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                                                                     EXHIBIT 3.2

                                                      Amended April 27, 1995

                                     BY-LAWS

                                       OF

                       ORBITAL COMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION

                  Section 1. LAW, CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION
                             AND BY-LAWS

     1.1. These by-laws are subject to the certificate of incorporation of the
corporation. In these by-laws, references to law, the certificate of
incorporation and by-laws mean the law, the provisions of the certificate of
incorporation and the by-laws as from time to time in effect.

                             Section 2. STOCKHOLDERS

     2.1. Annual Meeting. The annual meeting of stockholders shall be held at
1:00 p.m. on the last Thursday in April in each year, unless that day be a legal
holiday at the place where the meeting is to be held, in which case the meeting
shall be held at the same hour on the next succeeding day not a legal holiday,
or at such other date and time as shall be designated from time to time by the
board of directors and stated in the notice of the meeting, at which they shall
elect a board of directors and transact such other business as may be required
by law or these by-laws or as may properly come before the meeting.

     2.2. Special Meetings. A special meeting of the stockholders may be called
at any time by the chairman of the board, if any, the president or the board of
directors. A special meeting of the stockholders shall be called by the
secretary, or in the case of the death, absence, incapacity or refusal of the
secretary, by an assistant secretary or some other officer, upon application of
a majority of the directors. Any such application shall state the purpose or
purposes of the proposed meeting. Any such call shall state the place, date,
hour, and purposes of the meeting.

     2.3. Place of Meeting. All meetings of the stockholders for the election of
directors or for any other purpose shall be held at such place within or without
the State of Delaware as may be determined from time to time by the chairman of
the board, if any, the president or the board of directors. Any adjourned
session of any meeting of the stockholders shall be held at the place designated
in the vote of adjournment.





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     2.4. Notice of Meetings. Except as otherwise provided by law, a written
notice of each meeting of stockholders stating the place, day and hour thereof
and, in the case of a special meeting, the purposes for which the meeting is
called, shall be given not less then ten nor more than sixty days before the
meeting, to each stockholder entitled to vote thereat, and to each stockholder
who, by law, by the certificate of incorporation or by these by-laws, is
entitled to notice, by leaving such notice with him or at his residence or usual
place of business, or by depositing it in the United States mail, postage
prepaid, and addressed to such stockholder at his address as it appears in the
records of the corporation. Such notice shall be given by the secretary, or by
an officer or person designated by the board of directors, or in the case of a
special meeting by the officer calling the meeting. As to any adjourned session
of any meeting of stockholders, notice of the adjourned meeting need not be
given if the time and place thereof are announced at the meeting at which the
adjournment was taken except that if the adjournment is for more than thirty
days or if after the adjournment a new record date is set for the adjourned
session, notice of any such adjourned session of the meeting shall be given in
the manner heretofore described. No notice of any meeting of stockholders or any
adjourned session thereof need be given to a stockholder if a written waiver of
notice, executed before or after the meeting or such adjourned session by such
stockholder, is filed with the records of the meeting or if the stockholder
attends such meeting without objecting at the beginning of the meeting to the
transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or
convened. Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any
meeting of the stockholders or any adjourned session thereof need be specified
in any written waiver of notice.

     2.5. Quorum of Stockholders. At any meeting of the stockholders a quorum as
to any matter shall consist of a majority of the votes entitled to be cast on
the matter, except where a larger quorum is required by law, by the certificate
of incorporation or by these by-laws. Any meeting may be adjourned from time to
time by a majority of the votes properly cast upon the question, whether or not
a quorum is present. If a quorum is present at an original meeting, a quorum
need not be present at an adjourned session of that meeting. Shares of its own
stock belonging to the corporation or to another corporation, if a majority of
the shares entitled to vote in the election of directors of such other
corporation is held, directly or indirectly, by the corporation, shall neither
be entitled to vote nor be counted for quorum purposes; provided, however, that
the foregoing



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shall not limit the right of any corporation to vote stock, including but not
limited to its own stock, held by it in a fiduciary capacity.

     2.6. Action by Vote. When a quorum is present at any meeting, a plurality
of the votes properly cast for election to any office shall elect to such office
and a majority of the votes properly cast upon any question other than an
election to an office shall decide the question, except when a larger vote is
required by law, by the certificate of incorporation or by these by-laws. No
ballot shall be required for any election unless requested by a stockholder
present or represented at the meeting and entitled to vote in the election.

     2.7. Action without Meetings. Unless otherwise provided in the certificate
of incorporation, any action required or permitted to be taken by stockholders
for or in connection with any corporate action may be taken without a meeting,
without prior notice and without a vote, if a consent or consents in writing,
setting forth the action so taken, shall be signed by the holders of outstanding
stock having not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary
to authorize or take such action at a meeting at which all shares entitled to
vote thereon were present and voted and shall be delivered to the corporation by
delivery to its registered office in Delaware by hand or certified or registered
mail, return receipt requested, to its principal place of business or to an
officer or agent of the corporation having custody of the book in which
proceedings of meetings of stockholders are recorded. Each such written consent
shall bear the date of signature of each stockholder who signs the consent. No
written consent shall be effective to take the corporate action referred to
therein unless written consents signed by a number of stockholders sufficient to
take such action are delivered to the corporation in the manner specified in
this paragraph within sixty days of the earliest dated consent so delivered.

     If action is taken by consent of stockholders and in accordance with the
foregoing, there shall be filed with the records of the meetings of stockholders
the writing or writings comprising such consent.

     If action is taken by less than unanimous consent of stockholders, prompt
notice of the taking of such action without a meeting shall be given to those
who have not consented in writing and a certificate signed and attested to by
the secretary that such notice was given shall be filed with the records of the
meetings of stockholders.



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     In the event that the action which is consented to is such as would have
required the filing of a certificate under any provision of the General
Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, if such action had been voted upon by
the stockholders at a meeting thereof, the certificate filed under such
provision shall state, in lieu of any statement required by such provision
concerning a vote of stockholders, that written consent has been given under
Section 228 of said General Corporation Law and that written notice has been
given as provided in such Section 228.

     2.8. Proxy Representation. Every stockholder may authorize another person
or persons to act for him by proxy in all matters in which a stockholder is
entitled to participate, whether by waiving notice of any meeting, objecting to
or voting or participating at a meeting, or expressing consent or dissent
without a meeting. Every proxy must be signed by the stockholder or by his
attorney-in-fact. No proxy shall be voted or acted upon after three years from
its date unless such proxy provides for a longer period. A duly executed proxy
shall be irrevocable if it states that it is irrevocable and, if, and only as
long as, it is coupled with an interest sufficient in law to support an
irrevocable power. A proxy may be made irrevocable regardless of whether the
interest with which it is coupled is an interest in the stock itself or an
interest in the corporation generally. The authorization of a proxy may but need
not be limited to specified action, provided, however, that if a proxy limits
its authorization to a meeting or meetings of stockholders, unless otherwise
specifically provided such proxy shall entitle the holder thereof to vote at any
adjourned session but shall not be valid after the final adjournment thereof.

     2.9. Inspectors. The directors or the person presiding at the meeting may,
but need not, appoint one or more inspectors of election and any substitute
inspectors to act at the meeting or any adjournment thereof. Each inspector,
before entering upon the discharge of his duties, shall take and sign an oath
faithfully to execute the duties of inspector at such meeting with strict
impartiality and according to the best of his ability. The inspectors, if any,
shall determine the number of shares of stock outstanding and the voting power
of each, the shares of stock represented at the meeting, the existence of a
quorum, the validity and effect of proxies, and shall receive votes, ballots or
consents, hear and determine all challenges and questions arising in connection
with the right to vote, count and tabulate all votes, ballots or consents,
determine the



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result, and do such acts as are proper to conduct the election or vote with
fairness to all stockholders. On request of the person presiding at the meeting,
the inspectors shall make a report in writing of any challenge, question or
matter determined by them and execute a certificate of any fact found by them.

     2.10. List of Stockholders. The secretary shall prepare and make, at least
ten days before every meeting of stockholders, a complete list of the
stockholders entitled to vote at such meeting, arranged in alphabetical order
and showing the address of each stockholder and the number of shares registered
in his name. The stock ledger shall be the only evidence as to who are
stockholders entitled to examine such list or to vote in person or by proxy at
such meeting.

                          Section 3. BOARD OF DIRECTORS

     3.1. Number. The number of directors which shall constitute the whole
board shall not be less than 1 *nor more than 5 in number. Thereafter, within
the foregoing limits, the stockholders at the annual meeting shall determine
the number of directors and shall elect the number of directors as determined.
Within the foregoing limits, the number of directors may be increased at any
time or from time to time by the stockholders or by the directors by vote of a
majority of the directors then in office. The number of directors may be
decreased to any number permitted by the foregoing at any time either by the
stockholders or by the directors by vote of a majority of the directors then in
office, but only to eliminate vacancies existing by reason of the death,
resignation or removal of one or more directors. Directors need not be
stockholders.
                          
     3.2. Tenure. Except as otherwise provided by law, by the certificate of
incorporation or by these by-laws, each director shall hold office until the
next annual meeting and until his successor is elected and qualified, or until
he sooner dies, resigns, is removed or becomes disqualified.

     3.3. Powers. The business and affairs of the corporation shall be managed
by or under the direction of the board of directors who shall have and may
exercise all the powers of the corporation and do all such lawful acts and
things as are not by law, the certificate of incorporation or these by-laws
directed or required to be exercised or done by the stockholders.

     3.4.   Vacancies.  Vacancies and any newly created directorships
resulting from any increase in the number of

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* Amended April 27, 1995

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directors may be filled by vote of the stockholders at a meeting called for the
purpose, or by a majority of the directors then in office, although less than a
quorum, or by a sole remaining director. When one or more directors shall resign
from the board, effective at a future date, a majority of the directors then in
office, including those who have resigned, shall have power to fill such vacancy
or vacancies, the vote or action by writing thereon to take effect when such
resignation or resignations shall become effective. The directors shall have and
may exercise all their powers notwithstanding the existence of one or more
vacancies in their number, subject to any requirements of law or of the
certificate of incorporation or of these by-laws as to the number of directors
required for a quorum or for any vote or other actions.

     3.5. Committees. The board of directors may, by vote of a majority of the
whole board, (a) designate, change the membership of or terminate the existence
of any committee or committees, each committee to consist of one or more of the
directors; (b) designate one or more directors as alternate members of any such
committee who may replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of
the committee; and (c) determine the extent to which each such committee shall
have and may exercise the powers of the board of directors in the management of
the business and affairs of the corporation, including the power to authorize
the seal of the corporation to be affixed to all papers which require it and the
power and authority to declare dividends or to authorize the issuance of stock;
excepting, however, such powers which by law, by the certificate of
incorporation or by these by-laws they are prohibited from so delegating. In the
absence or disqualification of any member of such committee and his alternate,
if any, the member or members thereof present at any meeting and not
disqualified from voting, whether or not constituting a quorum, may unanimously
appoint another member of the board of directors to act at the meeting in the
place of any such absent or disqualified member. Except as the board of
directors may otherwise determine, any committee may make rules for the conduct
of its business, but unless otherwise provided by the board or such rules, its
business shall be conducted as nearly as may be in the same manner as is
provided by these by-laws for the conduct of business by the board of directors.
Each committee shall keep regular minutes of its meetings and report the same to
the board of directors upon request.

     3.6.   Regular Meetings.  Regular meetings of the board of directors may
be held without call or notice at such places within or without the State of
Delaware and at such



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times as the board may from time to time determine, provided that notice of the
first regular meeting following any such determination shall be given to absent
directors. A regular meeting of the directors may be held without call or notice
immediately after and at the same place as the annual meeting of stockholders.

     3.7. Special Meetings. Special meetings of the board of directors may be
held at any time and at any place within or without the State of Delaware
designated in the notice of the meeting, when called by the chairman of the
board, if any, the president, or by one-third or more in number of the
directors, reasonable notice thereof being given to each director by the
secretary or by the chairman of the board, if any, the president or any one of
the directors calling the meeting.

     3.8. Notice. It shall be reasonable and sufficient notice to a director to
send notice by mail at least forty-eight hours or by telegram at least
twenty-four hours before the meeting addressed to him at his usual or last known
business or residence address or to give notice to him in person or by telephone
at least twenty-four hours before the meeting. Notice of a meeting need not be
given to any director if a written waiver of notice, executed by him before or
after the meeting, is filed with the records of the meeting, or to any director
who attends the meeting without protesting prior thereto or at its commencement
the lack of notice to him. Neither notice of a meeting nor a waiver of a notice
need specify the purposes of the meeting.

     3.9. Quorum. Except as may be otherwise provided by law, by the certificate
of incorporation or by these by-laws, at any meeting of the directors a majority
of the directors then in office shall constitute a quorum; a quorum shall not in
any case be less than one-third of the total number of directors constituting
the whole board. Any meeting may be adjourned from time to time by a majority of
the votes cast upon the question, whether or not a quorum is present, and the
meeting may be held as adjourned without further notice.

     3.10. Action by Vote. Except as may be otherwise provided by law, by the
certificate of incorporation or by these by-laws, when a quorum is present at
any meeting the vote of a majority of the directors present shall be the act of
the board of directors.

     3.11.  Action Without a Meeting.  Any action required or permitted to be
taken at any meeting of the board of



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directors or a committee thereof may be taken without a meeting if all the
members of the board or of such committee, as the case may be, consent thereto
in writing, and such writing or writings are filed with the records of the
meetings of the board or of such committee. Such consent shall be treated for
all purposes as the act of the board or of such committee, as the case may be.

     3.12. Participation in Meetings by Conference Telephone. Members of the
board of directors, or any committee designated by such board, may participate
in a meeting of such board or committee by means of conference telephone or
similar communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in
the meeting can hear each other or by any other means permitted by law. Such
participation shall constitute presence in person at such meeting.

     3.13. Compensation. In the discretion of the board of directors, each
director may be paid such fees for his services as director and be reimbursed
for his reasonable expenses incurred in the performance of his duties as
director as the board of directors from time to time may determine. Nothing
contained in this section shall be construed to preclude any director from
serving the corporation in any other capacity and receiving reasonable
compensation therefor.

     3.14. Interested Directors and Officers.

     (a) No contract or transaction between the corporation and one or more of
its directors or officers, or between the corporation and any other corporation,
partnership, association, or other organization in which one or more of the
corporation's directors or officers are directors or officers, or have a
financial interest, shall be void or voidable solely for this reason, or solely
because the director or officer is present at or participates in the meeting of
the board or committee thereof which authorizes the contract or transaction, or
solely because his or their votes are counted for such purpose, if:

      (1)   The material facts as to his relationship or interest and as to the
            contract or transaction are disclosed or are known to the board of
            directors or the committee, and the board or committee in good faith
            authorizes the contract or transaction by the affirmative votes of a
            majority of the disinterested directors, even though the
            disinterested directors be less than a quorum; or



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      (2)   The material facts as to his relationship or interest and as to the
            contract or transaction are disclosed or are known to the
            stockholders entitled to vote thereon, and the contract or
            transaction is specifically approved in good faith by vote of the
            stockholders; or

      (3)   The contract or transaction is fair as to the corporation as of the
            time it is authorized, approved or ratified, by the board of
            directors, a committee thereof, or the stockholders.

      (b) Common or interested directors may be counted in determining the
presence of a quorum at a meeting of the board of directors or of a committee
which authorizes the contract or transaction.

                         Section 4. OFFICERS AND AGENTS

     4.1. Enumeration; Qualification. The officers of the corporation shall be a
president, a treasurer, a secretary and such other officers, if any, as the
board of directors from time to time may in its discretion elect or appoint
including without limitation a chairman of the board, one or more vice
presidents and a controller. The corporation may also have such agents, if any,
as the board of directors from time to time may in its discretion choose. Any
officer may be but none need be a director or stockholder. Any two or more
offices may be held by the same person. Any officer may be required by the board
of directors to secure the faithful performance of his duties to the corporation
by giving bond in such amount and with sureties or otherwise as the board of
directors may determine.

     4.2. Powers. Subject to law, to the certificate of incorporation and to the
other provisions of these by-laws, each officer shall have, in addition to the
duties and powers herein set forth, such duties and powers as are commonly
incident to his office and such additional duties and powers as the board of
directors may from time to time designate.

     4.3. Election. The officers may be elected by the board of directors at
their first meeting following the annual meeting of the stockholders or at any
other time.  At any time or from time to time the directors may delegate to any
officer their power to elect or appoint any other officer or any agents.

     4.4. Tenure.  Each officer shall hold office until the



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first meeting of the board of directors following the next annual meeting of the
stockholders and until his respective successor is chosen and qualified unless a
shorter period shall have been specified by the terms of his election or
appointment, or in each case until he sooner dies, resigns, is removed or
becomes disqualified. Each agent shall retain his authority at the pleasure of
the directors, or the officer by whom he was appointed or by the officer who
then holds agent appointive power.

     4.5. Chairman of the Board of Directors, President and Vice President. The
chairman of the board, if any, shall have such duties and powers as shall be
designated from time to time by the board of directors. Unless the board of
directors otherwise specifies, the chairman of the board, or if there is none
the chief executive officer, shall preside, or designate the person who shall
preside, at all meetings of the stockholders and of the board of directors.

     Unless the board of directors otherwise specifies, the president shall be
the chief executive officer and shall have direct charge of all business
operations of the corporation and, subject to the control of the directors,
shall have general charge and supervision of the business of the corporation.

     Any vice presidents shall have such duties and powers as shall be set forth
in these by-laws or as shall be designated from time to time by the board of
directors or by the president.

     4.6. Treasurer and Assistant Treasurers. The treasurer shall be the chief
financial officer of the corporation and shall be in charge of its funds and
valuable papers, and shall have such other duties and powers as may be
designated from time to time by the board of directors or by the president. If
no controller is elected, the treasurer shall also have the duties and powers of
the controller.








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     Any assistant treasurers shall have such duties and powers as shall be
designated from time to time by the board of directors, the president or the
treasurer.

     4.7. Controller and Assistant Controllers. If a controller is elected, he
shall be the chief accounting officer of the corporation and shall be in charge
of its books of account and accounting records, and of its accounting
procedures. He shall have such other duties and powers as may be designated from
time to time by the board of directors, the president or the treasurer.

     Any assistant controller shall have such duties and powers as shall be
designated from time to time by the board of directors, the president, the
treasurer or the controller.

     4.8. Secretary and Assistant Secretaries. The secretary shall record all
proceedings of the stockholders, of the board of directors and of committees of
the board of directors in a book or series of books to be kept therefor and
shall file therein all actions by written consent of stockholders or directors.
In the absence of the secretary from any meeting, an assistant secretary, or if
there be none or he is absent, a temporary secretary chosen at the meeting,
shall record the proceedings thereof. Unless a transfer agent has been appointed
the secretary shall keep or cause to be kept the stock and transfer records of
the corporation, which shall contain the names and record addresses of all
stockholders and the number of shares registered in the name of each
stockholder. He shall have such other duties and powers as may from time to
time be designated by the board of directors or the president.

     Any assistant secretaries shall have such duties and powers as shall be
designated from time to time by the board of directors, the president or the
secretary.

                      Section 5. RESIGNATIONS AND REMOVALS

     5.1. Any director or officer may resign at any time by delivering his
resignation in writing to the chairman of the board, if any, the president, or
the secretary or to a meeting of the board of directors. Such resignation shall
be effective upon receipt unless specified to be effective at some other time,
and without in either case the necessity of its being accepted unless the
resignation shall so state. A director (including persons elected by directors
to fill vacancies in the board) may be removed from office with or without cause
by the vote of the holders of a majority of the




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shares issued and outstanding and entitled to vote in the election of directors.
The board of directors may at any time remove any officer either with or without
cause. The board of directors may at any time terminate or modify the authority
of any agent. No director or officer resigning and (except where a right to
receive compensation shall be expressly provided in a duly authorized written
agreement with the corporation) no director or officer removed shall have any
right to any compensation as such director or officer for any period following
his resignation or removal, or any right to damages on account of such removal,
whether his compensation be by the month or by the year or otherwise; unless, in
the case of a resignation, the directors, or, in the case of removal, the body
acting on the removal, shall in their or its discretion provide for
compensation.

                              Section 6. VACANCIES

     6.1. If the office of the president or the treasurer or the secretary
becomes vacant, the directors may elect a successor by vote of a majority of the
directors then in office. If the office of any other officer becomes vacant, any
person or body empowered to elect or appoint that officer may choose a
successor. Each such successor shall hold office for the unexpired term, and in
the case of the president, the treasurer and the secretary until his successor
is chosen and qualified or in each case until he sooner dies, resigns, is
removed or becomes disqualified. Any vacancy of a directorship shall be filled
as specified in Section 3.4 of these by-laws.

                            Section 7. CAPITAL STOCK

     7.1. Stock Certificates. Each stockholder shall be entitled to a
certificate stating the number and the class and the designation of the series,
if any, of the shares held by him, in such form as shall, in conformity to law,
the certificate of incorporation and the by-laws, be prescribed from time to
time by the board of directors. Such certificate shall be signed by the chairman
or vice chairman of the board, if any, or the president or a vice president and
by the treasurer or an assistant treasurer or by the secretary or an assistant
secretary. Any of or all the signatures on the certificate may be a facsimile.
In case an officer, transfer agent, or registrar who has signed or whose
facsimile signature has been placed on such certificate shall have ceased to be
such officer, transfer agent, or registrar before such certificate is issued, it
may be issued by the corporation with the same effect as if he were such
officer, transfer agent, or registrar at the time of its issue.



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     7.2. Loss of Certificates. In the case of the alleged theft, loss,
destruction or mutilation of a certificate of stock, a duplicate certificate may
be issued in place thereof, upon such terms, including receipt of a bond
sufficient to indemnify the corporation against any claim on account thereof, as
the board of directors may prescribe.

                     Section 8. TRANSFER OF SHARES OF STOCK

     8.1. Transfer on Books. Subject to the restrictions, if any, stated or
noted on the stock certificate, shares of stock may be transferred on the books
of the corporation by the surrender to the corporation or its transfer agent of
the certificate therefor properly endorsed or accompanied by a written
assignment and power of attorney properly executed, with necessary transfer
stamps affixed, and with such proof of the authenticity of signature as the
board of directors or the transfer agent of the corporation may reasonably
require. Except as may be otherwise required by law, by the certificate of
incorporation or by these by-laws, the corporation shall be entitled to treat
the record holder of stock as shown on its books as the owner of such stock for
all purposes, including the payment of dividends and the right to receive notice
and to vote or to give any consent with respect thereto and to be held liable
for such calls and assessments, if any, as may lawfully be made thereon,
regardless of any transfer, pledge or other disposition of such stock until the
shares have been properly transferred on the books of the corporation.

     It shall be the duty of each stockholder to notify the corporation of his
post office address.

     8.2. Record Date and Closing Transfer Books. In order that the corporation
may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting
of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, the board of directors may fix a
record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the
resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the board of directors, and
which record date shall not be more than sixty nor less than ten days before the
date of such meeting. If no such record date is fixed by the board of directors,
the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to notice of or to
vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the close of business on the day
next preceding the day on which notice is given, or, if notice is waived, at the
close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is
held. A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote
at a meeting of stockholders



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shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting; provided, however, that the board
of directors may fix a new record date for the adjourned meeting.

     In order that the corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to
consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, the board of directors
may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which
the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the board of directors, and
which date shall not be more than ten days after the date upon which the
resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the board of directors. If no
such record date has been fixed by the board of directors, the record date for
determining stockholders entitled to consent to corporate action in writing
without a meeting, when no prior action by the board of directors is required by
the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, shall be the first date on
which a signed written consent setting forth the action taken or proposed to be
taken is delivered to the corporation by delivery to its registered office in
Delaware by hand or certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, to
its principal place of business or to an officer or agent of the corporation
having custody of the book in which proceedings of meetings of stockholders are
recorded. If no record date has been fixed by the board of directors and prior
action by the board of directors is required by the General Corporation Law of
the State of Delaware, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to
consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting shall be at the close
of business on the day on which the board of directors adopts the resolution
taking such prior action.

     In order that the corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to
receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights
or to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of
stock, or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the board of directors may
fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the
resolution fixing the record date is adopted, and which record date shall be not
more than sixty days prior to such payment, exercise or other action. If no such
record date is fixed, the record date for determining stockholders for any such
purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the board of
directors adopts the resolution relating thereto.







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<PAGE>   15


                            Section 9. CORPORATE SEAL

     9.1. Subject to alteration by the directors, the seal of the corporation
shall consist of a flat-faced circular die with the word "Delaware" and the name
of the corporation cut or engraved thereon, together with such other words,
dates or images as may be approved from time to time by the directors.

                         Section 10. EXECUTION OF PAPERS

     10.1. Except as the board of directors may generally or in particular cases
authorize the execution thereof in some other manner, all deeds, leases,
transfers, contracts, bonds, notes, checks, drafts or other obligations made,
accepted or endorsed by the corporation shall be signed by the chairman of the
board, if any, the president, a vice president or the treasurer.

                             Section 11. FISCAL YEAR

     11.1. The fiscal year of the corporation shall end on the 31st day of
December of each year.

                             Section 12. AMENDMENTS

     12.1. These by-laws may be adopted, amended or repealed by vote of a
majority of the directors then in office or by vote of a majority of the stock
outstanding and entitled to vote. Any by-law, whether adopted, amended or
repealed by the stockholders or directors, may be amended or reinstated by the
stockholders or the directors.








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