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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN RE ADOPTION OF: S.L.W. IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

APPEAL OF: S.N.W.

No. 1698 MDA 2016

Appeal from the Order Entered September 13, 2016

In the Court of Common Pleas of York County

Orphans' Court at No(s): 2016-0093

IN THE INTEREST OF: S.W., A MINOR IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

v.

APPEAL OF: S.N.W., MOTHER

No. 1705 MDA 2016

Appeal from the Order Entered September 13, 2016

In the Court of Common Pleas of York County

Criminal Division at No(s): CP-67-CP-0000227-2015

BEFORE: BOWES, LAZARUS AND MUSMANNO, JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED MARCH 21, 2017

S.N.W. (“Mother”) appeals from the orders entered on September 13, 

2016, wherein the trial court terminated her parental rights to her minor 
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child, S.L.W, and changed S.L.W.’s permanency goal from reunification to 

adoption.1 We affirm. 

S.L.W. was born during August 2005, from an ongoing relationship 

between Mother and B.L.S., Sr. (“Father”). While in Mother’s care, S.L.W. 

was neglected and abused physically. She was exposed to drug use, 

pornography, and witnessed sexual acts. Consequently, Father was granted 

primary physical custody of the child. S.L.W. was diagnosed with a number 

of behavioral and psychological disorders, including reactive attachment 

disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity 

disorder – combined presentation, and other disorders arising from her 

family relationships and traumatic upbringing. 

On January 12, 2015, S.L.W. entered a community residential 

rehabilitation level foster home through the York-Adams Mental HealthIntellectual Developmental Disabilities program (“MH-IDD”), and Father was 

directed to attend family therapy sessions and actively partake in the child’s 

treatment.2 Father neglected to participate. As a result of Father’s inaction, 

the insurance company funding S.L.W.’s rehabilitative foster care dropped 

____________________________________________

1 Since these consecutively listed appeals involve identical parties and 

emerged from the same hearing, we consolidate the above-captioned cases 

sua sponte for ease of disposition. 

2

It is not clear form the record why S.L.W. initially entered the community 

residential rehabilitation foster care system. 
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coverage. At that time, MH-IDD was unable to locate Father, and Mother 

had not contacted S.L.W. for over three years.

On October 8, 2015, the York County Office of Children, Youth, and 

Families (“CYF”) filed an application for emergency protective custody. The 

juvenile court granted that application and awarded CYF temporary legal and 

physical custody. On October 21, 2015, the court adjudicated S.L.W. 

dependent, finding, inter alia, that Mother had no involvement with the child 

for over three years, that she was unemployed, and that she lacked stable 

housing. Father had still not been located. Thus, the court concluded it was 

in the child’s best interests to be removed from Mother and Father’s care 

and remain in the foster home. The court awarded CYF legal and physical 

custody of the minor child, and set her placement goal as reunification. 

Thereafter, CYF established a Family Service Plan (“FSP”). The plan

authorized the agency to create a supervised visitation schedule, but 

S.L.W.’s therapist did not recommend that Mother and daughter make 

contact. The court held a permanency review on March 8, 2016. The court 

noted Mother had moderately complied with the permanency plan and made 

moderate progress toward alleviating the circumstances which necessitated 

the original placement. It found that she had obtained employment, but 

continued to lack appropriate housing. The court acknowledged Mother’s 

cooperation with the agency, but raised concerns regarding Mother’s 

extended lack of contact with S.L.W. It determined that S.L.W.’s placement 
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goal would remain reunification, with a concurrent goal of adoption. 

Subsequently, CYF established a revised FSP requiring, among others things, 

that Mother acquire safe and stable housing by October 2016. The court 

held a second permanency review and found Mother in minimal compliance 

and had achieved minimal progress. Specifically, the court observed that 

she had failed to find suitable housing and had contacted S.L.W. only once, 

through a letter. Additionally, Mother’s paramour, with whom she resided, 

had failed to complete a threat of harm assessment as previously directed 

by the court. 

On July 11, 2016, CYF filed a petition to terminate Mother and Father’s 

parental rights and a petition to change S.L.W.’s permanency goal from 

reunification to adoption.3 Following a hearing on both petitions, the 

juvenile court terminated Mother and Father’s parental rights, and changed 

S.L.W.’s permanency goal from reunification to adoption. Mother filed a 

timely notice of appeal, and complied with the court’s order to file a Rule 

1925(b) statement of errors complained of on appeal. The court authored 

its Rule 1925(a) opinion, and this matter is ready for our review. 

Mother raises three issues for our consideration: 

I. Whether the trial court erred in changing the goal from 

reunification to adoption without clear and convincing 

____________________________________________

3

Father did not participate in the hearings in this matter, and did not file a 

notice of appeal to either of the court’s orders. Thus, we do not address the 

order terminating Father’s parental rights with regard to S.L.W. 
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evidence that a change of goal would best serve the 

interests of the child. 

II. Whether the trial court erred in termination Appellant’s 

parental rights without clear and convincing evidence that 

termination best served the emotional needs and welfare of 

the child.

 

III. Whether [CYF] failed to present clear and convincing 

evidence that termination of Appellant’s parental rights best 

served the emotional needs and welfare of the child.

 

Mother’s brief at 4 (unnecessary capitalization omitted). 

Mother contends that the juvenile court erred in changing S.L.W.’s 

permanency goal from reunification to adoption. We review a court’s 

decision in a dependency case for an abuse of discretion. In re L.Z., 111 

A.3d 1164, 1174 (Pa. 2015). In this vein, we must “accept the findings of 

fact and credibility determination of the trial court if they are supported by 

the record,” but we are not required to “accept the lower court’s inferences 

or conclusions of law.” Id. (citation omitted). Following an examination and 

findings of factors pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. § 6351 (f) and (f.1), regarding 

matters to be determined at the permanency hearing, the trial court must 

also determine that the goal change is in the minor child’s best interest. 

See Pa.C.S. § 6531(g); In re R.J.T., 9 A.3d 1179 (Pa. 2010). 

Mother asserts that the trial court erred in changing S.L.W.’s 

permanency goal to adoption since she substantially complied with her FSP 

goals. She alleges that she was cooperative with in-home assistance teams, 

completed a parenting program, and continually requested to see S.L.W. 
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She argues that she was denied the opportunity to see S.L.W. by the child’s 

therapist, Ms. Pernilla Lovegrove, whom Mother claims mistakenly believed 

that Mother was barred from contact due to a court order. As a result of this 

mistaken belief, Mother contends that she was unfairly obstructed from 

visiting her daughter, and denied the opportunity to participate in her 

therapy. Further, Mother maintains that she had obtained housing by the 

time of the permanency hearing. Thus, Mother concludes, the court erred in 

failing to appreciate the full extent of her progress towards alleviating the 

circumstances which necessitated the removal of S.L.W.

The juvenile court highlighted S.L.W.’s need for stability, consistency, 

and permanency in finding that adoption was in her best interests. The 

court considered the child’s expressed interest in having a permanent home. 

In addition, it emphasized S.L.W.’s childhood trauma suffered under 

Mother’s care, and found that Mother was not suited to manage her 

daughter’s psychological disorders and special needs. The court credited 

S.L.W.’s guardian ad litem, noting, “even absent the child’s trauma, it would 

be a very difficult road to reunify child and Mother.” Trial Court Opinion, 

11/7/16, at 9. 

Upon review of the record, we find substantial support for the court’s 

findings of facts and credibility determinations, and therefore, discern no 

abuse of discretion in its decision to change S.L.W.’s permanency goal from 

reunification to adoption. The court held two permanency review hearings to 
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review Mother’s compliance with her FSP goals. In the first hearing, the 

court found Mother to be in moderate compliance with the FSP, and that she 

had shown moderate progress towards eliminating the original 

circumstances that necessitated the original placement. In a second 

permanency review, the court found Mother was minimally compliant and 

that she had made modest progress to rectify those conditions. Mother 

challenges this finding, and asserts that her performance between the 

reviews was substantially similar, and thus, there was no basis for finding 

her in minimal compliance. We disagree. 

Mother’s assertion that she obtained suitable housing at the time of 

the permanency hearing is belied by the record. We observe that the court 

directed Mother’s paramour to obtain a threat of harm evaluation as part of 

its assessment of Mother’s living arrangements. The results of that 

evaluation were not submitted to the court until the day of the permanency 

hearing on September 13, 2016. Nevertheless, the report indicated that 

Mother’s paramour would remain a threat of harm to S.L.W. until he had 

achieved one year of sobriety. Accordingly, it found that the earliest date 

that could be accomplished would be September 2017. Although Mother 

stated that, given the choice between her children and her paramour, she 

would choose her children, the court did not credit her testimony. Indeed, 

the court specifically stated, “I find it totally not credible that she will ask 

him to leave in order to keep her children.” N.T. Permanency/Termination 
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Hearing, 9/13/16, at 159-160. Since Mother has only offered evidence of 

housing arrangements with her paramour, her proclamation that she found 

suitable housing is not supported by the record. 

Mother’s averments that she was unfairly denied the opportunity to 

contact S.L.W. are also contradicted by the record. Initially, Ms. Lovegrove 

believed that a purported court order blocked Mother from seeing the child. 

Once the therapist learned that the order did not exist, she still persisted in 

her opinion that Mother and S.L.W. should not interact. Ms. Lovegrove 

stated, “in understanding that it wasn’t a court order . . . [m]y position, 

when it came to [S.L.W.’s] reactions and trauma, was the same that, if 

contact with Mother was to happen, we had to do it at [S.L.W.’s] pace.” Id. 

at 28. Furthermore, Ms. Lovegrove indicated that “Mother wanted to have 

contact, and [S.L.W.] was hesitant.” Id. at 32. Indeed, in a status review 

order filed December 2, 2015, the court noted that the therapist believed, 

“visits between the minor child and her mother would be detrimental to the 

minor child.” Id. at 100. 

When given the opportunity to make contact with S.L.W. via letter, 

Mother sent only two missives. Otherwise, she did not send her daughter 

presents, inquire into the child’s progress in therapy or school, or petition 

the agency for visitation. Id. at 70; 86. Thus, we find Mother’s supposed 

inability to contact S.L.W. was not the result of the Ms. Lovegrove’s 

mistaken beliefs as to a purported court order, but rather, the result of her 
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own failure to take advantage of the visitation and contact arrangements 

provided by the agency in light of the therapist’s recommendation. 

Moreover, the record indicates that S.L.W. flourished when provided 

with stability and consistency. Her behavioral issues subsided in foster care 

with the aid of regular therapy. S.L.W’s performance in school showed 

marked improvement after she was provided with an individualized 

educational program which better suited her special needs. Thus, we find no 

abuse of discretion in the court’s decision to change S.L.W.’s permanency 

goal to adoption in order to provide her with consistency and stability. No 

relief is due. 

As Mother’s second and third issues overlap, we consider them jointly. 

In matters involving involuntary termination of parental rights, we are 

directed by the following guidelines: 

The standard of review in termination of parental rights cases 

requires appellate courts to accept the findings of fact and 

credibility determination of the trial court if they are supported 

by the record. If the factual findings are supported, appellate 

courts review to determine if the trial court made an error of law 

or abused its discretion. A decision may be reversed for an 

abuse of discretion only upon demonstration of manifest 

unreasonableness, partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will. The trial 

court’s decision, however, should not be reverse merely because 

the record would support a different result. We have previously 

emphasized our deference to trial courts that often have firsthand observations of the parties spanning multiple hearings. 

In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d 251, 267 (Pa. 2013) (internal citations and quotation 

marks omitted). Moreover, “the trial court is free to believe all, part, or 

none of the evidence presented and is likewise free to make all credibility 
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determinations and resolve conflicts in the evidence.” In re M.G., 855 A.2d 

68, 73-74 (Pa.Super. 2004) (citation omitted). Lastly, “if competent 

evidence supports the trial court’s findings, we will affirm even if the record 

could also support the opposite result.” In re Adoption of T.B.B., 835 

A.2d 387, 394 (Pa.Super. 2003) (citation omitted). 

The termination of parental rights is guided by § 2511 of the Adoption 

Act, 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 2101-2938, which requires a bifurcated analysis of the 

grounds for termination followed by the needs and welfare of the child. 

Under § 2511, 

the court must engage in a bifurcated process prior to 

terminating parental rights. Initially, the focus is on the conduct 

of the parent. The party seeking termination must prove by 

clear and convincing evidence that the parent’s conduct satisfies 

the statutory grounds for termination delineated in Section 

2511(a). Only if the court determines that the parent’s conduct 

warrants termination of his or her parental rights does the court 

engage in the second part of the analysis pursuant to Section 

2511(b): determination of the needs and welfare of the child 

under the standard of best interests of the child. One major 

aspect of the needs and welfare analysis concerns the nature 

and status of the emotional bond between parent and child, with 

close attention paid to the effect on the child of permanently 

severing any such bond. 

In re L.M., 923 A.2d 505, 511 (Pa.Super. 2007) (citation omitted). 

Evidence is clear and convincing when it is so “clear, direct, weighty and 

convincing as to enable the trier of fact to come to a clear conviction, 

without hesitance, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.” In re C.S., 761 

A.2d 1197, 1201 (Pa.Super. 2000) (en banc) (citation omitted). 
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In this case, the trial court terminated Mother’s parental rights 

pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), and (b). It is well-settled 

that, in order to affirm a termination of parental rights, we need only agree 

with the trial court as to any one subsection of § 2511(a), as well as § 

2511(b). In re B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 384 (Pa.Super. 2004) (en banc). 

At the outset, we examine the court’s termination of Mother’s parental 

rights pursuant to § 2511 (a)(1). Section 2511(a)(1) permits the 

termination of parental rights when “the parent by conduct continuing for a 

period of at least six months immediately preceding the filing of the petition 

either has evidenced a settled purpose of relinquishing parental claim to a 

child or has refused or failed to perform parental duties.” Pa.C.S. § 2511 

(a)(1). A parent has an affirmative duty in this regard. The parent is 

obliged to “utilize all available resources to preserve the parental 

relationship, and must exercise reasonable firmness in resisting obstacles 

placed in the path of maintaining the parent-child relationship.” In re B., 

N.M., 856 A.2d 847, 855 (Pa.Super. 2004). 

In addressing § 2511(a)(1), the trial court found that CYF had offered 

clear and convincing evidence that Mother failed to perform any parental 

duties for at least sixth months prior to the filing of the petition for 

termination. The court noted that Mother had not fulfilled any parental 

duties since the child was five years old, six years prior to the hearing. It 

noted Mother’s own concession that she had not seen S.L.W. since 
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September 2013. The court underlined Mother’s lack of knowledge of basic 

information regarding the child, such as her teacher’s or doctor’s names. 

Finally, the court stressed that Mother had only authored two letters to the 

child, had not provided any gifts, and had not inquired into the child’s wellbeing. Thus, it found sufficient evidence to support the termination of 

Mother’s parental rights under § 2511(a)(1). 

Mother asserts that she continually asked to visit with S.L.W., but 

could not do so due to the supposed court order mentioned supra. She 

contends that she wrote letters to the child as soon as she was permitted, 

and that she had presents for the child, but wanted to wait until S.L.W. was 

home to provide them. Mother maintains that she fulfilled her parental 

duties to the extent permitted by the court, and thus, she has not evidenced 

a settled purpose to relinquish her parental rights. We disagree. 

Our review of the certified record supports the trial court’s finding of 

sufficient grounds for termination under § 2511(a)(1). Mother conceded 

that she has not seen S.L.W. since September 2013, three years prior to the 

hearing. When informed by Ms. Lovegrove that she was unable to see her 

daughter due to a court order, Mother made no attempt to dispel that 

erroneous belief. Furthermore, Mother failed to petition CYF for permission 

to visit with S.L.W., and when the agency attempted to schedule a visit, 

“Mother [refused] to ride in the same vehicle with [Father].” N.T. 

Permanency/Termination Hearing, 9/13/16, at 100. Consequently, no visit 
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was scheduled. The two letters sent by Mother hardly signal an evident 

determination to maintain the parent-child relationship, and in themselves, 

do not constitute the fulfillment of one’s parental obligations. See In re 

S.S.W., 125 A.3d 413 (Pa.Super. 2015) (parental duty “requires continuing 

interest in the child and a genuine effort to maintain communication and 

association with the child.”). We find Mother has not exercised reasonable 

firmness in resisting the obstacles barring her from a continuing relationship 

with S.L.W., and thus, she has failed to perform her parental duties. 

Next, we consider whether termination was proper under § 2511(b). 

Our High Court has stated:

[I]f the grounds for termination under subsection (a) are met, a 

court “shall give primary consideration to the developmental, 

physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child.” 23 

Pa.C.S. § 2511(b). The emotional needs and welfare of the child 

have been properly interpreted to include “[i]ntangibles such as 

love, comfort, security, and stability.” In re K.M., 53 A.3d 781, 

791 (Pa.Super. 2012). In In re K.M., 620 A.2d [481, 485 (Pa. 

1993)], this Court held that the determination of the child’s 

“needs and welfare” requires consideration of the emotional 

bonds between the parent and child. The “utmost attention” 

should be paid to discerning the effect on the child of 

permanently severing the parental bond. In re K.M., 53 A.3d at 

791. However, as discussed below, evaluation of a child’s bonds 

is not always an easy task. 

 

In re T.S.M., supra, at 267. When evaluating a parental bond, “the court 

is not required to use expert testimony.” In re Z.P., 994 A.2d 1108, 1121 

(Pa.Super. 2010) (citation omitted). As such, “social workers and 

caseworkers can offer evaluations as well. Additionally, § 2511(b) does not 

require a formal bonding evaluation.” Id. (internal citation omitted). 
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In discussing § 2511(b), the trial court observed that CYF offered clear 

and convincing evidence that the developmental, physical, and emotional 

needs and welfare of S.L.W. are best served by the termination of Mother’s 

parental rights. Specifically, the court stated, “[a]s evidenced by a 

significant amount of evidence, the child has little to no bond with Mother.” 

Trial Court Opinion, 11/7/16, at 6. It noted the extended length of time 

since Mother had seen the child. The court reviewed Ms. Lovegrove’s 

testimony, who intimated that S.L.W. rarely spoke of her Mother, and when 

she did, the therapist believed “it was clear that Mother’s relationship with 

child had a negative impact on her.” Id. The court also underscored 

S.L.W.s’ psychological issues and specials needs, and found that Mother had 

“made no effort to become involved or educate herself about the child’s 

physiological disorders.” Id. Therefore, it found sufficient evidence that 

terminating Mother’s parental rights was in S.L.W.’s best interests. 

Mother provides various explanations for why she does not share a 

bond with S.L.W. First, she claims that she could not develop a bond with 

the child due to Ms. Lovegrove’s no contact provision. Despite this 

condition, she insinuates that Ms. Lovegrove found such contact would be 

beneficial to the child. Second, she alleges that she was unable to educate 

herself regarding her daughter’s disorder since, the “best way” to do so, 

engagement with Ms. Lovegrove, was foreclosed to her. Mother’s brief at 
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19. Moreover, she claims that neither CYF nor the court offered her an 

alternative means to learn about the child’s special needs. 

Our review of the certified record corroborates the trial court’s best 

interest analysis. As discussed supra, we are not persuaded by Mother’s 

argument that the therapist’s involvement with S.L.W. barred Mother from 

bonding with her daughter. Mother simply failed to utilize the avenues open 

to her, or make any attempt to overcome the obstacles hampering her 

parent-child relationship. Ms. Lovegrove testified that contact with Mother 

“has been . . . a positive influence.” N.T. Permanency/Termination Hearing, 

9/13/16, at 23. Nevertheless, the therapist also indicated that Mother and 

S.L.W. shared no bond, that the child was uninterested in even phone 

contact with Mother, and that she had not expressed a desire to reside with 

Mother. Id. at 19-21. 

As it pertains to Mother’s involvement with S.L.W.’s education and 

development, Mother testified she made no attempts to learn about the 

child’s special needs. Id. at 137; 149-150. Even assuming that Mother was 

correct in deeming involvement in S.L.W.’s therapy was the best means for 

edifying herself, this does not excuse her from pursuing the many other 

channels open to her, for example, the internet or the local library. Thus, 

the record supports the juvenile court’s finding that the emotional needs and 

welfare of S.L.W. favor termination. As stated above, S.L.W. has prospered 

when provided a stable and consistent environment suited to her unique 
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needs. Mother has not shown she is capable of delivering the level of care 

S.L.W. requires, and no parent-child bond exists which would be detrimental 

to the child if it is permanently severed. Accordingly, we find no abuse of 

discretion and conclude that the trial court appropriately terminated Mother’s 

parental rights under 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 2511(a)(1) and (b). 

Orders affirmed. 

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 3/21/2017