Pest List for the Importation of Fresh Orange and 

Tangerine (Citrus sinensis and C. reticulata) into the 

Continental United States from Egypt

July 11, 2011

Version 1

Agency Contact:

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606
Ver. 1 (Original) July 11, 2011 2

1. Introduction

1.1. Initiation

The Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory of the United States Department of 

Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, 

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology prepared this pest list to examine potential pest 

risks associated with the importation of fresh orange and tangerine, Citrus sinensis and C. 

reticulate, (Rutaceae), fruit from Egypt into the continental United States. This pest list is 

commodity-based or “pathway-initiated” because oranges and tangerines are potential pathways

for the introduction of plant pests. 

The movement of fruits and vegetables from foreign countries, such as Egypt, into the United 

States is regulated in 7 CFR §319.56 (2011). Currently, the entry of fresh orange and tangerine

from Egypt into the continental United States is not authorized under 7 CFR §318.56; the 

government of Egypt seeks a change in this Federal Regulation to allow entry.

1.2. Standard post-harvest processing

To reduce or eliminate the pest risk associated with the movement of this commodity, the United 

States has proposed as a condition of entry to have the commodity cold treated during shipment. 

We assumed that the commodity would undergo the following minimal standard post-harvest 

processing described by the government of Egypt: soil and debris removal, visual inspection and 

culling, and washing. By developing this pest list, we can determine if cold treatment, in addition 

to minimal standard post-harvest processing, is adequate to provide phytosanitary security or if 

other measures may be required.

2. Pest Categorization

2.1. Pests associated with orange and tangerine

Below, we list the pests associated with Citrus spp. (in any country) that occur in Egypt (on any 

host) (Table 1). We identified the presence or absence of these pests in the continental United 

States, the quarantine status of the pests with respect to the continental United States, the 

generally affected plant part or parts, whether quarantine pests are likely to follow the pathway

and enter the continental United States on commercial orange and tangerine fruit, and pertinent 

references. We developed this pest list based on the scientific literature, USDA port-of-entry pest 

interception data, and information provided by the government of Egypt. Organisms in shaded 

rows are quarantine pests identified for potential risk mitigation, as we consider them likely to 

follow the pathway of commercial fruit shipments. We summarize these pests in a separate table 

(Table 2). 

Quarantine pests not included can be detrimental to U.S. agriculture or ecosystems, but were not 

candidates for risk mitigation for a variety of reasons. For example, they were associated mainly

with plant parts other than the commodity; may be associated with the commodity, but would not 
Ver. 1 (Original) July 11, 2011 3

reasonably remain with the commodity during harvest and packing; or have been intercepted as 

biological contaminants of this commodity during U.S. agricultural port of entry inspection, but 

would not be present in commercial shipments.

Please note that in the pest list (Table 1), we do not provide information on plant part association 

and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway for non-quarantine pests. Even if nonquarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests 

would not be justified because they already occur in the continental United States. Therefore, for 

non-quarantine pests we indicate that information with N/A (not applicable).

Table 1. Pests associated with citrus (Citrus spp.) that are also present in Egypt

Pest Scientific Name Distribution Reported on

Citrus spp.

Quarantine PestPlant Part(s) 

Association

Follow 

pathway

ARTHROPODS

ACARI

Eriophyidae

Aceria sheldoni (Ewing) EG, US (CABI, 

1980)

CABI, 1980 No N/A N/A

Phyllocoptruta citri Soliman 

& Abou-Awad

EG (Soliman and 

Abou-Awad, 

1979; Vacante, 

2010)

Soliman and AbouAwad, 1979Yes Fruit, Leaves 

(Soliman and 

Abou-Awad, 1979)

No1

Phyllocoptruta oleivora

(Ashmead)

EG (CAPQ, 

2006); US (CABI, 

2011)

CAPQ, 2006 No N/A N/A

Tarsonemidae

Tarsonemus bilobatus Suski EG (CABI, 2011) Abo-Korah, 1984 No N/A N/A

Tenuipalpidae 

Brevipalpus lewisi

(Mcgregor)

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Brevipalpus phoenicis

(Geijskes)

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Brevipalpus californicus

(Banks)

EG (CAPQ, 

2006); US (CABI, 

2011)

CAPQ, 2006 No N/A N/A

Tetranychidae 

Tetranychus urticae Koch EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Eutetranychus orientalis

(Klein)

EG (CAPQ, 2006) CAPQ, 2006 Yes Leaves (CABI, 

2011)

No

Panonychus citri

(Mcgregor)

EG (CAPQ, 

2006); US (CABI, 

2011)

CAPQ, 2006 No N/A N/A

 

1 Because washing the fruit is part of standard post-harvest processing of commercial citrus (§1.2), this species is highly 

unlikely to follow the pathway.
Ver. 1 (Original) July 11, 2011 4

Pest Scientific Name Distribution Reported on

Citrus spp.

Quarantine PestPlant Part(s) 

Association

Follow 

pathway

Tuckerellidae 

Tuckerella nilotica Zaher & 

Rasmy

EG (Vacante, 

2010)

Vacante, 2010 Yes Fruit (Vacante, 

2010)

No1

INSECTA

Coleoptera: Anthrididae

Araecerus fasciculatus (De 

Geer)

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Bostrichidae

Apate monachus Fabricius EG (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 Yes Wood, Stems 

(CABI, 2011)

No

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Pantomorus cervinus

(Boheman)

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Diptera: Muscidae

Atherigona orientalis

Schiner

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Diptera: Tephritidae

Bactrocera zonata

(Saunders)

EG (CAPQ, 2006) CAPQ, 2006 Yes Fruit (CABI, 2011) Yes

Ceratitis capitata

(Wiedemann)

EG (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 Yes Fruit (CABI, 2011) Yes

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Acaudaleyrodes rachipora

Singh

EG (Martin et al., 

2000)

Martin et al., 2000 Yes Leaves (Martin et 

al., 2000)

No

Aleurothrixus floccosus

(Maskell)

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Dialeurodes citri

(Ashmead)

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Parabemisia myricae

Kuwana

EG (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 Yes Leaves (CABI, 

2011)

No

Hemiptera: Aphidae

Aphis fabae Scopoli EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Aphis gossypii Glover EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Aphis spiraecola Patch EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Brachycaudus helichrysi

(Kaltenbach)

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Myzus persicae (Sulzer) EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A
Ver. 1 (Original) July 11, 2011 5

Pest Scientific Name Distribution Reported on

Citrus spp.

Quarantine PestPlant Part(s) 

Association

Follow 

pathway

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

Neoaliturus haematoceps

Mulsant & Reyl. 

EG (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 Yes Vegetative growing 

stages (CABI, 

2011)

No

Neoaliturus tenellus (Baker) EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No Vegetative growing 

stages (CABI, 

2011)

No

Hemiptera: Coccidae

Ceroplastes floridensis

Comstock

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Ceroplastes rusci Linnaeus EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 Yes Foliage, Stems, 

Branches (CABI, 

2011)

No

Coccus hesperidum

Linnaeus

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Saissetia oleae (Olivier) EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Aonidiella aurantii

(Maskell)

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Aonidiella orientalis

(Newstead)

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Aspidiotus nerii Bouché EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus aonidum

(Linnaeus)

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus 

dictyospermi (Morgan)

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Lepsidosaphes beckii

(Newman)

EG (CAPQ, 

2006); US (BenDov et al., 2011)

CAPQ, 2006 No N/A N/A

Parlatoria pergandii

Comstock

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas) EG (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 Yes Shoots, Foliage, 

Fruit (CABI, 2011)

No2

Unaspis citri (Comstock) EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Margarodidae

Icerya purchasi Maskell EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Icerya seychellarum 

(Westwood)

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 Yes Leaves (CABI 

2011)

No

 

2 Although armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, they are highly unlikely to become established via 

this pathway. Please see discussion in section 2.2 for a more detailed explanation.
Ver. 1 (Original) July 11, 2011 6

Pest Scientific Name Distribution Reported on

Citrus spp.

Quarantine PestPlant Part(s) 

Association

Follow 

pathway

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Ferrisia virgata Cockerell EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Maconellicoccus hirsutus

(Green)

EG (CAPQ, 

2006); US (CABI, 

2011)

CAPQ, 2006 No N/A N/A

Nipaecoccus viridis

(Newstead)

EG (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 Yes Flower, Fruit 

(CABI, 2011)

No1

Planococcus citri (Risso) EG (CAPQ, 

2006); US (CABI, 

2011)

CAPQ, 2006 No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae

Phyllocnistis citrella

Stainton

EG (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 Yes Leaves, Fruit

3

(Bermudez et al., 

2004; CABI, 2011)

No4

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae

Stathmopoda auriferella

(Walker)

EG (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 Yes Flower buds, Fruit 

(van der Gaag and 

van der Straten, 

2009)

No4

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Cryptoblabes gnidiella

Millière

EG (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 Yes Fruit, Leaves, 

Stems (CABI, 

2011; Davarci, 

1996)

No4

Ectomyelois ceratoniae

(Zeller)

EG (Hashem and 

El- Halawany, 

1996); US (Nay 

and Perring, 2005)

Gothilf, 1970 No N/A N/A

Euzopherodes vapidella

(Mannerheim)

EG (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 Yes Fruit piercing 

(Jeppson, 1989)

No5

Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae

 

3

Fruit occasionally attacked during heavy infestations (Bermudez et al., 2004; CABI, 2011)

4 Due to their mobility, free-living adults of Lepidoptera are highly unlikely to be in the pathway of commercially produced 

orange and tangerine fruits. The pupae of these genera are either associated with plant parts other than fruit, occur 

externally on their host’s plant parts, or occur in the soil. Or, if the pupae occur inside the fruit or seed of their host plants, 

they would be associated with premature fruit drop and/or obvious damage and symptoms (CABI, 2011), thereby making 

it likely for the fruit to be culled during standard harvest or post-harvest handling and processing.

5

Euzopherodes vapidella is a fruit-piercing moth (Jeppson, 1989). Because this species only feeds externally on the fruit and 

because of the size and mobility of the adults, post-harvest processing is highly likely to remove the pest.
Ver. 1 (Original) July 11, 2011 7

Pest Scientific Name Distribution Reported on

Citrus spp.

Quarantine PestPlant Part(s) 

Association

Follow 

pathway

Prays citri Millière EG (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 Yes Flowers, Fruit 

(CABI, 2011; 

Katsoyannos, 

1996)

No4

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Scirtothrips aurantii Faure EG (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 Yes Young leaves 

(CABI, 2011)

No

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis

Bouché

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

NEMATODES

Belondira brevibulba Ferris, 

Ferris & Goseco

EG(Ferris et al., 

1983)

Ferris et al., 1983 Yes Soil (Ferris et al., 

1983)

No

Helicotylenchus dihystera 

(Cobb) Sher

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Helicotylenchus 

multicinctus (Cobb) 

Golden

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Hemicriconemoides 

mangiferae Siddiqi

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Hoplolaimus pararobustus 

(Sch. Stek. & Teun) Sher 

in Coomans

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus brachyurus 

(Godfrey) Filipjev & 

Schuurmans Stekhoven

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus penetrans 

(Cobb) Filipjev & 

Schuurmans Stekhoven

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus vulnus Allen 

& Jensen

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Radopholus similis (Cobb) 

Thorne

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Rotylenchulus parvus 

(Williams) Sher

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Rotylenchulus reniformis 

Linford & Oliveira

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Scutellonema brachyurus 

(Steiner) Amdrassy

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Thiernchulus sp EG (Anonymous, 

2000)

Anonymous, 2000 Yes Root (Anonymous, 

2000)

No

Tylenchulus semipenetrans 

Cobb

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Xiphinema americanum 

Cobb

EG (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 Yes Root (CABI, 2011) No
Ver. 1 (Original) July 11, 2011 8

Pest Scientific Name Distribution Reported on

Citrus spp.

Quarantine PestPlant Part(s) 

Association

Follow 

pathway

Xiphinema insigne Loos EG (Ibrahim et al., 

2010)

CABI, 2011 Yes Root (Ibrahim et 

al., 2010)

No

Xiphinema italiae Meyl EG (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 Yes Root (CABI, 2011) No

FUNGI

Alternaria alternate Keisi EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Alternaria citri Ellis & N. 

Pierce 

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Armillaria mellea 

(Vahl:FFr) P. Kumm

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Aspergillus flavus Link EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Aspergillus niger van Tiegh EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Botryosphaeria rhodina

(Cook) Arx (Syn: 

Lasiodiplodia 

theobromae (Pat.) 

Griffiths & Maubl.; 

Diplodia natalensis PoleEvans)

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Botryosphaeria ribis 

Grossenb. & Duggar

EG, US (CABI, 

2010)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Botryotinia fuckeliana (de 

Bary) Whetzel (Syn.: 

Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex

Fr.)

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Capnodium citricolum 

McAlpine (Syn= 

Limacinula citricola

(McAlpine) Speg.)

EG (Anonymous, 

2000)

Anonymous, 2000 Yes Fruit, Leaf, Twigs 

(Smith et al., 1997)

No6

Chalara elegans Nag Ray & 

W.B. Kendr.

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Chaetothyrium citri Arn. 

Fisher

EG(Anonymous, 

2000)

Anonymous, 2000 Yes Fruit, Leaf, Twigs

(Jlin et al., 1988)

No3

Cochliobolus lunatus R.R. 

Nelson & Haasis 

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum 

gloeosporoides (Penz) 

Penz & Sacc. (Syn = 

Glomerella cingulata 

(Stone) Spaulding & 

Schenk)

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

 

6 Because of its size, biology and/or mobility, this pest is not expected to stay on the commodity through harvest, standard 

handling, and processing
Ver. 1 (Original) July 11, 2011 9

Pest Scientific Name Distribution Reported on

Citrus spp.

Quarantine PestPlant Part(s) 

Association

Follow 

pathway

Corticium rolfsii Curzi 

(Syn: Sclerotium rolfsii

Sacc.) 

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Debaryomyces hansenii 

(Zopf) Lodder & Kregervan Rij

EG (Moawad et 

al., 1986); US (Pitt 

and Hocking, 

2009) 

Moawad et al., 

1986; Pitt and 

Hocking, 2009

No N/A N/A

Diaporthe citri F. A. Wolf EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Fusarium oxysporium 

Schlechtendahl (Syn= F.

oxysporium var

orthocerus)

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Ganoderma lucidum 

(Curtis) P. Karst 

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Geotrichum candidum var 

citri- aurantii (Ferraris) 

Sacc.& Sydow (Syn: 

Oospora citri -aurantii 

(Ferraris) Sacc.& Sydow)

EG(Tarabeih et 

al., 1977); US 

(Farr and 

Rossman, 2011

Farr and Rossman, 

2011 Tarabeih et 

al., 1977

No N/A N/A

Gibberella fujikuroi 

(Sawada) S. Ito 

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Guignardia bidwellii (Ellis) 

Viala & Ravaz 

[Anamorph: Phyllosticta 

ampelicida (Engelm) Aa.] 

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Macrophomina phaseolina 

(Tassi) Goidanich 

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Nectria haematococca 

(Wollenw.) Gerlah (Syn.:

Fusarium solani

(Martius) Sacc.) 

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Penicillium digitatum Sacc. EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Penicillium italicum 

Wehmer 

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Pestalotiopsis versicolor 

(Speg) Steyart 

EG (Anonymous, 

2000); US (Farr 

and Rossman, 

2011)

Anonymous, 2000 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011

No N/A N/A

Phoma tracheiphila (Petri) 

Kantachvelli & 

Gkacheveli 

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Phytophthora cactorum 

(Lebert & Cohn) Schröt. 

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A
Ver. 1 (Original) July 11, 2011 10

Pest Scientific Name Distribution Reported on

Citrus spp.

Quarantine PestPlant Part(s) 

Association

Follow 

pathway

Phytophthora capsici 

Leonian 

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Phytophthora citrophthora 

(R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm.) 

Leonian 

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Phytophthora cryptogea 

(Pethybr. & Laff.) 

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Phytophthora nicotianae 

Breda de Haan (Syn = P.

parisitica Dastur) 

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Phytophthora palmivora 

[Oomycetes: Pythiales]

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Phytophthora sp. EG (Minessy et 

al., 1974)

Minessy et al., 1974 Yes Root (Minessy et 

al., 1974)

No

Pythium aphanidermatum 

(Edson)Fitzp.

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Pythium debaryanum (Auct. 

non.) R. Hesse 

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Pythium irregulare Buisman EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Pythium oligandrum 

Drescler

EG (Abdelzaher et 

al., 1997); US 

(CABI, 2011)

Abdelzaher et al., 

1997; CABI, 2011

No N/A N/A

Pythium ostracodes Drechs. EG (Minessy et 

al., 1974) 

Minessy et al., 1974 Yes Root (Minessy et 

al., 1974)

No

Pythium ultimum (Trow) EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Rhizoctonia solani 

(Syn: Thanatephorus 

cucumeris (Frank) Donk 

EG(Anonymous, 

2000); US (CABI, 

2011)

Anonymous, 2000 

CABI, 2011

No N/A N/A

Rosellinia necatrix Prill. EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 

(Lib.) deBary 

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Thanatephorus cucumeris 

(Frank) Donk

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

BACTERIA

Pseudomonas syringae pv. 

syringae van Hall

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Pseudomonas viridiflava 

(Burkholder) Dowson

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Rhizobium radiobacter 

(Beijerinck & van 

Delden) Young et al.

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A
Ver. 1 (Original) July 11, 2011 11

Pest Scientific Name Distribution Reported on

Citrus spp.

Quarantine PestPlant Part(s) 

Association

Follow 

pathway

Spiroplasma citri Saglio et 

al.

EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

VIRUSES EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Citrus cachexia viroid EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Citrus exocortis viroid EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Citrus leprosis virus EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Citrus psorosis complex EG (Anonymous, 

2000); US (CABI, 

2011)

Anonymous, 2000 

CABI, 2011

No N/A N/A

Citrus tristeza virus EG, US (CABI, 

2011)

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Citrus viroid IV (CVd IV) EG (El-Dougdoug 

et al., 1997; NourEldin, 1959)

El-Dougdoug et al., 

1997; Nour-Eldin, 

1959

Yes Bark, Leaf (ElDougdoug et al., 

1997; Nour-Eldin, 

1959)

No

Citrus viroid II (CVd II) EG (Sofy et al., 

2010)

Sofy et al., 2010 

Reanwarakorn and 

Semancik, 1999

Yes Bark (Sofy et al., 

2010; 

Reanwarakorn and 

Semancik, 1999)

No

2.2. Quarantine pests not considered for risk mitigation

Quarantine pests not listed above could be detrimental to agriculture or ecosystems in the continental 

United States, but they are not candidates for risk mitigation for a variety of reasons. For example, they 

are mainly associated with plant parts other than the commodity; they may be associated with the 

commodity, but would not reasonably remain with the commodity through standard harvest and postharvest processing (as for the Lepidopterans above); they have been intercepted as biological 

contaminants of these commodities during U.S. agricultural port-of-entry inspection, but would not 

likely be present in commercial shipments; or the organism was identified (in the literature or in 

USDA’s interception data) only to the genus level, and the genus in question occurs in the continental 

United States.

Pests not identified to species. Generally, based on standards by the International Plant Protection 

Convention (IPPC, 2009), we do not consider risk mitigation measures for organisms identified only to 

the genus level if the genus in question is reported in the continental United States. Often there are many 

species within a genus, and we cannot know if the unidentified species occurs in the continental United 

States and, consequently, whether it meets the definition of a quarantine pest for the continental United 

States. In this risk assessment, the above statement applies to Phytophthora sp. This genus is reported to 

occur in the continental United States (CABI, 2011). Lack of specific identification may indicate the 
Ver. 1 (Original) July 11, 2011 12

limits of current taxonomic knowledge, the life stage, or the quality of the specimen submitted for 

identification. Pest risk assessments focus on organisms for which biological information is available. 

Armored scales. We did not further analyze the armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) identified in 

this risk assessment as quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway (Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas)), 

because armored scales are highly unlikely to establish via this pathway due to their very limited ability

to disperse to new host plants (Miller et al., 1985; PERAL, 2007). Only a certain immature form of 

armored scales, the crawler stage, can self-disperse. Crawlers are highly unlikely to successfully

disperse by walking from their natal host since they are not capable of rapid movement over bare soil or 

rough surfaces. They typically disperse by being blown from plant to plant in the wind. Additionally, 

their dispersal period is limited to approximately 24 hours, after which they start feeding, become firmly

anchored to the host tissue, and lose their legs. Adult females have no wings or legs. Dispersal from fruit 

discarded into the environment is highly unlikely because of low wind speeds at ground level and low 

survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on decaying fruit or fruit peels.

2.3. Quarantine pests considered for risk mitigation

We identified two arthropod quarantine pests that are likely to follow the commodity pathway (Table 2). 

All of these pests are candidates for mitigation measures.Detailed examination and choice of appropriate 

phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are part of the pest risk management phase within APHIS 

and are not addressed in this document.

Table 2. Quarantine pests associated with orange and tangerine fruit from Egypt.

Taxonomy Pest Scientific Name

Diptera: Tephritidae Bactrocera zonata

Ceratitis capitata

3. Authors 

Authors Robert G. Ahern, Risk Analyst (entomology, primary contact)a

Kayimbi Tubajika, Risk Analyst (plant pathology)a

a USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL

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