## F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### MAY 5 1997 

## PATRICK FISHER Clerk PUBLISH
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

SANTIAGO ARAMBURU, Plaintiff-Appellant,

v. No. 96-3032 THE BOEING COMPANY, d/b/a BOEING COMMERCIAL AIRPLANE GROUP, WICHITA DIVISION, BOEING CORPORATION and LARRY WHITESELL, Defendants-Appellees.

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF KANSAS (D.C. 93-4064-SAC) (911 F. Supp. 1377)

Harold S. Youngentob, Goodell, Stratton, Edmonds & Palmer, L.L.P., Topeka, Kansas, for Plaintiff-Appellant. Timothy B. Mustaine, Foulston & Siefkin, L.L.P., Wichita, Kansas, for Defendants-Appellees.

Before BALDOCK, KELLY, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.

BALDOCK, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff Santiago Aramburu appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgme nt on all claims in favor of Defendants The Boeing Company and Larry Whitesell. We have jurisdi ction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. After reviewing the district court’s memorandum opinion, the briefs on1 Aramburu complains that the district court did not clearly identify the undisputed

facts upon which it relied and did not specify which portions of his proffered evidence it was rejecting in considering the summary judgment motion. The district court wrote: The court has synthesized the uncontroverted facts to only those relevant to its decision. Although Aramburu contests several of the defendants’ statements of uncontroverted facts, many of those objections are not supported by materials which the court may consider or are otherwise inappropriate. The court will make no attempt to specifically explain its resolution of the parties’ numerous dispute s regarding the uncontroverted facts , but instead has simply set forth the facts necessary for its decision. Aramburu v. The Boeing Co. , 911 F. Supp. 1377, 1383 (D. Kan. 1995) (emphasis added). In evaluating one of Aramburu’s claims, the district court also wrote, “Nothing argued by Aramburu or supported by materials which the court may rely in evaluating a motion for summary judgment demonstrate the existence of a genuine issue of material fac t regarding the defendants’ reasons for his termination.” Id. at 1389-90. In ruling on a summary judgment motion, it is the task of the district court to determine i f the party bearing the burden of proof on an issue at trial has presented sufficient evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact as identified by the substantive law to warrant sending the issue to the factfinder. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett , 477 U.S. 317, 322-27 (1986); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. , 477 U.S. 242, 247-52 (1986). While “there is no requirement that the trial judge make findings of fact,” Anderson , 477 U.S. at 250, certain findings are often helpful to a reviewing court, id. at 250 n.6; e.g. , Nebraska v. Wyoming , 507 U.S. 584 (1993) (Supreme Court sitting in original jurisdiction sets forth limited factual findings in granti ng summary judgment), and identification of genuine issues of material fact is helpful to the parties whe re summary judgment is denied. See, e.g. , Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp. , 400 U.S. 542, 544 (1971) (per curiam) (identifying disputed issue); Ewers v. Board of County Comm’rs of the County of Curry , 874 F.2d 736 (10th Cir. 1989) (per curiam) (same). It is not for a district court to weigh evidence nor resolve parties’ numerous factual disputes. Anderson , 477 U.S. at 249. Moreover, while a party does not have to support or oppose summary judgment with evidence in a form that would be admissible at trial, Celotex , 477 U.S. at 324, some materials are not appropriate for summary judgment consideration. E.g. , Starr v. Pearle Vision, Inc. , 54 F.3d 1548, 1555 (10th Cir. 1995) (holding that Rule 56 precludes the use of inadmissible hearsay in depositions submitted in support of, or in opposition to, summary judgment). It is clear the district court in this cas e disregarded portions of Aramburu’s evidence on the grounds that it was inadmissible, but it di d 2 appeal, and the record provided us, we affirm the grant of summary judgment. However, with respect to several claims we affirm using a different analysis from that applied by the district

court. 1not specify the evidence it disregarded. The better practice would have been to identifythat

evidence. E.g. , Gross v. Burggraf Construction Co. , 53 F.3d 1531, 1541 (10th Cir. 1995) (identifying specific statement barred by hearsay rule on summary judgment cons ideration). In this opinion, we have re-examined the summary judgment record and discussed the materials to which Aramburu directs us. We specify materials which do not support Ar amburu’s contentions or which are improper for summary judgment consideration. E.g. , Edwards v. Aguillard , 482 U.S. 578, 595-96 (1987) (identifying affidavits which did not generate a genuine fact issue). See generallyBolden v. PRC Inc. , 43 F.3d 545, 548 (10th Cir. 1994) (stating appellate court can affirm a summary judgment on alternative grounds as long as the g rounds are supported by the record), cert. denied , 116 S. Ct. 92 (1995).

2 Aramburu abandoned his claim for failure to promote in the district court. See Aramburu , 911 F. Supp. at 1390 n.8. 3 Aramburu filed this employment action to recover damages and secure equitable reli ef under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e et seq. ; the Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1991, 42 U.S.C. § 1981; and the Kansas Act Against Discrimination, Kan. Stat. Ann. §§ 44-1000 et seq. Aramburu brought claims for (1) discriminatory discharge on the basis of his Mexican-American ancestry, (2) hostile work environment based on his ancestry and his alleged disability from carpal tunnel syndrome, (3) discriminatory denial of a tr ansfer on the basis of his ancestry and carpal tunnel syndrome, and (4) discriminatory discharge on the basis of his carpal tunnel syndrome. 2 Boeing and Whitesell contend that Aramburu was discharged for failure to maintain proper attendance. I. Background Facts Boeing employed Aramburu in its plant in Wichita, Kansas, from June 8, 1978, until January 29, 1992, as a grade four sheet metal assembler. During the time relevant to this case, Larry Whitesell was Aramburu’s supervisor. Aramburu’s employment relationshi p was governed by a collective bargaining agreement between Boeing and the International A ssociation4

of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, dated November 22, 1989, and the company policies and procedures promulgated in accordance with that agreement. The collective bargaini ng agreement regulates the accrual and use of vacation and sick leave. Boeing’s attendance policy pr ovides for progressive discipline for employees with attendance problems. Supervisors may deny r equests for vacation if they believe that permitting vacation time as requested would seri ously interfere with production requirements. Written policy requires employees to request in advance permission to take vacation leave. However, the informal practice of shop supervisors wa s to allow employees to excuse an absence by taking leave after the fact on a discreti onary, case-bycase basis. On January 29, 1992, Aramburu was discharged ostensibly for excessive absenteeism. From the start of his employment, Aramburu had attendance problems. Eight of ten supervisor s gave him written reprimands for poor attendance. In February 1988, Boeing and the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers executed a “last chance” lett er of understanding. The letter provided that Aramburu would be immediately discharged without recourse if he incurred another unexcused absence. On April 19, 1988, Boeing discharged Aramburu for poor attendance. Despite the no-recourse nature of the last chance agreem ent, Aramburu filed a grievance. The grievance was settled, and Boeing reinstated him on the condition that he receive treatment for substance abuse. The settlement between Boe ing and the union, on behalf of Aramburu, provided that Aramburu would not again be reinstated to the Boeing payroll in a way allowed under the settlement. In February 1991, Whitesell issued Aramburu a written reprimand for unacceptable attendance. Whitesell issued him another written reprimand on May 16, 1991. Aramburu signed5

both reprimands. On July 31, 1991, Whitesell again issued Aramburu another written reprimand for poor attendance. The reprimand cited Aramburu for 3 hours of unexcused absence on June 5, 1.9 hours of unexcused absence on June 7, 8 hours on June 8, and 8 hours on June 16. He refused to sign this reprimand, however, arguing that it was unjustified. In August 1991, Aramburu submitted to Whitesell a written request for 30 hours of vacation time to cover absences incurred while he was serving a sentence for drunk driving

. Although the form was not submitted until after the absences, Whitesell approved the lea ve request as vacation time. On January 10, 1992, Whitesell issued a proposed termination of Aramburu for poor attendance. The proposed termination cites unexcused absences for the full work day of January 8, 1992, and for partial days on November 19, December 3, and December 19, 1991. It also refers to his unexcused absences incurred in May and June 1991. The proposed termination also recited Aramburu’s historical attendance problems and his discharge in 1988. On January 29, 1992, Boeing discharged Aramburu for failure to maintain proper attendance. II. Standard of Review We review de novo the grant of summary judgment and apply the same legal standards as the district court under Rule 56. Wolf v. Prudential Ins. Co. , 50 F.3d 793, 796 (10th Cir. 1995). Summary judgment is appropriate if there is no genuine issue as to any material fac t and the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). "We view the evidence and draw any inferences in a light most favorable to the party opposing summary judgment, but that party must identify sufficient evidence which would require submissi on of the case to a jury." Williams v. Rice , 983 F.2d. 177, 179 (10th Cir.1993). In other words, the6

nonmoving party must "make a showing sufficient to establish an inference of the exist ence of each element essential to the case." Bolden v. PRC Inc. , 43 F.3d 545, 548 (10th Cir. 1994), cert. denied , 116 S.C. 92 (1995). We may affirm the grant of summary judgment for reasons other than those used by the district court as long as they are adequately supported by the record. Id.

III. Claim for Wrongful Discharge on the Basis of Ancestry Aramburu contends that he was discharged because of his Mexican-American ancestr y, while Boeing and Whitesell contend he was discharged for failing to maintain satis factory attendance. To establish a prima facie case on a claim of discriminatory discha rge, where the plaintiff was discharged for the purported violation of a work rule, the plaintiff must show that (1) he is a member of a protected class, (2) that he was discharged for violating a work rule, and (3) that similarly situated non-minority employees were treated differently. EEOC v. Flasher Co., Inc. , 986 F.2d 1312, 1316 (10th Cir. 1992). If the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, the defendant must articula te, and support with some evidence, a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the discharge. Fl asher , 986 F.2d at 1316; see also St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks , 509 U.S. 502, 506-07 (1993). If the defendant meets this burden, the plaintiff must then present evidence raising a genuine issue tha t his termination was the result of his ancestry or that the reason offered by Boeing and Whi tesell was a mere pretext. See Corneveaux v. Cuna Mutual Ins. Group , 76 F.2d 1498, 1503 (10th Cir. 1996); Flasher , 986 F.2d at 1316. At the summary judgment stage, if the plaintiff can show a prima facie case of discrimination and present evidence that the employer’s proff ered3 The same standards and burdens apply in establishing a claim based on ancestry

and disability under the Kansas Act Against Discrimination. See Woods v. Midwest Conveyor Co., Inc. , 648 P.2d 234, 238-39 (Kan. 1982). They also apply to claims brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1981. Patterson v. McLean Credit Union , 491 U.S. 164, 186-87 (1989); Durham v. Xerox Corp. , 18 F.3d 836, 839 (10th Cir.), cert. denied , 115 S. Ct. 80 (1994). 7 nondiscriminatory reason is a mere pretext, the case should go to the factfinder. Jone s v. Unisys Corp. , 54 F.3d 624, 630 (10th Cir. 1995). 3 The district court ruled that Aramburu failed to present evidence demonstrating the existence of a genuine issue of material fact regarding the reason proffered by Boeing and Whitesell for his discharge, excessive absenteeism, or that Aramburu was tre ated differently in regards to attendance because of his ancestry. The district court also ruled that Aramburu failed to show that he was similarly situated to fellow employees whom he contends were dif ferently treated. A. Prima Facie Case of Discrimination In this case, we assume without deciding that Aramburu has met the elements of his prima facie case under Flasher . E.g. , Morgan v. Hilti, Inc. , 108 F.3d 1319, 1997 WL 118531, *4 (10th Cir. 1997) (assuming without deciding that ADA plaintiff had met prima facie cas e requirements); Jones , 54 F.3d at 630 (same). B. Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory Reason The record contains evidence that Aramburu was discharged for failing to maintain satisfactory attendance. This reason is legitimate and nondiscriminatory. Se e Morgan , 1997 WL 118531, *4. As Boeing and Whitesell have met their burden to articulate and produce some evidence that Aramburu was discharged for a facially legitimate and nondiscrim inatory reason,8

“the presumption of discrimination established by the prima facie showing simply drops out of the picture.” See Jones , 54 F.3d at 630 (internal quotation omitted).
C. Pretext We turn to the dispositive inquiry on this claim, the requirement that Aramburu present evidence raising a genuine issue that his termination was the result of his ancestry or that the reason offered by Boeing and Whitesell was a mere pretext. See Jones , 54 F.3d at 630; Flasher , 986 F.2d at 1316. In this connection, Aramburu contends that similarly situated non-minority employees were not discharged for violating rules of comparable seriousness. He al so contends that the evidence surrounding his discharge must be viewed in his favor under the spoilation doctrine. Lastly, he contends that he has presented direct evidence that Whitesell harbored a discriminatory animus against Mexican-Americans. We reject each content ion in turn.

1. Differential Treatment of Similarly Situated Non-Minority Employees To assert a claim of disparate treatment, the plaintiff must show that he was treated differently than other similarly situated employees who violated work rules of comparable seriousness. Elmore v. Capstan, Inc. , 58 F.3d 525, 529-30 (10th Cir. 1995). “Similarly situated employees are those who deal with the same supervisor and are subject to the same sta ndards governing performance evaluation and discipline.” Wilson v. Utica Park Clinic, Inc. , No. 95- 5060, 76 F.3d 394, 1996 WL 50462 (10th Cir. Feb. 7, 1996) (unpublished) (citing Mazzella v. RCA Global Communications, Inc. , 642 F. Supp. 1531, 1547 (S.D.N.Y. 1986), aff’d , 814 F.2d 653 (2d Cir. 1987)). A court should also compare the relevant employment circumstances, such9

as work history and company policies, applicable to the plaintiff and the intended comparable employees in determining whether they are similarly situated. See David v. City and County of
Denver , 101 F.3d 1344, 1359-60 (10th Cir. 1996) (discussing circumstances to be compared); Flasher , 986 F.2d at 1320 (same); see also Furr v. Seagate Technology, Inc. , 82 F.3d 980, 986 (10th Cir. 1996) (rejecting plaintiff’s evidence of differential treatment beca use the other employees were not similarly situated), cert. denied sub nom. Doan v. Seagate Technology, Inc. , 117 S. Ct. 684 (1997). At Boeing, employees’ sick leave and vacation leave allowances are based on seniorit y. To monitor attendance, the company uses a progressive point system under which an employee i s disciplined if he receives two infractions in an eight-week period. An employee commi ts a whole infraction by missing more than four hours in one day without excuse, and a one-half infraction by missing four or less hours in one day without excuse. Supervisors maintain the attendance records and have the discretion to permit an employee to take vacation leave without advance approval, which provides an employee an excuse for what would otherwise be an unexcused absence. Also, supervisors may issue employees a corrective action memor andum for attendance infractions. Aramburu contends that Whitesell discriminated against him by refusing to use his discretion to allow him to use leave without advance notice, resulting in unexcused absence s for Aramburu. The unexcused absences, in turn, served as the basis for Whitesell’s initiat ion of disciplinary proceedings against Aramburu and resulted in his discharge. Aramburu points to the July 1991 corrective action memorandum issued to him, which he contends was based in part on his absence from work on July 16, 1991. On July 16, Aramburu10

missed work because of mechanical trouble with his truck. Whitesell did not allow Aramburu to take vacation time for the missed day. To show discrimination, Aramburu contends in his appellate brief that, “Both [P]laintiff and non-minority employee [David] Cliver t estified that Whitesell did not require preapproval for white male workers.” However, Aramburu does not support this contention with appropriate evidence. For example, Aramburu refers to a page of his summary judgment response, where, in turn, he refers to a page of his own deposition and a page from the deposition of Cliver. However, the portion of Aramburu’s own deposition testimony does not sufficiently support his contention of discriminatory treatment. In response to a question about whether an employee was required to obtain preapproval to take vacation leave, Aramburu testifies: A. That’s the way I was told, it [the Boeing handbook] says that you’re supposed to give advance notice to have your vacation, but it doesn’t work that way in the shop. Q. How does it work in the shop? A. In that shop if you were absent, if I [came] in, wanted vacation, I couldn’t have it because I didn’t give advance notice. If somebody else [came] in, they got paid, they got to take their vacation when they asked for it. Q. Who were they? A. Oh, other people in the shop. I mean, it just--it depends--at that time it depended on Larry Whitesell’s--it was whether he wanted to give it to you or not. It was up to his sole discretion . . . . Q. Can you identify for me any person in the shop who got vacation simply when they asked for it? A. Gary Owens, Jeff Hare, Bruce [Wasstentot and] Jim Nunn. I mean, [they] are just a few [people whom] I know were gone without advance [notice or approval] and [who came] in and asked for vacation and got it.11

Q. How do you know they were gone without advance notice? A. Shop talk. This testimony does not support the inference that Whitesell discriminated agains t Aramburu on the basis of his ancestry. The testimony does not indicate the ancestries of Owens, H are, Wasstentot, or Nunn. It does not indicate that the circumstances of their receipt of vac ation approval were similar to Aramburu’s, who sought leave on July 16, the day after a two-week vacation. See Lowe v. Angelo’s Italian Foods, Inc. , 87 F.3d 1170, 1175 (10th Cir. 1996) (rejecting plaintiff’s evidence that she was required to dress more formally than her male counterparts because she failed to show they were similarly situated in terms of job functions); Wilson , 1196 WL 50462 at *2 (rejecting differential treatment evidence of a plaintiff discharg ed for repeated absences where the plaintiff failed to show that her fellow employee s had comparable attendance records). The general rule that we draw inferences in favor of the party opposing summary judgment does not permit us to presume in this case that Owens, Hare, Wasstentot, and Nunn are non-minority employees who were similarly situated to Ara mburu.
See Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation , 497 U.S. 871, 887-89 (1990) (explaining that even on summary judgment specific facts necessary to plaintiffs’ standing could not be pr esumed from general language of affidavit which failed to specify which portions of land out of a lar ge tract plaintiffs actually used where use of only certain tracts afforded standing). Ar amburu’s testimony also shows that he had no firsthand knowledge that Owens, Hare, Wasstentot, and Nunn did not have advance approval, but, rather, that he based that portion of his testimony on “shop talk” or hearsay. See Fed. R. Evid. 602 (stating a witness must have personal knowledge of a matter in order to testify about the matter); Starr v. Pearle Vision, Inc. , 54 F.3d 1548, 155512

(10th Cir. 1995) (holding that Rule 56 precludes the use of inadmissible hearsay in depositions submitted in support of, or in opposition to, summary judgment). Likewise, the portion of Cliver’s deposition referenced by Aramburu does not support Aramburu’s contention of discrimination in the granting of leave. When questioned whether he saw Whitesell apply vacation and sick leave in a discriminatory way, Cliver answered: I saw certain people that got time off and I saw certain people that didn’t get time off but I couldn’t verify that one way or another because that’s all done on paperwork and all’s I know is just hearsay. Again, this testimony does not indicate the ancestries of employees who were grant ed leave without advance approval or show the circumstances surrounding their receipt of approval. See Durham , 18 F.3d at 840 (rejecting plaintiff’s contention that she was more qualified than nonminority employees because she failed to present evidence on the experience of purporte d comparables); Armesto v. Federal Express Corp. , No. 93-1405, 36 F.3d 1105, 1994 WL 470184 (10th Cir. Aug. 31, 1994) (unpublished) (holding plaintiff’s proposed comparables were not similarly situated because none had as serious a record of work deficiencies as the plaintiff). As another example, Aramburu contends that Whitesell permitted other employees to clock out early one day by taking vacation leave, but that he counted Aramburu’s hours missed when he left early on the same day as unexcused. Aramburu presents evidence that Whites ell allowed other employees to clock out early on November 5, 1991, when apparently the work in the shop was completed ahead of schedule. Aramburu also presents a memorandum from R.W. Schleiger, a personnel manager, to Whitesell, dated December 2, 1991, in which Schleiger recommends that Whitesell clock Aramburu’s absence on November 5 to sick leave. On the inference favorable to Aramburu, Whitesell had apparently recorded that Aramburu had ta ken4 An employer’s similar or favorable treatment of protected employees does not

support an inference of discriminatory animus. See, e.g. , Fowler v. Blue Bell, Inc. , 737 F.2d 1007, 1013 n.4 (11th Cir. 1984) (stating statistical evidence showing that Blue Bell employed a greater percentage of African-Americans than were employed in the workforce of the country as a whole buttressed the finding that the company did not discriminate in hiring); Hernande z v. Phelps Dodge Refining Corp. , 572 F.2d 1132 (5th Cir. 1978) (per curiam) (stating statistical evidence that persons with Spanish surnames were hired, trained, and promoted in high percentages showed that an aptitude test did not have a discriminatory impact). At the least, an employer’s similar or favorable treatment of protected employees emphasize s the importance of the requirement that the plaintiff provide adequate evidence that the plaintiff was s imilarly situated to the non-minority employees with whom he seeks comparison, and that his comparative evidence allow for the reasonable exclusion of nondiscriminatory reasons for different treatment. 13 unexcused time off on November 5. Aramburu contends that this evidence shows that Whitesell discriminated against him. However, this evidence has several problems. It does not reflect the ancestries of the other employees who were permitted to take vacation leave and does not allow for a compari son which supports an inference that Whitesell discriminated against him on account of his ancestry. Singular, unfavorable treatment of Aramburu might normally support an inference of some animus by Whitesell against him in the absence of a legitimate explanation. Howe ver, Aramburu’s own evidence shows that other minorities were employed in the shop on November 5, and unfavorable treatment of Aramburu does not support an inference of improper animus when other minorities are accorded the same treatment as the non-minority e mployees. 4
Cf. Furr , 82 F.3d at 987 (stating when making comparisons with other employees a plaintiff must account for nondiscriminatory reasons for differential treatment). An animus not re lated to Aramburu’s ancestry, such as a personality conflict with Whitesell, is not evidenc e of improper discrimination. See Sanchez v. Philip Morris, Inc. , 992 F.2d 244, 247-48 (10th Cir. 1993) (stating that Title VII does not protect against adverse employment decisions m ade on such14

factors as favoritism or mistake); see also Parker v. Housing Authority of Kansas City, Kansas , No. 92-3136, 996 F.2d 311, 1993 WL 207441, *4 (10th Cir. June 9, 1993) (unpublished) (stating personality conflicts not covered). Moreover, a reading of Schleiger’s deposition reveals that he learned that Whitesel l had clocked a portion of Aramburu’s November 5 absence to his vacation leave, as Aramburu contends he did for the other employees, until his vacation leave was exhausted. Apparently, Whitesell recorded Aramburu’s remaining time off on November 5 as an unexcused absence

. Schleiger did later recommend that Whitesell clock that remaining time to Ara mburu’s sick leave. However, Aramburu did not show that Whitesell initially discriminated agai nst him in accounting for his time off on November 5 because he did not show that he was similarly situa ted to the employees who were permitted to leave early by taking vacation time, because his vacation time was exhausted. Further, Schleiger testified that Aramburu’s absence on November 5 was not considered in the decision to discharge him. In summary, we reject Aramburu’s first contention that he has presented evidence indicating that he was treated differently than similarly situated non-minori ty employees who violated work rules of comparable seriousness. He repeatedly argues that his evidenc e shows that non-minority employees were granted excused leave under circumstances sim ilar to instances when Whitesell refused his leave requests. However, that evidence does not e ven minimally show that similarly situated non-minority employees were treated differently. Thus, the evidence does not allow for a comparison which eliminates nondiscriminatory reasons for differential treatment. 2. Spoilation of Evidence5 The district court did not address the spoilation issue. 15 As his second contention on pretext, Aramburu argues that he is entitled to a favorable inference under the spoilation doctrine. He points out that Whitesell initiated the disc iplinary process against him and contends that Whitesell denied him permission to use vacation or s ick leave time out of discrimination as well as incorrectly tabulated his unexcused a bsences, which resulted in his discipline and discharge. Most importantly in this regard, Aramburu presents the deposition testimony of Whitesell, which indicates that he lost portions of Aramburu’s attendance records. 5 Aramburu contends that Whitesell spoiled the evidence and, therefore, that “the facts must be re viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” As legal authority for his spoilation ar gument, Aramburu refers only to one case, Foster v. Lawrence Memorial Hosp. , 809 F. Supp. 831 (D. Kan. 1992). However, the district court in Fosteraddressed the question of whether Kansas would recognize a common law tort action for intentional spoilation of evidence. Aramburu is not bringing a claim for intentional spoilation and does not explain the relevance of Foste r . Although the parties have not directed us to precedent from this circuit on the evidentiary doctrine of spoilation and we cannot locate any such precedent, the general rule is that bad f aith destruction of a document relevant to proof of an issue at trial gives rise to an inferenc e that production of the document would have been unfavorable to the party responsible for its destruction. See Coates v. Johnson & Johnson , 756 F.2d 524, 551 (7th Cir. 1985); see generally Telectron, Inc. v. Overhead Door Corp. , 116 F.R.D. 107 (S.D. Fla. 1987). The adverse inference must be predicated on the bad faith of the party destroying the records. See Vick v. Texas Employment Comm’n , 514 F.2d 734, 737 (5th Cir. 1975); see also Anderson v. Cryovac, Inc. ,16

862 F.2d 910, 926 (1st Cir. 1988). Mere negligence in losing or destroying records is not enough because it does not support an inference of consciousness of a weak case. Vick , 514 F.2d at 737. Aramburu principally relies on the following portion of Whitesell’s deposition: Q: Can you show me [Aramburu’s] record for ‘91? A: No, I cannot. Q: Where is that? A: I took it out. I took it out of these. And these were in two or three different spots in my file. And I took them--I took his out and I have misplaced it. I put it up for the sole reason of keeping it, and I misplaced it. While this testimony shows that Whitesell lost certain of Aramburu’s attendanc e records for 1991, it does not show that he did so in bad faith. Whitesell lost a calendar page from Aramburu’s 1991 attendance record. However, Boeing presented other attendance records for Aramburu, such as the calendar pages from his 1990 and 1992 attendance records and a computer record entitled “Absence Inquiry by Individual” which records an employee’s absences a nd whether they are charged to sick leave, vacation leave, excused leave without pay, or unex cused leave. This computer record reflects Aramburu’s absences for 1991. Aramburu does not point to evidence showing that Whitesell lost his records in bad faith, and any inference of bad fai th is undermined by the other attendance records produced by Boeing. Aramburu, thus, has not shown himself entitled to an adverse inference under the spoilation doctrine.6 In noting that the document is not identified or verified, Boeing and Whitesell

seem to lodge an authentication objection to the document. In light of our determination that the document does not support an inference of discriminatory animus by Whitesell, we do not need to consider the authentication issue. 17 3. Direct Evidence of Discriminatory Animus As his third contention on pretext, Aramburu argues that he has presented direct evidence that Whitesell harbored a discriminatory animus against Mexican-America ns. See Jones , 54 F.3d at 630 (stating that a plaintiff may establish a claim of discrimination with di rect evidence); Wagher v. Guy’s Foods, Inc. , 885 P.2d 1197, 1213-14 (Kan. 1994) (defining direct evidence as “evidence which relates to actions or statements of an employer reflecting a di scriminatory or retaliatory attitude correlating to the discrimination or retaliation compl ained of by the employee”). Aramburu contends that three other Mexican-Americans who worked under Whitesell’s supervision complained that he discriminated against them. Aramburu f irst refers to the personnel file of Gabe Anaya. However, the file is 43 pages in length, and Aramburu does not refer to a specific portion of the file. See Gross v. Burggraf Construction Co. , 53 F.3d 1531, 1546 (10th Cir. 1995) (“Without a specific reference, we will not search the record in an eff ort to determine whether there exists dormant evidence which might require submission of the case to a jury.” (internal quotations omitted)). Nevertheless, after our review of the file , we can find only one unsigned, handwritten document 6 which on its face appears to be a record of a complaint by Anaya that Whitesell “harassed” and belittled Anaya, “with such comments as ‘Why do I have to do your job?’” However, the document does not indicate that Anaya complained that Whitesell harassed or belittled him on account of his ancestry. See Lowe , 87 F.3d at 1176 (stating that plaintiff’s evidence of supervisor’s use of racial epithets did not support her claim of sex7 Even if the Anaya file, Wood’s deposition, and the Rosales file provided evidence

that three other employees believed Whitesell had discriminated against them, s ubjective belief of discrimination is not sufficient to preclude summary judgment. See Panis v. Mission Hills 18 discrimination); Parker , 1993 WL 207441 at *4 (rejecting as evidence of discriminatory motive defendant officials’ negative remarks and actions because nothing showed that the rem arks and actions were motivated by racial animus). In fact, the document reflects that Ana ya complained that Whitesell was abusive towards all those under his supervision. According to the docume nt, Anaya complained that Whitesell “pushes all his people” and “makes comments [to] the entire crew.” These complaints do not support the inference that Whitesell singled out anyone for abuse on the basis of ancestry. See Lowe , 87 F.3d at 1176 (stating plaintiff’s evidence that the workplace was a “highly volatile and frequently unpleasant place to work for both men and women” did not support a claim of sex discrimination). In this connection Aramburu also refers to a portion of the deposition testimony of Robert Wood, apparently a personnel employee, who discusses the same document from the Anaya file

. Again, like the document itself, Wood’s testimony does not reflect that Whitesell’ s purported mistreatment of Anaya was the product of animus against his ancestry. Lastly in this regard, Aramburu refers to the personnel file of Russell Rosales . Sixty-one pages of this file are included in the record, but Aramburu refers to a page 66 in his summar y judgment response. We cannot locate a page 66. See King v. Unocal Corp. , 58 F.3d 586, 587 (10th Cir. 1995) (stating that the appellant must provide an adequate record for review of all issues raised on appeal). Our review fails to reveal a record of a complaint of discr imination by Whitesell. In short, the Anaya file, Wood’s deposition, and the Rosales file do not constitute evidence, either direct or circumstantial, of a discriminatory animus by Whites ell. 7Bank, N.A. , 60 F.3d 1486, 1491 (10th Cir. 1995) (stating an employee’s mere conjecture that her

employer’s explanation for an adverse employment action is a pretext for intentional discrimination is insufficient to preclude summary judgment), cert. denied , 116 S. Ct. 1045 (1996); Branson v. Price River Coal Co. , 853 F.2d 768, 772 (10th Cir. 1988) (same); Hanson v. City of Oklahoma City , No. 94-6089, 37 F.3d 1509, 1994 WL 551336 (10th Cir. Oct. 11, 1994) (unpublished) (holding plaintiff’s subjective belief of discrimination was insuffic ient to preclude summary judgment); Little v. Republic Refining Co. , 924 F.2d 93, 96 (5th Cir. 1991) (stating that co-workers’ subjective belief of discrimination was subject to the same criti cism as the plaintiff’s belief). 19 Next, Aramburu contends that David Cliver, who worked under Whitesell for a short time, “testified that Whitesell applied vacation and sick leave in a discrimina tory way, and described Whitesell as a bigot.” He refers to the same page of Cliver’s deposit ion as discussed earlier, where Cliver testified, “I saw certain people that got time off and Isaw certain people that didn’t get time off but I couldn’t verify that one way or another because that’s all done on paperwork and all’s I know is just hearsay.” Again, this testimony does not indicate the ancestries of employees who were granted leave without advance approval or show the circumstances surrounding their receipt of approval. Aramburu also refers to this ex change: Q. Do you think Mr. Whitesell was a bigot? A. Personally? Q. Yes.
A. Yes. This testimony amounts to no more than Cliver’s opinion and is inadequate summary judgment evidence of discriminatory animus. See Panis , 60 F.3d at 1491; Hanson , 1994 WL 55136 at *4; Little , 924 F.2d at 96. In summary, Aramburu offers no evidence, either direct or circumstantial, that Whit esell harbored a discriminatory animus against Mexican-Americans. His evidence ei ther shows no8 The district court’s memorandum opinion addresses Aramburu’s hostile

environment claim as if he had brought it under Title VII, § 1981, and the Kansas Act Against Discrimination, on the bases of both his ancestry and disability. The parties did not addres s whether the Kansas Act Against Discrimination provides for a hostile environment c laim on the basis of disability. However, we assume without deciding that it does in this case. A s imilar claim has enjoyed some recognition under the Americans With Disabilities Act. See, e.g. , McClain v. Southwest Steel Co., Inc. , 940 F. Supp. 295, 301-02 (N.D. Okla. 1996); Soileau v. Guilford of Maine, Inc. , 928 F. Supp. 37, 46 (D. Me 1996), aff’d , F.3d , 1997 WL 17956 (1st Cir. Jan. 23, 1997); Fritz v. Mascotech Automotive Sys. Group, Inc. , 914 F. Supp. 1481, 1492 (E.D. Mich. 1996); Haysman v. Food Lion, Inc. , 893 F. Supp. 1092, 1106 (S.D. Ga. 1995). 20 more than that Whitesell treated all of his employees harshly, or it amounts only to the subjective belief of Aramburu or his co-workers that Whitesell practiced discrimination. 4. Summary In summary, Aramburu fails to counter the evidence presented by Boeing and Whitesell that he was discharged for failure to maintain satisfactory attendance. Aramburu fails to present evidence that similarly situated non-minority employees were treated diffe rently for violating work rules of comparable seriousness. He is not entitled to a favorable inference under the spoilation doctrine, and he does not present direct, or circumstantial, evidence that White sell harbored a discriminatory animus against Mexican-Americans. Although our analys is differs from the memorandum opinion of the district court, we affirm its judgment on the wrongful discharge claim. See Bolden , 43 F.3d at 548 (stating that a summary judgment can be affirmed upon different grounds as long as they are supported by the record). IV. Claim for Hostile Work Environment Aramburu contends that Whitesell subjected him to a hostile work environment on account of his ancestry and disability. 8 The district court ruled that Aramburu failed to exhaust21

his administrative remedies on this claim and failed to present evidence from whic h a reasonable jury could find that he was subjected to an objectively hostile work environment. A plaintiff must exhaust his administrative remedies before bringing suit under T itle VII and the Kansas Act Against Discrimination. Jones v. Runyon , 91 F.3d 1398, 1399-1401 (10th Cir. 1996), petition for cert. filed , 65 U.S.L.W. 3354 (US Oct. 29, 1996) (No. 96-684); Van Scoyk v. St. Mary’s Assumption Parochial Sch. , 580 P.2d 1315, 1317-18 (Kan. 1978). The suit may include allegations of discrimination reasonably related to the allegati ons listed in the administrative charge, including new acts occurring during the pendency of the administrative charge. Brown v. Hartshorne Public School Dist. #1 , 864 F.2d 680, 682 (10th Cir. 1988). The administrative charged filed by Aramburu alleged wrongful discharge only. Aramburu argues that his hostile environment claim is reasonably related to his wrongful discharge claim simply because all of Whitesell’s conduct is related. However, underlying Aramburu’s wrong ful discharge claim are his allegations that Whitesell manipulated his attenda nce records and refused to grant him leave to excuse some of his absences out of discrimination. In contrast, his hos tile environment claim is based on his allegations that Whitesell harassed him and requir ed him to work beyond his medical restrictions. The wrongful discharge allegations are not re asonably related to the hostile environment allegations. See Archuleta v. Colorado Dept. of Institutions , 936 F.2d 483, 488 (10th Cir. 1991) (holding that plaintiff’s claims of sexual harassment and pregnancy discrimination were not reasonably related to her discharge claim); Hornsby v. Conoco, Inc. , 777 F.2d 243, 247 (5th Cir. 1985) (holding that plaintiff’s claim of sexual harassment was not reasonably related to her claims of sex and age discriminat ion). Thus, we affirm the district court’s ruling that Aramburu failed to exhaust his administrative remedies on9 Aramburu was not required to exhaust any administrative remedies before

bringing his claim under § 1981. See Meade v. Merchants Fast Motorline, Inc. , 820 F.2d 1124, 1126 (10th Cir. 1987) (per curiam); Taylor v. Safeway Stores, Inc. , 524 F.2d 263, 273 (10th Cir. 1975). Before the addition of subsection (b) to § 1981, a plaintiff could not bring a hostile environment claim under the section. See Hill v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber, Inc. , 918 F.2d 877, 879-80 (10th Cir. 1990). However, we assume without deciding that the addition of subsection (b) permits a plaintiff to bring a hostile environment claim for conduct occurring after November 21, 1991, the effective date of § 1981's amendment. See Williams v. Carrier Corp. , 889 F. Supp. 1528, 1530 (M.D. Ga. 1995) (ruling that the 1991 amendment allows hostile environment claims for conduct occurring after November 21, 1991); cf. Winbush v. State of Iowa , 66 F.3d 1471, 1476-77 & n.7 (8th Cir. 1995) (holding that a plaintiff could not bring a hostile environment claim under §1981 for conduct occurring before 1991 because the amendment is not retroactive). See also Rivers v. Roadway Express, Inc. , 114 S. Ct. 1510 (1994) (holding that §1981's amendment is not retroactive). We also assume that Aramburu has sta ted a claim for hostile environment based on conduct occurring after November 21, 1991, even though he does not tie his hostile environment allegations to a specific date. 22 his hostile environment claims brought under Title VII and the Kansas Act Against Discrimination. On his remaining claim for hostile work environment under §1981, 9 Aramburu must present evidence of an objectively hostile work environment. See Bolden , 43 F.3d at 550-51 (Title VII); Durham , 18 F.3d at 838-39 (stating standards and burdens under § 1981 are the same as those under Title VII). To survive summary judgment, the plaintiff must show that under the totality of the circumstances (1) the harassment was pervasive or severe enough t o alter the terms, conditions, or privilege of employment, and (2) the harassment was based on the victi m’s ancestry or disability. Id. at 551 (internal citations omitted). General harassment if not based on ancestry or disability is not actionable. Id. The plaintiff must demonstrate more than a few isolated incidents of prohibited conduct, such as a steady barrage of opprobrious comments base d on ancestry or disability. Id. ; Lowe , 87 F.3d at 1175.23

Upon review of this record, we agree with the district court that Aramburu did not present sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that he was subjected to an objectively hostile work environment. He argues that his evidence shows that Whitesel l mistreated other Mexican-American employees. Although he makes no specific re ference to the evidentiary record to support this argument, presumably he refers to the personnel file s of Anaya and Rosales and the Wood deposition, as well as the Cliver deposition. As discussed at Part II I. C., infra , this evidence does not support the inference that Whitesell discriminated against Mexican-Americans. Also, Aramburu contends that his evidence shows that Boeing did not furnish him with an ergonomic review regarding his carpal tunnel syndrome and that Whitesell require d him to work beyond his medical restrictions. In support of the first contention, Aramburu refers t o portions of the depositions of Robert Wood, apparently a personnel employee, and Richard Buchanan, apparently a personnel manager, who testified that they did not know whether Aramburu was given an ergonomic review. In support of his second contention, he refers to his own deposition in which he testifies to one instance where Whitesell required him to drive rivets in contravention of his medical restrictions. This evidence does not demonstrate the kind of pervasive harassment necessary to give rise to an objectively hostile environment

. More importantly, contentions that Boeing did not furnish Aramburu with an ergonomic review, to the extent this failure bears on Boeing’s duty of reasonable accommodation, a nd that Whitesell required him to work beyond his medical restrictions may state independent violations of the Kansas Act Against Discrimination for disability discrimination. Howe ver, they do not state a claim under § 1981 because the section is concerned with discrimination based on rac e10 We consider Aramburu’s claim of discrimination based on his Mexican-American

ancestry in this case to fall within § 1981's protection against racial discrimi nation. Section 1981 does not protect individuals from discrimination based on national origin. Saint Francis Col lege v. Al-Khazraji , 481 U.S. 604, 613 (1987). 24 and not on disability. 10 See Rivers , 114 S. Ct. at 1514 n.2 (stating § 1981 addresses racial discrimination); General Building Contractors Ass’n, Inc. v. Pennsylvania , 458 U.S. 375 (1982) (discussing § 1981 in terms of racial discrimination); Duane v. Government Employees I ns. Co. , 784 F. Supp. 1209, 1216 (D. Md. 1992) (noting § 1981 does not address handicap discrimination), aff’d , 37 F.3d 1036 (4th Cir. 1994), cert. dismissed , 115 S. Ct. 2272 (1995); Duncan v. AT & T Communications, Inc. , 668 F. Supp. 232, 235 (S.D.N.Y. 1987) (ruling that § 1981 does not address disability discrimination). Thus, these allegations, even if true, do not state a hostile environment claim under § 1981. See Stahl v. Sun Microsystems, Inc. , 19 F.3d 533, 538 (10th Cir. 1994) (stating that no matter how unpleasant the nature of a working environment must be due to the plaintiff’s protected characteristic to support a hostil e environment claim). In summary, we agree with the district court that Aramburu failed to exhaust his administrative remedies under Title VII and the Kansas Act Against Discri mination on his hostile environment claim. Likewise, he failed to present evidence that he was subjected to an objectively hostile work environment on account of his ancestry within the meaning of case s such as Bolden . See Bolden , 43 F.3d at 550-51. Therefore, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on this claim. V. Claim for Denial of Transfer25

Aramburu brings a claim for discriminatory denial of transfer. He contends that Whitesell refused to permit him to transfer to the supervision of David Keeling in the fall of 1991. The district court ruled that Aramburu failed to exhaust his administrative reme dies on this claim and that he failed to present evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that he was denied a transfer on an impermissible basis. A plaintiff must exhaust his administrative remedies before bringing suit under T itle VII or the Kansas Act Against Discrimination. Jones , 91 F.3d at 1399-1401; Van Scoyk , 580 P.2d at 1317-18. The suit may include allegations of discrimination reasonably related to the al legations listed in the administrative charge, including new acts occurring during the pendency of the administrative charge. Brown , 864 F.2d at 682. The administrative charged filed by Aramburu included allegations regarding his wrongful discharge claim only. Aramburu argues that his denial of transfer claim is reasonably related to his discharge claim becaus e it was part of Whitesell’s overall treatment of him. He also argues that Whitesell refus ed to permit him to transfer so that he could continue to discriminate against him. Aramburu has not shown that the denial of transfer claim is reasonably related to his discharge claim. The allegations surrounding the denial of a transfer in the fall of 1991 have no relation to the allegations that Whitesell refused to allow Aramburu to take lea ve out of discrimination and manipulated his attendance record in order to discipline and discharge him. Aramburu has not shown that an administrative investigation of the discharge claim woul d reasonably include an investigation into the alleged denial of a transfer. See Weiss v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of Chicago , 990 F.2d 333, 337 (7th Cir. 1993) (holding that plaintiff’s denial of transfer claim was not reasonably related to her claims of discriminatory training, discharge, and11 We assume without deciding that Aramburu was disabled by his carpal tunnel

syndrome. See Hudson v. MCI Telecommunications Corp. , 87 F.3d 1167, 1168-69 (10th Cir. 1996) (discussing issue plaintiff’s disability caused by carpal tunnel syndrome). 26 harassment). Thus, we affirm the district court’s ruling that Aramburu failed t o exhaust his administrative remedies on his denial of transfer claims brought under Title VIIand the Kansas Act Against Discrimination. Additionally with regard to his claim under § 1981, Aramburu fails to present evidence indicating that he was denied a transfer on the basis of his ancestry. He merely pre sents evidence that he verbally requested a transfer to another supervisor Brian Keeling in October or November 1991, that Keeling would have accepted the transfer provided it received Whitesell’s appr oval, and that Whitesell denied the transfer. The only evidence Aramburu presents on the reason f or the denial is Whitesell’s own testimony that he considered Aramburu to be a competent r ivet driver and that he generally believed he received lesser qualified individuals when he allowed transfers. No evidence indicates that Whitesell denied the transfer on account of Ar amburu’s ancestry. VI. Claim for Wrongful Discharge on the Basis of Disability Aramburu claims that Boeing and Whitesell discharged him because of his alleged disability in violation of the Kansas Act Against Discrimination. Aramburu asse rts that he was diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome in connection with his work at Boeing and that he suffered from this condition at the time of his discharge. 11 Boeing and Whitesell again contend that he was discharged because of excessive absenteeism. The district court rul ed that Aramburu failed to present evidence that he was treated differently in regard to his atte ndance because of his disability.12 Under the analogous Americans With Disabilities Act, it is the plaintiff’s bur den,

however, to make a prima facie showing that accommodation is possible. See MacDonald v. Delta Airlines, Inc. , 94 F.3d 1437, 1443 (10th Cir. 1996); White v. York Int’l Corp. , 45 F.3d 357, 361 (10th Cir. 1995). 27 Aramburu must make a showing on his claim for discharge on account of his disability analogous to the one he was required to make on his claim for discharge on account of his ancestry. See Woods , 648 P.2d at 238-39. Upon a review of the record, we find that Aramburu failed to present evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that the proffered rea son for his discharge, excessive absenteeism, was a pretext or that he was actuallydischarged because of his disability. Virtually all of Aramburu’s argument and evidence relevant to his disability claim concern his allegations that Whitesell required him to work beyond his medical restr ictions and that Boeing did not provide him with an ergonomic review regarding his carpal tunnel syndrome

. He testified in his deposition that Whitesell required him to drive rivets in contrave ntion of his medical restrictions on one occasion. He also presents the deposition testimony of Ric hard Buchanan, apparently a personnel manager, who testifies that he did not know whether Aramburu received an ergonomic review concerning his medical limitations or whethe r an assessment was performed to see whether Aramburu could be placed in a new position to accommodate his medical restrictions. 12 Robert Wood, apparently a personnel employee, likewise testified that he did not know whether Aramburu had been given an ergonomic review. While failing to provide a reasonable accommodation and requiring an employee to work beyond his medical restrictions might state claims for violation of the Kansas Act Against Discrimination under the appropriate circumstances, Aramburu’s administrative charge filed wi th the Kansas28

Human Rights Commission charges only that he was discharged on account of his disabilit y. Claims based on a failure to accommodate and a requirement that an employee exceed hi s medical limitations are not reasonably related to a claim of wrongful discharg e. Thus, Aramburu has not shown that he exhausted his administrative remedies in connection with these all egations.
See Wagher , 885 P.2d at 1206 (discussing exhaustion of administrative remedies under Kansas Act Against Discrimination); Mattox v. Department of Transportation , 747 P.2d 174, 174-76 (Kan. Ct. App. 1987) (same). Moreover, Aramburu’s allegations and evidence concerning a failure to accommodate and a requirement that he work beyond his medical restrictions do not tend to show that he was discharged on account of his disability. In fact, Aramburu repeatedl y argues, and presents some evidence, that Whitesell considered him able to perform his dut ies. Moreover, as the district court noted, no evidence indicates that Aramburu was treated di fferently with regard to his attendance on account of his carpal tunnel syndrome. In summary, Aramburu failed to present evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that he was discharged on account of his carpal tunnel syndrome. His allegations that Whitesell required him to work in excess of his medical limitations and that he did not r eceive an ergonomic review were not included in his administrative charge, and his evidence concerning these allegations does not show that he was discharged or treated differently with respect to his attendance because of his carpal tunnel syndrome. VII. Conclusion Aramburu has not shown himself entitled to a trial on any of his claims. He failed to counter the evidence supporting the legitimacy of the reason for his discharge. Thus, he failed to demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact that his discharge was the resul t of his ancestry or13 As a final matter, Aramburu appeals the district court’s order granting the defe nse

motion to determine the place of trial, which transferred trial of the case from T opeka, Kansas, to Wichita, Kansas. Given our affirmance of the summary judgment on Aramburu’s claims , we do not consider this portion of the appeal. 29 that the reason offered by Boeing and Whitesell was a mere pretext. He failed to s how that he was treated differently under Boeing’s attendance policy than similarly situated non-minority employees. He is not entitled to an adverse inference against Boeing and Whitesell under the spoilation doctrine because he failed to present sufficient evidence that Whitesel l lost certain of his 1991 attendance records in bad faith. Indeed, Boeing presented other attendance documents reflecting Aramburu’s absences in 1991. Aramburu also fails to present evidence, eithe r direct or circumstantial, that Whitesell harbored a discriminatory animus against Me xican-Americans. Aramburu failed to exhaust his administrative remedies on his claims for a hostil e environment and for discriminatory denial of a transfer under Title VII and the Kansas Act Against Discrimination. Moreover, he failed to present evidence of an objectively hostile envir onment or that he was denied a transfer on account of his ancestry. Finally, Aramburu failed to pre sent evidence that he was discharged on account of his carpal tunnel syndrome. Therefore, we aff irm the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Boeing and Whitesell. 13