T hi s di s pos i t i on i s notappr opr i a t e f orpubl i c a t i on a nd i s notpr e c e de nt * e xc e pta s pr ovi de d by 9th C i r . R . 36- 3.

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P or t l a nd, O r e gon B efo re: A L D IS E R T , W . F L E T C H E R an d F IS H E R , C i rcu i tJu d g es. ** B r ia n B a r k e rap p e a ls th r e e d e c is io n s o f th e d is tr ic t c o u r t: ( 1 ) th a t h is i nt e rpr e t a t i on of

a n a m bi guous pl e a a gr e e m e ntw a s unr e a s onabl e ; ( 2) tha tthe gove rnm e nt ’ s pot e nt i a l duty t o di s c l os e w a s out s i de the r e m a nd a nd a l s o w a i ve d; and (3) thatthe 21 U . S . C . § 8 51 i nform at i on re l i ed on t o i m po se a m andat ory l i fe 

# FI LED DE C 17 2010 M OLLY C. DW Y ER, CLERK U . S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS2

sen t en ce w as p ro ced u ral l y v al i d an d su b st an t i v el y ad eq u at e. W e affi rm b ecau se B ark er u n reaso n ab l y i n t erp ret ed th e p l ea ag reem en t , w ai v ed th e d u ty t o d i scl o se a nd f a i l e d t o br i e f

pr ope r l y a c ha l l e nge t o the § 851 i nf orm a t i on. The Re a s o na b le Me a ningo f t he Ple a Ag r e e m e nt O urs t a nda r d of

r e vi e w of

a di s tr i c tc our t ’ s c ons truc t i on of apl e a a gr e e m e nt is u n c e r ta in , s e e U

ni te d State s v . T

r ans f i gur ac i on , 44 2 F . 3d 12 22 , 12 27 (9th C i r. 20 06 ), bu tw e nee d n otre sol ve w hether c l ea r e rr or or de no vo re vi ew appl i es be c a us e the out c om e i s the s a m e unde re i the rs t a nda r d. W e a na l y z e the r e a s o n ab le n e s s o f

th e d e f e n d a n t’s in te rp r e ta tio n a t th e tim e o f h is c h a n g e o f

p le a . Se e U n ite d S ta te s v . D e la Fu e n te , 8 F . 3d 13 33 , 13 37 & nn . 7, 8 (9th C i r. 19 93 ). T he pl e a a gr e e m e nts a i d: [ T ]h e U n ite d S ta te s A tto rn e y f o rM o n ta n a s h a ll c a u s e to be di s m i s s e d w i th pr e

j udi c e C ount s I a nd I I I of the i ndi c tm e nta s thos e c ount s appl y t o the D e f e nda nta nd shal l bri ng no further a ct i on agai nstthe D ef endantbase d upon the f

a c t s a l l e ge d i n thi s i ndi c tm e ntorthe a c t s or o c c u rr e n c e s g iv in g r is e to th is in d ic tm e n t. ( E m pha s i s a dde d. ) T he m e a ni ng of the phr a s e “ a c t s oroc c urr e nc e s gi vi ng r i s e t o” the M i s s oul a i ndi c tm e ntc a nnotr e a s onabl y be i nt e rpr e t e d t o i nc l ude a tr a ns a c t i on th a t o c c u rr e d w e ll a f

te rth e M is s o u lain d ic tm e n t. E v e n if th e d ru g s f

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l i nk the B i l l i ngs i ndi c tm e ntt o the M i s s oul a i ndi c tm e nt , a s r e f l e c t e d i n the p r e s e n te n c in g r e p o r ts ’ r e le v a n t c o n d u c t s e c tio n s , th e P ic h tr a n s a c tio n c h a r g e d in B i l l i ngs di d notgi ve r i s e t o the M i s s oul a i ndi c tm e nt . T he onl y ongoi ng “ a c tor oc c urr e nc e ” tha tm i ghtha ve l i nke d the M i s s oul a a nd B i l l i ngs i ndi c tm e nt s w a s the c o n s p ir a c y c h a r g e d in th e M is s o u lain d ic tm e n t, b u t B a rk e rs u c c e s s f u lly a r g u e d in the B i l l i ng s tri al thathe di d n otconspi re w i th P i ch and w as ac qu i tt ed on that char ge. E ven i f B arker w as partof an on go i ng hu b and spok e c on spi ra cy , the P i ch tr a ns a c t i on w a s notpa r tof i t . M or e ove r , be f

or e the pl e a a gr e e m e ntw a s s i gne d the go vernm entre fuse d t o com m i tt o B arker’ s c ou nsel thatno further i nd i ctm ent s w er e co n tem p lated . U n d erth es e c ircu m stan ce s, as th e d istrict co u rt fo u n d , B ar k er ’s i nt erpret at i on of the pl eaagre em entw as no tobj ec t i vel y r ea sonabl e.

T h e D u t y to D isclo se T h e d is tr ic t c o u r t ru le d th a t it c o u ld n o t r e a c h th e g o v e rn m e n t’s d u ty to di s c l os e on r e m a nd be c a us e the i s s ue w a s both out s i de the s c ope of the r e m a nd a nd w a i ve d. W e a gr e e . T he r e m a nd or de rw a s l i m i t e d t o a n e vi de nt i a ry he a r i ng on the m ea ni ng of the pl eaagre em ent , w hi ch i nv ol ved B arker’ s e xp ec t at i on s of di sc l osure butnotthe gove rnm e nt ’ s l i abi l i ty t o di s c l os e . M or e ove r , B a rke rw a i ve d the a r g u m e n t b y n o t r a is in g it a t tr ia l, s e e U ni te d State s v . C ade , 236 F . 3d 463, 4674

( 9th C i r . 2000) , a nd by notdi s t i nc t l y a r gui ng i ti n hi s ope ni ng br i e f i n the pr e vi ous ap p e a l, s e e J

a m e s Ri v e rI

n s . Co . v . H

e b e r t Sc h e n k , P. C. , 5 2 3 F .3 d 9 1 5 , 9 2 0 n .1 ( 9 th C i r. 2 0 0 8 ). T h ere i s n o m an i festi n j u st i ce i n co n si d eri n g th i s i ssu e w ai v ed b ecau se B a r k e ra lr e a d y k n e w o f th e p o s s ib ility o f

f u r th e rc h a r g e s , a n d u n r e a s o n ab ly assu m ed th atth e p l ea ag reem en td i scl ai m edi n d i ctm en tfo r fu tu re act s. See U ni ted S ta tes v. Kra sn , 61 4 F . 2d 12 29 , 12 34 (9th C i r 198 0).

Val idit yof t h e § 851 I

n f orm ation B a r ke rdi d notbr i e f

the va l i di ty of

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orm a t i on i n thi s appe a l , but r e l i e d on br i e f

s f r om hi s pr e vi ous appe a l a nd i nc orpor a t e d hi s a r gum e ntby r e f e r e n c e in h is c u rr e n t b r ie f . T h is w a iv e d th e a r g u m e n t. See N i nth C i r . R . 28- 1 ( b ) ; F e d . R . Ap p . P . 2 8 ( a ) ( 9 ) . F u r th e r , h i s p r e v i o u s b r i e f i n g wa s i t s e l f

f a u l ty . He ra i se d tw o argum ent s i n the previ ou s openi ng bri ef , and then m ade nov el a r gum e nt s i n hi s r e pl y br i e f . T he a r gum e nt s m a de f orthe f i r s tt i m e i n hi s pr e vi ous re pl y bri ef

w er e w ai ved atthatt i m e. See O m ega E nvt l . , Inc. v. G i lba rc o, Inc. , 127 F . 3d 1157, 1167 ( 9th C i r . 1997) . A s t o the tw o i s s ue s r e ga r di ng the § 851 i n fo rm at i o n h e b ri efed p ro p erl y i n th e p rev i o u s ap p eal , th ere i s n o m an i fest in ju s tic e in h o ld in g th e m w a iv e d . F ir s t, B a rk e ra r g u e s th a t th e tw o s ta te conv i ct i on s r el i ed on by the § 8 51 i nform at i on w er e partof a s i ng l e c ri m i nal5

e p is o d e , w h ic h ( if

tru e ) m ig h t in v a lid a te th e in f o rm a tio n . T h e c o n v ic tio n s w e r e in fa ctse para t e, ho w ever , and B arker does notappear t o h ave r ai se d thi s a rgum entat tr i a l . S e c ond, B a r ke ra r gue s tha tthe r e w a s no pr oc e dur a l l y va l i d § 851 i n fo rm at i o n fi l ed aft er h i s m i stri al . T h e § 8 5 1 fi l i n g b efo re h i s fi rsttri al w as, how e ve r , s uf

f i c i e ntt o s uppor tthe s e nt e nc e e nha nc e m e nt . T he s ubs e que ntf i l i ng a f te rth e r e tr ia l w a s irr e le v a n t b e c a u s e th e s u p e r s e d in g in d ic tm e n t w a s m a te r ia lly i ndi s t i nc tf

r om the or i gi na l i ndi c tm e nta nd B a rke rha d a c tua l not i c e of the g o v e rn m e n t’s in te n t to e n h a n c e h is s e n te n c e . Se e U n ite d S ta te s v . M

a y fie ld , 418 F . 3d 10 17 , 10 19 -20 (9th C i r. 20 05 ). A FFI R M ED