HAZARD RANKING SYSTEM (HRS) DO CUMENTATION RECORD COVER SHEET

Name of Site : Smokey Mountain Smelters

EPA ID No. : TND098071061

Contact Persons

Documentation Record : John Nolen, Remedial Project Manager U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4 61 Forsyth Street, S.W., 11 th Floor Atlanta, Georgia 30303 (404) 562-8750

Jennifer Wendel, National Priorities List Coordinator U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4 61 Forsyth Street, S.W., 11 th Floor Atlanta, Georgia 30303 (404) 562-8799

Pathways, Components, or Threats Not Scored

The ground water migration, soil exposure, and air mi gration pathways were not scored in this Hazard Ranking System (HRS) documentation record because they are not expected to significantly contribute to the overall score. Also, the environmental threat of the surface water migration pathway was not scored because it is not expected to significantl y contribute to the overall site score.

Ground Water Migration Pathway : Private drinking water wells ar e located in the vicinity of the Smokey Mountain Smelters (SMS) property. In 2009, samples were collected from eight private drinking water wells located downgradient of the SMS property. One sample, SMS-09-PW, contained polychlorinated biphenyls at a concentration ex ceeding the EPA maximum contaminant level of 0.5 micrograms per liter (Reference [Ref.] 55, Appendix A, Figure 4, p. A-4; 55, Appendix B, Table 1A, p. B-1 and Table 2, pp. B-7, B-8, B-9). This well is located about 0.38 mile south of the SMS property (Ref. 55, Appendix A, Figure 4, p. A-4). No other samp les indicated the presence of hazardous substances that have been attributed to past activities at the SMS facility (Ref. 55, Appendix B, Table 1A, p. B-1 and Table 2, pp. B-7, B-8, B-9).

Soil Exposure Pathway : An apartment complex is located to the east of the SMS property (Refs. 3; 6, p. 12, 13; 55, p. 4). In 2009, surface soil samples were collected from the apartment complex property. The samples did not contain hazardous substances at concentrations exceeding their respective minimum reporting limits (Ref. 55, Appendix B, Table 1B, pp. B-2, B-3 and Table 3, pp. B-10, B-11, B-12).

Air Migration Pathway : No air samples have been collected at the SMS property (Refs. 4; 5; 55, pp. 3, 4).HAZARD RANKING SYSTEM (HRS) DOCUMENTATION RECORD

Name of Site : Smokey Mountain Smelters

EPA Region : 4

Date Prepared : March 2010

Street Address of Site*: 1508 Maryville Pike

City, County, State: Knoxville, Knox County, Tennessee, 37920

General Location in the State: South of the City of Knoxville

Topographic Map: Knoxville, Tennessee, 1979

Latitude: 35o 55' 10" North

Longitude: 83o 55' 33" West

The coordinates for the Smokey Mountain Smelters facility were measured from the northeastern corner of the process building on the property (Refs. 12; 55, Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2).

* The street address, coordinates, and contamin ant locations presented in this HRS documentation record identify the general area the site is locat ed. They represent one or more locations EPA considers to be part of the site based on the screen ing information EPA used to evaluate the site for NPL listing. EPA lists national priorities among the known “releases or threatened releases” of hazardous substances; thus, the focus is on the release, not precisely delineated boundaries. A site is defined as where a hazardous substance has been "de posited, stored, placed, or otherwise come to be located." Generally, HRS scoring and the subsequent listing of a release merely represent the initial determination that a certain area may need to be addressed under the CERCLA. Accordingly, EPA contemplates that the preliminary description of facility boundaries at the time of scoring will be refined as more information is developed as to wh ere the contamination has come to be located.

Migration Pathway Pathway Score Ground Water Migration Pathway NS Surface Water Migration Pathway 100.00 Soil Exposure Pathway NS Air Migration Pathway NS
HRS SITE SCORE 50.00

Note:

NS Not scored

1WORKSHEET FOR COMPUTING HRS SITE SCORE

S Pathway S 2 Pathway Ground Water Migration Pathway Score (S gw ) Not Scored Not Scored Surface Water Migration Pathway Score (S sw ) 100 10,000 Soil Exposure Pathway Score (S s ) Not Scored Not Scored Air Migration Pathway Score (S a ) Not Scored Not Scored

S 2 gw + S 2

sw + S 2

s + S 2

a 10,000 (S 2 gw + S 2

sw + S 2

s + S 2

a ) / 4 2,500 √

(S 2 gw + S 2

sw + S 2

s + S 2

a ) / 4 50.00

Note:

NS Not scored

2Table 4-1 –Surface Water Overland/Flood Migration Component Scoresheet

Factor Categories and Factors Maximum Value Value Assigned Drinking Water Threat
Likelihood of Release:
1. Observed Release 550 550 2. Potential to Release by Overland Flow:
2a. Containment 10 2b. Runoff 25 2c. Distance to Surface Water 25 2d. Potential to Release by Overland Flow [lines 2a(2b + 2c)] 500

3.Potential to Release by Flood: 3a. Containment (Flood) 10 3b. Flood Frequency 50 3c. Potential to Release by Flood (lines 3a x 3b) 500 4. Potential to Release (lines 2d + 3c, subject to a maximum of 500) 500

5. Likelihood of Release (higher of lines 1 and 4) 550 550 Waste Characteristics: 6. Toxicity/Persistence a 10,000 7. Hazardous Waste Quantity a 10,000 8. Waste Characteristics 100 100 Targets: 9. Nearest Intake 50 10. Population:
10a. Level I Concentrations b
10b. Level II Concentrations b

10c. Potential Contamination b 10d. Population (lines 10a + 10b + 10c) b

11. Resources 5 5 12. Targets (lines 9 + 10d + 11) b 5 Drinking Water Threat Score: 13. Drinking Water Threat Score [(lines 5x8x12)/82,500, subject to a maximum of 100] 100 3.33

Human Food Chain Threat
Likelihood of Release: 14. Likelihood of Release (same value as line 5) 550 550 Waste Characteristics: 15. Toxicity/Persistence/Bioaccumulation a 500,000,000 16. Hazardous Waste Quantity a 10,000 17. Waste Characteristics 1,000 1,000 Targets: 18. Food Chain Individual 50 20

34 Table 4-1 –Surface Water Overland/Flood Mi gration Component Scoresheet (Continued)

Factor Categories and Factors Maximum Value Value Assigned 19. Population
19a. Level I Concentrations b

19b. Level II Concentrations b
19c. Potential Human Food Chain Contamination b 0.0000003

19d. Population (lines 19a + 19b + 19c) b 0.0000003 20. Targets (lines 18 + 19d) b 20.00 00003 Human Food Chain Threat Score: 21. Human Food Chain Threat Score [(lines 14x17x20)/82500, subject to maximum of 100] 100 100

Environmental Threat
Likelihood of Release: 22. Likelihood of Release (same value as line 5) 550 550 Waste Characteristics: 23. Ecosystem Toxicity/Persistence/Bioaccumulation a NS 24. Hazardous Waste Quantity a NS 25. Waste Characteristics 1,000 NS Targets: 26. Sensitive Environments
26a. Level I Concentrations b NS 26b. Level II Concentrations b NS
26c. Potential Contamination b NS 26d. Sensitive Environments (lines 26a + 26b + 26c) b NS

27. Targets (value from line 26d) b NS Environmental Threat Score: 28. Environmental Threat Score [(lines 22x25x27)/82,500 subject to a maximum of 60] 60 NS

Surface Water Overland/Flood Migration Component Score for a Watershed
29. Watershed Score c (lines 13+21+28, subject to a maximum of 100) 100 100

Surface Water Overland/Flood Migration Component Score 30. Component Score (S sw ) c (highest score from line 29 for all watersheds evaluated; subject to a maximum of 100) 100.00 100.00

Notes:

a Maximum value applies to waste characteristics category
b Maximum value not applicable

c Do not round to nearest integer NS Not ScoredI01,000500Feet 2010-1-17 \GIS_Workspace\TTEMI-05-003-0001_Smokey_Mountain_Smelters\Figures\GIS\MXDs\Site Location Maps\R IV START SITE LOC MAP 1-27-10.mxd TTEMI-KY dale.vonbuschFIGURE 1FACILITY LOCATIONUnited States Environmental Protection AgencySMOKEY MOUNTAIN SMELTERSKNOXVILLE,KNOX COUNTY,TENNESSEETDD No.TTEMI-05-003-0001KNOX COUNTY,TENNESSEEMap Source:USGS, KNOXVILLE, TN Topographic Quadrangle, 1979The property boundary was obtained from the KGISgeographic Information System website at:http://www.kgis.org/KnoxNetWhere/viewer.aspSmokey Mountain Smelters1508 Maryville PikeKnoxville, TN1:12,000LEGENDApproximate Property BoundaryM A R Y V I L L E P I K E C

A

L

E

B R DEast Branchof Flenniken BranchEast Branchof Flenniken BranchUnnamed PerennialTributary of East Branchof Flenniken Branch

C S X R a i l r o a d S o u t h e r n R a i l r o a d D A Y L I L Y D RMontgomeryVillage ApartmentsI0300150FeetMap Sources:References 4, 39, 46, 55Aerial Photo, Digital Globe 20001:3,600LEGENDSource No. 1Exterior Waste Pile

! CLeachate Seepfrom Source No. 1Source No. 2Interior Waste PilesProcess BuildingApproximate Property BoundaryRailroad TracksPondSurface Water Body TTEMI-KY dale.vonbuschFIGURE 2FACILITY LAYOUTAND SOURCE LOCATIONSUnited States Environmental Protection AgencySMOKEY MOUNTAIN SMELTERSKNOXVILLE,KNOX COUNTY,TENNESSEETDD No.TTEMI-05-003-0001 2010-1-27 \GIS_Workspace\TTEMI-05-003-0001_Smokey_Mountain_Smelters\Figures\GIS\MXDs\Site Layout Maps\SMS SITE LAYOUT MAP hrs-package 1-27-10.mxd" /"/"/

M A R Y V I L L E P I K E C

A

L

E

B R DEast Branchof Flenniken Branch D A Y L I L Y D RUnnamed PerennialTributary of East Branchof Flenniken BranchPPE 3SMS-03-SDSMS-03-SWSMS-02-SDSMS-02-SWPPE 2PPE 1SW-Stream C S X R a i l r o a d S o u t h e r n R a i l r o a dI0300150Feet 2010-1-27 \GIS_Workspace\TTEMI-05-003-0001_Smokey_Mountain_Smelters\Figures\GIS\MXDs\Surface Water Release Maps\SMS OBSRV SRF C WATER REALEASE 1-27-10.mxd TTEMI-KY dale.vonbuschFIGURE 3SURFACE WATERSAMPLESUnited States Environmental Protection AgencySMOKEY MOUNTAIN SMELTERSKNOXVILLE,KNOX COUNTY,TENNESSEETDD No.TTEMI-05-003-0001Notes:PPE - Probable Point of EntryREAC – Response Engineering and Analytical ContractSD - SedimentSMS - Smokey Mountain SmeltersSTART – Superfund Technical Assessmentand Response TeamSW - Surface waterMap Sources(Reference 4, 46, 55).Aerial Photo, Digital Globe 2000.1:3,600LEGENDSTART and REAC Sample Locations"/2009 Sediment and Surface WaterREAC Sample Locations$12006 SW-Background

" /2006 SW-StreamSource No. 1Exterior Waste Pile

! CLeachate Seepfrom Source No. 1Source No. 2Interior Waste PilesProcess BuildingApproximate Property BoundaryRailroad TracksPondSurface Water Body$1"/East Branchof Flenniken BranchSW-BackgroundSMS-01-SDSMS-01-SW0600300FeetREFERENCES

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45. Tetra Tech. Project Note to File with Att achment. Subject: Surface Water Intakes Located Downstream of the Smokey Mountain Smelters Facility. Attachment: Electronic Mail

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52. Kenneth D. Woodruff, Project Manager, Lockh eed Martin Technology. Electronic Mail Message Regarding Smokey Mountain Smelte rs – SOP 1832 and Surface Water Fl ow. To Alicia Shultz, HRS Specialist, Tetra Tech. March 4, 2009. 1 Page.

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1213 facility in Knoxville, Tennessee. Be tween Alicia Shultz, Environmen tal Scientist and Ken Woodruff, Project Manager, Lockheed Martin Technology Se rvices, REAC. September 25, 2009. 1 Page.

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### EPA. Using Qualified Data to Document an Observed Release and Observed Contamination

. November 1996. 18 Pages.

### SITE DESCRIPTION

Smokey Mountain Smelters (SMS) is located at 1508 Maryville Pike, Knoxville, Knox County, Tennessee, in the eastern portion of the State (Ref. 7). 1455 (Old) Maryville Pike is sometimes listed as an alternate address for the SMS facility (Refs. 7, pp. 1, 6 through 9; 32, p. 1; 49, p. 1). Specifically, the geographic coordinates for SMS, as measured from the northeastern corner of the process building, are latitude 35o 55' 10" north and longitude 83o 55' 33" west (Refs. 12; 55, Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA ) identification number, as recorded in the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Information System (CERCLIS) database, is TND098071061 (Ref. 51, p. 4). Based on Knox County, Tennessee property parcel information, the SMS property covers about 23.9 acres (Ref. 7, pp. 1, 3, 4, 5). The SMS property is surrounded by mixed residential and commercial proper ties to the north, an undeveloped wooded area to the south, an apartment complex to the east, and mixe d residential and commercial properties to the west (Refs. 3; 7, pp. 1, 3, 4, 5; 55, Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2) (see Figures 1 and 2 of this HRS documentation record).

During numerous inspections (beg inning in 1997) conducted by the Tennessee Department of Environmental Conservation (TDEC) (formerly Te nnessee Department of Conservation [TDOC] and Tennessee Department of Health and Environmental Conservation [TDHEC]), it was determined that the SMS property contained a large meta l industrial process building and numerous gray colored waste piles which covered most of the southern portion of the SMS property (Refs. 5, pp. i, ii, 3; 76, pp. 1, 2). The process building contained two natu ral gas-fired rotary furnaces, one casting furnace, and a large overhead crane. Large air ducts led to two baghouses located near the southwestern corner of the process building. Other areas on the property included a small transformer area, a burned office building with truck scales, railroad tracks, a maintenance building, a nd a pond (lagoon) (Ref. 5, pp. 3, 413). Currently, the SMS property consists of a dilapidated process building, a large waste pile, and a pond (see Figure 2 of this documentation record; Refs. 4, p. 33; 76; 74). The waste pile is mostly devoid of vegetation (Refs. 4, pp. 33, 56; 55, Appendix D, p. 4) (see Figure 2 of this HRS documentation record).

For HRS scoring purposes, the site consists of two sources on the SMS property and associated releases. Source No.1 includes the exterior waste pile located in the southern portion of the property (Refs. 4, p. 33; 55, pp. 1, 2, 4, 7; 55, Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2; 55, Appendix C, p. C-3; 55, Appendix D, pp. 4, 6). Source No. 2 includes waste piles located inside the pro cess building (Ref. 4, pp. 1, 33, 35; 55, pp. 2, 4, 7; 55, Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2; 55, Appendix C, pp . C-1, C-2; 55, Appendix D, pp. 4, 24) (see Figure 2 of this HRS documentation record). Source No. 1 c onsists of secondary aluminum smelting waste with a mostly gray, fine, silty texture (Refs. 4, p. 56; 46; 55, p. 4; 55, Appendix B, Table 1C, p. B-4). Source No. 2 consists of gray material (primary aluminum smelter waste), similar in appearance to the waste contained in Source No. 1 (Refs. 4, p. 1; 46; 55, p. 4; 55, Appendix B, Table 1C, p. B-4). The smelter waste is the result of aluminum smelting operations that occurred on the SMS property (Refs. 5, p. 3; 49). Samples collected from Source Nos. 1 and 2 contain hazardous substances including metals, semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (see Section 2.2 of this HRS documentation r ecord). Analytical results of surface water and sediment samples collected from an unnamed perennial tributary, which receives runoff from Source Nos. 1 and 2, indicate that a release of hazardous substa nces, including metals and VOCs, has occurred to the surface water migration pathway (see Section 4.0 of this HRS documentation record).

OPERATIONAL AND REGULATORY HISTORY

From 1922 until at least 1948, Knoxville Fertilizer Company operated a fertilizer factory on the SMS property. Structures on the property during fertilizer operations included: a sulfuric acid tank, 30,000- gallon water tank, 70,000-gallon reservoir, and nitre house (Refs. 5, p. 4; 30, p. 1; 64). U.S. patents written by assignors to Knoxville Fertilizer Comp any describe the production processes for phosphatic

14and ammonium sulphate fertilizers. Both of these fertilizers utilize acid phosphate (super-phosphate) (Refs. 10, p. 1; 11). Manufacturing of phosphate fertilizer produces wastewater which may contain heavy metals including cadmium, mercury, and lead (Ref. 29, p. 6). Drainage from stockpiles of gypsum may contain heavy metals (cadmium, mercury, and lead), fluorides, and phosphoric acid (Ref. 29, p. 5). Knox County tax assessor information indicates that owne rship of the property changed numerous times between 1948 and 1979. However, operations on the property may ha ve continued in manufacturing agricultural products such as fertilizer (Ref. 5, pp. 4, 5).

A 1966 topographic map of the property shows two settling ponds located on the eastern portion of the property (Ref. 31, pp. 1 through 7). The purpose of the settling ponds is not known. The settling ponds appear to be in the same location as the pond currently located on the SMS property (Refs. 4, p. 33; 31, p. 1).

SMS (also known as Rotary Furnace, Inc.) was establis hed in 1979 (Ref. 32, pp . 1 through 6). Limited information is available on the operational history at the SMS property. According to a 1985 Knox County Department of Air Pollution Control (KCDAPC) permit, an aluminum furnace (Rotary Aluminum Recovery Furnace #1) operated on the SMS property (R efs. 5, p. 5; 49). From 1983 to 1989, KCDAPC received complaints regarding open burning and heavy emissions from the facility. Numerous inspections were performed at the property and viol ations were issued for open burning and excessive emissions (Refs. 28; 33; 34).

In March 1983, the Tennessee Division of Solid Waste Management conducted an inspection at the SMS property regarding the operation of an unpermitted landfill/disposal area on the property (Refs. 26; 27; 35). During the inspection, the landfill (dump) contained demolition and in dustrial waste (slag and cinders from furnace operations). The dump also contained evidence of burning waste (Refs. 26; 35). In August 1983, the Tennessee Division of Solid Waste Management conducted a geologic evaluation at the SMS property. During the evaluation, the landfill/disposal area contained mostly impure “salt cake” resulting from processing aluminum ore (Ref. 36, p. 1) . Based on the location of the landfill/disposal area and the exterior waste pile (Source No. 1), the landfill/disposal area appears to have been located in the same location as the Source No. 1 waste pile (Refs. 36, pp. 3, 4; 55, Appendix A, Figure 2) (see Figure 2 of this documentation record). Upon subsequent evaluation and observation, it appears that the landfill/disposal area consists of two different types of waste: the overlying salt cake waste pile and the underlying mixed-waste disposal area. The overlying waste pile (Source No. 1) consists of homogeneous fine gray aluminum smelter waste that is similar in appearance to the interior waste piles (Source No. 2) (Refs. 4, pp. 1, 56, 103 through 127; 46; 55, p. 4; 55, Appendix D, p. 4). This waste pile is located on top of what appears to be a mixed-waste disposal area with some evidence that backfill material may have been contemporaneously placed among the underlying mixe d waste. Boring logs show that wastes in the underlying mixed-waste disposal area include smelte r waste that is commingled with mixed waste including paper and wood fragments, broken white a nd red brick fragments, angular limestone, gravel, clay, and silty clay (Ref. 4, pp. 36, 103 through 127). For the purposes of this HRS documentation record, the overlying waste pile containing aluminum smelter waste is scored as Source 1 (see Section 2.2 of this documentation record).

During TDEC investigations in 1997, 1998, and 20 02, the following wastes were observed on the SMS property: baghouse dust and dross/slag from secondary aluminum smelting and casting, as well as anode/cathode wastes and dross/slag from primary alumin um production (Refs. 5, pp. 6, 8, 9; 6, p. 4). The Aluminum Company of America (ALCOA) sent la rge quantities of wastes potentially containing hazardous substances to the SMS Knoxville facility be tween 1985 and 1992 (Ref. 37, pp. 1 to 21). The wastes included dross, filters, furnace bottoms, oily scalper chips, tabular balls, salt cake, and pot pads (Ref. 37, pp. 11 through 17, 19 to 21, 24, 26, 28, 42, 46). Also, between 1982 and 1995, Metal Exchange Corporation (MEC) sent large quantities of materials to SMS, and some of these materials are still present

15on the property (Ref. 37, p. 2). MEC sent materials including dross, turnings, and aluminum pot bottoms to the SMS property (Ref. 37, pp. 2, 11, 12, 13, 14, 55, 56, 57).

Waste by-products from aluminum smelter operations include secondary aluminum, dross residues, and baghouse and furnace dusts. Baghouse dusts may contain cadmium and lead above EPA Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) regulatory limits (Ref. 38, pp. B-14, B-15). Furnace dusts contain volatilized, elemental cadmium and mercury (Ref. 38, p. B-15).

PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS

In 1997 and 1998, TDEC conducted site investigations at the SMS property. Activities included collection of waste, surface water, and sediment samples (Ref. 6, pp. 4, 9, 15, 17, 18). The waste samples collected from the exterior waste pile (Source No. 1) contained cadmium, chromium, copper, and zinc (Ref. 6, pp. 15, 21). Surface water and sediment samples were collected from the East Branch of Flenniken Branch and Flenniken Bran ch (Refs. 6, pp. 21, 34). The surface water and/or sediment samples contained elevated concentrations of beryllium, coppe r, lead, zinc, benzo(a)pyrene, pyrene, and chrysene, as compared to background levels (Ref. 6, pp. 17, 18, 21).

In 2002, TDEC conducted an expanded site inspection (ESI) at the SMS property. During the ESI, TDEC collected waste, sediment, and surface water samples from the SMS property (Ref. 5, pp. 9, 11). The waste samples collected from Source No. 2 contained elevated concentrations of beryllium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, silver, and zinc (Ref. 5, pp . 11, 12). The sediment and surface water samples contained elevated concentrations of copper (Ref. 5, pp. 25, 26, 27, 29). During the ESI, a leachate seep was observed emanating from the exterior waste pile and entering the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch (Ref. 5, pp. 26, 29 , 43). A sample collected from the leachate contained nickel and PCBs (Ref. 5, pp. 27, 28).

EPA directed the Response Engineering and Analytical Contract (REAC) contractor to conduct a site investigation at the SMS property, which was comp leted during October 2006 and December 2006 (Refs. 4, pp. 1, 2, 3). During the site investigation, RE AC observed (1) a structurally unstable building (the process building) that housed rotary and casting furn aces; (2) piles of smelting waste located inside the process building; (3) used bag filters and bag filte r dust located in the baghouse area adjacent to the process building; and (4) aluminum smelting waste (exterior waste pile, Source No. 1) covering the southern portion of the property (Refs. 4, p. 1) (see Figure 2 of this documentation record). The exterior waste pile contained smelter waste with a mostly gray, fine, silty texture (Ref. 4, p. 56).

During the REAC 2006 site investigation, samples we re collected from the exte rior waste pile (Source No. 1), a leachate sample was collected from a leachat e seep emanating from the exterior waste pile, and a surface water sample was collected from the unname d perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch (Refs 4, pp. 2, 3, 36) (see Figure 2 of this HRS documentation record). Borings were advanced through the exterior waste pile at depths ranging from 0 to 25 feet below land surface (bls) (Ref. 4, p. 3). Samples collected from the borings contained beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, benzo(a)pyrene, and PCBs, among others (Ref s. 4, pp. 17 through 24, 35; 68). The sample collected from the leachate emanati ng from the exterior waste pile contained antimony, arsenic, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and 2-butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) (Refs. 4, pp. 26, 35, 156, 178, 326; 55, Appendix B, pp. B-16, B-17, B-18; 67). Surface water samples collected from the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch contained antimony, arsenic, copper, cyanide, mercury, nickel, acetone, and 2-butanone at elevated concentra tions (Ref. 4, pp. 26, 35, 155, 177, 326, 357).

In April 2009, EPA directed Tetra Tech under th e Superfund Technical Assessment and Response Team (START) contract as well as REAC to conduct an integrated assessment at the SMS property (Ref. 55, p. 1). Integrated assessment activities included the coll ection of waste, surface and subsurface soil, surface

1617 water, and sediment samples. Waste samples were collected from the exterior waste pile (Source No. 1), the interior waste piles (Source No. 2), and the l eachate seep. Surface water and sediment samples were collected from an unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch (Ref. 55, p. 3; 55, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3, Figure 4, p. A-4; 55 , Appendix B, Tables 1B through 1E, pp. B-2 through B-6).

Samples collected from the waste pil es (exterior and/or interior) contai ned copper (up to 2,900 milligrams per kilogram [mg/kg]), mercury (up to 0.20 mg/kg), and nickel (1,900 mg/kg) (Ref. 55, Appendix B, Table 4, pp. B-13, B-14, B-15). The waste sample collected from the leachate seep contained arsenic (9.6 micrograms per liter [μg/L]), chromium (33 μg/L), copper (290 μg/L), lead (14 μg/L), nickel (34 μg/L), and zinc (100 μg/L). The surface water samples co llected from the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch contained elevated concentrations of arsenic (17 μg/L), copper (up to 370 μg/L), lead (up to 12 μg/L), mercury (up to 0.25 μg/L), and zinc (87 μg/L), as compared to background levels (Ref. 55, Appendix B, Table 5, pp. B-16, B-17, B-18). The sediment samples collected from the East Branch of Flenniken Branch contained elevated concentrations of chromium (up to 160 mg/kg) and copper (up to 960 mg/kg), as co mpared to background levels (Ref. 55, Appendix B, Table 6, pp. B-19, B-20, B-21) (see Figure 3 of this HRS documentation record).

Waste samples collected from Source Nos. 1 and 2 contain high concentrations of aluminum, which resulted from past aluminum smelting operations at the SMS property. Aluminum was detected at concentrations ranging from 103,000 mg/kg to 217,000 mg/kg in waste samples collected from Source No. 1 in 2006 (Ref. 4, pp. 1, 36, 320 to 325). In 2009, waste samples collected from Source No. 1 contained aluminum at concentrations ranging fro m 130,000 mg/kg to 150,000 mg/kg (Ref. 55, Appendix E, pp. 289, 291). A waste sample collected from Source No. 2 in 2006 contained aluminum at a concentration of 158,000 mg/kg (Ref. 4, p. 325). Waste samples collected from Source No. 2 in 2009 contained aluminum at concentrations ranging fro m 140,000 mg/kg to 190,000 mg/kg (Ref. 55, Appendix E, pp. 297, 299).Source No. 1

2.2 SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION

2.2.1 SOURCE IDENTIFICATION

Number of source : 1

Name of source : Exterior Waste Pile

Source Type : Pile

Description and Location of Source (with reference to a map of the site):

Source No. 1 (exterior waste pile) is located on top of a mixed waste disposal area located in the southern portion of the SMS property (Refs. 4, pp. 36, 103 through 127; 55, Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2). Source No. 1 covers an area of about 3.3 acres and waste is present between 0 and 16 feet bls, with an average depth of 5 feet bls (Refs. 4, pp. 36, 103 through 127; 39; 77). Source No. 1 contains secondary aluminum smelting waste with a mostly gray, fine, silty, texture (Refs. 4, p. 56; 46; 55, Appendix D, p. 4). Limited information is available regarding the opera tional history of the SMS facility. The SMS facility operated an aluminum smelter on the property (Ref. 49 ). The exact dates of operations are not known; however, the KCDAPC received comp laints regarding open burning and heavy emissions from 1983 to 1989 (Refs. 28; 33; 34).

In a lease agreement entered on October 1, 1982, Rota ry Furnace was allowed to bury slurry generated by the operation of its rotary furnace on the property (R ef. 7, pp. 9, 14). Rotary Furnace operated an aluminum furnace on the property (Ref. 5, p. 5; 49). During a 1983 Tennessee Department of Health and Environment inspection, a landfill/disposal area was located in the southern portion of the SMS property. The landfill/disposal area contained slag and cinders from furnace operations, and evidence of burning waste was noted (Refs. 26; 27; 35). A 1983 Tennesse e Department of Health and Environment geologic investigation report indicated that the landfill/d isposal area contained “salt cake” resulting from the processing of aluminum ore (Ref. 36, p. 1).

When operations ceased at the SMS property, the smelter waste was left in place (Ref. 46). During the 2006 site investigation, borings were advanced thro ugh Source No. 1. Smelter waste was encountered at depths ranging from 0 to 16 feet bls with an average depth of 5 feet bls (Refs. 4, pp. 1, 56, 103 through 127; 77). The smelter waste consisted of a mostly gray, fine, silty texture that is similar in appearance to the interior waste piles (Source No. 2) (Refs. 4, pp. 1, 56, 103 through 127; 46; 55, p. 4; 55, Appendix D, p. 4). Smelter waste was present at deeper depths below Source No. 1; however, the smelter waste was commingled with other materials including pape r and wood fragments, broke n white and red brick fragments, angular limestone gravel, clay, and silty clay (Ref. 4, pp. 36, 103 through 127).

For the purposes of this evaluation, Source No. 1 consis ts of the aluminum smelter waste (salt cake) waste pile that was deposited on top of the mixed waste land fill/disposal area. While there is evidence of some layers of backfill material within the mixed waste disposal area underlying Source 1, there is no evidence of any contemporaneous layering of soil or other b ackfill within the smelter waste piled on top of the mixed waste disposal area (Ref. 4, pp. 36, 103 through 127).

The area of the waste pile is about 3.3 acres. Ae rial photographs from 2000 to 2008, boring logs, and sampling log books were used to calculate the area of the waste pile by examining scarring in the images (Refs. 4, pp. 36, 103 through 127; 39; 55, Appendix D; 71). During the 2009 integrated assessment, the waste pile was not vegetated (Ref. 55, p. 4).

Source Characterization 18Source No. 1Table 1 provides the locations and descriptions of samples collected from Source No. 1 during the December 2006 site investigation and April2009 integrated assessment. A list of hazardous substances associated with each sampling location also is included in Table 1.TABLE 1: Description of Source No. 1 SamplesSample IDSample LocationSampleDescriptionDate ofBoringDepth ofWaste (bls)Hazardous SubstancesReferenceDecember 2006 Site InvestigationSB-1East side of pile, about328 feet southwest ofthe southeastern cornerof the process buildingGreenish bluefill, 2 inchesthick; gray fill;gray – silty fill,soft12/12/20069 feetberyllium, chromium,copper, lead, nickel, silver,zinc4, pp. 36, 103, 320SB-4Center of pile, about280 feet south of thesouthwestern corner ofthe process buildingFill, gray, finesand size,powdery, dry;thin green-bluezone12/12/20064 feetarsenic, beryllium,cadmium, chromium,copper, lead, nickel, zinc4, pp. 36, 106, 320SB-5Eastern side of pile,about 510 feetsouthwest of thesoutheastern corner ofthe process buildingFill, gray, sandsize, soft; fill,gray, sand sizewith greenspecks12/12/20062 feetarsenic, beryllium,cadmium, chromium,copper, lead, nickel, zinc4, pp. 36, 108, 321SB-6East side of pile, about377 feet south of thewestern portion of theprocess building.Fill, gray, sandsize, dry withblue-greenspecks; fill, gray12/12/20064 feetarsenic, beryllium,cadmium, chromium,copper, lead, mercury,nickel, silver, zinc4, pp. 36, 109, 321Source Characterization19Source No. 1TABLE 1: Description of Source No. 1 SamplesSample ID Sample LocationSampleDescriptionDate ofBoringDepth ofWaste (bls)Hazardous Substances ReferenceSB-7Southeast side of pile,about 410 feet south ofthe southwestern cornerof the process buildingFill, gray, siltsize with bluegreen specks12/12/20062 feetacetone, 2-butanone,naphthalene, acenaphthene,fluorene, phenanthrene,anthracene, pyrene,chrysene,benzo(a)anthracene,benzo(k)fluoranthene,benzo(a)pyrene,indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,benzo(g,h,i)perylene,Aroclor-1232, Aroclor1260, arsenic, beryllium,cadmium, chromium,copper, lead, mercury,nickel, silver, zinc4, pp. 36, 110, 140,195, 276, 322SB-8Center of pile, about280 feet south of thesouthwestern corner ofthe process buildingFill, gray, siltsize, firm, dry12/13/20064 feetAroclor-1232, Aroclor1260, arsenic, beryllium,cadmium, chromium,copper, lead, mercury,nickel, silver, zinc4, pp. 36, 111, 276,322SB-9Center of pile, about260 feet south of thewestern portion of theprocess buildingFill, gray, siltsize, moist12/13/20067 feetAroclor-1232, arsenic,beryllium, cadmium,chromium, copper, lead,nickel, silver, zinc4, pp. 36, 112, 196,277, 322SB-10Northeast side of pile,about 245 feet south ofthe southwesternportion of the processbuildingFill, gray, coarsesand size, drywithapproximately 5percent bluegrains12/13/20067 feetberyllium, cadmium,chromium, copper, lead,nickel, zinc4, pp. 36, 113, 277,278, 322Source Characterization20Source No. 1TABLE 1: Description of Source No. 1 SamplesSample ID Sample LocationSampleDescriptionDate ofBoringDepth ofWaste (bls)Hazardous Substances ReferenceSB-16Center of pile, about295 feet south of thesouthwestern corner ofthe process buildingFill, gray, sandsize, dry; fill,gray, mediumsand size; fill,black, red, white,gray; fill, gray,sand size, moist12/13/200616 feetarsenic, beryllium,cadmium, chromium,copper, lead, mercury,nickel, zinc4, pp. 36, 120, 279,323SB-17North side of pile,about 200 feet south ofthe west corner of theprocess buildingFill, gray, siltsize, firm dry;fill, gray toblack, moist12/14/20063 feetacetone, 2-butanone,naphthalene, phenanthrene,pyrene, butyl benzylphthalate, chrysene,benzo(a)pyrene, arsenic,beryllium, chromium,copper, lead, nickel, silver,zinc4, pp. 36, 122, 144,175, 200, 281, 325SB-18Eastern side of pile,about 400 feet south ofthe southeastern cornerof the process buildingFill, gray, siltsize, with bluegray coatings12/14/20065 feetbenzo(g,h,i)perylene,antimony, arsenic,beryllium, cadmium,chromium, copper, lead,mercury, nickel, zinc4, pp. 36, 123, 144,204, 281, 325SB-20Western side of pile,about 360 feetsouthwest of thewestern corner of theprocess buildingFill, gray, siltsize, firm, moist;fill, brickcolored, sandsize with woodfragments; fill12/14/20067 feetphenanthrene, pyrene,chrysene,benzo(a)anthracene,benzo(a)pyrene, Aroclor1232, Aroclor-1260,arsenic, beryllium,chromium, copper, lead,nickel, zinc4, pp. 36, 125, 145,200, 282, 325Source Characterization21Source No. 1Source Characterization22TABLE 1: Description of Source No. 1 SamplesSample ID Sample LocationSampleDescriptionDate ofBoringDepth ofWaste (bls)Hazardous Substances ReferenceSB-21South side of pile,about 430 feetsouthwest of thesouthwestern corner ofthe process buildingFill, gray, siltsize, moist12/14/20063 feetAroclor-1232, Aroclor1260, arsenic, beryllium,cadmium, chromium,copper, lead, mercury,nickel, silver, zinc4, pp. 36, 126, 282,325April 2009 Integrated AssessmentSMS-01-WAExterior waste pile,REAC 2006 boringlocation SB-08, about280 feet south of thesouthwestern corner ofthe process buildingWaste, gray, dry,fine texture, noorganic material04/27/20092 feetberyllium, chromium,copper, lead, nickel,selenium, zinc55, Appendix A,Figure 3, p. A-3; 55,Appendix B, Table1C, p. B-4; 55,Appendix D, p. 7;55, Appendix E, pp.215, 289SMS-02-WAExterior waste pile,REAC 2006 boringlocation SB-07, about410 feet south of thesouthwestern corner ofthe process buildingWaste, darkblack, moist, finetexture, noorganic matter04/27/20092 feetchromium, copper, lead,nickel, silver, zinc55, Appendix A,Figure 3, p. A-3; 55,Appendix B, Table1C, p. B-4; 55,Appendix D, p. 7;55, Appendix E, pp.217, 291Notes:bls Below land surfaceID IdentificationNA not applicableREAC Response Engineeringand Analytical ContractSB Soil boringSMS Smokey Mountain SmeltersWA WasteSource No. 1

2.2.2 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ASSOCIATED WITH SOURCE NO. 1

REAC December 2006 Site Investigation – 0 to 5 feet bls

The source samples listed in Table 2 were collected from Source No. 1 (exterior waste pile) in December 2006 during the REAC site investigation. The source samples shown in Table 2 were collected at depths ranging from 0 to 5 feet bls (Ref. 4, pp. 3, 36). The samples were analyzed for target analyte list (TAL) metals and mercury, VOCs, SVOCs, and P CBs (Refs. 4, p. 3; 14, p. 2).

The metals analysis was conducted using REAC SOP 1811 (EPA SW-846 Methods 3015/3050B/6010B) and REAC SOP 1832 (EPA SW-846 Methods 7000A/7470A/7471A) (Refs. 4, p. 316; 18; 47). VOCs were analyzed using REAC SOP 1807, EPA SW-846 Methods 8000B/8260B (Refs. 4, p. 133; 15). SVOCs were analyzed using REAC SOP 1805, EPA SW-846 Methods 3500B/3541/8000B/8270C (Refs. 4, p. 187; 16). The PCBs were analyzed using REAC SOP 1809, EPA SW-846 Methods 3500B/3540C/3541/3600C/3640A/8000B/8081A (Refs. 4, p. 263; 17).

All samples were collected in accord ance with the REAC Work Plan a nd Quality Assurance Project Plan prepared for Work Assignment No. 0-182 for the SMS facility (Refs. 9; 14; 48; 50; 60; 73). The analytical data sheets and chain-of-custody records ar e available in Reference 4, Appendices I, J, L, and M. The reporting limits on the analytical data sheet s are equivalent to SQLs. Each SQL is samplespecific and corresponds to the lowest quantitative point on the calibration curve; it is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared and any dilutions perform ed, as well as for percent moisture (Ref. 13). The locations of the samples listed in Table 2 are provided in Reference 4, p. 36. The data validation reports are contained in Reference 4, pages 131 though 136, 185 through 189, 262 through 267, and 314 through 319.

TABLE 2: Analytical Results for Source No. 1 – December 2006

Sample ID Sample Depth (feet bls) Hazardous Substance Concentration Reporting Limit* Reference

SB-1 0 to 5 Beryllium 0.741 mg/kg 0.349 mg/kg 4, pp. 320, 335

SB-1 0 to 5 Chromium 112 J+ mg/kg 0.582 mg/kg 4, pp. 320, 335

SB-1 0 to 5 Copper 1,900 mg/kg 0.466 mg/kg 4, pp. 320, 335

SB-1 0 to 5 Lead 28.3 mg/kg 1.16 mg/kg 4, pp. 320, 335

SB-1 0 to 5 Nickel 130 mg/kg 0.699 mg/kg 4, pp. 320, 335

SB-1 0 to 5 Silver 0.701 mg/kg 0.582 mg/kg 4, pp. 320, 335

SB-1 0 to 5 Zinc 387 mg/kg 2.66 mg/kg 4, pp. 320, 335

SB-4 0 to 5 Arsenic 11.8 mg/kg 1.67 mg/kg 4, pp. 302, 320

SB-4 0 to 5 Beryllium 1.83 mg/kg 0.334 mg/kg 4, pp. 302, 320

Source Characterization 23Source No. 1

TABLE 2: Analytical Results for Source No. 1 – December 2006

Sample ID Sample Depth (feet bls) Hazardous Substance Concentration Reporting Limit* Reference

SB-4 0 to 5 Cadmium 0.800 J mg/kg 0.446 mg/kg 4, pp. 302, 320

SB-4 0 to 5 Chromium 54.9 J+ mg/kg 0.557 mg/kg 4, pp. 302, 320

SB-4 0 to 5 Copper 1,170 mg/kg 0.446 mg/kg 4, pp. 302, 320

SB-4 0 to 5 Lead 41.4 mg/kg 1.11 mg/kg 4, pp. 302, 320

SB-4 0 to 5 Nickel 500 mg/kg 0.669 mg/kg 4, pp. 302, 320

SB-4 0 to 5 Zinc 397 mg/kg 2.56 mg/kg 4, pp. 302, 320

SB-5 0 to 5 Arsenic 4.42 mg/kg 1.71 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336

SB-5 0 to 5 Beryllium 5.20 mg/kg 0.342 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336

SB-5 0 to 5 Cadmium 1.08 J mg/kg 0.458 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336

SB-5 0 to 5 Chromium 174 J+ mg/kg 0.57 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336

SB-5 0 to 5 Copper 1,290 mg/kg 0.458 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336

SB-5 0 to 5 Lead 58.1 J+ mg/kg 1.14 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336

SB-5 0 to 5 Nickel 245 mg/kg 0.684 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336

SB-5 0 to 5 Zinc 560 mg/kg 2.62 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336

SB-6 0 to 5 Arsenic 3.08 mg/kg 1.87 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336

SB-6 0 to 5 Beryllium 4.93 mg/kg 0.374 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336

SB-6 0 to 5 Cadmium 1.73 J mg/kg 0.499 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336

SB-6 0 to 5 Chromium 184 J+ mg/kg 0.623 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336

SB-6 0 to 5 Copper 3,760 mg/kg 0.499 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336

SB-6 0 to 5 Lead 161 J+ mg/kg 1.25 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336

SB-6 0 to 5 Mercury 0.0713 J mg/kg 0.049 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336

Source Characterization 24Source No. 1

TABLE 2: Analytical Results for Source No. 1 – December 2006

Sample ID Sample Depth (feet bls) Hazardous Substance Concentration Reporting Limit* Reference

SB-6 0 to 5 Nickel 816 mg/kg 0.748 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336

SB-6 0 to 5 Silver 1.24 mg/kg 0.623 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336

SB-6 0 to 5 Zinc 1,950 mg/kg 2.87 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336

SB-7 0 to 5 Acetone 180 μg/kg 28.2 μg/kg 4, pp. 140, 170

SB-7 0 to 5 2-Butanone 47.4 μg/kg 7.04 μg/kg 4, pp. 140, 170

SB-7 0 to 5 Naphthalene 12,700 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235

SB-7 0 to 5 Acenaphthene 5,030 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235

SB-7 0 to 5 Fluorene 4,250 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235

SB-7 0 to 5 Phenanthrene 17,900 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235

SB-7 0 to 5 Anthracene 5,500 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235

SB-7 0 to 5 Pyrene 13,500 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235

SB-7 0 to 5 Benzo(a)anthracene 6,210 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235

SB-7 0 to 5 Chrysene 7,240 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235

SB-7 0 to 5 Benzo(k)fluoranthene 5,06 0 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235

SB-7 0 to 5 Benzo(a)pyrene 5,600 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235

SB-7 0 to 5 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 3,350 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235

SB-7 0 to 5 Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 3,820 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235

SB-7 0 to 5 Aroclor-1232 1,680 J μg/kg 587 μg/kg 4, pp. 276, 304

SB-7 0 to 5 Aroclor-1260 4,580 J μg/kg 587 μg/kg 4, pp. 276, 304

SB-7 0 to 5 Arsenic 6.15 mg/kg 1.81 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 336

SB-7 0 to 5 Beryllium 2.83 mg/kg 0.361 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 336

Source Characterization 25Source No. 1

TABLE 2: Analytical Results for Source No. 1 – December 2006

Sample ID Sample Depth (feet bls) Hazardous Substance Concentration Reporting Limit* Reference

SB-7 0 to 5 Cadmium 5.05 J mg/kg 0.482 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 336

SB-7 0 to 5 Chromium 317 J+ mg/kg 0.602 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 336

SB-7 0 to 5 Copper 4,710 mg/kg 0.482 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 336

SB-7 0 to 5 Lead 265 J+ mg/kg 1.20 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 336

SB-7 0 to 5 Mercury 0.648 J mg/kg 0.0469 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 336

SB-7 0 to 5 Nickel 381 mg/kg 0.722 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 336

SB-7 0 to 5 Silver 2.72 mg/kg 0.602 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 336

SB-7 0 to 5 Zinc 2,330 mg/kg 2.77 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 336

SB-8 0 to 5 Aroclor-1232 78.7 μg/kg 57.1 μg/kg 4, pp. 276, 305

SB-8 0 to 5 Aroclor-1260 103 μg/kg 57.1 μg/kg 4, pp. 276, 305

SB-8 0 to 5 Arsenic 2.42 mg/kg 1.57 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337

SB-8 0 to 5 Beryllium 2.54 mg/kg 0.314 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337

SB-8 0 to 5 Cadmium 1.87 J mg/kg 0.419 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337

SB-8 0 to 5 Chromium 130 J+ mg/kg 0.524 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337

SB-8 0 to 5 Copper 1,810 mg/kg 0.419 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337

SB-8 0 to 5 Lead 56.6 J+ mg/kg 1.05 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337

SB-8 0 to 5 Mercury 0.192 J mg/kg 0.0433 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337

SB-8 0 to 5 Nickel 199 mg/kg 0.828 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337

SB-8 0 to 5 Silver 0.677 mg/kg 0.524 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337

SB-8 0 to 5 Zinc 694 mg/kg 2.41 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337

SB-9 0 to 5 Aroclor-1232 179 μg/kg 61.3 μg/kg 4, pp. 277, 305

Source Characterization 26Source No. 1

TABLE 2: Analytical Results for Source No. 1 – December 2006

Sample ID Sample Depth (feet bls) Hazardous Substance Concentration Reporting Limit* Reference

SB-9 0 to 5 Arsenic 3.64 mg/kg 1.44 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337

SB-9 0 to 5 Beryllium 5.62 mg/kg 0.288 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337

SB-9 0 to 5 Cadmium 2.82 J mg/kg 0.384 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337

SB-9 0 to 5 Chromium 215 J+ mg/kg 0.481 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337

SB-9 0 to 5 Copper 1,450 mg/kg 0.384 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337

SB-9 0 to 5 Lead 106 J+ mg/kg 0.961 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337

SB-9 0 to 5 Nickel 416 mg/kg 0.577 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337

SB-9 0 to 5 Silver 0.774 mg/kg 0.481 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337

SB-9 0 to 5 Zinc 1,080 mg/kg 2.21 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337

SB-10 0 to 5 Beryllium 3.25 mg/kg 0.356 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 338

SB-10 0 to 5 Cadmium 0.959 J mg/kg 0.475 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 338

SB-10 0 to 5 Chromium 113 J+ mg/kg 0.594 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 338

SB-10 0 to 5 Copper 2,080 mg/kg 0.475 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 338

SB-10 0 to 5 Lead 72.0 J+ mg/kg 1.19 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 338

SB-10 0 to 5 Nickel 440 mg/kg 0.712 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 338

SB-10 0 to 5 Zinc 899 mg/kg 2.73 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 338

SB-16 0 to 5 Arsenic 2.51 mg/kg 1.90 mg/kg 4, pp. 323, 339

SB-16 0 to 5 Beryllium 1.54 mg/kg 0.379 mg/kg 4, pp. 323, 339

SB-16 0 to 5 Cadmium 5.77 mg/kg 0.508 mg/kg 4, pp. 323, 339

SB-16 0 to 5 Chromium 89.8 mg/kg 0.632 mg/kg 4, pp. 323, 339

SB-16 0 to 5 Copper 1,270 mg/kg 0.508 mg/kg 4, pp. 323, 339

Source Characterization 27Source No. 1

TABLE 2: Analytical Results for Source No. 1 – December 2006

Sample ID Sample Depth (feet bls) Hazardous Substance Concentration Reporting Limit* Reference

SB-16 0 to 5 Lead 75.4 J+ mg/kg 1.26 mg/kg 4, pp. 323, 339

SB-16 0 to 5 Mercury 0.126 mg/kg 0.050 mg/kg 4, pp. 323, 339

SB-16 0 to 5 Nickel 800 J mg/kg 0.759 mg/kg 4, pp. 323, 339

SB-16 0 to 5 Zinc 1,130 mg/kg 2.91 mg/kg 4, pp. 323, 339

SB-17 0 to 3 Acetone 186 μg/kg 27.4 μg/kg 4, pp. 144, 175

SB-17 0 to 3 2-Butanone 36.4 μg/kg 6.85 μg/kg 4, pp. 144, 175

SB-17 0 to 3 Naphthalene 24.2 μg/kg 6.85 μg/kg 4, pp. 144, 175

SB-17 0 to 3 Phenanthrene 576 μg/kg 439 μg/kg 4, pp. 175, 200

SB-17 0 to 3 Pyrene 688 μg/kg 439 μg/kg 4, pp. 175, 200

SB-17 0 to 3 Butyl benzyl phthalate 704 μg/kg 439 μg/kg 4, pp. 175, 200

SB-17 0 to 3 Chrysene 550 μg/kg 439 μg/kg 4, pp. 175, 200

SB-17 0 to 3 Benzo(a)pyrene 476 μg/kg 439 μg/kg 4, pp. 175, 200

SB-17 0 to 3 Arsenic 2.33 mg/kg 1.73 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-17 0 to 3 Beryllium 2.48 mg/kg 0.345 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-17 0 to 3 Chromium 163 mg/kg 0.576 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-17 0 to 3 Copper 1,510 mg/kg 0.460 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-17 0 to 3 Lead 73.6 J+ mg/kg 1.15 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-17 0 to 3 Nickel 543 J mg/kg 0.691 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-17 0 to 3 Silver 0.890 mg/kg 0.578 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-17 0 to 3 Zinc 562 mg/kg 2.65 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-18 0 to 5 Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 521 μg/kg 469 μg/kg 4, pp. 204, 240

Source Characterization 28Source No. 1

TABLE 2: Analytical Results for Source No. 1 – December 2006

Sample ID Sample Depth (feet bls) Hazardous Substance Concentration Reporting Limit* Reference

SB-18 0 to 5 Antimony 1.78 mg/kg 1.74 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-18 0 to 5 Arsenic 4.83 mg/kg 1.86 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-18 0 to 5 Beryllium 2.58 mg/kg 0.373 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-18 0 to 5 Cadmium 16.0 mg/kg 0.497 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-18 0 to 5 Chromium 185 mg/kg 0.621 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-18 0 to 5 Copper 2,880 mg/kg 0.497 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-18 0 to 5 Lead 119 J+ mg/kg 1.24 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-18 0 to 5 Mercury 0.0652 mg/kg 0.048 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-18 0 to 5 Nickel 374 J mg/kg 0.745 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-18 0 to 5 Zinc 1,190 mg/kg 2.88 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-20 0 to 5 Phenanthrene 1,050 μg/kg 483 μg/kg 4, pp. 200, 240

SB-20 0 to 5 Pyrene 1,130 μg/kg 483 μg/kg 4, pp. 200, 240

SB-20 0 to 5 Chrysene 679 μg/kg 483 μg/kg 4, pp. 200, 240

SB-20 0 to 5 Benzo(a)anthracene 585 μg/kg 483 μg/kg 4, pp. 200, 240

SB-20 0 to 5 Benzo(a)pyrene 551 μg/kg 483 μg/kg 4, pp. 200, 240

SB-20 0 to 5 Aroclor-1232 624 J μg/kg 302 μg/kg 4, pp. 282, 309

SB-20 0 to 5 Aroclor-1260 2,460 J μg/kg 302 μg/kg 4, pp. 282, 309

SB-20 0 to 5 Arsenic 3.76 mg/kg 1.91 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-20 0 to 5 Beryllium 0.918 mg/ kg 0.381 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-20 0 to 5 Chromium 194 mg/kg 0.838 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-20 0 to 5 Copper 3,240 mg/kg 0.509 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

Source Characterization 29Source No. 1

TABLE 2: Analytical Results for Source No. 1 – December 2006

Sample ID Sample Depth (feet bls) Hazardous Substance Concentration Reporting Limit* Reference

SB-20 0 to 5 Lead 61.0 J+ mg/kg 1.27 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-20 0 to 5 Nickel 906 J mg/kg 0.783 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-20 0 to 5 Zinc 663 mg/kg 2.92 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-21 0 to 5 Aroclor-1232 361 μg/kg 54.1 μg/kg 4, pp. 282, 310

SB-21 0 to 5 Aroclor-1260 381 μg/kg 54.1 μg/kg 4, pp. 282, 310

SB-21 0 to 5 Arsenic 3.88 mg/kg 1.74 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-21 0 to 5 Beryllium 3.18 mg/kg 0.348 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-21 0 to 5 Cadmium 0.552 mg/kg 0.484 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-21 0 to 5 Chromium 124 mg/kg 0.58 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-21 0 to 5 Copper 1,160 mg/kg 0.464 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-21 0 to 5 Lead 83.8 J+ mg/kg 1.16 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-21 0 to 5 Mercury 0.0956 mg/kg 0.045 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-21 0 to 5 Nickel 232 J mg/kg 0.698 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-21 0 to 5 Silver 0.714 mg/kg 0.58 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

SB-21 0 to 5 Zinc 623 mg/kg 2.67 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341

Notes:

* The reporting limits on the analytical da ta sheets are sample-speci fic SQLs, each of which corresponds to the lowest

quantitative point on the calibration curve an d is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared, dilutions performed, and the percent moisture in the source samples (Ref. 13). μg/kg Micrograms per kilogram mg/kg Milligrams per kilogram bls Below land surface ID Identification J The concentration is estimated, but the pr esence of the analyt e is not in doubt. J- The concentration is estimated with a low bias. J+ The concentration is estimated with a high bias. Aroclor Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) (Ref. 68) SB Soil boring; sample material consists of waste (Ref. 4, pp. 36, 103 through 127). SQL Sample quantitation limit

Source Characterization 30Source No. 1

April 2009 START and REAC Integrated Assessment

The source samples listed in Table 3 were coll ected by START and REAC during the April 2009 integrated assessment (Refs. 55, p. 3, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 55, Appendix B, Table 1C, p. B-4,; 59). The Source No. 1 samples were collected between 18 and 24 inches bls (Ref. 55, Appendix B, Table 1C, p. B-4; 55, Appendix D).

The samples were collected in accordance with the EPA Region 4 SESD Field Branches Quality System and Technical Procedures, Waste Sampling (Refs. 55, pp. 3, 4; 61). The samples were analyzed under the EPA Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) for total metals using statement of work (SOW) ILM05.4 (Refs. 55, Appendix E, pp. 289, 291; 81). EPA Re gion 4 SESD reviewed all data according to the contract SOW and EPA guidelines (Ref. 55, Appendix E, p. 265; 57). The minimum reporting limits (MRLs) are listed on the analytical data sheets in Ref. 55, Appendix E. Each MRL is sample-specific and corresponds to the lowest quantitative point on the calib ration curve; it is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared and any dilutions performed, as we ll as for percent moisture (Ref. 58). MRLs are equivalent to SQLs (Refs. 1, p.51586; 58).

The traffic reports and chain-of-custody records are provided in Reference 59. Logbook notes are provided in Reference 55, Appendix D. The locations of the source samples are depicted in Reference 55, Appendix A, Figure 3, page A-3.

TABLE 3: Analytical Results for Source No. 1 – April 2009

Sample ID Hazardous Substance Concentration MRL References

SMS-01-WA Beryllium 2.4 mg/kg 0.69 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, Appendix E, p. 289; 59, p. 1

SMS-01-WA Chromium 88 mg/kg 1.4 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, Appendix E, p. 289; 59, p. 1

SMS-01-WA Copper 2,100 mg/kg 3.4 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, Appendix E, p. 289; 59, p. 1

SMS-01-WA Lead 36 J mg/kg 1.4 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, Appendix E, p. 289; 59, p. 1

SMS-01-WA Nickel 1,200 mg/kg 5.5 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, Appendix E, p. 289; 59, p. 1

SMS-01-WA Selenium 7.0 J mg/kg 4.8 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, Appendix E, p. 289; 59, p. 1

SMS-01-WA Zinc 720 J mg/kg 8.3 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, Appendix E, p. 289; 59, p. 1

SMS-02-WA Chromium 61 mg/kg 1.5 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, Appendix E, p. 291; 59, p. 1

SMS-02-WA Copper 2,400 mg/kg 3.8 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, Appendix E, p. 291; 59, p. 1

SMS-02-WA Lead 94 J mg/kg 1.5 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, Appendix E, p. 291; 59, p. 1

SMS-02-WA Nickel 730 mg/kg 6.0 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, Appendix E, p. 291; 59, p. 1

SMS-02-WA Silver 1.7 mg/kg 1.5 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, Appendix E, p. 291; 59, p. 1

SMS-02-WA Zinc 2,200 J mg/kg 9.0 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, Appendix E, p. 291; 59, p. 1

Source Characterization 31Source No. 1

Notes:

ID Identification number J The concentration is estimated, but the presence of the analyte is not in doubt (Ref. 55, Appendix E, p. 268). mg/kg Milligrams per kilogram MRL Minimum reporting limit SMS Smokey Mountain Smelters WA Waste

Source Characterization 32Source No. 1

2.2.3 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AVAILABLE TO A PATHWAY

Source No. 1 samples contained metals, VOCs, SVOC , and PCBs (see Tables 2 and 3 of this HRS documentation record). Source No. 1 consists of the exterior waste pile where aluminum smelting wastes were disposed (Refs. 4, pp. 1, 33; 5, pp. 3, 5 through 8; 6, p. 4) (see Figure 2 of this documentation record).

Analytical results of surface water and sediment samp les collected from the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch, which receives runoff from Source No. 1, indicate that a release of hazardous substances has occurred to the surface water migration pathway as documented in Section 4.0 of this HRS documentation record. During th e December 2006 site investigation a leachate seep containing arsenic, copper, lead, mercury, nickel , acetone, and 2-butanone was observed emanating from Source No. 1 and discharging into the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch located along the eastern and southern borders of the property (Refs. 4, pp. 1, 2, 26, 36, 156, 178, 326, 345) (also see Figure 2 of this HRS documentation record). During the April 2009 integrated assessment, the leachate seep was also observed eman ating from Source No. 1 and discharging into the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch (Ref. 55, p. 4; 55, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 55, Appendix B, Table 1D, p. B-5; 55, Appendix D, p. 18; 74) (also see Figure 2 of this HRS documentation record). Samples collected from the leachate seep in April 2009 contained arsenic,chromium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, and 2-butanone (55, Appendix B, Table 1D, p. B-5, Table 5, pp. B16 through B18). Also, during the 2009 integrated assessment, no maintained engineered cover, or functioning and maintained runon control system and runoff management system were present to contain runoff from Source No. 1 from entering the unnamed perenni al tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch (Refs. 74; 76, p. 2). Therefore, a containm ent factor value of 10 was assigned in Table 4 for the surface water migration pathway (Ref. 1, Section 4.1.2.1.2.1.1).

TABLE 4 – Containment Source No. 1

Containment Description Containment Factor Value References

Gas release to air: NS NA

Particulate release to air: NS NA Release to ground water: NS NA Release via overland migration and/or flood: As documented in Section 4.0, there is evidence of hazardous substance migration from the source area. Observations of Source No. 1 indicate no maintained engineered cover, or functioning and maintained run-on control and runoff management system. Runoff from Source No. 1 enters the pond and unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch located along the eastern and southern borders of the property. 10 1, Table 4-2; 4, pp. 2, 3, 10; 55, Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2; 74; 76, p. 2

Notes:

NA Not applicable NS Not scored

Source Characterization 33Source No. 1

Source Characterization 34 2.4.2 HAZARDOUS WASTE QUANTITY

2.4.2.1.1 Hazardous Constituent Quantity

The information available is not sufficient to evalua te Tier A, hazardous constituent quantity, as required by Reference 1, Section 2.4.2.1.1.

Hazardous Constituent Quantity Assigned Value: NS

2.4.2.1.2 Hazardous Wastestream Quantity

The information available is not sufficient to evalua te Tier B, hazardous wastestream quantity, as required by Reference 1, Section 2.4.2.1.2.

Hazardous Wastestream Quantity Assigned Value: NS

2.4.2.1.3 Volume

The information available is not sufficient to evaluate Tier C, volume, as required by Reference 1, Section 2.4.2.1.3.

Volume Assigned Value: 0

2.4.2.1.4 Area

The area of the waste pile is about 3.3 acres (143,748 square feet). Aerial photographs from 2000 to 2008 were used to calculate the area of the waste pile along with visual observations, photographs of the denuded area, and logs of borings advanced in the waste pile (Refs. 4, pp. 1, 56, 103 through 127; 39; 46; 55, p. 4, Appendix D).

Sum (square feet) = 143,748 Equation for Assigning Value (Ref. 1, Table 2-5) = Area (A)/13

Area Assigned Value: 11,057.53 (Ref. 1, Section 2.4.2.1.4)

2.4.2.1.5 Calculation of Source Hazardous Waste Quantity Value

The source hazardous waste quantity (HWQ) value fo r Source No. 1 is 11,057.53 (Ref. 1, Section 2.4.2.1.5).

Source HWQ Value: 11,057.53Source No.: 2

2.2 SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION

2.2.1 SOURCE IDENTIFICATION

Number of source : 2

Name of source : Waste Piles Located inside the Process Building (Interior Waste Piles)

Source Type : Pile

Description and Location of Source (with reference to a map of the site):

Source No. 2 consists of two waste piles located insi de the dilapidated process building (Refs. 55, pp. 3, 4; 55, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 66; 74; 76, pp. 1, 5, 7, 8; 78, p. 3). The process building has no floors, and holes have formed in the walls and ceiling (Ref. 55, p. 4; 55, Appendix C, pp. C-1, C-2). Source No. 2 contains gray material (primary aluminum smelting waste), similar in appearance to the waste contained in Source No. 1 (exterior waste pile) (Ref s 4, p. 1; 46; 55, p. 4; 55, Appendix D, p. 4).

According to a 1985 Knox County Department of Air Pollution Control (KCDAPC) permit, SMS operated Rotary Aluminum Recovery Furnace #1 on the pr operty (Refs. 5, p. 5; 49). Waste by-products from aluminum smelter operations include secondary aluminum, dross residues, and baghouse and furnace dusts (Ref. 38, pp. B-14, B-15). In 2006 and 2009, aluminum dross was observed inside the process building at the SMS facility (Refs. 4, p. 1; 55, Appendix C, pp. C-1, C-2; 76). During the 2006 REAC site investigation, the process building, whic h housed rotary and casting furnaces, contained piles of smelting waste. A sample collected from one of the waste piles inside the process building contained hazardous substances including antimony, arsenic, be ryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, silver, and zinc (Ref. 4, pp. 3, 325).

During the 2009 integrated assessment conducted by START and REAC, three samples were collected from the Source No. 2 waste piles in the process bu ilding. The samples contained antimony, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, cyanide, lead, mercury, ni ckel, and zinc (Ref. 55, Appendix B, Table 1C, p. B-4 and Table 4, p. B-13, B-14, B-15; 55, Appendi x D, pp. 23, 24) (see Tables 6 and 7 of this HRS documentation record). Four samples were also collected from Source No. 2 for reactivity testing. The reactivity tests indicate that the waste from Source No . 2 is capable of generating ammonia and hydrogen cyanide (Ref. 78, pp. 3, 6, 7).

Source Characterization 35Source No.: 2

Source Characterization 36 Table 5 lists samples collected from Source No. 2, descriptions and depths of the samples, and the hazardous substances detected during the 2006 REAC site investigation a nd April 2009 START and REAC integrated assessment (Ref. 55, Appendix B, Tables 1C and 4; 55, Appendix D, pp. 23, 24).

Table 5: Description of Samples Collected from Source No. 2

Sample ID Sample Description Sample Depth (inches below the surface of the pile) Hazardous Substances Reference

2006 REAC Site Investigation

Inside Pile Aluminum smelting waste Unknown antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, silver,

i 4, pp. 1, 3, 325; 71, pp. 26, 27, 28, 29

2009 START and REAC In tegrated Assessment

SMS-05-WA Gray, sandlike, waste material 12 to 24 arsenic, chromium, copper, cyanide, lead, nickel, zinc 55, Appendix B, Table 1C, p. B-4 and Table4, pp. B-13, B-14, B15; 55, Appendix D, p. 23; 55, Appendix E pp. 297, 298

SMS-06-WA Gray, sandlike, waste material 12 to 24 cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc 55, Appendix B, Table 1C, p. B-4 and Table4, pp. B-13, B-14, B15; 55, Appendix D, p. 23; 55, Appendix E p. 299

SMS-07-WA Gray, sandlike, waste material 12 to 24 cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel , zinc 55, Appendix B, Table 1C, p. B-4 and Table4, pp. B-13, B-14, B15; 55, Appendix D, p. 24; 55, Appendix E, p. 301

Notes:

ID Identification SMS Smokey Mountain Smelters WA WasteSource No. 2

2.2.2 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ASSOCIATED WITH SOURCE NO. 2

2006 REAC Site Investigation

The source sample listed in Table 6 was collected fro m Source No. 2 (interior waste piles) in December 2006 during the REAC site investigation. The sample was analyzed for TAL metals and mercury, (Ref. 4, p. 3). The metals analysis was c onducted using REAC SOP 1811(EPA SW-846 Methods 3015/3050B/6010B) and REAC SOP 1832 (EPA SW-846 Methods 7000A/7470A/7471A) (Refs. 4, p. 316; 18; 47).

All samples were collected in accord ance with the REAC Work Plan a nd Quality Assurance Project Plan prepared for Work Assignment No. 0-182 for the SMS facility (Refs. 9; 14; 48; 50; 60; 73). The analytical data sheets and chain-of-custody record s are available in Reference 4, Appendix M. The reporting limits on the analytical data sheets are equiva lent to SQLs. Each SQL is sample-specific and corresponds to the lowest quantitative point on the calib ration curve; it is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared and any dilutions performed, as well as for percent moisture (Ref. 13). The location of the sample listed in Table 6 is depicted in Reference 4, p. 35. The data validation reports are contained in Reference 4, pp. 314 though 319.

TABLE 6: Analytical Results for Source No. 2 – December 2006

Sample ID Hazardous Substance Hazardous Substance Concentration Reporting Limit* Reference

Inside Pile Antimony 3.34 mg/kg 1.54 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 343

Inside Pile Arsenic 2.13 mg/kg 1.85 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 343

Inside Pile Beryllium 2.25 mg/kg 0.330 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 343

Inside Pile Cadmium 0.900 mg/kg 0.440 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 343

Inside Pile Chromium 133 mg/kg 0.55 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 343

Inside Pile Copper 1,560 mg/kg 0.440 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 343

Inside Pile Lead 75.2 J+ mg/kg 1.10 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 343

Inside Pile Nickel 145 J mg/kg 0.660 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 343

Inside Pile Silver 0.806 mg/kg 0.55 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 343

Inside Pile Zinc 1,150 mg/kg 2.53 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 343

Source Characterization 37Source No. 2

Notes:

* The reporting limits on the analytical da ta sheets are sample-speci fic SQLs, each of which corresponds to the lowest

quantitative point on the calibration curve an d is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared, dilutions performed, and the percent moisture in the source samples (Ref. 13). mg/kg Milligrams per kilogram ID Identification J The concentration is estimated, but the presence of the anal yte is not in doubt. J+ The concentration is estimated with a high bias. SQL Sample quantitation limit

Source Characterization 38Source No. 2

April 2009 START and REAC Integrated Assessment

The source samples listed in Table 7 were coll ected by START and REAC during the April 2009 integrated assessment (Ref. 55, p. 3; 55, Appendix B, Ta ble 1C, p. B-4; 59, pp. 3, 4, 5). The Source No. 2 samples were collected between 12 and 24 inches belo w the surface of the piles (Ref. 55, Appendix B, Table 1C, p. B-4; 55, Appendix D, pp. 23, 24).

The Source No. 2 samples were collected in accordance with the EPA Region 4 SESD Field Branches Quality System and Technical Procedures, Waste Samp ling (Refs. 55, p. 3; 61). The samples were analyzed under the EPA CLP for total metals a nd cyanide using the CLP SOW ILM05.4 (Refs. 55, Appendix E, pp. 269, 297, 299, 301; 81). EPA Re gion 4 SESD reviewed all data according to the contract SOW and EPA guidelines (Ref. 55, Appendix E, p. 265; 57). The MRLs are listed on the analytical data sheets in Ref. 55, Appendix E. Each MRL is sample-specific and corresponds to the lowest quantitative point on the calibration curve; it is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared and any dilutions performed, as well as for percent moistu re (Ref. 58). The MRLs are equivalent to SQLs (Refs. 1, p. 51586; 58).

The traffic reports and chain-of-custody records are provided in Reference 59. Logbook notes are provided in Reference 55, Appendix D. The locations of the source samples are depicted in Reference 55, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3.

TABLE 7: Analytical Results for Source No. 2 – April 2009

Sample ID Hazardous Substance Hazardous Substance Concentration Minimum Reporting Limit Reference

SMS-05-WA Arsenic 6.2 J mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 23; 55, Appendix E, p. 297; 59, p. 3

SMS-05-WA Chromium 71 mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 23; 55, Appendix E, p. 297; 59, p. 3

SMS-05-WA Copper 1,000 mg/kg 2.7 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 23; 55, Appendix E, p. 297; 59, p. 3

SMS-05-WA Cyanide 3.4 mg/kg 2.7 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 23; 55, Appendix E, p. 298; 59, p. 3

SMS-05-WA Lead 49 J mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 23; 55, Appendix E, p. 297; 59, p. 3

SMS-05-WA Nickel 320 mg/kg 4.3 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 23; 55, Appendix E, p. 297; 59, p. 3

SMS-05-WA Zinc 1,500 J mg/kg 6.5 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 23; 55, Appendix E, p. 297; 59, p. 3

Source Characterization 39Source No. 2

TABLE 7: Analytical Results for Source No. 2 – April 2009

Sample ID Hazardous Substance Hazardous Substance Concentration Minimum Reporting Limit Reference

SMS-06-WA Cadmium 0.74 J mg/kg 0.62 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 23; 55, Appendix E, p. 299; 59, p. 3

SMS-06-WA Chromium 45 mg/kg 1.2 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 23; 55, Appendix E, p. 299; 59, p. 3

SMS-06-WA Copper 2,900 mg/kg 3.1 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 23; 55, Appendix E, p. 299; 59, p. 3

SMS-06-WA Lead 6.2 J mg/kg 1.2 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 23; 55, Appendix E, p. 299; 59, p. 3

SMS-06-WA Nickel 1,900 mg/kg 9.9 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 23; 55, Appendix E, p. 299; 59, p. 3

SMS-06-WA Zinc 300 mg/kg 7.4 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 23; 55, Appendix E, p. 299; 59, p. 3

SMS-07-WA Cadmium 4.0J mg/kg 0.58 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 24; 55, Appendix E, p. 301; 59, p. 3

SMS-07-WA Chromium 42 mg/kg 1.2 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 24; 55, Appendix E, p. 301; 59, p. 3

SMS-07-WA Copper 570 mg/kg 2.9 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 24; 55, Appendix E, p. 301; 59, p. 3

SMS-07-WA Lead 9.6 J mg/kg 1.2 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 24; 55, Appendix E, p. 301; 59, p. 3

SMS-07-WA Mercury 0.20 mg/kg 0.12 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 24; 55, Appendix E, p. 301; 59, p. 3

SMS-07-WA Nickel 370 mg/kg 4.6 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 24; 55, Appendix E, p. 301; 59, p. 3

SMS-07-WA Zinc 99,000 mg/kg 140 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 24; 55, Appendix E, p. 301; 59, p. 3

Source Characterization 40Source No. 2

Notes:

ID Identification number J The concentration is estimated, but the presence of the analyte is not in doubt (Ref. 55, Appendix E, p. 268). mg/kg Milligrams per kilogram MRL Minimum reporting limit SMS Smokey Mountain Smelters WA Waste

Source Characterization 41Source No. 2

2.2.3 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AVAILABLE TO A PATHWAY

Source No. 2 samples contained antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, cyanide, lead, mercury, nickel, silver, and zinc (Ref. 55, Appe ndix B, Table 4, pp. B-13, B-14, B-15) (see Tables 6 and 7 of this HRS documentation record). Source No. 2 consists of two waste piles located inside the process building. The interior waste piles contain gr ay material (aluminum smelting waste) similar in appearance to the waste contained in the exterior waste pile (Source No. 1) (Refs. 4, p. 1; 55, p. 4; 55, Appendix D, p. 4) (see Figure 2 of this documentation record).

Analytical results of surface water and sediment samp les collected from the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch, which receives runoff from Source No. 2, indicate that a release of hazardous substances has occurred to the surface wa ter migration pathway, as documented in Section 4.0 of this HRS documentation record (Ref. 55, Appe ndix B, Table 1D, p. B-5 and Table 5, pp. B-16, B17, B-18). The process building is dilapidated and structur ally unstable (Refs. 4, p. 1; 76, pp. 1, 5, 8). Source No. 2 (interior waste piles) is located inside the dilapidated process building and is exposed to the elements in some areas (Refs. 66; 73; 74; 76, pp. 1, 5, 7, 8). No maintained engineered cover, or functioning and maintained runon control system and runoff management system were present in 2006 or 2009 to contain runoff from Source No. 2 from entering the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch (Refs. 74; 76, p. 2). Th erefore, as presented in Table 8, a containment factor value of 10 was assigned for the surface water migr ation pathway (Ref. 1, Section 4.1.2.1.2.1.1).

TABLE 8: Containment Source No. 2

Containment Description Containment Factor Value References

Gas release to air: NS NA

Particulate release to air: NS NA Release to ground water: NS NA Release via overland migration and/or flood: Observations of Source No. 2 indicate no maintained engineered cover, or functioning and maintained runon control system and runoff management system. Runoff from Source No. 2 enters the pond and unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch located in the eastern portion of the property. 10 1, Table 4-2; 55, pp. 3, 4; 55, Appendix C, pp. C-1, C-2; 55, Appendix D; 73; 74; 76, p. 2

Notes:

NA Not applicable NS Not scored

Source Characterization 42Source No. 2

Source Characterization 43 2.4.2.1 HAZARDOUS WASTE QUANTITY

2.4.2.1.1 Hazardous Constituent Quantity

The information available is not sufficient to evalua te Tier A, hazardous constituent quantity, as required by Ref. 1, Section 2.4.2.1.1.

Hazardous Constituent Quantity Assigned Value: NS

2.4.2.1.2 Hazardous Wastestream Quantity

The information available is not sufficient to evalua te Tier B, hazardous wastestream quantity, as required by Ref. 1, Section 2.4.2.1.2.

Hazardous Wastestream Quantity Assigned Value: NS 2.4.2.1.3 Volume

The volume of Source No. 2, interior waste piles, is about 44,657.325 ft 3 (Ref. 65; 71). Two piles are located inside the process building. The first pile is located on the upper level of the building and the second pile is located on the lower level of the process building (Refs. 65; 78, p. 3). The volume of the two waste piles was determined by dividing each of th e two piles into three sections and then adding the volumes. The volume of the pile located on the upper level of the pro cess building is 6,020.325 ft 3 . The volume of the pile located on the lower level of the process building is 38,637 ft 3 (Ref. 65; 71).

Sum (yd 3 ): 1,653.97 yd 3 (44,657.325 ft 3 ) Equation for Assigning Value (Ref. 1, Table 2-5): Volume (V)/2.5 Volume Assigned Value: 661.58 (Ref. 1, Section 2.4.2.1.3) 2.4.2.1.4 Area

The volume of Source No. 2 is provided in Section 2.4. 2.1.3. Therefore, area is not evaluated (Ref. 1, Section 2.4.2.1.3).

Area Assigned Value: Not evaluated

2.4.2.1.5 Calculation of Source Hazardous Waste Quantity Value

The HWQ value for Source No. 2 is 661.58 (Ref. 1, Table 2-5).

Source HWQ Value: 661.58SUMMARY OF SOURCE DESCRIPTIONS

TABLE 9: Summary of Source Descriptions Containment Factor Value by Pathway Surface Water (SW) Air

Source No. Source Hazardous Waste Quantity Value Source Hazardous Constituent Quantity Complete? (Yes/No) Ground Water (GW) (Ref. 1, Table

3-2) Overland/ Flood (Ref. 1, Table

4-2) GW to SW (Ref. 1, Table

3-2) Gas (Ref. 1, Table

6-3) Particulate (Ref. 1, Table 6-9)

1 11,057.53 No NS 10 NS NS NS

2 661.58 No NS 10 NS NS NS

Total Source Hazardous Waste Quantity Value = 11,719.11

Notes:

NS Not Scored

Description of Other Possible Sources :

Other sources of concern are present at the SMS facility. However, insufficient information is available to evaluate the other possible sources. The sour ces include, but are not limited to, the following:

• A depression located south of the process building (Ref . 6, pp. 4, 21). This depression may have been used as a settling pond prior to operations by the SMS facility (Ref. 6, p. 4). Aluminum, cadmium, and mercury, among others, have been detected in this area (Ref. 6, pp. 15, 21). The depression was not observed during the March 2006 s ite reconnaissance (Ref. 76, p. 2).

• Collection hoppers located underneath the baghou ses (Ref. 6, pp. 2, 4). Benzo(a)pyrene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, among others, have been detected in baghouse dust samples (Ref. 6, pp. 4, 15, 21, 127).

• Casting furnace located inside the process buildin g. A sample collected from the casting furnace trough contained aluminum, cadmium, chromium, benzo(a)pyrene, pyrene, and chrysene, among others (Ref. 6, pp. 4, 15, 21, 34).

• Mixed waste underlying the Source No. 1 aluminum smelter waste pile. Borings advanced during the 2009 integrated assessment conducted by START and REAC indicate the presence of aluminum smelting waste mixed with paper a nd wood fragments, broken white and red brick fragments, angular limestone gravel, clay, and silty clay. The presence of gravel and clay suggests possible contemporaneous backfill or cove r of waste consistent with HRS source type “landfill”. The depth at the top of the mixed wast e ranges from three to 17 feet bls (Refs. 4, pp. 103 through 127; 73; 77).

Source Characterization 444.0 SURFACE WATER MIGRATION PATHWAY

4.1 OVERLAND/FLOOD MIGRATION COMPONENT

4.1.1.1 Definition of Hazardous Substance Migration Path for Overland/Flood Component

The hazardous substance migration pathway includes bot h the overland segment and the in-water segment that hazardous substances would take as they migrat e away from sources. The overland segment begins at the source and proceeds downgradient to the probabl e point of entry (PPE) to surface water. The inwater segment at the PPE continues in the dir ection of flow (Ref. 1, Section 4.1.1.1).

Overland flow from Source Nos. 1 and 2 enters an un named perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch. The unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch originates on the SMS property, east of the process building and flows along the eastern and southern portions of the SMS property (Refs. 3; 52; 73; 74). The unnamed perennial tributary is also called Smokey Mountain Branch (Ref. 4, p. 33). The sources, in an upgrad ient to downgradient location, on the SMS property include: Source No. 2, interior waste piles and Source No. 1, exterior waste pile (Ref. 3; 76) (see Figure 2 of this HRS documentation record).

Overland flow from Source No. 2 follows the land to pography for about 159 feet in a southeasterly direction and enters the unnamed perennial tributary located on the eastern portion of the SMS property. The point at which overland flow from Source No. 2 enters the unnamed perennial tributary is PPE 1 (Refs. 3; 74; 76) (see Figures 2 and 3 of this HRS do cumentation record). PPE 1 is located upstream of the pond located on the eastern portion of the SMS property (Refs. 3; 4, p. 33; 55, Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2; 76) (see Figure 3 of this HRS documentation record).

Overland flow from Source No. 1 follows the land topograp hy for about 51 feet in a south-southeasterly direction into the pond and unnamed perennial tr ibutary both upstream and downstream of the pond (Refs. 3; 74; 76) (see Figure 3 of this HRS docum entation record). PPE 2 is located in the unnamed perennial tributary downstream of the pond (Refs. 3; 74; 76) (see Figure 3 of this HRS documentation record). A leachate seep is located at the southwestern corner of Source No. 1. Effluent from the leachate seep flows overland for about 53 feet and enters the unnamed perennial tributary south of Source No. 1. The point at which runoff from the leachate seep from Source No. 1 enters the unnamed perennial tributary is PPE 3 (Refs. 3; 55, Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2) (also see Figure 3 of this HRS documentation record).

PPE 3 is the farthest downstream PPE of the in-water segment of the 15-mile surface water migration pathway target distance limit (TDL) (Refs. 3; 74; 76 ). From PPE 3, the unnamed perennial tributary flows south-southwest for about 431 feet and enters the East Branch of Flenniken Branch. The East Branch of Flenniken Branch flows south-southwest for about 1.20 miles and joins Flenniken Branch (see Figures 1, 2, and 3 of this HRS documentation record). Flenniken Branch continues south for about 1.0 mile before entering the Fort Loudoun Reservoir (Ref. 3). The Fort Loudoun Reservoir is an impoundment of the Tennessee River (Ref. 24, p. 1). Flow continues in the Tennessee River for about 12.67 miles completing the 15-mile surface water migration pathway TDL (Ref. 3).

The unnamed tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch, the East Branch of Flenniken Branch, and Flenniken Branch are perennial surface water bodies (R efs. 3; 55, p. 4, Appendix B, Table 1D; 55, Appendix D, p. 5; 73; 74).

SW-Overland/Flood Migration Component 454.1.2.1 LIKELIHOOD OF RELEASE

4.1.2.1.1 OBSERVED RELEASE – Chemical Analysis

December 2006 REAC Site Investigation

Background Samples

During the 2006 site investigation conducted by REAC, a background surface water sample (SWBackground /BKGND 182-0060) was collected from the East Branch of Flenniken Branch about 0.47 mile upgradient of the unnamed perennial tributary’ s confluence with the East Branch of Flenniken Branch (Refs. 3; 4, pp. 2, 3, 31, 177) (see Figure 3 of this HRS documentation record). The background sample is used to document background concentra tions for the surface water samples collected from the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch downstream from Source Nos. 1 and 2 (Ref. 4, pp. 2, 31, 35). Because the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch originates on the SMS property, a background sample could not be collected from the tributary. No potential sources of contamination have been docum ented along the East Branch of Flenniken Branch upgradient of the SMS property (Ref. 55, Appendix D, pp. 22, 23).

The background surface water sample was collected in accordance with the REAC Work Plan and Quality Assurance Project Plan prepared for Work Assignment No. 0-182 for the SMS facility (Refs. 14; 21; 48; 50; 73). The location of the background surface water sample listed in Table 10 is depicted in Reference 4, page 31. The chain-of-custody record is available in Reference 4, Appendix I, p. 177 and Appendix M, p. 344.

The background surface water sample and the downs tream surface water samples were collected from similar surface water bodies during the same sampli ng event and in accordance with the same sampling procedures (Refs. 3; 4, pp. 2, 31, 177; 14; 21; 48). The background surface water sample was collected at the surface of the water by partially submerging the sampling container into the surface water body (Refs. 21; 73; 74; 79).

TABLE 10: Background Surface Water Sample – December 2006

Sample ID Sample Location Depth Date Sa m p l ed Reference

SW-Background/ BKGND 182-0060 East Branch of Flenniken Branch, about 0.47 mile upgradient of its confluence with the unnamed perennial tributary on the SMS property At the surface of the water 12/14/2006 3; 4, pp. 2, 3, 31, 177; 21; 73; 79

Notes:

BKGND Background SW Surface water ID Identification

SW-Observed Release 46Background Concentrations

The background surface water sample listed in Tabl e 11 was collected by REAC during the December 2006 site investigation (Ref. 4, pp. 2, 3, 4, 31, 35, 177). Th e background surface water sample was analyzed under the EPA REAC for TAL metals and VOCs (Refs. 4, pp. 133, 177, 316, 344; 14, p. 2). The metals analysis was conducted using REAC SOP 1811 (EPA SW-846 Methods 3015/3050B/6010B) and REAC SOP 1832 (EPA SW-846 Methods 7000A/7470A/7471A) (Refs. 4, p. 316; 18; 47). VOCs were analyzed using REAC SOP 1806, EPA SW-846 Me thods 8000B and 8260B (Refs. 4, p. 187; 20). The analytical data sheets are contained in Refere nce 4, Appendices I and M. The reporting limits on the analytical data sheets are SQLs. Each SQL is samp le-specific and corresponds to the lowest quantitative point on the calibration curve, and is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared and any dilutions performed (Ref. 13). The data validation reports are contained in Reference 4, pages 130 through 136 and 314 through 319.

TABLE 11: Analytical Results for Back ground Surface Water Sample – December 2006

Sample ID Hazardous Substance Concentration Reporting Limit * Reference SW-Background/ BKGND 182-0060 Acetone 20.0U μg/L 20.0 μg/L 4, pp. 155, 177

SW-Background/ BKGND 182-0060 2-Butanone 5.00U μg/L 5.00 μg/L 4, pp. 155, 177

SW-Background/ BKGND 182-0060 Antimony 14.0U μg/L 14.0 μg/L 4, pp. 326, 344

SW-Background/ BKGND 182-0060 Arsenic 17.0U μg/L 17.0 μg/L 4, pp. 326, 344

SW-Background/ BKGND 182-0060 Copper 4.00U μg/L 4.00 μg/L 4, pp. 326, 344

SW-Background/ BKGND 182-0060 Mercury 0.200U μg/L 0.200 μg/L 4, pp. 326, 344

SW-Background/ BKGND 182-0060 Nickel 5.0U μg/L 5.0 μg/L 4, pp. 326, 344

Notes:

* The reporting limits on the analytical da ta sheets are sample-speci fic SQLs, each of which corresponds to the lowest

quantitative point on the calibration curve and is adjusted for the amount of sample pr epared and any dilutions performed (Ref. 13). BKGND Background μg/L Micrograms per liter ID Identification SW Surface water U The analyte was not detected at or above the reporting limit.

SW-Observed Release 47Contaminated Sample

The surface water sample listed in Table 12 was coll ected during the December 2006 site investigation conducted by REAC (Ref. 4, p. 2, 3, 31, 35, 177). The surface water sample was collected in accordance with the REAC Work Plan and Quality Assurance Pr oject Plan prepared for Work Assignment No. 0-182 for the SMS facility (Refs. 14; 21; 48; 50; 73). Th e surface water sample was collected from the surface of the water by partially submerging the sampling container in the surface water body (Refs. 21; 73; 79). The location of the downstream surface water sample liste d in Table 12 is depicted in Reference 4, page 35. The chain-of-custody record is available in Reference 4, Appendix I, p. 177 and Appendix M, p. 344.

TABLE 12: Surface Water Sample – December 2006

Sample ID Sample Location Distance from PPE Depth Date Sampled Reference
SW-Stream/ Strm 182- 0061 Unnamed perennial tributary of East Branch of Flenniken Branch 799 feet from PPE 1, 551 feet from PPE 2, 73 feet from PPE 3 At the surface of the water 12/14/2006 4, pp. 2, 35, 177; 21; 73

Notes:

ID Identification PPE Probable point of entry Strm Stream SW Surface water

SW-Observed Release 48SW-Observed Release 49 Concentrations in Contaminated Sample

The surface water sample listed in Table13 was co llected by REAC during the December 2006 site investigation (Ref. 4, pp. 2, 3, 31, 35, 177). The surface water sample was analyzed under the EPA REAC for TAL metals and VOCs (Refs. 4, pp. 133,177, 316, 344; 14, p. 2). The metals analysis was conducted using REAC SOP 1811 (EPA SW-846 Methods 3015/3050B/6010B) and REAC SOP 1832 (EPA SW-846 Methods 7000A/7470A/7471A) (Refs. 4, p. 316; 18; 47). VOCs were analyzed using REAC SOP 1806, EPA SW-846 Methods 8000B and 8260B (Refs. 4, p. 133; 20). The analytical data sheets are contained in Reference 4, Appendices I and M. The reporting limits on the analytical data sheets are SQLs. Each SQL is sa mple-specific and corresponds to the lowest quantitative point on the calibration curve, and is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared and any dilutions performed (Ref. 13). The data validation reports are available in Reference 4, pages 130 through 136 and 314 through 319.

TABLE 13: Analytical Results for Surface Water Samp le – December 2006

Sample ID Hazardous Substance Concentration Reporting Limit * Reference

SW-Stream/182-0061 Strm Acetone 45.7 μg/L 20.0 μg/L 4, p. 155, 177

SW-Stream/182-0061 Strm 2-Butanone 8.21 μg/L 5.00 μg/L 4, p. 155, 177

SW-Stream/182-0061 Strm Antimony 18.9 μg/L 14.0 μg/L 4, p. 326, 344

SW-Stream/182-0061 Strm Arsenic 17.3 μg/L 17.0 μg/L 4, p. 326, 344

SW-Stream/182-0061 Strm Copper 988 μg/L 4.00 μg/L 4, p. 326, 344

SW-Stream/182-0061 Strm Mercury 0.421 μg/L 0.200 μg/L 4, p. 326, 344

SW-Stream/182-0061 Strm Nickel 29.7 μg/L 5.0 μg/L 4, p. 326, 344

Notes:

* The reporting limits on the analytical da ta sheets are sample-speci fic SQLs, each of which corresponds to the lowest

quantitative point on the calibration curve an d is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared and any dilutions performed (Ref. 13). ID Identification μg/L Micrograms per liter Strm Stream SW Surface water2009 START and REAC In tegrated Assessment

Background surface water and sediment samples listed in Table 14 were collected by START and REAC during the April 2009 integrated assessment (Ref. 55, p. 1; 55, Appendix B, Table 1D, p. B-5 and Table 1E, p. B-6; 55, Appendix D, pp. 21, 22, 23; 59, pp. 5, 6, 7, 11). The bac kground surface water (SMS-01- SW) and sediment (SMS-01-SD) sample s were collected from the East Br anch of Flenniken Branch about 0.5 mile upgradient of sources on the SMS property. The background samples are used to document background conditions for the samples collected from th e unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch, downgradient of sources at the SMS property (Ref. 55, Appendix A, Figure 4, p. A4; 55, Appendix B, Table 1D, p. B-5 and Table 1E, p. B-6; 55, Appendix D, pp. 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23). Because the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch originates on the SMS property, a background sample could not be collected from the tributary. No potential sources of contamination have been documented along the East Branch of Flenniken Branch upstream of the SMS property (Ref. 55, Appendix D, pp. 22, 23).

The background surface water sample was collected at the surface of the water, and the sediment sample was collected from 0 to 3 inches below the stream bed (Ref. 55, Appendix B, Table 1D, p. B-5 and Table 1E, p. B-6; 55, Appendix D, pp. 21, 22; 74; 79). The samples were collected in accordance with the EPA Region 4 SESD Field Branches Quality System and Technical Procedures, Surface Water and Sediment Sampling (Refs. 55, pp. 3, 4; 56, p. 11; 62; 63). The chain-of-custody records are provided in Reference 59. Logbook notes are available in Reference 55, Appendix D. The location of the background samples is depicted in Reference 55, Appendix A, Figure 4, page A-4.

The background surface water and sediment sampl es and downstream surface water and sediment samples were collected from similar surface wate r bodies during the same sampling event and in accordance with the same sampling procedures (Refs. 43; 55, Appendix D, pp. 15, 16, 17, 21, 22; 59, pp. 3, 5, 6, 7, 11; 62; 63; 73; 74; 79).

TABLE 14: Surface Water and Sediment Samples – April 2009 Sample ID Description of Location Depth Date Sampled References

SMS-01-SW East Branch of Flenniken Branch, about 0.5 mile upgradient of sources on the SMS property At the surface of the water 4/28/2009 3; 55, Appendix A, Figure 4, p. A-4; 55, Appendix B, Table 1D, p. B-5; 55, Appendix D, p. 21; 59, pp. 5, 11; 74; 79

SMS-01-SD East Branch of Flenniken Branch, about 0.5 mile upgradient of sources on the SMS property 0 to 3 inches below the stream bed 4/28/2009 3; 55, Appendix A, Figure 4, p. A-4; 55, Appendix B, Table 1E, p. B-6; 55, Appendix D, p. 22; 59, pp. 5, 6, 7

Notes:

ID Identification number SD Sediment SMS Smokey Mountain Smelters SW Surface water

SW-Observed Release 50Background Concentrations

The background surface water and sediment samples list ed in Table 15 were collected during the April 2009 integrated assessment (Ref. 55, p. 1; 55, Appendix B, Table 1D, p. B-5 and Table 1E, p. B-6; 55, Appendix D, pp. 21, 22, 23; 59, pp. 6, 11). The to tal metals and cyanide analyses for the background surface water sample was conducted by the EPA Regi on 4 Analytical Support Branch (ASB) using EPA Methods 200.8 and 6010 (total metals), 245.1 (mercury), and 335.4 (cyanide). The total metals data were verified in accordance with the EPA Region 4 SESD ASB Laboratory Operations and Quality Assurance Manual (LOQAM) (Refs. 55, Appendix E, pp. 307, 318; 57; 72). The total metals and cyanide analyses for the background sediment sample was conducted under the EPA CLP SOW ILM05.4 (Ref. 55, Appendix E, p. 281; 81). EPA Region 4 SESD re viewed all data in accordance with the CLP SOW ILM05.4 and EPA guidelines (Ref. 55, Appendix E, p. 265; 57). The MRLs are listed on the analytical data sheets in Reference 55, Appendix E. Each MRL is sample-specific and corresponds to the lowest quantitative point on the calibration curve; it is adju sted for the amount of sample prepared and any dilutions performed, as well as for percent moisture (R ef. 58). The MRLS are equivalent to SQLs (Refs. 1, p. 51586; 58).

TABLE 15: Analytical Results for Surfa ce Water and Sediment Samples – April 2009

Sample ID Hazardous Substance Concentration MRL References

SMS-01-SW Antimony 1.0U μg/L 1.0 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 307; 59, p. 11

SMS-01-SW Arsenic 1.0U μg/L 1.0 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 307; 59, p. 11

SMS-01-SW Chromium 5.0U μg/L 5.0 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 307; 59, p. 11

SMS-01-SW Copper 10U μg/L 10 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 307; 59, p. 11

SMS-01-SW Cyanide 15U μg/L 15 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 318; 59, p. 11

SMS-01-SW Lead 1.0U μg/L 1.0 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 307; 59, p. 11

SMS-01-SW Mercury 0.10U μg/L 0.10 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 307; 59,
p . 11

SMS-01-SW Zinc 10U μg/L 10 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 307; 59, p. 11

SMS-01-SD Chromium 14 mg/kg 1.5 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 281; 59, p. 6

SMS-01-SD Copper 8.5 mg/kg 3.8 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 281; 59, p. 6

SMS-01-SD Nickel 3.6 J* (4.86) mg/kg 6.1 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 281; 59, p. 6

SW-Observed Release 51TABLE 15: Analytical Results for Surfa ce Water and Sediment Samples – April 2009

Sample ID Hazardous Substance Concentration MRL References

SMS-01-SD Zinc 41 J** (61.5) mg/kg 9.2 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 281; 59, p. 6

Notes:

( ) Concentrations were adjusted in accordance with Reference 82. * Estimated result with a low bias ** Estimated result with an unknown bias μg/L Micrograms per liter J The concentration is estimated, but the presence of the anal yte is not in doubt. mg/kg Milligrams per kilogram ID Identification MRL Minimum reporting limit SD Sediment SMS Smokey Mountain Smelters SW Surface water U The analyte was not detected at or above the minimum reporting limit.

SW-Observed Release 52Contaminated Samples

Surface water and sediment samples listed in Table 16 were collected along the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch during the April 2009 integrated assessment conducted by START and REAC (Ref. 55, pp. 1, 3, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 55, Appendix B, Table 1D, p. B-5 and Table 1E, p. B-6; 55, Appendix D, pp. 15, 16, 17; 59, pp. 3, 4). The samples were collected downstream of Source Nos. 1 and 2 (Ref. 55, Figure 3, p. A-3). The surface water samples were collected at the surface of the water and the sediment samples were collected from 0 to 3 inches below the stream bed (Refs. 55, Appendix B, Table 1D , p. B-5 and Table 1E, p. B-6; 55, Appendix D, pp. 15, 16, 17; 74, 79). The surface water and sediment samples were collected in accordance with the EPA Region 4 SESD Field Branch Quality System and Technical Procedur es, Surface Water and Sediment Sampling (Refs. 55, pp. 3, 4; 56, p. 11; 62; 63). The traffic reports and chain-of-custody records are provided in Reference 59. Logbook notes are provided in Refere nce 55, Appendix D. Locations of the surface water and sediment samples and PPEs are depicted in Reference 55, Appendi x A, Figure 3, page A-3 (also see Figure 3 of this HRS documentation record).

TABLE 16: Surface Water and Sediment Samples – April 2009 Sample ID Sample Location Distance from PPE Depth Date Sampled References

SMS-02- SW Where the southwestern Source No. 1 leachate seep enters the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch 725 feet from PPE 1, 475 feet from PPE 2, 0 feet from PPE 3 At the surface of the water 04/28/ 2009 3; 55, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 55, Appendix B, Table 1D, p. B-5; 55, Appendix D, p. 16; 59, pp. 4, 11; 74; 79

SMS-02- SD Where the southwestern Source No. 1 leachate seep enters the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch 725 feet from PPE1, 475 feet from PPE 2, 0 feet from PPE 3 0 to 3 inches below the stream bed 04/28/ 2009 3; 55, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 55, Appendix B, Table 1E, p. B-6; 55, Appendix D, p. 17; 59, pp. 3, 4

SMS-03- SW Unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch 760 feet from PPE1, 510 feet downstream from PPE 2, 30 feet from PPE 3 At the surface of the water 04/28/ 2009 3; 55, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 55, Appendix B, Table 1D, p. B-5; 55, Appendix D, p. 15; 59, pp. 4, 11; 74; 79

SMS-03- SD Unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch 760 feet from PPE1, 510 feet downstream from PPE 2, 30 feet from PPE 3 0 to 3 inches below the stream bed 04/28/ 2009 3; 55, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 55, Appendix B, Table 1E, p. B-6; 55, Appendix D, p. 16; 59, pp. 3, 4

SW-Observed Release 53Notes:

ID Identification PPE Probable point of entry SD Sediment SMS Smokey Mountain Smelters SW Surface water

SW-Observed Release 54Contaminated Concentrations

Samples listed in Table 17 were collected from the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch during the April 20 09 integrated assessment (Refs. 55, pp . 1, 3; 55, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 55, Appendix B, Table 1D, p. B-5 and Table 1E, p. B-6; 55, Appendix D, pp. 15, 16, 17; 59, pp. 3, 11). The total metals and cyanide analyses for the contaminated surface water samples were conducted by the EPA Region 4 ASB using EPA Methods 200.8 a nd 6010 (total metals), 245.1 (mercury), and 335.4 (cyanide). The total metals and cyanide data we re verified in accordance with the EPA Region 4 SESD ASB LOQAM (Refs. 55, Appendix E, pp. 283, 308, 310, 314, 319, 321; 57; 72). The total metals analysis for the contaminated sediment samples were conducted under the EPA CLP using SOW ILM05.4 (Ref. 55, Appendix E, pp . 283, 287; 81). EPA Re gion 4 SESD reviewed all data in accordance with the CLP ILM05.4 SOW and EPA guidelines (Ref. 55, Appendix E, p. 265; 57). The MRLs are listed on the analytical data sheets in Reference 55, Append ix E. Each MRL is sample-specific and corresponds to the lowest quantitative point on the calibration curve; it is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared and any dilutions performed, as well as for percent moistu re (Ref. 58). The MRLs are equivalent to SQLs (Refs. 1, p.51586; 58).

TABLE 17: Analytical Results for Surfa ce Water and Sediment Samples – April 2009

Sample ID Hazardous Substance Concentration MRL References

SMS-02-SW Antimony 19 μg/L 10 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 308; 59, p. 11

SMS-02-SW Arsenic 17 μg/L 10 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 308; 59, p. 11

SMS-02-SW Copper 370 μg/L 60 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 308; 59, p. 11

SMS-02-SW Cyanide 15 μg/L 15 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 319; 59, p. 11

SMS-02-SW Lead 12 μg/L 5.0 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 308; 59, p. 11

SMS-02-SW Mercury 0.25 μg/L 0.10 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 308; 59, p. 11

SMS-02-SW Zinc 87 μg/L 60 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 308; 59, p. 11

SMS-02-SD Chromium 160 mg/kg 1.8 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 283; 59, p. 3

SMS-02-SD Copper 960 mg/kg 4.6 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 283; 59, p. 3

SMS-02-SD Nickel 200 mg/kg 7.4 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 283; 59, p. 3

SMS-02-SD Zinc 560 J* (373.33) mg/kg 11 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 283; 59, p. 3

SMS-03-SW Copper 330 μg/L 60 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 310; 59, p. 11

SMS-03-SW Cyanide 17 μg/L 15 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 321; 59, p. 11

SMS-03-SW Lead 7.9 μg/L 5.0 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 310; 59, p. 11

SW-Observed Release 55SW-Observed Release 56 TABLE 17: Analytical Results for Surfa ce Water and Sediment Samples – April 2009

Sample ID Hazardous Substance Concentration MRL References

SMS-03-SW Mercury 0.20 μg/L 0.10 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 310; 59, p. 11

SMS-03-SD Chromium 94 mg/kg 1.4 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 287; 59, p. 3

SMS-03-SD Copper 560 mg/kg 3.6 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 287; 59, p. 3

SMS-03-SD Nickel 110 mg/kg 5.8 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 287; 59, p. 3

SMS-03-SD Zinc 350 J* (233.33) mg/kg 8.7 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 287; 59, p. 3

Notes:

* Estimated concentra tion with an unknown bias ( ) Concentration was adjusted in accordance with Reference 82. μg/L Micrograms per liter ID Identification J The concentration is estimated, but th e presence of the an alyte is not in doubt. mg/kg Milligrams per kilogram MRL Minimum reporting limit SD Sediment SMS Smokey Mountain Smelters SW Surface waterAttribution

The SMS property is located at 1508 Maryville Pi ke in Knoxville, Tennessee. From 1922 until at least 1948, Knoxville Fertilizer Company ope rated a fertilizer factory on the SMS property. Structures on the property included: sulfuric acid tank, 30,000-gallon water tank, 70,000-gallon reservoir, and nitre house (Refs. 5, pp. 1, 4; 30, p. 1; 64). U.S. patents written by assignors to Knoxville Fertilizer Company describe the production processes for phosphatic and am monium sulphate fertilizers. Both of these fertilizers utilize acid phosphate (super-phosphate) (Refs. 10, p. 1; 11). Manufacturing of phosphate fertilizer produces wastewater, which may contain heavy metals (cadmium, mercury, lead), total phosphorus, ammonia, fluorides, and chemical oxygen demand (Ref. 29, p. 6). Drainage from stockpiles of gypsum may contain heavy metals (cadmium, merc ury, and lead), fluorides, and phosphoric acid (Ref. 29, p. 5). Knox County tax assessor information indicates that ownership of the property changed numerous times between 1948 and 1979; however, oper ations on the property may have continued in manufacturing agricultural products such as fertilizer (Ref. 5, pp. 4, 5).

SMS (also known as Rotary Furnace, Inc. ) was established in 1979 (Ref. 32, p. 1). Limited information is available regarding the operational history at the SMS property. According to a 1985 KCDAPC permit to operate a potential air contaminant source, an aluminum furnace (Rotary Aluminum Recovery Furnace #1) operated on the SMS property (Refs. 5, p. 5; 49 ). From 1983 to 1989, KCDAPC received complaints regarding open burning and heavy emissions from the facility. Numerous inspections were performed at the property, and violations were issued for open burning and excessive emissions (Refs. 28; 33; 34). In a lease executed on October 1, 1982, Rotary Furnace was allowed to bury slurry ge nerated by the operation of its rotary furnace on the property (Ref. 7, pp. 9, 14).

In March 1983, the Tennessee Division of Solid Waste Management conducted an inspection at the SMS property regarding the operation of an unpermitted landfill/disposal area on the property (Refs. 26; 27; 35). During the inspection, the landfill (dump) contained demolition and in dustrial waste (slag and cinders from furnace operations). The dump also contained evidence of burning waste (Refs. 26; 35). In August 1983, the Tennessee Division of Solid Waste Management conducted a geologic evaluation at the SMS property. During the evaluation, the landfill/disposal area contained mostly impure “salt cake” resulting from processing aluminum ore (Ref. 36, p. 1) . Based on the location of the landfill/disposal area and the exterior waste pile (Source No. 1), the landfill/disposal area appears to have been located in the same location as the Source No. 1 waste pile (Refs. 36, pp. 3, 4; 55, Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2) (see Figure 2 of this documentation record). Upon subseq uent evaluation and observation, it appears that the landfill/disposal area consists of two different types of waste: the overlying waste pile and the underlying mixed-waste disposal area. The overlying waste pile (Source No. 1) consists of homogenous fine gray aluminum smelter waste that is similar in appearance to the interior waste piles (Source No. 2) (Refs. 4, pp. 1, 56, 103 through 127; 46; 55, p. 4; 55, Appendix D, p. 4). This waste pile is located on top of what appears to be a mixed-waste disposal area with so me evidence that backfill material may have been contemporaneously placed among the underlying mixed waste. Borings show that wastes in the underlying mixed-waste disposal area include smelte r waste that is commingled with mixed waste including paper and wood fragments, broken white a nd red brick fragments, angular limestone, gravel, clay, and silty clay (Ref. 4, pp. 36, 103 through 127).

Source No. 1 (exterior waste pile) is approximately 3.3 acres (143,748 square feet) and unnaturally devoid of vegetation; it contains secondary al uminum smelter waste with a mostly gray, fine, silty texture (Refs. 4, p. 56; 39; 46; 55, p. 4; 55, Appendix B, Table 1C, p. B-4; 55, Appendix D, p. 4) (see Figure 2 of this HRS documentation record). Source No. 2 (interior waste piles) is about 1,653.97 yd 3 and consists of two primary aluminum smelter waste piles located inside the process building (Refs. 55, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 65; 78, p. 3) (see Figure 2 of this HRS documentation record). The process building has no

SW-Observed Release 57floors, and holes have formed in the walls and ceiling (Ref s. 55, p. 4, Appendix C, pp. C-1, C-2; 76, pp. 1, 5, 8).

Source No. 2 (interior waste piles) contain gray material (aluminum smelting waste) similar in appearance to the waste contained in Source No. 1 (exterior waste pile) (Refs. 4, p. 1; 55, p. 4). Reactivity tests conducted on the waste contained in Source No. 2 in dicate that the waste is capable of generating ammonia and hydrogen cyanide (Ref. 78, pp. 3, 6, 7).

Waste generated from aluminum smelters such as the one operated at SMS includes pot line scrubber sludge, pot line skimmings, spent potliners, and cast house dust (Ref. 40, p. 256). Residuals from metal smelting and refining industries include arsenic, cadmi um, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc (Ref. 40, p. 255). These hazardous substances we re detected in samples collected from Source Nos. 1 and 2 (see Tables 2, 3, 6, and 7 of this HRS docum entation record). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as those detected in samples collect ed from Source No. 1 are emitted from aluminum smelting activities and are found in smelter residues (Refs. 41, p. 1; 42, pp. 2-2, 3-3; 53, p. 4) (see Table 2 of this documentation record).

Analytical results of source samples collected from Source Nos. 1 and 2 between October 2006 and April 2009 indicated hazardous substances related to aluminum smelting opera tions including arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, cyanide, lead, mercur y, zinc, acetone, 2-butanone, benzo(a)pyrene, and PCBs among others (see Tables 2, 3, 6, and 7 in S ection 2.2.2 for Source Nos. 1 and 2 of this HRS documentation record). Also antimony, arsenic, chromium, copper, cyanide, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc, acetone, and 2-butanone have been documented as meeting observed release criteria in surface water or sediment samples collected from the unna med perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch (see Tables 11, 13, 15, and 17 in S ection 4.1.2.1.1, Observed Release, of this HRS documentation record).

Several leachate seeps are located on the southern end of Source No. 1 (exterior waste pile). Two of the seeps have been sampled during previous investigations (Ref. 46). In 2001, collocated surface water and sediment samples were collected from the most easter n leachate seep (main leachate seep). The samples contained arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, me rcury, nickel, silver, and zinc (Ref. 5, pp. 413, 414, 415). In 2006 and 2009, a leachate seep (located about 50 feet west of the main leachate seep) was observed flowing into the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch (Refs. 4, p. 2; 46; 55, p. 4; 73; 74; 76). During the 2009 integrated assessment conducted by START and REAC, the leachate seep was orange in color (Refs. 55, p. 4; 74). Samples collected from the leachate seep contained arsenic, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, and 2-butanone (Refs. 4, pp. 1, 2, 26, 29, 36, 159, 178, 326, 345; 55, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 55, Appendix D, p. 18).

The analytes detected in the leachate seep samples were also detected in samples collected from Source Nos. 1 and 2 and samples collected from the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch (see Tables 2, 3, 6, and 7 of this HRS documentation record).

Other potential sources of contamination exist in the vi cinity of the SMS property (Ref. 54, pp. i, 1, 2). The Screen Arts site consists of 2 parcels of land located on the western side of Maryville Pike, which is southwest of the SMS property. The Witherspoon Landf ill site consists of five parcels of land located directly south of the SMS property. Surface water runoff from these two sites enters Flenniken Branch downstream of the SMS property (Ref. 54, pp. i, 2). Therefore, runoff from Screen Arts and Witherspoon Landfill does not impact the locations where obser ved releases have been documented immediately downstream of the SMS property (Refs. 54, p. 2; 55, Appe ndix A, Figure 3, p. A-3 and Figure 4, p. A-4).

The hazardous substances listed below have been doc umented in Source Nos. 1 and 2 as well as in the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch, indicating the migration of

SW-Observed Release 58SW-Observed Release 59 hazardous substances from the sources (see Tables 2, 3, 6, and 7 in Section 2.2.2 for Source Nos. 1 and 2; and Tables 11, 13, 15, and 17 in Section 4.1.2.1.1, Obser ved Release, of this HRS documentation record).

Hazardous Substances Released:

Antimony Arsenic Chromium Copper Cyanide Lead Mercury Nickel Zinc Acetone 2-butanone

Surface Water Observed Release Factor Value: 550 (Ref. 1, Section 4.1.2.1.1)4.1.2.2 DRINKING WATER THREAT WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

4.1.2.2.1 Toxicity/Persistence

Table 18 summarizes the toxicity and persistence fact or values for the hazardous substances detected in the source samples (see Tables 2, 3, 6, and 7 of th is HRS documentation record) with containment factor values greater than zero. The comb ined toxicity and persistence fa ctor values are assigned in accordance with Reference 1, Section 4.1.2.2.1.

TABLE 18: Surface Water Toxicity/Persistence

Hazardous Substance Source No. Toxicity Factor Value Persistence Factor Value Does Hazardous Substance Meet Observed Release? (Yes/No.) Toxicity/ Persistence Factor Value (Ref. 1, Table 4-12) Reference

Acetone 1 1 0.07 Yes 0.07 2, p. BI-1
Antimony 2 10,000 1 Yes 10,000 2, p. BI-1

Anthracene 1 10 0.4 No 4 2, p. BI-1

Arsenic 1, 2 10,000 1 Yes 10,000 2, p. BI-1
Acenaphthene 1 10 0.4 No 4 2, p. BI-1
Benzo(a)anthracene 1 1,000 1 No 1,000 2, BI-2 Benzo(g,h,i) perylene 1 0 1 No 0 2, p. BI-2

Benzo(k)fluoranthene 1 100 1 No 100 2, p. BI-2
Benzo(a)pyrene 1 10,000 1 No 10,000 2, p. BI-2
Beryllium 1, 2 10,000 1 No 10,000 2, p. BI-2 2-Butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) 1 1 0.4 Yes 0.4 2, p. BI-8
Butyl benzyl phthalate 1 10 1 No 10 2, p. BI-2

Cadmium 1, 2 10,000 1 No 10,000 2, p. BI-2

Chromium 1, 2 10,000 1 Yes 10,000 2, p. BI-3
Chrysene 1 10 1 No 10 2, p. BI-3

Copper 1, 2 0 1 Yes 0 2, p. BI-3
Cyanide 2 100 1 Yes 100 2, p. BI-4
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 1 1,000 1 No 1,000 2, p. BI-8

Fluorene 1 100 1 No 100 2, p. BI-6

SW-Drinking Water Threat 60SW-Drinking Water Threat 61 TABLE 18: Surface Water Toxicity/Persistence

Hazardous Substance Source No. Toxicity Factor Value Persistence Factor Value Does Hazardous Substance Meet Observed Release? (Yes/No.) Toxicity/ Persistence Factor Value (Ref. 1, Table 4-12) Reference

Lead 1, 2 10,000 1 Yes 10,000 2, p. BI-8

Mercury 1, 2 10,000 1 Yes 10,000 2, p. BI-8
Naphthalene 1 1,000 0.4 No 400 2, p. BI-9

Nickel 1, 2 10,000 1 Yes 10,000 2, p. BI-9

Phenanthrene 1 0 0.4 No 0 2, p. BI-9 Polychlorinated biphenyls 1 10,000 1 No 10,000 2, p. BI10
Pyrene 1 100 1 No 100 2, p. BI10

Silver 1, 2 100 1 No 100 2, p. BI10

Zinc 1, 2 10 1 Yes 10 2, p. BI12

Notes:

Polychlorinated biphenyls include Aroclor-1232 and Aroclor-1260. NA Not available
Toxicity/Persistence Factor Value: 10,000 (Ref. 1, Section 4.1.2.2.1.3)4.1.2.2.2 Hazardous Waste Quantity

TABLE 19: Hazardous Waste Quantity

Source No. Source Type Source Hazardous Waste Quantity

1 Waste Pile 11,057.53

2 Waste Pile 661.58

Total Source Hazardous Waste Quantity Value = 11,719.11

The hazardous constituent quantity for Source No. 1 (exter ior waste pile) is not adequately determined. The estimated area of Source No. 1 is 3.3 acres (143,748 square feet) (Ref. 39).

The hazardous constituent quantity for Source No. 2 (inter ior waste piles) is not adequately determined. The estimated volume of Source No. 2 is 1,653.97 yd 3 (44,657.325 ft 3 ) (Ref. 65).

HWQ Factor Value: 10,000 (Ref. 1, Section 2.4.2.2, Table 2-6)

4.1.2.2.3 Waste Characteristics Factor Category Value

The waste characteristics factor category value was obtained by multiplying the toxicity/persistence and HWQ factor values, subject to a maximum product of 1 × 10 8 . Based on this product, a value was assigned in accordance with Reference 1, Table 2-7.

Toxicity/Persistence Factor Value: 10,000 HWQ Factor Value: 10,000

Toxicity/Persistence Factor Value × HWQ Factor Value: 1 × 10 8

Waste Characteristics Factor Category Value: 100 (Ref. 1, Table 2-7)

SW-Drinking Water Threat 62SW-Drinking Water Threat 63 4.1.2.3 DRINKING WATER THREAT TARGETS

No surface water intakes are located within the 15-mile TDL downstream of the SMS property (Refs. 25; 45).

4.1.2.3.3 Resources

The Fort Loudoun Reservoir is used for recreational activities including boating and fishing (Refs. 24, pp. 1 through 4; 69; 75; 76, p. 2). The I.C. King Park is located at the point where Flenniken Branch empties into the Fort Loudoun Reservoir on the Tennessee River. Public fishing and boat ramps are located at I.C. King Park (Refs. 76, p. 2; 80, pp. 1, 6 through 9).

Resources Factor Value: 5.00 (Ref. 1, Section 4.1.2.3.3)4.1.3.2 HUMAN FOOD CHAIN THREAT WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

4.1.3.2.1 Toxicity/Persistence/Bioaccumulation

Table 20 summarizes the toxicity/persistence and bi oaccumulation factor values for hazardous substances detected in the source samples with containment f actor values exceeding zero. The combined toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation factor values are assigned in accordance with Reference 1, Section 4.1.3.2.1.

TABLE 20: Toxicity/Persistence/Bioaccumulation

Hazardous Substance Source No. Toxicity Factor Value Persistence Factor Value* BioAccumulation Value** Toxicity/ Persistence/ Bioaccumulation

Factor Value (Ref. 1, Table 4- 16) References

Acetone 1 1 0.07 0.5 0.035 2, p. BI-1

Antimony 2 10,000 1 5 50,000 2, p. BI-1

Anthracene 1 10 0.4 50,000 2 × 10 5 2, p. BI-1

Arsenic 1, 2 10,000 1 5 50,000 2, p. BI-1

Acenaphthene 1 10 0.4 500 2,000 2, p. BI-1

Benzo(a)anthracene 1 1,000 1 50,000 5 × 10 7 2, BI-2 Benzo(g,h,i) Per y lene 1 0 1 50,000 0 2, p. BI-2

Benzo(k)fluoranthene 1 100 1 50,000 5 × 10 6 2, p. BI-2

Benzo(a)pyrene 1 10,000 1 50,000 5 × 10 8 2, p. BI-2

Beryllium 1, 2 10,000 1 50 5 × 10 5 2, p. BI-2 2-Butanone (methyl eth y l ketone ) 1 1 0.4 0.5 0.2 2, p. BI-8 Butyl benzyl
p hthalate 1 10 1 500 5,000 2, p. BI-2

Cadmium 1, 2 10,000 1 5,000 5 × 10 7 2, p. BI-2

Chromium 1, 2 10,000 1 500 5 × 10 6 2, p. BI-3

Chrysene 1 10 1 5 50 2, p. BI-3

Copper 1, 2 0 1 500 0 2, p. BI-3

Cyanide 2 100 1 0.5 50 2, p. BI-4

SW-Human Food Chain Threat 64TABLE 20: Toxicity/Persistence/Bioaccumulation

Hazardous Substance Source No. Toxicity Factor Value Persistence Factor Value* BioAccumulation Value** Toxicity/ Persistence/ Bioaccumulation

Factor Value (Ref. 1, Table 4- 16) References Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 1 1,000 1 50,000 5 × 10 7 2, p. BI-8

Fluorene 1 100 1 500 50,000 2, p. BI-6

Lead 1, 2 10,000 1 5 50,000 2, p. BI-8

Mercury 1, 2 10,000 1 50,000 5 × 10 8 2, p. BI-8

Naphthalene 1 1,000 0.4 50,000 2 × 10 7 2, p. BI-9

Nickel 1, 2 10,000 1 0.5 5,000 2, p. BI-9

Phenanthrene 1 0 0.4 5,000 0 2, p. BI-9 Polychlorinated b i p hen y ls 1 10,000 1 50,000 5 × 10 8 2, p. BI-10

Pyrene 1 100 1 50,000 5 × 10 6 2, p. BI-10

Silver 1, 2 100 1 50 5,000 2, p. BI-10

Zinc 1, 2 10 1 5 50 2, p. BI-12

Notes:

* Persistence value for rivers ** Bioaccumulation factor value for freshwater

Toxicity/Persistence/Bioaccumulation Factor Value: 5 × 10 8 (Ref. 1, Section 4.1.3.2.1.4)

SW-Human Food Chain Threat 65SW-Human Food Chain Threat 66 4.1.3.2.2 Hazardous Waste Quantity

Table 21 lists HWQs for the sources.

TABLE 21 – Hazardous Waste Quantity

Source No. Source Type Source Hazardous Waste Quantity

1 Waste Pile 11,057.53

2 Waste Pile 661.58

Total Source Hazardous Waste Quantity Value = 11,719.11

The hazardous constituent quantity for Source No. 1 (exter ior waste pile) is not adequately determined. The estimated area of Source No. 1 is 3.3 acres (143,748 square feet) (Ref. 39).

The hazardous constituent quantity for Source No. 2 (inter ior waste piles) is not adequately determined. The estimated volume of Source No. 2 is 1,653.97 yd 3 (44,657.325 ft 3 ) (Ref. 65).

HWQ Factor Value: 10,000 (Ref. 1, Section 2.4.2.2)

4.1.3.2.3 Waste Characteristics Factor Category Value

The waste characteristics factor category was obtaine d by multiplying the toxicity/persistence and HWQ factor values, subject to a maximum product of 1 x 10 8 . Then this product was multiplied by the bioaccumulation potential factor value, subject to a maximum product of 1 x 10 12 . Based on this product, a value was assigned in accordance with Reference 1, Table 2-7.

Toxicity/Persistence Factor Value: 10,000 HWQ Factor Value: 10,000

Toxicity/Persistence Factor Value × HWQ Factor Value: 1 × 10 8

Toxicity/Persistence Factor Value × HWQ Factor Value × Bioaccumulation Factor Value (50,000): 5 × 10 12

Waste Characteristics Factor Category Value: 1,000 (Ref. 1, Table 2-7)4.1.3.3 HUMAN FOOD CHAIN THREAT TARGETS

4.1.3.3.1 Food Chain Individual

As noted in Section 4.1.2.1.1, an observed re lease of hazardous substances having a bioaccumulation factor value of 500 or greater is documented in the unnamed tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch (see Tables 10 to 17 of this HRS documentati on record). In June 1999, November 2001, and March 2006, evidence of fishing was observed on the East Branch of Flenniken Branch, just upstream of Flenniken Branch (Refs. 76; 80, pp. 1, 4, 5). Information obtained from the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Commission indicates that fishing for human consumption occurs in the Fort Loudoun Reservoir and on the Tennessee River, which are within the 15 mile surface water migration pathway TDL (Refs. 3; 24; 75). These water bodies are downstream of surface water and sediment sampling locations on the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch (Refs. 23, pp. 1, 16; 69; 76). Fish caught and consumed from the Fort Loudoun Reservoir and the Tennessee River within the 15 mile surface water migration pathway TDL include smallmouth, largemouth, striped, and black bass; channel catfish; crappie; black crappie; and white crappie (Refs. 69; 75). The I.C. King Park is located at the point where Flenniken Branch empties into the Fort Loudoun Reservoir on the Tennessee River. Public fishing and boat ramps and piers are located at I.C. King Park (Refs. 76, p. 2; 80, pp. 1, 6, 8, 9).

Sample ID: SW-Stream/182-0061 Strm Level I/Level II/Potential: Potential Hazardous Substances: Acetone, 2-Bu tanone, arsenic, copper, mercury Bioaccumulation Potential: 50,000

Sample ID: SMS-02-SW Level I/Level II/Potential: Potential Hazardous Substances: Arsenic, copper, lead, mercury, zinc Bioaccumulation Potential: 50,000

Sample ID: SMS-02-SD Level I/Level II/Potential: Potential Hazardous Substances: chromium, copper Bioaccumulation Potential: 500

Sample ID: SMS-03-SW Level I/Level II/Potential: Potential Hazardous Substances: copper, lead, mercury Bioaccumulation Potential: 50,000

Sample ID: SMS-03-SD Level I/Level II/Potential: Potential Hazardous Substances: Chromium, copper Bioaccumulation Potential: 500

References: 2, pp. BI-1, BI-3, BI-8, BI-12; 4, pp. 35, 155, 326; 55, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 55, Appendix E, pp. 283, 287, 308, 310

SW-Human Food Chain Threat 67Due to the observed release of hazardous substan ces having a bioaccumulation factor value of 500 or greater in the unnamed tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch, and a downstream fishery within the 15-mile target distance limit, a food chai n individual factor value of 20 is assigned (Ref. 1, Section 4.1.3.3.1).

TABLE 22: FOOD CHAIN INDIVIDUAL

Identity of Fishery Type of Surface Water Body Dilution Weight (Ref. 1, Table 4-13) References

Fort Loudoun Reservoir on the Tennessee River Large River 0.0001 1, Table 4-13; 23, pp. 1, 6; 24; 44; 69; 75; 76

Food Chain Individual Factor Value: 20 (Ref. 1, Section 4.1.3.3.1)

4.1.3.3.2 Population

4.1.3.3.2.1 Level I Concentrations

No Level I samples were collected.

4.1.3.3.2.2 Level II Concentrations

No Level II samples were collected.

4.1.3.3.2.3 Potential Human Food Chain Contamination

Evidence of fishing, including fishing poles, was obser ved on the East Branch of Flenniken Branch about 0.75 mile downstream of the SMS property (Refs. 3; 76, p. 2; 80, pp. 1, 4, 5). Evidence of fishing, including bait cups, has been observed along the banks of Flenniken Branch in the I.C. King Park (Ref. 80, pp. 2, 3). Also, fishing piers and boat ramps are located on Flenniken Branch in I.C. King Park upstream of the Fort Loudoun Reservoir, about 2 miles downstream of the SMS property (Refs. 3; 76, p. 2; 80, pp. 1, 6, 8, 9). Fishing for human consum ption occurs on the Fort Loudoun Reservoir about 2.3 miles downstream of the SMS property (Refs. 3; 69, p. 1; 75). The amount of fish caught on an annual basis is not known.

The flow rate of Flenniken Branch is not availabl e (Ref. 70). The estimated flow rate for the Tennessee River at the Fort Loudon dam is about 43,061 cubi c feet per second (Ref. 44). Information is not available on the annual production of fish caught in the Fort Loudoun Reservoir. Therefore, because the Fort Loudoun Reservoir on the Tennessee River is a fi shery, the annual production is undetermined but greater than zero (Refs. 24, p. 1; 69; 75; 76, p. 2).

SW-Human Food Chain Threat 68SW-Human Food Chain Threat 69 TABLE 23: POTENTIAL POPULATION TARGETS

Identity of Fishery Annual Production (pounds) Type of Surface Water Body Average Annual Flow (cfs) Population Value (P i ) (Ref. 1, Table 4- 18) Dilution Weight (D i ) (Ref. 1, Table 4-13) P i × D i Refs. Fort Loudoun Reservoir on the Tennessee River >0 Large River 43,061 0.03 0.0001 0.000003 3; 44; 75; 76, p. 2

Notes:

cfs Cubic feet per second

For the potential human food chain contamination factor value the sum of P i × D i is divided by 10.

Potential Human Food Chain Contamination Factor Value: 0.0000003 (Ref. 1, Section 4.1.3.3.2.3)4.1.4 Environmental Threat

The environmental threat was not scored because it is not expected to contribute significantly to the overall score.

SW-Environmental Threat 70