*Local Rule 47.5 provides: "The publication of opinions

that have no precedential value and merely decide particular

cases on the basis of well-settled principles of law imposes

needless expense on the public and burdens on the legal

profession." Pursuant to that Rule, the Court has determined

that this opinion should not be published.

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

_____________________________

No. 92-3924 

_____________________________

RANDY P. FORRESTER,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

Cross-Appellant,

versus

OCEAN MARINE INDEM. CO.,

Defendant,

ARCO OIL & GAS CO.,

Defendant-Appellant,

Cross-Appellee.

_________________________________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Louisiana

(CA 88 0777 E)

_________________________________________________

(December 17, 1993)

BEFORE REYNALDO G. GARZA, KING AND DeMOSS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

In this admiralty case, Defendant-Appellant Arco Oil & Gas

Company (Arco) appeals the district court's determination that

Arco was liable for the injuries sustained by Plaintiff-Appellee

Randy P. Forrester when he attempted to disembark from the M/V

SEA HERCULEAN (the crewboat). Arco insists that it owed no duty
2

of reasonable care to Forrester in any of its several statuses:

time charterer, platform owner, dock owner. As we agree, we

reverse the judgment of the district court and render judgment

for Arco, dismissing Forrester's action with prejudice.

I

FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS 

Immediately prior to the accident, Forrester, a helicopter

mechanic employed by Pumpkin Air, Inc., was working aboard an

offshore production platform owned by Arco. Arco hired Pumpkin

Air to provide helicopter transportation between the platform and

the shore. Because inclement weather prevented Forrester from

leaving Arco's platform by helicopter, he was provided

transportation on the crewboat. Owned and operated by Transocean

Marine, the crewboat was time chartered by Arco. At the onshore

dock facility, Arco's dispatcher directed the crewboat captain to

dock at the east dock, which was owned and operated by Arco.

Once the crewboat arrived, an Arco employee on the boat, Joe

Smith, gestured to the men to move to the back of the ship. 

Eager to leave the crew boat after a stormy trip of four to five

hours, the passengers began to disembark without waiting for the

gangplank. They did so by stepping down onto the top of an

outboard tire bumper, then jumping down from there to the dock

several feet below. Although there is some confusion as to

exactly when Forrester disembarked, he clearly was one of the

first passengers off the boat. He testified that the passengers

behind him were yelling at him to jump as he passed his luggage
 

1 THOMAS J. SCHOENBAUM, ADMIRALTY AND MARITIME LAW 381 (1987).

3

off to helicopter pilot George Schaeffer, and, as he attempted to

disembark, he fell to the dock and was injured.

The district court held that a time charterer, such as Arco,

owes a high degree of care to passengers, including a reasonably

safe means of boarding and leaving the vessel. Moreover, the

court found that Smith was in charge of (1) instructing

passengers as to Arco's safety rules, and (2) disembarkation. 

Smith was negligent in the performance of these duties, according

to the court, as he was the first to leave the vessel and was

already in the dispatcher's office when the accident occurred.

II

BACKGROUND

In determining the liability of a charterer to a third

party, we must first ascertain the nature of the charter

relationship. There are three general categories of charters:

the bareboat charter, the time charter, and the voyage charter.1

These categories are further characterized as either demise or

non-demise charters: bareboat charters are demise charters; both 

time charters and voyage charters are non-demise charters. The

distinction between the demise and non-demise charters depends on

the degree of control retained by the owner of the vessel. In a

demise charter, the vessel owner transfers full possession and

control to the charterer, who in turn furnishes the crew and

maintenance for the vessel (thus the term "bareboat"). 

Consequently, the bareboat charterer as a demise charterer is the
 

2 Id. at 382.

 

3 Id.

 

4 Graham v. Milky Way Barge, Inc., 811 F.2d 881, 893 (5th

Cir. 1987). 

 

5 SCHOENBAUM, supra note 1, at 382.

4

owner pro hac vice of the vessel for the duration of the

contract. The demise charterer is therefore responsible in

personam for the negligence of the crew and the unseaworthiness

of the vessel.2

In contrast, the non-demise charter does not vest nearly the

same degree of control in its charterer. A time charter only

entitles the charterer to the use of the vessel for a specified

time. The vessel owner retains primary possession and control.

Although a time charterer does direct the destinations of the

vessel,3 he does not control the details of vessel operation

required to reach those destinations. As a non-demise charterer,

the time charterer is thus not liable for claims of negligence of

the crew or for the unseaworthiness of the vessel. But the time

charterer may be liable in that capacity for its own negligence.4

A voyage charter is a contract to use a vessel for a specified

voyage or series of voyages.5 In the instant case, it is clear

that Arco was a time charterer and neither a bareboat nor a

voyage charterer. In addition, Arco is the owner/operator of

both the platform from which Forrester embarked onto the crewboat

and the dock onto which he disembarked from the vessel.
5

III

ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review

On appeal, Arco challenges both the district court's legal

determination that it owed a duty to Forrester as a time

charterer and the various factual findings supporting the finding

of negligence. Forrester, in turn, challenges the district

court's finding that he was contributorily negligent. Whether a

time charterer owes a duty to a passenger/subcontractor is a

question of law that we review de novo. The remaining factual

issues are reviewed for clear error.

B. Theories of Recovery

In its opinion, the district court relied on two related

theories of recovery: (1) the time charterer is liable for its

negligence in conducting its own affairs as a time charterer and

(2) Arco, as a time charterer, owed a duty of care to Forrester

as its passenger. In his brief, Forrester adds that Arco, as

owner/operator of both the platform and the dock, owed him a duty

of safe ingress and egress to and from the vessel. We review

each contention in turn.

1. District Court Opinion

The two theories of recovery relied on by the district court

are interrelated. It is axiomatic that for a time charterer to

be liable for its own negligence, it must first owe a duty of

care. Here, the district court concluded that a duty of care was

owed because of Forrester's status as a passenger. Undeniably,
 

6 Smith v. Southern Gulf Marine No. 2, Inc., 791 F.2d 416,

419-20 (5th Cir. 1986).

 

7 912 F.2d 789 (5th Cir. 1990).

6

our case law establishes that:

In this circuit, the standard of care owed to

passengers on a ship, including their embarkation and 

disembarkation, has variously been stated as a "high

degree of care," as a "duty of . . . ordinary care,"

"as a reasonably safe means" of boarding and leaving

the vessel, as a duty of "reasonable care," and "as a

duty of reasonable care under the circumstances." 

Despite the various formulas enunciated in these cases

a review of the facts and the standards of care shows

that shipowners, relatively speaking, are held to a

high degree of care for the safety of passengers.6

A review of the cases dealing with this standard of care,

however, reveals that this duty is owed by the owner of the

vessel, whether that be the actual owner or the owner pro hac

vice. We find no case, and none has been cited to us, in which a

time charterer is held liable for the safe embarkation or

disembarkation of passengers, absent special circumstances.

Our decision in Moore v. Phillips Petroleum Co.7 makes clear

this distinction between a time charterer and a vessel owner. 

Although that case was decided in the context of the Longshore

and Harbor Worker's Compensation Act, the reasoning is equally

applicable to cases such as this, involving general maritime

negligence principles. In Moore, we explained that the

"traditional time-charterer duties" are limited to the vessel's

commercial activities, such as designating the cargo and the

routes and destinations, specifically noting that the vessel

owner retains responsibility for providing "a reasonably safe
 

8 Id. at 792.

 

9 See Kerr-McGee Corp. v. Ma-Ju Marine Servs., Inc., 830

F.2d 1332 (5th Cir. 1987).

 

10 There is, however, some inconsistency between finding

that Smith exercised control over the disembarkment procedures

and the court's subsequent findings that the captain of the

vessel instructed the passengers (including Smith) to remain on

board and wait until the vessel docked. This indicates that the

captain was supervising the disembarkment.

7

means of access for those boarding or leaving the vessel."8 

Having reaffirmed that a time charterer does not owe a per

se duty of safe access to a passenger, we next examine whether,

under the instant circumstances Arco may have altered the

traditional allocation of duties and assumed control of (and thus

responsibility for) the disembarkment proceedings, as the

district court found.9 The district court stated, without

explanation, that "[t]he evidence presented shows that the Arco

Production Supervisor [Smith] was basically in charge of the

disembarkation procedure and in charge of instructing his

employees and sub-contractor passengers as to Arco's safety rules

and regulations." The only evidence that Arco, through Smith,

took control of the disembarkment proceedings and thereby

exceeded its traditional time charter role, is that Smith

motioned the passengers to the back of the ship and that, through

employees like Smith, Arco customarily gave its employees and

subcontractors general safety instruction. In addition, there is

deposition testimony that Smith felt a personal obligation

towards his men.

Even accepting these facts as true,10 we find them
8

insufficient as a matter of law to show that Arco usurped the

traditional control that is retained by the vessel's crew in a

time charter situation. Smith's gesture to the passengers is at

best minimal participation in disembarkment. Moreover, Arco's

general safety instructions to its employeesSQinstructions

presumably given by most employersSQdoes not by themselves prove

that Arco exceeded its traditional role of time charterer. 

Consequently, Arco assumed no safe access duty to the vessel's

passengers. It could not, therefore, be responsible for their

injury in the process of disembarking.

2. Arco's Ownership/Operation of the Platform and Dock

Forrester advances an additional theory of recovery in his

brief, to wit: As owner/operator of the platform and dock, Arco

owed a duty of safe ingress and egress to Forrester. To

strengthen his position, Forrester notes that Arco's employee

directed the captain where to dock the vessel for disembarking. 

Again, we are aware of no cases in this circuit holding a

platform owner liable for the safe eventual disembarkment of a

subcontractor's employee back at the onshore dock. The only

relevant case provided by Forrester is Moore, discussed above. 

In that case, Moore transferred himself from the vessel to the

platform (not the onshore dock) by swinging from a rope attached

to a beam on the platform. When the rope broke Moore fell to the

platform and was injured. In addressing the question of

liability, we stated:

[T]he traditional allocation of duties between

employer/platform owner, time charterer and vessel
 

11 Moore, 912 F.2d at 792.

9

owner places liability for harm on the party that is

most directly responsible for the dangerous condition

that caused the harm. . . . [E]ither ODECO as platform

owner-employer, Co-Mar as vessel owner, or both were

responsible for Moore's egress from the vessel to the

fixed platform. As the platform owner, ODECO as

employer controlled the rope's physical condition and

knew or could be charged with knowledge that the rope

was not safe for the purpose intended. As the vessel

owner, Co-Mar was responsible for access to and from

its boat. The rope swing is an artificial means of

ingress and egress to and from the fixed platform. The

responsibility for the hazards it presents falls either

on the platform owner-employer or on the vessel owner

or both but, in any event, outside of the traditional

duties of a time charterer.11

The instant case, however, is distinguishable from Moore in

several respects. First, Forrester was not moving between the

platform and the vessel, but between the vessel and the dock. 

Moore stands for the proposition that some duty is owed by a

platform owner to its employee for his safe movement between the

vessel and the platform when the artificial means of ingress is

part of the platform. There is, however, no support for a broad

rule that Arco, as platform owner, owes a duty to an employee to

deliver him safely to the dock. Second, in Moore, the worker was

a common law employee of the platform owner, thereby implicating

the duty of an employer to provide a safe work place for its

employees. Even if we were to view the independent contractor,

Forrester, in the same light as a common law employee of Arco,

however, his work station was not the dock but the platform, so

the Moore duty does not attach to Forrester's disembarkation at

the dock.
10

The issue of whether Arco as owner/operator of the dock owed

a duty of safe ingress and egress to Forrester is controlled by

our decision in Florida Fuels, Inc. v. Citgo Petroleum, Corp., 6

F.3d 330 (5th Cir. 1993). In Florida Fuels, the barge OSPREY

berthed at a dock owned and operated by Citgo Petroleum Corp.

(Citgo). Id. at 331. After securing the barge, Carl Authement

was ascending a ladder to return to the barge when he fell and

struck his head on the pier, and drowned. Id. Authement's

parents and children filed a maritime suit against Citgo. Id.

The issue in Florida Fuels was whether Citgo owed a duty to

Authement to provide a means of access between the dock and the

vessel. Id. at 332. We concluded that maritime law imposed no

duty on a dock owner to provide a means of access to a vessel for

the vessel's crew members. Id. at 334. We further concluded

that the only duty established by Louisiana law was to provide a

dock which was reasonably safe. Id. Because there was no defect

in the dock itself, we ruled that Citgo did not breach its duty

to maintain a reasonably safe premises as a matter of law. Id.

Forrester's argument that Arco, as the dock owner, owed him

a duty of safe ingress/egress from the vessel to the dock is,

therefore, meritless. The only duty that was owed to Forrester

was the duty, under Louisiana law, for Arco to provide a dock

which was reasonably safe. Here, the district court expressly

found that the passengers did not wait long enough for a gangway

to be put in place. Accordingly, there was no defect in the dock

that caused the accident; rather, it was the hurried and
11

undisciplined nature of the disembarking procedureSQlegally under

the control of the vessel's crewSQthat caused the problem.

In addition, Forrester insists that Arco was negligent

because it directed the vessel to the east dock, which was lower

than the west dock. According to Forrester, had the crewboat

docked at the higher west dock, there would have been a shorter

distance for Forrester to jump. This argument is meritless, as

it presupposes that Arco knew that the passengers would refuse to

wait for the gangplank, instead choosing, in the words of the

crewboat captain, to jump "[l]ike [lemmings] off a cliff."

IV

CONCLUSION

As the basis of its decision in favor of Forrester, the

district court held that a time charterer owed a duty of due care

to its passengers. Being unable to find support in law for that

proposition, we cannot agree that such a duty exists. Equally

unavailing is Forrester's argument that Arco owed him a duty of

safe ingress and egress by virtue of its ownership of the

platform and the dock. Although these facts do create some

duties of due care, they do not create a duty of safe access to

passengers disembarking at a dock from a non-owned vessel that

has taken them from the platform to shore. As Arco is under no

duty to provide safe access under these circumstances, whether as

time charterer, dock owner, or platform owner, Arco could not

have acted negligently toward Forrester. For the foregoing

reasons, we must therefore reverse the district court's judgment
12

in favor of Forrester, and remand for dismissal. Thus, the

judgment of the district court is REVERSED and judgment is

RENDERED in favor of Arco, dismissing Forrester's claims with

prejudice.