IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2007-CA-00689-SCT

SANDRA ANN CRAFT IRBY

v.

ESTATE OF HENRY EDWARD IRBY,

DECEASED, BY GLORIA DEAN IRBY

MARSHALL, EXECUTRIX

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 04/18/2007

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. DAN H. FAIRLY

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: RANKIN COUNTY CHANCERY COURT

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: JOHN G. HOLADAY 

PRENTISS M. GRANT 

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: CHRISTOPHER A. TABB 

LISA ANDERSON REPPETO

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - DOMESTIC RELATIONS

DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED- 04/23/2009

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

BEFORE GRAVES, P.J., DICKINSON AND PIERCE, JJ.

PIERCE, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. This case comes to the Court on appeal from the Rankin County Chancery Court, in

which a final judgment was entered granting Sandra Ann Craft Irby and Henry Edward Irby,

M.D., a divorce on the ground of irreconcilable differences. 
2

FACTS AND DISPOSITION BELOW

¶2. On May 18, 2005, after twelve years of marriage, Sandra filed a complaint for divorce

in chancery court against her husband, Henry, on the grounds of habitual cruel and inhuman

treatment and/or habitual drug use as provided by Mississippi Code Section 93-5-1; or,

alternatively, based on irreconcilable differences as provided by Section 93-5-2. Henry

answered the complaint and counterclaimed for divorce on July 6, 2005. Henry denied that

Sandra was entitled to a divorce on any of the stated fault grounds, or a divorce based on

irreconcilable differences, and in his cross-complaint asked for a divorce on the ground of

habitual cruel and inhuman treatment. Sandra timely answered and denied that Henry was

entitled to a divorce on his alleged fault ground. 

¶3. Both parties received notice in January 2006 that trial was scheduled for May 4, 2006.

On May 3, 2006, Sandra filed a motion for continuance on the basis that Henry would object

to all documents Sandra failed to produce in a timely manner, as well as to all witnesses not

identified in a timely manner for discovery. The chancellor denied the motion, and ruled that

the trial would begin the following day as scheduled. 

¶4. Shortly after the start of the trial on May 4, the parties filed with the court their

Consent of Parties to Divorce on Irreconcilable Differences, jointly asking the court to grant

them a divorce on the ground of irreconcilable differences. The parties submitted to the trial

court the following issues for determination:

1. All matters of real and personal property, including but not limited to

the houses, land, condominiums, business property, retirements and any

401Ks accumulated during the marriage.
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2. Attorney fees.

3. Alimony.

4. The equitable division of any marital assets.

5. Payment of debts.

6. The division of tax refunds/liabilities, including the lien of the Internal

Revenue Service on record in Rankin County.

7. Mineral rights and oil & gas lease revenues including amounts in

suspense by Denbury Resources.

8. The Back Clinic.

9. Entitlement to an order prohibiting Henry from conduct calculated or

designed to harass, threaten, or intimidate Sandra or cause bodily harm

to Sandra.

10. Entitlement to life insurance.

11. Cash held in the registry of the court.

¶5. At the conclusion of day two of the trial, the judge ordered the trial continued to May

16, 2006, in order to complete testimony in the matter. On May 11, 2006, due to her

attorney’s admission into the hospital, Sandra, pro se, moved for continuance. The motion

was granted, and trial was continued to June 13, 2006. On June 5, 2006, due to her

attorney’s withdrawal from the case, Sandra, again pro se, requested another continuance.

The chancellor approved the continuance, and ordered that trial be set for final hearing on

August 22 and 23, 2006.

¶6. On July 21, 2006, Sandra, through new counsel, filed a motion to allow her to reopen

the case and requested another continuance. The chancellor approved the motion. Trial was

continued until September 14, 2006, and ultimately concluded on that date.

¶7. The court entered its final judgment on December 19, 2006, ruling that the parties

were entitled to a divorce based on irreconcilable differences.
4

¶8. On December 29, 2006, Sandra filed a motion to reconsider. Before the trial court

issued its ruling, Henry died on February 6, 2007. On March 28, 2007, Sandra filed a motion

to declare the final judgment void, as afforded by Rule 60(b) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil

Procedure. That motion was denied. Aggrieved, Sandra appeals to this Court raising the

following assignments of error: 

I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT EXCLUDED DOCUMENTS

OFFERED AT TRIAL BY SANDRA DUE TO AN ALLEGED

DISCOVERY VIOLATION.

II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT DENIED SANDRA’S

MOTIONS TO CONTINUE THE TRIAL.

III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT EXCLUDED AN EXPERT

WITNESS OFFERED BY SANDRA AT TRIAL.

IV. THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN THE

EQUITABLE PROPERTY DISTRIBUTION SET FORTH IN ITS

FINAL JUDGMENT.

A. The trial court erred in finding that Sandra was

responsible for any portion of the IRS taxes owed by

Henry.

B. The trial court erred in finding that Sandra acquired as a

marital asset approximately $75,000.00 in a home she

owned prior to the marriage.

C. The trial court erred in finding that Sandra acquired

approximately $193,000.00 in a personal injury lawsuit.

D. The trial court erred in finding that Sandra spent for her

own personal use approximately $225,091.08 of Henry’s

money which he acquired from a personal injury lawsuit.

E. The trial court erred in failing to allot Henry value in the

equitable distribution for the tractor and bulldozer.
5

F. The trial court erred in accepting Henry’s speculative

value of the Back Clinic at $128,000.00.

G. The trial court erred in failing to consider funds in

Henry’s bank accounts in relation to the equitable

distribution.

H. The trial court erred in giving Henry the 1928 Willis

Knight vehicle purchased by Sandra.

V. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT DENIED SANDRA’S

MOTION TO DECLARE JUDGMENT NULL AND VOID.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶9. The findings of a chancellor in domestic relations matters will not be disturbed by this

Court unless the chancellor was manifestly wrong, clearly erroneous, or an erroneous legal

standard was applied. Montgomery v. Montgomery, 759 So. 2d 1238 (Miss. 2000). For

questions of law, the standard of review is de novo. Duncan v. Duncan, 774 So. 2d 418, 419

(Miss. 2000) (citation omitted). 

DISCUSSION

I. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR WHEN IT EXCLUDED

DOCUMENTS OFFERED AT TRIAL BY SANDRA DUE TO AN

ALLEGED DISCOVERY VIOLATION?

II. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR WHEN IT DENIED SANDRA’S

MOTIONS TO CONTINUE THE TRIAL?

III. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR WHEN IT EXCLUDED AN

EXPERT WITNESS OFFERED BY SANDRA AT TRIAL?

¶10. Issues I, II, and III arise from and/or relate to the same grievance and will be

addressed together. Sandra contends that the trial court excluded numerous documents,
 According to the record, Henry propounded his discovery requests in July 2005. 1

Sandra initially answered in December 2005, and supplemented as follows: 628 documents

6

along with an expert witness, based on either untimely production or untimely notification

under the rules of discovery. Sandra asserts that this ruling was prejudicial to her case, as it

prevented her from using evidence concerning her contributions to the marital assets and

Henry’s dissipation of vast amounts of money due to gambling. Sandra maintains that,

instead of excluding the documents and the expert witness, the chancellor had every

opportunity to grant a continuance of the trial in order to allow Henry time to review the

documents and to prepare for her expert witness. 

¶11. This Court reviews a trial judge’s decision to impose sanctions for discovery abuses

under an abuse-of-discretion standard. Ladner v. Ladner, 436 So. 2d 1366, 1371 (Miss.

1983). The decision will be affirmed “unless there is a definite and firm conviction that the

court below committed a clear error of judgment in the conclusion it reached upon weighing

of relevant factors.” Cooper v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 568 So. 2d 687, 692 (Miss.

1990) (citation omitted). The decision to grant or deny a continuance is left to the sound

discretion of the chancellor, “and will not be reversed unless there is shown a manifest abuse

of discretion.” Rives v. Rives, 416 So. 2d 653, 656 (Miss. 1982). 

A. Document Admission.

¶12. The record shows that the parties engaged in protracted discovery throughout this

case. On May 2, 2006, two days before trial, Sandra produced approximately 1,700 pages

of documents as supplementation to discovery. The matter was not brought to the trial 1
on April 4, 2006; 202 documents on April 25, 2006; and 1,700 documents on May 2, 2006.

She provided Henry with a witness list on May 1, 2006. 

The parties’ joint tax returns from the years 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 did make 2

it into the record. Each return reported gambling income offset by an equal gambling loss,

respectively as follows: 1995–$314,746; 1996–$486,950; 1997–$285,360; 1998–$248,550.

7

court’s attention until the day before trial when Sandra moved for a continuance to allow

Henry additional time to review the documents, which the trial court denied. The record is

unclear as to exactly what the documents consisted of, but indicates that a number of them

apparently were records from various casinos that were to be used as evidence to establish

Henry’s alleged problem with gambling.2

¶13. When trial began the next day, Henry’s counsel, on his promise, objected to the first

document Sandra attempted to introduce on the basis that it was untimely supplemented. A

lengthy back-and-forth between counsel then ensued regarding all of the documents produced

on May 2. In his ruling, the trial judge held that, even though the documents were not timely

produced for discovery, he would not exclude them outright from the trial; instead, he would

admit them individually during trial if admissible and properly authenticated. The record

reveals, however, that because a number of the documents could not be authenticated, most

were not allowed into evidence. 

¶14. A trial court’s authority for imposing sanctions for discovery violations derives from

two sources: Rule 37 of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure and a trial court’s inherent

power to protect the integrity of its process. Cooper Tire & Rubber Co. v. McGill, 890 So.

2d 859, 864 (Miss. 2004) (citations omitted). Both Rule 37(e) and a trial court’s own
8

authority provide our trial judges great flexibility with which to deal summarily with

discovery abuses, whenever and however the abuse is brought to the attention of the court.

See M.R.C.P. 37 cmt.; and Herrington v. Herrington, 660 So. 2d 215, 219 (Miss. 1995)

(“Under the inherent power of courts to protect the integrity of their process, courts may

impose sanctions without a court order.”) (citations omitted). As has been said by this Court,

our procedural rules are “designed to assure to the maximum extent practicable that cases be

decided on their merits,” and not decided based on one party’s unfair ambush. Harris v.

Gen. Host Corp., 503 So. 2d 795, 796-97 (Miss. 1986). 

¶15. While there is no clear indication of deliberate gamesmanship at play here, the failure

to produce the documents in a timely manner was consequential nonetheless. The trial judge,

faced with a decision of whether to grant a continuance at the expense of the nonfaulting

party or whether to proceed forward provisionally, chose in his discretion what he believed

was more in the interest of justice and fair play. Huff v. Polk, 408 So. 2d 1368, 1371 (Miss.

1982). 

¶16. The record supports this finding. Sandra failed to provide the trial court with a

reasonable explanation for not having produced these documents in a timely manner. The

trial court’s decision on this point is affirmed.

B. Testimony of Expert Witness Tom Dial. 

¶17. On day two of the trial, Sandra sought to proffer the testimony of Tom Dial, a private

investigator, who supposedly had witnessed Henry’s visits to various casinos. Henry moved

to exclude the investigator’s testimony on the basis that Dial’s investigative reports had not
 Rule 26(b)(4)(A)(i) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure sets forth the proper 3

procedure for obtaining the identity of an expert witnesses, not otherwise discoverable under

9

been produced until nine days before trial, on April 25, and that Sandra had not disclosed that

he was to testify at trial until May 1, three days before trial. 

¶18. The trial court heard arguments from both sides on the matter. According to the

record, Sandra had disclosed at her deposition held on March 16, 2006, that she had a private

investigator. The record shows that Sandra possessed the investigator’s reports for at least

seven months prior to producing them on April 25. 

¶19. The trial court found that Sandra had failed to timely provide the name of an expert

witness and ruled that Dial would not be permitted to testify as to the contents of his

investigative reports. At that point, Sandra again moved for a continuance to allow Henry

additional time to prepare for her expert witness. That motion was denied. 

¶20. Pursuant to Rule 26(f) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure, discovery

responses are to be supplemented seasonably. There is no bright-line rule as to what amounts

to seasonable supplementation. Eastover Bank for Sav. v. Hall, 587 So. 2d 266, 272 (Miss.

1991). Rather, “seasonableness must be determined on a case by case basis looking at the

totality of the circumstances surrounding the supplemental information the offering party

seeks to admit.” Blanton v. Bd. of Supervisors, 720 So. 2d 190, 196 (Miss. 1998). 

¶21. We note at the outset that, even though Dial was designated as an expert witnesses,

the record negates categorizing him as the type of expert contemplated by Rule

26(b)(4)(A)(i) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure. The record clearly shows that 3
subsection (b)(1) of Rule 26, which is through interrogatories, not depositions. 

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Dial, while maybe a witness with expertise, was foremost an “occurrence witness.” In other

words, having directly observed Henry’s visits to casinos, conduct which Sandra alleges was

detrimental to the marital estate, Dial was a witness to events at issue in this case. Thus,

pursuant to Rule 26(b)(1) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure, both Dial’s identity

and the subject matter of his proposed testimony were discoverable matters. See also Ladner

v. Ladner, 436 So. 2d 1366,1372 (Miss. 1983) (a party is entitled to a list of “occurrence

witnesses” during discovery).

¶22. After having responded in her deposition that she had hired a private investigator,

Sandra, without reasonable explanation, waited until three days before trial to disclose that

the investigator was to testify as a witness. When Henry moved to exclude that testimony,

Sandra again requested a continuance so as to allow Henry additional time to prepare. The

trial judge denied her request for the same reason he denied her request with regard to the

untimely supplemented documents. Based on the record, this Court cannot say that the trial

court abused its discretion both by excluding Dial as a witness and denying Sandra’s request

for a continuance. Issues I, II, and III are without merit.

IV. THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN THE

EQUITABLE-PROPERTY DISTRIBUTION SET FORTH IN ITS

FINAL JUDGMENT. 

¶23. Sandra avers that the trial court erred in the equitable distribution of the property of

the parties, as there were a number of discrepancies between the trial court’s final findings
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and the testimony at trial. She maintains that the trial court’s findings are not supported by

substantial credible evidence, and should be overturned. 

¶24. For domestic matters on appeal, this Court is required to respect the findings of fact

made by a chancellor supported by credible evidence and not manifestly wrong. Newsom

v. Newsom, 557 So. 2d 511, 514 (Miss. 1990). 

¶25. The division of marital assets is governed by Hemsley v. Hemsley, 639 So. 2d 909

(Miss. 1994), and Ferguson v. Ferguson, 639 So. 2d 921, (Miss. 1994). The chancellor

must first identify whether the property to be divided is marital or nonmarital. Hemsley, 639

So. 2d at 915. The chancellor should then employ the following factors in arriving at an

equitable division of marital assets: 

(1) Substantial contribution to the accumulation of the property, with factors

to be considered such as a) direct or indirect economic contribution to the

acquisition of the property, b) contribution to the stability and harmony of the

marital and family relationships as measured by quality, quantity of time spent

on family duties and duration of the marriage, and c) contribution to the

education, training or other accomplishment bearing on the earning power of

the spouse accumulating the assets; (2) degree to which each spouse has

expended, withdrawn or otherwise disposed of marital assets and any prior

distribution of such assets by agreement, decree or otherwise; (3) market value

and the emotional value of the assets subject to distribution; (4) value of assets

not ordinarily, absent equitable factors to the contrary, subject to such

distribution, such as property brought to the marriage by the parties and

property acquired by inheritance or inter vivos gift by or to an individual

spouse; (5) tax and other economic consequences, and contractual or legal

consequences to third parties, of the proposed distribution; (6) the extent to

which property division may, with equity to both parties, be utilized to

eliminate periodic payments and other potential sources of future friction

between the parties; (7) the needs of the parties for financial security with due

regard to the combination of assets, income and earning capacity; and (8) any

other factor which in equity should be considered. 
 According to our calculation, the Equity total should read as $1,187,277. 

4

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Ferguson, 639 So. 2d at 928.

¶26. In the trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law, the value of the marital

estate, supplied by both documentary and oral evidence, was described as follows:

1. Real Estate

Home and 280 Acres of Property

on Stump Ridge Road Value: $ 1,525,000 4

Debt: $ 337,723

Equity: $ 1,205,000

Condominium at Orange Beach Value: $ 420,000

Debt: $ 160,000

Equity: $ 260,000

2. Automobiles

Chevrolet Value: $ 12,000 

Debt: $ 9,050

Equity: $ 2,950

2001 Lincoln Navigator Value: $ 18,000

Debt: $ 8,500

Equity: $ 9,500

1927 Willis Knight Value: $ 10,000

Debt: $ 0

Equity: $ 10,000

2003 Cadillac Escalade Value: $ 25,000 

Debt: $ 18,075

Equity: $ 6,925

1984 Ford F-150 Value: $ 1,500

 Debt: $ 0 
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Equity: $ 1,500

3. Household Goods and Furnishings

Lawn Mower $ 1,000

Four-wheeler $ 1,000

Golf cart $ 2,000

Furniture (antique) $ 35,000

Jewelry $ 5,000

Equipment (business) $ 128,000 

Guns $ 7,000

Remaining household furniture $ 85,000

Computer $ 150

4. Bank Accounts

Sandra Irby (Bank Plus) $ 14,000

Sandra Irby (Vision Bank) $ 2,500

Henry Irby (Bank Plus) $ 126

Henry Irby (Citizens Bank) $ 176

Henry Irby (Heritage Bank) $ 1,540

5. Misc. Property

Bulldozer Value: $ 20,000.00

 Debt: $ 20,000.00

 Equity: $ 0

Case Value: $ 30,000.00

 Debt: $ 30,000.00

 Equity: $ 0

Denbury Resources

(Oil and Gas) Value: $56,000.00

Gold Master Mining Value: 0 

Equity in home deeded by Sandra

to daughter Melissa Breedlove in

2006 at 130 Landford Cove. Value: $ 75,000.00
 According to the financial statements, the correct debt amount is $160,000, as is 5

correctly denoted under the real estate valuation, supra. 

14

AG Edwards Account (Sandra) Value: $ 2,583.06

6. Debts

Federal Land Bank (Home) $ 7,382.25

Federal Land Bank (Home) $ 40,984.86 

Federal Land Bank (Home) $ 170,751.30

Federal Land Bank (Home) $ 118,605.52 

Heritage Bank (Henry) $ 48,293.67

Heritage Bank (Henry) $ 9,780.00 

American Express (Henry) $ 1,600.00

GMAC (Henry Cadillac Escalade) $ 18,075.00

Chase Mortgage (Orange Beach Condo) $ 130,000.00 5

Priority One Bank (equipment loan at

Back Clinic) $ 62,000.00 

Trustmark (Sandra Lincoln Navigator) $ 14,000.00 

Vision Bank $ 43,000.00 

7. Other Debts Not Listed Elsewhere

Taxes owed to 

Internal Revenue Service $ 104,130.90

(plus interest and penalties) 

¶27. Having identified the marital property, the trial court found that an equitable

distribution of the marital estate, based on the evidence submitted at trial, would require the

following divison:

Item Henry Sandra

2003 Cadillac Escalade $9,500.00

2001 Lincoln Navigator $8,000.00

1932 Chevrolet $2,950.00

1927 Willis Knight $10,000.00

Lawn Mower $1,000.00
15

Four-wheeler $1,000.00

Golf cart $2,000.00

Computer $150.00

AG Edwards Account (Sandra) $2,583.06

Equity in home deeded by Sandra to

daughter Melissa Breedlove in 2006

at 130 Langford Cove, Brandon, Ms. $75,000.00

The Back Clinic $66,000.00

Non-antique Furniture $85,000.00

TOTAL: $24,000.00 $238,733.06

¶28. In its final judgment granting the parties a divorce based on irreconcilable differences,

the trial court found that each party should have use, possession, and ownership of their

personal property and jewelry. The trial court ruled that the real property (the property at

Stump Ridge Road and the Orange Beach condominium) were to be sold, with the first

$214,283.06 of net proceeds (after taxes) from the sales to be awarded to Henry, and the

balance of the proceeds divided fifty percent to Henry, and fifty percent to Sandra. The

obligations of the parties to Federal Land Bank, Vision Bank, and the IRS were found to be

joint debts, and were ordered to be paid from the sale of the real property. The proceeds

from the sale of the Orange Beach condo were to, first, pay the notes to Chase Mortgage,

with the remaining balance to be divided equally. Henry was ordered to pay seventy-five

percent of the federal tax lien, including seventy-five percent of all penalties and interest at

the time of the payment, and Sandra was ordered to pay the remaining twenty-five percent,

including twenty-five percent of all penalties and interest at the time of the payment. Henry

was awarded exclusive ownership of the antique furniture inherited by him, together with his

personal items, the 2003 Cadillac Escalade, the 1932 Chevrolet, the 1927 Willis Knight
16

vehicle, and the golf cart. Sandra was awarded exclusive ownership of her personal items,

the Back Clinic, non-antique furniture in the home, computer, four-wheeler, lawn mower,

2001 Lincoln Navigator, and her AG Edwards account. Finally, the trial court ordered that

the funds from the Denbury Resources (oil and gas lease) account were to pay current the

notes on the real properties to prevent foreclosure during their listings.

A. Sandra’s responsibility for twenty-five percent of a

Federal Tax Lien of $104,130.90 (plus interest and

penalties) due to a business owned by Henry.

¶29. In his finding of facts and conclusions of law, the trial judge found the federal tax lien

that had been assessed against a business owned by Henry to be a joint debt. Though Henry

owned the business, and was primarily responsible for incurring the lien, the trial court

determined that both parties nonetheless enjoyed the fruits of this business and that the assets

of both parties would have been reduced equally, had the taxes been paid timely. The trial

court also found that both parties jointly spent the proceeds from a settlement that was

received from a lawsuit filed to recover these taxes. The trial court therefore apportioned

Sandra twenty-five percent of the debt.

¶30. Citing the Internal Revenue Code, Sandra argues that, because she cannot be held

criminally responsible for Henry’s willful violation of the federal tax code, the tax debt

cannot be considered a joint debt. 

¶31. Under Mississippi law, tax liens and the consequences thereof to the marital estate fall

under the Ferguson factors. Ferguson, 639 So. 2d at 928. As was found by the trial court,

while Sandra may not knowingly have been the cause of incurring the tax lien itself, she
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nonetheless bore some responsibility as far as the marital estate was concerned. In this

Court’s opinion, the trial court’s decision that Sandra be responsible for twenty-five percent

of this debt from her divided share of the marital estate is without error. 

B. Did the trial court err in finding that Sandra acquired

as a marital asset approximately $75,000.00 in a home

she had owned prior to the marriage?

¶32. The trial court found the home at 130 Langford Cove to be a marital asset. Although

Sandra had owned the home prior to the marriage, she began paying the mortgage with

marital funds following the marriage. Based on her daughter’s testimony at trial, the court

determined that there was $75,000.00 of equity in the home. In making its determination,

the trial court took into consideration the fact that Sandra also had purchased a number of

residential lots, including a condominium, with marital funds. She later sold these properties,

and was unable to account for the proceeds. The record supports this finding.

C. The trial court’s finding that Sandra acquired

approximately $193,000.00 in a personal injury

lawsuit.

¶33. The trial court found that Sandra had acquired $193,000 from a personal injury

lawsuit. Sandra correctly points out that the amount, as was stipulated to by Henry at trial,

was actually $156,597.08. At trial, Sandra claimed that she had spent $111,657.57 out of her

personal injury settlement award on marital debts incurred during the parties’ initial

separation, and therefore sought a credit in that amount. The trial court concluded that

Sandra was not entitled to a credit, as she had failed to provide the court with any accounting

of these alleged expenditures. 
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¶34. That aside, the record also shows that the trial court did not take Sandra’s injury award

itself into consideration in its equitable division of the marital assets. Thus, the misstated

total was wholly inconsequential to the end result, and therefore harmless error.

D. Did the trial court err in finding that Sandra spent

for her own personal use approximately $225,091.08

of Henry’s money which he acquired from a personal

injury lawsuit?

¶35. The trial court found that Henry had received approximately $400,491.08 from a

personal injury lawsuit. According to the record, Henry had placed the funds into a joint

account with Sandra. Sandra thereafter removed the funds and placed them in a different

account and put the name of her youngest daughter from another marriage on the account

“POD” (paid-on-death). In June 2004, Sandra placed Henry’s name on the account, which

at that point had a balance of $278,019.67. The following October, Henry removed $175,000

from that account and placed it into an account with another bank. 

¶36. The trial court found that Sandra had spent $225,091.08 of Henry’s settlement.

However, the trial court also made a Ferguson finding and concluded that the money from

Henry’s settlement was a marital asset, dividing it evenly between the parties. Ferguson,

639 So. 2d. at 928. Thus, similar to Sandra’s argument regarding her settlement award, the

trial court’s finding on this point was inconsequential to the final division.

E. Whether the trial court erred in failing to allot Henry

value in the equitable distribution for the tractor and

bulldozer.

¶37. Due to the debt incurred on each item, the trial court assessed no value on either. The
19

record supports this finding.

F. The trial court erred in accepting Henry’s speculative

value of the Back Clinic at $128,000.00.

¶38. The only evidence presented to the trial court as to the value of the Back Clinic was

the uncontroverted testimony of Henry. The chancellors of this state are not responsible for

the evidence that is presented at trial. As the Court of Appeals has said, “it is incumbent

upon the parties, and not the chancellor, to prepare evidence touching on matters pertinent

to the issues to be tried.” Dunaway v. Dunaway, 749 So. 2d 1112, 1118 (Miss. Ct. App.

1999). Where a party fails to provide information, the chancellor is entitled to proceed on

the best information available. Id. The value of the Back Clinic was a factual finding

supported by credible evidence. Newsom, 557 So. 2d at 514. 

G. The trial court erred in failing to consider funds in

Henry’s bank accounts in relation to the equitable

distribution.

¶39. Sandra asserts that the chancellor did not consider all of Henry’s bank accounts, and

that the actual amounts in the accounts listed in Henry’s financial statement submitted to the

trial court were wrong. 

¶40. According to the record, however, Sandra provided no evidence at trial to the

contrary. Thus, this point is without merit. Dunaway, 749 So. 2d at 1118. 

H. The trial court erred in giving Henry the 1928 Willis

Knight vehicle purchased by Sandra.
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¶41. The trial court found the Willis Knight vehicle to be marital property and apportioned

the asset to Henry as part of the equitable distribution of the property. Ferguson, 639 So.

2d at 928. The record supports this finding.

¶42. In considering the Ferguson factors, we cannot say that the trial court manifestly

erred in the division of the marital assets. Id.

V. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT DENIED

SANDRA’S MOTION TO DECLARE THE JUDGMENT NULL

AND VOID.

¶43. Sandra avers that the proceedings of the divorce did not comply with the statutory

requirements of Mississippi Code Section 93-5-2. She argues that, despite the parties having

entered into a consent agreement to divorce on the ground of irreconcilable differences at the

beginning of the hearing on May 4, 2006, the parties never withdrew the fault grounds stated

in their original pleadings. Therefore, according to Sandra, pursuant to Section 93-5-2(5),

which provides that “no divorce shall be granted on the ground of irreconcilable differences

where there has been a contest or denial . . . [unless] the contest or denial has been withdrawn

or cancelled by the party filing the same by leave and order of the court,” the final judgment

awarding the parties a divorce on said grounds is void. Miss. Code Ann. § 93-5-2(5) (Rev.

2004).

¶44. Henry’s estate (“Estate”) argues, however, that when read in its entirety, Section 93-5-

2(5) is excepted by subsection (3) of the statute, which allows parties to consent to a divorce

on the ground of irreconcilable differences and to stipulate to what issues they wish the court

to decide for them. Miss. Code Ann. § 93-5-2(3) (Rev. 2004). The Estate contends that the
21

parties clearly consented to divorce on the ground of irreconcilable differences on the first

day of the hearing, and submits that at no time did Sandra ask for leave to withdraw her

consent, nor did she raise the issue in her Motion for Reconsideration, and that she wishes

to do so now only because Henry has passed away. 

¶45. At the beginning of the trial, a lengthy exchange occurred regarding discovery

violations and the admissibility of evidence. The parties then requested a brief recess,

following which Sandra and Henry jointly filed with the court a written instrument entitled

Consent of Parties to Divorce on Irreconcilable Differences. In open court, the trial judge

read into the record that both parties had requested that a divorce based on irreconcilable

differences be granted, and that they had agreed to submit to the court for its determination

all matters of real and personal property, and all other things listed in the instrument. 

¶46. Review of the document shows that each party, upon advice of counsel, voluntarily

agreed to be bound by the court’s decision and understood that it would be a lawful

judgment, and that the consent granted could not be withdrawn by either party without leave

of the court. The document was signed by both parties and their attorneys. The record,

however, contains no mention of an order being issued or requested allowing the parties to

withdraw or cancel the contest or denial requested by each in their respective complaint and

counter complaint for divorce. Nor did Sandra seek leave of court to withdraw her consent.

¶47. In denying Sandra’s motion to set aside the judgment as void, the chancellor reasoned

as follows:
22

By the clear and unambiguous language of the statute, 93-5-2(5), a

divorce on the grounds of irreconcilable differences may be granted only

where and if contests or denials have been withdrawn or cancelled with leave

and by order of the court. The exception to this is contained in the first 10

words of 93–5-2(5): “Except as otherwise provided in subsection (3) of this

section . . . .” It is the opinion of this court that in writing the statute in this

manner, the legislature intended that when the parties execute a consent under

subsection (3), the requirements of subsection (5) are not required. Logically,

if the parties consent to a divorce on the ground of irreconcilable differences

and meet the requirements of subsection (3), such an act necessarily shows and

establishes that the parties intend to and do withdraw all contests and denials.

It is the opinion of this court that the requirements of subsection (5) are

applicable only where a divorce commences as a contested divorce with

grounds asserted and is concluded with a written agreement containing

adequate and sufficient provision for the custody and maintenance of any

children and for the settlement of any property rights between the parties.

Miss. Code Ann. § 93-5-2.

Moreover, assuming the plaintiff is correct in her motion and were the

court to grant the plaintiff’s motion, such would encourage parties to enter into

a consent pursuant to subsection (3), await the decision of the trial court, and

then assert that the judgment is void. Generally, matters not objected to

contemporaneously with the occurrence cannot later be considered error. This

court finds that the plaintiff’s assertion that the parties, herself included, did

not comply with subsection (5) should and had to have been made at the

commencement of the trial, not after 3 days of proof and testimony, and

because of her dissatisfaction with the decision of the trial court. Such a claim

should and must be made at the time the alleged error or failure occurred, not

post judgment.

¶48. We agree. Section 93-5-2 governs divorces based on irreconcilable differences, and

states in pertinent part as follows: 

(3) If the parties are unable to agree upon adequate and sufficient

provisions for the custody and maintenance of any children of that marriage

or any property rights between them, they may consent to a divorce on the

ground of irreconcilable differences and permit the court to decide the issues

upon which they cannot agree. Such consent must be in writing, signed by

both parties personally, must state that the parties voluntarily consent to permit

the court to decide such issues, which shall be specifically set forth in such
23

consent, and that the parties understand that the decision of the court shall be

binding and lawful judgment. Such consent may not be withdrawn by a party

without leave of the court after the court has commenced any proceeding,

including the hearing of any motion or other matter pertaining thereto. The

failure or refusal of either party to agree as to adequate and sufficient

provisions for the custody and maintenance of any children of that marriage

or any property rights between the parties, or any portion of such issues, or the

failure or refusal of any party to consent to permit the court to decide such

issues, shall not be used as evidence, or in any manner, against such party. No

divorce shall be granted pursuant to this subsection until all matters involving

custody and maintenance of any child of that marriage and property rights

between the parties raised by the pleading have been either adjudicated by the

court or agreed upon by the parties and found to be adequate and sufficient by

the court and included in the judgment of divorce. 

(5) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (3) of this section, no

divorce shall be granted on the ground of irreconcilable differences where

there has been a contest or denial; provided, however, that a divorce may be

granted on the grounds of irreconcilable differences where there has been a

contest or denial, if the contest or denial has been withdrawn or cancelled by

the party filing same by leave and order of the court.

(6) Irreconcilable differences may be asserted as a sole ground for

divorce or as an alternate ground for divorce with any other cause for divorce

set out in Section 93-5-1.

Miss. Code Ann. § 93-5-2 (Rev. 2004).

¶49. The legislative purpose behind Section 93-5-2 “is to provide a less painful alternative

to the traditional grounds for divorce which require[s] . . . parties to publicly put on proof of

sensitive private matters.” Grier v. Grier, 616 So. 2d 337, 339 (Miss. 1993). The statute

expressly permits parties to “bargain on the premise that reaching an agreement will avoid

the necessity of presenting proof at trial.” Id. “The cornerstone of the process is mutual

consent.” Id. To ensure that end, the statute contains certain conditions. Perkins v. Perkins,

787 So. 2d 1256, 1261 (Miss. 2001) (citations omitted). The chief of these conditions is,
Section 93-5-2 was amended in 1990 to provide for subsection (3), which Massingill 6

termed the “trial by mutual consent” provision. Massingill, 594 So. 2d at 1176; Miss. Code

Ann. § 93-5-2 (Rev. 2004).

24

“that neither spouse contest its granting.” Id. (quoting Sanford v. Sanford, 749 So. 2d 353,

357 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999)). 

¶50. Such was the understanding in Massingill v. Massingill, 594 So. 2d 1173 (Miss.

1992), in which the parties, having failed to prove a fault-based divorce, were granted a

divorce based on irreconcilable differences, having pleaded that ground in the alternative.

In reversing, this Court held that simply pleading the ground is not enough to satisfy the

consent provisions required by subsection (3). Id. at 1176. These provisions are that the 6

consent (1) must be in writing and signed by both parties; (2) must state that the parties

voluntarily consent to permit the court to decide the issues upon which the parties cannot

agree; (3) must specifically set forth the issues upon which the parties are unable to agree;

and (4) must state that the parties understand that the decision of the court shall be a binding

and lawful judgment. Id. at 1177. The Court found that, even though both parties had

requested a divorce based on irreconcilable differences, the husband nonetheless had denied

that the wife was entitled to a divorce on this ground, and had also filed a complaint claiming

fault grounds. Id. at 1778. By virtue of subsection (5), there remained both a contest and

denial. Id. The Court opined, “[a]ccordingly, the facts negate any conclusion there was

mutual consent to a divorce on the ground of irreconcilable differences.” Id. (citation
Because the parties were not submitting any issues for the trial court to decide, 7

subsection (3) did not apply. 

25

omitted) (emphasis added). Without speaking any further on subsection (5), the Massingill

Court concluded on this point with the following: 

[I]t is conceivable the required mutual consent in writing could have been

accomplished by written stipulation, written agreement, or by some other

viable means either prior to or during the last appearance before the chancellor.

Id. 

¶51. In Perkins, this Court reversed a chancellor’s judgment granting a divorce based on

irreconcilable differences as requested in a settlement agreement between the spouses for

its failure to comply with a number of statutory requirements set forth by Section 93-5-2.

Perkins, 787 So. 2d at 1264-65. Though subsection (3) was not at issue, the Perkins 7

Court’s opinion nonetheless expounded on some of Massingill’s implications. Id. at 1263.

Of relevance was Perkins’s treatment of a point argued by the appellee in countering the

appellant’s charge that the appellee had failed to withdraw his original fault grounds. Id. at

1262. The appellee argued that subsection (5) was met when the settlement agreement was

signed. Id. Perkins responded only by saying that the Court interprets subsection (5) as

pertaining to cases where irreconcilable differences had been pleaded in the alternative to

fault grounds, which neither of the Perkinses had done. Id. at 1262. 

¶52. The Perkins Court then addressed the appellee’s main contention that each of the

procedural shortcomings in the matter were technical flaws and should be considered

harmless error, claiming that the appellant had failed to show prejudice. Id. at 1262-63. In
26

so doing, Perkins acknowledged this Court’s volition, in some instances, to affirm a lower

court’s judgment granting a divorce based on irreconcilable differences despite failure to

follow certain procedural safeguards. Id. at 1262-64. However, the Court then expressly

indicated this is not appropriate when a party’s substantive rights are at issue. Id. at 1264.

Notably, Perkins also stated that “[h]ad either party pled irreconcilable differences as an

alternative, this case would be in line with [Rounsaville v. Rounsaville, 732 So. 2d 909

(Miss. 1999)], and the parties could have agreed to a property settlement on the day of trial.”

Id. at 1264. Rounsaville upheld a trial court’s decision to grant a divorce based on

irreconcilable differences where, at the time of the granting of the divorce, the parties had

not entered into a property settlement, nor had the trial court adjudicated the presented issues

as required under the statute. Rounsaville, 732 So. 2d at 911 (noting that, although this was

error, it was harmless error since the appellant demonstrated no prejudice which would make

the error reversible). 

¶53. We find that the facts here differ from those which determined the outcome in both

Massingill and Perkins, as the record in this case clearly shows mutual consent. Sandra and

Henry fully complied with the procedural requirements set forth in subsection (3). Both,

along with their attorneys, signed the written consent agreement; the agreement expressly

stated that both parties voluntarily consented to permit the court to decide the issues upon

which they could not agree; it specifically set forth those issues; and both expressly

acknowledged their understanding that the decision of the court would be a binding and

lawful judgment. The agreement was then read into the record in open court. This
27

distinguishes this case from both Massingill and Perkins. Unlike what concerned the Court

in those two cases, our appellant’s substantive rights are not in question.

¶54. It is well understood that divorce in Mississippi is governed by statute, and that its

provisions must be strictly complied with. Perkins, 787 So. 2d at 1264. The plain language

of subsection (5) mandates that a contest or denial be withdrawn or canceled, by leave and

order of the court, by the party who filed the contest or denial. This is a procedural safeguard

which has existed within the framework of Section 93-5-2 since its promulgation. See e.g.

Alexander v. Alexander, 493 So. 2d 978, 979 (Miss. 1986) (discussing Miss. Code Ann. §

93-5-2 (Supp. 1985)). However, the exception clause, which was added in 1990 when the

statute was amended to provide for “trial by mutual consent,” clearly indicates that

subsection (5) should be read in conjunction with subsection (3). Once the parties fully and

properly acceded to the procedural strictures of subsection (3), the safeguards provided by

subsection (5) were no longer necessary. 

¶55. The trial court’s decision denying Sandra’s motion to set aside the final judgment

decreeing an irreconcilable-differences divorce is affirmed.

CONCLUSION

¶56. For the foregoing reasons, this Court affirms the judgment of the Rankin County

Chancery Court. 

¶57. AFFIRMED.

WALLER, C.J., CARLSON AND GRAVES, P.JJ., DICKINSON, RANDOLPH,

LAMAR, KITCHENS AND CHANDLER, JJ., CONCUR.