S. 376

One Hundred Sixth Congress

of the

United States of America

AT THE SECOND SESSION

Begun and held at the City of Washington on Monday,

the twenty-fourth day of January, two thousand

An Act

To amend the Communications Satellite Act of 1962 to promote competition and

privatization in satellite communications, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of

the United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Open-market Reorganization

for the Betterment of International Telecommunications Act’’ or

the ‘‘ORBIT Act’’.

SEC. 2. PURPOSE.

It is the purpose of this Act to promote a fully competitive

global market for satellite communication services for the benefit

of consumers and providers of satellite services and equipment

by fully privatizing the intergovernmental satellite organizations,

INTELSAT and Inmarsat.

SEC. 3. REVISION OF COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE ACT OF 1962.

The Communications Satellite Act of 1962 (47 U.S.C. 701)

is amended by adding at the end the following new title:

‘‘TITLE VI—COMMUNICATIONS

COMPETITION AND PRIVATIZATION

‘‘Subtitle A—Actions To Ensure ProCompetitive Privatization

‘‘SEC. 601. FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION LICENSING.

‘‘(a) LICENSING FOR SEPARATED ENTITIES.—

‘‘(1) COMPETITION TEST.—The Commission may not issue

a license or construction permit to any separated entity, or

renew or permit the assignment or use of any such license

or permit, or authorize the use by any entity subject to United

States jurisdiction of any space segment owned, leased, or

operated by any separated entity, unless the Commission determines that such issuance, renewal, assignment, or use will

not harm competition in the telecommunications market of

the United States. If the Commission does not make such

a determination, it shall deny or revoke authority to use space

segment owned, leased, or operated by the separated entity

to provide services to, from, or within the United States.
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‘‘(2) CRITERIA FOR COMPETITION TEST.—In making the determination required by paragraph (1), the Commission shall use

the licensing criteria in sections 621 and 623, and shall not

make such a determination unless the Commission determines

that the privatization of any separated entity is consistent

with such criteria.

‘‘(b) LICENSING FOR INTELSAT, INMARSAT, AND SUCCESSOR

ENTITIES.—

‘‘(1) COMPETITION TEST.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—In considering the application of

INTELSAT, Inmarsat, or their successor entities for a

license or construction permit, or for the renewal or assignment or use of any such license or permit, or in considering

the request of any entity subject to United States jurisdiction for authorization to use any space segment owned,

leased, or operated by INTELSAT, Inmarsat, or their successor entities, to provide non-core services to, from, or

within the United States, the Commission shall determine

whether—

‘‘(i) after April 1, 2001, in the case of INTELSAT

and its successor entities, INTELSAT and any successor entities have been privatized in a manner that

will harm competition in the telecommunications markets of the United States; or

‘‘(ii) after April 1, 2000, in the case of Inmarsat

and its successor entities, Inmarsat and any successor

entities have been privatized in a manner that will

harm competition in the telecommunications markets

of the United States.

‘‘(B) CONSEQUENCES OF DETERMINATION.—If the

Commission determines that such competition will be

harmed or that grant of such application or request for

authority is not otherwise in the public interest, the

Commission shall limit through conditions or deny such

application or request, and limit or revoke previous

authorizations to provide non-core services to, from, or

within the United States. After due notice and opportunity

for comment, the Commission shall apply the same limitations, restrictions, and conditions to all entities subject

to United States jurisdiction using space segment owned,

leased, or operated by INTELSAT, Inmarsat, or their successor entities.

‘‘(C) NATIONAL SECURITY, LAW ENFORCEMENT, AND

PUBLIC SAFETY.—The Commission shall not impose any

limitation, condition, or restriction under subparagraph (B)

in a manner that will, or is reasonably likely to, result

in limitation, denial, or revocation of authority for noncore services that are used by and required for a national

security agency or law enforcement department or agency

of the United States, or used by and required for, and

otherwise in the public interest, any other Department

or Agency of the United States to protect the health and

safety of the public. Such services may be obtained by

the United States directly from INTELSAT, Inmarsat, or

a successor entity, or indirectly through COMSAT, or

authorized carriers or distributors of the successor entity.
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‘‘(D) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this subsection is intended to preclude the Commission from acting

upon applications of INTELSAT, Inmarsat, or their successor entities prior to the latest date set out in section

621(5)(A), including such actions as may be necessary for

the United States to become the licensing jurisdiction for

INTELSAT, but the Commission shall condition a grant

of authority pursuant to this subsection upon compliance

with sections 621 and 622.

‘‘(2) CRITERIA FOR COMPETITION TEST.—In making the determination required by paragraph (1), the Commission shall use

the licensing criteria in sections 621, 622, and 624, and shall

determine that competition in the telecommunications markets

of the United States will be harmed unless the Commission

finds that the privatization referred to in paragraph (1) is

consistent with such criteria.

‘‘(3) CLARIFICATION: COMPETITIVE SAFEGUARDS.—In making

its licensing decisions under this subsection, the Commission

shall consider whether users of non-core services provided by

INTELSAT or Inmarsat or successor or separated entities are

able to obtain non-core services from providers offering services

other than through INTELSAT or Inmarsat or successor or

separated entities, at competitive rates, terms, or conditions.

Such consideration shall also include whether such licensing

decisions would require users to replace equipment at substantial costs prior to the termination of its design life. In making

its licensing decisions, the Commission shall also consider

whether competitive alternatives in individual markets do not

exist because they have been foreclosed due to anticompetitive

actions undertaken by or resulting from the INTELSAT or

Inmarsat systems. Such licensing decisions shall be made in

a manner which facilitates achieving the purposes and goals

in this title and shall be subject to notice and comment.

‘‘(c) ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS IN DETERMINATIONS.—In

making its determinations and licensing decisions under subsections

(a) and (b), the Commission shall construe such subsections in

a manner consistent with the United States obligations and commitments for satellite services under the Fourth Protocol to the General

Agreement on Trade in Services.

‘‘(d) INDEPENDENT FACILITIES COMPETITION.—Nothing in this

section shall be construed as precluding COMSAT from investing

in or owning satellites or other facilities independent from

INTELSAT and Inmarsat, and successor or separated entities, or

from providing services through reselling capacity over the facilities

of satellite systems independent from INTELSAT and Inmarsat,

and successor or separated entities. This subsection shall not be

construed as restricting the types of contracts which can be executed

or services which may be provided by COMSAT over the independent satellites or facilities described in this subsection.

‘‘SEC. 602. INCENTIVES; LIMITATION ON EXPANSION PENDING

PRIVATIZATION.

‘‘(a) LIMITATION.—Until INTELSAT, Inmarsat, and their successor or separate entities are privatized in accordance with the

requirements of this title, INTELSAT, Inmarsat, and their successor

or separate entities, respectively, shall not be permitted to provide
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additional services. The Commission shall take all necessary measures to implement this requirement, including denial by the

Commission of licensing for such services.

‘‘(b) ORBITAL LOCATION INCENTIVES.—Until such privatization

is achieved, the United States shall oppose and decline to facilitate

applications by such entities for new orbital locations to provide

such services.

‘‘Subtitle B—Federal Communications

Commission Licensing Criteria: Privatization Criteria

‘‘SEC. 621. GENERAL CRITERIA TO ENSURE A PRO-COMPETITIVE

PRIVATIZATION OF INTELSAT AND INMARSAT.

‘‘The President and the Commission shall secure a pro-competitive privatization of INTELSAT and Inmarsat that meets the criteria set forth in this section and sections 622 through 624. In

securing such privatizations, the following criteria shall be applied

as licensing criteria for purposes of subtitle A:

‘‘(1) DATES FOR PRIVATIZATION.—Privatization shall be

obtained in accordance with the criteria of this title of—

‘‘(A) INTELSAT as soon as practicable, but no later

than April 1, 2001; and

‘‘(B) Inmarsat as soon as practicable, but no later than

July 1, 2000.

‘‘(2) INDEPENDENCE.—The privatized successor entities and

separated entities of INTELSAT and Inmarsat shall operate

as independent commercial entities, and have a pro-competitive

ownership structure. The successor entities and separated entities of INTELSAT and Inmarsat shall conduct an initial public

offering in accordance with paragraph (5) to achieve such

independence. Such offering shall substantially dilute the

aggregate ownership of such entities by such signatories or

former signatories. In determining whether a public offering

attains such substantial dilution, the Commission shall take

into account the purposes and intent, privatization criteria,

and other provisions of this title, as well as market conditions.

No intergovernmental organization, including INTELSAT or

Inmarsat, shall have—

‘‘(A) an ownership interest in INTELSAT or the successor or separated entities of INTELSAT; or

‘‘(B) more than minimal ownership interest in Inmarsat

or the successor or separated entities of Inmarsat.

‘‘(3) TERMINATION OF PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES.—The

preferential treatment of INTELSAT and Inmarsat shall not

be extended to any successor entity or separated entity of

INTELSAT or Inmarsat. Such preferential treatment includes—

‘‘(A) privileged or immune treatment by national

governments;

‘‘(B) privileges or immunities or other competitive

advantages of the type accorded INTELSAT and Inmarsat

and their signatories through the terms and operation of

the INTELSAT Agreement and the associated Headquarters Agreement and the Inmarsat Convention; and

‘‘(C) preferential access to orbital locations.
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Access to new, or renewal of access to, orbital locations shall

be subject to the legal or regulatory processes of a national

government that applies due diligence requirements intended

to prevent the warehousing of orbital locations.

‘‘(4) PREVENTION OF EXPANSION DURING TRANSITION.—

During the transition period prior to privatization under this

title, INTELSAT and Inmarsat shall be precluded from

expanding into additional services.

‘‘(5) CONVERSION TO STOCK CORPORATIONS.—Any successor

entity or separated entity created out of INTELSAT or Inmarsat

shall be a national corporation or similar accepted commercial

structure, subject to the laws of the nation in which incorporated, as follows:

‘‘(A) An initial public offering of securities of any successor entity or separated entity—

‘‘(i) shall be conducted, for the successor entities

of INTELSAT, on or about October 1, 2001, except

that the Commission may extend this deadline in

consideration of market conditions and relevant business factors relating to the timing of an initial public

offering, but such extensions shall not permit such

offering to be conducted later than December 31, 2002;

and

‘‘(ii) shall be conducted, for the successor entities

of Inmarsat, on or about October 1, 2000, except that

the Commission may extend this deadline in consideration of market conditions and relevant business factors relating to the timing of an initial public offering,

but to no later than December 31, 2001.

‘‘(B) The shares of any successor entities and separated

entities shall be listed for trading on one or more major

stock exchanges with transparent and effective securities

regulation.

‘‘(C) A majority of the members of the board of directors

of any successor entity or separated entity shall not be

directors, employees, officers, or managers or otherwise

serve as representatives of any signatory or former signatory. No member of the board of directors of any successor

or separated entity shall be a director, employee, officer

or manager of any intergovernmental organization

remaining after the privatization.

‘‘(D) Any successor entity or separated entity shall—

‘‘(i) have a board of directors with a fiduciary

obligation;

‘‘(ii) have no officers or managers who (I) are officers or managers of any signatories or former signatories, or (II) have any direct financial interest in or

financial relationship to any signatories or former signatories, except that such interest may be managed

through a blind trust or similar mechanism;

‘‘(iii) have no directors, officers, or managers who

hold such positions in any intergovernmental organization; and

‘‘(iv) in the case of a separated entity, have no

officers or directors, who (I) are officers or managers

of any intergovernmental organization, or (II) have

any direct financial interest in or financial relationship
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to any international organization, except that such

interest may be managed through a blind trust or

similar mechanism.

‘‘(E) Any transactions or other relationships between

or among any successor entity, separated entity,

INTELSAT, or Inmarsat shall be conducted on an arm’s

length basis.

‘‘(6) REGULATORY TREATMENT.—Any successor entity or

separated entity created after the date of enactment of this

title shall apply through the appropriate national licensing

authorities for international frequency assignments and associated orbital registrations for all satellites.

‘‘(7) COMPETITION POLICIES IN DOMICILIARY COUNTRY.—Any

successor entity or separated entity shall be subject to the

jurisdiction of a nation or nations that—

‘‘(A) have effective laws and regulations that secure

competition in telecommunications services;

‘‘(B) are signatories of the World Trade Organization

Basic Telecommunications Services Agreement; and

‘‘(C) have a schedule of commitments in such Agreement that includes non-discriminatory market access to

their satellite markets.

‘‘SEC. 622. SPECIFIC CRITERIA FOR INTELSAT.

‘‘In securing the privatizations required by section 621, the

following additional criteria with respect to INTELSAT privatization shall be applied as licensing criteria for purposes of subtitle

A:

‘‘(1) TECHNICAL COORDINATION UNDER INTELSAT AGREE- MENTS.—Technical coordination shall not be used to impair

competition or competitors, and shall be conducted under International Telecommunication Union procedures and not under

Article XIV(d) of the INTELSAT Agreement.

‘‘SEC. 623. SPECIFIC CRITERIA FOR INTELSAT SEPARATED ENTITIES.

‘‘In securing the privatizations required by section 621, the

following additional criteria with respect to any INTELSAT separated entity shall be applied as licensing criteria for purposes

of subtitle A:

‘‘(1) DATE FOR PUBLIC OFFERING.—Within one year after

any decision to create any separated entity, a public offering

of the securities of such entity shall be conducted. In the

case of a separated entity created before January 1, 1999,

such public offering shall be conducted no later than July

1, 2000, except that the Commission may extend this deadline

in consideration of market conditions and relevant business

factors relating to the timing of an initial public offering, but

such extensions shall not permit such offering to be conducted

later than July 31, 2001.

‘‘(2) INTERLOCKING DIRECTORATES OR EMPLOYEES.—None of

the officers, directors, or employees of any separated entity

shall be individuals who are officers, directors, or employees

of INTELSAT.

‘‘(3) SPECTRUM ASSIGNMENTS.—After the initial transfer

which may accompany the creation of a separated entity, the

portions of the electromagnetic spectrum assigned as of the

date of enactment of this title to INTELSAT shall not be

transferred between INTELSAT and any separated entity.
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‘‘(4) REAFFILIATION PROHIBITED.—Any merger or ownership

or management ties or exclusive arrangements between a

privatized INTELSAT or any successor entity and any separated entity shall be prohibited until 11 years after the completion of INTELSAT privatization under this title.

‘‘SEC. 624. SPECIFIC CRITERIA FOR INMARSAT.

‘‘In securing the privatizations required by section 621, the

following additional criteria with respect to Inmarsat privatization

shall be applied as licensing criteria for purposes of subtitle A:

‘‘(1) REAFFILIATION PROHIBITED.—Any merger, ownership

of more than one percent of the voting securities, or management ties or exclusive arrangements between Inmarsat or any

successor entity or separated entity and ICO shall be prohibited

until 15 years after the completion of Inmarsat privatization

under this title.

‘‘(2) INTERLOCKING DIRECTORATES OR EMPLOYEES.—None of

the officers, directors, or employees of Inmarsat or any successor

entity or separated entity shall be individuals who are officers,

directors, or employees of ICO.

‘‘(3) PRESERVATION OF THE GMDSS.—The United States shall

seek to preserve space segment capacity of the GMDSS.

‘‘SEC. 625. ENCOURAGING MARKET ACCESS AND PRIVATIZATION.

‘‘(a) NTIA DETERMINATION.—

‘‘(1) DETERMINATION REQUIRED.—Within 180 days after the

date of enactment of this section, the Secretary of Commerce

shall, through the Assistant Secretary for Communications and

Information, transmit to the Commission—

‘‘(A) a list of Member countries of INTELSAT and

Inmarsat that are not Members of the World Trade

Organization and that impose barriers to market access

for private satellite systems; and

‘‘(B) a list of Member countries of INTELSAT and

Inmarsat that are not Members of the World Trade

Organization and that are not supporting pro-competitive

privatization of INTELSAT and Inmarsat.

‘‘(2) CONSULTATION.—The Secretary’s determinations under

paragraph (1) shall be made in consultation with the Federal

Communications Commission, the Secretary of State, and the

United States Trade Representative, and shall take into account

the totality of a country’s actions in all relevant fora, including

the Assemblies of Parties of INTELSAT and Inmarsat.

‘‘(b) IMPOSITION OF COST-BASED SETTLEMENT RATE.—

Notwithstanding—

‘‘(1) any higher settlement rate that an overseas carrier

charges any United States carrier to originate or terminate

international message telephone services; and

‘‘(2) any transition period that would otherwise apply,

the Commission may by rule prohibit United States carriers from

paying an amount in excess of a cost-based settlement rate to

overseas carriers in countries listed by the Commission pursuant

to subsection (a).

‘‘(c) SETTLEMENTS POLICY.—The Commission shall, in exercising

its authority to establish settlements rates for United States international common carriers, seek to advance United States policy
S. 376—8

in favor of cost-based settlements in all relevant fora on international telecommunications policy, including in meetings with parties and signatories of INTELSAT and Inmarsat.

‘‘Subtitle C—Deregulation and Other

Statutory Changes

‘‘SEC. 641. ACCESS TO INTELSAT.

‘‘(a) ACCESS PERMITTED.—Beginning on the date of enactment

of this title, users or providers of telecommunications services shall

be permitted to obtain direct access to INTELSAT telecommunications services and space segment capacity through purchases

of such capacity or services from INTELSAT. Such direct access

shall be at the level commonly referred to by INTELSAT, on the

date of enactment of this title, as ‘Level III’.

‘‘(b) RULEMAKING.—Within 180 days after the date of enactment

of this title, the Commission shall complete a rulemaking, with

notice and opportunity for submission of comment by interested

persons, to determine if users or providers of telecommunications

services have sufficient opportunity to access INTELSAT space

segment capacity directly from INTELSAT to meet their service

or capacity requirements. If the Commission determines that such

opportunity to access does not exist, the Commission shall take

appropriate action to facilitate such direct access pursuant to its

authority under this Act and the Communications Act of 1934.

The Commission shall take such steps as may be necessary to

prevent the circumvention of the intent of this section.

‘‘(c) CONTRACT PRESERVATION.—Nothing in this section shall

be construed to permit the abrogation or modification of any contract.

‘‘SEC. 642. SIGNATORY ROLE.

‘‘(a) LIMITATIONS ON SIGNATORIES.— ‘‘(1) NATIONAL SECURITY LIMITATIONS.—The Federal

Communications Commission, after a public interest determination, in consultation with the executive branch, may restrict

foreign ownership of a United States signatory if the Commission determines that not to do so would constitute a threat

to national security.

‘‘(2) NO SIGNATORIES REQUIRED.—The United States

Government shall not require signatories to represent the

United States in INTELSAT or Inmarsat or in any successor

entities after a pro-competitive privatization is achieved consistent with sections 621, 622, and 624.

‘‘(b) CLARIFICATION OF PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES OF

COMSAT.—

‘‘(1) GENERALLY NOT IMMUNIZED.—Notwithstanding any

other law or executive agreement, COMSAT shall not be entitled to any privileges or immunities under the laws of the

United States or any State on the basis of its status as a

signatory of INTELSAT or Inmarsat.

‘‘(2) LIMITED IMMUNITY.—COMSAT or any successor in

interest shall not be liable for action taken by it in carrying

out the specific, written instruction of the United States issued

in connection with its relationships and activities with foreign
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governments, international entities, and the intergovernmental

satellite organizations.

‘‘(3) NO JOINT OR SEVERAL LIABILITY.—If COMSAT is found

liable for any action taken in its status as a signatory or

a representative of the party to INTELSAT, any such liability

shall be limited to the portion of the judgment that corresponds

to COMSAT’s percentage of the ownership of INTELSAT at

the time the activity began which lead to the liability.

‘‘(4) PROVISIONS PROSPECTIVE.—Paragraph (1) shall not

apply with respect to liability for any action taken by COMSAT

before the date of enactment of this title.

‘‘(c) PARITY OF TREATMENT.—Notwithstanding any other law

or executive agreement, the Commission shall have the authority

to impose similar regulatory fees on the United States signatory

which it imposes on other entities providing similar services.

‘‘SEC. 643. ELIMINATION OF PROCUREMENT PREFERENCES.

‘‘Nothing in this title or the Communications Act of 1934 shall

be construed to authorize or require any preference, in Federal

Government procurement of telecommunications services, for the

satellite space segment provided by INTELSAT, Inmarsat, or any

successor entity or separated entity.

‘‘SEC. 644. ITU FUNCTIONS.

‘‘(a) TECHNICAL COORDINATION.—The Commission and United

States satellite companies shall utilize the International Telecommunication Union procedures for technical coordination with

INTELSAT and its successor entities and separated entities, rather

than INTELSAT procedures.

‘‘(b) ITU NOTIFYING ADMINISTRATION.—The President and the

Commission shall take the action necessary to ensure that the

United States remains the ITU notifying administration for the

privatized INTELSAT’s existing and future orbital slot registrations.

‘‘SEC. 645. TERMINATION OF COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE ACT OF

1962 PROVISIONS.

‘‘Effective on the dates specified, the following provisions of

this Act shall cease to be effective:

‘‘(1) Date of enactment of this title: Paragraphs (1), (5)

and (6) of section 201(a); section 201(b); paragraphs (1), (3)

through (5), and (8) through (10) of section 201(c); section

303; section 304; section 502; section 503; paragraphs (2) and

(4) of section 504(a); and section 504(c).

‘‘(2) Upon the transfer of assets to a successor entity and

receipt by signatories or former signatories (including

COMSAT) of ownership shares in the successor entity of

INTELSAT in accordance with appropriate arrangements determined by INTELSAT to implement privatization: Section 305.

‘‘(3) On the effective date of a Commission order determining under section 601(b)(2) that Inmarsat privatization is

consistent with criteria in sections 621 and 624: Sections 504(b)

and 504(d).

‘‘(4) On the effective date of a Commission order determining under section 601(b)(2) that INTELSAT privatization

is consistent with criteria in sections 621 and 622: Section

102; section 103(7); paragraphs (2) through (4) and (7) of section

201(a); paragraphs (2), (6), and (7) of section 201(c); section
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301; section 302; section 401; section 402; section 403; and

section 404.

‘‘SEC. 646. REPORTS TO CONGRESS.

‘‘(a) ANNUAL REPORTS.—The President and the Commission

shall report to the Committees on Commerce and International

Relations of the House of Representatives and the Committees

on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and Foreign Relations

of the Senate within 90 calendar days of the enactment of this

title, and not less than annually thereafter, on the progress made

to achieve the objectives and carry out the purposes and provisions

of this title. Such reports shall be made available immediately

to the public.

‘‘(b) CONTENTS OF REPORTS.—The reports submitted pursuant

to subsection (a) shall include the following:

‘‘(1) Progress with respect to each objective since the most

recent preceding report.

‘‘(2) Views of the Parties with respect to privatization.

‘‘(3) Views of industry and consumers on privatization.

‘‘(4) Impact privatization has had on United States

industry, United States jobs, and United States industry’s

access to the global marketplace.

‘‘SEC. 647. SATELLITE AUCTIONS.

‘‘Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Commission

shall not have the authority to assign by competitive bidding orbital

locations or spectrum used for the provision of international or

global satellite communications services. The President shall oppose

in the International Telecommunication Union and in other bilateral

and multilateral fora any assignment by competitive bidding of

orbital locations or spectrum used for the provision of such services.

‘‘SEC. 648. EXCLUSIVITY ARRANGEMENTS.

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—No satellite operator shall acquire or enjoy

the exclusive right of handling telecommunications to or from the

United States, its territories or possessions, and any other country

or territory by reason of any concession, contract, understanding,

or working arrangement to which the satellite operator or any

persons or companies controlling or controlled by the operator are

parties.

‘‘(b) EXCEPTION.—In enforcing the provisions of this section,

the Commission—

‘‘(1) shall not require the termination of existing satellite

telecommunications services under contract with, or tariff

commitment to, such satellite operator; but

‘‘(2) may require the termination of new services only to

the country that has provided the exclusive right to handle

telecommunications, if the Commission determines the public

interest, convenience, and necessity so requires.
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‘‘Subtitle D—Negotiations To Pursue

Privatization

‘‘SEC. 661. METHODS TO PURSUE PRIVATIZATION.

‘‘The President shall secure the pro-competitive privatizations

required by this title in a manner that meets the criteria in subtitle

B.

‘‘Subtitle E—Definitions

‘‘SEC. 681. DEFINITIONS.

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—As used in this title:

‘‘(1) INTELSAT.—The term ‘INTELSAT’ means the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization established

pursuant to the Agreement Relating to the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT).

‘‘(2) INMARSAT.—The term ‘Inmarsat’ means the International Mobile Satellite Organization established pursuant to

the Convention on the International Maritime Organization.

‘‘(3) SIGNATORIES.—The term ‘signatories’—

‘‘(A) in the case of INTELSAT, or INTELSAT successors or separated entities, means a Party, or the telecommunications entity designated by a Party, that has

signed the Operating Agreement and for which such Agreement has entered into force; and

‘‘(B) in the case of Inmarsat, or Inmarsat successors

or separated entities, means either a Party to, or an entity

that has been designated by a Party to sign, the Operating

Agreement.

‘‘(4) PARTY.—The term ‘Party’—

‘‘(A) in the case of INTELSAT, means a nation for

which the INTELSAT agreement has entered into force;

and

‘‘(B) in the case of Inmarsat, means a nation for which

the Inmarsat convention has entered into force.

‘‘(5) COMMISSION.—The term ‘Commission’ means the Federal Communications Commission.

‘‘(6) INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION.—The

term ‘International Telecommunication Union’ means the intergovernmental organization that is a specialized agency of the

United Nations in which member countries cooperate for the

development of telecommunications, including adoption of international regulations governing terrestrial and space uses of

the frequency spectrum as well as use of the geostationary

satellite orbit.

‘‘(7) SUCCESSOR ENTITY.—The term ‘successor entity’—

‘‘(A) means any privatized entity created from the

privatization of INTELSAT or Inmarsat or from the assets

of INTELSAT or Inmarsat; but

‘‘(B) does not include any entity that is a separated

entity.

‘‘(8) SEPARATED ENTITY.—The term ‘separated entity’ means

a privatized entity to whom a portion of the assets owned

by INTELSAT or Inmarsat are transferred prior to full

privatization of INTELSAT or Inmarsat, including in particular
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the entity whose structure was under discussion by INTELSAT

as of March 25, 1998, but excluding ICO.

‘‘(9) ORBITAL LOCATION.—The term ‘orbital location’ means

the location for placement of a satellite on the geostationary

orbital arc as defined in the International Telecommunication

Union Radio Regulations.

‘‘(10) SPACE SEGMENT.—The term ‘space segment’ means

the satellites, and the tracking, telemetry, command, control,

monitoring and related facilities and equipment used to support

the operation of satellites owned or leased by INTELSAT,

Inmarsat, or a separated entity or successor entity.

‘‘(11) NON-CORE SERVICES.—The term ‘non-core services’

means, with respect to INTELSAT provision, services other

than public-switched network voice telephony and occasionaluse television, and with respect to Inmarsat provision, services

other than global maritime distress and safety services or other

existing maritime or aeronautical services for which there are

not alternative providers.

‘‘(12) ADDITIONAL SERVICES.—The term ‘additional services’

means—

‘‘(A) for Inmarsat, those non-maritime or non-aeronautical mobile services in the 1.5 and 1.6 Ghz band on

planned satellites or the 2 Ghz band; and

‘‘(B) for INTELSAT, direct-to-home (DTH) or direct

broadcast satellite (DBS) video services, or services in the

Ka or V bands.

‘‘(13) INTELSAT AGREEMENT.—The term ‘INTELSAT

Agreement’ means the Agreement Relating to the International

Telecommunications Satellite Organization (‘INTELSAT’),

including all its annexes (TIAS 7532, 23 UST 3813).

‘‘(14) HEADQUARTERS AGREEMENT.—The term ‘Headquarters Agreement’ means the International Telecommunication Satellite Organization Headquarters Agreement

(November 24, 1976) (TIAS 8542, 28 UST 2248).

‘‘(15) OPERATING AGREEMENT.—The term ‘Operating Agreement’ means—

‘‘(A) in the case of INTELSAT, the agreement,

including its annex but excluding all titles of articles,

opened for signature at Washington on August 20, 1971,

by Governments or telecommunications entities designated

by Governments in accordance with the provisions of the

Agreement; and

‘‘(B) in the case of Inmarsat, the Operating Agreement

on the International Maritime Satellite Organization,

including its annexes.

‘‘(16) INMARSAT CONVENTION.—The term ‘Inmarsat Convention’ means the Convention on the International Maritime Satellite Organization (Inmarsat) (TIAS 9605, 31 UST 1).

‘‘(17) NATIONAL CORPORATION.—The term ‘national corporation’ means a corporation the ownership of which is held

through publicly traded securities, and that is incorporated

under, and subject to, the laws of a national, state, or territorial

government.

‘‘(18) COMSAT.—The term ‘COMSAT’ means the corporation established pursuant to title III of the Communications

Satellite Act of 1962 (47 U.S.C. 731 et seq.), or the successor

in interest to such corporation.
S. 376—13

‘‘(19) ICO.—The term ‘ICO’ means the company known,

as of the date of enactment of this title, as ICO Global Communications, Inc.

‘‘(20) GLOBAL MARITIME DISTRESS AND SAFETY SERVICES OR

GMDSS.—The term ‘global maritime distress and safety services’

or ‘GMDSS’ means the automated ship-to-shore distress

alerting system which uses satellite and advanced terrestrial

systems for international distress communications and promoting maritime safety in general. The GMDSS permits the

worldwide alerting of vessels, coordinated search and rescue

operations, and dissemination of maritime safety information.

‘‘(21) NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY.—The term ‘national

security agency’ means the National Security Agency, the

Director of Central Intelligence and the Central Intelligence

Agency, the Department of Defense, and the Coast Guard.

‘‘(b) COMMON TERMINOLOGY.—Except as otherwise provided in

subsection (a), terms used in this title that are defined in section

3 of the Communications Act of 1934 have the meanings provided

in such section.’’.

Speaker of the House of Representatives.

Vice President of the United States and

President of the Senate.