9487 REGENCY SQUARE BLVD. • JACKSONVILLE • FLORIDA • 32225 • 904.727.2200 

www.crowley.com 

December 4, 2009 

Docket Management Facility 

U.S. Department of Transportation 

West Building Ground Floor 

Room W12-140 

1200 New Jersey Avenue, S.E. 

Washington, D.C. 20590 

Re.: Standards for Living Organisms in Ships’ Ballast Water Discharged in U.S. Waters 

(Docket ID No. USCG–2001–10486)

Dear Sir or Madam: 

On behalf of Crowley Maritime Corporation (Crowley), thank you for the opportunity to comment 

on the notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) establishing standards for living organisms in 

ships’ ballast water discharged in U.S. waters. 

AWO is the national trade association for the inland and coastal tugboat, towboat and barge 

industry. AWO’s 300 member companies include the owners and operators of barges and 

towing vessels operating on the U.S. inland and intracoastal waterways; the Atlantic, Pacific, 

and Gulf coasts; and, the Great Lakes. Our industry’s 4,000 towing vessels and 27,000 barges 

comprise the largest segment of the U.S.-flag domestic fleet, both in number of vessels and onboard crew positions. Each year, the towing industry safely and efficiently moves more than 

800 million tons of cargo critical to the U.S. economy, such as coal, grain, petroleum products, 

chemicals, steel, aggregates and containers. Tugboats also provide essential services including 

shipdocking, tanker escort and bunkering in our nation’s ports and harbors. 

AWO members are proud to be part of an industry that is the safest and most fuel-efficient, and 

has the smallest carbon footprint, of any surface transportation mode. We are deeply committed 

to building on the natural advantages of marine transportation and leading the development of 

higher standards of marine safety and environmental protection. In 1994, AWO became the first 

transportation trade association to adopt a code of safe practice and environmental stewardship 

fort member companies. Today, compliance with the Responsible Carrier Program (RCP) is a 

condition of AWO membership, and members undergo independent third-party audits every 

three years to demonstrate their continued compliance. 
AWO is also a member of the Shipping Industry Ballast Water Coalition, an alliance of maritime 

trade associations that, together, represent over 90 percent of all vessels calling at U.S. ports, in 

both the domestic and international trades. The Coalition is committed to working with 

legislators, regulators and environmental groups to develop environmentally sound and 

economically practicable solutions to prevent the introduction and spread of invasive species in 

U.S. waters. 

This history and these organizational characteristics inform our view of the notice of proposed 

rulemaking. We seek to protect the marine environment in which our vessels operate, to 

provide a practicable regulatory framework that allows for the continued safe and efficient 

movement of essential maritime commerce, and to ensure that impracticable or overly 

burdensome regulations do not result in the diversion of cargo to other transportation modes 

that pose increased risks to safety and the environment. 

 

The Administration Should Support a Uniform National Standard for Ballast Water 

and Other Vessel Discharges

We note, first, the critical need for a uniform national standard for ballast water and other 

vessel discharges. The issuance of this NPRM is a stark reminder of the untenable state of 

affairs that currently exists with respect to the regulation of vessel discharges: the Coast Guard 

regulates ballast water under the National Invasive Species Act (NISA); the Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA) regulates ballast water and other vessel discharges under the Clean 

Water Act’s National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program; and, 

because neither NISA nor section 402 of the Clean Water Act preempts state regulation of 

ballast water and other vessel discharges, dozens of states have established their own regimes 

governing vessel discharges. This patchwork of federal and state authorities poses enormous 

difficulties for vessels operating in interstate commerce. (A barge tow traveling from Pittsburgh 

to New Orleans down the Ohio and Mississippi River systems, for example, travels through 11 

states, each of which is free to establish its own unique requirements for vessel discharges in its 

waters.) While it is sometimes suggested that better coordination among federal and state 

authorities to avoid conflicting standards is the solution to this problem, coordination alone is 

insufficient. Even if the various federal agencies and state authorities were to agree on a 

common discharge standard, for example, vessel owners would still be faced with the significant 

burden of complying with the multiplicity of administrative requirements (reporting, 

recordkeeping, inspections, training, etc.) imposed by the different statutory or regulatory 

authorities governing vessel discharges. 

The real solution is to establish a new, uniform statutory framework for the regulation of ballast 

water and other vessel discharges – one that provides for effective, environmentally protective 

standards based on sound science and is tailored to address the operational realities of mobile 

sources in interstate commerce. We urge the Administration to take a leadership role in 

working with Congress to bring about such a solution. 
The Rulemaking Record Does Not Support the Proposed Regulations

AWO is deeply disappointed that, even after the many years that this NPRM has been under 

development, the proposal is based on inaccurate assumptions and incomplete research that do 

not support the regulations as proposed. These deficiencies have led to a one-size-fits-all 

proposal that has not and cannot be justified in its application to barges and towing vessels in 

the U.S. domestic trade. 

First, the rulemaking record simply does not support the proposal that was published in the 

Federal Register. Egregiously, neither the Preliminary Regulatory Analysis nor the Draft 

Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (DPEIS) even discusses the two-tiered standard 

approach proposed in the NPRM. Throughout these documents, the proposed Phase I standard 

is referred to as the “preferred alternative,” and analysis and justification for this standard is 

provided. Neither the Phase II standard nor the idea of a two-phase approach to standard 

setting is even discussed in the regulatory analysis or DPEIS, much less analyzed for 

environmental benefit and economic feasibility. This glaring procedural defect suggests the 

troubling conclusion that the inclusion of the Phase II standard was a last-minute political 

decision that was not subjected to the thorough and dispassionate analysis that is 1) required 

by law and 2) the standard of care that the regulated public has a right to expect from 

government. We urge the Administration not to short-circuit the regulatory process and to 

ensure that all required procedural steps are undertaken as it proceeds toward the development 

of a final rule. 

Moreover, the NPRM is also based on numerous inaccurate assumptions about the affected 

vessel population and its operating characteristics. For example, the regulatory analysis states 

that vessels under 100 feet in length, vessels operating on rivers and tugboats towing astern 

generally do not carry ballast water. In fact, inland towboats of all sizes routinely carry ballast 

water to maintain trim as fuel is burned during a voyage; coastal tugboats carry ballast for trim 

and stability; and many barges, both inland and coastal, are ballasted for trim and stability, to 

ensure proper tow configuration, or to allow for better seakeeping when empty. An AWO 

member survey, which generated responses from 52 member companies (or about 20 percent 

of AWO’s carrier membership) identified more than 1,300 inland and coastal towing vessels and 

barges that carry ballast water in this small sample alone. The majority of these vessels have 

not been accounted for in the Coast Guard’s estimate of 2,600 U.S. vessels that would be 

affected by the notice of proposed rulemaking. 

The regulatory analysis also assumes that the proposed requirements would only affect vessels 

with the capacity to carry large volumes of ballast water (450,000 gallons and up) and flow 

rates of 1,100 gallons per minute or more. In fact, the proposed rule would affect vessels with 

much smaller capacity and much lower flow rates. A typical inland towboat has 20,000-40,000 

gallons of ballast water capacity; a typical coastal tug has 20,000-70,000 gallons. A small 

harbor tug might have a capacity of 2,000-3,000 gallons. While barges, especially oceangoing 

barges, have larger ballast capacities, the ballast capacity of many barges is still a fraction of 

that assumed in the regulatory analysis. Flow rates for barges and towing vessels discharging 

ballast water are also considerably less than those of other commercial vessels, ranging from 20 

to 250 gallons per minute. 
Ballast Water Treatment Should Not Be Required for Towing Vessels and Barges 

in the U.S. Domestic Trade

Without an accurate understanding of the affected vessel population and its characteristics, the 

Coast Guard cannot make a defensible assessment of the scientific basis for, cost and costbenefit of, and technical and operational feasibility of requiring ballast water treatment systems 

on a particular class of vessels. In fact, there is considerable evidence, or in some cases lack of 

evidence, to argue against the application of ballast water treatment requirements to towing 

vessels and barges in the U.S. domestic trade. 

First, the DPEIS provides no evidence to suggest that ballast water discharged by towing vessels 

or barges operating exclusively on the inland river system, or within the same coastal 

ecosystem, has contributed to the introduction or spread of invasive species in U.S. waters. 

When the Coast Guard instituted nationwide ballast water reporting requirements in 2004, the 

agency told AWO that one of the principal purposes of collecting this data was to map vessel 

movements and ballast water discharge patterns against invasive species flows. AWO was told 

that the Coast Guard would use this information to determine where ballast water discharges 

had contributed to the introduction or spread of invasive species and thus, where and on which 

classes of vessels ballast water treatment requirements would be justified. While the National 

Ballast Water Information Clearinghouse (NBIC) contains a wealth of data submitted by vessel 

owners over the past five years, we are aware of no effort by the Coast Guard to analyze the 

data to see what it suggests about the role of vessels, and particularly domestic vessels, in the 

introduction and spread of invasive species. We note, as well, that the National Invasive 

Species Act exempts from ballast water management requirements crude oil tankers in the U.S. 

coastwise trade, presumably because they pose no risk of introducing invasive species into U.S. 

waters. It would be patently unfair to subject domestic towing vessels and barges with much 

smaller volumes of ballast water capacity to a different standard. 

Second, AWO is not aware of any ballast water treatment system that has been approved, 

installed or even tested on vessels with the operating characteristics of many tugboats, 

towboats and barges, such as the following: 

 

 Vessels operating exclusively in freshwater: Well over half of U.S. towing 

vessels and barges never operate in saltwater, and while some ballast water treatment 

chemicals can work on organisms in freshwater environments, AWO is not aware of any ballast 

water treatment system that has been tested or can be used on freshwater vessels. Indeed, in 

AWO’s conversations with treatment system manufacturers, it has been suggested that 

treatment systems for freshwater vessels have not yet been developed because their risk of 

introducing invasive species is so small. 

 

 Vessels of very limited size. Many towing vessels are less than 125 feet long, 

with small engine rooms averaging between 900 and 1300 square feet. While treatment 

systems range in size, one of the smallest ones would take up about one-tenth of this space. In 

a towing vessel engineroom, there is virtually no space not already dedicated to machinery or 

walkways. Keeping these areas clear and leaving enough room for engineers to maintain the 

existing equipment is critical to the safe operation of the vessel. Moreover, since ballast water 
treatment systems have not been tested on tugboats or towboats, it is unclear whether or not 

their installation is even possible on vessels of such small size. 

 Vessels with very low ballast water flow rates. The Preliminary Regulatory 

Analysis examined vessels with flow rates of 1,100 gallons per minute and above; however, the 

flow rates of some tugboats are as low as 20 gallons per minute, and average flow rates for 

typical towing vessels are approximately 250 gallons per minute. Since flow rates must be high 

enough to pump water through the treatment system, vessels with low flow rates must install 

additional pumps in order to ensure that the system will work effectively. Not only was the cost 

of additional pumping equipment not assessed in the rulemaking record, it has not been 

demonstrated whether treatment systems employing additional pumps are feasible for 

installation on barges or towing vessels. 

 Vessels without installed ballast water piping. The ballast tanks of many 

barges and towing vessels are simply void spaces filled with water to keep the vessel stable. In 

many cases, these tanks do not have any piping; they are filled and emptied shoreside with 

hoses or portable pumps. In order to install a ballast water treatment system, piping would 

have to be installed, an extensive and expensive process that may require developing an 

approved vessel-specific design, conducting stability studies and taking the vessel out of service 

for weeks. 

 Tank barges. There are serious safety and possibly regulatory impediments to 

the installation of ballast water treatment systems that rely on electricity on tank barges. Coast 

Guard regulations for electric equipment on vessels (46 CFR 111.105-31(l)) prohibit the 

placement of such equipment within 10 feet of any cargo tank vent outlet, cargo tank ullage 

opening, cargo pipe flange, or cargo valve unless it is intrinsically safe, explosion proof, or 

purged and pressurized in order to prevent cargo vapors from exploding. It is unclear whether 

and how ballast water treatment systems could be installed on inland tank barges so as not to 

conflict with this regulation and avoid posing serious personnel safety risks. 

Third, requiring the installation of treatment systems costing a half-million dollars or more on 

thousands of towing vessels and barges with very limited ballast water capacity is most likely 

cost-prohibitive, and surely not cost-effective. A 2009 survey by the California State Lands 

Commission contained cost estimates for 14 ballast water treatment systems, ranging in cost 

from $150,000 to $2.3 million per system, with an average cost of $895,000. These estimates 

do not include the cost of removing the vessel from service in order to install the system, any 

modifications to the vessel (as would almost certainly be required for towing vessels and 

barges, for the reasons discussed above), or operation and maintenance of the system once 

installed. These cost estimates are truly staggering when compared to the value of a barge or 

towing vessel on which such a system might be installed. An inland barge can cost $400,000, 

less than half the cost of the average treatment system examined in the California survey! An 

inland towing vessel can cost as little as $3 million and a coastal tugboat as little as $5 million, 

meaning a vessel owner could be required to install a piece of equipment worth one-third to 

one-fifth of the vessel’s value. These costs (which were neither assessed nor justified in their 

application to most towing vessels and barges, given the Coast Guard’s erroneous assumptions 

about the affected vessel population) are particularly egregious given the very high percentage 

of barge and towing companies that are small businesses. The Congressionally-authorized 

Towing Safety Advisory Committee estimated in a 2008 analysis that some 90 percent of barge 
and towing companies qualify as small businesses under the Small Business Administration 

definition. These costs must be considered not only in absolute terms, but against the backdrop 

of the lack of evidence that domestic towing vessels or barges have contributed to the 

introduction or spread of invasive species, the smaller volumes of ballast water transported by 

these vessels, and the technological and operational impediments to the installation of ballast 

water treatment systems on towing vessels and barges. 

The Coast Guard Should Exempt Other Vessel Operations That Do Not Pose a Risk of 

Introducing Invasive Species 

In addition to not requiring ballast water treatment systems on towing vessels and barges in the 

U.S. domestic trade, the Coast Guard should exempt any vessel with the following operational 

characteristics, which pose little or no risk of introducing or spreading invasive species: 

 Vessels that use only municipal or commercial water for ballast. Many towing 

vessels and barges fall into this category, using potable water from shoreside sources for ballast 

instead of river or sea water. 

 Vessels that carry ballast water or have ballast tanks but do not take on or 

discharge ballast water in U.S. waters. These vessels do not pose a risk of transferring invasive 

species into or within U.S. waters and should not be required to install treatment systems. 

 Vessels that operate in more than one Captain of the Port (COTP) zone but 

only take on and discharge ballast water in a single zone. A towing vessel might, for example, 

operate throughout the inland river system but only take on ballast water to ride lower in the 

water when passing under the low bridges near Chicago, discharging the ballast water in the 

same zone when the bridge transit is completed. Such vessels should be exempted for the 

same reasons as vessels that operate exclusively within a single COTP zone. 

We also urge the Coast Guard to correct what appears to be a technical error in the regulatory 

text and ensure that the proposed exemption for vessels operating exclusively in one COTP zone 

(33 CFR 151.2105) extends to the ballast water management requirements (33 CFR 151.2025), 

consistent with the description of this provision in the preamble to the NPRM. 

Eliminate the Two-Tier Approach or Provide Lifetime Grandfathering 

for Vessels with Installed Treatment Systems

AWO urges the Coast Guard to eliminate the proposed two-tier standard and adopt a single 

ballast water discharge standard that is both effective in neutralizing invasive species in ballast 

water and practicable for installation on vessels. While we are sympathetic to the conceptual 

rationale for the two-tier approach – set an achievable standard in the near term and ramp up 

to a higher standard if and when technology allows – it is simply impractical to expect a vessel 

owner to install a treatment system costing as much as $1 million and then replace that system 

before the end of its useful life. We see two options to avoid this unacceptable situation: first, 

the Coast Guard could elect to conduct a practicability review now to assess whether the 

proposed Phase II standard is feasible and, if so, eliminate Phase I and establish an appropriate 

timeline for installation of Phase II systems. Alternatively, the Coast Guard could implement the 

Phase I standard as proposed (and subject to the modifications discussed in these comments), 

with the proviso that any vessel that installs a system meeting the Phase I standard will not be 
required to replace that system before the end of the system’s, or the vessel’s, useful life. If a 

practicability review subsequently allows for adoption of the Phase II standard, the Coast Guard 

could apply the Phase II requirement to new vessels (or vessels replacing systems that have 

reached the end of their useful life) only. 

The Practicability Review Should Ensure That Systems Are Practicable 

for Any Class of Vessels on Which They Will Be Required

AWO urges the Coast Guard to ensure that the proposed practicability review is robust and 

comprehensive. Specifically, we recommend that the practicability review examine the following 

factors and ensure that any proposed standard is: 

 Effective in neutralizing invasive species. This requires ensuring that tools 

and protocols exist to measure the effectiveness of the standard;. 

 Technologically feasible for installation on the vessels that will be required to 

install treatment systems meeting the standard. Treatment systems should not be required on 

any class of vessels unless the system has been tested and proven practicable given those 

vessels’ engineroom size and design, ballast water capacity, tank configuration, flow rate, etc.; 

 Commercially available. That is, systems meeting the standard are on the 

market and available in sufficient quantity to allow for purchase and installation by the 

population of affected vessels on the required regulatory schedule; 

 Safe for use with the characteristics of the vessels to which it will be applied 

(i.e., proximity to flammable or combustible cargo, etc.); and, 

 Cost-effective for use on the vessels that will be required to use it. A system 

whose cost would drive vessel owners out of business or impose severe economic hardship is 

not cost-effective and should not be required. 

While the Coast Guard has specifically solicited comments on the factors to be included in the 

practicability review that takes place before implementation of the Phase II standard, the same 

considerations are no less relevant to the application of the Phase I standard. We urge the 

Coast Guard to ensure that a complete analysis of these factors is conducted in the process of 

finalizing the proposed regulations and before ballast water treatment system requirements are 

applied to any given vessel class. 
Conclusion

AWO urges the Coast Guard to: 

 Play a lead role in encouraging the Administration to support a uniform 

federal statutory framework for the regulation of ballast water and other vessel discharges; 

 Ensure that the rulemaking record is complete and accurate, following all 

required procedural steps and reflecting accurate assumptions about the affected vessel 

population, before proceeding to finalize the proposed regulations; 

 Refrain from requiring treatment standards on towing vessels and barges in 

the U.S. domestic trade; 

 Exempt from the proposed requirements vessels using municipal or 

commercial water for ballast, vessels that do not discharge ballast water in U.S. waters, and 

vessels that only take on and discharge ballast water in a single COTP zone, in addition to 

vessels that operate exclusively within a single COTP zone; 

 Eliminate the two-tier standard or, alternatively, provide that a vessel 

installing a treatment system that complies with the Phase I standard will not be required to 

replace that system if and when a Phase II standard is implemented; and, 

 Conduct a robust and comprehensive practicability review prior to requiring 

ballast water treatment systems on any class of vessels. 

 

Thank you for the opportunity to comment. We would be pleased to answer any questions or 

provide further information as the Coast Guard sees fit. 

Sincerely, 

Jennifer A. Carpenter