75 75,026662 0,0027559 7,595E-06 -1,09E-06 3,5188E-05 -8,211E-05 9,9526E-05 0,00012903 1,6648E-081.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Gaseous Fuels N2O 1,853494195 0,974000318 2 500 500,004 0,0035928 1,291E-05 -5,66E-06 6,8834E-06 -0,0028325 1,9469E-05 0,00283254 8,0233E-061.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Liquid Fuels CO2 2697,714306 2539,16267 8 2 8,2462113 0,1544687 0,0238606 -0,000319 0,01794471 -0,0006382 0,20302123 0,20302224 0,041218031.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Liquid Fuels CH4 1,992525918 1,393214316 8 75 75,42546 0,0007752 6,01E-07 -3,64E-06 9,8461E-06 -0,0002733 0,0001114 0,0002951 8,7083E-08

1.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Liquid Fuels N2O 14,88472838 13,83349347 8 500 500,064 0,0510332 0,0026044 -3,01E-06 9,7764E-05 -0,0015038 0,00110607 0,00186678 3,4849E-061.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Solid Fuels CO2 2600,458977 1284,692049 5 5 7,0710678 0,0670162 0,0044912 -0,008525 0,00907915 -0,0426235 0,06419926 0,07706043 0,005938311.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Solid Fuels CH4 6,564766984 17,90825862 5 75 75,166482 0,0099305 9,862E-05 8,212E-05 0,00012656 0,0061587 0,00089492 0,00622342 3,8731E-05

1.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Solid Fuels N2O 11,9393751 6,320401148 5 500 500,025 0,0233148 0,0005436 -3,62E-05 4,4667E-05 -0,0180818 0,00031585 0,01808454 0,000327051.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Other Fuels CO2 212,589876 625,4800413 5 5 7,0710678 0,0326283 0,0010646 0,0029811 0,00442038 0,0149054 0,03125679 0,03462885 0,00119916

1.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Other Fuels CH4 0,00245553 0,630127338 5 5 7,0710678 3,287E-05 1,08E-09 4,437E-06 4,4532E-06 2,218E-05 3,1489E-05 3,8518E-05 1,4836E-091.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - Other Fuels N2O 0,293079766 3,100037595 5 500 500,025 0,0114355 0,0001308 1,992E-05 2,1909E-05 0,0099622 0,00015492 0,00996337 9,9269E-051.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - biomass CH4 0,005271 1,05 20 75 77,620873 0,0006013 3,615E-07 7,385E-06 7,4205E-06 0,0005539 0,00020988 0,0005923 3,5082E-071.A.2.f. Other manufact. Industr. and Constr. - biomass N2O 0,01023 3,1 20 500 500,39984 0,0114439 0,000131 2,184E-05 2,1908E-05 0,0109195 0,00061966 0,01093706 0,000119621.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Aviation Gasoline CO2 1,734838201 2,05405433 7,5 5 9,0138782 0,0001366 1,866E-08 2,771E-06 1,4516E-05 1,386E-05 0,00015397 0,00015459 2,3899E-08

1.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Aviation Gasoline CH4 0,019067118 0,020403175 7,5 140 140,20075 2,11E-05 4,453E-10 1,511E-08 1,4419E-07 2,115E-06 1,5294E-06 2,6099E-06 6,8117E-121.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Aviation Gasoline N2O 0,000266332 0,000155561 7,5 500 500,05625 5,739E-07 3,293E-13 -7,04E-10 1,0994E-09 -3,519E-07 1,1661E-08 3,5206E-07 1,2395E-131.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Jet Kerosene CO2 4,8078 4,28984 7,5 5 9,0138782 0,0002853 8,138E-08 -2,23E-06 3,0317E-05 -1,116E-05 0,00032156 0,00032175 1,0353E-071.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Jet Kerosene CH4 0,0735 0,00945 7,5 140 140,20075 9,774E-06 9,553E-11 -4,31E-07 6,6785E-08 -6,031E-05 7,0836E-07 6,0319E-05 3,6384E-09

1.A.3.a. Civil Aviation - Jet Kerosene N2O 1,085 0,1767 7,5 500 500,05625 0,0006519 4,249E-07 -6,1E-06 1,2488E-06 -0,0030484 1,3245E-05 0,00304843 9,2929E-061.A.3.b. Road Transportation - Diesel Oil CO2 10892,37018 19768,89011 5 2 5,3851648 0,7853746 0,6168133 0,0659169 0,13971024 0,1318337 0,98790058 0,99665826 0,99332769

1.A.3.b. Road Transportation - Diesel Oil CH4 15,06485134 16,8026948 5 40 40,311289 0,0049969 2,497E-05 1,676E-05 0,00011875 0,0006703 0,00083967 0,00107439 1,1543E-061.A.3.b. Road Transportation - Diesel Oil N2O 273,3746087 552,1501488 5 100 100,12492 0,4078448 0,1663374 0,0020513 0,00390214 0,2051324 0,02759232 0,20697984 0,042840651.A.3.b. Road Transportation - Gasoline CO2 8223,46768 4417,728517 5 2 5,3851648 0,1755067 0,0308026 -0,024439 0,03122087 -0,0488776 0,22076488 0,22611092 0,051126151.A.3.b. Road Transportation - Gasoline CH4 100,4493428 39,85646691 5 40 40,311289 0,0118528 0,0001405 -0,000398 0,00028167 -0,0159351 0,00199173 0,01605913 0,00025791.A.3.b. Road Transportation - Gasoline N2O 56,72998842 231,5859816 5 100 100,12492 0,1710606 0,0292617 0,0012526 0,00163666 0,1252585 0,01157293 0,12579201 0,015823631.A.3.b. Road Transportation - LPG CO2 154,3539075 254,345564 5 2 5,3851648 0,0101046 0,0001021 0,0007525 0,00179751 0,001505 0,01271028 0,01279907 0,000163821.A.3.b. Road Transportation - LPG CH4 1,106409087 0,999959516 5 40 40,311289 0,0002974 8,843E-08 -4,24E-07 7,0669E-06 -1,695E-05 4,997E-05 5,2765E-05 2,7842E-091.A.3.b. Road Transportation - LPG N2O 3,152566222 5,140433152 5 100 100,12492 0,003797 1,442E-05 1,499E-05 3,6328E-05 0,0014985 0,00025688 0,00152037 2,3115E-06
175

IPCC source category Gas

Base year emissions (1990) 

Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq

Year t emissions : 2006

Gg CO2 eq

AD uncertainty (%)

EF uncertainty (%)

Combined uncertainty

Combined uncertainty as % of 

total national emissions in 

year t

Combined uncertainty 

squared

Type A sensitivity

Type B sensitivity

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by emision factor 

uncertainty

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by activity data 

uncertainty

Uncertainty introduced into 

the trend in total national 

emissions 

Uncertainty introduced into 

the trend in total national 

emissions Squared

1.A.3.c. Railways - Liquid Fuels CO2 224,0929973 143,2651869 6 2 6,3245553 0,0066845 4,468E-05 -0,000505 0,00101248 -0,0010093 0,00859118 0,00865026 7,4827E-051.A.3.c. Railways - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,299010491 0,190153798 6 100 100,17984 0,0001405 1,975E-08 -6,8E-07 1,3439E-06 -6,805E-05 1,1403E-05 6,8997E-05 4,7606E-09

1.A.3.c. Railways - Liquid Fuels N2O 12,87091051 8,860515883 6 125 125,14392 0,0081802 6,692E-05 -2,45E-05 6,2619E-05 -0,0030648 0,00053134 0,00311056 9,6756E-061.A.3.d. Navigation - Gas/Diesel Oil CO2 395,9205982 446,4749183 10 2 10,198039 0,0335899 0,0011283 0,0004749 0,00315532 0,0009497 0,04462292 0,04463303 0,001992111.A.3.d. Navigation - Gas/Diesel Oil CH4 0,371249768 0,307459958 10 75 75,66373 0,0001716 2,945E-08 -3,41E-07 2,1729E-06 -2,554E-05 3,0729E-05 3,9957E-05 1,5966E-091.A.3.d. Navigation - Gas/Diesel Oil N2O 15,38249805 10,8976126 10 125 125,39936 0,0100814 0,0001016 -2,71E-05 7,7015E-05 -0,0033907 0,00108916 0,00356138 1,2683E-051.A.3.e. Other Transportation - Gaseous Fuels CO2 196,51 155,796 5 1 5,0990195 0,0058606 3,435E-05 -0,000229 0,00110104 -0,0002294 0,00778551 0,00778889 6,0667E-051.A.3.e. Other Transportation - Gaseous Fuels CH4 0,016691387 0,01758516 5 75 75,166482 9,751E-06 9,509E-11 1,127E-08 1,2428E-07 8,456E-07 8,7877E-07 1,2195E-06 1,4873E-12

1.A.3.e. Other Transportation - Gaseous Fuels N2O 2,463966667 2,595904593 5 500 500,025 0,0095758 9,17E-05 1,664E-06 1,8346E-05 0,0008322 0,00012972 0,00084223 7,0936E-071.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Biomass CH4 0 0,033018642 20 75 77,620873 1,891E-05 3,575E-10 2,333E-07 2,3335E-07 1,75E-05 6,6001E-06 1,8704E-05 3,4985E-101.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Biomass N2O 0 0,009748361 20 500 500,39984 3,599E-05 1,295E-09 6,889E-08 6,8893E-08 3,445E-05 1,9486E-06 3,4502E-05 1,1904E-091.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Gaseous Fuels CO2 1920,825122 3745,098441 4 1 4,1231056 0,1139156 0,0129768 0,0134612 0,02646727 0,0134612 0,1497215 0,15032542 0,022597731.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Gaseous Fuels CH4 3,627203693 7,045679565 4 75 75,106591 0,0039039 1,524E-05 2,524E-05 4,9793E-05 0,0018927 0,00028167 0,00191358 3,6618E-061.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Gaseous Fuels N2O 1,071508709 2,079533015 4 500 500,016 0,0076709 5,884E-05 7,442E-06 1,4696E-05 0,0037211 8,3136E-05 0,00372202 1,3853E-051.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Liquid Fuels CO2 2311,587097 1971,925388 10 2 10,198039 0,1483552 0,0220093 -0,001713 0,01393595 -0,003427 0,19708403 0,19711382 0,03885386

1.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Liquid Fuels CH4 6,5970518 5,592606802 10 75 75,66373 0,0031217 9,745E-06 -5,14E-06 3,9524E-05 -0,0003854 0,00055895 0,00067895 4,6097E-071.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Liquid Fuels N2O 5,843289023 4,910010479 10 500 500,09999 0,0181149 0,0003281 -4,86E-06 3,47E-05 -0,0024299 0,00049073 0,00247898 6,1454E-06

1.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Other Fuels CO2 30,7021044 95,56843 20 20 28,284271 0,0199414 0,0003977 0,0004675 0,0006754 0,0093508 0,01910317 0,02126897 0,000452371.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Other Fuels CH4 2,759286572 9,192078 20 75 77,620873 0,0052637 2,771E-05 4,628E-05 6,4962E-05 0,0034711 0,0018374 0,00392741 1,5425E-051.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Other Fuels N2O 0,543097675 1,8092344 20 500 500,39984 0,0066789 4,461E-05 9,109E-06 1,2786E-05 0,0045547 0,00036165 0,00456901 2,0876E-05

1.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Solid Fuels CO2 8,833050642 0 15 5 15,811388 0 0 -5,98E-05 0 -0,000299 0 0,000299 8,9403E-08

1.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Solid Fuels CH4 0,002845313 0 15 75 76,485293 0 0 -1,93E-08 0 -1,445E-06 0 1,4447E-06 2,0873E-12

1.A.4.a. Commercial / Institutional - Solid Fuels N2O 0,042002241 0 15 500 500,22495 0 0 -2,84E-07 0 -0,0001422 0 0,00014218 2,0215E-08

1.A.4.b. Residential - Biomass CH4 42,25365942 55,29735378 65 75 99,247166 0,0404872 0,0016392 0,0001047 0,0003908 0,007855 0,0359235 0,03677226 0,00135221.A.4.b. Residential - Biomass N2O 8,315559949 10,8823116 65 500 504,2073 0,0404786 0,0016385 2,061E-05 7,6907E-05 0,0103049 0,00706961 0,01249684 0,000156171.A.4.b. Residential - Gaseous Fuels CO2 5824,26333 8150,173108 4 1 4,1231056 0,2479059 0,0614573 0,0181603 0,05759871 0,0181603 0,32582753 0,32633323 0,10649337

1.A.4.b. Residential - Gaseous Fuels CH4 11,59016383 15,33312075 4 75 75,106591 0,0084958 7,218E-05 2,99E-05 0,00010836 0,0022421 0,00061299 0,00232441 5,4029E-061.A.4.b. Residential - Gaseous Fuels N2O 3,422229893 4,527107364 4 500 500,016 0,0166994 0,0002789 8,825E-06 3,1994E-05 0,0044125 0,00018098 0,00441619 1,9503E-051.A.4.b. Residential - Liquid Fuels CO2 12609,17554 11803,32026 10 2 10,198039 0,8880071 0,7885567 -0,001948 0,08341615 -0,0038955 1,17968251 1,17968894 1,3916661.A.4.b. Residential - Liquid Fuels CH4 35,03920412 33,4347368 10 75 75,66373 0,018663 0,0003483 -9,3E-07 0,00023629 -6,978E-05 0,00334163 0,00334236 1,1171E-051.A.4.b. Residential - Liquid Fuels N2O 31,03602565 29,3002608 10 500 500,09999 0,1080996 0,0116855 -3,05E-06 0,00020707 -0,0015237 0,00292841 0,00330112 1,0897E-051.A.4.b. Residential - Other Fuels CO2 20,7207 18,00228147 10 2 10,198039 0,0013544 1,834E-06 -1,31E-05 0,00012723 -2,611E-05 0,00179924 0,00179943 3,2379E-06

1.A.4.b. Residential - Other Fuels CH4 0,03296475 0,028639993 10 75 75,66373 1,599E-05 2,556E-10 -2,08E-08 2,024E-07 -1,558E-06 2,8624E-06 3,2589E-06 1,062E-11

1.A.4.b. Residential - Other Fuels N2O 0,00973245 0,008455617 10 500 500,09999 3,12E-05 9,732E-10 -6,13E-09 5,9757E-08 -3,066E-06 8,451E-07 3,1806E-06 1,0116E-11

1.A.4.b. Residential - Solid Fuels CO2 1759,184627 540,6878186 15 5 15,811388 0,0630685 0,0039776 -0,008088 0,00382114 -0,0404387 0,08105854 0,09058575 0,00820578

1.A.4.b. Residential - Solid Fuels CH4 119,4304959 36,74347592 15 75 76,485293 0,0207326 0,0004298 -0,000549 0,00025967 -0,0411661 0,00550849 0,04153302 0,00172499
176

IPCC source category Gas

Base year emissions (1990) 

Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq

Year t emissions : 2006

Gg CO2 eq

AD uncertainty (%)

EF uncertainty (%)

Combined uncertainty

Combined uncertainty as % of 

total national emissions in 

year t

Combined uncertainty 

squared

Type A sensitivity

Type B sensitivity

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by emision factor 

uncertainty

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by activity data 

uncertainty

Uncertainty introduced into 

the trend in total national 

emissions 

Uncertainty introduced into 

the trend in total national 

emissions Squared

1.A.4.b. Residential - Solid Fuels N2O 8,228490227 2,53069643 15 500 500,22495 0,009339 8,722E-05 -3,78E-05 1,7885E-05 -0,0189115 0,0003794 0,01891528 0,00035779

1.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Biomass CH4 0 0,01481802 20 75 77,620873 8,485E-06 7,2E-11 1,047E-07 1,0472E-07 7,854E-06 2,962E-06 8,3941E-06 7,046E-11

1.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Biomass N2O 0 0,013124532 20 500 500,39984 4,845E-05 2,347E-09 9,275E-08 9,2753E-08 4,638E-05 2,6235E-06 4,6451E-05 2,1577E-09

1.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Gaseous Fuels CO2 67,0392195 330,7558915 4 1 4,1231056 0,0100607 0,0001012 0,0018836 0,00233751 0,0018836 0,01322296 0,01335645 0,00017839

1.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Gaseous Fuels CH4 0,126105 0,622172692 4 75 75,106591 0,0003447 1,188E-07 3,543E-06 4,397E-06 0,0002657 2,4873E-05 0,00026691 7,1239E-08

1.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Gaseous Fuels N2O 0,037231 0,183689081 4 500 500,016 0,0006776 4,591E-07 1,046E-06 1,2982E-06 0,0005231 7,3435E-06 0,0005231 2,7364E-071.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Liquid Fuels CO2 2250,505579 1749,885101 10 2 10,198039 0,1316503 0,0173318 -0,002869 0,01236675 -0,005738 0,17489222 0,17498632 0,030620211.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Liquid Fuels CH4 5,263632746 3,883174658 10 75 75,66373 0,0021676 4,698E-06 -8,19E-06 2,7443E-05 -0,0006144 0,0003881 0,00072673 5,2814E-071.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Liquid Fuels N2O 78,46486909 76,8616535 10 500 500,09999 0,2835712 0,0804126 1,198E-05 0,00054319 0,0059892 0,00768194 0,00974074 9,4882E-05

1.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Solid Fuels CO2 207,851336 75,649728 15 5 15,811388 0,0088242 7,787E-05 -0,000873 0,00053463 -0,0043627 0,01134121 0,01215138 0,000147661.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Solid Fuels CH4 14,1246 5,1408 15 75 76,485293 0,0029007 8,414E-06 -5,93E-05 3,6331E-05 -0,0044471 0,0007707 0,00451336 2,037E-05

1.A.4.c. Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries - Solid Fuels N2O 0,973028 0,354144 15 500 500,22495 0,0013069 1,708E-06 -4,08E-06 2,5028E-06 -0,0020424 5,3092E-05 0,00204305 4,174E-061.A.5. Other (Not elsewhere specified) - Liquid Fuels CO2 191,4954276 129,1760443 20 2 20,099751 0,0191544 0,0003669 -0,000384 0,00091291 -0,0007671 0,02582099 0,02583238 0,000667311.A.5. Other (Not elsewhere specified) - Liquid Fuels CH4 0,049060459 0,105218445 20 75 77,620873 6,025E-05 3,63E-09 4,115E-07 7,436E-07 3,086E-05 2,1032E-05 3,7345E-05 1,3946E-09

1.A.5. Other (Not elsewhere specified) - Liquid Fuels N2O 1,627877205 1,012097926 20 100 101,98039 0,0007614 5,798E-07 -3,87E-06 7,1527E-06 -0,0003868 0,00020231 0,00043653 1,9056E-071.B.1.b. Fugitive Emissions - Solid Fuel Transformation CH4 30,79314 11,87382 5 60 60,207973 0,005274 2,782E-05 -0,000125 8,3914E-05 -0,0074735 0,00059336 0,00749703 5,6205E-05

1.B.2.a. Fugitve Emissions - Oil - Refining / Storage CH4 6,252162 4,019458973 5 50 50,249378 0,00149 2,22E-06 -1,39E-05 2,8406E-05 -0,0006961 0,00020086 0,00072448 5,2488E-07

1.B.2.b. Fugitive Emissions - Natural Gas - Distribution-transmission CH4 518,8726621 403,1930996 10 30 31,622777 0,0940608 0,0088474 -0,000663 0,00284944 -0,0199011 0,04029712 0,04494341 0,00201991

1.B.2.b. Fugitive Emissions - Natural Gas - Distribution-transmission CO2 1,317994 1,76477 10 30 31,622777 0,0004117 1,695E-07 3,549E-06 1,2472E-05 0,0001065 0,00017638 0,00020602 4,2446E-08

1.B.2.c Fugitive Emissions - Flaring - Combined CO2 83,83 130,05 1 10 10,049876 0,009642 9,297E-05 0,0003515 0,00091909 0,0035155 0,00129978 0,00374804 1,4048E-052.A.1 Mineral products-cement CO2 2823,78288 3111,96868 5 5 7,0710678 0,1623364 0,0263531 0,0028749 0,02199283 0,0143746 0,15551281 0,15617574 0,024390862.A.2 Mineral products-lime CO2 2097,11556 2139,40793 5 2 5,3851648 0,084994 0,007224 0,0009217 0,01511957 0,0018434 0,10691153 0,10692742 0,01143347

2.A.3 Mineral products-other CO2 416,2698815 484,16 5 5 7,0710678 0,0252563 0,0006379 0,0006034 0,00342164 0,0030171 0,02419468 0,02438208 0,000594492.B.1. Chemical Industry - Ammonia Production CO2 420,48 1290,306699 1,5 1,5 2,1213203 0,0201927 0,0004077 0,0062719 0,00911883 0,0094079 0,01934395 0,0215104 0,00046272.B.1. Chemical Industry - Ammonia Production CH4 0,01281 0,0126 2 5 5,3851648 5,006E-07 2,506E-13 2,321E-09 8,9046E-08 1,161E-08 2,5186E-07 2,5213E-07 6,3569E-142.B.2. Chemical Industry - Nitric Acid Production N2O 3561,90496 2080,52222 2 80 80,024996 1,2282693 1,5086456 -0,009409 0,01470342 -0,7526988 0,04158755 0,75384676 0,568284932.B.5. Chemical Industry - Production of caprolactam N2O 372 483,91 2 30 30,066593 0,1073358 0,011521 0,0009014 0,00341988 0,0270411 0,00967287 0,02871907 0,000824782.B.5. Chemical Industry - others CO2 224,225334 1353,928585 20 5 20,615528 0,205914 0,0424006 0,0080503 0,00956845 0,0402515 0,27063671 0,27361361 0,074864412.B.5. Chemical Industry - others CH4 0 0,48174 20 75 77,620873 0,0002759 7,61E-08 3,405E-06 3,4045E-06 0,0002553 9,6295E-05 0,00027289 7,4472E-08

2.B.5. Chemical Industry - others N2O 0 0,099860935 20 100 101,98039 7,513E-05 5,644E-09 7,057E-07 7,0573E-07 7,057E-05 1,9961E-05 7,3342E-05 5,3791E-09

2.C.1. Iron and Steel Production CO2 1945,985974 1597,323402 2 5 5,3851648 0,0634582 0,0040269 -0,001886 0,01128857 -0,0094287 0,03192889 0,03329194 0,001108352.C.1. Iron and Steel Production CH4 0 56,679 2 5 5,3851648 0,0022517 5,07E-06 0,0004006 0,00040056 0,0020028 0,00113296 0,00230104 5,2948E-06

2.E.1. By-product emissions - Other CF4 323,6935 6,864 90 0 90 0,0045574 2,077E-05 -0,002143 4,8509E-05 0 0,0061742 0,0061742 3,8121E-052.E.1. By-product emissions - Other C2F6 506,7084 0 26 0 26 0 0 -0,00343 0 0 0 0 0

2.E.1. By-product emissions - Other C3F8 171,052 0 26 0 26 0 0 -0,001158 0 0 0 0 02.E.1. By-product emissions - Other C4F10 180,607 0 26 0 26 0 0 -0,001223 0 0 0 0 0
177

IPCC source category Gas

Base year emissions (1990) 

Sub 2009 Gg CO2 eq

Year t emissions : 2006

Gg CO2 eq

AD uncertainty (%)

EF uncertainty (%)

Combined uncertainty

Combined uncertainty as % of 

total national emissions in 

year t

Combined uncertainty 

squared

Type A sensitivity

Type B sensitivity

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by emision factor 

uncertainty

Uncertainty in trend in 

national emissions 

introduced by activity data 

uncertainty

Uncertainty introduced into 

the trend in total national 

emissions 

Uncertainty introduced into 

the trend in total national 

emissions Squared

2.E.1. By-product emissions - Other C5F12 33,5775 0 26 0 26 0 0 -0,000227 0 0 0 0 0

2.E.1. By-product emissions - Other SF6 1559,3555 0 26 0 26 0 0 -0,010556 0 0 0 0 02.E.2. Fugitive emissions C4F10 20,069 41,916 26 0 26 0,0080399 6,464E-05 0,0001604 0,00029623 0 0,01089216 0,01089216 0,00011864

2.E.2. Fugitive emissions C5F12 287,8275 25,725 26 0 26 0,0049343 2,435E-05 -0,001767 0,0001818 0 0,00668482 0,00668482 4,4687E-052.E.2. Fugitive emissions C6F14 229,7848 77,7 26 0 26 0,0149036 0,0002221 -0,001007 0,00054912 0 0,02019088 0,02019088 0,000407672.F.1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment HFC-32 0 8,390571429 75 75 0,0046425 2,155E-05 5,93E-05 5,9298E-05 0,0044473 0 0,00444732 1,9779E-05

2.F.1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment HFC-125 2,5004 321,758816 75 75 0,1780276 0,0316938 0,002257 0,00227393 0,1692749 0 0,16927485 0,02865398

2.F.1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment HFC-134a 72,4451 543,3373068 100 117 154,11035 0,6177275 0,3815872 0,0033494 0,00383986 0,3927498 0,54303832 0,67018134 0,44914303

2.F.1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment HFC-152a 0 0,22068 75 75 0,0001221 1,491E-08 1,56E-06 1,5596E-06 0,000117 0 0,00011697 1,3682E-082.F.1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment HFC-143a 3,971 433,5599143 106 106,06602 0,3392509 0,1150912 0,0030372 0,00306404 0,3221394 0 0,32213942 0,10377382.F.2. Foam blowing HFC-134a 324,2954 77,6178 34 143 146,71401 0,0840095 0,0070576 -0,001647 0,00054854 -0,2352304 0,02601948 0,23666504 0,05601034

2.F.2. Foam blowing HFC-152a 0,0686 28,9296 15 17 22,494444 0,0048008 2,305E-05 0,000204 0,00020445 0,0034194 0,00433705 0,00552291 3,0503E-05

2.F.3. Fire extinguishers HFC-125 0 0,8652 10 50 50,990195 0,0003255 1,059E-07 6,115E-06 6,1145E-06 0,0003057 8,6472E-05 0,00031772 1,0095E-07

2.F.3. Fire extinguishers HFC-227ea 0,51678 11,0664 10 50 50,990195 0,0041628 1,733E-05 7,471E-05 7,8208E-05 0,0037355 0,00110603 0,00389578 1,5177E-052.F.4. Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers HFC-134a 35,23 174,8305 25 206 207,6656 0,2678412 0,0717389 0,000997 0,00123556 0,2055459 0,04368357 0,21013659 0,044157392.F.4. Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers HFC-227ea 0 0,725 25 50 55,901699 0,000299 8,94E-08 5,124E-06 5,1237E-06 0,0002562 0,00018115 0,00031376 9,8446E-08

2.F.8. Electrical equipment SF6 19,51435 10,64734006 100 100 0,0078548 6,17E-05 -5,69E-05 7,5247E-05 -0,0056868 0 0,00568678 3,2339E-05

2.F.9. Other (soundproof glazing) SF6 83,616062 64,232684 100,50 53,85 114,01754 0,0540286 0,0029191 -0,000112 0,00045394 -0,0060393 0,06451753 0,06479957 0,00419898

3.D. Use of N2O for anaesthesia N2O 246,251972 246,683554 3 100 100,04499 0,182067 0,0331484 7,62E-05 0,00174336 0,00762 0,00739643 0,01061938 0,000112774.A. Enteric Fermentation CH4 4125,93727 3557,859906 5 40 40,311289 1,058062 1,1194952 -0,002788 0,02514402 -0,11153 0,1777951 0,209881 0,044050034.B. Manure Management CH4 1708,680642 1570,971671 10 40 41,231056 0,4778465 0,2283373 -0,000466 0,01110233 -0,0186232 0,15701072 0,15811132 0,024999194.B. Manure Management N2O 959,6498995 833,5395202 10 90 90,553851 0,5568378 0,3100683 -0,000606 0,00589077 -0,0545519 0,08330808 0,09957984 0,009916144.D.1. Agricultural Soils N2O 4545,683748 3873,815899 30 250 251,79357 7,1958019 51,779565 -0,003397 0,02737694 -0,849197 1,16150526 1,43882937 2,070229965.A. Forest Land CO2 -3205,49047 -2776,93735 0 10,3 10,3 0,211008 0,0445244 -0,002076 0,01962511 -0,0213825 0 0,02138254 0,000457215.B. Cropland CO2 479,6761545 575,3797111 0 7,0711 7,0710678 0,0300148 0,0009009 0,0008188 0,00406631 0,0057899 0 0,00578991 3,3523E-055.C. Grassland CO2 1303,625909 1140,695658 0 17,678 17,67767 0,1487614 0,02213 -0,000764 0,0080615 -0,0135081 0 0,01350812 0,000182476.A.1. Solid Waste Disposal on Land - Managed Waste Disposal CH4 2629,97868 680,500842 30 40 50 0,2510119 0,063007 -0,012994 0,00480922 -0,5197454 0,20403791 0,55836074 0,311766726.B.2. Wastewater Handling - Domestic and Commercial Wastew. CH4 219,4854543 126,5463759 20 70 72,801099 0,0679647 0,0046192 -0,000592 0,00089433 -0,0414126 0,02529535 0,04852684 0,002354856.B.2. Wastewater Handling - Domestic and Commercial Wastew. N2O 265,0865123 271,9311628 20 110 111,8034 0,2242898 0,0503059 0,0001271 0,00192179 0,0139828 0,0543563 0,05612598 0,003150136.C. Municipal waste burning CO2 235,7564421 0 5 17 17,720045 0 0 -0,001596 0 -0,0271332 0 0,02713323 0,00073621

6.C. Municipal waste burning N2O 0,002697 0 5 100 100,12492 0 0 -1,83E-08 0 -1,826E-06 0 1,8259E-06 3,3339E-12

6.C Flaring in the chemical industry CO2 16,6 78,16 20 20 28,284271 0,0163089 0,000266 0,00044 0,00055237 0,0087997 0,0156234 0,01793114 0,00032153

6.D. Composting CH4 6,9552504 43,10689382 30 200 202,23748 0,0643138 0,0041363 0,0002576 0,00030464 0,0515112 0,01292495 0,05310799 0,00282046

Emissions totales (kt eq-CO2) 141499,2207 135551,5253Incertitudes totales Overall uncertainty in the year (%) 7,6649785 Trend uncertainty (%) 2,7419526
178

Annex 4: CDROM with - National CRF tables (CRFReporter) for the years 1990-2007 - regional CRF tables for the years 1990-2007

Remark1: The tables 1A(b), 1A(c) [Reference approach] and 1A(d) [Feedstocks and non-energy use of fuels] are only completed on the national level and not on the regional level; Remark2: No LUCF-data are included in the regional CRF tables; Remark3: No data on F-gases (categories 2E and 2F) are included in the regional CRF tables. - The final 2008 Annual Review Report for Belgium ‘Report of the individual review of the greenhouse gas inventories of Belgium submitted in 2007 and 2008’ (mail from M. Dudley (UNFCCC-secretariat) on 30th of January 2009). - The quality management system used in the Flemish region with the more technical procedures and an example of the forms used to control the data and 

the calculation of the emissions. - A copy of the model used to calculate the CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation en manure management (category 4A en 4B(a)) in Flanders (1990). - A copy of the model used to calculate the direct and indirect N2O emissions (category 4D) and the N2O emissions from manure management (category 4B(b)) in Flanders (1990). - A copy of the model used to calculate the NH3 emissions from cattle breeding/animal manure in Flanders (1990). - Information related to the transactions of Kyoto-units in Belgium. 
179

Annex 5 : Net calorific value of the main products 

Products

Net calorific value(TJ/kton)

coking coal 29,30Butane 45,73Propane 46,14coke oven coke 29,30LPG 45,95gas/diesel oil 42,7lamp petroleum 43,12residual fuel oil 40,6petroleum coke 31,4
180

Annex 6 : Key sources : flows of activity data 
181

Commercial/Institution

al data (1A4a - CO2)

- Natural gas 

consumption : CWaPE 

from grid operators 

- Petroleum products and solid fuels consumption : 

SPF EPMECME 

- Buildings data : Statbel 

(*) 

- temp. data : IRM /KMI 

ENERGY- Key Sources - flow of activity data Wallonia

AWAC

(=> Emission 

estimates)

Manufacture of Solid fuels and other energy 

industries data (1A1c - CO2)

(=> coke oven plant energy & natural gas transp.)

Iron and steel data (1A2a - CO2)

Chemicals data (1A2c - CO2)

Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco (1A2e -

CO2)

(=> sugar prod., milk prod., beer prod, other small

manufacturies...)

Other data (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2)( 

data1A2f - CO2)

(=> cement prod., lime prod., glass prod, bricks & 

tiles, other small manufacturies) 

=> data provided for each specific plant by producers. 

 * to ET and/or REGINE for the main sources 

* to ICEDD for the smallest sources.

Consolidation of energy balances carried out by « group harmonization of energy » 

CO2)

- Natural gas 

consumption : CWaPE 

from Grid operators 

- Petroleum products 

and solid fuels 

consumption : SPF 

EPMECME 

- Buildings data : 

Statbel (*) - temp. data : 

Road transport 

data for (1A3b -

N2O) :

- mobility (vehkm) : SPF 

Mobility 

- Vehicle stocks : 

Statbel (*) & 

EMISSION 

TRADING 

DECLARATIONS 

ICEDD (=> Walloon Energy balance)

Flemish Energy balance(VITO) Brussels Energy balance (ICEDD)

Road transport data (1A3b - C02) :

Fuel consumption : 

SPF EPMECME

Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries data (1A4c -CO2)- agricultural and horticultural census : Statbel (*) 

Navigation (inland 

waterway data) 

(1A3d - CO2)

Mobility (t-km) : MET (combined with energy consumption per t-km) 

(*) Federal Public Service for Economy – General Directorate for Statistics and Information on Economy (former INS/NIS)

REGINE (DGARNE - DCE => Energy consump. from LPS) 

Public Electricity and Heat 

Production data (1A1a - CO2)- Main electricity production companies (to ET & REGINE) - Small electricity producers & autoproducers (to ICEDD) - Decentralized heat production (to ICEDD) - Energy consumption of waste installations with electricity production (to ET & REGINE) 
182

VITO (=> 

Flemish 

Energy 

ENERGY- Key Sources - flow of activity data - Flanders 

Road transport data for 

(1A3b - N2O) :

- mobility (veh-km) : SPF 

mobility 

Vehicle stocks : DIV 

(Federal Public Service 

for Mobility and 

VMM 

(=> Emission estimates 

EMISSION 

TRADING 

DECLARATIONS 

Road transport data 

(1A3b - C02) :

Fuel consumption : 

SPF EPMECME (nat. 

level) 

MIMOSA based on 

traffic flow model 

Annual 

integrated 

environmen

tal reports 

(VMM)

Brussel Energy balance 

(ICEDD)

Consolidation of energy balances carried out by « group harmonization of energy » 

Public Electricity and Heat 

Production main data (1A1a - CO2)

- Energy consumption via the obliged reporting for :  * producers of renewable heat, added with data from green certificates  * producers of combined heat/power installations ;  * autoproducers. - Energy consumption of 

waste, installations with electricity production (via the annual integrated environmental reports) and OVAM

Walloon Energy balance 

(ICEDD)

Industrial federations

Navigation (inland 

waterway data and sea 

navigation between 

Belgian sea ports) (1A3d -

CO2) - Mobility (t-km) 

: Statbel (*) 

(combined with 

energy 

Residential data (1A4b -

CO2)

- Natural gas consumption : 

FIGAS & Grid operators 

- Liquid fuels consumption : 

VEA (Flemish Energy 

Agency) - Coal, biomass 

consumption : 

modeldata - (Commercial/Institutional data (1A4a - CO2) 

- Energy consumption :  * Survey carried by vito (2006)  * Energy cooperation agreement with  communities and provinces,  * Annual integrated environment reporting,  * Grid operators (nat. Gaz) 

Petroleum Refining main data (1A1b 

- CO2) - integrated 

environmental reports - verification office benchmarking - additional data from SPF (petroleum balances) 

Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries data (1A4c - CO2)- agricultural and horticultural census : Statbel (*) and Policy area of agriculture and fishery of the Ministry of the Flemish Community and Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO) 

Manufacture of Solid fuels and other 

energy industries data (1A1c - CO2)

Iron and steel data (1A2a - CO2)

Chemicals data (1A2c - CO2)

Food Processing, Beverages and 

Tobacco (1A2e - CO2)

Other data (as specifies in table 

1.A(a) sheet 2)( data1A2f - CO2) - integrated 

environmental reports - verification office benchmarking - survey chemical 

federation 
183

Commercial/Institution

al data (1A4a - CO2)

- Natural gas 

consumption : CWaPE 

from grid operators 

- Petroleum products and solid fuels consumption : 

SPF EPMECME 

- Buildings data : Statbel 

(*) 

- temp. data : IRM /KMI 

ENERGY- Key Sources - flow of activity data Wallonia

AWAC

(=> Emission 

estimates)

Manufacture of Solid fuels and other energy 

industries data (1A1c - CO2)

(=> coke oven plant energy & natural gas transp.)

Iron and steel data (1A2a - CO2)

Chemicals data (1A2c - CO2)

Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco (1A2e -

CO2)

(=> sugar prod., milk prod., beer prod, other small

manufacturies...)

Other data (as specified in table 1.A(a) sheet 2)( 

data1A2f - CO2)

(=> cement prod., lime prod., glass prod, bricks & 

tiles, other small manufacturies) 

=> data provided for each specific plant by producers. 

 * to ET and/or REGINE for the main sources 

* to ICEDD for the smallest sources.

Consolidation of energy balances carried out by « group harmonization of energy » 

CO2)

- Natural gas 

consumption : CWaPE 

from Grid operators 

- Petroleum products 

and solid fuels 

consumption : SPF 

EPMECME 

- Buildings data : 

Statbel (*) - temp. data : 

Road transport 

data for (1A3b -

N2O) :

- mobility (vehkm) : SPF 

Mobility 

- Vehicle stocks : 

Statbel (*) & 

EMISSION 

TRADING 

DECLARATIONS 

ICEDD (=> Walloon Energy balance)

Flemish Energy balance(VITO) Brussels Energy balance (ICEDD)

Road transport data (1A3b - C02) :

Fuel consumption : 

SPF EPMECME

Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries data (1A4c -CO2)- agricultural and horticultural census : Statbel (*) 

Navigation (inland 

waterway data) 

(1A3d - CO2)

Mobility (t-km) : MET (combined with energy consumption per t-km) 

(*) Federal Public Service for Economy – General Directorate for Statistics and Information on Economy (former INS/NIS)

REGINE (DGARNE - DCE => Energy consump. from LPS) 

Public Electricity and Heat 

Production data (1A1a - CO2)- Main electricity production companies (to ET & REGINE) - Small electricity producers & autoproducers (to ICEDD) - Decentralized heat production (to ICEDD) - Energy consumption of waste installations with electricity production (to ET & REGINE) 
184

VITO (=> 

Flemish 

Energy 

ENERGY- Key Sources - flow of activity data - Flanders 

Road transport data for 

(1A3b - N2O) :

- mobility (veh-km) : SPF 

mobility 

Vehicle stocks : DIV 

(Federal Public Service 

for Mobility and 

VMM 

(=> Emission estimates 

EMISSION 

TRADING 

DECLARATIONS 

Road transport data 

(1A3b - C02) :

Fuel consumption : 

SPF EPMECME (nat. 

level) 

MIMOSA based on 

traffic flow model 

Annual 

integrated 

environmen

tal reports 

(VMM)

Brussel Energy balance 

(ICEDD)

Consolidation of energy balances carried out by « group harmonization of energy » 

Public Electricity and Heat 

Production main data (1A1a - CO2)

- Energy consumption via the obliged reporting for :  * producers of renewable heat, added with data from green certificates  * producers of combined heat/power installations ;  * autoproducers. - Energy consumption of 

waste, installations with electricity production (via the annual integrated environmental reports) and OVAM

Walloon Energy balance 

(ICEDD)

Industrial federations

Navigation (inland 

waterway data and sea 

navigation between 

Belgian sea ports) (1A3d -

CO2) - Mobility (t-km) 

: Statbel (*) 

(combined with 

energy 

Residential data (1A4b -

CO2)

- Natural gas consumption : 

FIGAS & Grid operators 

- Liquid fuels consumption : 

VEA (Flemish Energy 

Agency) - Coal, biomass 

consumption : 

modeldata - (Commercial/Institutional data (1A4a - CO2) 

- Energy consumption :  * Survey carried by vito (2006)  * Energy cooperation agreement with  communities and provinces,  * Annual integrated environment reporting,  * Grid operators (nat. Gaz) 

Petroleum Refining main data (1A1b 

- CO2) - integrated 

environmental reports - verification office benchmarking - additional data from SPF (petroleum balances) 

Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries data (1A4c - CO2)- agricultural and horticultural census : Statbel (*) and Policy area of agriculture and fishery of the Ministry of the Flemish Community and Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO) 

Manufacture of Solid fuels and other 

energy industries data (1A1c - CO2)

Iron and steel data (1A2a - CO2)

Chemicals data (1A2c - CO2)

Food Processing, Beverages and 

Tobacco (1A2e - CO2)

Other data (as specifies in table 

1.A(a) sheet 2)( data1A2f - CO2) - integrated 

environmental reports - verification office benchmarking - survey chemical 

federation 
185

ENERGY- Key Sources - flow of activity data - Brussels

EMISSION 

TRADING 

DECLARATIO

Consolidation of energy balances carried out by « group harmonization of energy » 

Road transport data for (1A3b ) :- mobility (veh-km) : SPF mobility - Vehicle stocks : Statbel (*) & FEBIAC from DIV 

Navigation (inland 

waterway data) (1A3d -CO2)

Energy consumption for the traffic : Brussels harbour.

Flemish Energy balance (VITO) 

Walloon Energy balance(ICEDD) 

Brussels Energy balance (ICEDD) 

Residential data (1A4b - CO2)- Natural gas consumption : SIBELGA - Butane & Propane consumption : FeBuPro - Petroleum products and solid fuels consumption : SPF EPMECME - Buildings data : Statbel (*) - temp. data : IRM/KMI

Commercial/Institutional data (1A4a - CO2)- Natural gas consumption : SIBELGA - Petroleum products and solid fuels consumption : SPF EPMECME - Buildings data : Statbel (*) - temp. data : IRM /KMI

Public Electricity and Heat Production data (1A1a - CO2)- Main electricity production companies - Small electricity producers & autoproducers - Decentralized heat production - Energy consumption of waste installations with electricity production

IBGE/BIM - 

(=> Emission 

estimates)

Road transport data (1A3b - C02) :Fuel consumption : SPF EPMECME

(*) Federal Public Service for Economy – General Directorate for Statistics and Information on Economy (former INS/NIS)
186

INDUSTRY - Key Sources - Flow of activity data - Wallonia

AWAC => Emission estimates

Foam blowing data (2F2 - HFC 134a) FEBELPLAST : figures for the consumption of foaming agents) 

Refrigeration & Air conditioning Equipment data (2F1 - HFC-134a - HFC 143a - HFC 125) - Refrigerant sales : Annual inquiry carried out by ECONOTEC/VITO near the suppliers - Refrigerant recovery : Statutory annual reporting to authorities (OVAM) of companies recovering ozone depleting substances. 

Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers data (2F4 - HFC 134a) Annual sales of units and doses in Belgium : Statistics established by IMS HEALTH. 

ECONOTEC/VITO :ANNUAL UPDATE OF THE EMISSION INVENTORY OF OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES, HFCs, PFCs AND SF6 IN BELGIUM (with regional estimates). 

Cement Production (2A1 - CO2)

Lime Production (2A2 - CO2)

Ammonia Production data (2B1 -

CO2)

Nitric acid Production data (2B2 -

N2O)

Iron & Steel Production data 

(2C1 - CO2)=> data provided for each specific plants by producers

EMISSION TRADING DECLARATIONS 

REGINE (DGARNEDCE)  (Emission data from LPS) 

For ET companies reporting also energy/emission data in Regine, comparison of the consistency of reported data. 
187

INDUSTRY - Key Sources - Flow of activity data - Flanders

VMM 

=> Emission 

estimates

Foam blowing data (2F2 - HFC 134a) FEBELPLAST : figures for the consumption of foaming agents) 

Refrigeration & Air conditioning Equipment data (2F1 - HFC-134a - HFC 143a - HFC 125) - Refrigerant sales : Annual inquiry carried out by ECONOTEC/VITO near the suppliers - Refrigerant recovery : Statutory annual reporting to authorities (OVAM) of companies recovering ozone depleting substances. 

Aerosols/Metered Dose Inhalers data (2F4 - HFC 134a) Annual sales of units and doses in Belgium : Statistics established by IMS HEALTH. 

ECONOTEC/VITO :ANNUAL UPDATE OF THE EMISSION INVENTORY OF OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES, HFCs, PFCs AND SF6 IN BELGIUM (with regional estimates). 

Ammonia Production data (2B1 - CO2)Nitric acid Production data (2B2 - N2O)

Other - black carbon (2B5 - CO2)

Other - caprolactam (2B5 - N2O)Iron & Steel Production data (2C1 - CO2)

By-product Emissions data (2E1 - CF4)Fugitive Emissions data (2E2 - C5F12 -

C6F14)

=> data provided for each specific plant by producers via integrated environmental reporting 

EMISSION TRADING DECLARATIONS 

Annual 

integrated 

environmental 

reports

(VMM) 

For ET companies reporting also energy/emission data in the "annual integrated env. report", comparison of the consistency of reported data. 
188

MANURE MANAGEMENT (4B)- Cattle (4B1-CH4)- Swine (4B8 - CH4)

- Solid storage and dry lot (4 B13 - N20)

- livestock figures : Statbel (*) - - Manure production : Nitrawal (implementation of the nitrates directive) 

ENTERIC FERMENTATION (4A)Cattle (4A1-CH4) - livestock figures ad housing: Statbel (*) - Average animal weight and 

weight gain : Federal Finance Department - Milk production : CSWAAA 

AGRICULTURAL SOILS (4D)

Direct soil Emissions (4D1 - N2O)

Indirect emissions (4D3 - N2O)

(=> Em. from atm. deposition, leaching and runoff) Pasture, range,and paddock manure (4D2 - N2O)

- livestock figures : Statbel (*) - Manure production : Nitrawal (implementation of the nitrates directive) - N Atmospheric deposition : UCL (Catholic University of Louvain) 

- Mineral fertiliser : IEA (Institute of agricultural

economy) 

AWAC=> Emission estimates

(*) Federal Public Service for Economy – General Directorate for Statistics and Information on Economy (former INS/NIS) 

AGRICULTURE - Key Sources - Flow of activity data - Wallonia 
189

MANURE MANAGEMENT (4B)- Cattle (4B1-CH4)

- Swine (4B8 - CH4)- Solid storage and dry lot (4 B13 - N20)

- livestock figures : Statbel (*) - average weight : Department Agriculture and Fishery. - Integrator : Flemish Land Agency - Manure production : Flemish Land Agency (& Cascada & Safley) - Amount of manure processed : Manure bank of the Flemish Land Agency - Allocation to AWMS : Flemish Land Agency 

ENTERIC FERMENTATION (4A)

Cattle (4A1-CH4) - livestock figures : Statbel (*) - Average animal weight, milkproduction, feeding situation and weight gain : Flemish Department Agriculture and Fishery

AGRICULTURE - Key Sources - Flow of activity data - Flanders

AGRICULTURAL SOILS (4D)Direct soil Emissions (4D1 - N2O)

Indirect emissions (4D3 - N2O)

(=> Em. from atm. deposition, leaching and runoff) Pasture, range,and paddock manure (4D2 -

N2O)- Area organic soils : University of 

Leuven - Nitrogen leaching & run-off and Natmosperic deposition: VMM - livestock figures, agricultural land area, edible crop production: Statbel (*) - Fertilizer use : Department and Institute for agricultural & Fisheries research - Amount of manure exported or processed : Flemish Land Agency

VMM=> Emission estimates

(*) Federal Public Service for Economy – General Directorate for Statistics and Information on Economy (former INS/NIS) 
190

Managed waste Disposal on Land (6 A1 -CH4) - Annual amount and types of waste disposed : OWD (Wallon waste office), based on taxes declaration forms. - Data on amount and CH4 content of the biogas recovered : Reported directly by landfill owners + further data on biogas composition from ISSEP (Scientific Institute for Public Service in Wallonia). 

Waste Incineration (Flaring in the chemical industry (6C -CO2)=> data provided for each specific plants by producers. 

REGINE (DGARNE - DCE) 

AWAC

WASTE - Key Sources - Flow of activity data - Wallonia
191

Managed waste Disposal on Land (6 A1 - CH4) - Data and information needed for modelling : OVAM 

Waste Incineration (Flaring in the chemical industry (6C - CO2)

⇒ allocated in 2B5 

Data provided by VITO (surveys chemical federation) 

VMM, by modelling :"first order decay model" and "multiphase model" 

WASTE - Key Sources - Flow of activity data - Flanders

VMM => Emission estimates 
192
193

Annex 7 : Glossary 

 

Organisms and sources of information

 

AWAC Walloon Agency for Air and Climate, in charge of GHG inventories 

CELINE/IRCEL Interregional environmental agency a.o. in charge of national GHG inventory 

compilation. 

CSWAAA Walloon council for agriculture, agrofood and food 

CWaPE Walloon Commission for Energy (energy markets regulator) 

DCE Part of the DGARNE responsible of the coordination of environmental matters. 

DGARNE Walloon Ministry for Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment (formerly 

DGRNE) 

DGTRE Walloon Ministry for technologies, R&D and energy 

DIV National office for the licensing of vehicles 

ECONOTEC Energy and environmental consultants a.o. in charge of F-gas emission inventory 

for Belgium (with VITO) 

FEBIAC Belgian federation of automobile and bicycles 

FeBuPro Federation Butane Propane 

FIGAS/FIGAZ Federation of natural gas suppliers and equipment manufacturers 

IBGE/BIM Brussels institute for environmental management a.o. in charge of GHG 

inventories 

ICEDD Private company in charge of energy balances in the Walloon and Brussels 

regions 

IEA International Energy Agency 

IMS Health Private company collecting pharmaceutical market data 

IRM/KMI Royal meteorological institute 

MET Ministry of equipment and transports in the Walloon region 

OVAM Flemish office for Waste Management 

REGINE Databank of industrial atmospheric emissions in Wallonia 

STATBEL 

Name of the web-site of the federal public service of Economy (SPF Économie - 

Direction générale Statistique et Information économique, former INS/NIS) 

where Belgian offcial statistics are published 

VEA Flemish Energy Agency 

VITO Flemish Institute for Technological Researcha.o. in charge of energy balances for 

Flanders and of F-gases inventories (with ECONOTEC)

VLM Flemish agency for Land Management (databank for manure management) 

VMM Flemish agency for environment a.o. in charge of GHG emission inventory 

VREG Flemish Commission for Energy (energy markets regulator) 

 

 

Acronyms

 

CCIEP Coordination Committee for International Environmental Policy 

COP Conference of Parties 

CRF Common Reporting Format 

EC European Commission 

EMAS Eco Management and Audit Scheme 

ERT Expert Review Team 
194

ET Emission Trading 

GHG Greenhouse gases 

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 

ISO International Organisation for Standardization 

LPS Large Point Sources 

MOP Meeting Of the Parties 

QA Quality Assurance 

QC Quality Control 

SPF/FOD Federal Public Service 

SPF EPMECME Federal Public Service for Economy, SME, middle class and Energy (Service 

public fédéral Economie, PME, classes moyennes et Energie) 

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 
195

Annex 8: Activity data and emissions of CO2 for road transport in Belgium 

(category 1A3b) 

ton TJ Gg CO2 

 gasoline gasoil LPG gasoline gasoil LPG total gasoline gasoil LPG total 

1990 2727081 3479101 53803 119863 148547 2472 270883 8223 10892 154 19270

1991 2738415 3535629 45114 120362 150961 2073 273395 8258 11069 129 19456

1992 2902959 3609910 43110 127594 154132 1981 283707 8754 11302 124 20179

1993 2838984 3837999 37753 124782 163871 1735 290388 8561 12016 108 20685

1994 2839334 3978669 50032 124797 169877 2299 296973 8562 12456 144 21162

1995 2832973 4000341 57208 124518 170803 2629 297949 8543 12524 164 21231

1996 2738785 4218890 62412 120378 180134 2868 303380 8259 13209 179 21646

1997 2535155 4493523 70751 111428 191860 3251 306539 7645 14068 203 21916

1998 2511940 4712042 92571 110407 201190 4254 315851 7575 14752 266 22593

1999 2393828 4924499 100414 105216 210261 4614 320091 7219 15418 288 22924

2000 2244723 5192316 103334 98662 221696 4748 325107 6769 16256 296 23321

2001 2185712 5425970 134033 96069 231673 6159 333900 6591 16988 385 23963

2002 2086596 5632263 123134 91712 240481 5658 337851 6292 17633 353 24279

2003 2104943 5799046 108100 92519 247602 4967 345088 6347 18156 310 24813

2004 1932387 6305457 80419 84934 269224 3695 357853 5827 19741 231 25799

2005 1761955 6195292 76267 77443 264520 3504 345468 5313 19396 219 24928

2006 1465015 6314325 88657 64392 269603 4074 338068 4418 19769 254 24441

2007 1394026 6367495 62869 61272 271873 2889 336033 4204 19935 180 24319
196

Annex 9: First order decay model in Flemish region for wast disposal sites 

in after-care 
197

Annex 10: Total emissions of CH4 from permitted and unpermitted SWD 

sites in the Flemish region