P. 1 

## PICK-UPDATE : 3/15/200 7 BO X O F 

# 5< 9 Ste p 2 : FOR ASR C INTERNA LUS E ONL Y (PARTB o

fB )



## EP ADOCKE TID : 102RQ-R N 1 ) 102RQ-RN-5-1 6 3 ) 102RQ-RN-5-1 8 5 ) 102RQ-RN-5-2 0 7 ) 102RQ-RN-5-2 2 9 ) 102RQ-RN-5-2 4 11 ) (f02RQ-RN-5-26 ^ 13) 102RQ-RN-5-2 8 15) 102RQ-RN-5-3 0 17) 102RQ-RN-6- 1 19) 102RQ-RN-6- 3 21 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 5 23 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 7 25 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 9 27 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 1 29 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 3 31 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 5 33 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 7 35 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 9 37 ) 102RQ-RN-6-2 1 39 ) 102RQ-RN-6-2 3 Ste p 3 : FOR ASR C INTERNA LUS E ONL Y CD : OA : / 

## 2 ) 102RQ-RN-5-1 7 4 ) 102RQ-RN-5-1 9 6 ) 102RQ-RN-5-2 1 8 ) 102RQ-RN-5-2 3 10) 102RQ-RN-5-2 5 12 ) 102RQ-RN-5-2 7 14) 102RQ-RN-5-2 9 16) 102RQ-RN-5-3 2 18) 102RQ-RN-6- 2 20 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 4 22 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 6 24 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 8 26 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 0 28 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 2 30 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 4 32 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 6 34 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 8 36 ) 102RQ-RN-6-2 0 38 ) 102RQ-RN-6-2 2 40 ) 102RQ-RN-6-2 4

Ste p 1 : FOR ASR

C INTERNA LUS E ONL Y Are there more documents fo rthi s Docke ti n anothe rbox ? *YES/ 7 N O *Fil l ou tContinuatio n Shee tan d go t o Ste p 2 Interna l SFUN D Bo

xNumbe r_3 6 O F_28 3 Initials/Date : LDS_/_3-15-200 7

# I£EP A Unite d State s Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y • *-•-.-t-

_ P. 2 Industria l Environmenta l Research*** ' .:£PA-6^/£rg & Laboratory'^- f c Cincinnat i O H 4*526 8 Researc h an d Developmen t 

# Sourc e Assessment : '°MQ-M-s-i6 Coa l Storag e Piles b .P. 3

EPA-600/2-78-004 k May 197 8

SOURC E ASSESSMENT : COALSTORAG E PILE S

b y T . R . Blackwoo dandR . A . Wachte r Monsant oResearc hCorporatio n 151 5 Nichola s Road Dayton , Ohi o4540 7

Contrac t No . 68-02-187 4 Progra m Elemen t No . 1BB61 0

Projec t Office r JohnF . Marti n Resourc e Extractio nan dHandlingDivisio n Industria l Environmenta l Researc hLaborator y

Cincinnati , Ohi o4526 8

INDUSTRIALENVIRONMENTALRESEARC HLABORATORY OFFIC E O F RESEARC HANDDEVELOPMEN T U.S . ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION AGENC Y CINCINNATI , OHI O4526 8P. 4

DISCLAIME R Thisi , repor t ha s bee nreviewe d bythe Industria l Environmenta l Researc hLaboratory-Cincinnati , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , and approve d fo r publication . Approva l doe s no t signif y that ! th e content s necessaril yreflec t th e view s and policie s o f the U.S . Environmenta l Protectio nAgency , no r doe s mentio no f trad e name s o r commercia l product s constitut e endorsemen t o r recommendatio nfo r use .



### nP. 5

FOREWORD Whe nenergyand materia l resource s ar e extracted , processed , con verted , an

d used , th e relate d pollutiona l impact s o nou r environ

men t an d eve no nou r healt hofte nrequir e tha t ne wan d increasingl y mor e efficien t pollutio ncontro l method s b e used . Th e Industria l Environmenta l Researc hLaboratory- Cincinnat i (IERL-Ci ) assist s i ndevelopin g an

d demonstratin g ne wan d improve d methodologie s tha t wil l mee t thes e need s bot hefficientl yan d economically . Thi s repor t contain s a nassessmen t o f ai r emission s fromcoa l storag e piles . Thi s stud ywa s conducte d t o provid e sufficien t informatio n fo r EP At o ascertai nth e nee d fo r developin g contro l technologyfo r thi s source . Furthe r informatio no nthi s subjec t mayb e obtaine d fromth e Extractio nTechnologyBranch , Resourc e Extractio nan

d Handling Division .

Davi d G . Stepha n Directo r Industria l Environmenta l Researc hLaboratory

Cincinnat i

mP. 6

PREFAC E Th e Industria l Environmenta l Researc hLaboratory(IERL ) o f th e U.S . Environmenta l Protectio nAgenc y(EPA ) ha s th e responsibilit y fo r insuring tha t pollutio ncontro l technologyi s availabl e fo r stationarysource s t o mee t th e requirement s o f th e Clea nAi r Act , the : Wate r Ac t an

d soli d wast e legislation . I f contro l technology i s unavailable , inadequate , uneconomica l o r sociall yunacceptable , the nfinancia l suppor t i s provide d fo r th e developmen t o f th e neede d contro l technique s fo r industria l an d extractiv e proces s industries . Approache s considere d include : proces s modifications , feedstoc k modifications , add-o ncontro l devices , an d complet e pro ces s substitution . Th e scal e o f th e contro l technologyprogram s range s frombench

- t o full-scal e demonstratio nplants . IERL ha s th e responsibilit yfo r developin g contro l technology fo r a larg e numbe r (>500 ) o f operation s i nth e chemica l an d re late d industries . A s i nan ytechnica l program , th e firs t step i s t o identif yth e unsolve d problems . Eac ho f th e industrie s i s t o b e examine d i ndetai l t o determin e i f ther e i s sufficien t potentia l environmenta l ris k t o justif yth e developmen t o f con tro l technologyb

yIERL . Thi s repor t contain s th e dat a necessary t o mak e tha t decisio nfo r coa l storag e piles . Monsant o Researc hCorporatio n(MRC ) ha s contracte d wit hEP At o investigat e th e environmenta l impac t o f variou s industrie s whic h represen t source s o f pollutio ni naccordanc e wit hEPA' s responsi

bilit ya s outline d above . Dr . Rober t C . Binnin g serve s a s MR C ProgramManage r i n thi s overal l programentitle d "Sourc e Assess ment, " whic hinclude s th e investigatio no f source s i neac ho f fou r categories : combustion , organi c materials , inorgani c materials , an d ope nsources . Dr . Dal e A . Denn yo f th e Industria l Processe s Divisio na t Researc hTriangl e Par k serve s a s EP AProjec t Office r fo r thi s series . Thi s stud yo f coa l storag e pile s wa s initiate d b yIERL-Researc hTriangl e Par k i nMay1974 ; Mr . Davi d K . Oestreic h serve d a s EPAProjec t Leader . Th e projec t wa s transferre d t o th e Resource s Extractio n an d Handlin g Division , IERL-Cincinnati , i n Octobe r 1975 ; Mr . JohnF . Marti nserve d a s EP AProjec t Leade r throughcompletio no f th e study .

i vP. 7

ABSTRAC T This;repor t describe s a stud yo f ai r pollutant s emitte d from coa l storage ; piles . Th e potentia l environmenta l effec t o f thi s emissio nsourc e i s evaluated . Coa l storag e pile s ar e ope nsource s o f atmospheri c emission s o f fugitiv e dus t an

d gaseou s hydrocarbons . O f th e criteri a pollu

tants , carbo nmonoxide , hydrocarbons , an d particl e matte r ar e emitted . Concentration s o f carbo nmonoxid e an d hydrocarbon s ar e thre e order s o f magnitud e belo wambien t ai r qualit ycriteri a a t a distanc e o f 5 0 meter s fromth e pile . Th e averag e emissio n facto r fo r respirabl e particulat e (< 7 um ) i s 6. 4 mg/k g pe r year . Fromth e distributio no f coa l piles , a representativ e pil e wa s selecte d containing 95,00 0 metri c ton s o f bituminou s coal . Th e emissio nrat e fromthi s pil e average s 1 9 mg/ s o r 61 0 kg/yr . I n orde r t o evaluat e th e potentia l environmenta l effec t o f coa l storag e piles , a sourc e severit yfacto r wa s define d a s th e rati o o f th e maximu

m ground leve l concentratio no f anemissio nt o th e ambien t ai r qualit ystandar d fo r criteri a pollutant s an d t o a modifie d threshol d limi t valu e fo r othe r pollutants . Severit y factor s fo r a representativ e coa l storag e pil e ar e 0.02 5 an d 1. 0 whe nth e emission s ar e treate d a s gros s particulat e an d coa l dust , respectively . Th e nationa l emissio nburde nfrom al l coa l storag e pile s i s 0.00048 % o f tota l nationa l particulat e emissions . Th e amoun t o f coa l store d i s increasing a t th e rat e o f 3.8 % pe r yea r an d thi s wil l resul t i na 25 % increas e i nemission s i n197 8 compare d t o 1972 . Ai r pollutio ncontro l technique s fo r coa l storag e pile s hav e no t bee ngenerall yestablishe d an d n o futur e contro l technique s ar e presentl yunde r consideration . Thi s repor t wa s submitte d i npartia l fulfillmen t o f Contrac t No . 68-02-187 4 b

yMonsant o Researc hCorporatio nunde r th e sponsorshi p o f th e U.S . Environmenta l Protectio nAgency . Thi s repor t cover s th e perio d May197 4 t o Septembe r 1975 , an d th e wor k wa s complete d a s o f Jul y1977 .CONTENT S P. 8

Forewor d Prefac e Abstrac t Figure s Table s Abbreviation s an

d Symbol s Conversio n Factor s an d Metri c Prefixe s 1 1 1 i v v vii i i x x i xii i I Introductio n I I Summary II I Sourc e Descriptio n A . Proces s Descriptio n 1 . Emissio nSource s 2 . Sourc e Compositio n B . Factor s Affectin g Emission s C . Geographica l Distributio no f Coa l Storag e Pile s IV Emission s A . Selecte d Pollutant s B . Mas s Emission s C . Representativ e Sourc e D . Environmenta l Effect s 1 . Ground Leve l Concentratio n 2 . Hazar d Facto r 3 . Sourc e Severit y V Contro l Technology A . Stat e o f th e Ar t B . Futur e Consideration s V I Growt han

d Natur e o f th e Industry A . Presen t an

d Emergin g Technology B . Coa l Storag e Trend s Reference s Appendice s A . Analysi s o f Sampling Result s B . Factor s Affectin g Coa l Storag e Emission s C . Derivatio n o f Surfac e Are a fromHeigh t o f Coa l Pile s 1 2 4 4 4 5 9 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 5 1 5 1 7 1 7 1 8 1 8 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 7 3 6 4 9 v nP. 9

CONTENT S (continued ) Appendice s (continued ) D . Sampling Equipmen t an d Procedure s 5 1 E . Computatio no f Combine d Error s 6 2 F . Determinatio no f Distanc e t o Plan t Boundaryan d Populatio nDensit yfo r Representativ e Coa l Storag e Pil e 6 4 G . Analysi s o f Coa l Storag e Pile s fo r Polycycli c Organi c Material s 6 5 H . Derivatio no f Sourc e Severit yEquation s 6 7 Glossary8 1

v mP.1 0

FIGURE S Numbe r Pag e 1 Ma p o f P- E value s fo r stat e climati c division s 1 0 2 Distributio no f coa l pile s 1 2 3 Distributio n o f quantit yo f coa l store d versu s P- E regio n1 2 4 Are a affecte d downt o a severit yo f 0. 1 1 9 A- l Marc hsampling arrangement , Run s C l an d C 2 2 8 A- 2 Augus t sampling arrangement , Run s CS- 3 an d CS- 5 2 8 D- l Fugitiv e dus t sampling workshee t 6 1

i xP.1 1

TABLE S Numbe r Pag e 1 Concentration s o f Trac e Metal s i nCoa l an d Coa l Dus t 7 2 Composit e TL

V o f al l th e Element s i nCoa l Dus t 8 3 Analysi s o f Gra bSample s fo r Tota l Hydrocarbons , Methane , Carbo nMonoxid e an d Sulfu r (A

S H 2 S , S0 2 an d RS ) 1 4 4 Stat e an

d Nationa l Emission s 1 6 5 Compariso no f th e Representativ e Coa l Storag e Pil e t o th e Pil e Selecte d fo r Sampling 1 7 6 Sourc e Severit y1 9 A- l Sampling Result s - Marc han d Augus t 197 4 3 0 A- 2 Dat a fo r Calculatio no f th e Constan t (k ) 3 3 A- 3 X-ra

yFluorescenc e Analysi s o f Sample s fromFilter s 3 4 A- 4 Particl e Siz e Analyse s 3 5 B- l Sensitivit yAnalysi s o f Entrainment/Emissio nRate s Calculate d Using Equatio nB-1 8 wit hAverage , Minimu man d Maximu

mValue s fo r Wind Velocity , Bul k Density , P- E Inde xan d Surfac e Are a 4 7 C- l Heigh t o f Coa l Pile s 5 0 D- l Ope nSource s Sampling Guideline s 5 8 D- 2 Placemen t o f Sample s Downwind o f Obstruction s 5 9 D- 3 Fugitiv e Dus t Sample r an d Meteorologica l Dat a Lo g 6 0 F- 1 Distanc e t o Plan t Boundaryan d Populatio nDensit y fo r Representativ e Coa l Storag e Pil e 6 4 G- 1 Analysi s o f Coa l Sample s Extracte d wit hPentan e

fo r Selecte d Polycycli c Organi c Material s (POM's ) b yChemica l Ionizatio n Mae e Spectroscopy6 6P.1 2

TABLE S (continued ) Numbe r Pag e H- l Pollutan t Severit yEquation s 6 8 H- 2 Value s o f a fo r th e Computatio no f o 7 0 H- 3 Value s o f th e Constant s use d t o Estimat e Vertica l Dispersio n7 0 H- 4 Summaryo f Nationa l Ambien t Air . Qualit yStandard s 7 6

x iP.1 3

a.', mi' , A , A L AR / Bl , C i • • • , q/ 

### n > • • , G

B R B 2 

## c , c Cl , CS
D d D o D S E EN r E p ex p E 2 , F F r C F u GI , • • H h I K , ] Ki r L ' M n N P P- E C2 , - 3 , CS- 5

ESO r ' E S ' E A E 3 , E 4

G2 ,

. , G1 2

K '

... , K 7

inde x ABBREVIATION S AN D SYMBOL S

variabl e exponent s an d coefficient s use d i n numerou s mathematica l manipulation s stabilit yclasses ; als o use d t o designat e referenc e distance s fo r hi-volum e sampler s leadin g angl e a t th e bas e o f a coa l dus t be d substitutio nvariable s particl e siz e sample s concentratio no f th e i-t hchemica l elemen t loca l win d erosio nclimati c facto r vali d hi-volum e sample r run s representativ e distanc e distanc e acros s a fiel d annua l day s o f operatio no f a facilit y storin g coa l averag e day s o f suppl yo f coa l store d a t a facilit y potentia l averag e annua l soi l los s variable s use d b ydifferen t author s t o represen t entrainmen t rat e natura l lo g base , e ^ 2.7 2 erodibilit yfacto r function s hazar d facto r tota l concentratio no f al l i-t hchemica l element s i nth e dus t frictiona l velocit y ga s sampl e number s heigh t o f a coa l dus t be d heigh t o f emissio n soi l an d knol l erodibilit yinde x surfac e an d ridg e roughnes s constant s unsheltere d distanc e acros s a fiel d alon g th e prevailin g win d directio n moistur e conten t numbe r o f sample s collecte d numbe r o f chemica l element s monthl yprecipitatio n regiona l precipitation-evaporatio nleve l (a s expresse d b yThornthwait e (Referenc e 13 )

x nP.1 4

ABBREVIATION S AN D SYMBOL S (continued ) pp m Q 

# 2 ? S S D S o r T t T „

TL V t M .ma x Si* .

u u u , av e V V * v a v , 

### w V l
W i W t X X x , ii p b a u , u ave '

2__ma x —part s pe r millio n

—emissio nrat e

—fina l ai r flo wrat e

—initia l ai r flo wrat e

—sourc e severit y

—surfac e are a

—siz e distributio n

—hi-volum e sample r number s

—monthl ymea ntemperatur e « "Studen t t " valu e fo r h- 1 degree s o f freedo m

—weigh t q f coa l store d

—TL V o f th e i-t hchemica l elemen t

—samplin g tim e fo r whic hconcentration s fo r longe r period s ar e calculate d

—threshol d limi t valu e o f a materia l

—composit e TL V o f a compoun d

—samplin g tim e fo r whic hX_ = vwa s determine d

r , . 3

. . ma x

—samplin g tim e

—arithmeti c mea nwin d spee d

—averag e win d spee d

—win d velocit ya t th e midheigh t o f a coa l dus t be d

—volum e o f a coa l dus t be d

—vegetativ e cove r

—volum e o f ai r sample d

—variable s use d b ydifferen t author s fo r win d spee d o r velocit y

—widt ho f a coa l dus t be d

—initia l (tare ) weigh t o f filte r

—fina l weigh t o f filte r

—an yaverag e valu e

—arithmeti c mea nmeasur e o f an yvalue , X

—downwin d coordinat e distance s

—a constan t approximatel yequa l t o 3.1 4

—bul k densit y

—estimate d populatio nstandar d deviatio n

—standar d deviatio no f plum e dispersa l i n horizonta l plan e

—standar d deviatio no f plum e dispersa l i n vertica l plan e

—concentratio n

—maximu mconcentratio n

—mea nambien t concentratio n

x mP.1 5

CONVERSIONFACTOR S AND METRI C PREFIXE S

T o conver t from degre e Celsiu

m(°C ) kilogram(kg ) kilogram(kg ) mete r (m ) mete r (m ) mete r (m ) meter 2 (m 2 ) meter 3 (m 3 ) meter 3 (m 3 ) meter 3 (m 3 ) meter 3 (m 3 ) metri c to n pasca l (Pa ) pasca l (Pa ) radia n CONVERSIONFACTOR S t o degre e Fahrenhei t (°F ) grai n(1/7,00 0 l bmas s avoirdupois ) pound (mass ) foo t inc h yar d mile 2 foot 3 inch 3 lite r yard 3 to n inc ho f wate r (60°F ) pound-force/inch 2 (psi ) degree s Multipl yb y t 0 p - 1.8t 0( , + 3 2 1.54 3 xIO 4 2.20 5 3.28 1 3.93 7 x10 1 1.09 4 3.86 1 xIO" 7 3.53 1 x10 1 6.10 1 xIO

1 * 1.00 0 x10~ 3 1.30 8 1.10 2x10 3 4.01 9 x10~ 3 1.45 0x10 _l f 5.73 0x10 1

METRI C PREFIXE S Prefi x kil o cent i mill i micr o Symbo l

k c m P Multiplicatio n

facto r 10 3 IO" 2 10 " 3 10 " 6 Exampl e

1 kg = 1 x10 3 gram s 1 c m= 1 xIO - 2 mete r 1 m m= 1 x10" 3 mete r 1 U m= 1 x10" 6 mete r

Metri c Practic e Guide . ASTMDesignatio nE 380-74 , America nSociet yfo r Testing an

d Materials , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , Novembe r 1974 . 3 4 pp .

XIVP.1 6

SECTIONI INTRODUCTION Coa l storag e pile s contribut e fugitiv e emission s t o th e atmos pher e i nth e for

mo f coa l dust . Th e severit yo r potentia l environmenta l ris k o f emission s fromthes e pile s an d othe r ope n source s had bee nranke d relativ e t o eac hothe r throughth e us e o f animpac t factor . Thi s facto r i s a measur e o f th e loca l populatio n densit ytha t i s expose d t o th e maximu mconcentratio no f al l emis

sion s fromcoa l storag e pile s relativ e t o th e hazardou s natur e o f eac hemission . Althoug hth e impac t facto r wa s lo wfo r coa l storag e pile s compare d t o othe r ope nsources , coa l storag e wa s investigate d a s a prototyp e fo r developmen t o f th e logi c an d method s t o b e use d i n th e futur e assessmen t o f variou s othe r sourc e types . I t als o serve d t o tes t th e consistenc yo f th e logi c applied . Ananalysi s o f coa l storag e pile s wa s conducte d t o asses s th e distributio n an

d characte r o f emission s i ngreate r detai l tha n i s availabl e i nth e literature . Th e emphasi s o f th e assessmen t ha s bee nt o ascertai nwhethe r contro l technologydevelopmen t i s required . Th e following dat a ar e compile d i nthi s document :

Th e numbe r o f coa l storag e pile s Distributio no f coa l storag e i nth e U.S . Adocumente d emissio nfacto r Th e compositio no f emission s Th e hazar d potentia l o f emission s Th e factor s whic haffec t th e emission s Tota l nationa l emission s Contributio n t o stat e emission s burde n Arelativ e severit yfacto r (used i ncomparing othe r sourc e assessments ) Typ e o f contro l technologyuse d an d propose d Growt ho f coa l storag e pile sP.1 7

SECTIONI I SUMMARY Coal , storag e pile s ar e ope nsource s o f atmospheri c emission s o f fugitiv e dus t an d gaseou s hydrocarbons . Th e emissio nrat e varie s du e t o meteorologica l an d topographica l influences . O f th e criteri a pollutants , carbo nmonoxide , hydrocarbons , an d particulat e matte r ar e emitted . Th e concentration s o f carbo nmonoxid e an d hydrocarbon s ar e thre e order s o f magnitud e belo wambien t ai r qualit ycriteri a a t a distanc e o f 5 0 m(16 4 ft ) from th e coa l pile . Thus , a detaile d analysi s o f th e severit ywa s no t required . Th e respirabl e particulat e matte r (< 7 um ) emitte d i s coa l dust , whic h ha s a threshol d limi t valu e (TLV® ) o f 2 mg/m 3

. Thes e emission s wer e foun

d t o b e affecte d b ywind speed , surfac e are a o f th e pile , coa l density , an

d regiona l precipitatio nevaporatio n(P-E ) index . However , a sensitivit yanalysi s indicate s tha t thes e parameter s d o no t preclud e th e us e o f a naverag e emissio nfacto r o f 6. 4 mg/k g (0.01 3 lb/ton ) pe r annum . Thi s facto r describe s th e emissio nrat e withi n6. 9 mg/k g (0.01 4 lb/ton ) pe r annum , 95 % o f th e time . Froma stud

yo f th e distributio no f coa l piles , a representativ e coa l pil e wa s define d a s containin g 95,00 0 metri c tons 3 (100,00 0 tons ) o f bituminou s coa l wit ha naverag e pil e heigh t o f 5. 8 t n (1 9 ft) . I t i s locate d i na P- E regio nwit ha nannua l inde x o f 9 1 (U.S . average ) an d a nannua l averag e wind spee d o f 4. 5 m/ s (1 0 mph) . Th e emissio n rat e fromthi s pil e average s 1 9 mg/ s (0.1 5 lb/hr ) o r 61 0 kg/yr . Th e severit yo f th e representativ e pil e i s 0.02 5 whe nth e emission s ar e considere d a s gros s particulate , an

d 1. 0 whe n treate d a s coa l dust . Th e populatio n affected , abov e a severit yo f 0.1 , i s 5 8 persons . Th e nationa l emissio nburde nfromcoa l storag e pile s i s 63 0 metri c tons/yr (69 0 tons/yr ) o r 0.00048 % o f tota l nationa l particulat e emissions . N o stat e ha s a nemissio nburde nfrom thi s sourc e o f greate r tha n0.0026 % o f th e state' s tota l particulat e emissions .

1 metri c to n= 10 6 gram s - 2,20 5 pound s =1. 1 shor t ton s (shor t ton s ar e designate d "tons " i nthi s document) ; conversio nfactor s an d metri c system

prefixe s ar e presente d i nth e prefatorypage s o f thi s report .P.1 8

I n1973 , ove r 9 8 xIO 6 metri c ton s (10 8 xIO 6 tons ) o f coa l wa s reportedl ystockpile d a t ove r 95 0 use r site s locate d i n47 9 coun tie s a t cok e plants , electri c generatin g stations , an d industria l boile r facilities . Th e amoun t o f coa l store d i s increasing a t th e rat e o f 3.8 % pe r year , mainl ydu e t o th e constructio no f ne wcoal

fire d plants . Thi s trend wil l resul t i nanincreas e i nemission s o f 25 % i n197 8 compare d t o 1972 . Air'pollutio n contro l technique s fo r coa l storag e hav e no t bee n generall yestablishe d an d n o futur e contro l technique s ar e presentl yunde r consideration .P.1 9

SECTIO NII I SOURC E DESCRIPTIO N

A . PROCES S DESCRIPTIO N Emissio nSource s Th e ter mcoa l storag e refer s t o ove r 9 8 x10 6 metri c ton s o f coa l stockpile d a t cok e plants , electri c generatin g stations , an d industria l boiler s (1-4) . Ther e ar e ove r 95 0 o f thes e facilitie s reportedl yusin g coa l an d maintainin g coa l storag e piles . Coa l mine s d o no t stockpil e coa l becaus e o f safet yhazards , Burea u o f Mine s regulations , an d th e mechanizatio na t today' s mines . Coa l i s eithe r conveye d directl yfro mth e min e t o th e user , i.e. , cok e plant , o r t o th e cleanin g plan t fo r transpor t t o th e user . Cleanin g plant s stor e coa l i nbin s t o facilitat e transpor t an d handling ; littl e i f an ystorag e occur s i nth e ope n (persona l communicatio nwit hMr . O'Brien , America nMinin g Congress , Environmenta l Matter s Dept. , Jul y30 , 1974) . Th e amoun t o f coa l store d i s a functio no f th e typ e o f facilit y operated . Averag e coa l storag e supplie s ar e a s follows :
Use r Cok e plant s Electri c utilit y station s Industria l Averag e day s o f suppl y(D B ) 2 3 9 2 (5 ) (7 ) 3 7 (5 ) Effectiv e

Augus t 1974 Ma y197 4 Augus t 197 4 Annua l day s o f

operatio n (D p ) 36 5 36 5 205 ; (6 ) (7 )

Estimate d valu e base d o n authors ' industria l experience. . (1 ) Keyston e Coa l Manual , 1973 . McGraw-Hill , Inc. , Ne wYork , Ne wYork , 1973 . pp . 304-410 . Electri c Utilit yStatistics . Februar y1974 . (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) Publi c Power , 32:28-74 , January Steam-Electri c Plan t Factors/197 3 Edition . Nationa l Coa l Association , Economic s an d Statistic s Division , Washingt6n , D.C , Decembe r 1973 . 11 0 pp . Cok e Producer s i nth e Unite d State s i n1972 . Minera l Industr ySurveys . U.S . Departmen t o f th e Interior ,P.2 0

Th e weigh t o f coa l store d i s calculate d fro mth e produc t o f th e annua l consumptio no f coa l pe r use r (1-4 ) an d th e rati o o f averag e day s o f suppl yt o annua l day s o f operatio n( D / D ) . Fugitiv e dus t i s emitte d fro ma n ope ncoa l storag e pil e vi a win d an d othe r weatherin g force s actin g o nth e surface . Thi s proces s i s simila r tp win d erosio no f soi l an d thi s documen t use s man y o f th e concept s alread ydevelope d b yothe r investigator s o f suc h phenomen a t o determin e emission s fro mcoa l piles . Particulate s ar e th e mos t generall yrecognize d o f th e emissions , bu t gaseou s material s als o emanat e fro mcoa l storag e pile s b yoxidatio no f th e expose d coa l an d th e releas e o f pressur e o nth e solid , du e t o minin g an d comminution . Som e volatil e emission s ar e als o generate d durin g th e weatherin g process . Thes e gase s ma ycaus e som e odo r a t th e pile ; however , th e chemica l specie s whic hma y contribut e t o thi s odo r ar e no t detectabl e a t hazardou s concen trations . Thu s odo r i s no t considere d i nthi s study . 2 . Sourc e Compositio n Ther e ar e fou r majo r classe s o f coal : 1 ) lignite , 2 ) bituminous , 3 ) subbituminous , an d 4 ) anthracit e (8) . Coa l usag e break s dow n a s follow s (9) : t» . Usage , Clas s 10 / 3 metri c ton s Bituminou s Subbituminou s Lignit e Anthracit e 33 0 20 0 1 0 6. 4 Sinc e anthracit e an d lignit e accoun t fo r les s tha n1.2 % an d 1.8% , respectivel yo f th e coa l use d i n th e Unite d State s (9) , onl yth e bituminou s an d subbituminou s classe s wil l b e considere d i nthi s report . Washington , D.C , Novembe r 27 , 1973 . pp . 2-5 . (5 ) Rumbling s fro mth e Mines . Tim e Magazine , 10 4 (9):35,1974 . (6 ) Sheridan , E . T . Cok e an d Coa l Chemicals . In : 197 2 Miner

al s Yearbook , A . E . Schreck , ed . U.S . Departmen t o f th e Interior , Washington , D.C , 1972 . pp . 427-460 . (7 ) FP C Issue s Electri c Fue l Consumptio nStocks . New s Releas e No . 20499 , Federa l Powe r Commission , Washington , D.C , Jul y22 , 1974 . 3 pp . (8 ) A.S.T.M . Standard s o n Coa l an d Coke . America nSociet yfo r Testin g an d Materials , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , Septembe r 1948 . p . 80 . (9 ) Mineral s Yearbook , 1973 , Volum e I . U.S . Departmen t o f th e Interior ^ Washington , D.C , 1973 . pp . 8-36 .P.2 1

Coa l seam s var yi nphysica l an d chemica l propertie s acros s th e U.S . However , coa l dus t i s considere d hazardou s onl yo na mas s basi s and no t b

yvirtu e o f it s composition . ATLV o f 2 mg/m 3 applie s t o al l classe s o f coa l (10) . Brown , Jacob s an d Taylo r (11 ) have ' studie d trac e element s i ncoa l and coa l dust . Tabl e 1 ha s bee ndevelope d fromthei r dat a (10 , 11) . Thes e result s indicat e tha t th e heavier.element s tend t o concentrat e i nthi s dust . T o determin e th e possibl e effec t o f thes e finding s o nth e hazardou s natur e o f th e emission s fromcoa l piles , a composit e TLV (10 ) wa s calculated , usin g Equatio n1 below , an d compare d t o tha t o f coa l dust . Th e composit e TLV o f th e mixtur e (Tj/j ) wa s determine d i n orde r t o tak e int o accoun t th e effect s o f trac e element s and othe r chemica l compound s presen t i nth e coa l dust . Th e TLV s o f th e metal s and chemica l form s tha t occu r mos t frequentl yi ncoa l dus t (Tabl e 2 ) wer e use d fo r thi s analysis . F c T = - (1 ) MNC , K ' 

# S T T

wher e F c N

= ] C c i = tota l concentratio no f al l i= l element s i nth e dus t T i = TLV

o f th e it helemen t C ^ = concentratio no f th e it helemen t (show ni nTabl e 1 ) N= numbe r o f elements , a s give ni nTabl e 2 Th e composit e TLV

i s thu s 6 mg/m 3 , a s show ni nTabl e 2 , o r thre e time s tha t o f coa l dust . Th e larges t contributo r i s th e quart z componen t (1%) . Analysi s o f dus t sample s fromcoa l pile s (Appendi xA ) show s tha t quart z i s les s tha n1 % and th e composit e TL V coul d b e expecte d t o b e higher . Thus , analysi s show s tha t coa l dus t ca n validl yb e considere d th e onl yhazardou s pollutan t emitte d sinc e th e composit e TL V i s highe r tha nth e accepte d TLV fo r mas s coa l dust .

(10 ) TLVs ®Threshol d Limi t Value s fo r Chemica l Substance s and Physica l Agent s i nth e Workroo mEnvironmen t an d Intende d Change s fo r 1973 . America nConferenc e o f Governmenta l Industria l Hygienists , Cincinnati , Ohio , 1973 . p . 10 . (11 ) Brown , R. , M . Y . Jacobs , and H . E . Taylor . ASurve yo f th e Mos t Recen t Application s o f Spar k Sourc e Mas s Spectrometry . America nLaboratory , 4:34-37 , Novembe r 1972 . 6P.2 2

TABL E 1 . CONCENTRATION S O F TRAC E METAL S

I NCOAL AND COAL DUS T (11 ) 

### Elemen t Weigh t ppm i ncoa l Weigh t

ppmi ncoa l dus t (c. ) Aluminu m Arseni c Bariu m Bismut h Bromin e Boro n Cadmiu m Calciu m Ceriu m Chlorin e Chromiu m Cobal t Coppe r Fluorin e Galliu m Germaniu

m Iodin e Iro n Lanthanu

m Lead Magnesiu

m Manganes e Molybdenum . Neodymiu

m Nicke l Niobiu m Phosphoru s Potassiu

m Praseodymiu

m Rubidiu m Samariu m Scandiu m Seleniu m Silico n Silve r Sodiu m Strontiu

m Sulfu r Telluriu

m Titaniu m Uraniu m Vanadiu m Yttriu m Zin c Zirconiu

m Majo r 0.3 0 6 9 0.2 0 0.3 0 4 2 0.1 9 4,00 0 1 3 13 0 4 , 2. 2 5 5 . 8 . 0 . 0 . 1,60 0 5 . 3 . 4,50 0 3 0 3 . 8 . 2. 7 2 0 38 0 41 0 4. 7 3. 0 1. 7 1. 3 0.3 2 Majo r 0.2 2 5,00 0 10 0 6,10 0 0 , 62 0 1. 9 1 2 7. 7 1 0 7 6 5 3 7 7 3 3 2 0 8 9 0 3

2 5 283,00 0 26. 4 45 3 7.5 0 11. 3 3.8 0 3.8 0 13,20 0 45. 3 23 0 17 0 11. 3 86 8 1.9 0 68. 0 1 8 3 79,20 0 2 2 2 6 79 2 4 5 1 5 4 5 75 5 7 30 6 16,60 0 1 1 7 3 3 0 7 294,00 0 7.6 0 75 5 29 1 3,13 0 3.8 0 15,80 0 2.2 6 16 6 7.6 0 41 5 60. 4 9 8 0 6 4 3 1 3 6 0 1 6 0 8 0 2 6 0Q J

0 0 •7

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B . FACTOR S AFFECTIN GEMISSION S Th e majo r parameter s tha t ar e know nt o contribut e t o th e emission s fro mcoa l storag e pile s ar e pil e geometry , coa l erodibilit y (dustiness) , wind , humidity , precipitatio nan d temperature . Coa l erosio nha s bee nstudie d i n a win d tunne l an d th e effect s o f mos t o f thes e parameters , o r thei r equivalents , evaluated . Soi l erosio nequation s hav e als o bee n use d t o predic t paramete r influenc e o ncoa l storag e emissions . Acomplet e discussio nof . thes e studie s i s provide d i nAppendi xB . Th e followin g paragraph s summariz e th e findings . Th e effect s o f humidity , precipitatio nan d temperatur e ca nb e combine d int o on e parameter , th e Thornthwait e precipitation

evaporatio n(P-E ) index . P- E inde xvalue s ar e availabl e fo r al l part s o f th e U.S . (12 ) an d ar e show ni nFigur e 1 . Th e lowe r th e P- E index , th e highe r th e emission s fro mcoa l piles . Thi s paramete r ha s th e greates t effec t o nemissio nrate . Th e P- E rati o i s calculate d a s follows : 10/ 9

Monthl yP- E rati o = 11. 5 1=— " -, n1 (2 )

1 2 P- E inde x= y(monthl yP- E ratios )

i= l where 3 P ^ = monthl yprecipitation , in .

T M= monthl ymea ntemperature , ° F , adjuste d t o a constan t o f 30° F fo r al l value s belo w30° F Coa l erodibilit yi s a measur e o f th e dustines s o f th e coal . I t ha s bee nshow ntha t th e bul k densit yo f coa l (Pb ) i s a nindicato r o f coa l dustiness . Thus , th e erosio nrat e i s a functio no f bul k densit ywhic hha s bee nuse d a s th e indicato r o f windblow nemis

sions . Th e emissio nrat e i s influence d th e leas t b ythi s parameter . Tw o remainin g parameter s tha t ca ncontribut e t o emission s fro m coa l storag e pile s ar e win d spee d an d pil e geometry . Acoa l pile' s Nonmetri c unit s ar e designate d fo r Equatio n2 t o confor mt o th e syste m o f unit s reporte d byth e autho r (12 ) an d commonl yused . (12 ) Thornthwaite , C . W . Th e Climate s o f Nort hAmeric a Accord

in g t o a Ne wClassification . Th e Geoaraphica l Review , 21:633-655 , 1931 .CN

C O c o
• H 01 • H > • H T 3

• P Im g • H r H O 0 )

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1 0P.2 6

geometryca nb e relate d throughit s surfac e area . Appendi xC describe s hpwthi s surfac e are a ca nb e calculate d fromth e tota l weigh t stored . Afunctiona l relationshi p coul d b e derive d relating al l o f thes e parameter s t o emissio nrate . Thi s derivatio n i s give ni n Appendi xB , bu t i t i s no t rigorousl yapplie d i nthi s document . Th e rational e fo r thi s decisio ni s give n i nAppendi xB , whic h show s tha t th e leve l o f emission s fromstorag e pile s i s adequatel y describe d throughth e us e o f a naverag e emissio n facto r whic hi s give ni nAppendi xA . Th e functiona l relationshi p o f th e emissio n parameter s t o emissio nrat e i s use d t o sho wth e validit yo f using a nemissio nfactor . C GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIONO F COA L STORAG E PILE S Figur e 2 show s th e distributio no f coa l storag e pile s i nth e U.S . calculate d a s describe d i nSectio nIII.A.l . P- E inde xha s th e larges t effec t o nemissio nrate . Acompariso nbetwee nth e tota l weigh t store d pe r P- E regio nan d th e P- E inde xshow s tha t 90 % o f th e coa l store d i s locate d i nP- E region s wit hindice s betwee n9 0 an

d 13 0 (se e Figur e 3) . Thi s facilitate s th e us e o f a naverag e emissio nfacto r fo r us e i n predictin g th e emissio n rate s fromth e amoun t stored .

1 1P.2 7

70 0 60 0

a *50 0 8 40 0 u _ o ac ? 30 0 MEAN = 95,00 0 metri c ton s MODE=49,00 0 metri c ton s

200 - 10 0 L 20 0 40 0 60 0 80 0 1,00 0 1,20 0 1,40 0 SIZ E O FCOALPILES , IO 3metri c ton s Figur e 2 . Distributio no f coa l piles .

E 27. 2 25. 4 23. 6 21. 8 20. 0 18. 1 16. 3 14. 5 12. 7 10. 9 9. 1 7. 2 5. 4 3. 6 1.8 -

-

.

-

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PERCENTAGE S ARE SHOWN I N (1

13.29 )

(6.16 1 !2£V2-_ , . .,0.03) . 1 0203 04 05 06 07 0 9 0100U O 12013014 015016 017 0 P-EINDE X Figur e 3 . Distributio no f quantit yo f coa l store d

versu s P- E region .

1 2P.2 8

SECTIONIV EMISSION S A . SELECTE D POLLUTANT S Wind erosio no f coa l storag e pile s result s i nth e emissio no f coa l dust . Long-termexposur e t o coa l dus t i s th e principa l caus e o f coa l min e workers ' pneumoconiosi s (13) . Th e complicate d stag e o f thi s diseas e i s calle d progressiv e massiv e fibrosi s an d i s charac

terize d b

ymassiv e destructio no f lung tissu e resultin g i n deat h fromhear t failure , asphyxia , o r pneumoni a (13) . ATL V o f 2 mg/m 3 i s assigne d t o coa l dus t whic hi s als o a formo f particulat e matte r an d on e o f th e fiv e criteri a pollutants . Sinc e coa l dus t i s a composit e o f variou s materials , th e hazar d potentia l o f th e compos it e ca nb e calculate d a s th e tota l o f al l ratio s o f trac e elemen t concentration s t o th e concentratio nrequire d fo r a hazar d poten tia l equivalen t t o tha t o f mas s coa l dust . Thi s wa s calculate d t o b e 6 mg/m 3 a s show n i n Tabl e 2 . Sinc e th e hazar d potentia l o f al l trac e element s i s one-thir d th e potentia l o f mas s coa l dus t ( 2 mg/m 3 ) , furthe r consideratio no f hazardou s particulat e emission s beyond coa l dus t i s no t necessary . Oxidatio no f coa l storag e pile s result s i ngaseou s emission s suc h a s hydrocarbons , ethane , carbo nmonoxide , an d sulfu r compounds . However , base d o nth e result s o f sampling emission s a t th e surfac e an d upwind o f th e pil e (se e Tabl e 3) , i t ca nb e see ntha t i n al l bu t four case s th e upwind concentratio no f a ga s wa s eithe r non detectable , o r nearl yequivalen t t o th e concentratio na t th e surfac e o f th e pile . Thi s indicate s tha t emission s fromth e pil e wer e quantitativel ynonexistent . Th e maximu mconcentration s reporte d betwee nupwind an d pil e sample s ar e no t o f significanc e either . Thi s ca nb e show nb ycomparing sample s G 3 an d Gi + fo r methan e an

d tota l hydrocarbons , an d b ycomparing sample s G 5 an d G 6 fo r carbo nmonoxide . Thes e pil e concentration s ar e reduce d (13 ) Brown , M . C . Pneumoconiosi s i nBituminou s Coa l Miners . Minin g Congres s Journal , 51:44-48 , Augus t 1965 . (14 ) Turner , D . B . Workboo k o f Atmospheri c Dispersio n Estimates . Publi c Healt hServic e Publicatio nNo . 999-AP-26 , U.S . Departmen t o f Health , Education , an d Welfare , Cincinnati , Ohio , May1970 . 8 4 pp . 1 3TABL E 3 . ANALYSI S O F GRA B SAMPLE S FO RTOTA L HYDROCARBONS , METHANE , CARBO NMONOXID E AN D SULFU R(AS H 2 S , S0 2 AN D RS )

Sampl e descriptio n Concentration , pp mb yvolume 3 » b Total 0 hydrocarbon s Methan e Carbo n monoxid e Sulfu r G i - Coa l pil e # 1 G 2 - Upwin do f pil e # 1 G 3 - Coa l pil e # 2 Gi + - Upwin do f pil e # 2 G 5 - Coa l pil e # 3 G 6 - Upwin do f pil e # 3 G 7 - Coa l pil e # 4 (No backgroun d nea r powe r plant ) G s - Coa l pil e # 5 (active) e G 9 - Coa l pil e # 5 (inactive ) Gi 0 ~ Upwin do f pil e # 5 G1 1 ~ Coa l pil e # 6 G1 2 ~ Upwin do f pil e # 6 3 . 5 3 . 2 6 0 3 . 9 5 . 0 3 . 0 8 . 0

4 . 0 3 . 0 5 . 0 4 . 5 3 . 0 1 . 5

1 . 4 6 0 1 . 6 1 . 5 1 . 6 3 . 0

3 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 3 . 0 4 . 0 N.D .

N.D . 9 . 0 N.D . 19. 0 1 . 0 12. 0

5 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0 N.D .

N.D . N.D . N.D . N.D . N.D . 5. 0

N.D . N.D . N.D . N.D . N.D . Sensitivit yfo r tota l hydrocarbon s an dmethan e i s ± 1 pp m an d< 1 pp m

fo r C O an dsulfu r compounds . Sample s o f trappe dgases , collecte di nglas s flask s throug ha prob e inserte di nth e coa l piles . Thi s metho di s describe di nAppendi xD . Expresse da s methan e equivalent . Non e detecte d(< 1 ppm) . e Activ e an dinactiv e refe r t o th e us e o f th e pile' . Inactiv e pile s ar e coate dwit ha ta r o r oi l t o preven t oxidation .P.3 0

b ya t leas t thre e order s o f magnitud e a t a positio n5 0 mfrom th e pil e (14 ) (withassume d stabilit yclass , C , and mea nspee d o f 4. 5 m/s) . Thi s put s themwel l belo wambien t ai r qualit y standard s an

d thes e gase s d o no t meri t furthe r consideration . B . MAS S EMISSION S Th e particulat e emissio nfacto r fo r a coa l storag e pil e ha s bee n show nt o b e 6. 4 mg/kg-y r (Appendi xA) . Th e us e o f thi s averag e emissio n facto r describe s th e emission s withi n108 % a t th e 95 % confidenc e level . Th e majo r influencing facto r i s th e P- E index ; however , 90 % o f th e coa l store d i s locate d i nP- E region s o f 9 0 t o 13 0 (se e Figur e 3 ) whic hreduce s th e effec t o nemission s t o ±40 % fromth e possibl e ±8,500 % describe d i n Appendi xB . Thi s emissio nfacto r i s use d i nconjunctio nwit hth e distributio no f coa l storag e pile s (Figur e 2 ) t o giv e th e distributio no f emis

sions . Th e mea nemissio nrat e wil l thu s b e 60 6 kg/yr . Stat e an d nationa l emission s burden s ar e give ni nTabl e 4 . Fo r a compariso nt o othe r dat a i nth e literature , th e Woodruf f an d Siddowayequatio nreference d i nAppendi xB wa s use d t o calculat e a n emissio nfacto r fo r bare , noncrusted , unsheltere d an d isolate d fields . Thi s facto r i s 44 5 mg/kg-y r i ncompariso n t o th e 6. 4 mg/kg-y r o f coa l storag e piles . Thi s i s reasonabl e sinc e visua l dus t cloud s from coa l pile s ar e rarel yobserve d i n compariso nt o barre n fields . Onl ytw o complaint s concernin g dus t du e t o coa l storag e hav e bee nrecorded , on e i nIllinoi s an d anothe r i nMinnesota 3

. I n addition , th e emission s from barre n field s contai nonl yabou t 1 % t o 2 % respirabl e particle s (< 7 ym) . Thus , th e respirabl e emissio nfacto r fo r field s i s 6. 7 mg/kg-yr . Thi s i s withi n3 % o f th e mas s emissio nfacto r fo r coa l pile s whic hi s fo r respirabl e particulate . C REPRESENTATIVE SOURC E Th e representativ e coa l pil e i s define d a s containin g 95,00 0 metri c ton s o f bituminou s coa l pile d t o a naverag e heigh t o f 5. 8 m . I t i s locate d i na P- E regio no f 9 1 inde xwit ha naverag e annua l wind spee d o f 4. 5 m/ s an d i s 8 6 mfromth e neares t plan t boundary . Thes e ar e th e mea ncharacteristic s o f al l knowncoa l piles . Th e emission s fromth e representativ e pil e averag e 60 6 kg/yr o f coa l dust . Sampling wa s conducte d a t a coa l pil e containin g a naverag e o f 112,00 0 metri c ton s o f bituminou s coal . I t wa s locate d i na P- E regio no f 10 3 inde xwit ha naverag e annua l wind spee d o f 3. 5 m/s . Th e emission s fromth e sample d coa l pil e average d 71 5 kg/yr . During th e sampling period , th e wind spee d average d 1^. 9 m/ s an d
Thes e hav e neve r bee nsubstantiate d o r quantifie d a s bein g from th e coa l storag e piles . 1 59 1

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U J t o 3 C DO r t3 •- . i - o P - C O 0 n c o o i p . ,_ • r t0 0 3 3 c o C O *

C D 3 p C O C O p - 0 3 C O 0 l- h ^ C D r t- i 0 0 r tC D 0) 3 M r t •-

3 > f tt

C D t- 3 > t- 3 tt > Z o a > •- 3 H o z > tr 1 W 3 H c n w H o z
m .

le dP.3 2

the P- E inde xwa s estimate d t o averag e 48 . I t ha s bee nshow n tha t the facto r affectin g emission s i s th e rati o o f th e cub e o f the wind spee d t o the squar e o f th e P- E index . Th e sampling con ducte d i s clos e t o representativ e eve nthoughth e wind spee d an d P- E inde xwer e lowe r tha nthe averag e conditions . Tabl e 5 com pare s the value s o f th e factor s affecting th e emission s fo r th e representativ e coa l storag e piles , an d th e selecte d pile . Ther e i s agreemen t withi na facto r o f tw o durin g averag e condition s an d sampling condition s betwee nth e representativ e coa l pil e an d th e pil e selected!fo r sampling . I naddition , ther e i s statistica l agreemen t betwee nth e ayerag e an d sampling condition s fo r th e selecte d pile ! TABL E 5 . COMPARISONO F TH E REPRESENTATIVE COAL STORAG E

PIL E T O TH E PIL E SELECTE D FO RSAMPLIN G

Paramete r Repre s pil e averag e sentativ e

a t U.S . condition s 4. 5

. 9 1 9 5 a 20,50 0 0.3 5 60 6 ± 648 C Sampl e Averag e condition s 3. 6 10 3 11 2 . 41,400 ° 0.1 8 71 5 pil e

Condition s a t th e tim e o f samplin g 1. 9 4 8 11 2 41,40 0 0.1 2 ± 0.15 C 71 6 ± 657 C u , m/ s P- E inde x Size , 10 3 metri c ton s s , m 2 u 3 s 0 * 3 5 (P- E index) 2 Emissio nrate , kg/yr Are a from

derivatio n describe d i nAppendi xC . Are a o f coa l storag e pil e fromTabl e A- 2 o f Appendi xA . r A t 95 % confidenc e level . D . ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT S Tw o type s o f severit yar e addresse d fo r coa l storag e piles : gros s particulat e an d mas s coa l dust . Al l othe r emission s hav e bee nshow

nt o b e negligibl e o r wer e no t detecte d i nmeasurabl e quantities . Sinc e th e gros s particulat e emissio ni s 100 % coa l dust , th e concentration s downwind ar e the same an d th e onl y differenc e wil l b e th e hazar d factor . 1 . Ground Leve l Concentratio n Th e minimu

mdistanc e from

the representativ e coa l pil e t o th e neares t plan t boundaryha s bee ndetermined , a s describe d i n Appendi xF , t o b e 8 6 m . Thi s i s the distanc e t o th e poin t a t Acomplet e derivatio n an d definitio no f severit yar e provide d i nAppendi xH . 1 7whic hth e highes t concentratio nwoul d b e observe d unde r clas s C

meteorologica l condition s (approximat e U.S . average) . Th e fol

lowing formul a wa s use d t o calculat e thi s concentratio nwhic h shal l b e define d a s x m a x(14) .

xma x~ ir

o a yz where * Q = mas s emissio nrate , g/ s

a= 0.20 9 x 0 * 9 0 3 a= 0.11 3 x 0

- 9 1 1 z u = 4. 5 m/ s Thi s instantaneou s ground leve l concentratio na t 8 6 m_i s 1 8 pg/m 3

. Thi s mus t b e correcte d t o th e time-average d maximum , x maX ' f° r 2 4 hour s a s describe d b yNonhebe l (15 ) s o tha t th e mea nconcen tratio nbecome s 6. 4 yg/m 3

. 2 . Hazar d Facto r Th e hazar d factor , F , i s define d a s follow s fo r coa l dus t and i s use d t o determin e sourc e severity : O 1 F = ——• — —• TL V ( 4 . 2 4 10 0 V ; Th e derivatio no f F utilize s th e TLV correcte d from8-hour t o 24-hou r exposur e wit ha safet yfacto r o f 10 0 applie d t o thi s cal

culation . Th e hazar d facto r fo r mos t coa l dus t i s calculate d a s 6. 7 pg/m 3

. Fo r gros s particulates , F shal l b e define d a s th e 24-hou r ambien t ai r qualit ystandar d o f 26 0 pg/m 3

. 3 . Sourc e Severit y Fo r th e representative_coa l pile , th e maximumseverit yi s deter

mine d fromth e ratio , x m ax/ F ' Th e variou s applicabl e severitie s ar e give ni nTabl e 6 . Th e are a affecte d downt o a severit yo f 0. 1 i s determine d using Figur e 4 an d Tabl e 6 a s describe d below . Th e distanc e fromth e coa l pil e t o a coa l dus t severit yo f 0. 1 i s determine d t o b e 52 8 m . T o thi s i s adde d th e radiu s o f th e pile , 8 0 m , sinc e th e expressio nfo r Q wa s derive d usin g th e edg e o f th e pil e a s a reference . Th e resultin g are a o f severit yinvolve d i s thu s 1. 2 x10 6 m 2

. Fro mthi s i s subtracte d th e are a o f th e plan t t o represen t nonpubli c exposur e t o a severit ygreate r tha n 0.1 . Th e representativ e populatio ndensit yi s the nmultiplie d (15 ) Nonhebel , G . Recommendation s o n Height s fo r Ne wIndustria l Chimneys . Journa l o f th e Institut e o f Fuel , 33:479 , 1960 . 1 8P.3 4

TABL E 6 . SOURC E SEVERITY Distance , m 8 6 52 8 Coa l dus t .

severit y 1. 0 0. 1 Particulat e

severit y 0.02 5

SEVERITY-0.1 -
PLAN TBOUNDARY .

Figur e 4 . Are a affecte d downt o a severit yo f 0.1 . b yth e resultin g are a t o giv e populatio nexposed . Th e populatio n affecte d t o a severit yo f 0. 1 i s 5 8 persons . Th e calculatio no f th e are a affecte d t o a severit yo f 0. 1 i s show nbelow . Are a o f severit yinvolvemen t = I T (52 8 m + 8 0 m) 2 = 1. 2 xIO 6 m 2 Are a o f plan t = 1 0 (are a o f pile ) = 200,00 0 m 2 Are a o f affecte d populatio n= 960,00 0 m 2 Populatio naffecte d (fro m Appendi xF ) = (6 1 persons/km 2 ) x (0.9 6 km) 2 = 5 8 persons .
1 9P.3 5

SECTIONV CONTRO L TECHNOLOGY A . STAT E O F TH E AR T Ther^e i s n o establishe d ai r pollutio ncontro l technologyfo r coa l storag e piles . Emission s fromcoa l pile s ar e no t commonl yrecog nize d a s a pollutio nproblem . However , th e practice s o f coatin g somei coa l pile s wit hta r derivatives , receiving some coa l i na mois t stat e fromcleaning plants , an d storin g coa l outsid e wher e i t i s subjecte d t o precipitation , al l unintentionall ycontro l th e entrainmen t o f coa l dust . Coa l i s coate d wit hta r derivative s t o preven t spontaneou s com bustio no f th e pile . Oxidatio no f volatil e component s o f th e coa l rele'ase s hea t which , whe nconcentrated , ca ncaus e th e coa l pil e t o spontaneousl yignite . Coatin g o f th e coa l shield s i t fromatmo spheri c oxidation . I nadditon , th e ta r als o cause s th e coa l dus t t o adher e t o th e pile . Thi s increase s the resistanc e o f coa l dus t t o wind entrainment . Conventiona l spray(6 0 part s coa l tar:4 0 part s water ) i s generall yeffectiv e fo r 1 5 days . However , othe r emulsion s have bee neffectiv e fo r 2 5 day s t o 3 5 day s (16 ) . Whe ncoa l i s receive d a t th e use r sit e fromth e cleaning plant , i t maystil l contai nexces s moisture . Moistur e retaine d withi n th e coa l func

tion s i na manne r simila r t o th e ta r coating s describe d b ycausin g th e coa l dus t t o adher e t o th e pil e an d increas e th e resistanc e t o wind entrainment . Storag e o f coa l outdoor s expose s i t t o rai nand snowwhic hals o create s thi s condition . B . FUTUR E CONSIDERATION S Ther e i s n o contro l technologyunde r consideratio nfo r coa l storag e piles . I f a nee d fo r contro l wer e establishe d througha nassess men t o f th e source , initia l emphasi s woul d b e place d o nreductio n o f th e primaryvehicl e o f dus t entrainment , th e wind speed . Wind spee d ha s a neffec t o f ±160 % o nemissio nrat e o f dus t particle s wit hP- E index , bul k density , an d surfac e are a value s kep t constant .

(16 ) Fuju , K. , T . Adachi , Y . Tsukaoa , K . Okuda , an d H . Suzuki . Coa l Dus t Scattering Preventative . Japanes e Paten t 7 3 24,98 3 (to Niho nKoke nKogy o Co. , Ltd.) , Marc h31 , 1973 . 5 pp . 2 0P.3 6

Reductio no f wind spee d i s possibl e b yconstructio no f barrier s around a coa l pil e an d storag e o f coa l i na pi t o r silo . Th e heigh t o f suc hbarrier s mus t b e greate r tha nth e heigh t o f th e pil e sinc e th e wind wil l tend t o projec t ove r th e barrier s ont o th e pile . Design criteri a fo r barrie r constructio nmus t als o enabl e eas yremova l and additio no f coa l t o allo wthi s contro l metho d t o b e economicall yfeasible . Storag e o f coa l i na pi t o r silo , wher e possible , appear s t o b e th e mor e economica l an d effectiv e mean s o f wind spee d reduction . Coa l store d withi na pi t o r sil o i s shielde d fromwind forces , an d i s les s susceptibl e t o spillag e i nth e are a around storag e durin g loading and unloading . Coa l pil e spillag e i s particularl y pron e t o emissio nbecaus e th e greate r surfac e are a expose d t o th e wind permit s faste r drying o f th e coal . Th e spille d coa l maythu s creat e greate r amount s o f coa l dus t tha ndoe s th e coa l pile . Th e presen t practice s o f coating coa l wit hta r derivative s o r increasin g th e wate r conten t o f coa l bot hsuppres s dus t entrain

ment . However , continue d employmen t o f thi s practic e maygenerat e additiona l pollutants . Whe nta r i s spraye d ont o a coa l pile , particulate s ar e emitte d fromth e overspray . Th e solven t conten t L P o f th e ta r applie d i s als o release d upo ncombustio no f th e ta r

coating o nth e coal . Additio nb f wate r t o th e coa l als o suppresse s dus t entrainment , bu t require s tha t th e coa l b e drie d prio r t o combustion . Therma l drying o f coa l entail s a combustio nproces s whic hmaygenerat e additiona l pollutants . I t i s als o anexpensiv e proces s an d may no t b e economicall yfeasible .

2 1P.3 7

SECTIONV I GROWT H AND NATUR E O F TH E INDUSTRY
A . PRESENT AND EMERGINGTECHNOLOGY Coal!storag e pile s ar e locate d outdoor s t o facilitat e th e loading and/o r unloadin g o f coal . Outdoo r storag e als o inhibit s spontane ou s combustio ncause d b yatmospheri c oxidation . Wind passin g ove r th e coa l reduce s th e concentratio no f hea t withi nth e pile . How ever , coating s ar e necessaryt o preven t ignitio no f th e coa l i n area s wit hhig htemperature s and lo wwind speeds . I t i s anticipate d tha t coa l wil l continu e t o b e store d outdoor s i nth e future . Coa l user s ar e expecte d t o locat e ne wplant s nea r mine s t o reduc e transpor t costs , assur e supplies , an d avoi d th e stricte r environmenta l standard s o f mor e densel ypopulate d areas . Th e numbe r o f coa l pile s i s increasing a s th e Unite d State s use s morel ! an

d mor e coa l a s a nenergysource . Coa l consumptio ni s anticipate d t o increas e b y7 % pe r yea r ove r th e nex t 1 0 year s (17) , Coa l inventorie s (days o f supply ) ar e expecte d t o increas e b y3.8 % pe r year , whic hwil l caus e a nincreas e i nemissio nrat e o f 25 % b y 197 8 compare d t o 1972 . B . COAL STORAG E TREND S Usag e o f coa l i n th e U.S . ha s followe d a curiou s pattern . Consump
tio ni n191 2 wa s equivalen t t o consumptio ni n197 0 (18) , whe n coa l accounte d fo r 20 % o f th e tota l energyinpu t o f th e Unite d States .

(17 ) Rieber , M. , an d R . Halcrow . U.S . Energyan d Fue l Demand t o 1985 . CAC No . 108 R(PB 23 9 343) , Nationa l Scienc e Foundation , Washington , D.C , May1974 . 4 4 pp . (18 ) Hottel , H . C , an d J . B . Howard . Ne wEnergyTechnology- Some Fact s an

d Assessments . MI T Press , Cambridge , Massachusetts , 1971 . pp . 3-4 . 2 2P.3 8

Coa l i s projecte d t o constitut e 30 % o f energyinput , wit helectri c utilitie s predictin g anincreas e o f 100 % t o 275 % i nth e us e o f coa l b y198 5 (19) . Utilitie s wil l tend t o buil d ne wfacilitie s nea r mines , wate r supplies , an

d o n larg e plot s o f land . Coa l storag e pile s wil l thu s b e locate d i n area s o f lowe r populatio ndensit yan d wil l b e farthe r fromloca l communities . Wit hmor e lan d available , futur e coa l pile s ca nb e expecte d t o b e large r t o mee t th e growin g energyneed s o f th e country . Cok e plant s and industria l boile r facilitie s ar e expecte d t o follo wth e genera l trend s o f th e utilitie s becaus e the yfac e simila r energysituation s an d j | propos e simila r solutions .

(19 ) Roach , J . W . U.S . EnergyOutloo k - Fuel s fo r Electricity . U.S . Departmen t o f "th e Interior , Washington , D.C , 1973 . p . 4 . 2 3P.3 9

REFERENCE S I., , Keyston e Coa l Manual , 1973 . McGraw-Hill , Inc. , Ne wYork , 1-Je wYork , 1973 . pp . 304-410 . 2 . Electri c Utilit yStatistics . Publi c Power , 32:28-74 , January-February1974 . 3 . Steam-Electri c Plan t Factors/197 3 Edition . Nationa l Coa l Association , Economic s an d Statistic s Division , Washington , D.C , Decembe r 1973 . 11 0 pp . 4 . Cok e Producer s i nth e Unite d State s i n1972 . Minera l IndustrySurveys . U.S . Departmen t o f th e Interior , Washington , D.C , Novembe r 27 , 1973 . pp . 2-5 . 5. ; Rumbling s fromth e Mines . Tim e Magazine , 104(9 ) :35 , 1974 . 6 . Sheridan , E . T . Cok e an d Coa l Chemicals . In : 197 2 Mineral s Yearbook , Schreck , A.E . ed . U.S . Departmen t o f th e Interior , Washington , D.C , 1972 . pp . 427-460 . 7 . FP C Issue s Electri c Fue l Consumptio nStocks . New s Releas e No . 20499 , Federa l Powe r Commission , Washington , D.C , Jul y22 , 1974 . 3 pp . 8 . A.S.T.M . Standard s o nCoa l and.Coke . America nSociet yfo r Testin g and Materials , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , Septembe r 1948 . p . 80 . 9 . Mineral s Yearbook , 1973 , Volum e I . U.S . Departmen t o f th e Interior , Washington , D.C , 1973 . pp . 8-36 . 10 . TLVs ®Threshol d Limi t Value s fo r Chemica l Substance s an d Physica l Agent s i nth e Workroo mEnvironmen t and Intende d Change s fo r 1973 . America nConferenc e o f Governmenta l Industria l Hygienists , Cincinnati , Ohio , 1973 . p . 10 . 11 . Brown , R. , M . Y . Jacob s an d H . E . Taylor . ASurve yo f th e Mos t Recen t Application s o f Spar k Sourc e Mas s Spectrometry . America nLaboratory , 4:34-37 , Novembe r 1972 . 12 . Thornthwaite , C W . Th e Climate s o f Nort hAmeric a Accordin g t o a Ne wClassification . Th e Geographica l Review , 21:633-655 , 1931 . 2 4P.4 0

13 . Brown , M . C Pneumoconiosi s i nBituminou s Coa l Miners . Minin g Congres s Journal , 51:44-48 , Augus t 1965 . 14 . Turner , D . B . Workboo k o f Atmospheri c Dispersio nEstimates . Publi c Healt hServic e Publicatio nNo . 999-AP-26 , U.S . Depart men t o f Health , Educatio nan d Welfare , Cincinnati , Ohio , May1970 . 8 4 pp . 15 . Nonhebel , G . Recommendation s o nHeight s fo r Ne wIndustria l Chimneys . Journa l o f th e Institut e o f Fuel , 33:479 , 1960 . 16 . Fuju , K. , T . Adachi , Y . Tsukaoa , K . Okuda , an d H . Suzuki . Coa l Dus t Scatterin g Preventive . Japa nPaten t No . 7 3 24,98 3 (t o Niho nKoke nKogy o Co. , Ltd.) , Marc h31 , 1973 . 5 pp . 17 . Rieber , M. , and R . Halcrow . U.S . Energyan d Fue l Demand t o 1985 . CAC No . 108 R(P B 23 9 343) , Nationa l Scienc e Foundation , Washington , D.C , May1974 . 4 4 pp . 18 . Hottel , H . C , an d J . B . Howard . Ne wEnergyTechnology- Some Fact s an

d Assessments . MI T Press , Cambridge , Massachusetts , 1971 . pp . 3-4 . 19 . Roach , J . W . U.S . EnergyOutloo k - Fuel s fo r Electricity . U.S . Departmen t o f th e Interior , Washington , D.C , 1973 . p.4 . 20 . Singer , J . M. , F . B . Cook , an d J . Gurmer . Dispersa l o f Cok e an d Roc k Dus t Deposits . Burea u o f Mine s RI-7642 , U.S . Depart men t o f th e Interior , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , 1972 . 3 2 pp . 21 . Dawes , J . G . Dispersio no f Dus t Deposit s b yBlast s o f Ai r - Par t 1 . Researc hRepor t No . 36 , Ministryo f Fue l an d Power , Safet yi n Mine s Researc hEstablishment , Sheffield , England , May1952 . 6 9 pp . 22 . Woodruff , N . P. , an d F . H . Siddoway . AWind Erosio nEquation . Soi l Scienc e Proceedings , 29:602-608 , May1952 . 23 . Bagnold , R . A . Th e Physic s o f Blow nSan d an d Deser t Dunes . Metheunan

d Co. , London , England , 1954 . 26 5 pp . 24 . Shafer , H . J . Amode l Stud yo f th e Reductio no f Wind Trans por t o f Fin e Particle s b yAerodynami c Barriers . Presente d a t th e Fift hAnnua l Conferenc e o nAviatio nan d Astronautics , Te l Avi van

d Haifa , Israel , 1963 . pp . 57-63 . 25 . Woodruff , N . P. , an d W . S . Chepil . SedimentaryCharacter

istic s o f Dus t Storm s I I - Visibilit yan d Dus t Concentration . America nJourna l o f Science , 2:104-114 , Februar y1957 . 2 5P.4 1

26 . Cowherd , C , K . Axetell , Jr. , an d G . Jutze . Developmen t o f Emissio nFactor s fo r Fugitiv e Dus t Sources . EPA-450/3-74

- 037 , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio nAgency , Researc hTriangl e Park , Nort hCarolina , Jun e 1974 . 17 2 pp . 27 . Jutze , G

o A. , K . Axetell , an d W . Parker . Investigatio n o f Fugitiv e Dus t - Sources , Emissions , and Controls . EP A Contrac t 68-02-0044 , Tas k Orde r 9 , U.S . Environmenta l Pro tectio nAgency , Researc hTriangl e Park , Nort hCarolina , May1973 . 6 1 pp . 28 . Annua l Repor t o f Researc hand Technologi c Wor k o nCoal . Burea u o f Mine s IC-7518 , U.S . Departmen t o f th e Interior , Washington , D.C , 1949 . p . 39 . 29 . "Federa l Register , 36(228) , Novembe r 25 , 1971 . 30 . Martin , D . O. , an d J . A . Tikvart . AGenera l Atmospheri c Diffusio n Mode l fo r Estimatin g th e Effect s o n Ai r Qualit yo f On e o r Mor e Sources . Presente d a t th e 61s t Annua l Meetin g o f th e Ai r Pollutio nContro l Association , St . Paul , Minnesota , Jun e 23-27 , 1968 . 1 8 pp . 31 . Tadmor , J. , an d Y . Gur . Analytica l Expression s fo r th e Vertica l and Latera l Dispersio nCoefficient s i n Atmospheri c Diffusion . Atmospheri c Environment , 3(6):688-68 9 , 1969 . 32 . Gifford , F . A. , Jr . AnOutlin e o f Theorie s o f Diffusio ni n th e Lowe r Layer s o f th e Atmosphere . In : Meteorologyan d Atomi c Energy1968 , Chapte r 3 , D . A . Slade , ed . Publicatio n No . TID-24190 , U.S . Atomi c EnergyCommissio nTechnica l Infor

matio nCenter , Oa k Ridge , Tennessee , Jul y1968 . p . 113 . 33 . Cod e o f Federa l Regulations , Titl e 4 2 - Publi c Health , Chapte r IV

- Environmenta l Protectio nAgency , Par t 41 0 - Nationa l Primaryand SecondaryAmbien t Ai r Qualit yStandards , Apri l 28 , 1971 . 1 6 pp .

2 6P.4 2

APPENDI XA ANALYSI S O F SAMPLINGRESULT S 1 . MAS S EMISSION S RATE S Fou r sampling run s wer e performe d durin g tw o differen t periods , Marc han

d Augus t 1974 , a t a coa l pil e site . Sampling equipmen t an d procedure s ar e describe d i nAppendi xD . Sinc e th e variabil

ityo f emission s from a singl e coa l pil e i s greate r tha nth e variation s betwee n coa l pile s (se e Appendi xB.3.c . fo r basis ) th e result s wer e considere d a s fou r separat e sample s a t on e coa l pile . Th e position s o f th e sampler s durin g Marc hand Augus t ar e show nrespectivel yi nFigure s A- l and A-2 . Excep t fo r on e day , coa l wa s no t bein g transferre d o r move d a t th e pil e b ybulldozer s during th e sampling . Thi s activit ywoul d b e expecte d t o generat e additiona l dus t tha t wa s no t du e t o th e storag e o f coal . I n fact , ther e wa s n o statistica l differenc e noted . I naddition , th e pil e selecte d fo r sampling wa s locate d i na rural , non industrialize d are a i norde r t o avoi d an ypossibl e interferenc e fromparticulate s generate d a t othe r sources . Th e sample r labele d S 0 wa s positione d upwind o f th e pil e fo r us e a s a referenc e t o th e particulat e concentratio ni nth e atmosphere , prio r t o th e additio no f particulate s fromth e coa l pile . Sub

tractio no f th e concentratio nleve l a t S 0 fromth e concentration s obtaine d a t downwind sample s S i throughS_ , yielde d th e concentra tio nlevel s du e t o th e emission s fromth e coa l pile . Turner' s atmospheri c dispersio nequatio n(14 ) wa s the nuse d t o calculat e th e mas s emissio n rate , Q , fromth e coa l pile : Q = X

y a z iru (A-l ) wher e x = concentratio nwit hn o effectiv e plum e ris e

T T = 3.1 4 o o = horizonta l an d vertica l dispersio na s a vfunctio n o f downwind distanc e an d atmos pheri c stabilit y u = mea nwind spee d



### 2 7WIN D DIRECTIO N

t o o o CRUSHE R

HOUS E S 0

S •HIGH-VOLUM E SAMPLE R LOCATIO N WIN D DIRECTIO N 

# I

s 0

CRUSHE R E HOUS E

5' j—: S 4

S •MGI+VOLUM E SAMPLE R LOCATIO N Figur e A-l . Marc hsampling arrangement ,

run s C l an

d C2 . Figur e A-2 . Augus t samplin g arrangement , run s CS- 3 an

d CS-5 .P.4 4

a . Mea nEmissio n Factor s Th e mea nemissio nfacto r fo r al l th e emissio nrate s calculate d a t eac ho f th e sample r position s i s 6. 4 mg/kg-yr wit ha sampl e stan dar d deviatio no f 2.5 4 (Tabl e A-l) . However , th e error s associate d wit hsampling an

d th e us e o f Equatio nA- l ar e combine d a s show ni n Appendi xE t o yiel d a noveral l standar d deviatio no f 4.3 . Sinc e confidenc e limit s ar e calculate d a s follows , C L . ' ( @ 95 % level ) = ^

- (A-2 )
• n wher e a = estimate d populatio ndeviatio n

t = "Studen t t " valu e fo r n- 1 degree s o f freedom @ 95 % leve l n= numbe r o f sample s an d o = 4. 3 n= 4 t = 3.18 2 th e 95 % confidenc e limit s ar e 6. 9 usin g th e emissio nfacto r o f 6. 4 mg/kg-yr . b . Correlatio nWit hFactor s Affectin g Emission s Emissio nrat e i s calculate d fromEquatio nB-18 , Appendi xB (show n her e fo r reade r convenience) :

. a bc k u p , s Q = d ~ (A-3 ) (P-E) a wher e Q = emissio nrate , mg/ s

k = constan t u = wind speed , m/ s P ^ = bul k density , g/cm 3 s = surfac e are a P- E = Thornthwaite 1 s precipitation-evaporatio n inde x(o

r P- E index ) I norde r t o appl ythi s equatio ni ndetermining th e exten t o f emission s fromal l 95 0 coa l piles , th e mos t probabl e exponent s wer e chose nfrom

simila r wind erosio nstudie s performe d o ncoa l piles . I nAppendi xB , th e following exponent s fo r th e parameter s o f Equatio nA- 3 wer e presented : 2. 7 <

_a ± 3. 0 (win

d speed ) 2. 0 < b< 5. 9 (bul k density ) c = 0.34 5 (surfac e area ) d = 2. 0 (P- E index )

2 9P.4 5

TABL EA-l
. SAMPLIN GRESULT S - MARC HAN D AUGUS T197 4 Ru nnumbe r Dat e

Paramete r Win d speed , m/ s Win d direction ^ radian s (° ) Wind directio nrange ,

radian s (° ) Atmospheri c stabilit yclas s a Distance , mA B c D E " " (estimated ) F " " (estimated ) G Wet bul btemperature , ° C Dr ybul btemperatur e " C Barometri c pressure , kP a (m mHg ) Concentratio na t SQ , ug/m 3 S j " S 2 S 3 Si * Dus t <1 0 ym, C % Moistur e i n source , % Emissio nrate , mg/ s Sampl e standar d devia

tion , mg/ s Coa l stored , 10 3 metri c ton s Emissio nfactor , mg/kg-y r C l 3/28/7 4

2. 7 +1.0 8 (+61.6 ) 0.70 1 (40.2 ) B 13. 4 37. 5 23. 8 13. 4 34. 4 73. 2 39 6 11. 9 15. 3 99. 2 (744 ) 7 5 10 7 12 7 11 2 10 6 10 0 1 0 22. 4 15. 1 89. 4 7.9 1 C 2

3/27/7 4 CS- 3

8/20/7 4
Valu e 1. 7 +0.63 3 (+36.3 ) 0.91 4 (52.4 ) B 28. 2 44. 8 24. 7 26. 5 • 45. 1 91. 4 12 2 7.8 0 11. 7 10 1 (754 ) 5 5 6 0 8 4 7 1 5 5 10 0 1 1 12. 9 7.1 0 89. 4 4.5 5 1. 5

-0.68 0 (-39 ) 0.48 9 (28 ) B 12. 8 41. 1 15. 8 7. 6 13. 7 12 2 K (none ) 22. 2 29. 4 10 0 (752 ) 5 8 6 3 8 3 14 0 8 9 10 0 2. 3 14. 2 11. 4 13 4 3.3 4 CS- 5

8/22/7 4

1. 5 +0.14 0 (+8 ) 1.0 3 (58.9 ) B 4. 3 30. 5 54. 9 3. 0 42. 7 15 2 (none ) 22. 2 29. 4 10 0 (751 ) 13 8 34 1 42 0 39 1 26 2 10 0 2. 2 41. 3 13. 2 13 4 9.7 2 Se eFigure s A- lan dA-2 . Elevate d4. 6 m . "Se eAppendi xA.3 . o nparticl esiz edistribution
. Averag eemissio nfacto r Sampl estandar ddeviatio n Estimate dpopulatio nstandar ddeviatio n 6.3 8 mg/kg-y r 2.5 4 mg/kg-y r 2.9 4 mg/kg-y r 30P.4 6

Fo r wind speed , seve ndifferen t studie s wer e cite d (Appendi xB ) relatin g th e effec t o f wind spee d t o emissio nrate . Eac ho f thes e studie s wa s conducte d ove r specifie d range s o f wind speed . Coa l storag e pile s ar e subjecte d t o mea nwind speed s i nth e rang e o f 1. 3 t o 6. 7 m/s . Fo r thi s rang e th e effec t o nemissio nrat e ca nb e closel yapproximate d b yQ a u 3

. Therefore , u 3 ca nb e establishe d a s th e relationshi p representin g th e effec t o f wind speed . Tw o studie s wer e cite d (Appendi xB ) tha t relat e th e effec t o f bul k densit yt o emissio nrate . Th e firs t study , b ySinger , Cook , an d Grume r (20) , determine d th e effec t o nbul k densit yt o b e repre sente d b

yQ a pb 5-9

- However , thi s stud ywa s performe d o n"free

flowing " deposit s o f coa l particles . Thes e deposit s wer e compose d o f particle s betwee n100.pman d 15 0 y mi nsize . I nth e assessmen t o f coa l storage , froma hazar d potentia l standpoint , onl ythos e particle s withi nth e respirabl e rang e (les s tha n7 pm ) ar e o f interest . Therefore , th e effec t o f bul k densit yrepresente d b y Pb 5 * 9 i s discarded . Th e second stud ywa s performe d b

yDawe s (21 ) wh o relate d bul k densit yt o emissio nrat e a s Q a Pb 2 « I n thi s stud yn o specifi c mentio no f th e particl e siz e rang e unde r analysi s wa s cited ; however , particle s wer e classifie d a s fin e coa l dust , whic hi s th e clas s o f particle s expecte d fromcoa l storag e emis

sions . Therefore , th e effec t o f bul k densit yo nemissio nrat e i n thi s stud

yi s represente d b ypb 2

. Onl yon e relationshi p wa s establishe d fo r surfac e area , an d thi s wa s obtaine d vi a regressio nanalysi s o f th e Singer , Cook , an d Grume r study . Surfac e are a wa s foun d t o b e relate d t o emissio n rat e b yQ a s° ' 3k5

. Th e remaining parameter , Thornthwaite' s precipitation-evaporatio n index , ha s als o bee nanalyze d b yvariou s investigators . Al l studie s indicate d tha t surfac e moisture , a s represente d b yth e P- E inde x(whichha s value s fo r eac hclimati c region) , wa s approxi

mate d byQ a (P-E) -2

. Therefore , Equatio nA-3 , throughth e us e o f thes e mos t probabl e exponents , becomes : ku 3 p b 2 s°- 3lt 5 

### Q =

# —;—r; —(A_4)

(P-E) 2 wher e k i s a constant . (20 ) Singer , J . M. , F . B . Cook , an d J . Gurmer . Dispersa l o f Cok e an d Roc k Dus t Deposits . Burea u o f Mine s RI-7642 , U.S . De partmen t o f the Interior , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , 1972 . 3 2 pp . (21 ) Dawes , J . G . Dispersio n o f Dus t Deposit s b yBlast s o f Air

Par t 1 . Researc hRepor t No . 36 , Ministryo f Fue l an d Power , Safet yi nMine s Researc hEstablishment , Sheffield , England , May1952 . 6 9 pp . 3 1P.4 7

T o obtai nth e valu e o f th e constan t withou t furthe r sampling , th e sampling result s i n Tabl e A- l wer e fitte d t o Equatio nA-4 . Th e dat a (fro

mTabl e A-l ) use d i ncalculatin g k fromEquatio nA- 4 ar e liste d i nTabl e A-2 . Th e resulting arithmeti c mea nvalu e o f th e constan t k fromth e fou r run s i s 33 6 wit hanestimate d standar d deviatio no f 200 . Equatio nA- 4 the nbecomes :

u 3 p2 s 0.3<+ 5 Q = (336 ) B. (A -5 )

(P-E) 2 wher e Q i s i nmg/s , Th e erro r associate d wit hth e us e o f Equatio n A- 5 mus t b e correcte d fo r th e erro r i ndeterminin g Q a s show ni nAppendi xE . Therefore , the estimate d populatio nstandar d deviatio nbecome s 26 1 an d th e 95 % confidenc e limit s ar e ±416. a 2 . COMPOSITION Filter s wer e analyze d fo r majo r element s b yx-rayfluorescenc e a s describe d i nAppendi xD . Result s o f thi s analysi s ar e give ni n Tabl e A-3 . I naddition , aninfrare d analysi s wa s performe d fo r fre e silic a an

d i t wa s conclude d tha t les s tha n1 % i s presen t i n the dus t samples . 3 . PARTICL E SIZ E ANALYSI S Th e filter s wer e subjecte d t o microscopi c evaluatio na s describe d i nAppendi xD . Th e results , reporte d i nTabl e A-4 , indicate d fewparticle s greate r tha n1 0 y mi nsize . Becaus e o f th e low emissio nrat e onl yon e Brink ®sampl e wa s obtained . Eighty-eigh t percen t o f th e particle s froma composit e sampl e take nove r th e 2 sampl e day s i nAugus t wer e les s tha n5 y mi nsize . Base d upo n thi s evidence , i t i s conclude d tha t essentiall yal l o f th e emission s ar e i nth e respirabl e range .

Thi s assume s tha t ther e ar e fou r sample s taken . I nrealit y th e numbe r lie s betwee n tw o an d fou r fo r eac hparamete r evaluated . Fou r wa s chose nt o represen t th e bes t cas e fo r thi s error . 3 2TABL E A-2 . DAT AFORCALCULATIONO F TH E CONSTANT (k )
Ru nnumbe r Dat e Paramete r C l 3/28/7 4 C 2 CS 3

3/27/7 4 8/20/7 4

Valu e CS 5 8/22/7 4

U l U J Wind spee d (u) , m/ s Bul k densit y(p , ) , g/cm 3 Quantit ystore d ( W) , 10 3 metri c 89. 4 Avg . pil e heigh t (h) , m Surfac e are a (s) , m 2 Week s precipitation , m m Avg . temperature , ° C P- E inde x(estimate ) Emissio nrat e (Q) , mg/ s k 2. 7 0. 8 Lc 89. 4 3. 6 46,50 0 17. 5 15. 3 60. 5 22. 4 159. 7 1. 7

0. 8 89. 4 3. 6 46,50 0 17. 5 11. 7 70. 7 12. 9 503. 1 1. 5

0. 8 13 4 4. 6 36,40 0 14. 5 29. 4 30. 8 14. 2 166. 5 1. 5

0. 8 13 4 4. 6 36,40 0 14. 5 28. 3 31. 8 41. 3 516. 1 Arithmeti c mea nvalu e o f k : 33 6 Standar d deviatio n(estimate): ' 20 0P.4 9

TABL E

Elemen t Sodiu m Magnesium Aluminum Silico n Sulfu r Chlorin e Potassiu

m Coppe r Titaniu m Chromiu m Manganes e Iro n A-3 . X-RA YFLUORESCENC E ANALYSI S O F SAMPLE S FRO MFILTER S Filte r g/m 2 0.0 1 <0.0 1 a b 0.0 4 <0.0 1 <0.0 1 <0.0 2 a a a 0.0 3 # 2 Filte r # 9

g/m 2 0.0 5 <0.0 1 a b 0.0 5 <0.0 1 <0.0 1 <0.0 2 N.D. d N.D . N.D . <0.0 1 Filte r #1 1

g/m 2

' 0.0 1 <0.0 1 a b 0.13 C <0.0 1 <0.0 1 <0.0 2 a a a 0.0 2 a Denote s presenc e possible , bu t jus t abov e background , probabl yles s tha n0.00 1 g/m 2

. Denote s presenc e likely , bu t unabl e t o provid e a nestimat e du e t o interferenc e o f tungste ni nlin e (fro m x-raytube ) a s wel l a s highcount s i nthi s regio nfromth e Nucleopore ® filte r blank . N o othe r meta l seem s t o b e associate d wit hth e increas e i nsulfu r content . Thi s maysugges t presenc e o f organi c sulfur , sulfuri c acid , etc . <0.000 6 g/m

2

.

3 4TABL E A-4 . PARTICL E SIZ E ANALYSE S Sampl e B l Sampl e B 2 Numbe r o f Numbe r o f Siz e range , y

mparticle s Wt . % Siz e range , y mparticle s Wt . %

U J U l 0

1. 2 2. 4 4. 8 9. 6 19. 2 38.4 t o t o t o t o t o t o t o 1. 2 2. 4 4. 8 9. 6 19. 2 38.4 76. 8 Fiber s 10 2

12 3 3 4 1 6 5 3 0

: 0 0.1 0

0.7 6 1.6 7 6.2 9 15.7 2 75.4 6 0 0 t o

1. 2 t o 2. 4 t o 4. 8 t o 9. 6 t o 19. 2 t o 1. 2

2. 4 4. 8 9. 6 19. 2 38. 4

Fiber s 9 3

10 6 3 1 1 4 4 0

: 0 0.4 8

3.2 0 7.4 8 27.0 4 61.8 0 0

Thes e conversion s o f particl e numbe r t o weigh t percen t ar e estimate s onl yan d assume spherica l particle s o f uniformdensity .P.5 1

APPENDI XB FACTOR S AFFECTINGCOAL STORAG E EMISSION S 1 . INFORMATION I nthi s sourc e assessmen t a stud ywa s mad e t o determin e th e factor s tha t affec t emission s and/o r entrainmen t rate s fo r ojpe n coa l storag e piles . Unfortunately , n o dat a directl yapplicabl e t o thi s pollutan t sourc e wer e available . However , dat a from' , in

vestigation s o f somewha t simila r problem s wer e readil yavailable . Th e bul k o f th e empirica l relationship s expresse d i nthi s stud y wer e derive d fromth e result s o f wind tunne l experimentatio n conducte d b

yth e PittsburghMinin g and Safet yResearc hCenter , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvani a (20) . Thi s stud ywa s performe d t o determin e minimumai r velocitie s an d entrainmen t rate s fo r coa l be d an d roc k dus t dispersio nunde r condition s tha t simulat e disper

sio nfromsurface s i ncoa l mine s wher e airflow s ar e induce d b y wea k explosions . Th e investigatio nanalyze d th e effec t o f a numbe r o f factor s als o believe d t o influenc e wind erosio no f ope n coa l storag e piles . Thes e variable s are :

Wind velocit ya t th e midheigh t o f th e coa l dus t bed , u L , m/ s Bul k densit yo f th e coa l dus t bed , pb , g/cm 3 Surfac e are a o f th e coa l dus t bed , s , cm 2 Leadin g angl e a t th e bas e o f th e coa l dus t bed , Aj^ , degre e (free-flowing deposit s only ) Volum e o f th e coa l dus t bed , V , cm 3 Heigh t o f th e coa l dus t bed , H , cm Widt ho f th e coa l dus t bed , W , cm(cohesive deposit s only ) Dat a presente d wer e o f a rathe r limite d nature , encompassin g an extremel ynarro wrang e o f value s fo r eac hvariable . Dus t be d geometrydat a wer e particularl ylimite d i nal l dimensiona l aspects . Dus t be d compositio nwa s limite d t o tw o principa l classifications :



### 3 6P.5 2

• Free-flowin g coa l dus t beds , limite d t o particle s 10 0 y

mt o 15 0 y

mi ndiamete r

• Cohesiv e coa l dus t beds , containing particle s 6 y

mt o 8 0 y

mi ndiamete r Th e two type s o f dus t bed s differe d no t onl yi nparticl e siz e distribution , but . als o i nthei r respectiv e mode s o f dispersion . A t the . highwind velocitie s (considere d 1 0 t o 6 0 mph) , free

flowing deposit s wer e entraine d b ysingl e particl e detachmen t whil e cohesiv e deposit s disperse d b yclum p removal . Sinc e ope n coa l storag e pile s ar e rarel ysubjecte d t o wind speed s capabl e o f initiating dispersio nb yclum p removal , empirica l re lationship s derive d fromexperimentatio no nfree-flowing deposit s ar e considere d mor e applicabl e t o ope ncoa l storage . 2 . DERIVATIONO F PARAMETER S a . Wind Velocity , u

_, u _.

r . (m/s ) L i av e Relationship s betwee n entrainmen t an d wind velocit yhav e alread y bee nderive d (21) :

E o c u 2 * 1 o r E « u 2

- 7 (B-l ) nL nav e Wher e E = entrainmen t rate , g/ s o f free-flowing

dus t bed s u T= ai r velocit yi nthe wind tunne l a t the midheigh t o f th e dus t bed , m/ s u = mea nai r velocit yi nth e wind tunnel , m/ s d V 6

3 7P.5 3

Othe r investigator s hav e derive d simila r relationships : Entrainmen t rat e E 

### s o E S A E S A E n E P E 

### s

E A o

c

o c

c c

o c

o c

o c

G C V 3 Fu, 3 U 2

- 7 av e u 3 av e v9 V F v 9 v 3 Wind spee d range ,

m/ s . 1. 3 t o 6. 7 >4. 5 4. 5 t o 8. 9 >6. 7 0 t o 0. 9 <1. 3 1. 3 t o 8. 9 Referenc e 2 2 2 3 2 0 2 1 2 4 2 5 2 6 wher e al l E term s ar e symbol s fo r entrainmen t rat e an d wind velocit yi s expresse d a s Fu , u , o r v . b . Bul k density , p. , (g/cm 3 ) Relationship s betwee nentrainmen t rat e an d bul k densit yhav e alread ybee nderive d (20) . E < * p, 5 , 9 (10 0 y

mt o 15 0 y

m particl e diameter ) ' (B-2 )

(22 ) Woodruff , N . P. , an d F . H . Siddoway . AWind Erosio nEquation , Soi l Scienc e Proceedings , 29:602-608 , May1952 . (23 ) Bagnold , R . A . Th e Physic s o f BlownSan d an d Deser t Dunes . Metheunan

d Co. , London , England , 1954 . 26 5 pp . (24 ) Shafer , H . J . AMode l Stud yo f th e Reductio no f Wind Transpor t o f -Fin

e Particle s b

yAerodynami c Barriers . Presente d a t th e Fift hAnnua l Conferenc e o nAviatio nan d Astronautics , Te l Avi van d Haifa , Israel , 1963 . pp . 57-63 . (25 ) Woodruff , N . P. , an d W . S . Chepil . Sedimentary Characteristic s o f Dus t Storm s I I - Visibilit yan d Dus t Concentration . America nJourna l o f Science , 2:104-114 , February1957 . (26 ) Cowherd , C. , K . Axetell , Jr. , an d G . Jutze . Developmen t o f Emissio nFactor s fo r Fugitiv e Dus t Sources . EPA-450/3-74

- 037 , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio nAgency , Researc hTriangl e Park , Nort hCarolina , Jun e 1974 . 17 2 pp . 3 8P.5 4

Bul k densit yi s a nextremel yimportan t entrainmen t facto r fo r free-flowing deposit s because , a t some critica l wind velocity , dispersio nmaychang e fromsingl e particl e t o clum p detachment . Dawe s (21 ) report s a nadditiona l relationshi p fo r th e effec t o f densit yo nfin e coa l dust :

E

_° = p , 2 (particl e siz e rang e unknown ) (B-3 ) Th e relationshi p i s dependen t upo nparticl e siz e an d thu s bul k densit ywil l reflec t finenes s o f th e coa l dust . c . Surfac e Area , s , (cm 2 ) Du e t o a wid e scattering o f data , th e investigator s (20 ) derive d n o relationshi p betwee nentrainmen t rat e and dus t be d surfac e are a fo r free-flowing deposits . However , b yemploying a regressio n analysi s o nthei r data , th e following approximat e relationshi p wa s determine d fo r free-flowing dus t beds :
E c c s 0.3*+ 5 (B-4 ) n d . Othe r Wind Tunne l Stud yParameter s Th e parameter s liste d belo wwer e studie d i na wind tunne l an d n o relationshi p wa s foun d (20 ) . Aregressio n analysi s show s tha t thei r effec t o nemissions , i f any , i s no t a s pronounce d a s thos e o f th e othe r parameters . Th e height , volume , an d possibl yth e leading angl e mayb e expresse d a s function s o f surfac e area : Functio nRelationshi p Angle , deg . E « • A T °- 11+ 9 n ii Volume , c mE <•< - v 0,2 5 n Height , cmE « H 0

- 2 2 8 r n Width , cmE a w 0

- 3 8 6

n e . Nonwind Tunne l Stud yParameter s Anumbe r o f factor s though t t o influenc e ope ncoa l storag e emis

sion s wer e no t considere d i nth e aforementione d investigation . Thes e factor s include :

• Lengt ho f th e coa l pil e along th e prevailin g wind directio n(22 )

3 9P.5 5

• Particle-siz e distributio n(22 ) (effect s inde

penden t o f bul k density) a Surfac e moistur e (12 , 22 , 26 , 27 ) Theywer e assesse d i nothe r studies , althoughth e relationship s derive d wer e base d o nwind erosio no f soi l an d windblownemission s fromtailing s an

d aggregat e storag e piles . Th e quantitativ e as pect s o f thes e factor s relativ e t o entrainmen t rate s ar e discusse d below . • (1) : Length — E c n« f (L ' - b) n(Referenc e 22 ) (B-5 ) wher e L ' = lengt ho f expose d fiel d area s Thi s relationshi p mayno t b e applicabl e t o ope ncoa l storag e du e t o th e relativel ysmal l value s fo r L 1 involve d an d th e geometri c difference s betwee nfield s an d storag e piles . Thi s functio n attempt s t o relat e "avalanching " whic hgenerall yi s no t precipi

tate d i nles s than severa l hundre d yards . Coa l pile s ar e usuall y no t long enoughfo r thi s t o occur . (2 ) Particl e Siz e Distribution — E a i (Referenc e 22 ) (B-6 ) wher e I = th e soi l erodibilit yinde xfo r differen t soi l fraction s Thi s relationshi p mayno t b e applicabl e t o ope ncoa l storag e i n it s presen t formdu e t o physica l and chemica l dissimilaritie s be

twee ncoa l particle s an d soi l fractions . Sinc e thi s assessmen t i s primaril yconcerne d wit hrespirabl e dus t (< 7 ym) , th e primary effec t i s describe d b ybul k densit yan

d particl e siz e i s no t deeiine d o f furthe r importanc e i nth e compariso no f on e coa l pil e t o another . (3 ) Moisture — E 0 ^ aicJ T(Referenc e22 ) (B-7 ) S O M*--

* _1 _ 'S O - (P-E ) E " ~ " (P-E ) 2 (Reference s 12 , 22 ) (B-8 ) wher e M= surfac e moistur e Entrainmen t rat e i s a functio no f particl e siz e and a functio n o f bul k density ; thes e ar e treate d a s tw o independen t variables . 4 0P.5 6



# a P-E , whic hrefer s t o Thornthwaite' s precipitation-evaporatio n

index , i s onl ya n approximatio no f surfac e soi l moistur e an d i s use d becaus e value s fo r Mar e no t readil yavailable . E S 0 " (P-E) 2 (Referenc e 27 ) (B-9 ) (Here , E„ nrefer s t o tailing s pile s rathe r thansoil. )

E o e _2 - (Referenc e 26 ) (B-10 ) O f al l thes e factors , surfac e moistur e i s mos t importan t sinc e i t wil l tend t bsuppres s dust . Th e evaporatio no f moistur e wil l likewis e provid e therma l current s whic henhanc e dus t formation . Thi s actio ni s simila r t o tha t occurring i nsoil s an d thu s th e P- E inde xa s describe d b yThornthwaite , i s a logica l representa tio nfo r surfac e moisture . Tji e empirica l relationship s show nher e ar e fo r th e mos t par t very genera l approximation s base d o na variet yo f investigations . The y mayno t b e directl yrepresentativ e o f condition s encountere d i n ope ncoa l storage . Thus , th e accurac yan d applicabilit yo f th e result s i n th e composit e equatio npresente d i nth e nex t sectio n shoul d b e viewe d wit hthi s i nmind . Althoug hquantitativ e relationship s derive d i nthi s analysi s mayno t b e directl yappli

cabl e t o ope ncoa l storage , some conclusion s concerning th e relativ e importanc e o f th e variou s factor s t o coa l dus t entrain

men t ar e draw

nb ysensitivit yanalysi s i nSectio n3.c . o f thi s appendix . 3 . COMPOSIT E EQUATION a . Developmen t Base d o nth e relationship s presente d i nSectio n2 o f thi s appendix , th e following quantitativ e expression s ar e judge d t o b e mos t applicabl e t o ope ncoa l storage :

where

- u = wind velocit y

wher e p , = bul k densit y Q c c u 2.7-3. 0 (B-ll )
Q « P b 2 (B-12 )

(27 ) Jutze , G . A. , K . Axetell , an d W . Parker . Investigatio no f Fugitiv e Dus t - Sources , Emissions , an d Controls . EPA Contrac t 68-02-0044 , Tas k 9 , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc hTriangl e Park , Nort hCarolina , May1973 . 6 1 pp . 4 1P.5 7

Q H 0 .2 3 (B-13 ) wher e H = heigh t Q * A L °• x5 (B-14 ) wher e A T= leading angl e i nth e prevailin g wind directio n Q = • V 0 .2 5 (B-15 ) wher e V

= volum e Q c c s 0.3 5 (B-16 ) wher e s = surfac e are a (P-E) - 2 (B-17 ) Obviously , wind velocity , bul k density , an d surfac e moistur e (P- E index ) ar e th e mos t importan t factor s influencing th e ope ncoa l storag e entrainment/emissio n rate , Q . Th e remaining variables : height , leading angl e i nth e prevailin g wind direction , volume , and surfac e area , describ e coa l pil e geometry . Lengt han d width , whic hals o describ e pil e geometry , ar e delete d becaus e theycoul d no t b e adequatel yrelate d t o ope n storag e entrainment ; tha t is , the yar e no t describabl e i na manne r tha t woul d increas e th e usefulnes s o f a quantitativ e expression . Judging b

yth e similarit yo f th e exponent s attache d t o H , AL , V , an d s , th e factor s determing coa l pil e geometryar e al l inter

related . Fo r thi s reason , a singl e variable , s , wa s chose nt o describ e pil e geometry . Considerin g th e smal l magnitud e o f th e exponent s attache d t o s , H , A_ , and V , entrainmen t rat e i s onl y slightl ydependen t o npil e geometry . Base d o nthes e criteria , ope ncoa l storag e entrainmen t i s determine d b yth e following expression : Q = k a b e uP bs (P-E) z (B-18 ) wher e th e exponent s ar e expecte d t o b e i nth e range : 2. 7 < a < 3. 0 2 < b< 6 0.1 5 < c < 0.3 5

4 2P.5 8

b . Compariso nwit hWind Erosio n Bot hWoodruf f (22 ) an d Chepi l (25 ) hav e describe d th e proces s o f wind erosio nan

d th e factor s whic haffec t soi l erosion . Th e Woodruf f equatio n i s o f th e form : E = f (I' , C , K' , L' , V ) (B-19 ) wher e I 1 = soi l and knol l erodibilit yinde xfo r differen t soi l

fraction s C = loca l wind erosio nclimati c facto r K* = ' surfac e roughnes s L ' = ' unsheltere d distanc e acros s th e fiel d alon g th e prevailin g wind directio n V = vegetativ e cove r
„ E = potentia l averag e annua l soi l los s Thi s ma yb e reduce d t o Equatio nB-2 0 b ydefinin g th e variable s throughthei r appropriat e algorithms . Thus : E = I«C»K»L» V

(B-20 ) wher e I = f(I' ) (B-21 ) C = f(C ) (B-22 ) K = f(K' ) (B-23 ) V = f(V ) (B-24 ) L = f(L' , I'K , I-OK ) (B-25 )

, _Thi s formo f equatio ni s th e same a s th e proces s describe d b y t- P Woodruf f and Siddoway(Equatio nB-19) . Equation s B-21 , B-22 ,

B-23 , and B-2 4 ar e verydirec t relationship s base d completel y upo nindependen t variable s whic har e no t a s comple xfo r coa l storag e pile s a s the yar e fo r wind erosion . Paramete r I ca nb e relate d t o th e particl e siz e distributio no f th e materia l bein g eroded . Furthermore , thi s particl e siz e dis

tributio n ca n b e relate d t o th e bul k densit yo f th e coa l i na direc t manner . Thus , fo r a siz e distribution , SD , I = ki(SD) a = k 2 P b b

. (B-26 ) wher eSD = k 3 p b b// a(B-27 )

o r SD ap , C(B-28 )

43P.5 9

Equatio nB-2 6 give s a relationshi p o f th e basi c erodibilit yfo r th e source . A s th e particl e siz e distributio nrang e i s reduce d (fro m84 0 y mt o 7 ym) , a smalle r variatio ni nI woul d b e expecte d a s on e proceed s fromsit e t o sit e o f a source . Thi s ha s bee n born e ou t i nth e wind tunne l studie s alread ycomplete d o ncoa l (2d , 23) . Th e paramete r C ca nb e relate d wholl yt o th e rati o o f wind spee d t o iP- E index : C - k , (p ^) 2 (B-29 ) Th e parameter s K an d V ar e relate d t o ridg e roughnes s an d vegeta tio ncove r and fo r coa l storag e pile s thes e ca n b e equate d t o on e sinc e neithe r on e i s applicable . Th e lengt ho f th e unsheltere d fiel d i s th e onl ycomple xvariabl e whip hnee d b e addressed . I nWoodruff' s system , th e effec t ca nb e describe d b

yEquation s B-30 , B-3 1 an d B-32 . Woodruf f use d E 2 equa l t o th e produc t o f I an d K , s o tha t E 2 mayb e se t equa l t o I i nthes e expressions . L = 1. 0 (B-30 ) whe nE 2 > 37,31 7 (L')°* 75 1 (B-31 ) Otherwis e L = k 5 (L*) S E 2 g(B-32 ) wher e L ' = distanc e acros s fiel d Combinin g Equatio n B-20 , B-26 , B-2 9 an d B-30 , th e overal l expres sio nfo r E ca n pe describe d as :

- < b u p b E = k 2 k, , (p

_ E ° 2 (B-33 ) Sinc e Q i s mas s emissio npe r uni t time an d E i s mas s erosio npe r are a pe r uni t time , Equatio nB-3 3 ca nb e expressed : Q = E s (B-34 )

, b u 3 p f a s Q = k 6 (p-E) 2 (B-35 ) wher e k

g = k

2 »k* + s = are a O f pil e

4 4P.6 0

I f Equatio nB-3 2 i s use d instea d o f Equatio nB-30 , the nth e over al l expressio nfo r E become s Equatio nB-3 7 sinc e I ma yb e sub

stitute d fo r E 2 i n Equatio nB-3 2 t o yiel d Equatio nB-36 . However , thi s canb e furthe r reduce d t o Equatio nB-3 8 wit hEquatio nB-26 . L = k 5 (L') e I g (B-36 )

u 3 P . b <L') e I g E . = k 2 k lf k 5 - —- • (B-37 )

(P-E) 2 tl+a. U 3 p b (b+bg) (L') e E = ki 1+g) k tt k 5 *

- (B-38 ) (P-E) 2 Fo r thi s study , th e lengt ho f th e expose d field , L' , use d b y Woodruf f ca nb e equate d t o a paramete r o f th e coa l pile . Assumin g tha t coa l pile s ar e squar e wit ha nare a o f s , Equatio nB-3 9 ca nb e combine d wit hEquatio nB-3 8 t o giv e th e ne t relationshi p show ni n Equatio nB-40 . s = (L') 2 (B-39 )

u 3 p h m s e / 2 E = k 7 (p

_ E ) 2 (B-40 ) wher e m= b+ bg (B-41 ) k 7 = k 2 (1+g) k u k 5 (B-42 ) Substitutin g fo r E (fro mEquatio nB-40 ) int o Equatio nB-34 , th e overal l relationshi p i s obtained :

•• mn u d p bs Q - k 7 (p_E) 2 (B-43 )

wher e n= | + 1 (B-44 ) Thus , eithe r Equatio nB-3 5 o r B-4 3 woul d describ e th e windblown emission s fo r coa l pile s dependin g upo nth e siz e o f th e pile . Thes e equation s compar e favorabl ywit hth e formo f Equatio n B-1 8 an d confirmth e validit yo f th e formo f emissio nexpressio ngiven , B ycombining Equation s B-31 , B-3 9 an d B-26 , Equatio nB-3 5 mayb e considere d vali d when :
4 5P.6 1

P b 

## V b 

## j^T T (s)°- 375 

## l (B-45 ) otherwis e th e expressio ndevelope d i nEquatio nB-4 3 woul d b e valid . Thus , fo r larg e coa l storag e piles , th e expressio nfo r Q i nEquatio nB-4 3 coul d b e mos t appropriate . Aregressio no f th e expressio ni n Equatio n B-1 8 wit hsampling dat a woul d resolv e th e correc t exponents . c . Sensitivit yAnalysi s Th e factor s whic haffec t coa l storag e pil e emission s ca nb e con sidere d a s bounde d variables . Thu s th e emissio nequatio nwil l like

wis e b e a bounde d expression. . I t i s desire d t o expres s al l result s ultimatel yo nanannua l basi s s o tha t al l factor s shoul d b e annua l mea nvalues . Th e rang e o f eac ho f thes e factor s i s a s follows :

1. 3 < u < 6. 7 m/ s averag e = 4. 5 m/ s 0.6 4 < p fa < 0.8 6 g/m 3 averag e = 0.8 0 g/m 3

7 < P- E < 17 9 averag e = 9 1 4. 0 < s < 5. 3 x10 5 m 2 averag e = 4. 0 xIO 4 m 2 Byselecting exponent s fo r Equatio nB-1 8 th e effec t o f eac hvari

abl e ca nb e determined . Avalu e fo r th e expressio ni s determine d fromaverag e value s t o serv e a s a reference . Th e result s o f th e sensitivit yanalysi s ar e give ni nTabl e B-l . I t i s apparen t tha t P- E inde xi s b

yfa r th e mos t importan t facto r affectin g th e dis

tributio no f emission s fromcoa l piles . Th e leas t effec t i s from density . Th e omissio n o f densit yfromth e expressio nwoul d resul t i na possibl e variatio ni nemission s o f a s muc ha s ±65% . Leavin g P- E inde xou t give s a n unrea l variatio no f ±8,500 . Th e factor s whic haffec t th e emission s ar e (indecendin g orde r o f importance ) P- E index , wind speed , area , and density . Sinc e th e P- E inde xaffect s th e emission s th e greatest , emission s ca nvarygreatl ywit hambien t temperatur e an d precipitation . With

ou t th e effec t o f P- E index , emission s coul d varyb y350% ; however , th e norma l variatio n i nprecipitatio nca nexcee d thi s i nmos t part s o f th e U.S . Couple d wit hthi s i s th e norma l fluctuatio ni nambien t temperatur e a t a specifi c site . Thu s th e variatio ni nemissio n rat e o f a coa l pil e i s greate r a t a specifi c sit e tha ni t normall y woul d b e from

on e sit e t o another . 4 . SUMMARY Equatio nB-1 8 i s use d i nconjunctio nwit hth e sampling result s i n Appendi xA(Tabl e A-2 ) t o determin e ananalytica l expressio no r th e emissio nrat e fromcoa l storag e pile s (Equatio nA-5 ) whic hi s reproduce d a s follows : 4 6C-m- 

### -Q 

### £ l

TABLE B-l . SENSITIVITYANALYSI S O F ENTRAINMENT/EMISSIO N RATE S CALCULATED USIN GEQUATIO

N B-18- 1 WIT HAVERAGE , MINIMUM , AN DMAXIMU

M VALUE S FO RHIN DVELOCITY , BUL

KDENSITY , P- E INDEX , AN DSURFACE ARE

A Entrainment/emissio nrat e fo ) (Calculate

dusin gaverage , minimu

m or maximu

m value s fo

r independent variable s a s indicated ) vliuL^orUl l Win dspeed , m/ s Bul kdensity . g/cm 3 Exponents * P- E inde x Surfac e area , m 2 variable s u= 1. 3 u= 6. 7 p . = 0.6 4 0.8 6 P- E = 7 P- E = 17 9 a = 4. 0 s = 5. 3 x10 5 3. 0 2. 0 0.3 5 9 7 2. 3 31 9 A c = 3. 3 6 2 11 2 A = 0.5 2 16,30 0 2 5 4 = 17 0 3. 8 23 9 A = 2. 4 3. 0 6. 0 0.3 5 4 0 0.9 5 13 1 A = 3. 2 10. 4 6 2 A = 1. 3 6,68 0 10. 2 A = 17 0 1. 6 9 8 A = 2. 4

-J** * 2. 7 2. 0 0.3 5 3. 0 2. 0 0.1 5 6 1
1 2 2. 2 18 0

A = 2. 9 0.2 8 3 8 A = 3. 1 3 9 7 1 A = 0.8 2 7. 4 13. 4 A = 0.5 0 10,40 0 15. 9 A = 17 0 1,96 0 3. 0 A = 16 0 2. 4 15 2 A = 2. 4 5. 7 1 7 A = 0.9 4 Equatio nB-18 : ku ' Q = wher e [P^E ) b s c (P-E) 2 Q = entrainment / emissionrate , mg/ s k= constan t = 33 6 u= win dvelocity , m/ s p b= bul kdensity , g/cm 3 s = surfac e area , m 2 a,b, c = exponent s P- E = Precipitation Evaporatio

nInde x Average value s fo r independent variables : u= 4. 5 m/ s P b= 0.8 0 g/m 3 s = 4. 0 x10

1 * m 2 P- E = 9 1 A i s calculatedfrom : Tna x~ Tnin av g wher e Q m a x= emissio nrat e calculated usin gmaximu

m value s fo

r independent variabl e 0 . = emissio

nrat e calculated nusin

gminimu

m value for independen t variabl e Q = emissio

nrat e calculated 9 usin

gaverage value s for al l independent variable sP.6 3

„ 3 n2 0.3*t 5 p bs Q = 33 6 (B-46 )

(P-E) 2 Thi s expressio nca n b e use d t o predic t emission s withi n124% , 95 % o f th e time ove r limite d range s o f u , p^ , s and (P-E ) a s describe d i nAppendi xA . Sinc e thi s expressio nha s limite d us e and i t wa s no t desire d t o pursu e it s developmen t int o a mor e universa l equa tion , onl yit s implication s o nth e factor s affectin g emission s ar e use d i nthi s document . Fo r relating emission s t o thes e parameter s a noveral l emissio nfacto r i s used .

4 8P.6 4

APPENDI XC DERIVATIONO F SURFAC E ARE AFRO MHEIGH T O F COAL PILE S Th e surfac e are a o f a coa l storag e pil e i s primaril ya functio n o f th e amoun t of ' coa l stored . Functionally , thi s i s determine d a s follows :

s= ^ ">* > wher e s = surfac e area , cm 2 T = weigh t o f coa l stored , g p . = bul k density , g/cm 3 H = pil e height , c m I nth e mas s emissio nrat e equatio ndevelope d i n Appendi xB , s i s use d t o relat e al l geometri c parameter s o f coa l piles . Thi s assume s a dependenc e o nth e heigh t o f th e coa l pile . I t ha s bee n state d tha t coa l i s generall ypile d 4. 3 mt o 8. 8 m(1 4 f t t o 2 9 ft ) high , averagin g abou t 5. 8 m(1 9 ft ) (28) . Arandomsurvey wa s conducte d o f 1 2 coa l piles . Th e results , give n i nTabl e C-l , indicat e a rang e o f 2. 4 m t o 11. 3 m

( 8 f t t o 3 7 ft) , wit hth e averag e bein g 6. 0 m(19. 6 ft ) whic hi s withi n3 % o f th e reporte d data . Fo r convertin g weigh t t o surfac e area , a constan t heigh t o f 5. 8 m(1 9 ft ) i s used . Pil e shape , an

d thu s height , i s generall ydependen t o nth e weigh t o f coa l stored . Th e smal l pile s usuall yassociate d wit hsmalle r boiler s o r cok e plant s ar e generall yconica l i nfor m t o facilitat e handling . Conica l storag e doe s no t requir e th e us e o f auxiliary equipmen t suc ha s bulldozers . I naddition , th e smalle r plant s ar e usuall yneare r t o populatio ncenters , an d spac e i s a t a premium .

(28 ) Annua l Repor t o f Researc hand Technologi c Wor k o nCoal . Burea u o f Mine s IC-7518 , U.S . Departmen t o f th e Interior , Washington , D.C , 1949 . p . 39 . 4 9P.6 5

TABL E C-l . HEIGH T O F COAL PILE S

Sit eHI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 x= 6. 0 He i

m 7» 6 6. 1 4. 3 6. 1 9. 1 3. 0 1 1 8. 2 3. 6 6 d 3. 6 2. 4 mo r 19 .gh t

f t 2 5 2 0 1 4 2 0 3 0 1 0 3 7 2 7 1 2 2 0 1 2 8 6 f t Th e erro r i npredictin g th e suppl ystore d varie s wit hth e facilit y a t whic hth e coa l i s stored . Fo r th e thre e type s o f facilitie s considered , th e error s are :

Cok e plant s 2 3 day s ± 43 % Boile r plant s 3 9 day s ± 59 % Utilitie s 9 3 day s + 74 % Base d o nth e numbe r o f eac htyp e o f facility , th e overal l weighte d erro r introduce d du e t o norma l variation s o f tonnag e store d i s 61% . Th e us e o f 80 0 kg/m 3 (5 0 lb/ft 3 ) fo r th e densit yo f coa l introduce s a nadditiona l erro r o f 10% . Byconsiderin g th e coa l pil e heigh t constan t a t 5. 8 m(1 9 ft) , th e erro r i s 26% . Thu s th e erro r introduce d b yth e us e o f constan t value s fo r pfc > an d H increase s th e erro r i nth e estimat e o f s b y36% . Th e overal l erro r i s 97 % whic hi s withi nth e allowabl e limit s fo r us e i nth e emissio n rat e equatio n (Appendi xB) .

5 0P.6 6 fmh



# I APPENDI XD SAMPLINGEQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURE S 1 . HIGH-VOLUM E SAMPLINGMETHOD S AND EQUIPMENT T o performth e sampling required , high-volum e sampler s wer e posi

tione d around th e coa l pil e a s show ni nFigur e A- l an d A-2 . Th e arrangemen t i nFigur e A- l permitte d correlatio nwit hhorizonta l dispersio nan

d sample r S 3 woul d illustrat e downwind powe r law decay . Thi s arrangemen t wa s altere d fo r late r samplin g t o Figur e A- 2 whe nth e observe d concentration s wer e no t sufficien t t o mak e thes e correlations . Nucleopore ®membran e filter s wer e use d fo r sampl e collectio ndu e t o thei r relativel ylowtar e weigh t (50 0 mg ) an d highflowcapacit y(3 6 1/min-cm 2 , 93. 3 kP a pressur e drop ) i n compariso nwit hsimila r filters . Th e lowe r tar e weigh t an d highe r flowcapacit yenable d th e particulat e collecte d t o compris e a highe r percentag e o f tar e weigh t an d thu s provid e result s tha t wer e withi nth e measurabl e range . Afte r particulat e matte r o nth e filter s wa s weighe d (subtracting th e tar e weight) , th e mas s con centratio no f suspende d particulat e wa s compute d fromth e volum e o f ai r sampled . Th e concentratio no f particulat e collecte d a t referenc e sample r S 0 wa s subtracte d fro mth e concentratio no f th e othe r sampler s (S l f S 2 , S 3 , an d S 4 ) t o yiel d th e particulat e con centratio ndu e t o th e coa l pil e emissions . Th e mas s emissio nrat e wa s determine d usin g Turner' s equatio nfo r a ground leve l sourc e wit hn o effectiv e plum e ris e (16 ) a s show ni nAppendi xA . A.Brink®impacto r wa s use d t o determin e th e siz e distributio no f th e particle s emitted . Thi s uni t ha s a relativel ylowsamplin g rat e o f ±5x10" 5 m 3 / s (<_0. 1 acfm ) an d smal l tar e weigh t ( = 1 3 mg ) i ncompariso n wit hsimila r units . Th e percen t o f particle s smalle r tha n5 y

mcapture d b

yth e Brink uni t wa s use d t o estimat e th e weigh t o f respirabl e particulate s collecte d b yth e highvolum e samplers . Becaus e o f th e lowmas s emissio nrat e onl yon e compo sit e sampl e (tw

o sampl e days ) wa s collected . Ameteorologica l statio nwa s employe d t o monito r wind speed , direction , an

d temperature . Th e media nwind spee d ove r a 1-minut e time lapse , wa s recorde d a t 15-minut e intervals . Th e mea nwind spee d wa s the ncalculate d fromth e arithmeti c averag e o f th e

Genera l Metal s Works , Inc. , Cleves , Ohio . 5 1P.6 7

15-minut e reading s ove r th e entir e run . Wind directio nwa s similarl yrecorde d every1 5 minutes . I f th e directio nvarie d b y mor e tha n ± 0.7 8 rad ( + 45° ) fromth e centerlin e fo r tw o consecutiv e recordings , the n either : 1 ) sampling wa s terminate d whe nth e run s ha d proceede d fo r mor e tha n4 hours , o r 2 ) sampling wa s continue d whe n th e win d directio nreturne d t o withi n± 0.7 8 rad ( ± 45° ) i f th e runha d proceede d fo r les s tha n4 hours . Th e standar d o f 4 hour s wa s chose n sinc e i t i s approximatel yth e minimumtime require d fo r particulat e collectio n t o equa l abou t 20 % o f th e tar e weigh t o f th e filter , th e targe t minimu mweigh t o f collecte d particulat e tha t ca n b e measured . Th e minimumdesire d mas s o f particulat e collecte d i s a weigh t equa l t o one-hal f th e tar e weigh t o f th e filters . A sampling runo f 8 hour s wa s chose ni n anattemp t t o achiev e thi s goal . Th e ± 0.7 8 rad ( ± 45° ) (fro m centerline ) fluctuatio no f wind directio nbetwee n tw o consecutiv e run s wa s chose nsinc e greate r variation s hav e resulte d i npoo r particulat e collection . Quit e often , change s o f thi s magnitud e resul t i nfronta l movemen t an d rai no r wind storms . Temperatur e value s wer e read a t th e meteorologica l statio nwithi n th e accurac yo f th e instrument , whic hwa s ± 1.1° C ( + 2°F) , an d average d fo r th e wee k o f sampling . Precipitatio nlevel s fo r th e wee k wer e obtaine d fromth e neares t weathe r burea u i nth e area . Weekl yvalue s ar e utilize d t o determin e th e possibl e effec t o f thes e parameter s prio r t o sampling . Thes e effect s ar e the n accounte d fo r b

ycalculatin g a psued o P- E inde xfo r th e yea r from thes e weekl yvalues . ( Ayearl yinde xbase d upo nweekl yvalues , assume s tha t sampl e historyfo r everywee k i s identica l t o eac han d everyothe r week , tha t is , th e rai nan d temperatur e pattern s ar e identical , fo r th e year , t o th e selecte d weeks. ) T o determin e th e quantit yo f coa l stored , th e presen t inventory leve l a t th e plan t wa s obtaine d fromcompan yrecords . Bul k den

sit ywa s obtaine d directl yfromtable s relating densit yt o th e clas s o f coa l store d o r fromproximat e analysi s (supplie d b y th e company) . 2 . FILTE RANALYSI S PROCEDURE S a . Concentration s Highvolume sampler s ar e use d t o collec t th e particulat e matter . Weight s ar e determine d t o th e neares t milligram , airflo wrate s t o th e neares t 5 x10" 3 m 3 /s , an d time t o th e neares t 5 minutes . Mas s concentration s ar e reporte d t o th e neares t yg/m 3

. A t an averag e mas s concentratio no f 12 8 yg/m 3 , th e standar d deviatio n i s 5.12 . Prio r t o sampling th e uni t wa s calibrate d b yus e o f a calibratin g orific e assembl yan d wate r manometer . (Thes e calibratio n unit s

5 2P.6 8

ar e adjuste d wit ha positiv e displacemen t meter. ) Achar t wa s the ndrawno f airflo wversu s stati c pressure . Afte r th e orific e wa s attache d t o th e uni t th e airflo wwa s varie d b yth e additio no f perforate d plate s acros s th e airflo wstream . Acalibratio ncurv e wa s the nplotte d relating airflo wreading s t o actua l flowi nnon metri c units . Prio r t o sampling , eac hfilte r wa s inspecte d fo r imperfections , desiccate d i n a balanc e room , an d weighe d t o th e neares t milligram i na weighin g chamber . Th e tar e weigh t wa s the nrecorde d an d th e filte r holde r labeled . Onc e sampling wa s completed , th e volum e wa s determine d from th e initia l an

d fina l airflo wreadings . (Thes e reading s ar e converte d t o m/mi nthroughanappropriat e calibratio n curve. ) Th e volum e o f ai r sample d wa s determine d a s follows : ( Q i +Q f ) xfc s 

### v a 

### = 2 ^" D wher e v= ai r volum e sampled , m 3

Q . = initia l airflo wrate , m 3 /mi n Q f = fina l airflo wrate , m 3 /mi n t = sampling time , mi n Onc e th e volum e wa s determine d an d th e fina l weigh t o f th e fil

ter s establishe d (b yth e procedur e previousl ymentioned) , th e mas s concentratio no f particulate s wa s determine d by : W - - W. ^ xIO 6 

### (wf 

### - w ± 

### ) X= -i- : - (D-2 )

v a wher e X= mas s concentratio no f particulate , yg/m 3

W i = initia l (tare ) weigh t o f filter , g W j = fina l weigh t o f filter , g v a = volum e o f ai r sampled , m 3 10 6 = conversio n o f g t o y g b . Compositio n Afte r th e filte r i s weighed , on e portio ni s selecte d fo r micros

copyexaminatio nan d anothe r fo r compositio nanalysis . X-ray fluorescenc e wa s chose nt o giv e a semiquantitativ e determinatio n o f particulat e composition . (1 ) Th e Principl e o f X-RayFluorescenc e (XRF ) Analysis — XR F analysi s i s base d o nmeasuring * individual,characteristi c x-ray s fo r eac helemen t i na sampl e b yenergydispersiv e tech

niques . Thes e secondaryfluorescen t x-ray s ar e generate d b y irradiating th e specime nwit ha primarysourc e o f x-ray s usin g eithe r a tungste no r rhodiu mtarge t x-ra

ytube . Al l secondary x-ray s ar e detecte d simultaneousl ywit ha silico nsemiconducto r detector . B

yusing suitabl e amplifier s an d a nx-rayenergy distributio nanalyzer , th e characteristi c x-ray s fo r eac helemen t 5 3P.6 9

ar e electronicall yseparate d base d o nthei r energyan d ar e dis

playe d i neithe r a spectra l o r alphanumeri c mod e vi a vide o monitor , Th e dat a ar e als o store d i na compute r memoryfo r additiona l dat a improvemen t o r fo r on-lin e computerize d dat a reductio n an d presen tatio ni na teletyp e print-out . Anon-lin e compute r i s use d fo r dat a reduction . Compute r program s enabl e manipulatio no f spectra l dat a t o eliminat e interferin g lines , t o integrat e peaks , t o subtrac t backgrounds , t o correc t fo r interelemen t an

d matri xeffects , and t o provid e a variet yo f quan titativ e conversio nequation s t o reduc e rawcount s t o elementa l concentration . (2 ) Applicabilit yo f XRF — Th e XR F techniqu e i s applicabl e t o qualitativ e an d quantitativ e elementa l analyse s (sodiu mt o uranium ) fo r solid s (whol e section s o r powdered ) an

d liquid s (including solid s i nsolution) . I nth e specifi c cas e o f particulate.collecte d o nfilters , th e direc t measuremen t o f thes e specimen s ca nprovid e a detectio nlimi t o f <0. 2 yg/cm 2 wit hsampl e loading s o f 1. 2 yg/cm 2

. Th e detectio n limi t i s influence d b yman yfactor s including energyo f th e x-ray s bein g emitte d b

yth e elements , matrix , counting times , excitatio n source , an

d sampl e chambe r atmosphere . Fo r particulat e o nfilte r pape r wit ha loading o f 1. 2 yg/cm 2 an d wit ha rhodiu

mexcitatio n source , th e following detectio nlevel s ca nb e attained :

Elemen t P S K C a C r F e N i C u Z n A s B r C d B a H g P b Detectio n level ,

yg/cm 2 0.2 0 0.1 1 0.1 5 0.0 6 0.0 6 0.0 5 0.0 5 0.0 5 0.0 4 0.0 4 0.0 7 0.1 3 0.1 3 0.0 8 0.0 7 (3 ) XR F Apparatus — Th e analytica l systemuse d i nthes e measurement s i s compose d o f anEDA XInternationa l Inc . Mar k I I Basi c EDA MSystem , EDA

XMode l 707 ASupe r Analyzin g Unit , a Dat a Genera l Corp . 1 2 K Compute r (Nov a 1220) , an

d a Teletyp e 33TC . Eithe r a rhodiu mo r tungste n targe t x-raytub e i s available . Th e systemca nb e operate d wit h 5 4P.7 0 

# 1 th e sampl e maintaine d i n vacuu mo r i na heliu mpurge d atmosphere .

Sample s u p t o 7 6 mm( 3 in. ) i n diamete r ca nb e analyzed . (4 ) Calibratio no f XR F Equipment-

- Quantitativ e analysi s wit hth e x-ra ytechniqu e i s base d o nusin g (a ) referenc e standard s o f know nconcentration s o f th e desire d element s i na matri xsimila r t o tha t o f th e unknow nspecimens , o r (b ) mathematica l correction s throug hcompute r program s t o correc t fo r interelemen t an d matri xeffects . I f a rang e o f standard s i s avilable , i t i s possibl e t o establis h a workin g curv e fo r eac helemen t whic hi s a plo t o f concentration s i nmicrogram s (o r yg/cm 2 ) vs . th e intensit yo f th e x-ray s charac

teristi c o f eac helement . I f th e rang e o f standard s i s no t avail

able , th e rati o o f th e intensit yo f th e pea k o f unknow nconcen tratio no f a nelemen t t o th e intensit yo f th e pea k o f a know n concentratio no f tha t sam e elemen t wil l provid e a reliabl e semi

quantitativ e analysi s ( ± £50 % o f th e amoun t present) . Standard s ar e prepare d byprecipitatio no r depositio no f NB S Standar d Researc hMaterials , meta l oxide s o r salts , o r portion s o f "loose " particulat e collecte d durin g long-ter msampling . I n th e latte r case , emissio nspectrographi c analysi s o f thi s materia l serve s t o provid e th e neede d compositiona l informatio nfo r pre parin g standards . Severa l depositio nprocedure s ar e use d fo r preparin g semiquantitativ e standard s includin g th e filtratio n o f particulat e suspende d i ncarbo ntetrachlorid e an d th e filtration s o f particulat e suspende d i n ga s matri xo r deposite d fro msolution . Othe r semiquantitativ e measurement s o f particulat e collecte d o n filter s ar e mad e bycorrelatin g th e x-ra yfluorescenc e response s o f tes t sample s wit hemissio n spectrographi c analyse s o f as hfo r on e o r mor e o f th e tes t specimen s i na set . Thi s correlatio n serve s t o provid e a semiquantitativ e mean s o f rapidl yanalyzin g larg e number s o f filter s byXR F withou t goin g throug ha nashin g step , whic hi s require d fo r emissio nspectrographi c analyse s o f filter s wit hlo wloadings . (5 ) Procedur e fo r XR F Analysis — Base d o nth e typ e o f sampl e matri xan d th e element s bein g meas ured , th e excitatio nsourc e an d th e x-ra yexcitatio nvoltag e ar e selected . Eithe r a heliu mflus ho r vacuu mi s applie d t o th e sampl e chamber , an d prope r selectio no f th e energ yrang e i s mad e t o optimiz e response . Th e filte r specime ni s analyze d bycountin g th e secondar yx-ray s fo r 10 0 second s t o 2,00 0 second s dependin g o n quantit yo f materia l o nth e filter . Th e spectra l dat a ar e manipulate d b ycompute r softwar e t o smoot h th e statistica l channel-to-channe l fluctuation s i nth e spectrum , subtrac t backgroun d o r spectr a characteristi c o f residua l trac e element s i nth e filter , stri p a serie s o f peak s characteristi c o f specifi c elements , an d obtai n quantitativ e o r semiquantitativ e 5 5P.7 1

dat a b ycomparin g th e spectra l intensit yo f th e tes t specime n wit hth e know nvalue s o f th e standar d samples . (6 ) Calculations — Th e compute r provide s th e resultin g value s (quantitativ e o r semi

quantitative ) i nyg/cm 2 o r comparabl e notatio na s programmed . 3 . GA S SAMPL E ANALYSI S a . Collectio nProcedur e Severa l gra bsample s wer e collecte d fo r analysi s o f tota l hydro

carbons , methane , carbo nmonoxid e an d tota l sulfur . A250-m l Pyre xflas k wit ha stopcoc k o n eac hen d wa s cleane d an d fille d wit hdr ynitrogen . Th e to p o f on e o f th e stopcock s wa s fitte d wit ha rubbe r bul ban d one-wa yflo wvalv e s o a s t o pul l a vacuu m o nth e Pyre xflask . Th e othe r stopcoc k wa s covere d wit hcotto n an d inserte d abou t 15 0 m mint o th e coa l pile . Bot hstopcock s wer e the nopene d an d abou t 1 lite r o f ga s wa s pulle d throug hth e flask . Th e stopcock s wer e close d an d th e flas k returne d t o th e laborator yfo r analysis . b . Analysi s o f Tota l Hydrocarbons , Methan e an d Carbo nMonoxid e (1 ) Principl e an d Applicability — Th e metho d use d i nthi s analysi s i s a semicontinuou s techniqu e fo r measurin g tota l hydrocarbons , methan e an d carbo nmonoxid e i n ambien t ai r (29) . Mino r modificatio no f electronic s enable s measurement s fro m0. 1 pp mu p t o 2% . (a ) Principle—Measure d volume s o f ga s sample s ar e delivere d t o a hydroge nflam e ionizatio ndetecto r t o measur e tota l hydrocarbo n content . A naliquo t o f th e sam e ga s sampl e i s introduce d int o a strippe r colum nwhic hremove s water , carbo ndioxide , an d hydro

carbon s othe r tha nmethane . Methan e an d carbo nmonoxid e ar e passe d quantitativel yt o a ga s chromatographi c colum nwher e the y ar e separated . Th e methan e i s elute d firs t an d i s passe d un change d throug ha catalyti c (nickel ) reductio ntub e int o th e flam e ionizatio ndetector . Th e carbo nmonoxid e i s elute d int o th e catalyti c reductio ntub e wher e i t i s reduce d t o methan e befor e passin g throug hth e flam e ionizatio ndetector . Betwee n analyses , th e strippe r colum ni s backflushe d t o prepar e i t fo r th e subsequen t analysis . Hydrocarbo nconcentration s correcte d fo r methan e ar e determine d bysubtractin g th e methan e valu e fro m th e tota l hydrocarbo nvalue . (b ) Applicability—Th e metho d i s applicabl e t o th e semicontinuou s measuremen t o f hydrocarbons , methane , an d carbo nmonoxid e i n ambien t ai r an d i ngra bsample s fro memissio nsources . (29 ) Federa l Register , 36(228) , Novembe r 25 , 1971 . 5 6P.7 2 

# I (2 ) Apparatus —

Th e instrumen t wa s designe d an d assemble d byMonsant o Researc h Corporatio npersonne l usin g desig n criteri a tha t me t Federa l EP Aspecifications . Anothe r mode l i nthi s serie s wa s teste d an d foun d acceptabl e byth e Federa l EP Aa t Researc hTriangl e Park , Nort hCarolina . (3 ) Calibration — Th e instrumen t i s calibrate d wit ha serie s o f methan e an d carbo n monoxid e standard s prepare d i nsyntheti c ai r byScot t Researc h Labs . Th e value s o f instrumen t respons e vs . concentratio no f th e standar d ga s sample s ar e plotted . (4 ) Procedure — Th e sampl e i s introduce d int o th e syste munde r th e sam e condition s o f pressur e an d flo wrate s a s ar e use d i ncalibration . Mathemat

ica l correction s ca nb e mad e a s neede d fo r sampl e pressur e differ

ence s (particularl ywhe nanalyzin g glas s ga s samplin g tubes ) by incorporatin g suitabl e pressure-volum e relationship s base d o n th e idea l ga s law . (5 ) Calculations — Concentration s o f tota l hydrocarbon s (a s methan e equivalents) , methane , an d carbo n monoxid e ar e determine d directl yfro mth e calibratio ncurves . N o calculation s ar e necessary , unles s sample

standar d pressur e difference s requir e correction s [se e (4 ) above] . Th e concentration s o f hydrocarbon s correcte d fo r methan e i s obtaine d bysubtractin g th e methan e concentration s fro mth e tota l hydrocarbo nconcentratio n(a s CH^) . c . Analysi s o f Sulfu r Severa l method s fo r sulfu r analysi s wer e attempted . Flam e photo

metri c an d ga s chromatographi c analyse s di d no t indicat e substan

tia l level s o f an ysulfu r compound s eve nupo nheatin g o f th e sampl e flask . Th e lowe r leve l o f detectio nwa s 0. 1 ppm . Avariet yo f othe r procedure s wa s als o briefl yinvestigated . 4 . SAMPLIN GGUIDELINE S AN D DAT ASHEET S Guideline s an d samplin g dat a sheet s use d byfiel d samplin g team s fo r ope nsource s ar e show ni nTable s D-l , D-2 , an d D-3 , an d Figur e D-l .

5 7P.7 3

TABL E D-l . OPE NSOURCE S SAMPLINGGUIDELINE S 1 . Determin e predicte d wind directio nand spee d a . U.S . Weathe r Burea u b . Fiel d estimat e 2 . Determin e atmospheri c stabilit yclas s expecte d - se e Tabl e o nworksheet , (Figur e D-l) . 3 . Locat e position s o f sampler s around source . Us e guideline s fo r downwind distanc e (Tabl e D-2) . 4 . Plac e upwind sample r (background ) an d star t sampling . 5 . Plac e wind instrumen t an d downwind sampler s fo r sourc e monitoring . 6 . Wind directio nan d spee d monitore d every1 5 minutes , stabilit yclas s every2- 3 hours , not e tim e sample r flo w rate s wer e checke d a t firs t 1/ 2 hou r an d the n every1-1/ 2 hours . I f wind directio ni s of f centerlin e b ymor e tha n 0.7 8 rad (45° ) i ntw o consecutiv e readings , stop sampler s unti l directio nreturn s withi n0.7 8 rad (45° ) fo r 1 5 minutes . 7 . Sampling complete d i nminimu msampling time determine d b y projec t leader .

5 8_ 3

_ !

TABL E D- 2 PLACEMENT O F SAMPLE S DOWNWIND O F OBSTRUCTION S

v o Bot hth e ope nsourc e heigh t an d th e obstruction s mus t mee t th e require d minimumdistanc e criteria . 1 . 2 . 3 . Stabilit yclas s i s determine d fromcloud cover , wind speed , and time o f day . Th e heigh t o f obstructio no r sourc e equal s H .

Stabilit y Clas s A B C D E Othe r classe s Minimu mdistanc e downwind fromobstructio npea k

5 H 7 H 10 H 17 H 25H a Canno t b e don e Require s a nadditiona l sample r a t leas t 15 H downwind fo r backup .TABL E D-3 . FUGITIVE DUS T SAMPLE RAND METEOROLOGICAL DATALO G

o Time (2 4 hr . clock )

Total s Averag e Tota l e l Wind

Spee d Directio n mp h avg .

apse d rang e

time Compas s

degree s avg . rang e S l

Rot o cf m Ac t cfm S 2 Rot o cf m Ac t cf m Dat e

S 3 Rot o cf m Ac t cf m Run

S 4 Rot o cf m Ac t cf m Pag e

Othe r comment s

Sampling cre wP.7 6



# I © - 

# T

sourc e 

# TM1^ - - 

# — 1 

# I T © © 

# I d © B *«~ C 

# T

referenc e lin e sample r centerlin e A B C D E P ft . (measured )

ft . " ft . " ft . " ft . " ft

- (estimated ) ft . " actua l dr ybul b wet.bul b Ru nNo . DAT E barometri c pressur e O p

O p "H e

O p O p ATMOSPHERI C STABILIT YDETERMINATIO N

TIM E I I I I £ C M m-t-m .•*-m a-mmm IX« m ---

stwiitt r 'rn t

• • • ..orl. .

STABILIT Y

COMMENTS : Sample r S Filte r No ,

Brink s sample r locate d nex t t o S ' win d instrumen t i s behin d S , obtai nsampl e o f sourc e befor e signin g shee t Samplin g cre w

Figur e D-l . Fugitiv e dus t sampling worksheet . 6 1P.7 7

APPENDI XE COMPUTATIONO F COMBINE D ERROR S Th e valu e o f emissio nrate , Q , i s determine d i nth e fiel d b y applicatio no f Gaussia n dispersio nequation s t o th e concentration s obtaine d a t hig hvolum e samplers . Thes e emissio nvalue s hav e a standar d deviatio nwhic hi s a functio n o f th e standar d deviatio n o f th e variables . Th e emissio nrat e i s calculate d usin g Turner' s (14 ) estimate s o f atmospheri c dispersio nfromambien t measuremen t o f X . I n suc hestimates , ther e i s a nerro r du e t o inconsisten t airflo wrate s an

d ther e ar e error s i ntim e measurement s an d weigh

ing whic har e par t o f th e emissio nerror . Th e value s o f atmospheri c stabilit ya s reflecte d b yth e standar d deviation s (a ) i nth e horizonta l and vertica l plane s ar e vali d fo r a sampling time o f 1 0 minutes . Th e vertica l deviatio n i s expecte d (14 ) t o b e correc t withi na facto r o f 2 for : 1 ) al l stabilitie s ou t t o a fe whundre d meters , an d 2 ) neutra l t o moder

atel yunstabl e condition s i nth e lowe r 1,00 0 meter s o f th e atmos pher e wit ha marke d inversio nabov e fo r distance s ou t t o 1 0 kilom

eter s o r more . Sinc e al l sampling wa s performe d withi na fe w hundre d meter s o f th e coa l pile , thes e condition s wer e met . Th e estimat e o f horizonta l dispersion , a y , wil l b e les s uncertai ntha n tha t o f o z . Th e emissio ndetermine d wil l therefor e b e (for th e thre e case s cited ) withi na facto r o f 3 fo r variation s o f a v , o z an d u (14) . Hence , th e overal l standar d deviatio ni ndeterminin g emissio n rat e ca nb e estimate d a s follows : 

### a = yjio^2 

### + (a 2 

### ) 2 

### (E-1 ) wher e a j = estimate d populatio nstandar d deviatio nfrom

sampling fo r X Oi- additiona l standar d deviatio ni ncalculatio no f Q fromX Afacto r o f 3 i s define d a s follows : 

## JrHf - - 3 ( E 

## -2) wher e X= an

yaverag e valu e calculate d o r measured .

6 2.rmmt "~m



## '" 1

• r "____ l j , •

>-*-.' • 

# 1

f'"f^m

i •

i -^ B

/^ B 

## 'i f

) . H 

# ( I

'-y Fro mEquatio n

implie s
Exampl e 1

an d

Hence ,

an d

Exampl e 2

an d

Hence ,

the n 

# x .

-

E-2 , a facto r o f thre e i nth e calculatio no f Q

a 2 = 0.5X . (E-2 )

X= 6. 4 mg/kg-y r
oi- 2. 9 mg/kg-y r

o 2 - 0. 5 (6.4 ) = 3. 2 mg/kg-y r

o = yj(2.9) 2 + (3.2 ) 2 = 4. 3 mg/kg-y r

X= 33 6 mg/kg-y r

Oi= 20 0 mg/kg-y r

a 2 = 0. 5 (336 ) =16 8 mg/kg-y r

a = -^(200 ) 2 + (168 ) 2 = 26 1 mg/kg-y r

6 3 P.7 8

•P.7 9

APPENDI XF DETERMINATIONO F DISTANC E T O PLANT BOUNDARYAND POPULATIONDENSITYFO RREPRESENTATIVE COAL STORAG E PIL E Asurve ywa s conducte d o f th e same 1 2 site s use d t o determin e pil e heigh t (Appendi xC) . Thes e site s wer e originall yselecte d a t randomand cove r th e spectru mo f coa l storag e user s a s show ni n Tabl e F-1 . Value s whic har e thre e standar d deviation s beyond th e mea nwer e discarde d t o achiev e th e mean s presented . Sinc e thi s woul d normall ybia s th e results ; deviation s wer e discarde d i n pair s ( a highan

d a low) . TABL E F-1 . DISTANC E T O PLANT BOUNDARYAND POPULATIONDENSITY

FORREPRESENTATIVE COAL STORAG E PIL E

Sit e 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 Mea n(biased ) Standar d deviatio n Mea n (metri c units ) Coa l pil e size , ton s 3,00 0 73,00 0 63,70 0 42,00 0 461,00 0 280,00 0 11,00 0 50,00 0 584,00 0 45,00 0 4,00 0 3,00 0 135,00 0 198,00 0 12 2 x10 3 metri c ton s Distanc e t o boundary , f t 44 0 15 0 20 0 5 0 50 0 30 0 5 0 80 0 2,60 0 15 0 1 0 17 5 28 8 23 6 8 6 m Populatio n

density , persons/mile 2 5 2 1,06 0 6 3 5 8 3 1 1 0 6 8 41 7 4 2 7 8 4 15 5 30 6 6 1 persons/km 2



### 6 4P.8 0



# f l

APPENDI XG ANALYSI S O F COAL STORAG E PILE S FOR POLYCYCLI C ORGANI C MATERIAL S
Tw o sample s fromcoa l storag e pile s wer e selecte d fo r analysi s o f polycycli c organi c material s (POM ' ) b ychemica l ionizatio nmas s spectroscopy . Th e result s ar e show ni nTabl e G-1 . Th e firs t sampl e wa s froma coa l storag e pil e a t anope npi t min e wher e th e coa l had bee nage d fo r abou t 1 0 day s a t th e most . Th e coa l sea m wher e thi s coa l originate d i s typica l o f wester nsubbituminou s coal , Th e second sampl e i s fromanIndian a coa l sea m an d i s typica l o f interio r regio nbituminou s coal . Thi s sampl e had age d fo r approx imatel y6 0 day s an d show s measurabl e quantitie s o f benzo(c)phenan

threne , benzo(a)pyren e an d 3-methylcholanthrene . FromAppendi xAth e averag e emissio nrat e i s 1 9 mg/ s from coa l storag e piles . Taking anorde r o f magnitud e ris e i na POMconcen tratio n(t o accoun t fo r unknowns ) t o 5 yg/ g o f coal , th e emissio n rat e (Q ) fo r POM' s woul d b e 0.009 5 yg/s . Severit yi s calculate d using th e noncriteri a formul a develope d i nAppendi xH show na s follows :

c = 31 6 Q (TLV ) D l • 81 4 KK3 ±) Fo r th e POMcalculation , th e minimu mrepresentativ e distanc e (D ) i s 8 3 m an d th e TL

V ,is 1 yg/m 3

. Thus , th e severit yi s 0.009 9 fo r a representativ e coa l pil e whic hi s tw o order s o f magnitud e belo w th e severit yfo r coa l dust .

6 5P.8 1

TABL E G-1 . ANALYSI S O F COAL SAMPLE S EXTRACTE D WIT H PENTAN E

FO RSELECTE D POLYCYCLI C ORGANI C MATERIAL S (POM'S ) B YCHEMICAL IONIZATIONMAS S SPECTROSCOP Y

Polycycli c organi c materia l Benzo(c)phenanthren e 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracen e Benzoi(a ) pyren e 3-Methylcholanthren e Dibenz(a,h)anthracen e Dibenzo(c,g)carbazol e Dibenzo(a,h)pyren e Dibenzo(a,i)pyren e Concentration , ppm (w/w ) Ope npi t min e Indian a coa l storag e coa l storag e ND (<0.2 ) ND (<0.2 ) ^0. 2 <0. 2 ND (<0.2 ) ND (<0.2 ) ND(<2 ) ND(<2 ) 0. 5 ± 0. 1

<0. 2 0. 3 ± 0. 1 0. 4 ± 0. 1 ND (<0.2 ) ND (<0.2 ) ND (<2 ) ND (<2 )
N o signa l wa s detecte d fo r th e molecula r weigh t plu s on e atomi c mass : uni t ion s o f thes e compound s a t thei r respectiv e retentio n times . Unidentifie d peak s whic helute d prio r t o th e appearanc e o f th e firs t polycycli c organi c compound liste d abov e wer e presen t i n thi s sample .



### 6 6P.8 2

APPENDI XH DERIVATIONO F SOURC E SEVERITYEQUATION S 1 . SUMMARYO F MAXIMUMSEVERITYEQUATION S Th e maximumseverit yo f pollutant s ma yb e calculate d usin g th e mas s emissio nrate , Q , th e heigh t o f th e emissions , h , o r th e distanc e fromth e sourc e t o th e neares t plan t boundary , D , an d th e threshol d limi t value , TLV . Th e equation s summarize d i nTabl e H- l ar e develope d i ndetai l i nthi s appendix . 2 . DERIVATIONO F xFO RUS E WIT H U.S . AVERAG E CONDITION S ma x Th e mos t widel yaccepte d formul a fo r predictin g downwind ground leve l concentration s from a poin t sourc e i s (14) ;



# - „[ 4

# (j-J].,. [.j ( X= ^ . . expl- ^ fi- ) | ex p l-if^ ] | (H-l )

wher e X= downwind ground leve l concentratio na t referenc e co ordinat e xan

d ywit hemissio nheigh t o f h , g/m 3 Q = mas s emissio nrate , g/ s a y= standar d deviatio no f horizonta l dispersio n a z = standar d deviatio no f vertica l dispersio n u = wind speed , m/ s y= horizonta l distanc e fromcenterlin e o f dispersion , m h= heigh t o f emissio nrelease , m x= downwind dispersio ndistanc e fromsourc e o f emissio n release , m u = 3.141 6



### 6 7P.8 3

TABL E H-l . POLLUTANT SEVERITYEQUATION S Pollutan t Severit yequatio n Fo r elevate d sources : Particulat e
SO . NO Hydrocarbon s Carbo nmonoxid e Othe r Fo r ground leve l source s Particulat e
SO . x NOx Hydrocarbon s Carbo nmonoxid e 7 0 Q h 2 5 0 Q h 2 31 5 Q h 2 . l 16 2 Q h 2 0.7 8 Q h 2 5. 5 Q TL V • h 2 4,02 0 Q
D 1.8 1 2,87 0 Q

D 1.8 1 22,20 0 Q

D 1.9 0 9,34 0 Q
D 1.8 1 44. 8 Q nl-8 1 Othe r 31 6 Q TLV ,1.8 1

6 8P.8 4 

# 1 W e assume tha t X m a xoccur s whe nx>> 0 an d y= 0 . Fo r a give n stabilit yclass , standar d deviation s o f horizonta l an d vertica l dispersio nhav e ofte nbee nexpresse d a s a functio no f downwind distanc e b

ypowe r lawrelationship s a s follow s (30) :



## ° y 

## = a x a „ = c x+ f z (H-2 ) (H-3 ) Value s fo r a , b , c , d an d f ar e give ni nTable s H- 2 an d H- 3 (31) . Substituting thes e genera l equation s int o Equatio nH- l yields :

x= 

### B+d

- Tb ex 

### P aciru x+ affufx 

### [ 2(cx d

### + f) 2 

### J (H-4 ) Assumin g tha t X ma xoccur s a t x<10 0 mo r the . stabilit yclas s i s C , the nf = 0 an

d Equatio nH- 4 becomes :

aciru x b+ d ex p 

## L_dsL_ l

[2c 2 

### x 2d



### _ (H-5 )

Fo r convenience , let : 

### A R

### = -0

- and B R

### = zH i acir u 2c 2

s o tha t Equatio n H- 5 reduce s to : X= A R x" (b+d ) ex

p

# U 2 d 

# J (H-6 )

(30 ) Martin , D . 0. , and J . A . Tikvart . AGenera l Atmospheri c Dif

fusio nMode l fo r Estimating the Effect s o nAi r Qualit yo f On e o r Mor e Sources . Presente d a t the 61s t Annua l Meetin g o f th e Ai r Pollutio nContro l Association , St . Paul , Minnesota , Jun e 23-27 , 1968 . 1 8 pp . (31 ) Tadmor , J. , an d Y . Gur . Analytica l Expression s fo r the Vertica l an

d Latera l Dispersio nCoefficient s i n Atmospheri c Diffusion . Atmospheri c Environment , 3 (6 ) : 688-689 , 1969 . 6 9

V.m/P.8 5

TABL E H-2 . VALUE S O F a FO RTH E COMPUTATION

O F o„ a (31 ) Stabilit y A B C D E F clas s a

0.365 8 0.275 1 0.208 9 0.147 1 0.104 6 0.072 2 Fo r th e equatio n o y- ax b wher e x= downwin d distanc e

b- 0.903 1 TABL E H-3 . VALUE S O F TH E CONSTANT S USE D T O

ESTIMAT E VERTICA L DISPERSION 3 (31 ) Stabilit y Usabl e range , mclas s Coefficien t c i d i f i >1,00 0 A0.0002 4 2.09 4 -9. 6 B C D E F 0.05 5

0.11 3 1.2 6 6.7 3 18.0 5 1.09 8

0.91 1 0.51 6 0.30 5 0.1 8 2. 0

0. 0 -1 3 -3 4 -48. 6 C 2 d j f 2 10 0 t o 1,00 0 A0.001 5 1.94 1 9.2 7

<10 0

,Fo r th e equatio n B C D E F

A B C D E F

° z = 0.02 8

0.11 3 0.22 2 0.21 1 0.08 6 C 3 0.19 2 0.15 6 0.11 6 0.07 9 0.06 3 0.05 3

d __ . * c x+ f 1.14 9

0.91 1 0.72 5 0.67 8 0.7 4 d 3 0.93 6 0.92 2 0.90 5 0.88 1 0.87 1 0.81 4 3. 3

0. 0 -1. 7 -1. 3 -0.3 5



### 7 0P.8 6



# I Taking th e firs t derivativ e o f Equatio nH- 6 

# a i• A 

# R|*~ b 

# " d

# (-p [v ia 

# 3)(- 2d 

# V 2d 

# -' )

+ exp[B R x- 2d ] (-b-d)x-b-d-i j {H

_ 7 )

an d setting thi s equa l t o zer o (t o determin e th e root s whic hgiv e th e minimu

man d maximu

mcondition s o f xwit hrespec t t o x ) yields : £ - 0 - A R x-b-d- ' (ex p [B RX -2<3 ] ) [-2dB Rx-^- b . d ] (H . 8 , Sinc e w e defin e tha t x/ 0 o r » a t X_„ av , th e following expressio n mus t b e equa l t o 0 : ma x

-2dB R x- 2d -d- b= 0 (

o r (b+d)x 2 d= -2dB (b+d)x : (H-10 )

o r 2 d- -2dB R_2 d h 2

o r b+ d 2c 2 (b+d ) • (H-ll )

- 2 d= d h 2 ~c 2 (b + d ) (H " 12 >
v- / d h 2 \2

d ^ o r x- a t x \c 2 (b+d) / ma x(H-13 ) Thu s Equation s H- 2 an d H- 3 become :

* \c 2 (d+b ) '

7 1P.8 7



## a = c j dh 

## ' 2 d

## =l±l£.) 2 

## (H-15 ) z \c 2 (b+d) / \b+ d / Th e maximu

mwil l b e determine d fo r U.S . averag e condition s o f stability . Accordin g t o Giffor d (32) , thi s i s whe na = a . yz Sinc e b= 0.9031 , an d upo ninspectio no f Tabl e H- 2 (31 ) unde r U.S . averag e conditions , a y= a z , i t ca nb e see ntha t 0.88 1 < d £ 0.90 5 (clas s C stability 3 ) . Thus , i t ca nb e assume d tha t bi s nearl y equa l t o d or : < ? = —(H-16 ) z / 2 an d 

### o = * - - £ (H-17 ) y 

## c / I Unde r U.S . averag e conditions , a y= a z an d a = c i f b= d an d f = 0 (betwee nclas s C an d D , bu t close r t o belongin g i nclas s C) . The n% = - Z (H-18 ) / 2 Substitutin g fo r a yan d a z int o Equatio nH- l an d letting y= 0 : 2 Q T l/h/2\ 2 (H-19 )
o r X = 2 Q (H-20 ) ma x. o ireuh z
Th e value s give ni nTabl e H- 3 ar e mea nvalue s fo r stabilit y class . Clas s C stabilit ydescribe s thes e coefficient s an d exponents , onl ywithi nabou t a facto r o f tw o (14) . (32 ) Gifford , F . A. , Jr . AnOutlin e o f Theorie s o f Diffusio ni n th e Lowe r Layer s o f th e Atmosphere . In : Meteorologyan d Atomi c Energ

y1968 , Chapte r 3 , D . A . Slade , ed . Publicatio n No . TID-24190 , U.S . Atomi c Energ yCommissio nTechnica l Infor

matio nCenter , Oak Ridge , Tennessee , Jul y1968 . p . 113 . 7 2P.8 8 

# 1

I Fo r ground leve l source s ( h= 0) , X m a xoccur s b ydefinitio na t th e neares t plan t boundaryo r publi c access . Sinc e thi s occur s whe n y= 0 , Equatio nH- l becomes : X- —(H-21 ) ATT O a u yz Fromth e foregoing analysi s o f U.S . averag e conditions , clas s C stabilit ycoefficient s ar e th e bes t firs t approximation s t o U.S . averag e condition s whe na = a . B yletting D equa l th e distanc e t o th e occurrenc e o f X m a x(se e Table s H- 2 an

d H-3) , a= 0.20 9 D 0

- 903 1 (H-22 )

a z = 0.11 3 D 0

- 91 1 (H-23 ) Thus , Xmax 1 S determine d a s follows :

Xma x" 42

- 3 6 ° <H-24 )

TTU D i • ° 1 4 I t wil l b e noted.tha t Equation s H-2 4 an d H-2 0 ar e identica l wit h th e algebrai c substitutio no f h 2 = 0.0173 7 D 1 > 8 l k (H-25 ) Fo r U.S . averag e condition s u = 4.4 7 m/ s s o tha t Equatio nH-2 0 reduce s to :

X= °- 052 4 Q (H-26 ) ma x h 2 3 . DEVELOPMENT O F MAXIMUMSOURC E SEVERITY Th e genera l sourc e severity , S , relationshi p ha s bee ndefine d a s follows :

• S = £ (H-27 ) wher e x= mea nambien t concentratio n

F = severit yfacto r

7 3a . Noncriteri a Emission s

Th e valu e o f xmayb e derive d fromX max , a n undefine d "shor t term " concentration . An approximatio nfo r longe r termconcentratio nmay b e mad e a s follow s (14) : Fo r a 2 4 hou r time period , t \ 0

- 1 7 ma x \ ^ma xV t

_/ \ J J / o r 

### X l = X m a v

### HF M(H" 28 

### ) 

# ( 3 mi n\ 1,44 0 miny 0* . 1 7 x . - x ma x( . _;-,„;„ ) (H-29) \ m"max (0

- 35 ' (H

3 0 ) Sinc e th e severit yfacto r i s define d an d derive d fromTL

V value s a s follows : 

## •WVioo )

F= (TLV ) I^AlTJoj (H 

## " 31 )

. F = (3.3 3 x10 -3 ) TL V (H-32 ) the nth e severit yfactor , S , i s define d as :

Q X X(0>35)x ma x S = —= —{H _ 3 3 ) F (3.3 3 x1 0 3 ) TLV 10 5 x S = TLV m a X(H-34 ) I f a weekl yaveraging perio d i s used , then : 0.1 7 X 2 = X

### ma xf10,08 0 J (H-35 ) o r X 2 = (°- 25 )x ma x(H-36 ) 7 4P.9 0 &

an

d F

# - <TM

> (IHXIW ) (H



# - 37 ) F = (2.3 8 x10" 3 )TLV (H-38 ) an d th e severit yfactor , S , is : 

### X(°- 2 5 

### > x m a 

### „ S = =± = —(H-39 ) F (2.3 8 x10~ 3 ) TLV o r 105 x 

### s 

# - -rar * (H



# - 40) whic hi s entirel yconsistent , sinc e th e TLV i s bein g correcte d fo r a differen t exposur e period . Therefore , th e severit yca nb e derive d fromX m a xdirectl ywithou t regar d t o averagin g time fo r non-criteri a emissions . Thus , combinin g Equation s H-4 0 an d H-26 , fo r elevate d source , gives : 

## s 

# - kthh <H



# - 41 )

b . Criteri a Emission s Fo r th e criteri a pollutants , establishe d standard s mayb e use d a s F value s i nEquatio nH-27 . Thes e ar e give ni nTabl e H-4 . However , Equatio nH-2 8 mus t b e use d t o giv e th e appropriat e averaging period . Thes e equation s ar e develope d fo r elevate d source s usin q Equatio nH- 2 6 . (1 ) C O Severity — Th e primarystandar d fo r C O i s reporte d fo r a 1-h r averaging time ; therefore , t = 6 0 mi n t = 3 mi n ma x 

# (4)°- 17 xma x xma x' *n I

(H-42 )

7 5P.9 1

TABL E H-4 . SUMMAR YO P NATIONAL AMBIEN T AI R QUALIT YSTANDARD S (33 )
Pollutan t Particulat e matte r

S O x

Carbo n monoxid e Nitroge n dioxid e Photochemica l oxidant s Hydrocarbon s (nonmethane ) Averagin g tim e Annua l (geometri c mean) 24-hour b Annua l (arith meti c mean) 24-hour b 3-hour b 8-hour l-hour b Annua l (arith meti c mean) l-hour b 3-hour ( 6 a.m . t o 9 a.m. ) Primary standard s 7 5 26 0 8 0 36 5 1 0 40,00 0 10 0 16 0 16 0 ug/m3 ug/m3 ug/m 3 ug/m 3

- mg/m 3 ug/m 3 ug/m 3 ug/m 3 ug/m3 Secondary

standard s 60 aug/m 3 16 0 ug/m 3 t o ug/m 3 260 c ug/m 3 1,30 0 ug/m 3

(Sam e a s primary ) (Sam e a s primary ) (Sam e a s primary ) (Sam e a s primary ) Th e secondary

annua l standard(6 0 ug/m 3 ) i s a guid e for assess in gimplementatio nplan s t o achieve the 24-hour secondary standard . No t t o be exceede dmor e thanonc e pe r year . Th e secondary

annua l standar d(26 0 ug/m 3 ) i s a guid e for assessingimplementationplan s t o achieve the annua l standard .

= 2Q/

3\ °- 1 7 ireuh 2\6 0

_2_ Q , n fi v " (3.14 ) (2.72 ) (4.5 ) h * KKJ ' t3>

=0^52_ Q {Q6)

_(3.1 2x1Q- 3 ) Q max Severity , S , =h 2



### x max (H-43 ) (H-44 ) (H-45 ) (H-46 ) (H-47 ) Settin g Fequa lt o th eprimar ystandar dfo r CO , i.e. , 0.0 4 g/m 3 yield s : S = x ma x_(3.1 2x10" 2 ) Q 0.0 4 h ^ (H-48 )

o r C O 0.7 8 Q h2~" ' (H-49 ) (33 ) Cod eo f

Federa lRegulations , Titl e4 2- Publi c Health , Chapte r IV- Environmenta lProtectio nAgency , Par t 41 0- Nationa lPrimar yan dSecondar yAmbien t Ai r Qualit yStandards , Apri l28 , 1971 . 1 6 pp . 7 6P.9 2 

# I i 1 I 

# I x- x{-2-\ *max*max-V18 0 J (2 ) Hydrocarbo nSeverity— Th e primarystandar d fo r hydrocarbo ni s reporte d fo r a 3-h r aver agin g time . t = 18 0 mi n t__v= 3 mi n ma x 0-1 7

= 0 ' 5x ma x (0.5 ) (0.052 ) Q (H-50 ) (H-51 ) (H-52 ) h 2 0.02 6 Q x ma x~ '

( H~ 53 )
Fo r hydrocarbons , F = 1. 6 x10' 1 * g/m 3 an d

s = W = 0.02 6 Q (R

_ 5 4 ) * 1. 6 xlO-^h 2

o r S = 162 > 5 Q H C . 2 (H-55 ) (3 ) Particulat e Severity — Th e primarystandar d fo r particulat e i s reporte d fo r a 24-hr aver agin g time . \l,44o ) 0-1 7 xma x = xma xiT~TTK) (H-56 )

= (0-052 ) Q (Q.3_5)

_(H-57 )

h 2 

# w- (0 

# -°" 2 )

# °

h z

7 7P.9 3

Fo r particulates , F = 2. 6 xIO" 4 g/m 3

s = xmax = 0-018 2 Q (H-59 )

F 2. 6 xIO" 4 h 2 S B = ^-°

- (H-60 ) P h 2 (4 ) S O Severity— The'primarystandar d fo r S O i s reporte d fo r a 24-hr averagin g time .

- o (0-0182 ) Q ( ma x h 2 Th e primarystandar d i s 3.6 5 x10 - 4 g/m 3 an d S = ^ £ - (0.0182) 0 (H-62 ) F 3.6 5 xIO" 4 h 2 o r 5 0 Q s 

## s o- —f

(H 

## 63 ) xh' ' (5 ) N O Severity — Sinc e NO xha s a primarystandar d wit ha 1-y r averagin g time , th e Xmaxcorrectio nequatio ncanno t b e used . A s a nalternative , th e following equatio nwa s selected : 

# [-»ft ) 1 x = i 

### ^ui r

ex 

### Pl- ^( M l< H



### - 6 4 

### > Adifficult yarises , however , becaus e a distanc e x , fromemissio n poin t t o receptor , i s include d an d hence , th e followin g rational e i s used : 2 0 Th e equatio nx.- Y= —

ma x. 9 ueuh' '
7 8P.9 4

i s vali d fo r neutra l condition s o r whe na = o„ « This : .maximu m occur s whe n y h=/2 a z b a = ax z the nthe . distanc e xwher e th e maximumconcentratio noccur s is : IUci X 

# i 1 1
S an

d since , unde r thes e conditions , 

# I I I I 

# I I I

<.*.. . 

# I I

| 

# I I I I 1 

### x= /Jl_ \ b ma x. - I \/2 a / Fo r clas s C conditions , a = 0.11 3 b= 0.91 1 Simplifying Equatio nH-64 , sinc e a = 0.11 3 x0*91 1 z ma x an d u = 4. 5 m/ s Lettin g x= xi n Equatio nH-64 , ^ ma x 

# [

•»« )

# 1 * = x1.91 1 SX PI " TfTT M I(H-65 ) ma x h L09 8 X ma x =0TT6

- (H " 6 6 > X ma x= 7 ' 5 hl * ° 9 8(H" 6 7 ) 4 Q
_4 Q a n d~ n m" ( 7 5 ^1.098)1.91 1 < H

- 6 8 > x ma xU. D n;



# •[•»W 1 - _ 0.08 5 Q , _,.., , X" h 2 . l 6XP I " 2I " ) I(H-69 )

° z= 0.113x0^1 1 (H . 7 0 )

7 9

UP.9 5

a= 0.11 3 (7. 5 hl-l)0.9 U(H-71 ) z
a= 0.7 1 h(H-72 )

z Therefor e 

# '•[

" * (oTTn; ) ] - . . O^^ a e 

## ^|

- 1 /UL_ ^ | (H-73 )

= °- 0 8 5 Q (0.371 ) (H-74 ) h 2. l 3.1 5 x1 0 2 Q X= • — ;

h 2

- 1 (H-75 ) Sinc e th e N O standar d i s 1. 0 x10~ 4 g/m 3 ; th e N O severit yequa - • « X tio n is : (3.1 5 xIO" 2 ) Q S = ^• 3 '

x- 3 x -i-v -) \_(H-76 ) N O , - n -f. x1 x1 0 H

S N 0 = 31 5 Q (H-77 ) xK2. 1

8 0P.9 6 

# 1 i i i i i i 

# I l I i 

# i i 

# I

| | 

# I GLOSSARY

activ e coa l pile : aggregate s o f bituminou s o r subbituminou s coa l store d withou t an

ycoating t o preven t oxidation . asphyxia : los s o f consciousnes s a s a resul t o f to o littl e oxyge n an d to o muc hcarbo ndioxid e i nth e blood . atmospheri c stabilit yclass : categorie s use d t o describ e th e tur bulen t structur e an d wind spee d o f th e atmosphere . avalanching : th e continuou s depositio nan d resuspensio no f loos e soi l particle s blowin g acros s a field . background level : concentratio no f pollutant s i nth e ai r prio r t o th e additio n o f pollutant s fromth e sourc e o f interest . Brink samples : particl e siz e distribute d sample s o f particulate . calibrating orific e assembly : a uni t connecte d t o th e inle t o f a highvolum e sample r fo r calibration . catalyti c reductio ntube : a devic e use d fo r conversio no f carbo n monoxid e t o methan e vi a a nicke l catalys t fo r detectio nb y flame ionizatio n chromatography . chemica l ionizatio nmas s spectroscopy : metho d o f chemica l analysi s i nwhic hion s ar e passe d i na vacuu mfirs t throughanacceler

ating electri c fiel d an d the nthrougha strong magneti c field . chromatographi c column : long tub e packe d permeabl ywit hsome absorben t fo r separating component s o f mixtures . clum p detachment : bul k dispersa l o f particl e deposit s froma dus t pil e i na wind tunnel . coa l ta r derivatives : black , viscou s liquid s obtaine d fromth e destructiv e distillatio no f coal . coa l erodibility : capacit yo f coa l fo r disintegration . cohesiv e deposits : dus t pile s o f coa l wit ha particl e siz e rang e o f 6 y mt o 8 ym .

8 1composit e TLV : threshol d limi t valu e o f a compound base d o nth e

concentration s an

d threshol d limi t value s o f eac ho f th e elements . confidenc e level : th e probabilit ytha t a rando mvariabl e lie s withi na specifie d rang e give na knowndistributio no f tha t variable . confidenc e limits : uppe r an d lowe r boundarie s o f value s tha t a randomvariabl e lie s betwee nwit ha specifi c probability . criteri a pollutant : pollutan t fo r whic hambien t ai r qualit ystand

ard s hav e bee ndefined . elevate d sources : source s wit ha poin t o f emissio nabov e ground level . emissio nburden : rati o o f emission s froma sourc e t o th e tota l emission s pe r stat e o r nation . emissio nfactor : emissio nrat e divide d b ycoa l storag e pil e capacity . entrainmen t rate : rat e o f materia l dispersa l froma dus t pile . flame ionizatio ndetector : devic e whic hmeasure s th e electrica l conductivit yo f a flame . flame photmetric : emissio no f radiatio n(photons ) b yanelemen t i na flame . free-flowing deposits : dus t bed s containin g particle s i nth e siz e rang e o f 10 0 y

mt o 15 0 ym . gros s particulate : th e entir e quantit yo f respirabl e particulate s considere d a s inert , nuisanc e particulates . hazar d factor : toxicit yo f a pollutan t correcte d fo r a 2 4 hr exposur e wit ha safet yfacto r o f 100 . impac t factor : a facto r whic hshow s th e relativ e environmenta l impac t o f emissio nsource s fo r us e i n assignin g prioritie s i n investigativ e work . implementatio n plans : procedure s fo r achievin g ambien t ai r qualit y standards . inactiv e coa l pile : coa l stockpil e coate d wit ha ta r derivativ e t o preven t oxidation . insolatio nclass : a categorizatio nfo r variou s level s o f incoming sola r radiation . 8 2P.9 8 Im

mas s coa l dust : respirabl e suspende d particulat e whic hi s foun d i n coa l mines , a s differentiate d fromambien t particulat e matter . noncriteri a pollutants : pollutant s fo r whic hambien t ai r qualit y standard s hav e no t bee nestablished . Nucleopore : a polycarbonat e filte r medium . ope nsources : , fugitiv e source s whic hd o no t hav e a definabl e poin t o f emissio nsuc ha s a stac k o r vent . pneumoconiosis : an yo f variou s disease d condition s o f th e lung characterize d b

yfibrou s hardenin g a s a resul t o f chroni c inhalatio n o f irritating dus t particles . quartz : a brilliant , crystallin e minera l a s silico ndioxide . radiatio nindex : a referenc e t o th e amoun t o f incoming su nray s tha t strik e th e earth' s surface . respirabl e range : al l o f thos e particulate s les s than7 y mi n diameter . sensitivit yanalysis : mathematica l techniqu e i nwhic hth e effec t o f on e paramete r i s observe d ove r a rang e o f possibl e value s whil e th e remainin g parameter s ar e kep t constant . spectrographi c analysis : stud yo f th e dispersa l o f ligh t int o a spectru mpassing througha medium . strippe r column : a colum ni nserie s wit hth e analytica l colum n whic hH 2 0 , C0 2 , an d hydrocarbon s (ex . CH^ ) ar e removed . Thornthwaite* s P- E index : a relationshi p expressin g th e amoun t o f precipitatio nan

d th e mea ntemperatur e i na give nregion . weathering : erosiv e effect s o f th e force s o f weathe r o na coa l pile . X-ra yfluorescence : analytica l techniqu e i nwhic hx-ray s ar e absorbe d dependin g upo nth e wavelengt han d th e material .

8 3 

### yP.9 9

TECHNICA L REPOR T DAT A (Please read

Instructions on the reverse before completing) 1 . REPOR TNO . EPA-600/2-78-004

k 3 . RECIPIENT S ACCESSIO N NO . 4 . TITL E AN O SUBTITL E 6 . REPOR TOAT E Ma y197 8 issuin g dat e SOURC EASSESSMENT : COA LSTORAG

EPILE S 6 . PERFORMIN G ORGANIZATIO N COD E

7 . AUTHOR(S ) T . R . Blackwoo d an d R . A . Wachte r 8 . PERFORMIN G ORGANIZATIO N REPOR TNO . MRC-DA-50 4 9 . PERFORMIN G ORGANIZATIO N NAM E AN O ADDRES S Monsant o Researc hCorporatio n 151 5 Nichola s Roa d Dayton , Ohi o 4540 7 10 . PROGRA M ELEMEN TNO . 1BB61 0 11 . CONTRACT/GRAN TNO . 

### 68-02-187 4 1 ? SPONSORIN G AGENC YNAM E AN O ADDRES S Industria

l Environmental Researc hLab-Cinn. , O

H Office o f Researc

han d Developmen

t U.S . Environmental Protectio nAgenc y Cincinnati , Ohio 4526 8 13 . TYP E O F REPOR TAN O PERIO O COVERE O Tas k Final , 5/74-9/7 5 14 . SPONSORIN G AGENCY . COO E EPA/600/1 ?
IS . SUPPLEMENTAR YNOTE S IERL-C i projec t lead 513/684-441 7 fo r thi s repor t i s JohnF . Martin , 16 . ABSTRAC T Thi s repor t describe s a stud yo f atmospheri c emission s fromcoa l storag e piles . Fugitiv e emission s o f dus t an d gase s ar e emitte d fromcoa l storag e piles . Th e averag e emissio nfacto r fo r respirabl e particulat e (< 7 ym ) i s 6. 4 mg/k g pe r annum ; thi s facto r describe s th e emissio nrat e 95 % o f th e time withi n108% . Fromth e distributio no f coa l piles , a representativ e pil e wa s selecte d containing 95,00 0 metri c ton s o f bituminou s coal . Th e emissio nrat e fromthi s pil e average s 1 9 mg/ s o r 61 0 kg/yr . I n orde r t o evaluat e th e potentia l environmenta l effec t o f coa l storag e piles , a severit yfacto r wa s define d a s th e rati o o f th e maximumground leve l con centratio no f a n emissio nt o th e ambien t ai r qualit ystandar d fo r criteri a pollutant s an

d t o a modifie d threshol d limi t valu e fo r othe r pollutants . Severit yfactor s fo r a representativ e coa l storag e pil e ar e 0.02 5 an d 1. 0 whe nth e emission s ar e treate d a s gros s particulat e and coa l dust , respec tively . Th e nationa l emissio nburde nfromal l coa l storag e pile s i s 0.00048 % o f tota l nationa l particulat e emissions . Th e amoun t o f coa l store d i s increasing a t th e rat e o f 3.8 % pe r yea r an d thi s wil l resul t i n a 25 % increas e i n emission s i n 197 8 compare d t o 1972 . Ai r pollutio ncon tro l technique s fo r coa l storag e pile s hav e no t bee ngenerall yestablishe d an d n o futur e contro l technique s ar e presentl yunde r consideratio n r 17 . KE YWORD S AN O OOCUMEN TANALYSI S DESCRIPTOR S Ai r Pollutio n Coa l Dus t Gase s b.lOENTIFIERS/OPE N ENOE O TERM S Ai r Pollutio nContro l StationarySource s Sourc e Severit y Particulate c . COSAT I Field/Grou p 68 A

18 . DISTRIBUTIO N STATEMEN T RELEAS E T O PUBLIC 19 . SECURIT YCLAS S (This Report/ UNCLASSIFIE

D 2 1 . NO . O F PAGE S

9 0 2 0 SECURIT YCLAS S (This page) UNCLASSIFIE

D 22 . PRIC E
EP AFor m 2220- 1 l»-7J ) 84 &U.J . GOVDMMOITnwnuieoniCI . 19n—7S7-MQ/68S 1