Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study 

in the South Coast Air Basin 

 

MATES III 

FINAL REPORT 

September 2008 

South Coast Air Quality Management District 

21865 Copley Drive 

Diamond Bar, CA 91765 
SOUTH COAST AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT DISTRICT 

GOVERNING BOARD 

Chairman: WILLIAM A. BURKE, Ed. D. 

Speaker of the Assembly Appointee 

Vice-Chairman: S. ROY WILSON, Ed. D. 

Supervisor, Fourth District 

Riverside County Representative 

MEMBERS: 

MICHAEL D. ANTONOVICH 

Supervisor, Fifth District, 

Los Angeles County Representative 

MICHAEL A. CACCIOTTI 

Councilmember, City of South Pasadena 

Cities Representative, Los Angeles County 

Eastern Region 

BILL CAMPBELL 

Supervisor, Third District 

Orange County Representative 

JANE W. CARNEY 

Senate Rules Committee Appointee 

RONALD O. LOVERIDGE 

Mayor, City of Riverside 

Cities Representative, Riverside County 

JOSEPH K. LYOU, PH.D. 

Governor’s Appointee 

GARY OVITT 

Supervisor, Fourth District 

San Bernardino County Representative 

JAN PERRY 

Councilmember 

City of Los Angeles Representative 

MIGUEL PULIDO 

Mayor, City of Santa Ana 

Cities Representative, Orange County 

TONIA REYES URANGA 

Councilmember, City of Long Beach 

Cities Representative, Los Angeles County, 

Western Region 

DENNIS YATES 

Mayor, City of Chino 

Cities Representative, San Bernardino County 

EXECUTIVE OFFICER: 

BARRY R. WALLERSTEIN, D.Env
AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS 

The following individuals contributed to the development, implementation, and reporting of this 

project. 

South Coast Air Quality Management District 

Executive Officer

Barry R. Wallerstein, D.Env. 

Deputy Executive Officers

Elaine Chang, Dr. PH Chung Liu, D. Env. 

Planning, Rule Development & Area Sources Science and Technology Advancement 

Assistant Deputy Executive Officers

Laki Tisopulos, Ph.D., P.E. Henry Hogo 

Planning, Rule Development & Area Sources Mobile Source Division, Science and 

Technology Advancement 

AUTHORS 

Jean Ospital, Dr. PH Health Effects Officer 

Joe Cassmassi Planning and Rules Manager 

Tom Chico Program Supervisor 

CONTRIBUTORS 

Meteorological Technician 

Temporary Air Quality Instrument Specialist I 

Principal Air Quality Chemist 

Temporary Laboratory Technician 

Air Quality Specialist 

Principal Air Quality Instrument Specialist 

Air Quality Chemist 

Laboratory Technician 

Chemist 

Senior Air Quality Instrument Specialist 

Program Supervisor 

Temporary Chemist 

Principal Air Quality Chemist 

Temporary Laboratory Technician 

Temporary Laboratory Technician 

Temporary Chemist 

Laboratory Technician 

Laboratory Technician 

Air Quality Specialist 

Senior Enforcement Manager, Laboratory Services 

Air Quality Instrument Specialist I 

Atmospheric Measurements Manager 

Libby Ayers 

Dale Barber 

Steven Barbosa 

Tracy Basler 

Mark Bassett 

Rene Bermudez 

Roger Bond 

Malou Cartwright 

Wimol Chanjamsri 

Paul Chavez 

Tom Chico 

Alice Chen 

Corie Choa 

Amy Chun 

Kris Collins 

Monique Davis 

Alicia Diaz 

Jorge Diez 

Kevin Durkee 

Rudy Eden 

Lila Enriquez 

Philip Fine 

Jeremy Graham Air Quality Instrument Specialist I 
Program Supervisor 

Air Quality Chemist 

Air Quality Instrument Specialist II 

Student Intern 

Senior Air Quality Chemist 

Air Quality Chemist 

Senior Air Quality Chemist 

Air Quality Chemist 

Temporary Laboratory Technician 

Air Quality Inspector II 

Senior Air Quality Chemist 

Air Quality Specialist 

Temporary Laboratory Technician 

Air Quality Instrument Specialist I 

Air Quality Chemist 

Air Quality Specialist 

Air Quality Specialist 

Air Quality Chemist 

Temporary Laboratory Technician 

Quality Assurance Manager 

Temporary Air Quality Instrument Specialist I 

Program Supervisor 

Air Quality Instrument Specialist I 

Senior Staff Specialist 

Air Quality Inspector II 

Assistant Air Quality Chemist 

Air Quality Instrument Specialist II 

Atmospheric Measurements Manager (retired) 

Air Quality Specialist 

Air Quality Instrument Specialist II 

Air Quality Chemist 

Principal Air Quality Instrument Specialist 

Air Quality Chemist (retired) 

Laboratory Technician 

Laboratory Technician 

Principal Air Quality Chemist 

Air Quality Inspector II 

Air Quality Instrument Specialist II 

Temporary Chemist 

Director of Strategic Initiatives 

Air Quality Chemist 

Principal Air Quality Instrument Specialist 

Air Quality Chemist 

Tracy Goss 

Sam Guo 

Refaat Hanna 

Sheri Hanizavareh 

Sandra Hom 

Dan Houghton 

Tai-Ching Hu 

Judy Hwa 

Eddie Hwang 

Laura Julius 

Aaron Katzenstein 

Bong Mann Kim 

Cindy Kirkpatrick 

Mike Koch 

Sally Kou 

Jong Hoon Lee 

Sang-Mi Lee 

Kay Liu 

Eddie Lui 

Jason Low 

Joe Macias 

Satoru Mitsutomi 

Ricardo Morales 

Chris Nelson 

Kevin Orellana 

John Parrack II 

Richard Parent 

Tom Parsons 

Tuyet-le Pham 

Ed Ruffino 

Ken Sanchez 

David Sawyer 

Mike Shu 

Steve Taw 

Na Mon Trinh 

Solomon Teffera 

Lyovit Usares 

Brian Vlasich 

Thy Vo 

Jill Whynot 

Paul Williamson 

Sumner Wilson 

Robert Yi 

Xinqiu Zhang Air Quality Specialist 
MATES III Technical Advisory Group 

 Member Name: Affiliation: 

L.A. County Sanitation Districts 

Cal EPA Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment 

General Motors 

Desert Research Institute 

Integrated Environmental Sciences 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

Southern California Edison 

Center for Environmental Research and Technology 

University of California, Los Angeles 

Health Effects Institute 

Health Effects Institute 

Consultant 

Engine Manufacturers Association 

California Small Business Alliance 

East Yard Communities for Environmental Justice 

Sonoma Technology 

City of Santa Monica 

California Air Resources Board 

California Air Resources Board 

California Council for Environmental and Economic Balance 

University of Southern California 

Loma Linda University 

Greg Adams 

Robert Blaisdell 

Steven Cadle 

Judith Chow 

Steve Colome 

Bob Devlin 

Rob Farber 

Dennis Fitz 

John Froines 

Dan Greenbaum 

Debra Kaden 

Dean High 

Mike Lakin 

Bill LaMarr 

Angelo Logan 

Fred Lurmann 

Rod Merl 

Dale Shimp 

Shankar Prasad 

Bill Quinn 

Constantino Sioutas 

Samuel Soret 

Mel Zeldin Consultant 
 Table of Contents

i

Table of Contents 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................... ES-1

1. INTRODUCTION 

Background...................................................................................................................... 1-1 

Objective.......................................................................................................................... 1-1 

2. MATES III MONITORING PROGRAM

Substances Monitored...................................................................................................... 2-1 

Siting of Monitoring Stations........................................................................................... 2-2 

Ambient Sampling Schedule............................................................................................ 2-2 

Monitoring Sites............................................................................................................... 2-2 

Monitoring and Laboratory Analysis............................................................................... 2-4 

Findings............................................................................................................................ 2-6 

Cancer Risk Estimates ................................................................................................... 2-10 

3. EMISSIONS INVENTORY DEVELOPMENT

Introduction...................................................................................................................... 3-1 

Overview.......................................................................................................................... 3-1 

Point Sources ................................................................................................................... 3-2 

Area Sources .................................................................................................................... 3-3 

On-Road Mobile Sources................................................................................................. 3-3 

Off-Road Mobile Sources................................................................................................ 3-5 

Summary of Toxic Emissions.......................................................................................... 3-5 

Selected Emissions and Air Quality Changes Since MATES II...................................... 3-6 

References........................................................................................................................ 3-6 

4. REGIONAL MODEL EVALUATION

Introduction...................................................................................................................... 4-1 

Background...................................................................................................................... 4-3 

MATES III vs. MATES II: Key Modeling Assumptions............................................... 4-3 

Modeling Results ............................................................................................................. 4-5 

Estimation of Risk.......................................................................................................... 4-10 

Evaluation ...................................................................................................................... 4-22 

References...................................................................................................................... 4-23 

5. MICROSCALE STUDY

Introduction...................................................................................................................... 5-1 

Site Selection ................................................................................................................... 5-1 

Microscale Sites and Sampling Periods........................................................................... 5-2 
 Table of Contents

ii

6. SUMMARY FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Improvements to Ambient Monitoring ............................................................................ 6-1 

Improvements to Air Toxics Modeling............................................................................ 6-1 

Key Findings.................................................................................................................... 6-1 

Discussion and Policy Implications................................................................................. 6-2 
 Table of Contents

iii

List of Tables 

Table No. Description Page No. 

ES-1 Substances Measured in MATES III ES-2 

 

ES-2 CMB Estimate of Diesel Particulate Compared to Emissions 

Inventory Ratio Methods 

ES-3 

 

ES-3 Modeled Air Toxics Risk Comparisons Using the CAMx 

Model 

ES-4 

 

2-1 Substances Monitored in MATES III 2-1 

 

2-2 MATES II Fixed Site Locations 2-3 

 

2-3 Sampling and Analysis Methods for MATES III 2-5

 

2-4 2005 Emissions of Diesel PM and EC, lbs./yr 2-9

 

2-5 Estimates of Average Diesel PM, μg/m3 2-9 

 

3-1 Commonly Used Spatial Surrogates 3-7 

 

3-2 Broad Vehicle Classes Considered by EMFAC 3-7 

 

3-3 Vehicle Activity Information for the Counties in the Basin 3-7 

 

3-4 2005 Annual Average Day Toxic Emissions for the South 

Coast Air Basin 

3-8 

 

3-5 Cancer Potency Weighted Species Apportionment for 2005 

Emissions 

3-9 

 

3-6 Selected Emissions and Air Quality Changes Since MATES 

II 

3-9 

 

4-1 Summary Comparison of Key Modeling Considerations 

Between MATES III and MATES II 

4-4 

 

4-2 Compounds Simulated and Measured: Six-Station Annual 

Average Concentrations 2005 MATES III and 1998-99 

CAMx RTRAC Analyses 

4-8 

 

4-3 MATES III 2005 EC2.5 Model Performance 4-10 

 

4-4 Basin and Port Area Population-Weighted Risk 4-16 
 Table of Contents

iv

 

4-5 County-Wide Population-Weighted Risk 4-17 

 

4-6 2005 MATES III Risk from Simulated Individual Toxic Air 

Contaminants 

4-20 

 

4-7 Comparison of Network Averaged CAMx RTRAC 2005 

Modeled Risk to Measured Risk at Eight MATES III Sites 

4-21 

 

5-1 Comparison of Observed Concentrations for the Microscale 

and Fixed Site Pair of Commerce and Huntington Park

5-4 

 

5-2 Comparison of Observed Concentrations for the Microscale 

and Fixed Site Pair of Indio and Rubidoux 

5-5 

 

5-3 Comparison of Observed Concentrations of the Microscale 

and Fixed Site Pair of San Bernardino and Inland Valley San 

Bernardino 

5-6 

 

5-4 Comparison of Observed Concentrations for the Microscale 

and Fixed Site Pair of Sun Valley and Burbank 

5-7 

 

5-5 Comparison of Observed Concentrations for the Microscale 

and Fixed Site Pair of Santa Ana and Anaheim 

5-8 
 Table of Contents

v

List of Figures 

Figure No. Description Page No. 

ES-1 Map of MATES III Monitoring Sites ES-8 

 

ES-2 MATES III Average Monitored Air Toxics Risk ES-9 

 

ES-3 MATES III Monitored Air Toxics Risk by Site ES-9 

 

ES-4 MATES III Model Estimated Risk ES-10 

 

ES-5 Change in CAMx RTRAC Air Toxics Simulated Risk (per 

million) from 1998-2005 Using Back-Cast 1998 Emissions 

and 1998-99 MM5 Generated Meteorological Data Fields 

ES-11 

 

2-1 MATES III Monitoring Locations 2-3 

 

2-2 Average Concentrations of 1,3-Butadiene 2-11 

 

2-3 Average Concentrations of Benzene 2-11 

 

2-4 Average Concentrations of Perchloroethylene 2-12 

 

2-5 Average Concentrations of Methylene Chloride 2-12 

 

2-6 Average Concentrations of Formaldehyde 2-13 

 

2-7 Average Concentrations of Acetaldehyde 2-13 

 

2-8 Average Concentrations of Arsenic in TSP 2-14 

 

2-9 Average Concentrations of Cadmium in TSP 2-14 

 

2-10 Average Concentrations of Lead in TSP 2-15 

 

2-11 Average Concentrations of Nickel in TSP 2-15 

 

2-12 Average Concentrations of Hexavalent Chromium 2-16 

 

2-13 Average Concentrations of PM10 Elemental Carbon 2-16 

 

2-14 Average Concentrations of PM2.5 Elemental Carbon 2-17 

 

2-15 Average Monitored Naphthalene Concentrations for 

MATES III Year 2 

2-17 

 
 Table of Contents

vi

2-16 Average Concentration of PAHs for MATES III Year 2 2-18 

 

2-17 Estimated 70-Year Risk from MATES III Year 1 

Monitoring Data 

2-19 

 

2-18 Estimated 70-Year Risk from MATES III Year 2 

Monitoring Data 

2-19 

 

2-19 PM2.5 Mass from MATES III and EPA Collocated Samplers 

at Los Angeles 

2-20 

 

2-20 PM2.5 Mass from MATES III and EPA Collocated Samplers 

at Rubidoux 

2-21 

 

3-1 Flow Diagram for On-Road Emissions Processing 3-10 

 

3-2 Cancer Potency Weighted Source Apportionment for 2005 3-10 

 

3-3 Cancer Potency Weighted Emission Comparison of MATES 

II and MATES III 

3-11 

 

4-1 MATES III Modeling Domain 4-2 

 

4-2 Annual Average Concentration Pattern for Diesel PM2.5 4-6 

 

4-3 Annual Average Concentration Pattern for Benzene 4-6 

 

4-4 Annual Average Concentration Pattern for 1,3 Butadiene 4-7 

 

4-5 Annual Average Concentration Pattern for Total 

Formaldehyde 

4-7 

 

4-6 2005 MATES III CAMx RTRAC Simulated Air Toxic Risk 4-12 

 

4-7 1998-99 MATES II CAMx RTRAC Simulated Air Toxic

Risk 

4-13 

 

4-8 Change in CAMx RTRAC Simulated Air Toxics Risk from 

1998-99 to 2005 

4-14 

 

4-9 MATES III 2005 Simulated Air Toxic Risk- No Diesel 4-15 

 

4-10 2005 Ports Area MATES III Simulated Air Toxic Risk 4-16 

 

4-11 2005 Central Los Angeles MATES III Simulated Air Toxic 

Risk 

4-18 
 Table of Contents

vii

4-12 2005 Mira Loma/Colton MATES III Simulated Air Toxic 

Risk 

4-18 

 

4-13 2005 Central Orange County MATES III Simulated Air 

Toxic Risk 

4-19 

 

4-14 2005 West Los Angeles MATES III Simulated Air Toxic 

Risk 

4-19 

 

4-15 2005 MATES III Simulated versus Measured 

Concentrations for Non-Diesel Air Toxics Risk 

4-22 

 

 
 Table of Contents

viii

List of Appendices

(Separate Document) 

Appendix Title 

 

I List of Substances and Their Associated Risk Factor

 

II List of MATES III Technical Advisory Group Members 

 

III Monitoring and Laboratory Analysis Protocols 

 

IV Measurements of Ambient Naphthalene and Other PAHs 

 

V PM2.5 Particulate Bound Organic Compound Analysis 

 

VI Summary of Fixed Monitoring Site Data 

 

VII PM2.5 Source Apportionment Methodology 

 

VIII 2005 Emissions by Major Source Category 

 

IX Regional Modeling Analyses 

 

X Weekday/Weekend PM2.5 Speciation Project