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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Technical Support Do cument Definition of important t erms used in this document: 1) Designated “unclassifiable”

– an area where Environmental P rotection A gency (EPA) could not determine if there was a violation of the 2008 Lead National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS ) o r a contribution to a violation in a nearby area, because there was insufficient air quality data for both 2006 - 2008 and 2007 - 2009 and where additional monitoring data for 2010 could not result in a different designation . 2) Designated “attainment”

– an area which EPA has determined , based on the most recent 3 ye ars of certified air quality data from 2006
- 2008 or 2007 - 2009 , has no violations of the 2008 Lead NAAQS during 36 consecutive valid 3
- month site means ; and which EPA has further determine d does not contribute to a violation of the 2008 Lead NAAQS in a nearb y area and that additional monitoring data from 2010 could not result in a different designation . 3 ) Designated nonattainment area
– an area which EPA has determined , based on a State recommendation and/ or on the technical anal ys is included in this document , has a violation of the 2008 Lead NAAQS during the most recent three consecutive years of quality
- assured, certified air quality

data. 4 ) Prior nonattainment area
– an area that is currently d esignated as nonattainment or maintenance for the 1978 Le ad NAAQS (including both current nonattainment areas and maintenance areas). 5 ) Recommended nonattainment area
– an area a State or Tribe has recommended to EPA be designated as nonattainment . 6 ) Violating monitor
– an ambient air monitor whose design value exceed s 0.15 micrograms per cubic meter ( μg/m 3 ) . As described in Appendix R of part 50, a violation can be based on either Pb
- T otal S uspended P articulate (TSP) or Pb
- P articulate M atter 10 micron s or smaller in size (PM10) data and onl y three months of data are necessary to produce a valid violating design value. 7 ) 19 78 Lead NAAQS
– 1 . 5 μg/m 3 , NAAQS for lead promulgated in 1978. Based on the lead
total suspended particulate (Pb
- TSP ) indicator and averaged over a calendar quarter. 8 ) 2008 Lead NAAQS - 0. 1 5 μg/m 3 , NAAQS for lead promulgated in 2008 . Based on the Pb
TSP indicator and a three
- month rolling average. Data for the Pb
- PM10 ( lead
- particl es smaller than 10 micrometers ) indicator may be used in limited instances , including to show nonattainment.2 Pennsylvania Area Designations For the 2008 Lead National Ambient Air Quality Standard s EPA has revised the level of the primary (health
- based) standard from 1.5 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3) to 0.15 μg/m3 measured as total suspended particles (TSP). EPA has revised the secondary (welfare
- based) standard to be identical in all respects to the primary standard
. Pursuant to section 107(d) of the Clean Air Act, EPA must designate as “ n onattainment ” those areas that violate the NAAQS and those nearby areas that contribute to violations. The table below identifies the counties or portions of counties in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania that EPA is designating “nonattainment” for the 200 8 lead national ambient air quality standard (2008 Lead NAAQS) . Table 1 . Nonattainment Areas Area (listed alphabetically) Pennsylvania’s

Recommended Nonattainment Counties Pennsylvania’s

Recommended Nonattainment Townships/Boroughs EPA’s

Designated Nona ttainment Counties EPA’s Designated

Nonattainment Townships/Boroughs Lower Beaver Valley Area Beaver County

(partial ) Potter and Vanport Beaver County (partial) Potter and Vanport Lyo ns Area Berks County

(partial) Maxatawny ,

Richmond, and Lyons Berks Co unty

(partial) Maxatawny ,

Richmond, Lyons , and Kutztown North Reading Area Berks County

(partial) Muhlenberg,

Laureldale, and Alsace Berks County

(partial) Muhlenberg,

Laureldale, and Alsace Figure 1. Map of Beaver and Berks Counties in relation to the rest of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.3 Technical A nalysis for Lyons Nonattainment Area Introduction This technical anal ys is for Lyons Nonattainment Area in Berks County identifies the partial county with a monitor that violate s the 2008 Lead NAA QS and evaluates nearb y counties for contributions to lead concentrations in the area. EPA has evaluated these counties based on the weight of evidence of the following factors recommended in previous EPA guidance :

 Air quality

in potentiall y included v ersus excluded areas ;  Emissions and emissions
- related data in areas potentially included versus excluded from the nonattainment area , including population data, growth rates and patterns and emissions controls;
 Meteorology

(weather/transport patter n s) ;  Geo graphy/topography (mountain ranges or other air basin boundaries) ;  Jurisdictional boundaries (e.g., counties, air districts, reservations, etc.) ; and
 Any other relevant information submitted to or collected by EPA (e.g., modeling where done appropriatel y). On December 17, 2009 , Pennsylvania recommended that part s of Berks County be designated as nonattainment for the 2008 L ead NAAQS based on air quality data from 2006
- 2008. The Commonwealth’s recommendation was based on data from Federal Reference Method (FRM) or Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) monitor s located in the state. As part of Pennsylvania’s recommendation they

used modeling for drawing the nonattainment area boundaries in Berks County . EPA’s review of this modeling can be found in Appendix A o f this document . This modeling supports Pennsylvania’s recommendation that the Lyons Nonattainment Area and the North Reading Nonattainment Area in Berks County should be two separate nonattainment areas . A conservative approach was used b y Pennsylvania , where it included the whole t ownship or b orough that contain ed any part of the contours of the modeling results at or above half the 2008 L ead NAAQS or 0.075 μg/m 3

. A map of these contour lines showing the two separate nonattainment areas can be found in Figure A
- 2 in Appendix A of this document. Based on EPA's technical analy sis described below, EPA is designating part s of Berks County in Pennsylvania as nonattainment for the 2008 Lead NAAQS as the Lyo ns N onattainment Area, based upon currentl y availabl e information. This c ounty and the t ownships/

b oroughs included in the nonattainment area are listed above in Table 1. Detailed Assessment Air Quality Data This factor considers the l ead design values (in μg/m 3 ) for air quality monitors in Berks County in the Lyons Area and the surrounding area s based on data for the 2006
- 2008 and 2007 - 2009 period s . A monitor’s design value indicates whether that monitor attains a specified air quality4

standard . The 2008 Lead NAAQS are met at a monitoring site when the identified design value is valid and less than or equal to 0.15 μg/m 3 . A design value is onl y valid if minimum data completeness criteria are met. A lead design value that meets the NAAQS is generall y considered valid if it encompasses 36 consecutive valid 3
- month site means (specifically for a 3
- ye ar calendar period and the two previous months). For this purpose, a 3
- month site mean is valid if valid data were obtained for at least 75 percent of the scheduled monitoring day s in the 3
- month period. A lead design value that does not meet the NAAQS is considered valid if at least one 3 - month mean that meets the same 75 percent requirement is above the NAAQS. That is , a site does not have to monitor for three full calendar years in order to have a valid violating design value; a site could monitor just three months and still produce a valid (violating) design value . The 2008 Lead NAAQS design values for Berks County in the Lyo ns Nonattainment Area and surrounding area are shown in Table 2 . Table 2 . Air Quality Data County State

Recommended Nonattainment? Monitor Air

Quality System ID Monitor

Location Lead

Design Value 2006 - 2008 ( μg/m 3 ) Lead

Design Value 2007 - 2009 ( μg/m 3 ) Berks County , PA Yes (partial) 420110005 Lyo ns Area 0.10 0.07 420110717 L yons Area 0.21 0.21 420111717 North

Reading Area 0.36 0.36 Monitors in Bold have the highest 2007 - 2009 design value in the respective nonattainment area .5

Figure 2. Lyons Nonattainment Area with Monitors

The Lyo ns Nonattainment Are a show s a violation of the 2008 Lead NAAQS. Therefore , some area in this county must be designated nonattainment . However, the absence of a violating monitor alone is not a sufficient reason to eliminate nearb y areas as candidates for nonattainment statu s. Each area has been evaluated based o n the weight of evidence of the factors and other relevant information. Figure 2 is a map of the area anal yz ed showing the locations of air quality monitors in the nonattainment area . Currently , in the Lyons Nonattainment Area , there are two monitors . Of these two monitors , one is violating the 2008 Lead NAAQS and the other is not violating , as shown in Table 2 . The monito r that is within Lyons Borough in Figure 2 is the design monitor and is exceeding the 2008 L ead NAAQS . The monitor to the s outh, located in Richmond Township , is attaining the 2008 Lead NAAQS , therefore, EPA agrees with Pennsylvania that no other t ownships/

b oroughs to the East of Richmond Township should be included into the Lyons Nonattainment Area. Emissions and Emissions- Related Data Evidence of lead emissions sources surrounding a violating monitor is an important factor for determining whether a nearb y area is contributing to a monitored violation. For this factor, EPA evaluated county

l evel emission data for lead and population data .6

Emissions Emissions data were derived from the 2005 National Emissions Inventory (NEI), version 2 , which was the most up
- to - date version of the national inventory available when these data were compiled f

or the designations process in 2009. See http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/net/2005inventory .html . EPA recognize s that for certain counties, emissions may

have changed since 2005. For example, certain large sources of emissions in or near this area may

have i nstalled emission controls or otherwise significantly reduced emissions since 2005. Some States provided updated information on emissions and emission controls in their comments to EPA. Pennsylvania provided updated emissions information. Th is updated d ata is provided in Table 3 below . The data provided by Penns ylvania is the most current emission information available . The lead inventory information from these years allows for a direct comparison between the model results and the most recentl y availab le design values since the emissions are from roughl y the same time periods; 2007 or 2008 for lead emissions and 2007 - 09 for monitor design values. Table 3 shows total emissions of lead (given in tons per year) in and around the Lyons Nonattainment Area f

or sources emitting (or anticipate to contribute) greater than 0.1 ton per ye ar of lead according to the state emission inventory (Environment Facility

Application Compliance Tracking S ystem (eF.A.C.T.S.) ) for the years 2007 and 2008 . See http://www.dep.s tate.pa.us/dep/efacts/ . Facilities that are part of the Lyo ns Nonattainment Area for the 2008 Lead NAAQS are shown in boldface . Additional facilities whose annual emissions are less than 0.1 ton per year of lead and within the Lyons N onattainment Area are listed in Table 4 below . The EPA has chosen to accept Penn sylvania’s use of the inventory , and also accepts Pennsylvania’s use of the highest yearl y emissions in its modeling anal ys is as a conservative approach. See Appendix A of this document for mode ling analy sis.7

Table 3 . Facility lead emissions greater than 0.1 tons per year County Facility in State

Recommended Nonattainm ent Area? Facility Nam e Facility
– Total Air Emissions 2007 - eFacts Pennsylvania’s State inventory (tons per year) Facility
– Total

Air Emissions 2008 - eFacts Pennsylvania’s State inventory (tons per year) Facility Location

Berks County, PA Yes EastPenn Manufacturing Co. Inc/Battery Assembly 2.47 2.49 147 Deka Rd.

Berks County, PA Yes EastPenn Manufac turing Co. Inc/ Smelter Plant 0.12 0.20 147 Deka Rd. Berks County, PA No Exide Tech/ Reading Smelter 1.474 1.441 2 nd & Washington Sts. Berks County, PA No Yuasa Battery Inc/ Laureldale 0.14 0.15 2901 Montrose Ave Berks County, PA No RRI Energy Mid Atl antic/Titus Gen. Station 0.12 0.12 296 Poplar Neck Rd Berks County, PA No Lehigh Cement Co. LLC/ Evansville Cement Plant and Quarry 0.119 537 Evansville Rd.
Berks County, PA No Boyertown Foundry Co./ FKA EAFCO 0.127 9 th & Rothermal Sts. Table 4. Facility lead emissions less than 0.1 tons per year County Facility in State

Recommended Nonattainm ent Area? Facility Nam e Facility
– Total Air Emissions 2007 - eFacts Pennsylvania’s State inventory (tons per year) Facility
– Total

Air Emissions 2008 - eFacts P ennsylvania’s State inventory (tons per year) Facility Location

Berks County, PA No EastPenn Manufacturing Co. INC/ Kutztown 0.01 0.01 191 Willow St.
Berks County, PA No Kutztown University of Pennsylvania 0.0092 Hinterliten Rd. Berks County, PA No McConway & Torley LLC/Kutztown Foundry 0.0051 230 Railroad St. There are approximately

20,000 airport facilities in the U.S. at which leaded aviation gasoline is consumed. To evaluate the potential impact of emissions at and near these facilities , EPA recommends that states use the draft 2008 NEI. Data for airport facilities in Berks County which use leaded aviation gasoline are included in Table 5.8

Table 5. Airport Emissions greater than 0.1 tons per year in Berks County, PA County Airport in State

Recommended Nonattainm ent Area ? Airport Nam e Airport
– Total Air Emissions Draft 2008 NEI (tons per year) Airport Location Berks County, PA No Kutztown 0.12 CLOSED November 2008 Berks County, PA No Reading Regional Airport (RDG) 0.24 2501 Bernville Road Figure 3 . Lyons Nonattainment Area with facility locations identified by annual emissions in tons per year.

In Penns ylvania’s recommendation , the facilities in Table 4 were not mentioned . Itis EPA’s determination that Kutztown Borough sho uld be included as part of the Lyons Nonattainment Area because although small in size it does have lead emitting facilities . The locations of the facilities in Kutztown Borough are shown in Figure 3 . The Borough currently appears as a hole in the nonatt ainment area recommended b y Pennsylvania , since it is surrounded by Maxatawny Township . EPA agrees with Pennsylvania that Fleetwood Borough should not be included in the9

Lyo ns Nonattainment Area because it does not hav e any lead emitting facilities and do es not contribute to the nonattainment area. Population Data Table 6 shows the 2008 population for Berks County . This data help s assess the extent to which the concentration of human activities in the area and concentration of population
- oriented commercial development may indicate emissions
- based activity contributing to elevated ambient lead levels. This may

include ambient lead contributions from activities that would disturb lead that has been deposited on the ground or on other surfaces. Re
- entrainment of historically deposited lead is not reflected in the emissions inventory . Table 6 . Population Data County State

Recommended Nonattainm ent? 2008

Population 2008

Population Density (pop/sq mi) Population

Change 2000 - 2008 Population

% Change 2000 - 200 8 Berks County, PA Yes (partial) 403,595 467 29,098 8% Source of data: U.S. Census Bureau estimates for 2008 (http://www.census.gov/popest/datasets.html ) and estimation o f the area of U.S. Counties Growth rates and patterns Berks County has an increasing population trend between 2000 and 2008 . EPA has considered the population growth rate for this area and does not believe that it affects the boundary recommendation. Emissions Controls Und er this factor, the existing level of control of emission sources is taken into consideration. The emissions data used by EPA in this technical anal ys is and provided in Table 3 and Table 4 represent emissions levels taking into account any control strateg ies implemented in the Lyons Nonattainment Area before 2007 o n stationary sources. East Penn Manufacturing Company operates a lead/acid storage battery assembly facility and a secondary lead smelter . The six battery assembl y plants and lead oxide plant account for most of the lead emissions reported by the facility . Each assembly plant consists of four main operations that result in particulate and lead emissions controlled by fabric collectors . Most fabric filters are followed b y a HEPA filter to furth er reduce the emissions . The entire facility is subject to lead Reasonabl y Available Control Technology (RACT) in the Pennsylvania State Implementation Plan (SIP) . It meets the requirements of the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) subpart PPPPPP for the Le ad and Acid Battery Manufacturing Area Sources and New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) subpart KK for the Standards of Performance for Lead
- Acid Battery Manufacturing Plants.10

Meteorology (weather/transport patterns) For this factor, EPA considered data from National Weather Service instruments and other meteorological monitoring sites in the area. Wind direction and wind speed data is from 1960
- 1992 Solar and Meteorological Surface Observation Network information iss ued jointly by the U.S. Department of Commerce: National Climatic Data Center and the U.S. Department of Energy : National Renewable Energy L aboratory . This data is summarized in Figure 4 and Table 7 , below . This data may

provide evidence of the potenti al for lead emissions sources located upwind of a violating monitor to contribute to ambient lead levels at the violation location. Figure 4. Wind directions summarized by season for Berks County, PA

Table 7 . Top two prevaili ng wind directions by season for Berks County, PA Season Wind direction Percent of wind at that direction Wi nter We st, Northwest 32 Wi nter We st, Southwest 18 Spring We st, Northwest 24 Spring We st, Southwest 15 Summer We st, Northwest 21 Summer We st, Southwest 20 Autum n We st, Northwest 24 Autum n We st, Southwest 1911

As shown in the graph in Figure 4 and Table 7 , the prevailing surface winds were predominantly from the west, northwest and west, southwest for all four seasons. Geography/topography (mo untain ranges or other air basin boundaries) The geography/topography anal ys is evaluates the phy sical features of the land that might have an effect on the air shed and, therefore, on the distribution of lead over the Lyon Nonattainment Area. The Lyo ns N onattainment Area does not have any geographical or topographical barriers significantl y limiting air pollution transport within its air shed. Therefore, this factor did not play a significant role in determining the nonattainment boundary . Jurisdiction al boundaries Existing jurisdictional boundaries may be helpful in articulating a boundary for purposes of nonattainment designations, and for purposes of carrying out the governmental responsibilities of planning for attainment of the lead NAAQS and imp lementing control measures. These boundaries may

include an existing nonattainment or maintenance area boundary , a county or township boundary , a metropolitan area boundary , an air management district, or an urban planning boundary

established for coordin ating business development or transportation activities. The recommended Lyons Nonattainment Area is constructed using the t ownship/ b orough boundaries within Berks County . Other Relevant Information The Commonwealth provided modeling to show that the two areas , the Lyons Nonattainment Area and the North Reading Nonattainment Area in Berks County should be separate . The Commonwealth recommended including in the nonattainment area those t ownships and b oroughs where the modeling has shown a value of 0 .075 μg/m 3 or higher . Additional review of the modeling submitted by Penns ylvania can be found in Appendix A of this technical analy sis document. Conclusion After considering the factors and information described above, EPA has determined th at it is approp riate to designate portions of Berks County listed in Table 1 as part of the Lyo ns Nonattainment Area for the 2008 Lead NAAQS . EPA is changing Penns yl vania’s recommendation by adding the Borough of Kutztown to the Lyo ns Nonattainment Area . EPA’s nonattainment area includes Kutztown Borough, Lyons Borough, Maxatawny Township, and Richmond Township located with in Berks County . The12

Kutztown Borough has been added to Pennsylvania’s recommended Lyons Nonattainment Area. EPA determined that Kutztown Borough will be included in the nonattainment area because it is entirely encompassed by

the recommended nonattainment area and it has 2 facilities that emit lead within its boundaries and are in close proximity to the violating monitor. Based on its consideratio n of all the relevant, available information, as described above, EPA believes that the boundaries described herein encompass the entire area that does not meet (or that contributes to ambient air quality in a nearb y area that does not meet) the 2008 Lead NAAQS.13 Technical A nalysis for North Reading Nonattainment Area Introduction This technical anal ys is for North Reading Nonattainment Area in Berks County identifies the partial county with a monitor that violate s th e 2008 L ead NAAQS and evaluates nearby counties for contributions to lead concentrations in the area. EPA has evaluated these counties based on the weight of evidence of the following factors recommended in previous EPA guidance :

 Air quality

in potenti all y included versus excluded areas ;  Emissions and emissions
- related data in areas potentially included versus excluded from the nonattainment area , including population data, growth rates and patterns and emissions controls;
 Meteorology

(weather/transport patter n s) ;  Geography/topography (mountain ranges or other air basin boundaries) ;  Jurisdictional boundaries (e.g., counties, air districts, reservations, etc.) ; and
 Any other relevant information submitted to or collected by EPA (e.g., modeling where done appropriatel y). On December 17, 2009 , Pennsylvania recommended that part s of Berks County be designated as nonattainment for the 2008 L ead NAAQS based on air quality data from 2006
- 2008. The Commonwealth’s recommendation was based on data from FRM or FEM monitors located in the state. Based on EPA's technical analy sis described below, EPA is designating parts of Berks County in Pennsylvania as nonattainment for the 2008 Lead NAAQS as the North Reading N onattainment Area, based upon currently available in formation. This c ounty and the t ownships/

b oroughs included in the nonattainment area are listed above in Table 1. Detailed Assessment Air Quality Data This factor considers the l ead design values (in μg/m 3 ) for air quality monitors in North Reading N onattainment Area in the Berks County and the surrounding area based on data for the 2007

– 2009 period. A monitor’s design value indicates whether that monitor attains a specified air quality standard . The 2008 L ead NAAQS are met at a monitoring site wh en the identified design value is valid and less than or equal to 0.15 μg/m 3 . A design value is only valid if minimum data completeness criteria are met. A lead design value that meets the NAAQS is generall y considered valid if it encompasses 36 consecutive valid 3
- month site means (specifically for a 3
- ye ar calendar period and the two previous months). For this purpose, a 3
- month site mean is valid if valid data were obtained for at least 75 percent of the scheduled monitoring day s in the 3
- month period . A lead design value that does not meet the NAAQS is considered valid if at least one 3 - month mean that meets the same 75 percent requirement is above the NAAQS. That is , a14

site does not have to monitor for three full calendar years in order to have a v alid violating design value; a site could monitor just three months and still produce a valid (violating) design value . The 2008 Lead NAAQS design values for Berks County in the North Reading Area and surrounding area are shown in Table 8 . Table 8 . Air Q uality Data County State

Recommended Nonattainment? Monitor Air

Quality System ID Monitor

Location Lead

Design Value 2006 - 2008 ( μg/m 3 ) Lead

Design Value 2007 - 2009 ( μg/m 3 ) Berks County , PA Yes (partial) 420110005 Lyo ns Area 0.10 0.07 420110717 Lyo ns Area 0.21 0.21 420111717 North

Reading Area 0.36 0.36
Monitors in Bold have the highest 2007 - 2009 design value in the respective area . F igure 5. A rea analyzed showing the location of the air quality monitor.15

The North Reading Nonattainment Area show s a violation of the 2008 Lead NAAQS . Therefore , some area in this county must be designated nonattainment . The design value for this n onattainment area is found at the single monitor in Muhlenberg Township, as shown in Figure 5 . However, the absen ce of a violating monitor alone is not a sufficient reason to eliminate nearb y areas as candidates for nonattainment status. Each area has been evaluated based on the weight of evidence of the factors and other rel evant information. Emissions and Emissio ns- Related Data Evidence of lead emissions sources surrounding a violating monitor is an important factor for determining whether a nearb y area is contributing to a monitored violation. For this factor, EPA evaluated county

level emission data for lead and population data . Emissions Emissions data were derived from the 2005 NEI, version 2 , which is the most up
- to - date version of the national inventory

available when these data were compiled for the designations process in 2009. See http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/net/2005inventory .html . EPA recognize s that for certain counties, emissions may

have changed since 2005. For example, certain large sources of emissions in or near this area may have installed emission controls or otherwise significantly reduced emissions since 2005. Some States provided updated information on emissions and emission controls in their comments to EPA. Pennsylvania provided updated emissions information, shown in Table 9 . The data provided by Penns ylvania is the most current emission information available . The lead inventory information from these years allows for a direct comparison between the model results and the most recentl y available design values since th e emissions are from roughly the same time periods; 2007 or 2008 for lead emissions and 2007
- 09 for monitor design values. Table 9 shows total emissions of lead (given in tons per year) in and around the North Reading Area from sources emitting (or anticipate to contribute) greater than 0.1 ton per year of lead according to the state emission inventory (eF.A.C.T.S.) for the years 2007 and 2008 . See http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/efacts/ . Facilities that are part of the North Reading N onattainment Area fo r the 2008 Lead NAAQS are shown in boldface . The facilities listed in Table 8 are mapped in Figure 6 . Figure 6 shows the location of Exide Smelter and Yuasa Battery Inc. within the Nonattainment Area boundary and the smaller facilities that do not cause or contribute to the North Reading Nonattainment Area . The EPA has chosen to accept Pennsylvania’s use of the inventory , and also accepts Pennsylvania’s use of the highest yearl y emissions in its modeling anal ys is as a conservative approach . See Appendix A of this document for modeling anal ys is.16

Table 9 . Facility lead e missions greater than 0.1 tons per year County Facility in State

Recommended Nonattainm ent Area? Facility Nam e Facility
– Total Air Emissions 2007 - eFacts Pennsylvania’s State inven tory (tons per year) Facility
– Total

Air Emissions 2008 - eFacts Pennsylvania’s State inventory (tons per year) Facility Location

Berks County, PA No EastPenn Manufacturing Co. Inc/Battery Assembly 2.47 2.49 147 Deka Rd.
Berks County, PA No EastPenn Manufacturing Co. Inc/ Smelter Plant 0.12 0.20 147 Deka Rd. Berks County, PA Yes Exide Tech/ Reading Smelter 1.474 1.441 2 nd & Washington Sts. Berks County, PA Yes Yuasa Battery Inc/ Laureldale 0.14 0.15 2901 Montrose Ave Berks County, PA No RRI Energy Mid Atlantic/Titus Gen. Station 0.12 0.12 296 Poplar Neck Rd Berks County, PA No Lehigh Cement Co. LLC/ Evansville Cement Plant and Quarry 0.119 537 Evansville Rd.
Berks County, PA No Boyertown Foundry Co./ FKA EAFCO 0.127 9 th & Rothermal Sts. There are approximately

20,000 airport facilities in the U.S. at which leaded aviation gasoline is consumed. To evaluate the potential impact of emissions at and near these facilities, EPA recommends that states use the draft 2008 NEI. Data for airport facilities in Berks County which use leaded aviation gasoline are included in Table 10 . Table 10 . Airport Emissions greater than 0.1 tons per year in Berks County, PA County Airport in State

Recommended Nonattainm ent Area ? Airport Nam e Airport
– Total Air Emissions Draft 2008 NEI (tons per year) Airport Location Berks County, PA No Kutztown 0.12 CLOSED November 2008 Berks County, PA No Reading Regional Airport (RDG) 0.24 2501 Bernville Road The RDG airport is located 3.75 kilometers from the vio lating monitor in the North Reading Nonattainment Area. The Commonwealth has not provided anal ys es (such as air quality modeling) to examine the potential contribution of lead emissions at RDG to the nonattainment identified by

the monitor in Muhlenberg T ownship. EPA's preliminary modeling suggests emissions from piston
- engine aircraft operating out of RDG contribute less than 1% of lead concentrations mea sured at the violating monitor.17

Figure 6 . North Reading Nonattainment Area with facility locations i dentified by annual emissions in tons per year.

Population Data Table 1 1 shows the 2008 population for each county in the area being evaluated, as well as the population density

for each county in that area. These data help assess the extent to which the concentration of human activities in the area and concentration of population
- oriented commercial development may indicate emissions
- based activity contributing to elevated ambient lead levels. This may

include ambient lead contributions from activities that would disturb lead that has been deposited on the ground or on other surfaces. Re
- entrainment of historically deposited lead is not reflected in the emissions inventory . Table 11 . Population Data County State

Recommended Nonattainm ent? 2008

Popu lation 2008

Population Density (pop/sq mi) Population

Change 2000 - 2008 Population

% Change 2000 - 2008 Berks County, PA Yes (partial) 403,595 467 29,098 8% Source of data: U.S. Census Bureau estimates for 2008 (http://www.census.gov/popest/datasets.html ) and estimati on of the area of U.S. Counties18

Growth rates and patterns Berks County has an increasing population trend between 2000 and 2008 . EPA has considered the population growth rate for this area and does not believe that it affects the boundary recommendation. Emissions Controls Under this factor, the existing level of control of emission sources is taken into consideration . The emissions data used by EPA in this technical anal ys is and provided in Table 9 represent emissi ons levels taking into account any control strategies implemented in the North Reading Nonattainment Area before 2007 on stationary sources. The Exide Facility operates a secondary lead smelter . The facility process es used lead/acid automotive and truck batteries and other lead bearing scrap into metallic lead in one of the two smelting sy stems . Each sy stem has an identical series of control devices . The area that reports the highest lead emissions is the raw material storage building, which is exhausted to fabric collectors to control particulate and lead . The entire facility is subject to lead RACT in the Pennsylvania SIP. Yuasa Battery

Inc. is a lead battery

manufacturing facility . Itmeets the requirements o f the NESHAP subpart PPPPPP for Lead and Acid Battery Manufacturing Area Sources and the NSPS subpart KK Standards of Performance for Lead
- Acid Battery Manufacturing Plants. Meteorology (weather/transport patterns) For this factor, EPA considered data f rom National Weather Service instruments and other meteorological monitoring sites in the area. Wind direction and wind speed data was taken from 1960 - 1992 Solar and Meteorological Surface Observation Network information issued jointly by the U.S. Departm ent of Commerce: National Climatic Data Center and the U.S. Department of Energy : National Renewable Energy L aboratory . This data is summarized in Figure 7 and Table 12 , below . Th is data may provide evidence of the potential for lead emissions sources l ocated upwind of a violating monitor to contribute to ambient lead levels at the violation location.19

Figure 7 . Wind directions summarized by season for Berks County, PA

Table 12 . Top two prevailing wind directions by seas on for Berks County, PA Season Wind direction Percent of wind at that direction Wi nter We st, Northwest 32 Wi nter We st, Southwest 18 Spring We st, Northwest 24 Spring We st, Southwest 15 Summer We st, Northwest 21 Summer We st, Southwest 20 Autum n We st, Northwest 24 Autum n We st, Southwest 19 As shown in the graph in Figure 7 and Table 12 , the prevailing surface winds were predominantly from the west, northwest and west, southwest for all four seasons. Geography/topography (mountain ranges or other a ir basin boundaries) The geography/topography anal ys is evaluates the phy sical features of the land that might have an effect on the air shed and, therefore, on the distribution of lead over the North Reading Nonattainment Area.20

The North Reading Nonattainment Area does not have any geographical or topographical barriers significantly

limiting air pollution transport within its air shed. Therefore, this factor did not play a significant role in determining the nonattainment boundary . Jurisdictional boun daries Existing jurisdictional boundaries may be helpful in articulating a boundary for purposes of nonattainment designations, and for purposes of carrying out the governmental responsibilities of planning for attainment of the lead NAAQS and implementing control measures. These boundaries may

include an existing nonattainment or maintenance area boundary , a county or township boundary , a metropolitan area boundary , an air management district, or an urban planning boundary

established for coordinating business development or transportation activities. The recommended North Reading Nonattainment Area is constructed using the t ownship/ b orough boundaries within Berks County. Other Relevant Information The Commonwealth provided modeling to show that the two areas , the Lyons Nonattainment Area and the North Reading Nonattainment Area , in Berks County should be separate . The Commonwealth recommended including in the nonattainment area those t ownships and b oroughs where the modeling has shown a value of 0 .0 75 μg/m 3 or higher . Addition al review of the modeling submitted by Penns ylvania can be found in Appendix A of this technical analy sis document. Conclusion After considering the factors and information described above, EPA has determined that it is appropriate to include the portions of Berks County listed in Table 1 as part of the North Reading Nonattainment Area for the 2008 Lead NAAQS . EPA agrees with Pennsylvania’s recommendation for the North Reading Nonattainment Area which include s Alsace Towns hip, L aureldale Borough, and Muhlenberg Township . Based on its consideration of all the relevant, available information, as described above, EPA believes that the boundaries described herein encompass the entire area that does not meet (or that contributes to ambient air quality in a nearb y area that does not meet) the 2008 Pb NAAQS.21 Technical A nalysis for Lower Beaver Valley Nonattainment Area Introduction Th is technical anal ys is for the Lower Beaver Valley Nonattainment Area in Beaver County identifies the partial county with a monitor that violate s the 2008 Lead NAAQS and evaluates nearb y counties for contributions to lead concentrations in the area. EPA has evaluated these counties based on the weight of evidence of the following factors re commended in previous EPA guidance :

 Air quality

in potentiall y included versus excluded areas ;  Emissions and emissions
- related data in areas potentially included versus excluded from the nonattainment area , including population data , growth rates and patterns and emissions controls;
 Meteorology

(weather/transport patter n s) ;  Geography/topography (mountain ranges or other air basin boundaries) ;  Jurisdictional boundaries (e.g., counties, air districts, reservations, etc.) ; and
 Any other relevant information submitted to or collected b y EPA (e.g., modeling where done appropriatel y) . On December 17, 2009 , Pennsylvania recommended that part of Beaver County be designated as nonattainment for the 2008 Le ad NAAQS b ased on air quality data from 2006 - 2008 . The ir recommendation was based on data from FRM or FEM monitor s located in the state . Based on EPA's technical analy sis described below, EPA designating part s of Beaver County in Pennsylvania a s nonattainment for the 2008 Lead NAAQS as the Lower Beaver Val ley N onattainment Area , based upon currently available information . This c ounty and the t ownships /

b oroughs included in the nonattainment area are listed above in Table 1. Detailed Assessment Air Q uality D ata This factor considers the l ead design values (in μg/m 3 ) for air quality monitors in Beaver County and the surrounding area based on data for the 2006 - 2008 and 2007
- 2009 period s . A monitor’s design value indicates whether that monitor attains a specified air quality standard . The 2008 Lead NAAQS are met at a monitoring site when the identified design value is valid and less than or equal to 0.15 μg/m 3

. A design value is only valid if minimum data completeness criteria are met. A lead design value that meets the NAAQS is generall y considered val id if it encompasses 36 consecutive valid 3
- month site means (specifically for a 3
- ye ar calendar period and the two previous months) . For this purpose, a 3
- month site mean is valid if valid data were obtained for at least 75 percent of the scheduled monitoring day s in the 3
- month period. A lead design value that does not meet the NAAQS is considered valid if at least one 3
- month mean that meets the same 75 percent requirement is above the NAAQS. That is , a site does not have to monitor for22

three full cal endar ye ars in order to have a valid violating design value; a site could monitor just three months and still produce a valid (violating) design value . The 2008 Lead NAAQS design values for Beaver County in the Lower Beaver Valley Area and surrounding are a are shown in Figure 8 and Table 1 3 . Table 1 3 . Air Quality Data County State

Recommended Nonattainment? Monitor

Air Quality System ID Monitor

Location Lead

Design Value 2006 - 2008 ( μg/m 3 ) Lead

Design Value 2007 - 2009 ( μg/m 3 ) Beaver County, PA Yes (parti al) 420070505 TAMAQUI DR 0.20 0.17 Figure 8 is a map of the area anal yz ed showing the location of the air quality monitor in relation to the Horsehead Facility .

The Lower Beaver Valley Area show s a violation of the 2008 Lead NAAQS . Therefore , some area in this county must be designated nonattainment . However, the absence of a violating monitor alone is not a sufficient reason to eliminate nearb y areas as candidates for nonattainment23

status. E ach area has been evaluated based on the weight of eviden ce of the factors and other relevant information . Beaver County will be reevaluated using the same technical analysis in the second round of designations , since new source orientated monitors were to be placed and operational by January 1, 2010 as a requirement of the 2008 Lead NAAQS rule (73 FR 67059) . These sites for Beaver County are sho wn in Figure 9 and listed in Table 1 4 . Table 1 4 . Location of Source specific monitors Site Nam e Physical

Address Lattitude Longitude Bruce Mansfield 206 Mowry

Rd. , Monaca, PA 15071 40.638936° 80.365653°
Horsehead Beaver Valley

Mall, Monaca, PA 15071 40.676592° 80.316369° Vanport (original Horsehead monitor) 265 River

Ave., Beaver, PA 15009 40.685019° 80.324775° New Monitors placed January 1, 2010 are in Bo ld . Figure 9 . Map of current lead monitor locations as of January 1, 201024

Emissions and Emissions- Related Data Evidence of l ead emissions sources surrounding a violating monitor is an important factor for determining whether a nearb y area is contributing to a monitored violation. For this factor, EPA evaluated county

level emission data for l ead and population data . Emissions Emissions data were derived from the 2005 NEI, version 2 , which is the most up
- to - date version of the national inventory available when these data were compiled for the designations process in 2009. See http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/net/2005inventory .html . EPA recognize s that for certain counties, emissions may

have changed since 2005. For example, certain large sources of emissions in or near this area may have installed emission controls or otherwise significantly reduced emissions since 2005. Some States provided updated information on emissions and emission controls in their comments to EPA . Pennsylvania provided updated emissions information , provided in Table 1 5 . The data provided by Penns ylvania is the most current emission information available . The lead inventory information from these years allows for a direct comparison between the model results and the most recentl y available design values since the emissions are from roughl y the same time periods; 2007 or 2008 for lead emissions and 2007 - 09 for monitor design values. Table 1 5 shows total emissions of lead (given in tons per year) for violating and potentiall y contributing t ownships/

b oroughs in and around the Lo wer Beaver Valley Area and s ources emitting (or anticipate to contribute) greater than 0. 1 ton per year of lead according to the state emission inventory

(eF.A.C.T.S. ) for the years 2007 and 2008 . See http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/efacts/ . Facilities that are part of the Lower Beaver Valley Nonattainment Area for the 2008 Lead NAAQS are shown in boldface . The EPA has chosen to accept Pennsylvania’s use of the inventory , and also accepts Penns ylvania’ s use of the highest ye arl y emissions in its modeling anal ys is as a conservative approach. See Appendix A of this document for modeling analy sis . Figure 1 0 below shows the distance between the First Energy Generation Corp/ Bruce Mansfield Plant and the L ower Beaver V alley Nonattainment Area . During the second round of designations in 2011 , Beaver County will be reevaluated with new data provided b y the monitors placed in January 2010 to determine if the area should be expanded .25

Table 1 5 . Fac ility lead emissions greater than 0.1 tons per year County Facility in State

Recommended Nonattainm ent Facility Nam e Facility
– Total Air Emissions 2007 - eFacts Pennsylvania’s State inventory (tons per year) Facility
– Total

Air Emissions 2008 - eFacts P ennsylvania’s State inventory (tons per year) Facility

Location

Beaver County, PA Yes (partial) Horsehead Corp./Monaca Smelter 5.64 5.38 300 Frankfort Rd. Beaver County, PA Yes (partial) First Energy Gen. Corp/ Bruce Mansfield Plant 1.20 0.70 State Route 168 South Beaver County, PA Yes (partial) Jewel Acquisition/ Midland Factory 0.30 0.10 12 th St. & Midland Ave. Figure 10 . Lower Beaver Valley Nonattainment Area with facility locations identified by annual emissions in tons per year.

Population Data Table 1 6 shows the 200 8 population for Beaver County being evaluated, as well as the population density

for each county in that area. These data help assess the extent to which the concentration of human activities in the area and concentrati on of population
- oriented commercial development may indicate emissions
- based activity contributing to elevated ambient26

lead levels. This may

include ambient lead contributions from activities that would disturb lead that has been deposited on the ground or on other surfaces. Re - entrainment of historically deposited lead is not reflected in the emissions inventory . Table 1 6 . Population Data County State

Recommended Nonattainm ent? 2008

Population 2008

Population Density (pop/sq mi) Population

Change 2000 - 2008 Population

% Change 2000 - 2008 Beaver County, PA Yes (partial) 172,476 389 - 8,639 - 5% Source of data: U.S. Census Bureau estimates for 200 8 (http://www.census.gov/popest/datasets.html ) and e stimati on of the area of U.S. Counties Growth rates and patterns Beaver County has a declining population trend between 2000 and 2008 . EPA has considered the population growth rate for this area and does not believe that it affects the boundary recomm endation. Emissions Controls Under this factor, the existing level of control of emission sources is taken into consideration . The emissions data used by EPA in this technical anal ys is and provided in Table 1 5 represent emissions levels taking into account any control strategies implemented in the Lo wer Beaver Valley Nonattainment Area before 2007 on stationary sources. Horsehead Corporation is a zinc processing facility which produces high purity zinc oxide and high grade zinc metal using a two step distillation process . There are two sources responsible for the majority

of the lead emissions from the facility : the sintering line and the electrothermic furnace line . Raw materials consisting of crude zinc oxide and other secondary materials are fed to a sintering machine . Under high temperatures, air is drawn through the materials, resulting in fused chunks that become feedstock for the electrothermic furnaces . Various impurities (such as lead) are volatilized during the processing . Emissions from this process are controlled b y a baghouse . According to the company , 95 % of the lead emissions from the furnaces are emitted through baghouses, and only 5% escapes as fugitive emissions. Meteorology (weather/transport patterns) For this factor, EPA considered data from National Weather Service instruments and other meteorological monitoring sites in the area. W ind direction and wind speed data 1960 - 1992 Solar and Meteorological Surface Observation Network information issued jointly by the U.S. Department of Commerce: National Climatic Data Center and the U.S. Department of Energy : National Renewable Energy L aboratory . This data is summarized in Figure 11 , and Table 1 7 , below . This data may

provide evidence of the potential for lead emissions sourc es located upwind of a violating monitor to contribute to ambient lead levels at the violation location.27

Figure 11 . Wind directions summarized by season for Beaver County, PA

Table 1 7 . Top two prevailing wind directions by season for Beaver County, PA Season Wind direction Percent of wind at that direction Wi nter We st, Southwest 25 Wi nter We st, Northwest 22 Spring We st, Northwest 20 Spring We st, Southwest 16 Summer We st, Southwest 20 Summer South, Southwest 18 Aut um n We st, Southwest 19 Autum n We st, Northwest 18 As shown in the graph in Figure 11 and Table 1 7 , the prevailing surface wind s are often from the west, southwest and west, northwest in most seasons.28

Geography/topography (mountain ranges or other air basin boundaries) The geography/topography anal ys is evaluates the phy sical features of the land that might have an effect on the air shed and, therefore, on the distribution of lead over the Lo wer Beaver Valley Nonattainment Area. The Lower Beaver V alley Nonattainment Area does not have any geographical or topographical barriers significantly

limiting air pollution transport within its air shed. Therefore, this factor did not play a significant role in determining the nonattainment boundary . Juris dictional boundaries Existing jurisdictional boundaries may be helpful in articulating a boundary for purposes of nonattainment designations, and for purposes of carrying out the governmental responsibilities of planning for attainment of the lead NAAQS and implementing control measures. These existing boundaries may

include an existing nonattainment or maintenance area boundary , a county or township boundary , a metropolitan area boundary , an air management district, or an urban planning boundary

establi shed for coordinating business development or transportation activities. The recommended Lower Beaver Valley Nonattainment Area is constructed using the t ownship boundaries within Beaver County . Conclusion After considering the factors described above , EPA has determined that it is appropriate to include the portion of Beaver County, PA listed in Table 1 in the Lower Beaver Valley N onattainment Area for the 2008 Lead NAAQS . The air quality monitor in Beaver County shows a violation of the 2008 Lead NAAQS, based on 200 7 - 200 9 air quality data . EPA agrees with Pennsylvania’s recommendation to include Potter and Vanport T ownships in the L ower Beaver Valley Nonattainment Area , since the contributing source and vio lating monitor are located within those t ownships . Based on its consideration of all the relev ant, available information, as described above, EPA believes that the boundaries described herein encompass the entire area that does not meet (or that contributes to ambient air quality in a nearb y area that does not meet) the 2008 Pb NAAQS.