# Pest List for the Importation of Fresh **Orange and**

**Tangerine ( Citrus sinensis**  **and C. reticulata** **) into the**  **Continental United States from Egypt** 

**July 11 , 20**  **11 Version 1** 

**Agency Contact:** Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606

### Ver. 1 (Original) July 11 , 2011 2 

## 1. Introduction **1.1. Initiation** The Plant Epidemiol ogy

and Risk Analysis Laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology prepared this pest list to examine potential pest risks associated with the importation of fresh orange and tangerine , Citrus sinensis and C. reticulate , (Rutaceae), fruit from Egy pt into the continental United States. This pest list is commodity

-based or “pathway

- initiated” because oranges and tangerines are potential pathways for the introduction of plant pests. The movement of fruits and vegetables from foreign countries, such as Egypt , into the United States is regulated in 7 CFR §319.56 (2011 ). Currently, the entry of fresh orange and tangerine from Egy pt into the continental United States is not authorized under 7 CFR §318.56; the government of Egy

pt seeks a change in this Federal Regulation to allow entry

. **1.2. Standard post**
**- harvest processing**  To reduce or eliminate the pest risk associated with the movement of this commodity, the United States has proposed as a condition of entry to have the commodity cold treated during shipment. We assumed that the commodity would undergo the fo llowing minimal standard post

- harvest processing describ ed b y the go vernment of Egy pt : soil and debris removal , visual inspection and culling, and washing

. By

developing this pest list, we can determine if cold treatment , in addition to minimal standard post

- harvest processing, is adequate to provide phytosanitary security or if other measures may

be required. 

## 2. Pest Categorization **2.1. Pests associated with orange and tangerine**  Below, we list the pests associated with Citrus spp. (in any country) that occur in Egy pt (on any host) (Table 1). We identified the presence o r absence of these pests in the continental United States, the quarantine status of the pests with respect to the continental United States, the generall y affected plant part or parts, whether quarantine pests are likel y to follow the pathway and enter the continental United States on commercial orange and tangerine fruit, and pertinent references. We developed this pest list based on the scientific literature, USDA port

- of

- entry pest interception data, and information provided b y the government of Egypt

. O rganisms in shaded rows are quarantine pests identified for potential risk mitigation, as we consider them likely to follow the pathway

of commercial fruit shipments. We summarize these pests in a separate table (Table 2). Quarantine pests not included c an be detrimental to U.S. agriculture or ecosystems, but were not candidates for risk mitigation for a variety of reasons. For example, they were associated mainly with plant parts other than the commodity ; may be associated with the commodity, but would not

### Ver. 1 (Original) July 11 , 2011 3 reasonabl y remain with the commodity during harvest and packing; or have been intercepted as biological contaminants of this commodity during U.S. agricultural port of entry inspection, but would not be present in commercial shipments. Please note that in the pest list (Table 1), we do not provide information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway

for non

- quarantine pests. Even if non

quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway , phy tosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified because they already occur in the continental United States. Therefore, for non - quarantine pests we indicate that information with N/A (not applicable).

**Table 1**  **.** Pests associated with citrus ( Citrus spp. ) that are also present in Egy pt **Pest Scientific Name Distribution**  **Reported on Citrus**  **spp. Quaran** 
****

**tine Pest Plant Part(s)** 

**Association Follow** 

**p athway**  **ARTHROPODS ACARI**  **Eriophyidae** Aceria sheldoni (Ewing) EG, US ( CABI, 1980 ) CABI, 1980 No N/A N/A Phyllocoptruta citri Soliman & Abou

- Awad EG ( Soliman and Abou

-Awad, 1979; Vacante, 2010 ) Soliman and Abou

Awad, 1979 Yes Fruit , L eaves ( Soliman and Abou

-Awad, 1979 ) No 1

Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) EG ( CAPQ, 2006 ) ; US (CABI, 2011) CAPQ, 2006 No N/A N/A

**T arsonemidae**  Tarsonemus bilobatus Suski EG (CABI, 2011) Abo

-Korah, 1984 No N/A N/A **Tenuipalpidae** Brevipalpus lewisi (Mcgregor) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Brevipalpus californicus (Banks) EG ( CAPQ, 2006 ) ; US (CABI, 2011) CAPQ, 2006 No N/A N/A
**Tetranychidae** Tetranychus urticae Koch EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) EG ( CAPQ, 2006 ) CAPQ, 2006 Yes Leaves (CAB I, 2011) No Panonychus citri (Mcgregor) EG ( CAPQ, 2006 ) ; US (CABI, 2011) CAPQ, 2006 No N/A N/A

1 Because washing the fruit is part of standard post

- harvest processing of commercial citrus (§1.2), this species is highly unlikely to follow the pathway.

### Ver. 1 (Original) July 11 , 2011 4 **Pest Scientific Name Distribution**  **Reported on Citrus**  **spp. Quaran** 
****

**tine Pest Plant Part(s)** 

**Association Follow** 

**p athway**  **Tuckerellidae** Tuckerella nilotica Zaher & Rasmy EG (Vacante, 2010 ) Vacante, 2010 Yes Fruit (Vacante, 2010 ) No 1
**INSECTA Coleoptera:**  **Anthrididae** Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A **Coleoptera: Bostrichidae**  Apate monachus Fabricius EG ( CABI, 2011 ) CABI, 2011 Yes Wood, S tems ( CABI, 2011 ) No **Coleoptera: Cu**  **r culionidae**  Pantomorus cervinus (Boheman) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A **Diptera: Muscidae** Atherigona orientalis Schiner EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A **Diptera: Tephritidae**  Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) EG ( CAPQ, 2006 ) CAPQ, 2006 Yes Fruit ( CABI, 2011 ) Yes C eratitis capitata (Wiedemann) EG ( CABI, 2011 ) CABI, 2011 Yes Fruit ( CABI, 2011 ) Yes **Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae** Acaudaleyrodes rachipora Singh EG ( Martin et al. , 2000 ) Martin et al. , 2000 Yes Leaves ( Martin et al. , 2000 ) No Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Parabemisia myricae Kuwana EG (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 Yes Leaves (CABI, 2011) No **Hemiptera: Aphidae**  Aphis fabae Scopoli EG, US (CABI , 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Aphis gossypii Glover EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Aphis spiraecola Patch EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Myzus persic ae (Sulzer) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

### Ver. 1 (Original) July 11 , 2011 5 **Pest Scientific Name Distribution**  **Reported on Citrus**  **spp. Quaran** 
****

**tine Pest Plant Part(s)** 

**Association Follow** 

**p athway**  **Hemiptera: Cicadellidae**  Neoaliturus haematoceps Mulsant & Reyl. EG ( CABI, 2011 ) CABI, 2011 Yes Vegetative growing stages (CABI, 2011) No

Neoaliturus tenellus (Baker) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2 011 No Vegetative growing stages (CABI, 2011) No
**Hemiptera: Coccidae**  Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Ceroplastes rusci Linnaeus EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 Yes Foliage, S tems, B ranches (CABI, 2011) No
Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Saissetia oleae (Olivier) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A **Hemiptera: Diaspididae**  Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Aspidiotus nerii Bouché EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) EG, US (CABI, 20 11) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Lepsidosaphes beckii (Newman) EG ( CAPQ, 2006 ) ; US ( Ben

Dov et al. , 2011 ) CAPQ, 2006 No N/A N/A
Parlatoria pergandii Comstock EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas) EG ( CABI, 2011 ) CABI, 2011 Yes Shoots, Foliage, F ruit (CABI, 2011) No 2 Unaspis citri (Comstock) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A **Hemiptera: Margarodidae**  Icerya purchasi Maskell EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Icerya seychellarum (Westwood) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 Yes Leaves (CABI 2011) No

2 Although armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, they are highly unlikely to become established via this pathway. Please see discussion in section 2.2 for a more detailed explanation.

### Ver. 1 (Original) July 11 , 2011 6 **Pest Scientific Name Distribution**  **Reported on Citrus**  **spp. Quaran** 
****

**tine Pest Plant Part(s)** 

**Association Follow** 

**p athway**  **Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae** Ferrisia virgata Cockerell EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) EG ( CAPQ, 2006 ) ; US (CABI, 2011) CAPQ, 2006 No N/A N/A
Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) EG ( CABI, 2011 ) CABI, 2011 Yes Flower, Fruit (CABI, 2011) No 1 Planococcus citri (Risso) EG ( CAPQ, 2006 ) ; US (CABI, 2011) CAPQ, 2006 No N/A N/A
**Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae** Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton EG (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 Yes Leaves, F ruit3 ( Bermudez et al. , 2004; CABI, 2011 ) No 4
**Lepidoptera: Noctuidae**  Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A **Lepidoptera: Oecophorida e**  Stathmopoda auriferella (Walker) EG (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 Yes Flower buds , Fruit (van der Gaag and van der Straten, 2009 ) No 4

**Lepidoptera: Pyralidae**  Cryptoblabes gnidiella Millière EG ( CABI, 2011 ) CABI, 2011 Yes Fruit, L eaves, S tems ( CABI, 2011; Davarci, 1996 ) No 4

Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) EG ( Hashem and El

- Halawany, 199 6 ) ; US (Nay and Perring, 2005 ) Gothilf, 1970 No N/A N/A

Euzopherodes vapidella (Mannerheim) EG (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 Yes Fruit piercing (Jeppson, 1989 ) No 5 **Lepidoptera: Yponomeutida e** 

3 F ruit occasionally attacked during heavy infes tations (Bermudez et al., 2004; CABI, 2011) 4 Due to their mobility, free

- living adults of Lepidoptera are highly unlikely to be in the pathway of commercially produced orange and tangerine fruits. The pupae of these genera are either associated with plant parts other than fruit, occur externally on their host’s plant parts, or occur in the soil. Or, if the pupae occur inside the fruit or seed of their host p lants, they wo uld be associated with premature fruit drop and/or obvious damage and symptoms (CABI, 2011), thereby making it likely for the fruit to be culled during standard harvest or post

-harvest handling and processing. 5 Euzopherodes vapidella is a fruit

-piercing moth (Jeppson, 1989 ). Because this species only fe eds externally on the fruit and becau se of the size and mobility of the adults, post

- harvest processing is highly likely to remove the pest

.

### Ver. 1 (Original) July 11 , 2011 7 **Pest Scientific Name Distribution**  **Reported on Citrus**  **spp. Quaran** 
****

**tine Pest Plant Part(s)** 

**Association Follow** 

**p athway**  Prays citri Millière EG ( CABI, 2011 ) CABI, 2011 Yes Flowers , F r uit ( CABI, 2011; Katsoyannos, 1996 ) No 4

**Thysanoptera: Thripidae** Scirtothrips aurantii Faure EG ( CABI, 2011 ) CABI, 2011 Yes Young leaves (CABI, 2011) No Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Bouché EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A **NEMATODES** Be londira brevibulba Ferris, Ferris & Goseco EG(Ferris et al., 1983) Ferris et al., 1983 Yes Soil (Ferris et al., 1983) No Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Helicotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb) Golden EG, US ( CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Hemicriconemoides mangiferae Siddiqi EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Hoplolaimus pararobustus (Sch. Stek. & Teun) Sher in Coomans EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A
Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A
Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A
Pratylenchus vulnus Allen & Jensen EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Rotylenchulus parvus (Williams) Sher EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Scute llonema brachyurus (Steiner) Amdrassy EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Thiernchulus sp EG (Anonymous, 2000) Anonymous, 2000 Yes Root (Anonymous, 2000) No Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Xiphinema americanum Cobb EG (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 Yes Root (CABI, 2011) No

### Ver. 1 (Original) July 11 , 2011 8 **Pest Scientific Name Distribution**  **Reported on Citrus**  **spp. Quaran** 
****

**tine Pest Plant Part(s)** 

**Association Follow** 

**p athway**  Xiphinema insigne Loos EG ( Ibrahim et al., 2010 ) CABI, 2011 Yes Root ( Ibrahim et al., 2010 ) No Xiphinema italiae Meyl EG (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 Yes Root (CABI, 2011) No **FUNGI** Alternaria alternate Keisi EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Alternaria citri Ellis & N. Pierce EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Armillaria mellea (Vahl:FFr) P. Kumm EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Aspergillus flavus Link EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Aspergillus niger van Tiegh EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Botryosphaeria rhodina (Cook) Arx (Syn: Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffiths & Maubl.; Diplodia natalensis Pole

Evans ) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Botryosphaeria ribis Grossenb. & Duggar EG, US (CABI, 2010) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel (Syn.: Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Capnodium citricolum McAlpine ( Syn= Limacinula citricola (McAlpine) Speg. ) EG (Anonymous, 2000) Anonymous, 2000 Yes Fruit, Leaf, Twigs (Smith et al., 1997) No 6

Chalara elegans Nag Ray & W.B. Kendr. EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Chaetothyrium citri Arn

. Fisher EG(Anonymous, 2000) Anonymous, 2000 Yes Fruit, Leaf, Twigs (Jlin et al., 1988) No 3 Cochliobolus lunatus R.R. Nelson & Haasis EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Colletotrichum gloeosporoides (Penz) Penz & Sacc. (Syn = Glomerella cingulata (Stone) Spaulding & Schenk) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

6 Because of its size, biology and/or mobility, this pest is not expected to stay on the commodity through harvest, standard handling, and processing

### Ver. 1 (Original) July 11 , 2011 9 **Pest Scientific Name Distribution**  **Reported on Citrus**  **spp. Quaran** 
****

**tine Pest Plant Part(s)** 

**Association Follow** 

**p athway**  Corticium rolfsii Curzi (Syn: Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A
Debaryomyces hansenii (Zopf) Lodder & Kreger

van Rij EG (Moawad et al., 1986); US (Pitt and Hocking, 2009) Moawad et al.,

1986; Pitt and Hocking, 2009 No N/A N/A

Diaporthe citri F. A. Wolf EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Fusarium oxysporium Schlechtendahl (Syn= F

. oxysporium var orthocerus) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst EG, US (CABI , 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Geotrichum candidum var citri

- aurantii (Ferraris) Sacc.& Sydow ( Syn : Oospora citri

- aurantii (Ferraris) Sacc.& Sydow) EG(Tarabeih et al., 1977); US (Farr and Rossman, 2011 Farr and Rossman,

2011 Tarabeih et al., 1977 No N/A N/A

Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) S. Ito EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Guignardia bidwellii (Ellis) Viala & Ravaz [Anamorph: Phyllosticta ampelicida (Engelm) Aa.] EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tas si) Goidanich EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Nectria haematococca (Wollenw.) Gerlah ( Syn.: Fusarium solani (Martius) Sacc.) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Penicillium digitatum Sacc. EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Penicillium italicum Wehmer EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Pestalotiopsis versicolor (Speg) Steyart EG (Anonymous, 2000); US (Farr and Rossman, 2011) Anonymous, 2000

Farr and Rossman, 2011 No N/A N/A

Phoma tracheiphila (Petri) Kantachvelli & Gkacheveli EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A
Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) Schröt. EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

### Ver. 1 (Original) July 11 , 2011 10 **Pest Scientific Name Distribution**  **Reported on Citrus**  **spp. Quaran** 
****

**tine Pest Plant Part(s)** 

**Association Follow** 

**p athway**  Phytophthora capsici Leonian EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Phytophthora citrophthora (R.E . Sm. & E.H. Sm.) Leonian EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A
Phytophthora cryptogea (Pethybr. & Laff.) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan (Syn = P

. parisitica Dastur) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 201 1 No N/A N/A
Phytophthora palmivora [Oomycetes: Pythiales] EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Phytophthora sp
. EG (Minessy et al., 1974) Minessy et al., 1974 Yes Root (Minessy et al., 1974) No Pythium aphanidermatum ( Edson)Fitzp. EG, US (CAB I, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Pythium debaryanum (Auct. non.) R. Hesse EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Pythium irregulare Buisman EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Pythium oligandrum Drescler EG (Abdelzaher et al., 1997); US (CABI , 2011) Abdelzaher et al.,

1997; CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A
Pythium ostracodes Drechs

. EG (Minessy et al., 1974) Minessy et al., 1974 Yes Root (Minessy et al., 1974) No Pythium ultimum (Trow) EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Rhizoctonia solan i ( Syn: Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk EG(Anonymous, 2000); US (CABI, 2011) Anonymous, 2000

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Rosellinia necatrix Prill. EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) deBary EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A **BACTERIA** Pseudomonas syringae pv
. syringae van Hall EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Pseudomonas viridiflava (Burkholder) Dowson EG, U S (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck & van Delden) Young et al. EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

### Ver. 1 (Original) July 11 , 2011 11 **Pest Scientific Name Distribution**  **Reported on Citrus**  **spp. Quaran** 
****

**tine Pest Plant Part(s)** 

**Association Follow** 

**p athway**  Spiroplasma citri Saglio et al. EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A **VIRUSES** EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 20 11 No N/A N/A Citrus cachexia viroid EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Citrus exocortis viroid EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Citrus leprosis virus EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Citrus psorosis c omplex EG (Anonymous, 2000); US (CABI, 2011) Anonymous, 2000

CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A

Citrus tristeza virus EG, US (CABI, 2011) CABI, 2011 No N/A N/A Citrus viroid IV(CVd IV) EG (El

-Dougdoug et al., 1997; Nour

Eldin, 1959) El

-Dougdoug et al.,

1997; Nour

- Eldin, 1959 Yes Bark, L eaf (El

Dougdoug et al., 1997; Nour

- Eldin, 1959) No

Citrus viroid II (CVd II) EG (Sofy et al., 2010) Sofy et al., 2010

Reanwarakorn and Semancik, 1999 Yes Bark (Sofy et al., 2010; Reanwarakorn and Semancik, 1999) No



### 2.2. Quarantine pests **not consid ered for**  **risk mitigation** Quarantine pests not listed above could be detrimental to agriculture or ecosystems in the continental United States, but they

are not candidates for risk mitigation for a variety of reasons. For example, they are mainl y associate d with plant parts other than the commodity ; they may be associated with the commodity, but would not reasonabl y remain with the commodity through standard harvest and post

harvest processing (as for the Lepidopterans above) ; they have been intercepted as biological contaminants of these commodities during U.S. agricultural port

- of

- entry inspection, but would not likely be present in commercial shipments; or the organism was identified (in the literature or in USDA’s interception data) only to the genus lev el, and the genus in question occurs in the continental United States. **Pests not identified to species** 

. Generall y, based on standards b y the International Plant Protection Convention ( IP PC, 2009 ), we do not consider risk mitigation measures for organisms identified only to the genus level if the genus in question is reported in the continental United States. Often there are many species within a genus, and we cannot know if the unidentified species occurs in the continental United States and, consequentl y, whether it meets the definition of a quarantine pest for the continental United States. In this risk assessment, the above statement applies to Phytophthora sp
. This genus is reported to occur in the continental United States ( CABI, 2011 ). Lack of specifi c identification may indicate the

### Ver. 1 (Original) July 11 , 2011 12 limits of current taxonomic knowledge, the life stage, or the quality of the specimen submitted for identification. Pest risk assessments focus on organisms for which biological information is available. **Armored scales**

. We did not further analyze the armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) identified in this risk assessment as quarantine pests likel y to follow the pathway ( Parlatoria ziziphi (Lu cas) ), because armored scales are highl y unlikel y to establish via this pathway due to their very limited ability to disperse to new host plants (Miller et al., 1985 ; PERAL , 2007 ). Onl y a certain immature form of armored scales, the crawler stage, can self

- disperse. Crawlers are highl y unlikely to successfully disperse b y walking from their natal host since they are not capable of rapi d movement over bare soil or rough surfaces. They

typi cally disperse by

being blown from plant to plant in the wind. Additionally , their dispersal period is limited to approximately 24 hours, after which they start feeding, become firmly anchored to the ho st tissue, and lose their legs. Adult females have no wings or legs. Dispersal from fruit discarded into the environment is highly unlikel y because of low wind speeds at ground level and low survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on decaying fruit or f ruit peels. **2.3. Quarantine pests considered for**  **risk mitigation** We identified two arthropod quarantine pests that are likel y to follow the commodity pathway (Table 2). All of these pests are candidates for mitigation measures. Detailed examination and choice of appropriate phy tosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are part of the pest risk management phase within APHIS and are not addressed in this document.

**Table 2.** Quarantine pests associated with orange and tangerine fruit from Egy pt

. **Taxonomy Pe**  **st Scientific Name** Diptera: Tephritidae Bactrocera zonata

Ceratitis capitata


## 3 **. Authors Authors**  Robert G. Ahern , Risk Analyst ( entomology, primary contact) a 

### Kayimbi Tubajika , Risk Analyst (plant pathology) a

a 

### USDA

- APHI S

- PPQ

- CPHST

- PERAL


## 4. Lite **rature Cited** 7 CFR § 319.56. 2010. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 7, Part 319 (7 CFR § 319.56

- Foreign Quarantine Notices), Subpart 56 (7 CFR § 319.56

- Fruits and Vegetables). Anony mous. 2000. Pest list of citrus in Egy pt. Central Administratio n of Plant Quarantine, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Egy pt (May 31, 2000). Abdelzaher, H. M. A., M. A. Elnaghy, and E. M. Fadl

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