# Patent

## Title
Method for the application of implicit signature schemes

## Abstract

A method of certifying a correspondent in a data communication system by a certifying authority. The certifying authority includes a cryptographic unit. The method includes generating a random number and implicit certificate components based on the random number using the cryptographic unit. The implicit certificate components have a first component and a second component. The method also includes providing the implicit certificate components for use in the data communication system and providing a public key of the certifying authority for use in derivation of a public key of the correspondent from the first component. The certifying authority recertifies the correspondent by providing implicit certificate components using a changed value for the random number.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/333,135 filed on Dec. 11, 2008, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/012,595 filed on Dec. 16, 2004, which is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/589,891 filed on Jun. 9, 2000, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Diffie-Hellman key agreement provided the first practical solution to the key distribution problem, in cryptographic systems. The key agreement protocol allows two parties never having met in advance or sharing key material to establish a shared secret by exchanging messages over an open (unsecured) channel. The security rests on the intractability of computing discrete logarithms or in factoring large integers.
With the advent of the Internet and such like, the requirement for large-scale distribution of public keys and public key certificates is becoming increasingly important to enable systems like Diffie-Hellman key agreement.
A number of vehicles are known by which public keys may be stored, distributed or forwarded over unsecured media without danger of undetectable manipulation. These vehicles include public-key certificates, identity-based systems, and implicit certificates. The objective of each vehicle is to make one party's public key available to others such that its authenticity and validity are verifiable.
A public-key certificate is a data structure consisting of a data part and a signature part. The data part contains cleartext data including as a minimum, a public key and a string identifying the party to be associated therewith. The signature part consists of the digital signature of a certification authority (CA) over the data part, effectively the encryption of the data with the CA's private key so it may be recovered with his public key, thereby binding the entities identity to the specified public key. The CA is a trusted third party whose signature on the certificate vouches for the authenticity of the public key bound to the subject entity.
Identity-based systems (ID-based system) resemble ordinary public-key systems, involving a private transformation and a public transformation, but parties do not have explicit public keys as before. Instead, the public key is effectively replaced by a party's publicly available identity information (e.g. name or network address). Any publicly available information, which uniquely identifies the party and can be undeniably associated with the party, may serve as identity information. Here a trusted CA is required to furnish each party with the private key corresponding to their public key.
An alternate approach to distributing public keys involves implicitly certified public keys. Here explicit user public keys exist, but they are to be reconstructed by the recipient rather than transported by explicitly signed public-key certificates as in certificate based systems. Thus implicitly certified public keys may be used as an alternative means for distributing public keys (e.g. Diffie-Hellman keys).
With a conventional certificate, the authenticity of the information must be verified to ensure that the sender and the sender's public key are bound to one another. With an implicit certification it is simply necessary to verify the sender's signature of the message using the implicit certificate. The primary advantage of implicit certificates is the computationally expense explicit certificate verification is not required as it is in certification schemes. Further, unconditionally trusted CAs are not required as they are in ID-based schemes.
An example of an implicitly certified public key mechanism is known as Gunther's implicitly-certified public key method. In this method:

    
    
        1. A trusted server T selects an appropriate fixed public prime p and generator α of Z*p. T selects a random integer t, with 1≦t≦p−2 and gcd(t,p−1)=1, as its private key, and publishes its public key u=αt mod p, along with α, p.
        2. T assigns to each party A a unique name or identifying string IA and a random integer kA with gcd(kA,p−1)=1. T then computes PA=αkA mod p. PA is A's key reconstruction public data, allowing other parties to compute (PA)a below.
        3. Using a suitable hash function h, T solves the following equation for a:

H(IA)≡t·PA+kAa(mod p−1)

        4. T securely transmits to A the pair (r,s)=(PA,a), which is T's ElGamal signature on IA. (a is A's private key for a Diffie-Hellman key-agreement)
        5. Any other party can then reconstruct A's Diffie-Hellman public key PAa entirely from publicly available information (α, IA, u, PA, p) by computing:

PAa≡αH(IA)u−PA mod p 

    
    


Thus signing an implicit certificate needs one exponentiation operation, but reconstructing the ID-based implicitly-verifiable public key needs two exponentiations.
It is known that exponentiation in the group Z*p and its analog scalar multiplication of a point in E(Fq) is computationally intensive. An RSA scheme is extremely slow requiring successive squaring and multiplication operations. Elliptic curve (EC) cryptosystems are not only more robust but also more efficient by using doubling and adding operations. However, despite the resounding efficiency of EC systems over RSA type systems the computational requirement is still a problem particularly for computing devices having limited computing power such as “smart cards”, pagers and such like.
Significant improvements have been made in the efficacy of certification protocols by adopting the protocols set out in Canadian patent application 2,232,936. In this arrangement, an implicitly-certified public key is provided by cooperation between a certifying authority, CA, and a correspondent A.
For each correspondent A, the CA selects a unique identity IA distinguishing the entity A. The CA generates public data γA for reconstruction of a public key of correspondent A by mathematically combining a private key of the trusted party CA and a generator created by the CA with a private value of the correspondent A. The values are combined in a mathematically secure way such that the pair (IA, γA) serves as correspondent A's implicit certificate. The CA combines the implicit certificate information (IA, γA) in accordance with a mathematical function F(γA, IA) to derive an entity information f. A private key α of the correspondent A is generated from f and the private value of the correspondent A. The correspondent A's public key may be reconstructed from the public information, the generator γA and the identity IA relatively efficiently.
Certificates, implicit certificates, and ID-based systems provide assurance of the authenticity of public keys. However, it is frequently necessary to verify the status of the public key to ensure it has not been revoked by the CA.
Several solutions are known to this revocation problem, the most common being the use of certificate revocation lists (CRLs). Each CA maintains a CRL which contains the serial number of revoked certificates and is signed by the CA using its private key. When a recipient receives a message that has been secured with a certificate, the recipient will recover the serial number, and check the CRL.
Typically, therefore, the correspondent A will sign a message m with a private key, α, and forward it together with a certificate from the CA that binds the sender A and the public key αP. The recipient B checks the certificate and verifies the signature on the message m. The correspondent B will then ask the CA whether the certificate is valid and receives a message signed by the CA confirming the status of the certificate at a particular time. The correspondent B will then verify the signature on the CA's message and proceed accordingly to accept or reject the message sent by correspondent A.
During this process it is necessary for correspondent A to perform one signature, for the CA to perform one signature, and for the recipient B to verify three signatures.
CAs may also issue authorization or attributable certificates in addition to public-key certificates. In this case the certificate issued by the CA to the correspondent A has a certain expiry or has details such as a credit limit or access rights to certain programs.
However with each arrangement, verification of the certificates is necessary as the information contained in the certificate may change periodically, even within the life of the certificate.
Furthermore, a correspondent may wish to be recertified. This is particularly true if the correspondent has reason to believe that its implicit public key has been compromised. However, recertification is a costly process that requires the correspondent to regenerate its private key, securely communicate its private key with the CA, and regenerate the data for constructing and reconstructing the implicit public key.
Accordingly, there is a need for a technique that simplifies the verification and recertification of certificates issued by a certifying authority and it is an object of the present invention to provide a technique that obviates or mitigates the above disadvantages.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention there is provided a method of verifying a transaction over a data communication system between a first and second correspondent through the use of a certifying authority. The certifying authority has control of a certificate's validity, which is used by at least the first correspondent. The method comprises the following steps. One of the first and second correspondents advising the certifying authority that the certificate is to be validated. The certifying authority verifies the validity of the certificate attributed to the first correspondent. The certifying authority generates implicit signature components including specific authorization information. At least one of the implicit signature components is forwarded to the first correspondent for permitting the first correspondent to generate an ephemeral private key. At least one of the implicit signature components is forwarded to the second correspondent for permitting recovery of an ephemeral public key corresponding to the ephemeral private key. The first correspondent signs a message with the ephemeral private key and forwards the message to the second correspondent. The second correspondent attempts to verify the signature using the ephemeral public key and proceeds with the transaction upon verification.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings in which
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a data communication system;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating the exchange of information conducted on the system of FIG. 1 in a first embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating the exchange of information conducted on the system of FIG. 1 in a second embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a flow chart showing a third embodiment of the system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a flow chart showing a fourth embodiment of the system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing a fifth embodiment of the system of FIG. 1.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring therefore to FIG. 1, a data communication system 10 includes a pair of correspondents A,B, respectively identified as 12, 14, interconnected by a communication link 16. The correspondent B, 14, is also connected by a communication link 18 to a certifying authority, CA, indicated at 20. It will be appreciated that the links 16, 18 are typically telephone lines or wireless links allowing the parties to route messages to intended recipients.
Each of the correspondents, 12, 14 and certifying authority 20 incorporate cryptographic units 22 that perform public-key cryptographic functions under the control of cryptographic software that may be embodied on a data carrier or programmed in an integrated circuit. Such implementations are well known and need not be described in detail, except to the extent necessary to appreciate the operation of the exchange of messages. For the purpose of this description it is assumed that each of the units 22 implement an elliptic curve public-key cryptosystem (ECC) operating in a field defined over F(q) but it will be appreciated that other implementations, such as those using Zp*F*p, the multiplicative group of integers modulo a prime may be used.
The parameters for the ECC are an underlying cubic curve and a defined point P on the curve. The correspondent A has an identity, IDA, a short term or ephemeral private key k and a corresponding public key kP. The CA 20 is advised of the public key kP and identity IDA which conveniently remain the same for all correspondence originating from the correspondent A.
To initiate an exchange of a message, in, for example a transaction record, between correspondents A and B, the message is sent by correspondent A to correspondent B over the communication channel 16. The message in is sent in the clear or in any other manner that may be read by correspondent B.
The correspondent B advises the certifying authority CA 20 that he has received a message from correspondent A and may also include some additional information relating to the nature of the transaction. This may be performed on a dedicated channel or may be encrypted if the information is considered to be of a sensitive nature. Upon receiving the information from correspondent B, the CA 20 checks the record of correspondent A and, if in order, prepares to return to the correspondent B the implicit certificate components, 24, identified as si, γi and Ai.
The component Ai includes the identity of A, i.e. IDA, typically a unique distinguishing name or identity, for example a name, address or phone number that is stored by the CA 20 and a time stamp, message or similar transaction specific information.
The CA 20 also generates a random integer r and computes a corresponding public key rP. The value of γi is then computed from the relationship that γi=kP+rP.
The value of si is then computed from the relationship that si=r−c·H(Ai,γi). where c is a long term secret key of the CA 20, and H indicates a secure hash function such as SHA 1.
The CA 20 forwards si, γi, and Ai to correspondent B. Since A1 contains transaction specific information, the implicit signature components are also transaction specific. It is preferable, but not necessary, that the CA signs the signature components forwarded to correspondent B.
Correspondent B, upon receipt of the communication from the CA 20, forwards the certificate component si to the correspondent A. It is preferable, but not necessary, that correspondent B signs the certificate component sent to correspondent A. The correspondent A computes a transaction specific private key ai from the relationship ai=k+si. The message m is then signed with the computed private key ai and returned to the correspondent B.
The correspondent B then recovers the value corresponding to the transaction specific public key, aiP, from the values of γi and Ai received from the CA 20. The public key aiP can be computed from aiP=γi−H(Ai,γi)·cP, where cP is the public key of the CA 20, and checks the signature on the message m. If it verifies then the message is accepted and the transaction completed.
The implementation described above maintains a relatively small size of certificate and reduces the work performed by the correspondents A and B. The CA 20 is required to perform one implicit signature per transaction and correspondent B only requires one implicit signature verification and two signature verifications per transaction. Whereas prior proposals would require the CA 20 to return a message to the correspondent B stating that correspondent A has a valid certificate, this is avoided in the present embodiment by sending transaction specific implicit certificate components.
As described above, a common key kP is used for each transaction by correspondent A but if preferred a different key kP may be used to inhibit tracing of transactions originating at correspondent A. In this case new values of kP are sent to the CA 20 offline with appropriate levels of security.
An alternative arrangement is shown in FIG. 3, wherein like numerals with a prefix “1” refer to similar components as those of FIG. 1, in which the originator of the message, correspondent A, communicates directly with the CA 120 who has previously been provided with the identity IDA and the public key kP. In this arrangement the correspondent A notifies the CA 120 that a certificate is required. The CA 120 generates a certificate with components si, γi, Ai as before. The correspondent A then computes the transaction specific private key ai=k+si and uses it to sign the message m. The signed message is forwarded together with the explicit signature components γi and Ai to the correspondent B.
The correspondent B recovers the public key aiP from Ai and γi and checks the signature on the message m. The transaction specific information in the component Ai is checked to determine if it is as expected. Verification of the transaction specific information after it has been recovered is known in the art and depends on the type of information being verified. If both the signature and the information are verified then the transaction is accepted.
Alternately, the CA 120 could send si to correspondent A and γi, Ai to correspondent B. Correspondent A can then sign message 171 using the private key ds=α+si and forward the message and signature to correspondent B.
The above protocol may also be used to provide implicit attributable certificates as shown in FIG. 4, wherein like numerals with a prefix “2” refer to similar components as those of FIG. 1. Initially the values of IDA and kP are transferred to the CA 220 from correspondent A. A request is then sent from correspondent A to the CA 220 to gain access to a particular application controlled by B.
The CA 220 generates a certificate including Ai, γi and si with Ai including the IDA and an indication that the correspondent A can use a particular application and sends the certificate to A. A value of ai=k+si is generated by the correspondent A and used to sign the message m. The signed message is forwarded to correspondent B together with γi and Ai who recovers the corresponding public key aiP. The signature is then checked and, if it verifies, access is given to the application. If the signature does not verify, the request is returned.
The above implicit attributable certificate is efficient in that it only requires one signed certificate and by using different public keys per application is hard to trace to a particular user. Moreover, the identity and the specific attributable certificate can be incorporated into one certificate rather than the two normally required.
Yet an alternate embodiment, similar to that illustrated in FIG. 3, is shown in FIG. 5. The CA 120 has a private key, c, and a public key, QC=cP. In order to acquire a certificate, correspondent A first generates a random integer, α. Integer α is used to compute a value αP, which is sent to the CA 120 along with correspondent A's identity, IDA or, alternately, Ai (which may contain IDA).
Upon receiving αP and IDA from correspondent A, the CA 120 generates a random integer CA and uses it to calculate correspondent A's certificate, γA=αP+cAP. The CA 120 also calculates sA=h(γA∥IDA∥cP)c+cA(mod n). The certificate, γA and sA are sent to correspondent A. Correspondent A's private key then becomes d=α+sA, and its public key becomes QA=dP. Correspondent A's public key can be derived from the certificate according to the equation QA=h(γA∥IDA∥cP)QC+γA.
Therefore, if correspondent A wants to sign a message, in, to send to correspondent B, correspondent A does so using the private key, d. Correspondent A then sends the signed message along with the certificate, γA, and identification, IDA. Upon receiving the information sent from correspondent A, correspondent B uses the certificate and identification along with the CA's public key, QC, for deriving correspondent A's public key, QA. The message is accepted if the signature is verified using correspondent A's derived public key, QA.
In the present embodiment, it is possible for the CA to efficiently recertify correspondent A. The CA generates a random number, cA and computes cAP. Using the original value of aP received from correspondent A, the CA generates a new certificate, γA= cAP+αP and a new sA=h( γA∥IDA∥cP)c+ cA(mod n). The certificate, γA, and sA are sent to correspondent A. Therefore, correspondent A has a new private key, d=α+ sA, and a new certificate, γA. Therefore, correspondent A's new public key, QA, can be derived according to QA=h( γA∥IDA∥cP)QC+ γA.
Using such a recertification process can recertify correspondent A without requiring correspondent A to change its private key. However, this scheme requires sufficient bandwidth to send both sA and γA to correspondent A. Furthermore, for each correspondent (such as correspondent A), the CA has to perform a point multiplication to obtain the new certificate, γA.
However, it is possible to make a modification to the recertification process as described above such that it is more efficient and requires less bandwidth. In the following example illustrated in FIG. 6, the CA recertifies all correspondents (including correspondent A). Also, it is assumed that correspondent A has been previously certified, acquired the certificate, γA, from the CA and determined the private key d=α+sA.
The CA certifies the correspondents at the expiration of a certification period. For an ith certification period, the CA generates a random value ki and computes the value Qi=kiP. For each correspondent such as correspondent A, the CA computes ri=h(γA∥IDA∥cP∥kiP∥i) and then sAi=ric+ki+cA (mod n). Since the certificate does not change, it is only necessary for the CA to send sAi to correspondent A. The private key for correspondent A becomes di=α+sAi and the certificate remains γA. The CA makes Qi and i publicly available.
Therefore, it is possible to reconstruct correspondent A's public key, diP, by computing ri, and then calculating diP=riQC+γA+Qi. Correspondent A communicates with correspondent B similarly to the situation previously described. If correspondent A wants to sign a message to send to correspondent B, correspondent A does so using the private key, di. Correspondent A then sends the signed message along with the certificate, γA, and identification IDA. Upon receiving the information sent from correspondent A, correspondent B uses the certificate and identification along with the CA's public keys, QC and Qi, for deriving ri. The values ri, QC, Qi, and γA are then used for deriving correspondent A's public key. The message is accepted if the signature is verified using correspondent A's derived public key.
Thus it can be seen that correspondent A's certificate does not change. Therefore, the CA is only required to send si and i to correspondent A for recertification, which requires essentially half the bandwidth of sending sA and γA as in the previous example. Further, although the CA has to calculate Qi=kiP for the ith certification period, the calculation is amortized over all the correspondents. That is, the CA only has to do one point multiplication for all the correspondents (for the calculation of Qi). The CA also has to perform one modular multiplication for each correspondent (while calculating sAi). This results in a more efficient process than previously described wherein the CA has to perform one point multiplication and one modular multiplication for each correspondent.
Since the recertification scheme described above is not a costly operation for the CA, the CA could recertify correspondents more frequently than if traditional schemes are implemented. Therefore, one application of this recertification scheme is to replace revocation lists. Instead of providing a list of revoked certificates, the CA recertifies only those certificates that are still valid and have not been revoked.
In an alternate embodiment, the certificates as described in the previous embodiments are embedded into an RSA modulus itself. For an RSA encryption algorithm, correspondent A is required to provide a public key pair, (n, e), where n is the modulus and e is the public exponent. The modulus is defined as n=pq where p and q are large prime numbers. The public exponent is selected as 1<e<φ, where φ=(p−1)(q−1). It has been shown that a portion of the modulus can be set aside to have a predetermined value without increasing the vulnerability of the key. This method is described in detail in U.S. Ser. No. 08/449,357 filed May 24, 1995, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Embedding the certificate into the modulus reduces the bandwidth requirements since the certificate is included as part of the modulus instead of in addition to it. This implementation is particularly useful for a CA who signs using RSA and certifies using ECC. For example, a 2048-bit RSA modulus can easily contain a 160-bit ECC certificate.
Although the invention has been described with reference to certain specific embodiments, various modifications thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as outlined in the claims appended hereto.

## Claims

1. A method of a certifying a correspondent in a data communication system by a certifying authority, said certifying authority including a cryptographic unit, said method comprising:
said certifying authority generating a random number cA using said cryptographic unit;
said certifying authority generating implicit certificate components based on said random number cA using said cryptographic unit, said implicit certificate components having a first component γA and a second component sA;
said certifying authority providing said implicit certificate components for use in said data communication system; and
said certifying authority providing a public key of said certifying authority for use in derivation of a public key of said correspondent from said first component γA; wherein said certifying authority recertifies said correspondent by providing implicit certificate components using a changed value for said random number.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said second component sA is generated using said first component γA and a private key of said certifying authority.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein
said first component γA=aP+cAP, wherein aP is provided to said certifying authority by said correspondent and P is a point on a curve; and
said second component sA=h(γA∥IDA∥cP)c+cA (mod n), wherein c is a private key of said certifying authority, n is a large prime number, IDA is an identifier of said correspondent and includes at least one distinguishing feature of said correspondent; and h indicates a secure hash function.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein
said first component γA=aP+cAP, wherein aP is provided to said certifying authority by said correspondent and P is a point on a curve; and
said second component sA=h(γA∥IDA∥cP)cA+c (mod n), wherein c is a private key of said certifying authority, n is a large prime number, IDA is an identifier of said correspondent and includes at least one distinguishing feature of said correspondent; and h indicates a secure hash function.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein
said first component γA=aP+cAP, wherein aP is provided to said certifying authority by said correspondent and P is a point on a curve; and
said second component sA=cA±ch(IDA∥γA) (mod n), wherein c is a private key of said certifying authority, n is a large prime number, IDA is an identifier of said correspondent and includes at least one distinguishing feature of said correspondent; and h indicates a secure hash function.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein
said first component γA=aP+cAP, wherein aP is provided to said certifying authority by said correspondent and P is a point on a curve; and
said second component sA=cAh(IDA∥γA)±c (mod n), wherein c is a private key of said certifying authority, n is a large prime number, IDA is an identifier of said correspondent and includes at least one distinguishing feature of said correspondent; and h indicates a secure hash function.

7. The method of claim 1 further comprising recertifying one or more correspondents whose certificates have not been revoked.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein said recertifying utilizes information previously received from said correspondent.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein said recertifying occurs with a certification period.

10. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon computer-executable instructions for certifying a correspondent in a data communication system by a certifying authority, said computer-executable instructions comprising instructions for:
generating a random number cA;
generating implicit certificate components based on said random number cA, said implicit certificate components having a first component γA and a second component sA;
providing said implicit certificate components for use in said data communication system; and
providing a public key of said certifying authority for use in derivation of a public key of said correspondent from said first component γA;

wherein said computer-executable instructions further comprise instructions for recertifying said correspondent by providing implicit certificate components using a changed value for said random number.

11. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein said second component sA is generated using said first component γA and a private key of said certifying authority.

12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein
said first component γA=aP+cAP, wherein aP is provided to said certifying authority by said correspondent and P is a point on a curve; and
said second component sA=h(γA∥IDA∥cP)c+CA (mod n), wherein c is a private key of said certifying authority, n is a large prime number, IDA is an identifier of said correspondent and includes at least one distinguishing feature of said correspondent; and h indicates a secure hash function.

13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein
said first component γA=aP+cAP, wherein aP is provided to said certifying authority by said correspondent and P is a point on a curve; and
said second component sA=h(γA∥IDA∥cP)cA+c (mod n), wherein c is a private key of said certifying authority, n is a large prime number, IDA is an identifier of said correspondent and includes at least one distinguishing feature of said correspondent; and h indicates a secure hash function.

14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein
said first component γA=aP+cAP, wherein aP is provided to said certifying authority by said correspondent and P is a point on a curve; and
said second component sA=cA±ch(IDA∥γA) (mod n), wherein c is a private key of said certifying authority, n is a large prime number, IDA is an identifier of said correspondent and includes at least one distinguishing feature of said correspondent; and h indicates a secure hash function.

15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein
said first component γA=aP+cAP, wherein aP is provided to said certifying authority by said correspondent and P is a point on a curve; and
said second component sA=cAh(IDA∥γA)±c (mod n), wherein c is a private key of said certifying authority, n is a large prime number, IDA is an identifier of said correspondent and includes at least one distinguishing feature of said correspondent; and h indicates a secure hash function.

16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, said computer-executable instructions further comprising instructions for recertifying one or more correspondents whose certificates have not been revoked.

17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein said recertifying utilizes information previously received from said correspondent.

18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein said recertifying occurs with a certification period.

19. A certifying authority for certifying a correspondent in a data communication system, said certifying authority including a cryptographic unit for:
generating a random number cA;
generating implicit certificate components based on said random number cA, said implicit certificate components having a first component γA and a second component sA;
providing said implicit certificate components for use in said data communication system;
providing a public key of said certifying authority for use in derivation of a public key of said correspondent from said first component γA;

wherein said certifying authority further includes said cryptographic unit for recertifying said correspondent by providing implicit certificate components using a changed value for said random number.

20. The certifying authority of claim 19, wherein said second component sA is generated using said first component γA and a private key of said certifying authority.