DA 13-0502

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2014 MT 14

COVENANT INVESTMENTS, INC.,

 Plaintiff and Appellant,

 v.

FIRST SECURITY BANK,

 Defendant and Appellee.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eighteenth Judicial District,

In and For the County of Gallatin, Cause No. DV 12-596B

Honorable Mike Salvagni, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

James A. Patten, Patricia D. Peterman; Patten, Peterman, Bekkedahl 

& Green, PLLC; Billings, Montana

For Appellee:

Calvin L. Braaksma; Braaksma & Miller, PLLC; Bozeman, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: December 10, 2013

 Decided: January 21, 2014

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

January 21 2014
2

Justice Patricia Cotter delivered the Opinion of the Court. 

¶1 Covenant Investments, Inc. appeals the Eighteenth Judicial District Court’s 

dismissal of its complaint against First Security Bank (FSB) under M. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6)

(Rule 12(b)(6)). We affirm.

¶2 In February 2004, in preparation for an anticipated subdivision of property, R & D 

Holding,

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and FSB’s predecessor-in-interest, 360 Ranch Corporation, entered into a 

“Waiver of Right to Protest” the creation of Special Improvement Districts (SIDs) 

(Waiver) for the purpose of making road and/or intersection improvements to 

Cottonwood Road, between Huffine Lane and West Babcock Street, in Bozeman, 

Montana. The Waiver provided that if SIDs were not utilized to complete these 

improvements, the parties to the Waiver would “participate in an alternate financing 

method” for completion of the improvements. Subsequently, Covenant unilaterally 

completed the road upgrade project and then sought reimbursement from FSB. FSB 

refused and Covenant filed this action. The District Court granted FSB’s motion to 

dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). Covenant appeals. 

ISSUE

¶3 Did the District Court err in dismissing Covenant’s complaint against First 

Security Bank?

 

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It is unclear from the record whether R & D Holding is affiliated with Covenant or was 

Covenant’s predecessor-in-interest to this property. Covenant’s complaint does not indicate a 

date upon which Covenant took possession of the relevant property.
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FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶4 In 2004, R & D Holding and 360 Ranch Corporation, then-owners of real property 

located along Cottonwood Road between W. Babcock Street and Huffine Lane, entered 

into the above-referenced Waiver. The Waiver, in relevant part, provided:

In consideration of receiving Final Plat approval from the City of 

Bozeman to subdivide the subject property . . . and in recognition of the 

traffic that will be generated by the development of the . . . property, R & D 

Holding and 360 Ranch Corporation and their successors and assigns, 

waive the right to protest the creation of one or more special improvement 

districts for street improvements to the east half of Cottonwood Road,

extending from Huffine Lane to West Babcock.

If Special Improvements Districts are not utilized for the completion 

of these projects, the undersigned agree to participate in an alternate 

financing method for completion of these projects on a fair share,

proportionate basis as determined by square footage of the property, linear 

front footage of the property, taxable valuation of the property, or a 

combination thereof.

. . .

This waiver shall be a covenant running with the land and shall not 

expire.

¶5 No SIDs were implemented by the City of Bozeman. At some point in time after 

the Waiver was signed, Covenant undertook and paid for all improvements to the 

intersection of Huffine Lane and Cottonwood Road. In 2007, FSB constructed and took 

occupancy of its bank building at the corner of Huffine and Cottonwood.2In early 2007, 

Covenant requested that FSB pay its fair share of the street improvements it had 

undertaken and FSB refused to reimburse Covenant for such costs. In August 2012, 

Covenant filed its initial complaint. In June 2013, it filed an amended complaint. In its 

 

2 Covenant does not disclose, nor does the record reflect, when FSB purchased the property or 

when Covenant undertook the relevant improvements to Cottonwood Road.
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complaints, Covenant alleged that FSB breached its obligation under the Waiver and 

sought to enforce the alternate financing provision of the Waiver.

¶6 FSB moved to dismiss Covenant’s complaint arguing that it owed no duty or 

obligation to Covenant under the Waiver. Specifically, it contended (1) Covenant did not 

allege that a contract existed between the parties and that FSB breached such contract; 

(2) an “obligation” arises either from a contract or by operation of law and Covenant did 

not argue “operation of law” nor does “operation of law” apply to this case; and 

(3) Covenant is essentially seeking contribution and the three-year statute of limitations 

for contribution had expired. 

¶7 Relying on Scherpenseel v. Bitney, 263 Mont. 68, 73-75, 865 P.2d 1145, 1148-49

(1993), the District Court stated, “The [c]ourt finds that generally, a covenant running 

with the land becomes part of a deed by operation of law and that a deed constitutes a 

contract founded upon a written instrument. . . . Thus, generally speaking, a written 

covenant running with the land creates an obligation (by way of a contract) and claims 

involving such covenants are subject to the eight-year statute of limitations set forth in 

§ 27-2-202(1), MCA.”

¶8 The court concluded, however, that the Waiver did not contain the “essential 

elements of a contract,” and therefore did not bind FSB as a successor to the original 

covenantor. Specifically, the court found that the provision regarding alternative 

financing was “silent as to the nature, cost, and timing of these street improvements and 

who is responsible for determining the necessary improvements.” It concluded that as a 

result of these omitted terms that were essential to the agreement, there was no mutual 
5

assent and the financing provision was void for lack of certainty. Additionally, the court 

found that Covenant failed to mount a cogent argument that FSB’s purported obligation 

arose by operation of law. The court therefore held that Covenant’s complaint must be 

dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶9 We construe allegations contained in a complaint in a light most favorable to the 

plaintiff when reviewing an order dismissing a complaint under M. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). 

A court should not dismiss a complaint for failure to state a claim unless it appears 

beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim that would 

entitle him to relief. A district court’s determination that a complaint failed to state a 

claim presents a conclusion of law. We review for correctness a district court’s 

conclusions of law. In re Estate of Glennie, 2011 MT 291, ¶ 11, 362 Mont. 508, 265 

P.3d 654 (internal citations omitted). 

DISCUSSION

¶10 Did the District Court err in dismissing Covenant’s complaint against First 

Security Bank?

¶11 Covenant maintains on appeal that the Waiver signed by FSB’s predecessor-intitle created a covenant running with the land that (1) did not expire, (2) was incorporated 

into the deed of conveyance, and (3) is binding upon the covenantor’s successor. 

Covenant asserts that when the Bank purchased the property, it “stepped into the shoes of 

the covenantor” and became obligated to pay its fair share of the street improvements. 
6

Therefore, its refusal to reimburse Covenant was a breach of the obligation set forth in 

the Waiver.

¶12 FSB counters that the District Court correctly concluded that no valid, enforceable 

contract existed between the parties. It further asserts that the Waiver does not evidence 

an obligation imposed upon it by operation of law. The Bank argues

An obligation which arises by operation of law is one which devolves upon 

a person by the mere application of “established rules of law” to the facts of 

a particular transaction, “without the act or cooperation of the party 

himself.” . . . Examples include the termination of a joint tenancy by the 

death of a joint tenant; the termination of a life estate by the death of the 

life tenant; and the application of the automatic stay in bankruptcy upon the 

filing of a bankruptcy petition. A document in which parties agree to 

participate in future negotiations in order to strike an agreement about street 

improvements is, by definition, not an obligation which exists by operation 

of law. [Emphasis in original.]

¶13 An obligation arises either from a contract between parties or by operation of law. 

Section 28-1-102, MCA (emphasis added). Covenant posits on appeal that the Waiver 

document that was executed by the predecessors to the parties to this litigation constitutes 

a contract. We agree that a contract was created; however, the question we must resolve 

is whether the District Court correctly determined that the provision in the contract 

regarding alternative financing was void for lack of certainty. Because we presume the 

existence of a contract, there is no basis for a resort to the mutually exclusive “operation 

of law” theory. Moreover, if a contractual provision were deemed void for lack of 

certainty, it could not in any event be resuscitated by operation of law.

¶14 It is well established that an enforceable contract contains the following essential 

elements: (1) identifiable parties capable of contracting; (2) consent of these parties; (3) a 
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lawful object; and (4) sufficient consideration. Hanson v. Water Ski Mania Estates, 2005 

MT 47, ¶ 20, 326 Mont. 154, 108 P.3d 481. “Consent must be mutual, and the parties 

must agree upon the same thing, in the same sense.” AAA Constr. of Missoula, LLC v. 

Choice Land Corp., 2011 MT 262, ¶ 19, 362 Mont. 264, 264 P.3d 709. 

¶15 The Waiver referenced the anticipated intersection improvements and the possible 

methods for determining how the costs of the improvements would be distributed 

between the property owners, but it failed to specify what type of financing would be 

utilized and by whom, and how and when the improvements themselves would be 

undertaken. As the District Court observed, “the provision is silent as to the nature, cost, 

and timing of these street improvements and who is responsible for determining the 

necessary improvements.” As such, the Waiver is distinguishable from the agreement we 

held to be enforceable in Hurly v. Lake Cabin Dev., LLC, 2012 MT 77, 364 Mont. 425, 

276 P.3d 854. There, we determined that a buy-sell agreement provided “sufficient 

information . . . to make the parties’ obligations ‘clearly ascertainable.’” Hurly, ¶ 21. 

Notwithstanding the parties’ agreement to finalize terms for the construction of additional 

structures on the property, “there were clear and definite parameters for determining” the 

parties’ obligations, and the agreement therefore “included all essential material terms.” 

Hurly, ¶ 22. In contrast, without further detail in the Waiver regarding the process and 

financing for the improvements, “there was no meeting of the minds” as it pertains to the 

alternate financing provision and the provision is void for lack of certainty.

¶16 As noted above, there is nothing in the record or Covenant’s complaint 

establishing when it took possession of the property, when it undertook and completed 
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the improvements, when FSB purchased the property, or whether FSB owned the 

property at the time the improvements were undertaken. Covenant’s amended complaint

merely alleges that Covenant “paid for all street improvements on the east side of 

Cottonwood Road between Huffine and West Babcock Streets, Bozeman, Montana,” and 

“[w]hen [FSB] acquired the property, it incurred the obligation to reimburse [Covenant] 

for its proportionate fair share for those street improvements.” This language suggests 

that Covenant completed the intersection improvements unilaterally without notifying or 

seeking participation from FSB or FSB’s predecessor, 360 Ranch. The pertinent 

language utilized in the Waiver does not contemplate unilateral action; rather it reflects

the intention that the parties would jointly “participate” in the planning, financing, and 

completion of these projects. The Waiver presumes future negotiations and collaborative 

efforts. Covenant’s decision to proceed unilaterally with the intersection improvements 

deprived FSB (or 360 Ranch Corporation) of any such participation. 

¶17 We conclude that the District Court did not err in determining that the Waiver’s 

alternative financing provision was void for lack of certainty. We further conclude that 

by acting unilaterally Covenant waived its right to belatedly demand enforcement of the 

Waiver provision. We therefore conclude that the court did not err in dismissing 

Covenant’s complaint seeking enforcement of the Waiver agreement.

¶18 Finally, we agree with FSB that if Covenant’s complaint is construed as one for 

contribution, it is barred by the statute of limitations. Section 27-2-202(3), MCA, 

“provides for a three-year limitations period for the commencement of an action upon an

obligation or liability, other than a contract, account, or promise, not founded upon an 
9

instrument in writing.” N. Cheyenne Tribe v. Roman Catholic Church, 2013 MT 24, 

¶ 41, 368 Mont. 330, 296 P.3d 450. While the record does not provide the date the 

improvements were completed, Covenant asserts in its amended complaint that it first 

sought reimbursement for the improvements from FSB in 2007. It then filed its initial 

complaint in August 2012. This being so, an action by Covenant for reimbursement of its 

costs would be time-barred under § 27-2-202(3), MCA. 

CONCLUSION

¶19 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the District Court’s dismissal of Covenant’s 

complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted.

/S/ PATRICIA COTTER

We concur: 

/S/ MIKE McGRATH

/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT

/S/ BETH BAKER

/S/ LAURIE McKINNON