NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

___________

No. 19-2762

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

v.

AMBROSE J. SAMPLE, II,

 

 Appellant

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Western District of Pennsylvania

(District Court No.: 2-18-cr-00031-001)

District Court Judge: Honorable Joy Flowers Conti

Submitted under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)

on April 23, 2020

(Opinion filed: May 29, 2020)

Before: PORTER, RENDELL and FISHER, Circuit Judges
2

OPINIO N*

RENDELL, Circuit Judge:

Appellant Ambrose J. Sample II (“Sample”) was convicted of possessing 

ammunition as a convicted felon under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Sample appeals his 

conviction, arguing that the Government did not present sufficient evidence to sustain his 

conviction because it failed to prove two elements: that the round of ammunition he 

possessed met the statutory definition of “ammunition,” see Appellant’s Br. at 11-13, 

15-20, and that he knowingly possessed the round of ammunition, see Appellant’s Br. at 

13-14, 21-32. For the reasons discussed below, we will affirm the District Court’s 

judgment.

I.1

A. Factual Background

In June 2017, Pittsburgh Police Officer Joseph Bucci responded to a 911 call in 

which Shalena Lewis reported that gunshots had been fired in her neighborhood. A. 88, 

93, 129. When Bucci arrived, he first saw and spoke to Sample and a few other people 

on the street. A. 129-31. Sample denied hearing gunshots, but Bucci continued on to 

speak with others, including Lewis, the 911 caller, and her fiancé, Aaron Burton. A. 129-

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not 

constitute binding precedent.

1 Because we write for the parties, who are familiar with the facts and the procedural 

posture to date, we only include what is necessary to explain our decision.
3

32. Lewis identified Sample as the individual who had fired the gunshots that led to her

911 call. A. 132.

Finding no shell casings or other evidence, Bucci eventually left the scene to 

address another call but gave Sample’s description to Detective Joseph Lippert, who had 

just arrived. A. 134. Lippert also left the scene shortly thereafter but, while leaving, saw 

Sample walking down a nearby street. A. 166-69. Lippert stopped and spoke to Sample, 

A. 169, before Bucci returned and identified Sample as the alleged shooter. A. 141. 

Lewis then also identified him. A. 142. Sample was detained, A. 141, 173-74, and his 

hands were swabbed for a gunshot residue test, which came back positive. A. 174-78.

The officers obtained a search warrant for and searched Sample’s residence. 

A. 144-47; 179-80. Officers recovered a round of .380-caliber ammunition that was 

located in plain view on the mantel above the fireplace in the living room of Sample’s 

residence. A. 147, 181. The officers did not find a firearm or other ammunition in 

Sample’s residence. A. 181.

B. Sample’s Indictment, Trial, and Conviction

The Government indicted and charged Sample with possession of ammunition by 

a convicted felon and with possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.2

 A. 37-40. Each 

count alleged that Sample’s possession occurred after his convictions of four crimes 

2 Because Sample only appeals his felon in possession of ammunition conviction, we do 

not describe the facts that formed the basis for Sample’s felon in possession of a firearm 

charge, on which he was acquitted.
4

punishable by imprisonment for more than one year. A. 37-39. Sample proceeded to a 

bench trial on both counts.

At trial, in addition to witness testimony from Bucci, Lippert, Lewis, Burton, and 

others, the Government presented expert testimony from Maurice Ferentino, a Special 

Agent for the of Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. A. 199-202. At 

trial, Sample did not object to Ferentino’s qualification as an expert or to the admission of 

his testimony. Id. Ferentino testified that, based on his training, experience, and visual 

and physical inspection of the round of ammunition recovered from Sample’s residence, 

the round was .380-caliber ammunition that would fit a .380-caliber firearm. A. 205-08. 

Ferentino testified that he had not tested the round’s primer to determine whether the 

round was live. Id. After the Government presented its case, Sample testified in his own 

defense, stating among other things that he had never seen the ammunition and did not 

intend to possess it. A. 240-41.

After both parties rested, Sample moved for a judgment of acquittal on both 

counts, and the District Court reserved decision. A. 210-14, 261-63. The District Court 

found Sample guilty of possessing ammunition as a convicted felon. A. 3-15. Sample 

then moved again for a judgment of acquittal, which the District Court denied. A. 19.

The Court sentenced Sample to a 55 months’ imprisonment and a three-year term of 

supervised release. A. 19-25. Sample timely filed this appeal. A. 1.
5

II.3

We review the District Court’s factual findings for clear error. See, e.g., United 

States v. Helbling, 209 F.3d 226, 237 (3d Cir. 2000). We review its legal determinations 

de novo. See United States v. Ledesma-Cuesta, 347 F.3d 527, 530 (3d Cir. 2003). We 

affirm a judgment of conviction if, “after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable 

to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the 

crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Burnett, 773 F.3d 122, 135 (3d Cir. 

2014) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)) (emphasis in original). 

We “must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the . . . verdict and presume 

that the [finder of fact] properly evaluated credibility of the witnesses, found the facts, 

and drew rational inferences.” United States v. Marcavage, 609 F.3d 264, 271 (3d Cir. 

2010) (quoting United States v. Wasserson, 418 F.3d 225, 237 (3d Cir. 2005)) (alterations 

in original). Our review is “highly deferential.” United States v. Caraballo-Rodriguez, 

726 F.3d 418, 430 (3d Cir. 2013).

III.

Sample appeals his conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), arguing that the 

Government failed to present sufficient evidence to sustain the District Court’s judgment 

of conviction. Section 922(g)(1) states that it is unlawful for any person “who has been 

convicted in any court of, a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one 

3 The District Court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have jurisdiction under 

28 U.S.C. § 1291.
6

year . . . to . . . possess in or affecting commerce, any firearm or ammunition.” 18 U.S.C. 

§ 922(g)(1). In order to sustain a conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), the prosecution 

must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that: (1) the defendant was convicted of a felony, 

defined as a “a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year,” id.;

(2) the defendant, after being convicted, knowingly possessed ammunition, defined as 

“ammunition or cartridge cases, primers, bullets, or propellent powder designed for use in 

any firearm,” 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(17)(A); (3) the defendant’s possession was in or 

affecting interstate commerce; and (4) the defendant knew of his or her felon status at the 

time he or she possessed the ammunition. See Rehaif v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 2191, 

2195-96, 2200 (2019).

4

A. Whether the round met the statutory definition of ammunition

Sample first argues that the Government presented insufficient evidence to prove 

that the round of ammunition that was recovered from his home met the statutory 

definition of “ammunition” under 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(17)(A). The District Court found 

that Ferentino’s expert testimony on this point sufficed to prove that the .380-caliber 

round that officers recovered from Sample’s mantel was “ammunition” under 18 U.S.C. 

§ 921(a)(17)(A). A. 11-12. Sample urges, however, that Ferentino’s testimony did not 

support the District Court’s finding because Ferentino did not attempt to load it into a 

weapon.

4 Sample stipulated that he was a convicted felon, A. 9, 218, and does not argue he did 

not know of his felon status. See Rehaif, 139 S. Ct. at 2200. Similarly, Sample does not 

contest on appeal that the round of ammunition had traveled in interstate commerce.
7

Sample’s argument fails. Viewing Ferentino’s testimony in the light most 

favorable to the prosecution, it is clear that there was enough evidence before the District 

Court for a “rational trier of fact” to find as the District Court did. Burnett, 773 F.3d at 

135. Ferentino testified that the round recovered by officers on Sample’s mantel was a 

round of .380-caliber ammunition designed for use in a .380-caliber handgun. His 

testimony was based on his examination of the round and his years of training and

experience. Ferentino’s testimony sufficed to support the District Court’s judgment of 

conviction on this element, which requires evidence that the ammunition be “designed for 

use in any firearm,” 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(17)(A).

5

 We will therefore affirm the District 

Court’s ruling on this issue.

B. Whether Sample possessed the round

Sample next argues that the Government presented insufficient evidence to prove 

that Sample knowingly possessed the round of ammunition. The District Court found 

that Sample constructively possessed the ammunition because it “was found in plain view 

on the mantelpiece in his living room,” App. 12, and because he was the only occupant of 

the home, id. Sample argues that the Government did not prove that he constructively 

5 As part of this challenge, Sample argues that because Ferentino “failed to apply even a 

scintilla of a scientific principle or method when formulating his expert opinion,” 

Appellant’s Br. at 19, his testimony fails the standard for expert testimony under Federal 

Rule of Evidence 702 and therefore was not sufficient evidence to support the District 

Court’s finding. Importantly, though, Sample does not argue on appeal that the testimony 

was inadmissible, and his citation to Rule 702 in relation to his sufficiency argument does 

not change our conclusion that a “rational trier of fact,” Burnett, 773 F.3d at 135, could 

have relied on Ferentino’s testimony to find, as the District Court did, that the round was 

“ammunition” under 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(17)(A).
8

possessed the round and failed to rebut Sample’s testimony that he did not know about 

the round.

“Constructive possession” exists if an “individual knowingly has both the power 

and the intention at a given time to exercise dominion or control over a thing, either 

directly or through another person or persons. Constructive possession necessarily 

requires both dominion and control over an object and knowledge of that object’s 

existence.” United States v. Walker, 657 F.3d 160, 172 (3d Cir. 2011) (quoting United 

States v. Cunningham, 517 F.3d 175, 178 (3d Cir. 2008)). Sufficient circumstantial 

evidence supports the District Court’s “constructive possession” finding in Sample’s

case. See, e.g., United States v. Foster, 891 F.3d 93, 111 (3d Cir. 2018) (holding that 

constructive possession of a firearm may be proven through circumstantial evidence). As 

the District Court noted, Sample was the only person who lived at the home where the 

round of ammunition was found; Sample himself testified that he was the only person 

“allowed” to live in his home, App. 242; the police found no evidence of other people 

living in the home; and the round of ammunition was in plain sight on Sample’s mantel. 

This evidence was enough to sustain a finding that Sample exercised “both dominion and 

control over” the round of ammunition and a rational fact finder could find that its 

position in plain view indicates that Sample had “knowledge of [its] existence.” Walker, 

657 F.3d at 172. Therefore, especially in light of our “highly deferential” standard of 

review, Caraballo-Rodriguez, 726 F.3d at 430, we will affirm the District Court’s finding 

that Sample was in possession of the round of ammunition that was recovered from his 

mantel.
9

IV.

We will affirm the District Court’s judgment of conviction.