FI LED Uni te d St at e s C our t o f Appe als

Te nt h Ci r c uit 

### O c t ob e r 31, 2007 Elisab eth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court PU BL I SH UNI TED S TATES CO URT O F AP PEALS

T E N T H C IR C U IT UNI T E D S T AT E S OF AM E RI CA , Pl ai nt i ff/A ppel l ee, v. N o. 06- 5232 D A V ID L E R O N E C O P E N IN G , a/k /a De v o n t a Ca rp e n t e r , a / k / a Da v i d D. C openi ng, a/k/ a M i chae l D . C openi ng, D e f e n d a n t/A p p e llan t. AP P EA L F ROM THE UNI TE D S TA TE S DI S TR I CT COURT F O R T H E N O R T H E R N D I S T R I C T O F O K L A H O MA

( D. C. No . 0 6 - CR- 9 2 - HE) R o b e rt A . R id e n o u r, A ss ista n t F e d e ra l P u b lic D e f e n d e r (J o h n V . B u tch e r, F e d e ra l P u b lic D efe nder , and B arr yL . D err yberr y , R es ear ch & W r i t i ng Speci al i s t , O ffi ce of the Feder al Publ i c D efe nder , w i th hi m on the br i ef) , T ul s a, O kl ahoma. L eena A l am, A s s i s t antU ni t ed St at es A t t orney( D avi d E . O ’ M ei l i a, U ni t ed St at es A t t orney , w i th heron t he br i ef) , T ul s a, O kl ahoma.

B efor e L UC E RO , B AL DO CK , and GORS UCH , C i rcui tJudg es. BA LD OCK , C i r cui tJ udge. Ba s e d o n a s e r i e s o f

c a l l s t o 9 1 1 f

r o m a n a n o n ymo u s t i p s t e r , a Tu l s a , Ok l a h o ma pol i ce of fi ceri ni t i at ed an i nves t i gat orys t op of a truck i n w hi ch D efe ndantD avi d L er oneO kl ahoma l aw al l ow s an i ndi vi dual t o openl ytr ans por tan unl oaded pi s t ol i n a 1 m o to r v e h icle . 2 1 O k la. S tat. § 1 2 8 9 .7 . “‘[ O ]p e n ’ m e a n s th e f ire a rm is tra n sp o rte d in p lain v iew , in a c a se d e sig n e d f o r c a rry in g f

ire a rm s, w h ich c a se is w h o llyo r p a rtially v isi b le, in a g u n rac k m o u n ted in the v eh icl e, i n an ex teri o r l o ck ed co m p artm en t or a trunk of a ve hi cl e. ” I d. 2 C openi ng w as a pas s enger . T her eaf t er , pol i ce de t ai ned D efe ndantvi a a “ fel ony take d o w n . ” A g ran d juryind ict ed D ef en d an t w ith b eing a f

elon in p o sses sion o f a firearm an d am m u n it ion , in v iolati o n o f 1 8 U . S . C . § 9 2 2 (g)(1 ). F o ll o w ing the d istri ct co u rt ’s d e n i a l o f h i s mo t i o n t o s u p p r e s s , De f e n d a n te n t e r e d a c o n d i t i o n a l g u i l typ l e a . S e e F e d . R. C r i m . P. 11( a) ( 2) . O n appea l , D efe ndantchal l enges the under l y i ng s t op and det ent i on underthe tw o- pr ong anal y s i s s etfor th i n T erryv. O hi o, 392 U . S. 1 ( 1968) . W e have j u r i s d i c t i o n p u r s u a n tt o 2 8 U. S . C. § 1 2 9 1 , a n d a f f i r m. I. W e der i ve the fol l ow i ng undi s put ed fa ct s fr om T ul s a Pol i ce D epart m entD i s pat ch ( “911 di s pat ch”) tr ans cr i pt s , as w el l as the s uppr es s i on hear i ng tr ans cr i pt . O n A pr i l 8, 2 0 0 6 , 9 1 1 d isp a tch re c e iv e d a se rie s o f c a lls f ro m p h o n e n u m b e r 3 7 8 -2 0 0 0 . T h e f irst c a ll came i n at9: 30 p. m . A n anonym ous m al e ca l l err eport ed thathe “j us ts aw ” a ba l d, A fr i can- A m er i can man, l at eri dent i fi ed as D efe ndant : ( 1) exi ta vehi cl e – “t ag V K Q 833” – atthe Q ui kT r i p at“31s tand 129th” s tr eet s ; ( 2) dr op a pi s t ol out s i de the conve ni ence store; (3) p ick u p the p ist o l; (4) retu rn to the v eh icl e; (5) “s tash ” the p ist o l i n the v eh icl e’s s e a t ; a n d ( 6 ) e n t e rth e Q u i k T r i p . T h e c a l l e rd e s c r i b e d th e v e h i c l e a s a 1 5 0 0 C h e v y, 1 ext ended- cab, s hor t - bed truck, “pr obabl ya 95 model , ” thatw as “s i l ver/ gol di s h” i n col or3

a n d h a d “ s ilv e r c h ro m e b a rs o n to p o f th e b e d .” T h e c a lle r d e c lin e d to id e n tif yh im s e lf. A ft erthe di s pat chers t at ed “s om eone” w oul d “che ck i tout , ” the ca l l ended. D isp a tch re c e iv e d a se c o n d c a ll fro m 3 7 8 -2 0 0 0 , ag a in f ro m a n a n o n ym o u s m a le cal l er , w ho s t at ed he ha d j us tcal l ed r egar di ng a truck – t ag V K Q 833 – atthe “31s tand 1 2 9 th ” Q u ik T rip . T h e c a ller p ro v id e d a d d iti o n a l in f o rm a tio n a b o u t th e Q u ik T rip i nci dent , s t at i ng: ( 1) the man exi t ed the truck; ( 2) a “gun f el l outof hi s pant s ” as he appr oache d t he conve ni ence s t or e’ s entr ance ; ( 3) the man “pi cked up the gun [a nd] s tuck i ti n hi s pant s ; ” ( 4) he w al ked bac k t o the vehi cl e and “ s tuck i tunderneath the s eat ; ” and ( 5) the man t hen ent er ed the Q ui kT r i p. A gai n, the mal e ca l l erdecl i ned t o i dent i fy hi m s el f. T he ca l l ers t at ed he w as cal l i ng a s econd t i m e t o r eportthatthe “tw o bl ack men” in th e tru c k w e re lea v in g th e Q u ik T rip . B e f o re th e c o n n e c tio n d ro p p e d , the c a ller to ld d is p a tc h h e w a s f

o llo w in g b e h in d th e v e h ic le , h e a d in g w e s t o n 3 1 s t S tr e e t. Shor t l yther eaf

t er , di s pat ch r ece i ved a thi r d cal l fr om 378- 2000. T he mal e ca l l er r efe r ence d havi ng “j us tcal l ed i n t w i ce” abouta pi ckup w i th t ag V K Q 833. T he ca l l er again st at ed h e: (1) w as fol l ow i ng the truck w estbo un d o n 3 1stS treet ; and (2) had j ust see n “a p o li ce m an g o ea stbo u n d . ” T h e c all er c o n ti n u ed to u p d ate d ispa tch o n the c all er’s l ocat i on: ( 1) “w e’ r e about30 y ar ds behi nd them, ” hea ded w es tbound on 31s tSt r eet “t ow ard 169 ; ” (2) “t hey ’r e st i l l head ed” w eston 31 st , “t ow ards M i ng o;” ( 3) they“[j ]ust w e n t u n d e rn e a th 1 6 9 ;” ( 4 ) “ [ t]h e y ’re p ick in g u p th e ir sp e e d ;” ( 5 ) “ th e y ’re a lm o st to M i ngo r i ghtnow ; ” ( 6) “[they ’ r e about ] 3/ 4 m i l e fr om M emori al ; ” and ( 7) theyturned nor th. T he conne ct i on dr opped and the ca l l ended. W hen 911 di s pat ch ca l l ed 378- 2000,4

a voi ce- m ai l r ecor di ng for“A s hl ey ” pl ay ed. D ur i ng the fourth cal l fr om 378- 2000, the anonym ous cal l ernot ed he w as the per s on w ho had “r eport ed a pi ckup, ” w i th l i cens e pl at e V K Q 833, “at31s tand 129th. ” T h e c all er u p d ated the 9 1 1 d ispa tche r on the truc k ’s l o ca ti o n : ( 1 ) “righ t no w w e’re [behi nd the truck] at11th St r eetgoi ng nor thbound on M emori al ; ” ( 2) the truck turned r i ghton 21s tSt r eetand w as “goi ng eas t. . . . fr om M emori al ; ” ( 3) w e ar e “a bout200 y ar ds ” behi nd the truck; and ( 4) w e j us tpas s ed “unde rI - 44” and a r e goi ng “thr ough 1 0 1 st. ” T h e c all er told d ispa tch a p o li ce cru iser “turn ed aro u n d b eh ind [th e c all er’s vehi cl e] . ” A tthe di s pat cher ’ s r eques t , the ca l l ernot ed bus i nes s es and l andmar ks al ong the r out e. T he conne ct i on dr opped. T he 911 di s pat ch ca l l ed 378- 2000 and, agai n, the s ame voi ce- m ai l r ecor di ng for“A s hl ey ” pl ay ed. T he fi nal comm uni cat i on tr ans pi r ed w hen 911 di s pat ch pl ace d anothercal l t o 378- 2 0 0 0 . A fe m ale v o ice a n sw ere d . W h en the d ispa tche r ask ed “[ a]re y o u the g u yw h o ’s fol l ow i ng thattruck, ” a mal e voi ce c oul d be hea r d s ay i ng “[t ] he pol i ce gothi m . ” The femal e voi ce then s t at ed that“s i x pol i ce of fi cer s w er e runni ng thatw ay ” and ha d “got [t en] a hol d of hi m . ” The cal l ended. A tthe s uppr es s i on hear i ng, T ul s a Pol i ce O ffi cerD ani el B ean t es t i fi ed he w as on patr ol i n the vi ci ni tyof 31s tand 129th w hen he he ar d di s pat ch r el aythe anonym ous cal l er ’ s 9: 30 p. m . t i p. A ccor di ngl y , the off i cerw as aw ar e the ca l l erhad r eport ed thatone of the tw o m en: ( 1) dr opped a gun on the gr ound out s i de the 31s tand 129th Q ui kT r i p; ( 2) pi cked up the gun; and ( 3) s tuck the gun undera s eati n the vehi cl e. Fur ther , the off i cer5

w as aw ar e the s us pect s w er e dr i vi ng a s i l verC hevyext ended- cab truck w i th a s peci fi ed t ag number . A ft err ece i vi ng thi s i nform at i on, O ffi cerB ean pr ocee ded t o the 31s tand 129th Q ui kT r i p. W hen he a r r i ved atthatl ocat i on, how ever , no vehi cl e mat ched the c a ller’ s d e sc rip tio n . D isp a tch , in tu rn , inf o rm e d O f

f ice r B e a n th a t th e c a ller w a s: (1 ) still s peaki ng t o di s pat ch; and ( 2) fol l ow i ng the truck, w es ton 31s tSt r eet . T he off i certur ned w es ton 31s ts tr eet . D i s pat ch r el ay ed that– acc or di ng t o the ca l l er– the truck had: ( 1) tra v e led “ w e st o n 3 1 st th ro u g h M in g o ;” ( 2 ) “ tu rn e d n o rth b o u n d o n M e m o ria l f ro m 3 1 st;” and, l at er( 3) turned “e as ton 21s tSt r eetfr om M emori al R oad. ” O ffi cerB ean t es t i fi ed he fi rs tenco un t ered the truck at21 stand 10 4th street s ( i . e. , w her e otheroffi cer s had s t opped the truck) . O ffi cerB ean t es t i fi ed thi s l ocat i on w as cons i s t entw i th the truck’ s di r ect i on of tr a v e l a s re p o rt e d b yth e a n o n ym o u s c a lle r. M eanw hi l e, T ul s a Pol i ce O ffi cerJ os h D upl erhad al s o hear d the 9: 30 p. m . di s pat ch cal l . A tthatt i m e, O ffi cerD upl erw as on patr ol , heade d s outh nearthe 10100 bl ock of 21s tSt r eet . T he off

i cert es t i fi ed he w as aw ar e, vi a di s pat ch, thatthe ca l l er : ( 1) r eport ed the i ndi vi dual i n ques t i on “had the gun i n thei rpos s es s i on; ” ( 2) “w as fol l ow i ng the vehi cl e” a nd “keptgi vi ng updat es [t o di s pat ch r egar di ng] w her e the vehi cl e w as ; ” and ( 3) had des cr i bed the vehi cl e i n ques t i on as a “s i l verC hevy. . . E xt ended Cab pi ckup truck” a n d p r o v i d e d i t s t a g n u mb e r . Of f i c e rDu p l e rt e s t i f

i e d th a td i s p a t c h d i d n o ti n f o r m h i m, a n d h e w a s n o t o th e rw is e a w a re , th a t th e c a ll w a s a n o n ym o u s . W h e n d isp a tch u p d a ted th e tru c k ’s lo c a tio n a s b e in g “ e a stb o u n d o n 2 1 st S tre e t [ in the] 9500 bl ock ar ea, ” O ffi cerD upl err eal i zed he w as qui t e cl os e t o thatl ocat i on. O ffi cer6

D u p le r t e s tif

ie d h e b e lie v e d d is p a tc h w a s re la y in g in f o rm a tio n re c e iv e d f

ro m th e c a lle r. W hen the off

i cerr eac hed the 9700 bl ock of 21s tSt r eethe “s aw a vehi cl e thatm at ched [the] des cr i pt i on [r el ay ed bydi s pat ch] . ” H e updat ed di s pat ch ac cor di ngl y . D i s pat ch r epl i ed thatthe ca l l erhad “j us tpas s ed an of fi cer . ” O ffi cerD upl er , due t o hi s l ocat i on, assum ed the cal l er had seen h i s cruis er. T he o ffi cer turned a round , head i ng easton 21 st s tr e e t, a n d a p p ro a c h e d th e v e h ic le a h e a d o f h im . O ffi cerD upl ert es t i fi ed that , aft erfol l ow i ng the truck forappr oxi m at el ythr ee bl ocks , he conf

i r m ed the vehi cl e’ s des cr i pt i on and t ag numberm at ched the t ag number r el ay ed bydi s pat ch. A tthatpoi nt , the off i cerdeci ded t o s t op the vehi cl e. O nce tw o ot her offi cer s arr i ved, O ffi cerD upl eract i vat ed hi s crui s er ’ s s afe tyl i ght s . T he truck r es ponded byturni ng i nt o a parki ng l ot . T he thr ee pol i ce c rui s er s turned i nt o the parki ng l ot , near 10400 21s tSt r eet , and s t opped thei rvehi cl es appr oxi m at el ythi r ty - fi ve t o for tyfee t b e h in d th e tru c k , p a ra lle l to o n e a n o th e r. T he off i cer s pr ocee ded t o det ai n the truck’ s tw o occupa nt s vi a a “ fel ony t akedow n. ” O ffi cerD upl erexpl ai ned thathe empl oy ed thi s s t andar d pr ocedur e bec aus e, atthe t i m e he s t opped the vehi cl e, he bel i eved the occ upant s had a l oaded gun. O ffi cer D u p ler d e sc rib e d th e f

e lo n ytak e d o w n p ro c e d u re a s f o llo w s: th e o f

f ice rs ( 1 ) e x it th e ir crui s er s , s t ay i ng behi nd thei rdr i ver ’ s - s i de door , w i th thei rguns dr aw n; ( 2) obt ai n a vi ew of the occ upant s ’ hands ; ( 3) di r ectthe dr i vert o thr ow the vehi cl e’ s key s on the gr ound, u sin g o n lyth e ir lef

t h a n d ; (4 ) o rd e r th e o c c u p a n ts to e x it th e v e h icle , o n e a t a tim e , w ith th e irh a n d s a b o v e th e irh e a d ; ( 5 ) t e ll th e s u s p e c ts to b a c k u p , i . e. , fac i ng aw ayfr om theD efe ndantal s o ar gues the di s tr i ctcourt ’ s fi ndi ng thatthe Q ui kT r i p i s l ocat ed i n a 2 “ h ig h -c rim e a re a ” w a s c lea rlye rro n e o u s. O u r re v iew o f th e re c o rd re v e a ls th a t, de sp ite O f f ice r D u p ler ’s te stim o n yth a t p o rtio n s o f th e a re a d id n o t h a v e “ a n yp ro b lem s” w ith c rim e , the G o v e rn m e n t in tro d u c e d su f f icie n t ev id e n c e a t th e su p p re ss io n h e a rin g to s u p p o r tth e d i s tr i c tc o u r t ’ s f i n d i n g . U n i t e d S t a t e s v . R o m e r o , N o . 0 6 - 3 0 9 2 , 2 0 0 7 WL 2 6 9 4 2 4 2 , at * 3 (1 0 th C ir. S e p t. 11 , 2 0 0 7 ) (“ A f in d in g is c lea rlye rro n e o u s w h e n it i s w i thoutfac tual s uppor ti n t he r ecor d orw e ar e l eftw i th the def i ni t e and f

i r m convi ct i on thata mi s t ake ha s been made. ”) . I n anyevent , a contr aryconcl us i on w oul d notal t ert he u ltim a te c o n c lu s io n w e re a c h h e re , i . e. , thatthe s t op and det ent i on di d notcontr avene t he F o u rth A m e n d m e n t. 7 offi cer s , t ow ar d t he pol i ce c rui s er s ; and ( 6) handcuf f the s us pect s , ei thers t andi ng, kneel i ng, ori n a pr one pos i t i on, fr om behi nd. T hr oughoutthe t akedow n offi cer s keep g u n s f ix e d o n b o th th e v e h ic le a n d th e s u s p e c ts . I n thi s cas e, atl eas ts i x offi cer s part i ci pat ed i n the fe l onyt akedow n. Pol i ce handcuf fed D efe ndantand the dr i vers t andi ng. T he off i cer s r ecove r ed a l oaded gun f r om the truck’ s back s eatand the under l y i ng pr os ecut i on ens ued. T he di s tr i ctcourtm ade factual fi nd i ng s consi st ent w i th thi s sum m aryof ev ents . II . D efe ndantchal l enges the di s tr i ctcourt ’ s deni al of hi s s uppr es s i on m ot i on, ar gui ng th e o f f ice rs’ sto p o f

th e tru c k a n d su b se q u e n t d e ten tio n o f h is p e rso n v io late d h is F o u rth A m e n d m e n t rig h ts. S p e c if ica lly , D e f

e n d a n t co n ten d s: (1 ) th e p o lice im p e rm iss ib ly sto p p e d th e tru c k b a se d o n a n a n o n ym o u s tip ; an d (2 ) o f f ice rs u se d e x c e ss iv e f

o rc e in det ai ni ng hi m . B oth ar gum ent s pr es entques t i ons of l aw thatw e r evi ew de novo. U ni t ed 2 St at es v. Sam uel s , 493 F. 3d 1187, 1191 ( 10th C i r . 2007) ; s ee a l s o U ni t ed St at es v. M or an, N o . 0 6 -2 1 7 5 , 2 0 0 7 W L 2 7 7 5 0 8 3 , at * 2 (1 0 th C ir. S e p t. 25 , 2 0 0 7 ). F o r F o u rthI n J . L . , the Supr eme C our tcons i der ed w hetheran anonym ous , unr ecor ded 3 cal l er ’ s t i p – thata “y oung bl ack mal e s t andi ng ata part i cul arbus s t op and w ear i ng a p laid sh irt w a s c a rry in g a g u n ” – w a s, w ith o u t m o re , su f f icie n tlyre liab le to law f u lly i ni t i at e a Terr ys t op. J . L . , 529 U . S. at268, 270. T he C our thel d thati tw as not . I d. at 2 7 1 . T h e J .L . C o u rt re a s o n e d th e tip la c k e d th e re q u is ite re lia b ility b e c a u s e , in tera lia , it : (1) “provided n o p redi ct i ve inform at i on and therefore l eftthe p oli ce w i tho ut m eans t o tes t the i nform ant ’ s know l edge orcr edi bi l i ty ; ” and ( 2) di d notexpl ai n “how [the ca l l er ] knew a b o u t th e g u n n o r s u p p lie d a n yb a s is f o r b e lie v in g h e h a d in s id e in f o rm a tio n o n J .L .” Id . 8 A m e n d m e n t p u rp o se s, tra f f ic s to p s a re a n a lo g o u s to in v e stig a to ryd e ten tio n s; th e ir l aw ful nes s i s governed byT err yand i t s pr ogeny . See U ni t ed St at es v. St ephens on, 452 F . 3d 11 73 , 11 76 (10t h C i r. 20 06 ). U nd er Terry , w e asses s i nv est i gatorydetent i on s’ re a so n a b len e ss b ya sk in g : (1 ) “ w h e th e r th e o f f ice r’s a c tio n w a s ju stif

ied a t it s in c e p tio n ;” and ( 2) “w hetheri tw as r eas onabl yr el at ed i n s cope t o the ci r cumst ance s w hi ch j us t i fi ed the i nt er fer ence i n t he fi r s tpl ace . ” Ter ry , 392 U . S. at20. A. W e f ir st ad d ress D ef

en d an t’ s claim , u n d er T erry ’s firstp ron g , that the o ff icers lac k e d re a so n a b le s u sp icio n to in iti a te th e in v e stig a to rysto p . D e f e n d a n t ar g u e s th a t, h o w ev er e labo rate, the 9 1 1 ca ll s – the o n lyb asis fo r th e sto p – co n sti tuted n o thing m o re than an u n co rrob o rated an o n ym o u s ti p . D ef en d an t con tend s the ca ll er’s ef fo rt s are w ho l l ycon si st ent w i th those of a n efari ou s i nfo rm ant, ben ton bo l st eri ng the ef fect i ven ess o f h is f a b ric a ted c laim s. A s s u c h , D e f e n d a n t co n ten d s th e 9 1 1 c a lls a re a n a lo g o u s to tho se f o u n d u n reli ab le i n F lori d a v . J. L . , 5 2 9 U . S . 2 6 6 (20 0 0 ). 3 U nderT err y ’ s s tr i ctur es , the pol i ce mayi ni t i at e a tr aff i c s t op i f theyhave reas on able s uspici on that cr i m i nal act i vity“i s, has, or i s abou tt o o ccur. ” S am uels ,9

49 3 F. 3d a t11 91 ( i nt e r na l qu ot a t i on s omi t t e d) ; s e e a l s o I l l i no i s v. W a r dl ow, 52 8 U. S. 119, 123 ( 2000) ; T err y , 392 U . S. at30. H er e, the off i cer s ’ bel i ef thatD efe ndant pos s es s ed a gun s t emm ed exc l us i vel yfr om an unknow n cal l eri n an unknow n l ocat i on, rather than theirow n o bservat i on s. S ee J. L . , 52 9 U . S . at27 0. A no ny m ou s t i ps rai se d i f f i c u l tF o u r th Am e n d me n tq u e s t i o n s . I n c o n tr a s tt o i n f o r ma t i o n o b t a i n e d f

r o m a k n o wn i n f o r m a n t , a n a n o n ym o u s t i p r a r e l y a l l o w s a u th o r i t i e s t o a s s e s s th e i n f o r m a n t ’ s v e r a c i ty, r el i abi l i ty , orbas i s of know l edge. I d. ; s ee a l s o U ni t ed St at es v. J ohns on, 364 F. 3d 1185, 1190- 91 ( 10th C i r . 2004) ( s t at i ng thatan i nform ant ’ s des i r e t o s afe guar d anonym i tyr ai s es q u e s tio n s a b o u t th e in d iv id u a l’ s m o tiv e s , e. g. , w hethertheyar e “try i ng t o us e the pol i ce t o har as s anotherci t i zen” ) . N everthel es s , “ther e ar e s i tuat i ons i n w hi ch an a nonym ous tip , su itab lyc o rro b o ra ted , ex h ib its su f f icie n t in d icia o f

re liab ili tyto p ro v id e re a so n a b le s us pi ci on t o m ake the i nves t i gat orys t op. ” J . L . , 529 U . S. at270. I ndeed, w e have re c o g n ize d th a t “[ a ] c o n f id e n tial tip m a yju stif

ya n in v e stig a to rysto p if u n d e r th e to tality of the ci r cumst ance s the t i p furni s hes both s uffi ci enti ndi ci a of r el i abi l i tyand s uffi ci ent i nform at i on t o pr ovi de r eas onabl e s us pi ci on . . . . ” Samuel s , 493 F. 3d at1191 ( i nt ernal q u o ta tio n s o m itte d ). W e a re c o n v in c e d th e f iv e c a lls p lac e d to 9 1 1 d isp a tch p o ss e ss e d th e re q u isite “i ndi ci a of r el i abi l i ty ” t o j us t i fyoffi cer s ’ s t op of the truck i n w hi ch D efe ndantw as r i di ng on a s us pect ed w eapons vi ol at i on. C ontr aryt o D efe ndant ’ s pos i t i on, the t i p at i s s ue i n thi s cas e i s r eadi l ydi s t i ngui s habl e fr om the anonym ous , unr ecor ded, and un corr ob orat ed ti p d eem ed u nrel i able i n J. L . S ee J. L . , 52 9 U . S . at27 0. M ult i ple fact s,10

k n o w n to O f

f ic e r D u p le r w h e n h e in itia te d th e s to p , b o ls te re d th e tip ’s re lia b ility. S e e U n ited S tate s v . B ro w n , 4 9 6 F .3 d 1 0 7 0 , 1 0 7 5 (1 0 th C ir. 2 0 0 7 ) (n o tin g th a t “‘ [ a ]ll th e p o lice h a d to g o o n [ in J.L .] . . . w a s th e b a re re p o rt o f a n u n k n o w n , u n a c c o u n tab le i nform antw ho nei therexpl ai ned how he knew aboutthe gun nors uppl i ed anybas i s for bel i evi ng he had i ns i de i nform at i on aboutJ . L . ’ ” ( quot i ng J . L . , 529 U . S. at271) (a d d itio n a l in te rn a l q u o ta tio n s o m itte d )) . Fi r s t , though t he ca l l erdecl i ned t o pr ovi de hi s name, he ca l l ed 911 fr om an unbl ocked t el ephone number . T he ca l l ers houl d have e xpect ed that911 di s pat ch tr acks i ncomi ng cal l s and thatthe or i gi nat i ng phone numbercoul d be us ed t o i nves t i gat e the c a ller’ s id e n tity . C f. Jo h n so n , 3 6 4 F .3 d a t 1 1 9 1 (f in d in g J.L .’s c o n c e rn s p a rtially m itig a te d b yth e f

a c t th a t th e a n o n ym o u s c a lle r “ g [ a ]v e p o lic e h is c e ll p h o n e n u m b e r” ). T h e f a c t th e c a ller p ro v id e d a u th o rities so m e b a sis f o r d isc o v e rin g h is id e n titym a k e s it is le ss lik e lyh is tip w a s p h o n y . S e e U n ited S tate s v . Je n k in s, 3 1 3 F .3 d 5 4 9 , 5 5 4 (1 0 th C i r . 2002) ( r eas oni ng thatj eopar di zi ng one’ s anonym i tycr eat es “di s i ncent i ve for m a k in g f a lse a lleg a tio n s” ). S e c o n d , the c a ller to ld d isp a tch h e sa w th e Q u ik T rip w e a p o n s in c id e n t, i . e. , he “c l ai m ed fi r s thand know l edge of the al l eged c onduct . ” B ro w n , 4 9 6 F .3 d a t 1 0 7 6 . T h ird , the c a ller’ s d e taile d d e sc rip tio n o f th e Q u ik T rip event s and the i ndi vi dual s i nvol ved, as w el l as thei rvehi cl e and i t s t ag number , fur ther bol s t er ed the t i p’ s r el i abi l i ty . J enki ns , 313 F. 3d at554- 55. T hough the ca l l erdes cr i bed th e Q u ik T rip in c id e n t in slig h tlyd if f e re n t term s e a c h tim e h e p h o n e d d isp a tch , h is acc ount s di d notdi ffe rm at er i al l y . I d. Four th, t aken t ogether , the ca l l er ’ s unus ual11

eff or t s i n r eport i ng the Q ui kT r i p event s t o 911 di s pat ch, det ai l i ng w hathe obs erved, fol l ow i ng the vehi cl e, and updat i ng di s pat ch r egar di ng the truck’ s l ocat i on, bes peak a n or di naryci t i zen a ct i ng i n good fai th. I ndeed, the 911 tr ans cr i pt s pr ovi de no i ndi cat i on thatthe ca l l erhad i ni qui t ous i nt ent i ons . Fori ns t ance , dur i ng the thi r d cal l , the anonym ous i ndi vi dual s t at ed: “I j us t , j us that e t o s ee thatki nd of s tuff goi ng on, y ou know ? I mean ther e’ s a l otof thi ngs I can t ol er at e; butI can’ tt ol er at e dudes runni ng ar ound w i th guns . . . i n Q ui kT r i ps , . . . y ou know w hatI m ean?” F ifth , O ff

icer D u p ler co rrob o rated the c all er’s rea l- ti m e a cc o u n t of the truc k ’s tr avel r out e before h e initi ated the s top . S ee B row n , 4 9 6 F . 3 d at 10 7 6 (“the o ff icers knew thatthe ca l l er ' s i nform at i on w as bas ed on fi r s thand know l edge a nd thati tw as c o n t e m p o r a n e o u s ” ) . T h a ti s , b y v e r i f yi n g th e c a l l e r ’ s a c c o u n to f th e tru c k ’ s c o n s t a n t l ychangi ng l ocat i on, the off i cer“t es t [ed] the i nform ant ' s know l edge a nd cr edi bi l i ty . ” See U ni t ed St at es v. H auk, 412 F. 3d 1179, 1188 ( 10th C i r . 2005) . A s det ai l ed above , the ca ll er c lai m ed k n o w ledg e o f: (1) the all eg ed crim inal ac ti v ity ; and (2) the tru ck ’s pos i t i on. T he off

i cer ’ s corr obor at i on of the l att eri nform at i on, l entcr edi bi l i tyt o the form er . T hi s i s part i cul ar l ytrue w her e, as her e, the ca l l er ’ s as s ert ed bas i s of k n o wl e d g e – a s t o b o th typ e s o f i n f o r ma t i o n – wa s f

i r s t - h a n d a n d r e a l - t i me o b s e rv a tio n . S e e id . A ccor di ngl y , the det ai l ed natur e of the t i p “s i gni fi cant l yci r cumscr i bed the num berof peopl e pol i ce c oul d have s t opped i n r el i ance on i t . ” J ohns on, 364 F. 3d at 11 91 ; cf. J. L . , 52 9 U . S . at27 2 (“A n accu rat e descri pti on of a su bject ’s re a d ily12

obs er vabl e l ocat i on and appe ar ance . . . . does nots how thatthe t i ps t erhas know l edge of conc eal ed cr i m i nal act i vi ty . ” ( emphasi s added) ) . I ndeed, w e ca n noti m agi ne the pol i ce c oul d have s t opped anyot hervehi cl e bas ed on thes e ca l l s . See J ohns on, 364 F. 3d at1191 n. 3. E xer ci s i ng the s i gni fi cant“s kept i ci s m and ca r eful s crut i ny ” r equi r ed i n the anonym ous - i nform antcont ext , s ee Eas t on v. C i tyof B oul der , 776 F. 2d 1441, 1449 ( 10th C i r . 1985) , w e conc l ude that , underthe t ot al i tyof the ci r cumst ance s , the anonym ous cal l er ’ s t i p, r el ay ed bydi s pat ch t o the off i cer s , bor e “s uffi ci enti ndi ci a of r el i abi l i tyt o pr ovi de r eas onabl e s us pi ci on t o m ake the i nves t i gat orys t op. ” J . L . , 529 U . S. at270. W e under s cor e, how ever , thatthi s out come i s w hol l ydr i ven bythe col l ect i ve fa ct s atbarand thatno s i ngl e fa ct ordi ct at ed thi s r es ul t . B r ow n, 496 F. 2d at 1078- 79 ( anonym ous cal l er ’ s “s t oryand the s urr oundi ng fac t s pos s es s ed an i nt ernal co h ere n ce that g av e w eigh t t o the w h o le”). B. D efe ndantal s o chal l enges the di s tr i ctcourt ’ s deni al of hi s s uppr es s i on m ot i on underT erry ’ s s econd pr ong. Speci fi cal l y , D efe ndantar gues the off i cer s exce eded the s cope of the s t op and tr ans form ed i ti nt o an i m perm i s s i bl e arr es tw hen theydet ai ned hi m by“fe l onyt akedow n. ” Ter r y , 392 U . S. at20. W her e pol i ce e xcee d the l i m i t s of a T e rrysto p , the d e ten tio n “ b e c o m e s a n a rre st th a t m u st b e su p p o rte d b yp ro b a b le c a u s e . ” Un i t e d S t a t e s v . Ne f f , 3 0 0 F . 3 d 1 2 1 7 , 1 2 2 0 ( 1 0 th Ci r . 2 0 0 2 ) . Atth e s a me t i m e, br i ght - l i ne rul es do notgovern the perm i s s i bl e s cope of an i nves t i gat i ve13

d e ten tio n . “‘[ C ]o m m o n se n se a n d o rd in a ryh u m a n e x p e rie n c e ’” tru m p “ ‘rig id cri t eri a. ’” I d. (quoti ng U nit ed S t at es v. S harpe, 47 0 U . S . 67 5, 68 5 (198 5)) . B ecause pol i ce of fi cer s need nott ake unne ces s aryr i s ks i n the l i ne of duty , theym ayt ake pr eca ut i onarym eas ur es thatar e r eas onabl ynece s s aryt o s afe guar d thei rper s onal s afe ty , and t o “mai nt ai n t he s t atus quo, ” dur i ng a Ter rys t op. U ni t ed St at es v. Shar eef , 1 0 0 F .3 d 1 4 9 1 , 1 4 9 5 (1 0 th C ir . 1 9 9 6 ) ( in te rn a l q u o ta tio n s o m itte d ). D efe ndantconce des thata Ter rys t op i s notr ender ed unl aw ful , pers e, by offi cer s ’ us e of ha ndcuff s and w eapons . W e have uphel d pol i ce of fi cer s ’ us e of handcuf fs and guns dur i ng a Ter r ys t op w her e they“r eas onabl ybel i eve” s uch meas ur es ar e nec es s aryt o ens ur e off i cers afe ty . See N eff

, 300 F. 3d at1220; s ee a l s o Shar eef , 100 F. 3d at1495. D efe ndantm ai nt ai ns , how ever , the fa ct s atbardi d notj us t i fy offi cer s ’ us e of the “f

el onyt akedow n” pr ocedur e bec aus e: ( 1) the s t op w as bas ed on s us pi ci on of a “ t echni cal offe ns e, ” nota vi ol entcr i m e; ( 2) the w eapon r eport edl yi n the vehi cl e w as not“i nher ent l ydanger ous ; ” and ( 3) nothi ng i ndi cat ed that“anyvi ol ence or th re a t w a s a f

o o t.” W e d is a g re e . O ffi cerD upl ert es t i fi ed he be l i eved thata l oaded gun – byanym eas ur e an in h e re n tlyd a n g e ro u s w e a p o n – w a s in th e tru c k ’s p a ss e n g e r c o m p a rtm e n t. T h e v e h icle obvi ous l yhad tw o occupa nt s . M ary l and v. W i l s on, 519 U . S. 408, 414 ( 1997) ( “dange r to a n o f f ice r f ro m a tra f

f ic s to p is lik e lyto b e g re a ter w h e n th e re a re p a ss e n g e rs in addi t i on t o t he dr i veri n t he s t opped ca r ”) . T he s afe tyr i s k att endantt o det ai ni ng the truck’ s occupa nt s on a s us pect ed w eapons vi ol at i on al one j us t i fi ed the us e of14

handcuf fs ; the “ne ed t o det ai n m ul t i pl e def endant s m ade the us e of ha ndcuff s al l the m or e r eas onabl e. ” C f. M uehl erv. M ena, 544 U . S. 93, 100 ( 2005) ( dur i ng exec ut i on of a l aw ful s ear ch w arr antforguns and gang- r el at ed evi dence , author i t i es ’ det ent i on and h a n d c u f f in g o f a p re m ise s’ o c c u p a n t, at g u n p o in t, did n o t v io late th e F o u rth A m endment ) . “[T] he fa ct s avai l abl e t o the off i cer [s ] w oul d w arr anta man of r eas onabl e ca ut i on” t o bel i eve that“the ac t i on t aken w as appr opr i at e. ” Shar eef , 100 F. 3d at1502 ( i nt ernal quot at i ons om i t t ed) . A s s uch, the “f el onyt akedow n” pr ocedur e, as det ai l ed byO ffi cerD upl er ’ s t es t i m ony , w as notunnece s s ar i l yfor cef ul ori ntrus i ve, butr atheran appr opr i at e “pr eca ut i onarym eas ur e, ” underthes e ci r cumst ance s . See i d. a t 1 5 0 6 . W e, ther efor e, concl ude the off i cer s di d notus e exc es s i ve for ce i n det ai ni ng D efe ndantand, thus , di d notconverthi s det ent i on i nt o an unl aw ful arr es t . See U n ited S tate s v . P e rd u e , 8 F .3 d 1 4 5 5 , 1 4 6 3 (1 0 th C ir. 1 9 9 3 ) (p o in tin g g u n a t su sp e c ts d u ri n g a T e rr ys to p d id n o t e le v a te a s e iz u re in to a n a rr e s t g iv e n , in tera lia , thatthe offi cer s r eas onabl ybel i eved the i ndi vi dual s t o be arm ed and da nger ous ) ; U ni t ed St at es v. M err i t t , 695 F. 2d 1263, 1274 ( 10th C i r . 1982) ( “W heneve rthe pol i ce c onfr ontan in d iv id u a l re a so n a b lyb e liev e d to p re se n t a s e rio u s a n d im m in e n t d a n g e r to th e sa f e ty of the po l i ce and pu bli c, theyare j ust i fi ed in t aking reasonab l e st eps t o reduc e t he ri sk that an y o n e w il l get h u rt . ”). AF F I RMED .