[Cite as In re Adoption of C.M.F., 2013-Ohio-4719.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 

TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO 

BUTLER COUNTY 

ADOPTION OF: C.M.F., et al. : 

 CASE NOS. CA2013-06-090 

 : CA2013-06-091 

 

 : O P I N I O N

 10/25/2013 

 : 

APPEAL FROM BUTLER COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS 

PROBATE DIVISION 

Case No. PA12-11-103 

Daniel J. Pricard, 110 Old Street, Monroe, Ohio 45050, for respondent-appellant 

Bradley R. Hoyt, 7577 Central Park Boulevard, Suite 216, Mason, Ohio 45050, for petitionerappellee 

 

 M. POWELL, J.

{¶ 1} Appellant, the biological father of two children, appeals a decision of the Butler 

County Court of Common Pleas, Probate Division, finding his consent to the adoption of the 

children is not required. 

{¶ 2} Appellant is the biological father of C.M.F. and J.R.F., who were born in 2001 

and 2005, respectively. Appellant and the children's mother never married, but the parents 

were subject to custody and child support orders issued by the Butler County Juvenile Court. 

The petitioner in this case, G.M.F., became the children's step-father in July 2009, when he 
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and the mother married. 

{¶ 3} Appellant was arrested in December 2011 and subsequently sentenced to one 

year in prison for failing to register as a sex offender. While in prison, appellant failed to pay 

child support as required under the juvenile court order. 

{¶ 4} On November 21, 2012, the step-father filed a petition to adopt the children. 

The petition alleged that appellant's consent to the adoption was not required because he 

had failed to support the children for one year preceding the filing of the petition. 

{¶ 5} The probate court held a hearing on April 17, 2013 to determine whether the 

father's consent to the adoption was necessary. At the hearing, the children's mother 

testified that the last child support payment she received prior to the filing of the adoption 

petition was on November 15, 2011. She indicated that there were no support payments, 

and no money or gifts received by the children from their father from November 2011 until 

March 28, 2013 when she again received a child support payment. Likewise, the step-father 

testified that the children did not receive anything from their father from November 15, 2011 

until March 28, 2013. 

{¶ 6} Appellant testified at the hearing that he was in prison during 2012. He 

admitted that he did not pay any child support from November 15, 2011 to November 2012, 

the year immediately prior to the filing of the adoption petition. He testified that he was in 

prison and only earned $20 a month, which he used to buy necessities and some snacks. 

Appellant testified that he was unable to arrange payments to be taken out of the $20 a 

month he received in prison. He stated that he sent a letter to the child support agency but 

they never took out money for support. He later testified that he received a court order 

allowing a reduction in child support and indicating that child support was going to be taken 

from appellant's prison account. Appellant's mother testified that she gave appellant money 
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while in prison, which she estimated to be around $300 in 2012. 

{¶ 7} In a decision issued May 15, 2013, the probate court found that appellant's 

consent to the adoption was not necessary because he failed to support the children in the 

year preceding the filing of the adoption petition. Appellant now appeals that decision, 

raising a sole assignment of error for our review in which he argues that the court erred in 

determining his consent to the adoption was not required. 

{¶ 8} The right of natural parents to the care and custody of their child is one of the 

most precious and fundamental in law. In re A.N.L., 12th Dist. Warren Nos. CA2004-11-131, 

CA2005-04-046, 2005-Ohio-4239. See also Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753, 102 

S.Ct. 1388, 1394 (1982). Because adoption terminates these rights, Ohio law requires 

parental consent to an adoption unless a specific statutory exemption exists. In re Caudill, 

Fourth Dist. Jackson No. 05CA4, 2005-Ohio-3927; R.C. 3107.06. 

{¶ 9} An exemption to parental consent exists if a court finds that in the year 

preceding the adoption petition, the parent failed without justifiable cause to have more than 

de minimus contact with the child or that the parent failed to provide support and 

maintenance for the child. R.C. 3107.07(A). 

{¶ 10} When the petitioner alleges that a parent's consent is not required based on a 

failure to provide support for the child, the burden is on the petitioner to establish by clear 

and convincing evidence both that the parent has failed to support the child for the requisite 

one-year period and that this failure was without justifiable cause. In re Adoption of M.B., 

131 Ohio St.3d 186, 2012-Ohio-236, ¶ 22. The petitioner must first establish that in the year 

preceding the petition, the parent failed to support the child. Id. at ¶ 22. Once the petitioner 

has established this failure, the burden of going forward shifts to the parent to show some 

facially justifiable cause for the failure. In re Adoption of Bovett, 33 Ohio St.3d 102, 104 
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(1987). The burden of proof, however, remains with the petitioner. Id. 

{¶ 11} A determination that a parent failed to provide "support and maintenance" must 

be based on a failure to make payments as required by law or judicial decree. In re M.B. at ¶ 

20; R.C. 3107.07(A). The issue of whether justifiable cause exists when a parent is 

incarcerated is a factually specific determination based on the circumstances and evidence 

presented at the hearing. See In re D.R., 7th Dist. Belmont No. 11 BE 11, 2011-Ohio-4755. 

{¶ 12} At the hearing, records from the Butler County Child Support Agency were 

entered into evidence which show that appellant's last child support payment prior to the 

adoption petition was on November 15, 2011. Evidence was also admitted to show that on 

September 4, 2012, after an administrative review, appellant's child support obligation was 

reduced. Appellant also presented a letter dated September 13, 2012, from the BCCSA 

stating that his child support had been reduced based on information that appellant was 

incarcerated and a wage deduction order had been issued to the Ohio Department of 

Corrections in order to have support taken out of his prison account. 

{¶ 13} On appeal, appellant argues that justifiable cause exists because the state 

failed to comply with the order to have funds taken out of his prison account for child support. 

He contends that if this had occurred, child support payments would have been made. 

Appellant also argues that the paternal grandmother spent time with the children while he 

was in prison and provided toys, clothes, food and lodging for them, which should be 

considered evidence of maintenance and support provided as a direct result of the father. 

{¶ 14} As mentioned above, the petition for adoption was filed on November 21, 2012. 

The trial court found, and the parties agree, that no support was paid from November 21, 

2011 to the date the petition was filed. Therefore, the only issue was whether justifiable 

cause existed for the failure to support the children. 
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{¶ 15} The trial court found that according to records from the BCCSA, appellant's last 

child support payment prior to the adoption petition was on November 15, 2011. The court 

also found that appellant was arrested in late December 2011 and that appellant failed to 

present any evidence of a justifiable cause for his failure to support from November 15 until 

his arrest in late December. The trial court further found that although appellant initially 

presented facially justifiable cause for his failure to pay while he was in prison, the evidence 

as a whole established that justifiable cause did not exist for the failure to pay child support. 

{¶ 16} The question of whether justifiable cause has been proven by clear and 

convincing evidence in a particular case is a determination for the probate court. In re Masa, 

23 Ohio St.3d 163, 166, (1987). This determination cannot be reversed by an appellate court 

unless the determination is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Id. The probate 

court is in the best position to observe the demeanor of the parties and assess the credibility 

and accuracy of their testimony. In re adoption of Caleb M.J., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-07-1186, 

2007-Ohio-5599, ¶ 9. 

{¶ 17} A trial court is not obligated to find justifiable cause exists solely on the basis 

that a parent is incarcerated. Dallas v. Dotson, 113 Ohio App. 3d 484 (9th Dist.1996); In re

A.M.W., 9th Dist. Medina Nos. 07CA0062-M, 07CA0063-M, 2008-Ohio-1456; In re Adoption 

of Caleb M.J., at ¶ 11. Instead, when a parent is in prison, reviewing courts have determined 

that imprisonment is one of several factors the court should consider. In re D.R., 7th Dist. 

Belmont No. 11 BE 11, 2011-Ohio-4755, ¶ 14. 

{¶ 18} After reviewing the record, we find no error in the trial court's determination that 

justifiable cause did not exist for appellant's failure to pay child support. First, as mentioned 

above, appellant's last support payment was November 15, 2011 and he was not 

incarcerated until late December 2011. Appellant did not present any evidence regarding his 
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failure to pay child support during this month-and-a-half time period prior to his incarceration 

and the record does not contain any testimony or evidence regarding the failure to pay child 

support during this time. 

{¶ 19} In addition, appellant did not make any payments, even minimal payments, 

while he was in prison. While appellant testified that he tried to have money taken out of his 

prison account, and that he sent a letter to the BCCSA, his testimony on this issue is general 

and imprecise. There is no evidence when during his incarceration appellant wrote to the 

BCCSA. At one point in the hearing, appellant testified that he tried to have money taken out 

and he sent BCCSA a letter. Later, when questioned about the letter he received from the 

BCCSA reducing his child support, he stated it was the order "that I sent to have my child 

support lowered while I was in prison." 

{¶ 20} While he testified that he tried and there was no way he was aware of to pay 

child support while in prison, appellant's testimony on this issue does not evidence a strong 

desire to provide continued support to his children while in prison. Compare In re Adoption of 

C.L.B., 191 Ohio App.3d 64, 2010-Ohio-5190 (3rd Dist.) (incarcerated father testified in 

precise detail regarding attempts to have child support withheld from his prison account). In 

addition, although appellant argues that BCCSA failed to withhold child support as it 

indicated would occur in the September 13 letter, the trial court found that even if the state 

had begun to withhold child support, it would only have occurred for two months of the 

relevant time period. 

{¶ 21} Appellant testified generally that he spent the monthly $20 he received as 

"prison pay" on hygiene and personal items and admitted that he purchased items such as 

snacks with the money. In addition, during his incarceration, appellant's mother sent a total 

of around $300, which was placed in appellant's prison account. Appellant did not testify 
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regarding how this money was used. Appellate courts reviewing cases involving incarcerated 

parents have determined justifiable cause does not exist when prisoners fail to pay child 

support, but use money available to them for non-essential use. See In re A.M.W., 9th Dist. 

Medina Nos. 07CA0062-M, 07CA0063-M, 2008-Ohio-1456; In re adoption of Caleb M.J., 6th 

Dist. Lucas No. L-07-1186, 2007-Ohio-5599, ¶ 9. 

{¶ 22} Finally, we find no merit to appellant's argument that the support given to the 

children by the grandmother should be considered support by him to the children. At the 

hearing, appellant testified that he did not direct his mother to provide any of these items for 

the children on his behalf, and acknowledged that it was his responsibility to provide support. 

In addition, the failure to provide "support and maintenance" pursuant to R.C. 3107.07(A) 

must be based on a failure to make payments as required by law or judicial decree. In re 

M.B., 131 Ohio St.3d 186, 2012-Ohio-236, ¶ 20. 

{¶ 23} In conclusion, while appellant presented some evidence of justification for part 

of the relevant time period, the trial court was in the best position to observe the demeanor of 

the parties and assess the credibility and accuracy of the testimony, and we cannot find the 

trial court's decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence. 

{¶ 24} Judgment affirmed. 

 HENDRICKSON, P.J., and PIPER, J., concur.