# Geographical Distribution of Biomass Carbon in Tropical Southeast Asian Forests: A Database ORNL/CDIAC-119

NDP-068

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

Oak Ridge National Laboratoryd 

# Sandra Brown Louis R.Louis R.Iverson Iverson Anantha Prasad

University of Illinois

Illinois Natural History SurveyORNL/CDIAC-119 NDP-068 

### Geographical Distribution of Biomass Carbon in Tropical Southeast Asian Forests: A Database Contributed by Sandra Brown,1Louis R. Iverson,2and Anantha Prasad 2 Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences

University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois and Illinois Natural History Survey Champaign, Illinois

1Present address: Winrock International

Corvallis, Oregon

2Present address: United States Forest Service Northeast Research Station Delaware, Ohio Prepared by Tammy W. Beaty, Lisa M. Olsen, Robert M. Cushman, and Antoinette L. Brenkert

Environmental Sciences Division Environmental Sciences Division Publication No. 4879 Date Published: March 2001 Prepared for the Environmental Sciences Division Office of Biological and Environmental Research Budget Activity Number KP 12 04 01 0

Prepared by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Environmental Sciences Division OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335

managed by UT-BATTELLE, LLC for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725iii CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES

...........................................................v LIST OF TABLES

...........................................................vii ABSTRACT

................................................................ix 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION

............................................1 2. APPLICATIONS OF THE DATA

.............................................9 3. DATA LIMITATIONS AND RESTRICTIONS

..................................9 4. QUALITY-ASSURANCE CHECKS AND DATA-PROCESSING ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BY CDIAC

..............................................10 5. REFERENCES

...........................................................18 6. HOW TO OBTAIN THE DATA AND DOCUMENTATION

......................19 7. LISTING OF FILES PROVIDED

............................................20 8. DESCRIPTION OF THE DOCUMENTATION FILE

............................25 9. DESCRIPTION, FORMAT, AND PARTIAL LISTINGS OF THE ARC/INFO GRID FILES

........................................25 10. DESCRIPTION, FORMAT, AND PARTIAL LISTINGS OF THE 24 ASCII DATA FILES PRODUCED BY THE ARC/INFO GRIDASCII COMMAND

.....37 11. DESCRIPTION, FORMAT, AND PARTIAL LISTING OF THE COMPOSITE 3.75-KM AND 0.25-DEGREE ASCII DATA FILES

.............44 12. STATISTICS OF THE FILES PROVIDED IN THIS NUMERIC DATA PACKAGE

......................................................46 APPENDIX A: REPRINT OF PERTINENT LITERATURE

....................... A-1 Geographical Distributions of Carbon in Biomass and Soils of Tropical Asian Forests, by S. Brown, L. R. Iverson, A. Prasad, and D. Liu. 1993

..................... A-3v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page
1 Countries of the study area

..................................................2 2 Mean elevation for the study area, displayed with 0.25-degree resolution

................3 3 Soil texture class for the study area, displayed with 0.25-degree resolution

..............3 4 Mean slope class for the study area, displayed with 0.25-degree resolution

..............4 5 Mean annual precipitation for the study area, displayed with 0.25-degree resolution

........4 6 Weck’s Climatic Index for the study area, displayed with 0.25-degree resolution

..........5 7 Forest/non-forest classification of the study area, displayed with 0.25-degree resolution

..........................................5 8 Potential carbon densities in forests of the study area, displayed with 0.25-degree resolution

..........................................6 9 Vegetation type in the study area, displayed with 0.25-degree resolution

................6 10Ecofloristic zone classification for the study area, displayed with 0.25-degree resolution

..........................................7 11Population density in the study area, displayed with 0.25-degree resolution

..............8 12Actual carbon densities in forests of the study area, displayed with 0.25-degree resolution

..........................................8vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page
1 Redistribution of the data as a result of the resampling process

.......................14 2 GRIDASCII syntax used to produce the ASCII data files

..........................16 3 Files in this numeric data package

............................................20 4 Item descriptions for the ten ARC/INFO export grids

.............................26 5 Format and description of variables for the composite ASCII data files in this numeric data package (se_asia.dat and se_asiax.dat)

..........................44 6 Item statistics for the data files in this numeric data package

.........................46ix ABSTRACT BROWN, S., L. R. IVERSON, AND A. PRASAD. 2001.Geographical Distribution of Biomass Carbon in Tropical Southeast Asian Forests: A Database. ORNL/CDIAC-119, NDP-068. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. 75 pp.doi: 10.3334/CDIAC/lue.ndp068 A database was generated of estimates of geographically referenced carbon densities of forest vegetation in tropical Southeast Asia for 1980. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to incorporate spatial databases of climatic, edaphic, and geomorphological indices and vegetation to estimate potential (i.e., in the absence of human intervention and natural disturbance) carbon densities of forests. The resulting map was then modified to estimate actual 1980 carbon density as a function of population density and climatic zone. The database covers the following 13 countries: Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia (Campuchea), India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. The data sets within this database are provided in three file formats: ARC/INFOTM exported integer grids, ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) files formatted for raster-based GIS software packages, and generic ASCII files withx, ycoordinates for use with non-GIS software packages. This database includes ten ARC/INFO exported integer grid files (five with the pixel size 3.75 km x 3.75 km and five with the pixel size 0.25 degree longitude x 0.25 degree latitude) and 27 ASCII files. The first ASCII file contains the documentation associated with this database. Twenty-four of the ASCII files were generated by means of the ARC/INFO GRIDASCII command and can be used by most raster-based GIS software packages. The 24 files can be subdivided into two groups of 12 files each. These files contain real data values representing actual carbon and potential carbon density in Mg C/ha (1 megagram = 106grams) and integer- coded values for country name, Weck’s Climatic Index, ecofloristic zone, elevation, forest or non-forest designation, population density, mean annual precipitation, slope, soil texture, and vegetation classification. One set of 12 files contains these data at a spatial resolution of 3.75 km, whereas the other set of 12 files has a spatial resolution of 0.25 degree. The remaining two ASCII data files combine all of the data from the 24 ASCII data files into 2 single generic data files. The first file has a spatial resolution of 3.75 km, and the second has a resolution of 0.25 degree. Both files also provide a grid-cell identification number and the longitude and latitude of the centerpoint of each grid cell. The 3.75-km data in this numeric data package yield an actual total carbon estimate of 42.1 Pg (1 petagram = 1015grams) and a potential carbon estimate of 73.6 Pg; whereas the 0.25-degree data produced an actual total carbon estimate of 41.8 Pg and a total potential carbon estimate of 73.9 Pg. Fortran and SASTM

access codes are provided to read the ASCII data files, and ARC/INFO andx

ARCVIEW command syntax are provided to import the ARC/INFO exported integer grid files. The data files and this documentation are available without charge on a variety of media and via the Internet from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC). Keywords: biomass, carbon, carbon cycle, climate, elevation, forest, land use, organic matter, population, slope, soil, Southeast Asia, tropics, vegetation1 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Quantification of the role of changing land use in the global cycling of carbon (and, consequently, in controlling atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, the single most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas) requires complete, consistent, and accurate databases of vegetation, land use, and biospheric carbon content. The Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) has previously made available several important quality-assured and documented databases on this topic (Olson et al. 1985, Richards and Flint 1994, Houghton and Hackler 1995, and Brown et al. 1996). This database (NDP-068) expands the series by providing detailed geographically referenced information on actual and potential biomass carbon (1 g biomass = 0.5 g C) in tropical Southeast Asia and all the background information used to generate those files. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to incorporate spatial databases of climatic, edaphic, and geomorphological indices and vegetation to estimate potential (without human influence) carbon densities of forests in 1980. The resulting estimates were then modified to produce estimates of actual carbon density as a function of population density and climatic zone. Estimates of carbon in the biomass (aboveground and belowground) of tropical Southeast Asian forests for the year 1980 were generated by means of a GIS modeling approach, on the basis of the assumption that “the present distribution of forest biomass density is a function of the potential biomass the landscape can support under the prevailing climatic, edaphic and geomorphological conditions and the cumulative impact of human activities such as logging, fuel-wood collection, shifting cultivation, and other activities that reduce the biomass” (Brown et al. 1993). The database covers the following 13 countries: Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia (Campuchea), India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia [Peninsular (Malaya) and Insular (Sabah, also known as North Borneo, and Sarawak)], Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam (Fig. 1). A thorough description of the methods and data sources can be found in Brown et al. (1993). To calculate potential and actual aboveground biomass carbon densities, the general methodology of Risser and Iverson (1988) and Iverson et al. (1994) was followed. This consisted of a simple weighted additive model of data layers of elevation and slope, precipitation, Weck’s Climatic Index, and soil texture to arrive at a score for potential biomass density for each pixel. Elevation data (Fig. 2) were derived from a U.S. National Geophysical Data Center elevation map; soil texture data (Fig. 3) and slope data (Fig. 4) were derived from the Soil Map of the World produced by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)—United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization; and annual precipitation (Fig. 5) and a modified Weck’s Climatic Index (Weck 1970) (Fig. 6) were interpolated from about 600 stations in the FAO agro-meteorological database. Results were compared with independent ground-truth information and iteratively reprocessed to within certain bounds to obtain a satisfactory result. The map results were overlaid with forest/non-forest data (Fig. 7) from circa 1980, resulting in a map of potential carbon densities (Fig. 8). The forest/non-forest data were derived from a FAO vegetation map (Fig. 9) of continental tropical Southeast Asia and a World2

Conservation Monitoring Center map of forested areas of insular Asia. The resulting potential biomass was compared with ecofloristic zones (Fig. 10) derived from an FAO map, confirming the reasonableness of the model-derived estimates.

Fig. 1. Countries of the study area.3

Fig. 2. Mean elevation for the study area, displayed with 0.25-degree resolution.4

Fig. 3. Soil texture class for the study area, displayed with 0.25-degree resolution.5

Fig. 4. Mea n slope class for the study area, displ ayed with 0.25- degr ee resol ution.6 Fig. 5. Mean annual precipitation for the study area, displayed with 0.25-degree resolution.7 Fig. 6. Weck’s Climatic Index for the study area, displayed

with 0.25-degree resolution.8 Fig. 7. Forest/non-forest classification of the study area, displayed with 0.25-degree resolution.9

Fig. 8. Potential carbon densities in forests of the study area, displayed with 0.25-degree resolution.10

Fig. 9. Veget ation type in the study area, displa yed with 0.25- degre e resol ution.11 Fig. 10. Ecofloristic zone classification for the study area, displayed with 0.25-degree resolution. Ratios of forest degradation (from increasing population) were calculated from forest inventory data and the calculated potential biomass densities for 47 subnational units in Bangladesh, India, Malaysia (Peninsular and Insular), the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. Linear regression of the forest degradation ratio versus population density (natural-log transformed) showed the effect of population density on the forest degradation ratio to be greatest in dry, followed by seasonal, then moist, forests. The regression equations were then used in conjunction with the potential biomass carbon density, population (Fig. 11), and precipitation maps [used to delineate climatic zones: aseasonal moist (>2000 mm/year), seasonally moist (1500 to 2000 mm/year), and dry (<1500 mm/year)] to estimate the actual biomass carbon densities of the forests. At very high and very low population densities, default degradation ratios of 0.06 and 1.0, respectively, were used. Population density was based on data from the FAO Demographic and Statistics Department. Root:shoot ratios were calculated from previously published data of belowground biomass and stratified according to climate zones based on precipitation and elevation. Three climate zones were recognized: dry (<1200 mm/year for lowland), seasonal (1200 to 2000 mm/year for lowland and 500 to 1200 mm/year for montane), and moist (>2000 mm/year for lowland and >1200 mm/year for montane), where lowland is defined as elevation#1000 m and montane as elevation >1000 m. Moist forests were assigned a root:shoot ratio of 0.18; seasonal forests, 0.10; and dry forests, 0.5. These ratios were used to calculate belowground biomass from the aboveground12

biomass estimate for each pixel. Total biomass (Fig. 12) was calculated as the sum of the below- ground and aboveground estimates

.

Fig. 11. Popul ation densi ty in the study area, display ed with 0.25- degree resol ution.13 Fig. 12. Actual carbon densities in forests of the study area, displayed with 0.25-degree resolution.14

Brown et al. (1993) compared their estimates of biomass carbon density with those of other recent assessments for the same 13-country study area. They found that estimates of biomass carbon densities derived from the FAO Tropical Forest Resource Assessment 1990 Project were about 75% of their own, and that estimates of 1980 biomass carbon density of Flint and Richards (1994) for forests and woodlands were about 65% of their own. Although differences exist between the estimates of Brown et al. and the other two studies, the three sets of values are similar in order of magnitude despite differences in methodology, input data, and time of assessment. The general similarity of the estimates provides compelling evidence that forests of tropical Asian countries have generally low biomass carbon densities; these low densities are most likely due to the long history of human use in the region.

2. APPLICATIONS OF THE DATA The maps generated from the these data lend themselves to comparisons with, for example, spatial representations of land-use changes determined from satellite imagery. Consequently, uncertainties associated with carbon fluxes from tropical Southeast Asia can be reduced, and processes in the global carbon cycle (e.g., forest clearing, degradation, and regrowth) can be better quantified.

3. DATA LIMITATIONS AND RESTRICTIONS The biomass estimates are limited to trees with a diameter of at least 10 cm (5 cm in more open forests); this would result in a slight underestimate (less than 5%) of aboveground biomass in closed forests and an unknown amount of underestimate in open forests; the estimates also exclude litter (Brown et al. 1993). Brown et al. (1993) compared their model-derived biomass carbon density estimates with values from forest inventories. They report that their model tended to produce slight overestimates: <5% for carbon densities of <250 Mg/ha and#8% for carbon densities of 250-400 Mg/ha. The estimates provided in this numeric data package also exclude soil carbon, although Brown et al. (1993) describe the estimation of soil carbon for tropical Southeast Asia. Brown et al. (1993) evaluated the errors in estimates of carbon densities from both methodology and data limitations. In general, they caution that, while general patterns would be reliable, carbon densities cannot be precisely located to the level of an individual pixel. The original vegetation and soil maps showed insufficient detail and might not always have been fully accurate. The precipitation, Weck’s Climatic Index, and population maps were generated from point data, although interpolation error from these types of data was minimized by using a two-dimensional interpolation method and by comparingresults with other maps. Potential error in weighting schemes was minimized by developing varyingwidth classes for each of the input variables. Omitting the effects of roads, shifting cultivation, and the differentiation between broadleaf and conifer species was considered acceptable, given the scale of the15

final maps. Correlation between population density and the calculated forest degradation index was low for some regions. New information on forest inventories can alleviate these uncertainties. It must also be noted that understory and fine and coarse litter were not included in the total carbon estimates; correction for this omission could add another 20 to 30% to the estimates of total biomass carbon density. Explicit accounting of large-scale disturbances was also not included. As new data become available, the same basic methodology for calculating carbon densities in biomass and soils can be readily applied, differences analyzed, and uncertainties further reduced (Brown et al. 1993, Iverson et al.1994). The gridded database described in this numeric data package defines tropical Southeast Asia as originating at!5879340.56205 m longitude (44.25875 degrees),!1221655.95152 m latitude (!16.52954 degrees) and extending to 3863159.43795 m longitude (149.50875 degrees), 4808344.04848 m latitude (42.97046 degrees). Data are provided for the following 13 countries: Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia (Campuchea), India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia [Peninsular (Malaya) and Insular (Sabah, also known as North Borneo, and Sarawak)], Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. The country boundary information was originally received from the contributors in vector format as continental and insular polygon coverages. The source polygons contained boundaries for fifteen countries in Asia, including the 13 aforementioned countries, as well as Pakistan and Papua New Guinea. For distribution purposes, the polygon data were joined together into single polygon coverage and then converted to a grid. As a result of this rasterization process, a few grid cells are defined as Pakistan or Papua New Guinea although they contain no real data. Furthermore, the gridded country boundaries within this database should not be used to define countries for other datasets, because the rasterization process produces generalized boundary lines.
4. QUALITY-ASSURANCE CHECKS AND DATA-PROCESSING ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BY CDIAC An important part of the data packaging process at CDIAC involves the quality assurance (QA) of data before distribution. To guarantee data of the highest possible quality, CDIAC performs extensive QA checks, examining the data for completeness, reasonableness, and accuracy. The data as obtained from the contributors consisted of 17 ARC/INFO-exported integer grids with a pixel size of approximately 3.75 km x 3.75 km. Actual and potential carbon densities (Mg C/ha), as well as ecofloristic zone and vegetation classification, were provided individually for continental and insular Southeast Asia. Separate country boundaries were provided for insular and continental Southeast Asia. These ten grids were transformed into an Albers Projection, but with a unique set of projection parameters for continental and insular Southeast Asia. Population density, mean annual precipitation, elevation, slope, soil texture, forest/non-forest designation, and Weck’s Climatic16

Index data were assembled collectively for all of Southeast Asia. These seven grids were not projected (i.e., they can be referred to as being in a “geographic projection”). For distribution purposes the continental and insular data were combined into common grids. The following methodology was used: 1. Each of the 17 grids originally received from the contributors was re-projected into an Albers Projection with a cell size of 3750 m by using the following parameters:
1st standard parallel: 2nd standard parallel: central meridian: latitude of projection's origin: false easting (meters): false northing (meters): 30 08 24.000 -4 17 24.000 107 28 12.000 0 0 0.000 0.00000 0.00000
2. Each of the 17 newly projected grids was assigned a missing-value indicator of!9999. 3. The value attribute tables for the continental and insular grids were reviewed for consistency and redundancy. Numeric data values were re-assigned as necessary. 4. The population grid was designated as a base grid because it included the combined spatial extent of real data contained in each of the 17 grids. 5. The continental grids for actual carbon density, potential carbon density, ecofloristic zone, vegetation code, and country name were combined with their corresponding insular grids and the base grid by using the ARC/INFO GRID command COMBINE. 6. The seven remaining grids were reformatted to match the extent of the base grid. This was accomplished by using the ARC/INFO GRID command COMBINE with the base grid. Performing these six steps resulted in 12 grids with identical parameters. The 12 grids became the core data layers used to prepare the 37 data files included in this numeric data package. The first file is merely a flat ASCII text file containing a copy of this documentation. Ten of the 37 files are exported ARC/INFO integer grids, five with 3.75-km pixel size and five with 0.25-degree pixel size. The 3.75-km exported ARC/INFO grids included within this numeric data package were generated by using the ARC/INFO GRID command COMBINE and were grouped as follows:17

1. Actual and potential carbon were combined into a common grid called BIOMASS. 2. Mean annual precipitation and Weck’s Climatic Index were combined into a common grid called CLIMATE. 3. Population and country were combined into a common demographic grid called DEMOG. 4. Slope, soil texture, and elevation were grouped into a common landform grid called LAND. 5. Forest designation, ecofloristic zone, and vegetation index were grouped into a common vegetation grid called VEGT. Resampling is the process of determining values for grid cells that are geometrically transformed from a source grid into a grid of a different spatial resolution. ARC/INFO GRID offers three resampling techniques: nearest neighbor assignment, bilinear interpolation, and cubic convolution.The nearest neighbor assignment process identifies the input grid cell closest to the output grid-cell center and assigns this value to the entire output grid cell. The bilinear interpolation method of resampling identifies the four nearest input cell centers surrounding the output grid-cell center, then calculates a weighted mean of those values, and assigns the mean to the output grid-cell center. Cubic convolution is a computationally intensive interpolation method that fits a cubic polynomial surface to a 4 x 4 (16- pixel) neighborhood of cells to produce a smooth resultant from a distance-weighted mean. The mean and variance of the output distribution match the input distribution; however, the range of data values may be altered as a result of this process of smoothing the data. The online documentation for ARC/INFO Version 7.2.1 offers the following guidance on resampling methods. Nearest neighbor is the preferred resampling method for categorical data because it does not alter the value of the input cells. It should be used for nominal or ordinal data where each value represents a class of data values rather than discrete data values. Bilinear interpolation is recommended for continuous surfaces because a known point or phenomenon determines the assigned value (e.g., elevation, and slope). Cubic convolution tends to smooth the data more than bilinear interpolation because of the smooth curves used as well as the larger number of points evaluated. Cubic convolution is the best method when total yields need to be determined (e.g., total CO2emissions per country). All three techniques can be applied to continuous data, with nearest neighbor producing the most blocky output, and cubic convolution, the smoothest. However, neither bilinear interpolation nor cubic convolution should be used to resample categorical data. The 0.25-degree ARC/INFO exported integer grids were generated as follows: 1. Each of the five 3.75-km grids was unprojected (i.e., re-projected from an Albers into a geographic projection).18

2. Missing data values were changed from –9999 to “NO DATA” by using the ARC/INFO GRID SELECT command for resampling purposes. 3. Nearest neighbor, bilinear interpolation, and cubic convolution algorithms were each used to resample actual and potential carbon biomass estimates in the BIOMASS grid to a 0.25-degree resolution. 4. The products of the resampled data were then projected back to Albers and summed. Based on a comparison of the following actual and potential biomass carbon estimates with values published by Brown et al. (1993), the cubic convolution method of resampling was used to produce the 0.25-degree biomass grid in this numeric data package. Resampling method Actual carbon (Pg) Potential carbon (Pg)
Nearest neighbor 41.7256 73.8159 Bilinear interpolation 41.7286 73.8847 Cubic convolution 41.7583 73.9194
5. The remaining four grids were resampled by using the nearest neighbor assignment method because each grid contained only categorical data. 6. The resulting five 0.25-degree grids (i.e., BIOMASSX, CLIMATEX, DEMOGX, LANDX, and VEGTX) have attributes comparable, but not identical, to those found in the 3.75-km grids in this numeric data package. Table 1 displays the data ranges for the variables in each of the ten ARC/INFO GRIDS to illustrate the redistribution of the data after the resampling process.19 Table 1. Redistribution of the data as a result of the resampling process
Variable name Number of

unique values Minimum Maximum Cell size Grid name AC 281 7 383 3.75 km BIOMASS AC 279 7 336 0.25 degree BIOMASSX PC 30 14 393 3.75 km BIOMASS PC 288 43 402 0.25 degree BIOMASSX CLIMI 20 1 20 3.75 km CLIMATE CLIMI 20 1 20 0.25 degree CLIMATEX PRECIP 13 1 13 3.75 km CLIMATE PRECIP 13 1 13 0.25 degree CLIMATEX POP 14 1 14 3.75 km DEMOG POP 14 1 14 0.25 degree DEMOGX CNTRY 16 1 16 3.75 km DEMOG CNTRY 16 1 16 0.25 degree DEMOGX SLOPE 6 1 6 3.75 km LAND SLOPE 6 1 6 0.25 degree LANDX ELEV 10 1 10 3.75 km LAND ELEV 10 1 10 0.25 degree LANDX SOILT 6 1 6 3.75 km LAND SOILT 6 1 6 0.25 degree LANDX FOREST 2 1 2 3.75 km VEGT FOREST 2 1 2 0.25 degree VEGTX EFZ 6 2 9 3.75 km VEGT EFZ 6 2 9 0.25 degree VEGTX VEG 16 1 20 3.75 km VEGTVariable name Number of unique values Minimum Maximum Cell size Grid name

20 VEG 16 1 20 0.25 degree VEGTX The cubic convolution method of resampling was used to transfer the data values of AC and PC in the BIOMASS (3.75-km) grid to the BIOMASSX (0.25-degree) grid. The data for AC in the 3.75-km grid range from 7 to 383, with 281 unique data values. After the resampling, the data for AC in the BIOMASSX (0.25-degree) grid ranged from 7 to 336, with 279 unique data values. The data for PC in the BIOMASS (3.75-km) grid ranged from 14 to 393, with 30 unique data values. After the resampling, they ranged from 43 to 402, with 288 unique data values in the BIOMASSX (0.25- degree) grid. The nearest neighbor method of resampling was used to transfer the data values of CLIMI, PRECIP, POP, CNTRY, SLOPE, ELEV, SOILT, FOREST, EFZ, and VEG in the remaining 3.75-km grids (CLIMATE, DEMOG, LAND, and VEGT) to the 0.25-degree grids (CLIMATEX, DEMOGX, LANDX, and VEGTX). Note that the data range and number of unique data values did not change for these variables. Twenty-four of the 26 remaining ASCII files were generated directly from the 10 ARC/INFO GRIDS (five 3.75-km grids and five 0.25-degree grids) by using the GRIDASCII command. The GRIDASCII command produces raster-based data files that can be used by most GIS software packages (and read by non-GIS software packages, as well). Each file containsR lines (where R = the number of rows in the grid + six header lines). Lines 1 through 6 contain the following values: the number of columns in the grid (line 1), the number of rows in the grid (line 2), the lower left-handx (longitude) coordinate (line 3), the lower left-handy(latitude) coordinate (line 4), the grid-cell size (line 5), and a definition of the grid’s no-data value (line 6). The remaining lines in the file represent individual columns of data in the grid. For example, if there are 3066 columns and 1736 rows of data, there would be 1743 lines in the file. Lines 1 through 6 would contain the aforementioned header information, while lines 7 to 1743 would contain 3066 data values, each separated by a single space. Table 2 shows the arguments used with the GRIDASCII syntax to produce the 12 ASCII data files from the 3.75-km data and the 12 ASCII data files from the 0.25-degree data.21 Table 2. GRIDASCII syntax used to produce the ASCII data files
Grid name Output file name Variable name Variable description BIOMASS ac.dat AC Actual biomass carbon in Mg C/ha BIOMASS pc.dat PC Potential biomass carbon in Mg C/ha CLIMATE climi.dat CLIMI Weck’s Climatic Index code CLIMATE precip.dat PRECIP Mean annual precipitation code DEMOG pop.dat POP Population density code DEMOG cntry.dat CNTRY Country code LAND slope.dat SLOPE Slope code LAND elev.dat ELEV Mean elevation code LAND soilt.dat SOILT Soil texture code VEGT forest.dat FOREST Forest or non-forest code VEGT efz.dat EFZ Ecofloristic zone code VEGT veg.dat VEG Vegetation code BIOMASSX acx.dat AC Actual biomass carbon in Mg C/ha BIOMASSX pcx.dat PC Potential biomass carbon in Mg C/ha CLIMATEX climix.dat CLIMI Weck’s Climatic Index code CLIMATEX precipx.dat PRECIP Mean annual precipitation code DEMOGX popx.dat POP Population density code DEMOGX cntryx.dat CNTRY Country code LANDX slopex.dat SLOPE Slope code LANDX elevx.dat ELEV Mean elevation code LANDX soiltx.dat SOILT Soil texture code VEGTX forestx.dat FOREST Forest or non-forest code VEGTX efzx.dat EFZ Ecofloristic zone codeGrid name Output file name Variable name Variable description

22 VEGTX vegx.dat VEG Vegetation code The remaining two generic ASCII files with longitude and latitude ( x, y) coordinates were produced as follows: 1. A point coverage was generated from the BIOMASS grid by using the ARC/INFO GRIDPOINT command. 2. The ARC/INFO PROJECT command was used to project the meter coordinates into decimal degrees. 3. The output coverage from step 2 was ungenerated to produce an ASCII file containing a grid-cell id number, longitude, and latitude for each of the 4,177,584 grid-cell centers. 4. The 12 ASCII files produced by the GRIDASCII command for the 3.75-km data were then merged, one file at a time, with the file produced in step 3. 5. The result of steps 1 through 4 is a file called se_asia.dat with 4,177,584 records containing the following variables: grid-cell identification number, longitude in decimal degrees of the centerpoint of each grid cell, latitude in decimal degrees of the centerpoint of each grid cell, actual biomass carbon, potential biomass carbon, precipitation, population, country, slope, soil texture, forest designation, ecofloristic zone, and vegetation index. 6. A point coverage was generated from the BIOMASSX grid by using the ARC/INFO GRIDPOINT command. 7. The 12 ASCII files produced by the GRIDASCII command for the 0.25-degree data were then merged, one file at a time, with the files produced in step 6. Note that, because these data are provided in an unprojected format, there was no need to use a projection step to assemble these data for distribution. 8. Steps 6 and 7 resulted in a file called se_asiax.dat containing 100,198 records, with the same variables listed in step 5. Actual and potential biomass were each totaled for tropical Southeast Asia from the data sets included with this numeric data package, for comparison with the totals published by Brown et al. (1993). For each data set, the number of pixels with a specific carbon density was multiplied by the carbon density then multiplied by the pixel area to yield total carbon; finally, this product was summed for all carbon densities. For tropical Southeast Asia, estimated total biomass is 42.1 Pg C actual and 73.6 Pg C23

potential. The same totals were calculated from the 0.25-degree gridded data to be 41.8 Pg C actual and 73.9 Pg C potential. These totals agree with the corresponding values of 42 Pg C actual and 74 Pg C potential reported in Brown et al. (1993), verifying that overall the database included with this numeric data package reflects the data used by the authors in their publication. As an additional check, the actual biomass carbon density estimates for 1980 in this database can be compared with the carbon content data in Table 5 of NDP-046 (Richards and Flint 1994) for the same year. The 1980 total carbon in forest cover is estimated by Richards and Flint (1994) to be 23.95 Pg C in contrast with 42 Pg C estimated herein. This level of difference is similar to the differences in carbon densities observed in the estimates of Brown et al. (1993) and of Flint and Richards (1994). In addition to the methodological and data-source differences mentioned in Section 3, it must be noted that Richards and Flint (1994), but not Brown et al. (1993), include Singapore, whereas the converse is true for Nepal; furthermore, there are differences between the two databases in terms of the estimated area covered by forests.

5. REFERENCES Brown, S., L. R. Iverson, A. Prasad, and D. Liu. 1993. Geographical distributions of carbon in biomass and soils of tropical Asian forests.Geocarto International 4:45–59. Brown, S., G. Gaston, and R. C. Daniels. 1996. Tropical Africa: Land use, biomass, and carbon estimates for 1980. ORNL/CDIAC-92, NDP-055. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Flint, E. P., and J. F. Richards. 1994. Trends in carbon content of vegetation in South and Southeast Asia associated with changes in land use, pp. 201–299. In V. Dale (ed.),Effects of Land-Use Change on Atmospheric CO 2Concentrations: South and Southeast Asia as a Case Study

. Springer-Verlag, New York. Houghton, R. A., and J. L. Hackler. 1995. Continental scale estimates of the biotic carbon flux from land cover change: 1850 to 1980. ORNL/CDIAC-79, NDP-050. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Iverson, L., S. Brown, A. Prasad, H. Mitasova, A. J. R. Gillespie, and A. E. Lugo. 1994. Use of GIS for estimating potential and actual forest biomass for continental South and Southeast Asia, pp. 67–116. In V. Dale (ed.),Effects of Land-Use Change on Atmospheric CO 2Concentrations: South and Southeast Asia as a Case Study. Springer-Verlag, New York.24

Olson, J. S., J. A. Watts, and L. J. Allison. 1985. Major world ecosystem complexes ranked by carbon in live vegetation: A database. NDP-017. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Richards, J. F., and E. P. Flint. 1994. Historic land use and carbon estimates for South and Southeast Asia. ORNL/CDIAC-61, NDP-064. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Risser, P. G., and L. R. Iverson. 1988. Geographic information systems and natural resource issues at the state level, pp. 231–239. In D. B. Botkin, M. E. Casswell, J. E. Estes, and A. A. Orio (eds.), Our Role in Changing the Global Environment: What Can We Do About Large Scale Environmental Issues?Academic Press, New York. Weck, J. 1970. An improved CVP-index for the delimitation of the potential productivity zones of forest lands of India.Indian Forester 96:565–572.

6. HOW TO OBTAIN THE DATA AND DOCUMENTATION This database (NDP-068) is available free of charge from CDIAC. The files are available from CDIAC’s Web site (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov) or from CDIAC’s anonymous FTP (file transfer protocol) area (cdiac.esd.ornl.gov) as follows: 1. FTP to cdiac.esd.ornl.gov (128.219.24.36). 2. Enter “ftp” as the user id. 3. Enter your electronic mail address as the password (e.g., fred@zulu.org). 4. Change to the directory “pub/ndp068” (i.e., use the command “cd pub/ndp068”). 5. Set ftp to get ASCII files by using the ftp “ascii” command. 6. Retrieve the ASCII database documentation file by using the ftp “get ndp068.txt” command, and retrieve the ASCII data files by using the ftp “mget *.dat” command. 7. Set ftp to get *.e00 data files by using the ftp “binary” command. 8. Retrieve the *.e00 data files by using the ftp “mget *.e00” command. 9. Exit the system by using the ftp “quit” command. Uncompress the files on your computer, if they are obtained in compressed format.
Fornon-Internet data acquisitions(e.g., floppy diskette or compact disk) or for additional information, contact: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory25

P.O. Box 2008 Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335, U.S.A. Telephone: 1-865-574-3645 Telefax: 1-865-574-2232 E-mail: cdiac@ornl.gov26 7. LISTING OF FILES PROVIDED This database consists of 37 files: This documentation file (ndp068.txt, File 1), 10 exported ARC/INFO integer grid files, and 26 ASCII data files (Table 3). Five of the 10 exported ARC/INFO grid files have a pixel size of 3.75 km by 3.75 km, whereas the other five have a pixel size of 0.25 degrees by 0.25 degrees. Each core data layer in this database was also grouped into one of five thematic grids (see Sect. 4). The 3.75-km data were aggregated to a resolution of 0.25 degrees; the data at the two levels of resolution contain identical attributes. Each grid when imported into ARC/INFO is an integer grid and contains a value attribute table (vat) and a statistics table (sta). Except for the biomass carbon measures, each grid contains data classes identified by a numeric value code and defined by a character description of the class. Twenty-four of the 26 ASCII data files were generated by using the ARC/INFO GRIDASCII command. As such, these files can be used with or without ARC/INFO software and can be used by raster or vector GIS software packages as well as non-GIS software packages. These 24 files each represent one data item and, when used as a GRID in ARC/INFO, contain the same information found in the 10 ARC/INFO export grids in this numeric data package. The two remaining ASCII data files are aggregates of all the data within this database in ASCII format, one at a spatial resolution of 3.75 km and the other at 0.25 degree. Table 3 describes the files provided in this numeric data package.
Table 3. Files in this numeric data package
File number File name File size (kbytes) File description Projection type File type 1 ndp068.txt 94 Descriptive file (i.e., this document) n/a ASCII text
2 Biomass.e00 59,468 Exported ARC/INFO gridded (3.75-km) estimates of actual and potential biomass carbon Albers ARC/INFO export GRID
3 Biomassx.e00 1,534 Exported ARC/INFO gridded (0.25-degree) estimates of actual and potential biomass carbon Geographic ARC/INFO export GRID

4 ac.dat 24,607 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (3.75- km) estimates of actual biomass carbon Albers GRIDASCII ASCII data fileFile

number File name File size (kbytes) File description Projection type File type

27 5 acx.dat 593 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (0.25- degree) estimates of actual biomass carbon Geographic GRIDASCII ASCII data file Table 3 (continued)
File number File name File size (kbytes) File description Projection type File type 6 pc.dat 24,655 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (3.75- km) estimates of potential biomass carbon Albers GRIDASCII ASCII data file
7 pcx.dat 594 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (0.25- degree) estimates of potential biomass carbon Geographic GRIDASCII ASCII data file
8 Climate.e00 59,382Exported ARC/INFO gridded (3.75-km) Weck’s Climatic Index and mean annual precipitation Albers ARC/INFO export GRID

9 Climatex.e00 1,448 Exported ARC/INFO gridded (0.25-degree) Weck’s Climatic Index and mean annual precipitation Geographic ARC/INFO export GRID

10 climi.dat 23,218 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (3.75- km) Weck’s Climatic Index Albers GRIDASCII ASCII data file 11 climix.dat 566 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (0.25- degree) Weck’s Climatic Index Geographic GRIDASCII ASCII data file 12 precip.dat 23,047 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (3.75- km) mean annual precipitation Albers GRIDASCII ASCII data fileFile

number File name File size (kbytes) File description Projection type File type

28 13 precipx.dat 562 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (0.25- degree) mean annual precipitation Geographic GRIDASCII ASCII data file
14 Demog.e00 59,381 Exported ARC/INFO gridded (3.75-km) population density and country name Albers ARC/INFO export GRID
15 Demogx.e00 1,449 Exported ARC/INFO gridded (0.25-degree) population density and country name Geographic ARC/INFO export GRID Table 3 (continued)
File number File name File size (kbytes) File description Projection type File type 16 pop.dat 22,865 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (3.75- km) population density Albers GRIDASCII ASCII data file 17 popx.dat 559 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (0.25- degree) population density Geographic GRIDASCII ASCII data file 18 cntry.dat 23,056 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (3.75- km) country name Albers GRIDASCII ASCII data file 19 cntryx.dat 563 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (0.25- degree) country name Geographic GRIDASCII ASCII data file 20 Land.e00 59,401 Exported ARC/INFO gridded (3.75-km) slope, elevation, and soil texture Albers ARC/INFO export GRID
21 Landx.e00 1,461 Exported ARC/INFO gridded (0.25-degree) slope, elevation, and soil texture Geographic ARC/INFO export GRID
22 slope.dat 22,884 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (3.75- km) slope Albers GRIDASCII ASCII data fileFile

number File name File size (kbytes) File description Projection type File type

29 23 slopex.dat 559 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (0.25- degree) slope Geographic GRIDASCII ASCII data file 24 elev.dat 22,873 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (3.75- km) elevation Albers GRIDASCII ASCII data file 25 elevx.dat 559 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (0.25- degree) elevation Geographic GRIDASCII ASCII data file 26 soilt.dat 22,884 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (3.75- km) soil texture Albers GRIDASCII ASCII data file 27 soiltx.dat 559 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (0.25- degree) soil texture Geographic GRIDASCII ASCII data file30 Table 3 (continued)
File number File name File size (kbytes) File description Projection type File type 28 Vegt.e00 59,392Exported ARC/INFO gridded (3.75-km) forest or non-forest designation, ecofloristic zone, and vegetation type Albers ARC/INFO export GRID

29 Vegtx.e00 1,452Exported ARC/INFO gridded (0.25-degree) forest or non-forest designation, ecofloristic zone, and vegetation type Geographic ARC/INFO export GRID

30 forest.dat 22,880 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (3.75- km) forest or non-forest designation Albers GRIDASCII ASCII data file
31 forestx.dat 559 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (0.25- degree) forest or non-forest designation Geographic GRIDASCII ASCII data file
32 efz.dat 22,895 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (3.75- km) ecofloristic zone Albers GRIDASCII ASCII data file 33 efzx.dat 560 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (0.25- degree) ecofloristic zone Geographic GRIDASCII ASCII data file 34 veg.dat 23,037 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (3.75- km) vegetation type Albers GRIDASCII ASCII data file 35 vegx.dat 562 ASCII file of ungenerated ARC/INFO gridded (0.25- degree) vegetation type Geographic GRIDASCII ASCII data file31 Table 3 (continued)
File number File name File size (kbytes) File description Projection type File type 36 se_asia.dat 407,372 ASCII file of gridded (3.75- km) grid-cell identification number, longitude and latitude (of the centerpoint of each grid cell), estimate of actual biomass carbon, estimate of potential biomass carbon, Weck’s Climatic Index, mean annual precipitation, population density, country name, slope, elevation, soil texture, forest or non-forest designation, ecofloristic zone, and vegetation type n/a composite ASCII data file

37 se_asiax.dat 9,780 ASCII file of gridded (0.25- degree) grid-cell identification number, longitude and latitude (of the centerpoint of each grid cell), estimate of actual biomass carbon, estimate of potential biomass carbon, Weck’s Climatic Index, mean annual precipitation, population density, country name, slope, elevation, soil texture, forest or non-forest designation, ecofloristic zone, and vegetation type n/a composite ASCII data file

Note: GRIDASCII is an ARC/INFOTM command that produces an ASCII file containing data for an individual gridded data layer.32 8. DESCRIPTION OF THE DOCUMENTATION FILE ndp068.txt (File 1) This file is identical to this document.

9. DESCRIPTION, FORMAT, AND PARTIAL LISTINGS

OF THE ARC/INFO GRID FILES Ten of the 37 files contained within this database are exported ARC/INFO grids. Each exported grid file was generated using the EXPORT command in ARC/INFO with the ‘grid’ and the ‘no data compression’ options (e.g., EXPORT GRID BIOMASS BIOMASS NONE). Five of the exported grid files contain a pixel size of 3.75 km, whereas the other five have a pixel size of 0.25 degrees. The five 3.75-km ARC/INFO export grids are named BIOMASS, CLIMATE, DEMOG, LAND, and VEGT, and the five 0.25-degree grids are called BIOMASSX, CLIMATEX, DEMOGX, LANDX, and VEGTX. Each grid has been projected into Albers with a unit base of meters by using the following parameters: 1st standard parallel: 2nd standard parallel: central meridian: latitude of projection's origin: false easting (meters): false northing (meters): 30 08 24.000 -4 17 24.000 107 28 12.000 0 0 0.000 0.00000 0.00000
The five 3.75-km ARC/INFO grids originate at!5879340.56205,!1221655.95152 m and extend to 3863159.43795, 4808344.04848 m; these values are approximately equal to an origin of 44.25875 longitude,!16.52954 latitude and an extent of 149.50875 longitude, 42.97046 latitude. There are 1608 rows and 2598 columns in each grid. The five 0.25-degree grids originate at 44.25875 degrees longitude,!16.52954 degrees latitude and extend to 149.50875 degrees longitude, 42.97046 degrees latitude. There are 238 rows and 421 columns in each grid. The 3.75-km grids and the 0.25-degree grids differ only in spatial resolution. The files with an “x” suffix are associated with the aggregated data. For example, BIOMASS and BIOMASSX have exactly the same attributes, as is true for CLIMATE and CLIMATEX, DEMOG and DEMOGX, LAND and LANDX, and VEGT and VEGTX. Table 4 defines the attributes of each grid.33 Table 4. Item descriptions for the ten ARC/INFO export grids 3.75-km grid name 0.25-degree

grid name Column Item name Input

width Output

width Item type Variable

description BIOMASS (2,200 records in .vat file) BIOMASSX

(2,209 records in .vat file) 1 Value 4 10 Binary Unique value for each grid cell
5 Count 4 10 Binary Cell count associated with each unique value 9 ac 4 16 Binary Actual biomass carbon (Mg C/ha) 13 pc 4 16 Binary Potential biomass carbon (Mg C/ha) CLIMATE (201 records in .vat file) CLIMATEX

(154 records in .vat file) 1 Value 4 10 Binary Unique value for each grid cell
5 Count 4 10 Binary Cell count associated with each unique value 9 Climi 4 16 Binary Weck’s Climatic Index (code) 13 precip 4 16 Binary Mean annual precipitation (code) 17 climi-c 12 12 Character Weck’s Climatic Index (code definition) 29 precip-c 12 12 Character Mean annual precipitation (code definition) DEMOG (166 records in .vat file) DEMOGX (147

records in .vat file) 1 Value 4 10 Binary Unique value for each grid cell
5 C 4 10 Binary Cell count associated with each unique value 9 pop 4 16 Binary Population density (code) 13 pop-c 18 18 Character Population density (code definition) 31 cntry 4 16 Binary Country (code) 35 cntry-c 24 24 Character Country (code definition)34 Table 4 (continued) 3.75-km grid name 0.25-degree

grid name Column Item name Input

width Output

width Item type Variable

description LAND (333 records in .vat file) LANDX (244

records in .vat file) 1 Value 4 10 Binary Unique value for each grid cell
5 C 4 10 Binary Cell count associated with each unique value 9 Slope 4 16 Binary Slope (code) 13 Elev 4 16 Binary Mean elevation (code) 17 Soilt 4 16 Binary Soil texture (code) 21 slope-c 18 18 Character Slope (code definition) 39 elev-c 18 18 Character Mean elevation (code definition in meters) 57 soilt-c 18 18 Character Soil texture (code definition) VEGT (258 records in .vat file) VEGTX (156

records in .vat file) 1 Value 4 10 Binary Unique value for each grid cell
5 Count 4 10 Binary Cell count associated with each unique value 9 Forest 4 16 Binary Forest (code) 13 Forest-c 12 12 Character Forest (code definition) 25 efz 4 16 Binary Ecofloristic zone (code) 29 efz-c 18 18 Character Ecofloristic zone (code definition) 47 veg 4 16 Binary Vegetation type (code) 51 veg-c 24 24 Character Vegetation type (code definition)35

The ARC/INFO IMPORT command or the ARCVIEW IMPORT program must be used to read the ten ARC/INFO export grids. The syntax for the ARC/INFO IMPORT command is “IMPORT <option> <interchange_file> <output>” (for example, “IMPORT GRID BIOMASS.E00 BIOMASS”). The syntax for the ARCVIEW IMPORT program is “IMPORT <interchange_file> <output>” (for example, “IMPORT BIOMASS.E00 BIOMASS”). The first and last ten lines of each ARC/INFO exported grid file in this database are as follows:.
Biomass.e00
First 10 lines:
EXP 0 /DATA4/OZ1/CDIAC/SE_ASIA/FIXDATA/BIOMASS.E00 GRD 2 2598 1608 1-0.21474836470000E+10 0.37500000000000E+04 0.37500000000000E+04 -0.58793405620539E+07-0.12216559515207E+07 0.38631594379461E+07 0.48083440484793E+07 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 Last 10 lines: 2193 2 46 221 2194 1 47 191 2195 1 48 206 2196 2 54 191 2197 3 47 221 2198 1 55 191 2199 2 55 206 2200 2 54 -9999 EOI36

EOS37

Bomassx.e00
First 10 lines: EXP 0 /DATA4/OZ1/CDIAC/SE_ASIA/USE_10_20_00/EXPORT_FILES/BIOMASSX.E00 GRD 2 421 238 1-0.21474836470000E+10 0.25000000000000E+00 0.25000000000000E+00 0.44258748271265E+02-0.16529544598459E+02 0.14950874827127E+03 0.42970455401541E+02 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 Last 10 lines:

2202 1 180 352 2203 1 124 182 2204 1 86 219 2205 1 84 248 2206 1 -9999 219 2207 1 102 189 2208 1 123 252 2209 1 -9999 233 EOI EOS38

Climate.e00
First 10 lines:
EXP 0 /DATA4/OZ1/CDIAC/SE_ASIA/FIXDATA/NEW_E00/CLIMATE.E00 GRD 2 2598 1608 1-0.21474836470000E+10 0.37500000000000E+04 0.37500000000000E+04 -0.58793405620539E+07-0.12216559515207E+07 0.38631594379461E+07 0.48083440484793E+07 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 Last 10 lines:

194 3 5 13101-125 5001-11000 195 6 7 13151-175 5001-11000 196 26 19 6901-1000 1001-1200 197 48 18 6801-900 1001-1200 198 12 20 41001-1700 601-800 199 6 20 31001-1700 401-600 200 4 20 61001-1700 1001-1200 201 20 13 5401-450 801-1000 EOI EOS39

Climatex.e00
First 10 lines: EXP 0 /DATA4/OZ1/CDIAC/SE_ASIA/USE_10_20_00/EXPORT_FILES/CLIMATEX.E00 GRD 2 421 238 1-0.21474836470000E+10 0.25000000000000E+00 0.25000000000000E+00 0.44258748271265E+02-0.16529544598459E+02 0.14950874827127E+03 0.42970455401541E+02 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 Last 10 lines:

147 4 20 -9999 1001-1700 148 1 9 13201-250 5001-11000 149 1 18 6801-900 1001-1200 150 2 14 6451-500 1001-1200 151 1 -9999 6 1001-1200 152 1 12 5351-400 801-1000 153 2 13 6401-450 1001-1200 154 1 -9999 5 801-1000 EOI EOS40

Demog.e00
First 10 lines:
EXP 0 /DATA4/OZ1/CDIAC/SE_ASIA/FIXDATA/DEMOG.E00 GRD 2 2598 1608 1-0.21474836470000E+10 0.37500000000000E+04 0.37500000000000E+04 -0.58793405620539E+07-0.12216559515207E+07 0.38631594379461E+07 0.48083440484793E+07 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 Last 10 lines:
163 7777 10501-750 13INDONESIA
164 124 8301-400 13INDONESIA
165 2078 6151-200 13INDONESIA
166 38 11751-1000 13INDONESIA
EOI EOS41

Demogx.e00
First 10 lines:
EXP 0 /DATA4/OZ1/CDIAC/SE_ASIA/USE_10_20_00/EXPORT_FILES/DEMOGX.E00 GRD 2 421 238 1-0.21474836470000E+10 0.25000000000000E+00 0.25000000000000E+00 0.44258748271265E+02-0.16529544598459E+02 0.14950874827127E+03 0.42970455401541E+02 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 Last 10 lines:

144 31 9401-500 13INDONESIA
145 2 8301-400 13INDONESIA
146 48 7201-300 13INDONESIA
147 41 6151-200 13INDONESIA
EOI EOS42

Land.e00
First 10 lines:
EXP 0 /DATA4/OZ1/CDIAC/SE_ASIA/FIXDATA/NEW_E00/LAND.E00 GRD 2 2598 1608 1-0.21474836470000E+10 0.37500000000000E+04 0.37500000000000E+04 -0.58793405620539E+07-0.12216559515207E+07 0.38631594379461E+07 0.48083440484793E+07 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 Last 10 lines:

330 5 4 3 -9999HILLY 501-100 0 331 1 4 6 4HILLY 2001-25 00 MEDIUM FINE 332 1 4 4 -9999HILLY 1001-15 0 333 1 -9999 4 1 1001-15 00 COARSE EOI EOS43

Landx.e00
First 10 lines:
EXP 0 /DATA4/OZ1/CDIAC/SE_ASIA/USE_10_20_00/EXPORT_FILES/LANDX.E00 GRD 2 421 238 1-0.21474836470000E+10 0.25000000000000E+00 0.25000000000000E+00 0.44258748271265E+02-0.16529544598459E+02 0.14950874827127E+03 0.42970455401541E+02 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 Last 10 lines:

241 2 4 4 1HILLY 1001-15 00 COARSE 242 1 3 6 4ROLLING 2001-25 00 MEDIUM FINE 243 1 4 1 -9999HILLY 0-250
244 1 5 2 -9999MOUNTAINOUS 251-500
EOI EOS44

Vegt.e00
First 10 lines:
EXP 0 /DATA4/OZ1/CDIAC/SE_ASIA/FIXDATA/NEW_E00/VEGT.E00 GRD 2 2598 1608 1-0.21474836470000E+10 0.37500000000000E+04 0.37500000000000E+04 -0.58793405620539E+07-0.12216559515207E+07 0.38631594379461E+07 0.48083440484793E+07 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 Last 10 lines:

255 2 -9999 3LOWLAND SEASONAL 18WATERBODIES 256 2 2NON-FOREST 4LOWLAND DRY 18WATERBODIES 257 2 1FOREST 4LOWLAND DRY -9999 258 15 -9999 3LOWLAND SEASONAL 13LOWLAND MONSOON FOREST EOI EOS45

Vegtx.e00
First 10 lines:
EXP 0 /DATA4/OZ1/CDIAC/SE_ASIA/USE_10_20_00/EXPORT_FILES/VEGTX.E00 GRD 2 421 238 1-0.21474836470000E+10 0.25000000000000E+00 0.25000000000000E+00 0.44258748271265E+02-0.16529544598459E+02 0.14950874827127E+03 0.42970455401541E+02 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 -2147483647 Last 10 lines:

153 1 2NON-FOREST 6MONTANE MOIST 13LOWLAND MONSOON FOREST 154 1 2NON-FOREST 3LOWLAND SEASONAL 15MANGROVES 155 1 -9999 4LOWLAND DRY 17NON-FOREST (INSUL) 156 1 -9999 3LOWLAND SEASONAL 15MANGROVES EOI EOS
10. DESCRIPTION, FORMAT, AND PARTIAL LISTINGS OF THE 24 ASCII DATA FILES PRODUCED BY THE ARC/INFO GRIDASCII COMMAND Twenty-four of the 26 ASCII data files included in this numeric data package were generated by the ARC/INFO GRIDASCII command. These files may be used with or without ARC/INFO software. The ASCIIGRID command must be used to read these files into ARC/INFO. The syntax for the ASCIIGRID command is “ASCIIGRID <in_ascii_file> <out_grid> {INT | FLOAT}” (e.g., ASCIIGRID AC.DAT AC INT). The first six lines of each file contain header information. The first line gives the number of columns, and the second gives the number of rows. The third and fourth lines define the lower left-handx(longitude) coordinate and the lower left-handy(latitude) coordinate. The fifth line defines the size of each grid cell, and the final line defines the missing-value indicator used in the46

file. For example, the files ac.dat, pc.dat, elev.dat, climi.dat, precip.dat, pop.dat, cntry.dat, slope.dat, soilt.dat, forest.dat, efz.dat, and veg.dat each contain the following as their first six lines (lines 1 to 6):

ncols 2598 nrows 1608 xllcorner -5879340.5620539 yllcorner -1221655.9515207 cellsize 3750 NODATA_value -9999 The remaining 1608 lines of data contain 2598 values, one value for each grid cell. For example, the file forest.dat contains 2598 values that are 1, 2, or –9999, identifying forest, non-forest, or unknown in each of the remaining 1608 lines in the file. Each file has a total of 1614 lines and a maximum line length of 15,587 characters. These files may also be read using the following Fortran or SAS statements:
Fortran:
Dimension ia(2598) Open (10, file='path_and_filename',status='old') Do I=1,6 Read(10,*) Enddo Do I=1,1608 Read(10,*) (ia(j),j=1,2598) 911 continue write (12,*) enddo stop end SAS:
Data in; Infile 'path and file name' firstobs=7 linesize=15587; Input varname@@; Run; Each file should have 4,177,584 records when this SAS input routine is used.47

Files acx.dat, pcx.dat, elevx.dat, climix.dat, precipx.dat, popx.dat, cntryx.dat, slopex.dat, soiltx.dat, forestx.dat, efzx.dat, and vegx.dat each contain the following as their first six lines (lines 1 to 6):

ncols 421 nrows 238 xllcorner 44.258748271265 yllcorner -16.529544598459 cellsize 0.025 NODATA_value -9999
The remaining 238 lines of data in each file (lines 7 to 244) contain 421 values for the variable in the file. For example, the file forestx.dat contains 421 values that are either 1, 2, or –9999, identifying forest, non-forest, or unknown in each of the remaining 238 lines in the file. Each file has a total of 244 lines and a maximum line length of 2525 characters. These files may also be read by using the following Fortran or SAS statements:
Fortran:
Dimension ia(421) Open (10, file='path_and_filename',status='old') Do I=1,6 Read(10,*) Enddo Do I=1,238 Read(10,*) (ia(j),j=1,421) 912 continue write (12,*) enddo stop end SAS:
Data in; Infile 'path and file name' firstobs=7 linesize=2525; Input varname@@; Run; Each file should have 100,198 records when this SAS input routine is used.48

All the data values in climi.dat, climix.dat, precip.dat precipx.dat, pop.dat, popx.dat, cntry.dat, cntryx.dat, slope.dat, slopex.dat, elev.dat, elevx.dat, soilt.dat, soiltx.dat, forest.dat, forestx.dat, efz.dat, efzx.dat, veg.dat, and vegx.dat are integers. Each value has a corresponding character definition, according to the following specification: CNTRY CNTRY-C (country name)
1 Bangladesh 2 Burma 3 India 4 Cambodia 5 Laos 6 Malaysia (Peninsular) 7 Nepal 8 Pakistan* 9 Sri Lanka 10 Thailand 11 Vietnam 12 Malaysia (Insular) 13 Indonesia 14 Philippines 15 Papua New Guinea* 16 Brunei *Although there are no data included in this database for Pakistan and Papua New Guinea, some border cells may be classified as such, as a result of the rasterization process (see Sect. 3, Data Limitations and Restrictions).

EFZ EFZ-C (ecofloristic zone)
2 Lowland moist 3 Lowland seasonal 4 Lowland dry 6 Montane moist 7 Montane seasonal 9 Non-forest49

VEG VEG-C (vegetation type)
1 Closed forest 2 Secondary forest 3 Shifting cultivation 4 Open forest 5 Forest mosaic 6 Non-forest (Continental) 11 Lowland rain forest 12 Montane rain forest 13 Lowland monsoon forest 14 Montane monsoon forest 15 Mangroves 16 Inland swamp forest 17 Non-forest (Insular) 18 Waterbodies 19 Degraded rain forest 20 Degraded monsoon forest

POP POP-C (population density in people/km 2)
1 1 to 25 2 26 to 50 3 51 to 75 4 76 to 100 5 101 to 150 6 151 to 200 7 201 to 300 8 301 to 400 9 401 to 500 10 501 to 750 11 751 to 1000 12 1000 to 1500 13 1500 to 2000 14 2001 to 2500050

PRECIP PRECIP-C (mean annual precipitation in mm/yr)
1 1 to 200 2 201 to 400 3 401 to 600 4 601 to 800 5 801 to 1000 6 1001 to 1200 7 1201 to 1600 8 1601 to 2000 9 2001 to 2500 10 2501 to 3000 11 3001 to 4000 12 4001 to 5000 13 5001 to 11000

ELEV ELEV-C (elevation in m)
1 0 to 250 2 251 to 500 3 501 to 1000 4 1001 to 1500 5 1501 to 2000 6 2001 to 2500 7 2501 to 3000 8 3001 to 4000 9 4001 to 5000 10 5001 to 10000

SLOPE SLOPE-C (slope)
1 Level 2 Undulating 3 Rolling 4 Hilly 5 Mountainous 6 Unknown5152

SOILT SOILT-C (soil texture)
1 Coarse 2 Medium coarse 3 Medium 4 Medium fine 5 Fine 6 Unknown

FOREST FOREST-C (forest or non-forest designation)
1 Forest 2 Non-forest

CLIMI CLIMI-C (Weck’s Climatic Index)
1 1 to 25 2 26 to 50 3 51 to 75 4 76 to 100 5 101 to 125 6 126 to 150 7 151 to 175 8 176 to 200 9 201 to 250 10 251 to 300 11 301 to 350 12 351 to 400 13 401 to 450 14 451 to 500 15 501 to 600 16 501 to 700 17 701 to 800 18 801 to 900 19 901 to 1000 20 1001 to 170053

11. DESCRIPTION, FORMAT, AND PARTIAL LISTING OF THE COMPOSITE 3.75-KM AND 0.25-DEGREE ASCII DATA FILES The final two ASCII data files included in this numeric data package contain a composite of all the data in each of the 24 ASCII data files produced by the ARC/INFO GRIDASCII command. Each file contains the following variables: grid-cell identification number, longitude of the centerpoint of each grid cell, latitude of the centerpoint of each grid cell, estimated actual biomass carbon density in Mg/ha, estimated potential biomass carbon density in Mg/ha, country name, Weck’s Climatic Index, ecofloristic zone, elevation, forest or non-forest designation, population density, mean annual precipitation, slope, soil texture, and vegetation type. The first file, se_asia.dat, contains data at 3.75- km spatial resolution, whereas se_asiax.dat contains the same data at 0.25-degree spatial resolution. While each file contains 15 variables, se_asia.dat has 4,177,584 records, and se_asiax.dat has 100,198 records. Table 5 describes the format and content of the two files. Table 5. Format and description of variables for the composite ASCII data files in this

numeric data package (se_asia.dat and se_asiax.dat)
Start column End column Variable name Variable description 1 7 gid Unique grid-cell identification number. Values range from 1, for the lower-left-most grid cell, to to 4,177,584 (in file se_asia.dat) or 100,198 (in file se_asiax.dat), for the upper-right-most grid cell 9 16 long Longitude (decimal degrees) of the centerpoint of each 3.75-km (in file se_asia.dat) or 0.25-degree (in file se_asiax.dat) grid cell 18 25 lat Latitude (decimal degrees) of the centerpoint of each 3.75-km (in file se_asia.dat) or 0.25-degree (in file se_asiax.dat) grid cell 27 31 ac Actual biomass carbon density in Mg/ha 33 37 pc Potential biomass carbon density in Mg/ha 39 43 cntry Country code 45 49 climi Weck’s Climatic Index code 51 55 efz Ecofloristic zone code 57 61 elev Mean elevation code 63 67 forest Forest or non-forest code 69 73 pop Population density code 75 79 precip Mean annual precipitation code 81 85 slope Slope code 87 91 soilt Soil texture code 93 97 veg Vegetation code54

The following listing provides the first and last ten lines of the two composite ASCII data files (se_asia.dat and se_asiax.dat). se_asia.dat
First 10 lines:

1 44.2828 36.2251 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 2 44.3217 36.2333 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 3 44.3605 36.2416 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 4 44.3994 36.2498 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 5 44.4382 36.258 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 6 44.4771 36.2663 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 7 44.5159 36.2745 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 8 44.5548 36.2827 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 9 44.5936 36.2909 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 10 44.6325 36.2991 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 Last 10 lines:

4177575 140.9362 -13.3889 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 4177576 140.9686 -13.3934 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 4177577 141.0011 -13.3978 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 4177578 141.0335 -13.4023 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 4177579 141.066 -13.4068 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 4177580 141.0984 -13.4113 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 4177581 141.1308 -13.4158 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 4177582 141.1633 -13.4203 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 4177583 141.1957 -13.4248 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 4177584 141.2282 -13.4293 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999
se_asiax.dat
First 10 lines:55 1 44.3837 42.8455 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 2 44.6337 42.8455 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 3 44.8837 42.8455 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 4 45.1337 42.8455 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 5 45.3837 42.8455 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 6 45.6337 42.8455 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 7 45.8837 42.8455 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 8 46.1337 42.8455 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 9 46.3837 42.8455 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 10 46.6337 42.8455 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999

Last 10 lines:

100189 147.1337 -16.4045 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 100190 147.3837 -16.4045 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 100191 147.6337 -16.4045 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 100192 147.8837 -16.4045 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 100193 148.1337 -16.4045 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 100194 148.3837 -16.4045 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 100195 148.6337 -16.4045 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 100196 148.8837 -16.4045 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 100197 149.1337 -16.4045 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 100198 149.3837 -16.4045 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 The following statements can be used to read ASCII data files into Fortran or SAS programs:
For Fortran:
10 READ(5,100, END=999)gid,longitud,latitude,ac,pc,cntry,climi,efz,elev, 1 forest pop precip slope soilt veg 100 FORMAT(i8,2f8.2,12i8) For SAS:

Data in; Infile 'path and filename' linesize=97 DLM=","; Input gid longitud latitude ac pc cntry climi efz elev forest pop precip slope soilt veg; Run;

12. STATISTICS OF THE FILES PROVIDED IN THIS NUMERIC DATA PACKAGE The statistics that follow in Table 6 are presented only as a tool to ensure the proper reading of the 36 data files in this numeric data package. The statistics given for the ten ARC/INFO export grid files are identical to the contents of the statistical attribute table (gridname.sta) for each imported ARC/INFO grid. The 26 ASCII data files were generated after all occurrences of –9999 (missing-value indicator) were excluded. These statistics should not be interpreted as a summary of these data nor as an indicator of trends in these data.56 Table 6. Item statistics for the data files in this numeric data package

File name Cell

size Number

of column s Number of rows Number

of records Number of unique valuesItem(s) Minimum Maximum Mean Standard deviation

Biomass.e00 3.75

km 2598 1608 n/a 2200 ac,pc 1 2200 270.32 503.09
Biomassx.e0 0 0.25

deg 421 238 n/a 2209 ac,pc 1 2209 376.30 636.81
ac.dat 3.75

km 2598 1608 1614 281 ac 7 383 145.17 61.72
acx.dat 0.25

deg 421 238 244 279 ac 7 336 143.33 61.28 pc.dat 3.75

km 2598 1608 1614 30pc 14 393 255.16 68.71 pcx.dat 0.25

deg 421 238 244 288 pc 43 402 253.57 68.73
Climate.e00 3.75

km 2598 1608 n/a 201 climi, precip 1 201 67.92 38.40
Climatex.e0 0 0.25

deg 421 238 n/a 154 climi, precip 1 154 57.46 35.34
climi.dat 3.75

km 2598 1608 1614 20 climi 1 20 11.67 6.06
climix.dat 0.25

deg 421 238 244 20 climi 1 20 11.49 6.07 precip.dat 3.75

km 2598 1608 1614 13 precip 1 13 7.64 2.40 precipx.dat 0.25

deg 421 238 244 13 precip 1 13 7.57 2.42 Demog.e00 3.75

km 2598 1608 n/a 166pop, cntry 1 166 63.65 57.47 Demogx.e00 0.25

deg 421 238 n/a 147 pop, cntry 1 147 54.65 52.70 pop.dat 3.75

km 2598 1608 1614 14pop 1 14 4.20 2.86 popx.dat 0.25

deg 421 238 244 14pop 1 14 4.24 2.86 cntry.dat 3.75

km 2598 1608 1614 16 cntry 1 16 6.94 4.67

Table 6 (continued)

File name Cell

size Number

of column s Number of rows Number

of records Number of unique valuesItem(s) Minimum Maximum Mean Standard deviation cntryx.dat 0.25

deg 421 238 244 15 cntry 1 16 6.83 4.64
Land.e00 3.75

km 2598 1608 n/a 333 slope, elev, soilt 1 333 159.97 56.40File name Cell size Number

of column s Number of rows Number

of records Number of unique valuesItem(s) Minimum Maximum Mean Standard deviation

57 Landx.e00 0.25

deg 421 238 n/a 244 slope, elev, soilt 1 244 96.43 44.19 slope.dat 3.75

km 2598 1608 1614 6 slope 1 6 2.78 1.71 slopex.dat 0.25

deg 421 238 244 6 slope 1 6 2.78 1.71
elev.dat 3.75

km 2598 1608 1614 10 elev 1 10 2.15 1.37
elevx.dat 0.25

deg 421 238 244 10 elev 1 10 2.18 1.72
soilt.cat 3.75

km 2598 1608 1614 6 soilt 1 6 3.25 1.40
soiltx.dat 0.25

deg 421 238 244 6 soilt 1 6 3.23 1.40 Vegt.e00 3.75

km 2598 1608 n/a 258 forest, efz, veg 1 258 70.40 55.49 Vegtx.e00 0.25

deg 421 238 n/a 156 forest, efz, veg 1 156 44.51 38.83
forest.dat 3.75

km 2598 1608 1614 2 forest 1 2 1.59 0.49
forestx.dat 0.25

deg 421 238 244 2 forest 1 2 1.60 0.49
efz.dat 3.75

km 2598 1608 1614 6 efz 2 9 3.29 1.56
efzx.dat 0.25

deg 421 238 244 6 efz 2 9 3.32 1.59 veg.dat 3.75

km 2598 1608 1614 16 veg 1 20 7.59 4.87 vegx.dat 0.25

deg 421 238 244 16 veg 1 20 7.49 4.80 se_asia.dat 3.75

km 97417758441775844177584 gid 1 4177584 2088792.5 0 1205964.7

7 4177584 longitud 44.28 149.42 97.71 27.39 4177584 latitude -16.51 42.99 14.25 15.35 281 ac 7 383 145.17 61.72 30pc 14 393 255.16 68.71 20 climi 1 20 11.67 6.06 13 precip 1 13 7.61 2.40 14pop 1 14 4.20 2.86 16 cntry 1 16 6.94 4.67 6 slope 1 6 2.78 1.71 10 elev 1 10 2.15 1.67 6 soilt 1 6 3.25 1.40 2 forest 1 2 1.59 0.49 6 efz 2 9 3.29 1.56 16 veg 1 20 7.59 4.875859 Table 6 (continued)

File name Cell

size Number

of column s Number of rows Number

of records Number of unique valuesItem(s) Minimum Maximum Mean Standard deviation
se_asiax.dat 0.25

deg 97 100198 100198 100198 gid 1 100198 50099.50 28924.82
100198 longitud 44.38375 149.3837 96.88 30.38 100198 latitude -16.40454 42.84546 13.22 17.18 279 ac 7 336 143.33 61.28 288 pc 43 402 253.57 68.73 20 climi 1 20 11.49 6.07 13 precip 1 13 7.57 2.42 14pop 1 14 4.24 2.86 16 cntry 1 16 6.83 4.64 6 slope 1 6 2.78 1.71 10 elev 1 10 2.18 1.72 6 soilt 1 6 3.23 1.40 2 forest 1 2 1.60 0.49 6 efz 2 9 3.32 1.59 16 veg 1 20 7.46 4.80