Table of Contents 

Introduction

Area Specific Information 

 Evansville, IN-KY, MSA 

 Henderson County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

Webster County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Figures, Graphs & Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

 Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH, MSA 

 Boyd County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 

 Greenup County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

 Figures, Graphs & Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 

Owensboro, KY, MSA 

 Daviess County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 

 Hancock County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

 McLean County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 

 Figures, Graphs & Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 

 Louisville, KY-IN, MSA 

Jefferson County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

 Oldham County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 

 Bullitt County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 

 Nelson County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

Spencer County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 

Shelby County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 

 Henry County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 

 Trimble County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 

 Meade County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 

 Figures, Graphs & Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN, MSA 

Kenton County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 

 Boone County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 

 Campbell County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 

 Gallatin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 

Grant County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 

Pendleton County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 

 Bracken County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

 Figures, Graphs & Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 
Elizabethtown, KY, MSA 

 Hardin County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 

Larue County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Figures, Graphs & Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

 Clarksville, TN-KY, MSA 

 Christian County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 

Trigg County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Figures, Graphs & Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Simpson County, KY

Evansville Area Henderson County KY Back Trajectory Analyses . . . . 35 

Owensboro Area Hancock County KY Back Trajectory Analyses . . . . . 36 

Owensboro Area Daviess County KY Back Trajectory Analyses . . . . . . 37 

Louisville Area Jefferson County KY Back Trajectory Analyses. . . . . . 38 

Louisville Area Oldham County Back Trajectory Analyses . . . . . . . . 39 

Cincinnati Area Kenton County KY Back Trajectory Analyses . . . . . 40 

Cincinnati Area Hamilton County OH Back Trajectory Analyses . . . . . 41 

Cincinnati Area Warren County OH Back Trajectory Analyses . . . . . . 42 

Ashland Area Cabell County WV Back Trajectory Analyses . . . . . . 43 

Ashland Area Greenup County KY Back Trajectory Analyses . . . . . . 44
Introduction

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) revised the ozone NAAQS on March 

12, 2008 (73 FR 16436; March 27, 2008). The new primary ozone standard was 

lowered from 0.08 parts per million (ppm) to a level of 0.075 ppm based on numerous 

epidemiological studies conducted during the past decade in which many of the 

health effects associated with ozone exposure were identified. These studies showed 

health effects at and below the level of the 0.08 ppm standard, which was 

promulgated in 1997.

Section 107 (d)(1)(A) of the Clean Air Act (CAA) requires the Governor of each state to 

submit to EPA, within one year following promulgation of a new or revised NAAQS, a 

list of all areas in the state, recommending designations for each as “attainment,” 

“nonattainment,” or “unclassifiable” with respect to the new or revised standard. 

The U.S. EPA provided an attachment in their December 4, 2008 “Area Designations 

for the 2008 Revised Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard” memorandum. 

The attachment provided nine factors EPA recommended as a framework for areaspecific analyses to support nonattainment area boundary recommendations and final 

boundary determinations. Analysis of these factors were used to evaluate whether an 

area should be designated as attainment (meeting the standard), or nonattainment 

(not meeting the standard). If states wish to differ from EPA’s presumptive then 

those nine criteria must be addressed to provide arguments for exclusion, or 

inclusion.

The information in this document outlines areas in violation of the standard or that 

may be potentially impacted by another area in violation. It compares those areas 

based on EPA’s nine criteria listed below. 

 Air quality data 

 Emissions data 

 Population density and degree of urbanization 

 Traffic and commuting patterns 

 Growth rates and patterns 

 Meteorology

 Geography/topography

 Jurisdictional boundaries 

 Level of control of emissions sources 

Kentucky has ozone monitors in 29 counties. Ten (10) of those counties have 

monitoring data in violation of the 8-hour standard based on 2006-2008 monitoring 

data. 

-- Kenton -- Henderson -- Oldham -- Simpson 

-- Daviess -- Greenup -- Hardin 

-- Hancock -- Jefferson -- Christian 
The Kentucky Division for Air Quality utilized the 2005 National Emissions Inventory 

(NEI) data to compare point, area, mobile, and nonroad emissions throughout 

Kentucky and surrounding areas. These are provided in tons per year (tpy). 

In some instances, in order to provide further documentation on a specific area, back 

trajectory modeling using NOAAs HYSPLIT Trajectory Model has been included.

After analyzing all of the data that has been gathered, the Kentucky Division for Air 

Quality has decided to recommend the following counties as nonattainment: 

Christian, Daviess, Greenup, Hancock, Hardin, Henderson, Jefferson, Kenton, and 

Simpson.

The counties of Boone, Boyd, Bracken, Bullitt, Campbell, Gallatin, Grant, Henry, 

Larue, McLean, Meade, Nelson, Oldham, Pendleton, Shelby, Spencer, Trigg, Trimble, 

and Webster are all recommended to be designated as attainment for the 8-hour 

ozone standard. The remaining Kentucky counties are recommended to be designated 

as attainment/unclassifiable. 
Evansville, IN-KY, MSA

Henderson 

Webster 

The Evansville, Indiana-Kentucky, Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) is ranked 133rd

in size among the MSAs within the United States. This MSA encompasses six counties, 

Gibson, Posey, Vanderburgh, and Warrick Counties, Indiana, and Henderson and 

Webster Counties, Kentucky. 
2

HENDERSON, KENTUCKY

Henderson County is part of the Evansville, Indiana-Kentucky, Metropolitan Statistical 

Area (MSA) and is located to the west of Daviess County, Kentucky, to the northwest 

of McLean County, Kentucky, to the north of Webster County, Kentucky, and to the 

northeast of Union County, Kentucky. Additionally it is located to the southeast of 

Posey County, Indiana, to the south of Vanderburgh County, Indiana, and to the 

southwest of Dubois County, Indiana. 

Geography/Topography 

Henderson County covers a total land area of 440 square miles and is located in 

northwestern Kentucky, where the banks of the Ohio River form the northern 

boundary of the county. It is part of the Western Kentucky Coal Field Region. 

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division from the Owensboro air 

monitoring site in Daviess County for the period 2006-2008 shows that the majority of 

the time the wind in the area came from the southeast and typically at 4-7 miles per 

hour. (See figure 1) According to the University of Kentucky Agricultural Weather 

Center, the average high temperature for July for the area from 2006 through 2008 

was 88 ̊F, the average low was 66 ̊F. The average precipitation for the same period 

was 5.4 inches. 

Planning 

The authority for air quality planning in the Henderson County area resides with the 

Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for Henderson 

County is performed by the Owensboro Metropolitan Planning Organization and the 

Evansville Metropolitan Planning Organization. 

Air Monitoring 

The Henderson County ozone monitor (21-101-0014) shows the 3-year average (2006-

2008) of the annual 98th percentile of the 8-hour average is 0.077 parts per million, 

which does not achieve the 8-hour ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard 

(NAAQS – 0.075 ppm). 

Data indicates a violation of the 8-hour ozone NAAQS in 2006-2008 for one of the three 

ozone monitors in Warrick, IN (18-173-0008) and for the two ozone monitors in 

Vanderburgh County, Indiana (18-163-0012) and (18-163-00013). 
3

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and the latest available for 

Henderson County, Kentucky and the monitors of concern in Indiana. (See table 1) 

Population 

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 45,666 persons 

living in Henderson County. (See table 3) That represents approximately 104 persons 

per square mile. The population of Henderson County is approximately 41% rural with 

59.2% of the people living in incorporated areas. The largest city is Henderson, the 

county seat of Henderson County.

Henderson County’s population from 2000 through 2006 increased by approximately 

1.9% (44,829 to 45,666). The population in the county is expected to increase overall 

by 4.1% between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

Based on 2006 population data for the Evansville, IN-KY MSA, Henderson County 

represents approximately 13.0% of the total population in the MSA and 76.4% of the 

Kentucky portion of the MSA. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 2005 

National Emissions Inventory (NEI). (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from Henderson County were estimated at 426.28 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 9.6% of the total 4442.39 tpy of the overall 

VOC point source emissions from the Evansville, IN-KY MSA. (See chart EVA-1) 

Point source NOx emissions from Henderson County were estimated at 781.04 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 1.2% of the total 64971.04 tpy of the overall 

NOx point source emissions from the Evansville, IN-KY MSA. (See chart EVA-7) 

Major point sources located within Henderson County are subject to New Source 

Review (NSR), non-Control Technology Guidance (CTG) Reasonable Available Control 

Technology (RACT) requirements, Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 

requirements for sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source 

Performance Standards (NSPS). Sources are also subject to applicable requirements 

imposed by the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 

50:012 applies to sources statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources 

shall as a minimum apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and 

practical.”
4

Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Henderson County were estimated at 

773.66 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 13.1% of the total 5912.99 tpy of 

the overall VOC onroad mobile source emissions from the Evansville, IN-KY MSA. (See 

chart EVA-3) 

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Henderson County were estimated at 

1008.21 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 10.9% of the total 9219.13 tpy of 

the overall NOx onroad mobile source emissions from the Evansville, IN-KY MSA. (See 

chart EVA-9)

Based on 2006 information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, 

commuting traffic from other counties into Henderson County is 40.4% and classified 

as high. The commuting traffic from Henderson County into other counties is high at 

44.5%.

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Sources 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Henderson County were estimated at 

754.14 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 25.3% of the total 2978.57 tpy of 

the overall VOC nonroad mobile source emissions from the Evansville, IN-KY MSA. 

(See chart EVA-4)

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Henderson County were estimated at 

2889.27 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 27.8% of the total 10394.50 tpy 

of the overall NOx nonroad mobile source emissions from the Evansville, IN-KY MSA. 

(See chart EVA-10)

Although Henderson County appears to contribute a disproportionate quantity of 

nonroad mobile source emissions in the Evansville, IN-KY MSA, these emissions are due 

predominately to underway emissions from marine traffic along the Ohio River, and 

should not be used to make a determination. 

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Henderson County were estimated at 1226.29 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 12.6% of the total 9710.30 tpy of the overall 

VOC area source emissions from the Evansville, IN-KY MSA. (See chart EVA-2) 
5

Area source NOx emissions from Henderson County were estimated at 350.51 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 20% of the total 1754.95 tpy of the overall NOx

area source emissions from the Evansville, IN-KY MSA. (See chart EVA-8) 

Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire Kentucky and Indiana area of 

evaluation was performed using the 2005 NEI data. 

Charts EVA-5 and EVA-6 provide a comparison of VOC emissions across the entire 

region. 

Charts EVA-11 and EVA-12 provide a comparison of NOx emissions across the entire 

region. 

Conclusion and Recommendation 

For the 2006 – 2008 monitoring period, the Henderson County ozone monitor shows an 

8-hour annual design value of 0.077 parts per million, which does not achieve the 

National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). 

In the Evansville, IN-KY MSA, Henderson County contributes approximately: 

3⁄4 13.8% of total VOC emissions (25561.46 tpy) 

3⁄4 5.8% of total NOx emissions (121,192.07 tpy) 

See charts EVA-6 for VOC, EVA-12 for NOx. 

Based on data analysis, the pollutants of most concern regarding ozone formation are 

VOC and NOx. Henderson County does not contribute a high concentration percentage 

for either of these precursors. These smaller percentage concentrations do not 

indicate a significant impact from Henderson County on the violating monitors. See 

annual wind roses included in Figure 1. 

Several 48-hour back trajectory HYSPLITS for Kentucky have been included in a 

separate section for days in 2006-2008 when the 8-hour ambient monitoring 

concentration for ozone had their highest readings. These HYSPLITS show that for the 

majority of the time the air column is not impacted by Henderson County and 

therefore does not affect the violating Indiana monitors.

The monitoring and emissions data and other documentation presented indicate that 

Henderson County, Kentucky, does not contribute a significant amount of emissions 

that contribute to ozone formation in the Evansville, IN-KY MSA. 

However, based on the monitoring data showing a violation, Henderson County should 

be designated nonattainment for the 8-hour ozone standard. 
6

WEBSTER COUNTY, KENTUCKY

Webster County is part of the Evansville, Indiana-Kentucky, Metropolitan Statistical 

Area (MSA). Webster is located within the Western Kentucky Coal Field region. The 

Green River forms the northeastern boundary of the county, while the Tradewater 

River forms the county’s southwestern boundary. 

Geography/Topography 

Webster County has a land area of 334 square miles. Dixon, the county seat of 

Webster County is located 128 miles northwest of Nashville, Tennessee; 148 miles 

southwest of Louisville, Kentucky; and 203 miles southeast of St. Louis, Missouri. 

Webster County is located south of Vanderburgh County, Indiana, and southwest of 

Dubois County, Indiana.

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division from the Owensboro air 

monitoring site in Daviess County for the period 2006-2008 shows that the majority of 

the time the wind in the area came from the southeast and typically at 4-7 miles per 

hour. (See figure 1) According to the University of Kentucky Agricultural Weather 

Center, the average high temperature for July for the area from 2006 through 2008 

was 88 ̊F, the average low was 66 ̊F. The average precipitation for the same period 

was 5.4 inches. 

Planning 

The authority for air quality planning in the Webster County area resides with the 

Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for Webster 

County is performed by the Green River Area Development District (GRADD) in 

partnership with the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. 

Air Monitoring 

For the 2006 – 2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in 

Webster County. 

The Henderson County ozone monitor (21-101-0014) shows the 3-year average (2006-

2008) of the annual 98th percentile of the 8-hour average is 0.077 parts per million, 

which does not achieve the 8-hour ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard 

(NAAQS – 0.075 ppm). 
7

Data indicates a violation of the 8-hour ozone NAAQS in 2006-2008 for one of the three 

ozone monitors in Warrick, IN (18-173-0008) and for the two ozone monitors in 

Vanderburgh County, Indiana (18-163-0012) and (18-163-00013). 

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and the latest available for 

Henderson County, Kentucky and the monitors of concern in Indiana. (See table 1) 

Population 

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 14,083 persons 

living in Webster County. (See table 3) That represents approximately 42 persons per 

square mile. The population of Webster County is approximately 79% rural with 21.2% 

of the people living in incorporated areas. The largest city in Webster County is 

Providence. 

Webster County’s population from 2000 through 2006 decreased by approximately -

0.3% (14,120 to 14,083). The population in the county is expected to increase overall 

by 1.2% between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

Based on 2006 population data for the Evansville, IN-KY, MSA, Webster County 

represents approximately 4.0% of the total population in the MSA and 23.6% of the 

Kentucky portion of the area. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 2005 

National Emissions Inventory (NEI). (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from Webster County were estimated at 160.24 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 3.6% of the total 4442.39 tpy of the overall 

VOC point source emissions from the Evansville, IN-KY MSA. (See chart EVA-1) 

Point source NOx emissions from Webster County were estimated at 11049.55 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 17% of the total 64971.04 tpy of the overall NOx

point source emissions from the Evansville, IN-KY MSA. (See chart EVA-7) 

Major point sources located within Webster County are subject to New Source Review 

(NSR), non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 

requirements for sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source 

Performance Standards (NSPS). Sources are also subject to applicable requirements 

imposed by the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 

50:012 applies to sources statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources 

shall as a minimum apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and 

practical.” 
8

Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Webster County were estimated at 192.67 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 3.3% of the total 5912.99 tpy of the 

overall VOC onroad mobile source emissions from the Evansville, IN-KY MSA. (See 

chart EVA-3) 

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Webster County were estimated at 302.11 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 3.3% of the total 9219.13 tpy of the 

overall NOx onroad mobile source emissions from the Evansville, IN-KY MSA. (See 

chart EVA-9) 

Based on 2006 information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, 

commuting traffic from other counties into Webster County is 55.3% and classified as 

significant. The commuting traffic from Webster County into other counties is 

significant at 73.2%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Sources 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Webster County were estimated at 108.90 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 3.7% of the total 2978.57 tpy of the 

overall VOC nonroad mobile source emissions from the Evansville, IN-KY MSA. (See 

chart EVA-4)

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Webster County were estimated at 620.42 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 6.0% of the total 10394.50 tpy of the 

overall NOx nonroad mobile source emissions from the Evansville, IN-KY MSA. (See 

chart EVA-10) 

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Webster County were estimated at 434.30 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 4.5% of the total 9710.30 tpy of the overall 

VOC area source emissions from the Evansville, IN-KY MSA. (See chart EVA-2) 

Area source NOx emissions from Webster County were estimated at 59.65 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 3.4% of the total 1754.95 tpy of the overall NOx area 

source emissions from the Evansville, IN-KY MSA. (See chart EVA-8) 
9

Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire Kentucky and Indiana area of 

evaluation was performed using the 2005 NEI data. 

Charts EVA-5 and EVA-6 provide a comparison of VOC emissions across the entire 

region. 

Charts EVA-11 and EVA-12 provide a comparison of NOx emissions across the entire 

region. 

Conclusion and Recommendation 

For the 2006 – 2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in 

Webster County. 

In the Evansville, IN-KY MSA, Webster County contributes approximately: 

3⁄4 3.9% of total VOC emissions (25,561.46 tpy) 

3⁄4 13.9% of total NOx emissions (121,192.07 tpy) 

See charts EVA-6 for VOC, EVA-12 for NOx.

Based on data analysis, the pollutants of most concern regarding ozone formation are 

VOC and NOx. Webster County does not contribute a high concentration percentage 

for either of these precursors. These smaller percentage concentrations do not 

indicate a significant impact from Webster County on the violating monitors. See 

annual wind roses included in Figure 1. 

Several 48-hour back trajectory HYSPLITS for Kentucky have been included in a 

separate section for days in 2006-2008 when the 8-hour ambient monitoring 

concentration for ozone had their highest readings. These HYSPLITS show that for the 

majority of the time the air column is not impacted by Webster County and therefore 

does not affect the violating monitors.

The monitoring and emissions data and other documentation presented indicate that 

Webster County, Kentucky, does not contribute a significant amount of emissions that 

contribute to ozone formation in the Evansville, IN-KY MSA. 

Therefore, Webster County should be designated attainment for the 8-hour ozone 

standard.
10

Figure 1 

Kentucky Area Wind Rose Patterns 

2006-2008
Table 1

Evansville, IN-KY Area of Influence 

 3-year Average* of Annual 8-hour for Ozone 

(parts per million) 

Monitor 2006 2007 2008 3-year Average 

Kentucky County 

Henderson 21-101-0014 0.074 0.083 0.074 0.077 

Webster - - - n/a

Indiana County 

Vanderburgh 18-163-0012 0.075 0.085 0.074 0.078 

Vanderburgh 18-163-0013 0.081 0.088 0.072 0.080 

Warrick 18-173-0008 0.078 0.083 0.071 0.077 

Warrick 18-173-0009 0.070 0.080 0.064 0.071 

Warrick 18-173-0011 0.078 0.076 0.060 0.071 

Posey 18-129-0003 0.058 0.081 0.069 0.069 

Gibson - - - n/a 

* NAAQS 8-hour (3 year average of the 4th max value). 0.08ppm 

N/A indicates no monitor data for that county.

Table 2

Kentucky Portion of the Evansville, IN-KY MSA 

Population Growth Data 

County Census 2000 2006* %Growth

2000-2006 2015* %Growth2000 – 2015 

Henderson 44,829 45,666 1.9% 46,655 4.1% 

Webster 14,120 14,083 -0.3% 14,291 1.2% 

*U.S. Census Bureau projections to July 1, 2006 and 2015 

Table 3

Evansville, IN-KY MSA 

2006 Estimated Population Data

2006* % of Total 

Kentucky County of KY Portion of MSA 

Henderson 45,666 76.4% 13.0%

Webster 14,083 23.6% 4.0%

 KY Total 59,749 - 17.1%

Indiana County of IN Portion

Gibson 33,396 11.5% 9.53%

Posey 26,765 9.21% 7.64%

Vanderburgh 173,356 59.7% 49.5%

Warrick 57,090 19.6% 16.3%

IN Total 290,607 - 82.9%

MSA Total 350,356

*U.S. Census Bureau estimated for 2006. 
12

Table 4 

2005 NEI Evansville, IN-KY MSA 

Total VOC Emissions 

(tons per year) 

Table 5 

2005 NEI Evansville, IN-KY MSA 

Total NOx Emissions 

(tons per year) 

County NOx 

 Point Area Mobile Nonroad Total 

Henderson 781.04 350.51 1008.21 2889.27 5029.02

Webster 11049.55 59.65 302.11 620.42 12031.73

KY Total 11830.59 410.15 1310.31 3509.69 17060.75

Gibson, IN 30367.73 181.10 1071.19 1079.04 32699.05

Posey, IN 8095.89 115.42 1508.68 2043.21 11763.19

Vanderburgh, IN 198.48 870.97 3184.82 2503.89 6758.17

Warrick, IN 14478.36 177.30 2144.13 1258.68 18058.46

IN Total 53140.45 1344.79 7908.81 6884.81 69278.87

Total Emissions 64971.04 1754.95 9219.13 10394.50 86339.62

County VOC 

 Point Area Mobile Nonroad Total 

Henderson 426.28 1226.29 773.66 754.14 3180.37

Webster 160.24 434.30 192.67 108.90 896.10

KY Total 586.52 1660.59 966.32 863.04 4076.47

Gibson, IN 1321.04 1305.52 694.09 490.26 3810.91

Posey, IN 1061.84 1039.58 750.80 286.79 3139.00

Vanderburgh, IN 851.99 4112.23 2357.55 946.85 8268.63

Warrick, IN 621.01 1592.39 1144.23 391.63 3749.25

IN Total 3855.87 8049.72 4946.67 2115.53 18967.79

Total Emissions 4442.39 9710.30 5912.99 2978.57 23044.26
13

EVA-1 

EVA-2 
14

EVA-3 

EVA-4 
15

EVA-5 

EVA-6 
16

EVA-7 

EVA-8 
17

EVA-9 

EVA-10 
18

EVA-11 

EVA-12 
Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH, 

 MSA

Greenup

Boyd

The Huntington-Ashland WV-KY-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) is ranked 160th

in size among the MSAs within the United States. This MSA encompasses five counties, 

Boyd, Greenup Counties, Kentucky, Cabell and Wayne Counties, West Virginia, and 

Lawrence County, Ohio. 
2

BOYD, KENTUCKY

Boyd County is part of the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH, MSA. The county seat of 

Boyd County is Catlettsburg and its largest city is Ashland. Ashland is located 67 miles 

west of Charleston, West Virginia; 195 miles east of Louisville, Kentucky; 146 miles 

southeast of Cincinnati, Ohio; and 271 miles northeast of Knoxville, Tennessee. Boyd 

County is located west of Cabell County, West Virginia. 

Geography/Topography 

Boyd County covers a total land area of 160 square miles at the northeastern edge of 

Kentucky. It is situated along the Ohio River and Big Sandy River in the Appalachian 

foothills and is part of the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field Region. 

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division from the Ashland air 

monitoring site in Boyd County for the period 2006-2008 shows that the majority of 

the time the wind in the area came from the south/southwest, and typically at less 

than one mile per hour (See figure 1) According to the Huntington, West Virginia, 

Weather Station, the average high temperature for July for the area from 2006 

through 2008 was 86qF and the average low was 65qF. The average precipitation for 

the same period was 3.34 inches.

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Boyd County area resides with the 

Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for Boyd County 

is performed by the FIVCO Area Development District. 

Air Monitoring 

The Boyd County ozone monitor (21-019-0017) shows the 3-year average (2006-2008) 

of the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration is 

0.0747 parts per million, which achieves the 8-hour ozone National Ambient Air 

Quality Standard (NAAQS - 0.075 ppm).

However, because preliminary data indicates violations of the 8-hour ozone NAAQS in 

2006-2008 for the monitors in Greenup County, KY (21-089-0007), Cabell County, WV 

(54-011-0006), and Lawrence County, OH (39-087-0006), information for Boyd County 

is being presented in this document. 
3

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and the latest available for Boyd 

County, Kentucky. (See table 1) 

Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 49,371 persons 

living in Boyd County. (See table 3) That represents approximately 309 persons per 

square mile. The population of Boyd County is approximately 25.7% rural with 74.3% 

of the people living in incorporated areas. The largest city in Boyd County is Ashland. 

Boyd County’s population from 2000 through 2006 decreased by approximately 0.8% 

(49,752 to 49,371). The population in the county is expected to decrease overall by 

1.0% between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

Based on 2006 population data for the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH, MSA, Boyd 

County represents approximately 17.3% of the total population. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 2005 

National Emissions Inventory. (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from Boyd County were estimated at 2751.95 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 80.8% of the total 3406.15 tpy of the overall VOC 

point source emissions from the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA. (See chart HUN1)

Point source NOx emissions from Boyd County were estimated at 5109.31 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 56.7% of the total 9006.64 tpy of the overall NOx

point source emissions from the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA. (See chart HUN7)

Major point sources located within Boyd County are subject to New Source Review 

(NSR), non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 

requirements for sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source 

Performance Standards (NSPS). Sources are also subject to applicable requirements 

imposed by the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 

50:012 applies to sources statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources 

shall as a minimum apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and 

practical.”

In response to the USEPA’s CAIR, the KYDAQ developed rules to implement CAIR. 

Under the rule, Kentucky has emission caps as follows: 
4

x Annual NOx: 83,205 tons for 2009-2014 and 

69,337 tons for 2015 and each year thereafter; 

x Ozone season NOx: 36,109 tons for 2009-2014 and 

30,651 tons for 2015 and each year thereafter; 

x Annual SO2: 188,773 tons for 2010-2014 and 

 132,141 tons for 2015 and each year thereafter. 

The State’s NOx allocations have been distributed based on allocation methodologies 

in 401 KAR 52:210 and 220. The USEPA will determine the SO2 allocations, which are 

based on the acid rain program. For the most part the rules follow the USEPA’s model 

rule. This rule does not preclude the DAQ from adopting additional emission reduction 

requirements for covered sources if necessary to attain or maintain an ambient air 

quality standard. 

The KYDAQ CAIR regulations became effective February 2, 2007 and was approved to 

Kentucky’s SIP published October 4, 2007 (72 FR 56623) and effective December 3, 

2007.

Additionally, Catlettsburg Refining, LLC, in Boyd County applied for a revised permit 

in September 2003 for equipment changes and removal under the Refinery 

Modernization Project. The project involved the installation of new equipment and 

upgrading of existing equipment. This allowed the refinery to produce cleanerburning transportation fuels, to improve yields, to utilize a wider range of purchased 

feed materials, and to reduce fixed and operating costs. In addition, the project will 

substantially reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide from the refining 

operations.

Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Boyd County were estimated at 900.14 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 18.8% of the total 4787.73 tpy of the overall 

VOC onroad mobile source emissions from the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA. 

(See chart HUN-3) 

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Boyd County were estimated at 1394.01 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 20.6% of the total 6772.87 tpy of the overall 

NOx onroad mobile source emissions from the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA. 

(See chart HUN-9)

Based on information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, commuting 

traffic from other counties into Boyd County is 53.7% and classified as significant. 

The commuting traffic from Boyd County into other counties is high at 35%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more
5

Nonroad Sources 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Boyd County were estimated at 202.34 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 10.6% of the total 1909.47 tpy of the overall 

VOC nonroad mobile source emissions from the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA. 

(See chart HUN-4)

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Boyd County were estimated at 1263.38 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 12.7% of the total 9912.26 tpy of the 

overall NOx nonroad mobile source emissions from the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH 

MSA. (See chart HUN-10)

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Boyd County were estimated at 1384.82 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 13.4% of the total 10346.91 tpy of the overall VOC 

area source emissions from the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA. (See chart HUN2)

Area source NOx emissions from Boyd County were estimated at 272.77 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 15.4% of the total 1770.34 tpy of the overall NOx area 

source emissions from the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA. (See chart HUN-8) 

Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire Kentucky MSA was performed using 

the 2005 NEI data.

Charts HUN-5 and HUN-6 provide a comparison of VOC emissions across the entire 

region.

Charts HUN-11 and HUN-12 provide a comparison of NOx emissions across the entire 

region.

Conclusion and Recommendation 

Boyd County, based on 2006-2008 ozone monitoring and emissions data, is meeting 

the 8-hour ozone standard with a 3-year average of .074 parts per million (ppm).

In the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA, Boyd County contributes approximately: 

3⁄4 25.6% of total VOC emissions (20,450.26 tpy) 

3⁄4 29.3% of total NOx emissions (27,462.11 tpy) 

See charts HUN-6 for VOC and HUN-12 for NOx. 
6

Based on data analysis, the pollutants of most concern regarding ozone formation are 

VOC and NOx. Boyd County contributes a relatively moderate portion of the area’s 

VOC and NOx emissions.

Predominant wind patterns do not indicate an impact from Boyd County on the 

violating monitors. See annual wind roses included in Figure 1. Several 48-hour back 

trajectory HYSPLITS have been included in a separate section for days in 2006-2008 

when the 8-hour ambient monitoring concentration for ozone had their highest 

readings. These HYSPLITS show that for the majority of the time the air column is not 

impacted by Boyd County and therefore does not affect the violating monitors.

Since the monitor in Boyd County does not show a violation of the 8-hr ozone 

standard, and the level of total emissions provide a relatively moderate contribution 

of precursors, Boyd County should be designated attainment for the 8-hour ozone 

standard.
7

GREENUP COUNTY, KENTUCKY

Greenup County is part of the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH, MSA. Greenup, the 

county seat of Greenup County, is located 89 miles west of Charleston, West Virginia; 

192 miles east of Louisville, Kentucky; 123 miles southeast of Cincinnati, Ohio; and 

268 miles northeast of Knoxville, Tennessee. Greenup County is located west of 

Cabell County, West Virginia.

Geography/Topography 

Greenup County has a land area of 346 square miles. Greenup County is situated on 

the Ohio River in the Appalachian foothills and is part of the Eastern Kentucky Coal 

Field Region.

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division from the Boyd County, 

Kentucky air monitoring site for the period 2006-2008 shows that the majority of the 

time the wind in the area came from the south/southwest, and typically at less than 

one mile per hour. (See figure 1) According to the Huntington, West Virginia, 

Weather Station, the average high temperature for July for the area from 2006 

through 2008 was 86qF and the average low was 65qF. The average precipitation for 

the same period was 3.34 inches. 

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Greenup County area resides with the 

Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for Greenup 

County is performed by the FIVCO Area Development District. 

Air Monitoring 

The Greenup County ozone monitor (21-089-0007) shows the 3-year average (2006-

2008) of the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone 

concentration is 0.076 parts per million, which does not achieve the 8-hour ozone

National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS - 0.075 ppm).

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and the latest available for Greenup 

County, Kentucky (See table 1).

Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 37,374 persons 

living in Greenup County. (See table 3) That represents approximately 108 persons 
8

per square mile. The population of Greenup County is approximately 38.7% rural with 

61.3% of the people living in incorporated areas. The largest city in Greenup County 

is Flatwoods.

Greenup County’s population from 2000 through 2006 increased by approximately 

1.3% (36,891 to 37,374). The population in the county is expected to increase overall 

by 0.3% between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

Based on 2006 population data for the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA, Greenup 

County represents approximately 13.1% of the total population. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 2005 

National Emissions Inventory. (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from Greenup County were estimated at 146.23 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 4.3% of the total 3406.15 tpy of the overall 

VOC point source emissions from the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA. (See chart 

HUN-1)

Point source NOx emissions from Greenup County were estimated at 861.37 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 9.6% of the total 9006.64 tpy of the overall NOx

point source emissions from the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA. (See chart HUN7)

Major point sources located within Greenup County are subject to New Source Review 

(NSR), non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 

requirements for sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source 

Performance Standards (NSPS). Sources are also subject to applicable requirements 

imposed by the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 

50:012 applies to sources statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources 

shall as a minimum apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and 

practical.”

Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Greenup County were estimated at 593.40 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 12.4% of the total 4787.73 tpy of the 

overall VOC onroad mobile source emissions from the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH 

MSA. (See chart HUN-3) 

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Greenup County were estimated at 755.05 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 11.1% of the total 6772.87 tpy of the 
9

overall NOx onroad mobile source emissions from the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH 

MSA. (See chart HUN-9) 

Based on information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, commuting 

traffic from other counties into Greenup County is 48.2% and classified as high. The 

commuting traffic from Greenup County into other counties is significant at 67.1%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Sources 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Greenup County were estimated at 315.61 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 16.5% of the total 1909.47 tpy of the 

overall VOC nonroad mobile source emissions from the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH 

MSA. (See chart HUN-4)

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Greenup County were estimated at 

2068.67 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 20.9% of the total 9912.26 tpy of 

the overall NOx nonroad mobile source emissions from the Huntington-Ashland, WVKY-OH MSA. (See chart HUN-10) 

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Greenup County were estimated at 1345.87 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 13.0% of the total 10,346.91 tpy of the overall 

VOC area source emissions from the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA. (See chart 

HUN-2)

Area source NOx emissions from Greenup County were estimated at 144.68 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 8.2% of the total 1770.34 tpy of the overall NOx

area source emissions from the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA. (See chart HUN8)

Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire area of evaluation was performed 

using the 2005 NEI data.

Charts HUN-5 and HUN-6 provide a comparison of VOC emissions across the entire 

region.
10

Charts HUN-11 and HUN-12 provide a comparison of NOx emissions across the entire 

region.

Conclusion and Recommendation 

Greenup County, based on 2006-2008 ozone monitoring and emissions data, is not 

meeting the 8-hour ozone standard with a 3-year average of 0.076 parts per million 

(ppm). 

In the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA, Greenup County contributes 

approximately: 

3⁄4 11.7% of total VOC emissions (20,450.26 tpy) 

3⁄4 13.9% of total NOx emissions (27,462.11 tpy) 

See charts HUN-6 for VOC and HUN-12 for NOx.

Based on data analysis, the pollutants of most concern regarding ozone formation are 

VOC and NOx. Greenup County does not contribute a high concentration percentage 

for either of these precursors. 

Predominant wind patterns do not indicate an impact from Greenup County on the 

violating monitors. See annual wind roses included in Figure 1. 

The emissions data and other documentation presented indicate that Greenup County, 

Kentucky, does not contribute a significant amount of ozone or emissions that 

contribute to ozone formation in the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA. 

However, based on monitoring data showing a violation, Greenup County should be 

designated nonattainment for the 8-hour ozone standard. 
11

Figure 1

Kentucky Area Wind Rose Patterns 

2006-2008
Table 1

Kentucky portion of the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA 

 3-year Average* of 8-hour for ozone 

(parts per million) 

Monitor 2006 2007 2008 3-year Average 

Kentucky County 

Boyd .079 .072 .073 .074 

Greenup .077 .079 .074 .076 

*NAAQS 8-hour (3 year average of the 4th max value). 0.08ppm 

Table 2

Kentucky Portion of the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA 

Population Growth Data 

County Census 2000 2006* %Growth

2000-2006 2015* %Growth2000 – 2015 

Boyd 49,752 49,371 -0.8 49,266 -1.0 

Greenup 36,891 37,374 1.3 37,005 0.3 

*U.S. Census Bureau projections to July 1, 2006 and 2015 

Table 3

Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA 

2006 Estimated Population Data

2006* % of Total 

Kentucky County of KY Portion of MSA 

Boyd 49,371 56.9% 17.3%

Greenup 37,374 43.1% 13.1 %

 KY Total 86,745 - 30.4%

Ohio County of OH Portion

Lawrence 63,179 100% 22.1%

OH Total 63,179 - 22.1%

West Virginia County of WV Portion

Cabell 93,904 69.3% 32.9%

Wayne 41,647 30.7% 14.6%

WV Total 135,551 - 47.5%

MSA Total 285,475

*U.S. Census Bureau estimated for 2006. 
13

Table 4 

2005 NEI Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA 

Total VOC Emissions 

(tons per year) 

County VOC 

 Point Area Mobile Nonroad Total 

Boyd 2751.95 1384.82 900.14 202.34 5239.25

Greenup 146.23 1345.87 593.40 315.61 2401.12

KY Total 2898.18 2730.69 1493.55 517.96 7640.37

Lawrence, OH 70.92 2147.58 1194.65 190.73 3603.87

OH Total 70.92 2147.58 1194.65 190.73 3603.87

Cabell, WV 227.98 2679.57 1515.86 848.51 5271.93

Wayne, WV 209.07 2789.07 583.67 352.28 3934.10

WV Total 437.06 5468.65 2099.53 1200.79 9206.02

Total

Emissions 3406.15 10346.91 4787.73 1909.47 20450.26

Table 5 

2005 NEI Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA 

Total NOx Emissions 

(tons per year) 

County NOx 

 Point Area Mobile Nonroad Total 

Boyd 7045.88 38.95 1212.95 3319.05 11616.83

Greenup 920.84 36.36 965.32 2449.63 4372.15

Lawrence 14766.02 84.79 784.82 726.43 16362.06

KY Total 22732.74 160.10 2963.09 6495.12 32351.04

Lawrence, OH 0.00 215.84 2309.33 1037.34 3562.51

OH Total 0.00 215.84 2309.33 1037.34 3562.51

Cabell, WV 246.54 716.32 2987.76 1957.64 5908.26

Wayne, WV 3326.35 174.29 1089.34 3049.67 7639.65

WV Total 3572.89 890.61 4077.10 5007.31 13547.91

Total

Emissions 26305.63 1266.54 9349.52 12539.76 49461.46
14

HUN-1

, KY, 80.8%

Greenup, KY, 4.3%

Lawrence, OH, 2.

Cabell, WV, 6.7%

Wayne, WV, 6.1%

2005 NEI Huntington Ashland Point Source VOC Emissions 

HUN-2

Boyd, KY, 13.4%

Greenup, KY, 13.0%

Lawrence, OH, 

20.8%

Cabell, WV, 25.9%

Wayne, WV, 27.0%

2005 NEI Huntington Ashland Area Source VOC Emissions 
15

HUN-3

Greenup, KY, 12.4% Boyd, KY, 18.8%

Lawrence, OH, 

25.0%

Cabell, WV, 31.7%

Wayne, WV, 12.2%

2005 NEI Huntington Ashland Mobile Source VOC Emissions 

HUN-4

Boyd, KY, 10.6%

Greenup, KY, 16.5%

Lawrence, OH, 

10.0%

Cabell, WV, 44.4%

Wayne, WV, 18.4%

2005 NEI Huntington Ashland Nonroad Source VOC 

Emissions 
16

HUN-5

Boyd, KY, 25.6%

Greenup, KY, 11.7%

Lawrence, OH, 

17.6%

Cabell, WV, 25.8%

Wayne, WV, 19.

2005 NEI Huntington Ashland Total VOC Emissions

HUN-6

37.4%

17.6%

45.0% KY Total

OH Total

WV Total

2005 NEI Huntington Ashland Total VOC Emissions
17

HUN-7

Boyd, KY, 56.7%

Greenup, KY, 9.6%

Lawrence, OH, 0.

Cabell, WV, 2.7%

Wayne, WV, 30.2%

2005 NEI Huntington Ashland Point Source NOx Emissions 

HUN-8

Boyd, KY, 15.4%

Greenup, KY, 8.2%

Lawrence, OH, 

15.6%

Cabell, WV, 43.0%

Wayne, WV, 17.8%
18

HUN-9

Boyd, KY, 20.6% Greenup, KY, 11.1%

nce, OH, 

.9%

Cabell, WV, 33.9%

Wayne, WV, 12.

2005 NEI Huntington Ashland Mobile Source NOx Emissions 

HUN-10

Boyd, KY, 12.7%

Greenup, KY, 20.9%

nce, OH, 

.8%

Cabell, WV, 19.6%

Wayne, WV, 30.0%

2005 NEI Huntington Ashland Nonroad Source NOx Emissions 
19

HUN-11

Boyd, KY, 29.3%

Greenup, KY, 13.9%

Lawrence, OH, 

12.7%

Cabell, WV, 19.1%

Wayne, WV, 25.0%

2005 NEI Huntington Ashland Total NOx Emissions

HUN-12

43.2%

12.7%

44.0%

KY Total

OH Total

WV Total

2005 NEI Huntington Ashland Total NOx Emissions
Owensboro, KY, MSA

Hancock 

Daviess 

Mclean

The Owensboro, Kentucky Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) is ranked 341st in size 

among the MSAs within the United States. This MSA encompasses three counties, 

Daviess, Hancock, and McLean Counties, Kentucky. 
2

DAVIESS, KENTUCKY

Daviess County is part of the Owensboro, Kentucky, Metropolitan Statistical Area 

(MSA). Owensboro, the county seat of Daviess County, is located 40 miles southeast 

of Evansville, Indiana; 107 miles southwest of Louisville, Kentucky; 133 miles north of 

Nashville, Tennessee; and 205 miles southeast of St. Louis, Missouri. Daviess County 

is located southeast of Vanderburgh County, Indiana, and south-southwest of Dubois 

County, Indiana.

Geography/Topography 

Daviess County covers a total land area of 462 square miles in the Western Coal Field 

Region of Kentucky. The Ohio River forms the northern boundary of the county and 

the Green River flows along part of the western border. 

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division from the Owensboro air 

monitoring site in Daviess County for the period 2006-2008 shows that the majority of 

the time the wind in the area came from the southeast , and typically at 4-7 miles per 

hour (See figure 1) According to the University of Kentucky Agricultural Weather 

Center, the average high temperature for July for the area from 2006 through 2008 

was 88qF and the average low was 66qF. The average precipitation for the same 

period was 5.4 inches.

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Daviess County area resides with the 

Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for Daviess 

County is performed by the Owensboro Metropolitan Planning Organization. 

Air Monitoring 

The Daviess County ozone monitor (21-059-0005) shows the 3-year average (2006-

2008) of the annual 98th percentile of the 8-hour average is 0.078 parts per million, 

which does not achieve the 8-hour ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard 

(NAAQS - 0.075 parts per million).

There is an additional ozone monitor (21-091-0012) in Hancock County, Kentucky, 

which shows an annual average design value of 0.076 parts per million.
3

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and is the latest available for Daviess 

County, Kentucky. (See table 1) 

Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 93,613 persons 

living in Daviess County. (See table 3) That represents approximately 203 persons 

per square mile. The population of Daviess County is approximately 26.2% rural with 

73.8% of the people living in incorporated areas. The largest city in Daviess County is 

Owensboro.

Daviess County’s population from 2000 through 2006 increased by approximately 2.3% 

(91,549 to 93,613). The population in the county is expected to increase overall by 

6.1% between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

Based on 2006 population data for the Owensboro, KY MSA, Daviess County represents 

approximately 83.5% of the total population in the MSA. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 2005 

National Emissions Inventory (NEI). (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from Daviess County were estimated at 2514.01 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 82.5% of the total 3045.57 tpy of the overall 

VOC point source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See chart OWE-1) 

Point source NOx emissions from Daviess County were estimated at 8185.33 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 59.6% of the total 13736.87 tpy of the overall 

NOx point source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See chart OWE-6) 

Major point sources located within Daviess County are subject to New Source Review 

(NSR), non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 

requirements for sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source 

Performance Standards (NSPS). Sources are also subject to applicable requirements 

imposed by the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 

50:012 applies to sources statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources 

shall as a minimum apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and 

practical.”
4

Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Daviess County were estimated at 1216.68 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 82.9% of the total 1467.23 tpy of the 

overall VOC onroad mobile source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See chart 

OWE-3)

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Daviess County were estimated at 1534.94 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 79.6% of the total 1928.71 tpy of the 

overall NOx onroad mobile source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See chart 

OWE-8)

Based on 2006 information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, 

commuting traffic from other counties into Daviess County is 29.7% and classified as 

minimal. The commuting traffic from Daviess County into other counties is minimal 

at 27.9%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Sources 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Daviess County were estimated at 833.96 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 71.4% of the total 1168.76 tpy of the 

overall VOC nonroad mobile source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See 

chart OWE-4)

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Daviess County were estimated at 1507.39 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 38.4% of the total 3929.17 tpy of the 

overall NOx nonroad mobile source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See chart 

OWE-9)

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Daviess County were estimated at 1917.91 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 80.6% of the total 2380.62 tpy of the overall 

VOC area source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See chart OWE-2) 

Area source NOx emissions from Daviess County were estimated at 477.60 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 79.5% of the total 600.66 tpy of the overall NOx area 

source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See chart OWE-7) 
5

Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire Kentucky area of evaluation was 

performed using the 2005 NEI data.

Chart OWE-5 provides a comparison of VOC emissions across the entire region. 

Chart OWE-10 provides a comparison of NOx emissions across the entire region. 

Conclusion and Recommendation 

Daviess County, based on 2006 – 2008 ozone monitoring and emissions data, is not 

meeting the 8-hour ozone standard with a 3-year average of 0.078 parts per million.

In the Owensboro, KY MSA, Daviess County contributes approximately: 

3⁄4 80.4% of total VOC emissions (6599.10 tpy) 

3⁄4 58.0% of total NOx emissions (13797.57 tpy) 

See charts OWE-5 for VOC, OWE-10 for NOx.

Based on data analysis, the pollutants of most concern regarding ozone formation are 

VOC and NOx. Daviess County contributes a relatively large portion of the area’s VOC 

and NOx emissions.

Based on the monitoring and emissions data, Daviess County should be designated 

nonattainment for the 8-hour ozone standard.
6

HANCOCK COUNTY, KENTUCKY

Hancock County is part of the Owensboro, Kentucky, Metropolitan Statistical Area 

(MSA). Hancock County is located along the Ohio River at the edge of the Western 

Kentucky Coal Field region. 

Geography/Topography 

Hancock County has a land area of 188 square miles. Hawesville, the county seat of 

Hancock County is located 156 miles north of Nashville, Tennessee; 75 miles 

southwest of Louisville, Kentucky; and 224 miles southeast of St. Louis, Missouri. 

Hancock County is located southeast of Vanderburgh County, Indiana, and south of 

Dubois County, Indiana.

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division from the Daviess 

County, Kentucky air monitoring site for the period 2006-2008 shows that the majority 

of the time the wind in the area came from the southeast, and typically at 4-7 miles 

per hour. (See figure 1) According to the University of Kentucky Agricultural Weather 

Center, the average high temperature for July for the area from 2006 through 2008 

was 88qF and the average low was 66qF. The average precipitation for the same 

period was 5.4 inches. 

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Hancock County area resides with the 

Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for Hancock 

County is performed by the Green River Area Development District (GRADD) in 

partnership with the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. 

Air Monitoring 

The Daviess County ozone monitor (21-059-0005) shows the 3-year average (2006-

2008) of the annual 98th percentile of the 8-hour average is 0.078 parts per million, 

which does not achieve the 8-hour ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard 

(NAAQS - 0.075 parts per million).

There is an additional ozone monitor (21-091-0012) in Hancock County, Kentucky, 

which shows an annual average design value of 0.076 parts per million.

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and is the latest available for 

Hancock County, Kentucky. (See table 1) 
7

Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 8,636 persons 

living in Hancock County. (See table 3) That represents approximately 46 persons per 

square mile. The population of Hancock County is approximately 89.1% rural with 

11.0% of the people living in incorporated areas. The largest city in Hancock County 

is Lewisport. 

Hancock County’s population from 2000 through 2006 increased by approximately 

2.9% (8,392 to 8,636). The population in the county is expected to increase overall by 

4.1% between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

Based on 2006 population data for the Owensboro, KY, MSA, Hancock County 

represents approximately 7.7% of the total population in the MSA. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 2005 

National Emissions Inventory (NEI). (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from Hancock County were estimated at 529.23 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 17.4% of the total 3045.57 tpy of the overall 

VOC point source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See chart OWE-1) 

Point source NOx emissions from Hancock County were estimated at 5545.51 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 40.4% of the total 13736.87 tpy of the overall 

NOx point source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See chart OWE-6) 

Major point sources located within Hancock County are subject to New Source Review 

(NSR), non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 

requirements for sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source 

Performance Standards (NSPS). Sources are also subject to applicable requirements 

imposed by the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 

50:012 applies to sources statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources 

shall as a minimum apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and 

practical.”

Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Hancock County were estimated at 110.13 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 7.5% of the total 1467.23 tpy of the 

overall VOC onroad mobile source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See chart 

OWE-3)
8

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Hancock County were estimated at 172.51 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 8.9% of the total 1928.71 tpy of the 

overall NOx onroad mobile source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See chart 

OWE-8)

Based on 2006 information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, 

commuting traffic from other counties into Hancock County is 63.7% and classified as 

significant. The commuting traffic from Hancock County into other counties is 

significant at 56.4%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Sources 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Hancock County were estimated at 255.17 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 21.8% of the total 1168.76 tpy of the 

overall VOC nonroad mobile source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See chart 

OWE-4)

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Hancock County were estimated at 

2198.68 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 56.0% of the total 3929.17 tpy of 

the overall NOx nonroad mobile source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See 

chart OWE-9) 

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Hancock County were estimated at 275.43 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 11.6% of the total 2380.62 tpy of the overall 

VOC area source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See chart OWE-2) 

Area source NOx emissions from Hancock County were estimated at 97.20 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 16.2% of the total 600.66 tpy of the overall NOx area 

source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See chart OWE-7) 

Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire area of evaluation was performed 

using the 2005 NEI data.

Chart OWE-5 provides a comparison of VOC emissions across the entire region. 

Chart OWE-10 provides a comparison of NOx emissions across the entire region. 
9

Conclusion and Recommendation 

Hancock County, based on 2006 – 2008 ozone monitoring and emissions data, is not 

meeting the 8-hour ozone standard with a 3-year average of 0.076 parts per million.

In the Owensboro, KY MSA, Hancock County contributes approximately: 

3⁄4 14.5% of total VOC emissions (2058.36 tpy) 

3⁄4 39.7% of total NOx emissions (11,962.17 tpy) 

See charts OWE-5 for VOC, OWE-10 for NOx.

Based on data analysis, the pollutants of most concern regarding ozone formation are 

VOC and NOx. Hancock County does not contribute a relatively large portion of the 

area’s VOC or NOx emissions.

The 48-hour back trajectory HYSPLITS for Indiana and Kentucky have been included in 

a separate section for all days in 2006-2008 when the 24-hour ambient monitoring 

concentration for ozone exceeded 0.075 parts per million. Based on the wind 

directions indicated by these HYSPLITS on violating days at the Indiana monitors, it 

does not appear that emissions in Hancock County had an impact on the monitor 

violations in Vanderburgh or Dubois County, Indiana.

The substantial geographical distance between Hancock County and the two violating 

monitors in Indiana precludes Hancock County from having a significant impact on 

these monitors. 

The emissions data and other documentation presented indicate that Hancock County, 

Kentucky, does contribute a significant amount of emissions that contribute to ozone 

formation in the Owensboro, KY, MSA. 

However, based on the monitoring data showing a violation, Hancock County should 

be designated nonattainment for the 8-hour ozone standard.
10

MCLEAN COUNTY, KENTUCKY

McLean County is part of the Owensboro, Kentucky, Metropolitan Statistical Area 

(MSA). McLean County is located in the Western Kentucky Coal Field Region.

Geography/Topography 

McLean County has a land area of 254 square miles. Calhoun, the county seat of 

McLean County, is located 21 miles south of Owensboro, Kentucky; 55 miles southeast 

of Evansville, Indiana; 125 miles southwest of Louisville, Kentucky; and 142 miles 

north of Nashville, Tennessee. McLean County is located southeast of Vanderburgh 

County, Indiana, and southwest of Dubois County, Indiana.

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division from the Daviess 

County, Kentucky air monitoring site for the period 2006-2008 shows that the majority 

of the time the wind in the area came from the southeast, and typically at 4-7 miles 

per hour. (See figure 1) According to the University of Kentucky Agricultural Weather 

Center, the average high temperature for July for the area from 2006 through 2008 

was 88qF and the average low was 66qF. The average precipitation for the same 

period was 5.4 inches. 

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the McLean County area resides with the 

Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for McLean 

County is performed by the Green River Area Development District (GRADD) in 

partnership with the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. 

Air Monitoring 

For the 2006 – 2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in 

McLean County. 

The Daviess County ozone monitor (21-059-0005) shows the 3-year average (2006-

2008) of the annual 98th percentile of the 8-hour average is 0.078 parts per million, 

which does not achieve the 8-hour ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard 

(NAAQS - 0.075 parts per million).

There is an additional ozone monitor (21-091-0012) in Hancock County, Kentucky, 

which shows an annual average design value of 0.076 parts per million.
11

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and is the latest available. (See 

table 1) 

Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 9,844 persons 

living in McLean County. (See table 3) That represents approximately 39 persons per 

square mile. The population of McLean County is approximately 100% rural with 0% of 

the people living in incorporated areas. The largest cities in McLean County are 

Calhoun and Livermore. 

McLean County’s population from 2000 through 2006 decreased by approximately 0.9% 

(9,934 to 9,844). The population in the county is expected to increase overall by 1.3% 

between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

Based on 2006 population data for the Owensboro, KY, MSA, McLean County 

represents approximately 8.8% of the total population in the MSA. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 2005 

National Emissions Inventory (NEI). (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from McLean County were estimated at 2.33 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 0.1% of the total 3045.57 tpy of the overall VOC point 

source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See chart OWE-1) 

Point source NOx emissions from McLean County were estimated at 6.02 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately zero percent of the total 13736.87 tpy of the overall 

NOx point source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See chart OWE-6) 

Major point sources located within McLean County are subject to New Source Review 

(NSR), non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 

requirements for sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source 

Performance Standards (NSPS). Sources are also subject to applicable requirements 

imposed by the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 

50:012 applies to sources statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources 

shall as a minimum apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and 

practical.”

Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from McLean County were estimated at 140.42 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 9.6% of the total 1467.23 tpy of the 
12

overall VOC onroad mobile source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See chart 

OWE-3)

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from McLean County were estimated at 221.26 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 11.5% of the total 1928.71 tpy of the 

overall NOx onroad mobile source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See chart 

OWE-8)

Based on 2006 information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, 

commuting traffic from other counties into McLean County is 52.8% and classified as 

significant. The commuting traffic from McLean County into other counties is 

significant at 74.4%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Sources 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from McLean County were estimated at 79.63 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 6.8% of the total 1168.76 tpy of the 

overall VOC nonroad mobile source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See chart 

OWE-4)

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from McLean County were estimated at 223.09 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 5.7% of the total 3929.17 tpy of the 

overall NOx nonroad mobile source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See chart 

OWE-9)

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from McLean County were estimated at 187.29 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 7.9% of the total 2380.62 tpy of the overall VOC area 

source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See chart OWE-2) 

Area source NOx emissions from McLean County were estimated at 25.86 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 4.3% of the total 600.66 tpy of the overall NOx area 

source emissions from the Owensboro, KY MSA. (See chart OWE-7) 

Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the area of evaluation was performed using the 

2005 NEI data.
13

Chart OWE-5 provides a comparison of VOC emissions across the entire region. 

Chart OWE-10 provides a comparison of NOx emissions across the entire region. 

Conclusion and Recommendation 

For the 2006 – 2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in 

McLean County.

In the Owensboro, KY MSA, McLean County contributes approximately: 

3⁄4 5.1% of total VOC emissions (660.62 tpy) 

3⁄4 2.4% of total NOx emissions (793.88 tpy) 

See charts OWE-5 for VOC, OWE-10 for NOx.

Based on data analysis, the pollutants of most concern regarding ozone formation are 

VOC and NOx. McLean County does not contribute a high concentration percentage for 

either of these precursors. These smaller percentage concentrations do not indicate 

a significant impact from McLean County on the violating monitors. 

Several 48-hour back trajectory HYSPLITS for Kentucky have been included in a 

separate section for days in 2006-2008 when the 8-hour ambient monitoring 

concentration for ozone had their highest readings. These HYSPLITS show that for the 

majority of the time the air column is not impacted by McLean County and therefore 

does not affect the violating monitors.

The emissions data and other documentation presented indicate that McLean County, 

Kentucky, does not contribute a significant amount of emissions that contribute to 

ozone formation in the Owensboro, KY, MSA. 

Therefore, McLean County should be designated attainment for the 8-hour ozone 

standard.
Figure 1 

Kentucky Area Wind Rose Patterns 

2006-2008
Table 1

Owensboro, KY Area of Influence 

 3-year Average* of Annual 8-hour for Ozone 

(parts per million) 

Monitor 2006 2007 2008 3-year Average 

Kentucky County 

Daviess 21-059-0005 0.075 0.086 0.072 0.078 

Hancock 0.076 0.081 0.072 0.076 

McLean N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Indiana County

Dubois 18-037-0004 N/A 33.6 35.2 N/A 

Dubois 18-037-0005 N/A 32.2 36.2 N/A 

Dubois 18-037-2001 41.2 31.6 34.7 35.8 

Vanderburgh 18-163-0006 42.5 30.5 34.4 35.8 

Vanderburgh 18-163-0012 41.5 27.9 29.9 33.1 

Vanderburgh 18-163-0016 37.0 29.5 31.5 32.7 

* NAAQS 8-hour (3 year average of the 4th max value). 0.08ppm 

N/A indicates no monitor data for that county.

Table 2

Kentucky Portion of the Owensboro, KY MSA 

Population Growth Data 

County Census 2000 2006* %Growth

2000-2006 2015* %Growth2000 – 2015 

Daviess 91,549 93,613 2.3 97,166 6.1 

Hancock 8,392 8,636 2.9 8,734 4.1 

McLean 9,934 9,844 -0.9 10,058 1.3 

*U.S. Census Bureau projections to July 1, 2006 and 2015 

Table 3

Owensboro, KY MSA 

2006 Estimated Population Data

Kentucky County 2006* % of Total MSA 

Daviess 93,613 83.5%

Hancock 8,636 7.7%

McLean 9,844 8.8%

 Total 112,093 100%

*U.S. Census Bureau estimated for 2006. 
16

Table 4 

2005 NEI Owensboro, KY MSA 

Total VOC Emissions 

(tons per year) 

County VOC 

 Point Area Mobile Nonroad Total 

Daviess 2514.01 1917.91 1216.68 833.96 6482.56

Hancock 529.23 275.43 110.13 255.17 1169.96

McLean 2.33 187.29 140.42 79.63 409.67

Total Emissions 3045.57 2380.62 1467.23 1168.76 8062.19

Table 5 

2005 NEI Owensboro, KY MSA 

Total NOx Emissions 

(tons per year) 

County NOx 

 Point Area Mobile Nonroad Total 

Daviess 8185.33 477.60 1534.94 1507.39 11705.27

Hancock 5545.51 97.20 172.51 2198.68 8013.90

McLean 6.02 25.86 221.26 223.09 476.23

Total Emissions 13736.87 600.66 1928.71 3929.17 20195.40
17

OWE-1

OWE-2
18

OWE-3

OWE-4
19

OWE-5

OWE-6
20

OWE-7

OWE-8
21

OWE-9

OWE-10
Louisville Area of Evaluation, KY-IN 

The Louisville area of evaluation includes the Louisville, KY Metropolitan Statistical Area 

(MSA), which is ranked the 42nd largest MSA in the United States. This MSA encompasses 

thirteen counties, Clark, Floyd, Harrison, and Washington Counties, Indiana and Bullitt, 

Henry, Jefferson, Meade, Nelson, Oldham, Shelby, Spencer, and Trimble Counties, 

Kentucky.

The Louisville area of evaluation for the purposes of proposing boundary designations for 

the new 8-hour ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard will also include the following: 

Hardin County, Kentucky and Jefferson County, Indiana. 

Hardin 

Nelson

Meade 

Bullitt 

Spencer 

Shelby 

Oldham 

Trimble 

Henry

Jefferson 

Harrison 

Washington 

Floyd 

Clark 

Jefferson 
2

BULLITT COUNTY, KENTUCKY

Bullitt County is part of the Louisville, KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) and is on 

the I-65 South interstate corridor. It is located directly south of Jefferson County, 

southwest of Spencer County, northwest of Nelson County, and northeast of Hardin County. 

Geography/Topography 

Bullitt County has a land area of 299 square miles. The Ohio River touches the western 

county border. The county is geographically at the junction of the Outer Bluegrass and the 

Knobs Regions in north central Kentucky. The county is divided by the north-south I-65 

interstate corridor. 

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division from the Bullitt County air 

monitoring site for the period 2006-2008 shows that the majority of the time the wind in 

the area came from the south/southwest, and typically at 1-4 miles per hour. (See figure 1) 

According to the University of Kentucky Agricultural Weather Center, the average high 

temperature for July for the area from 2006 through 2008 was 87qF and the average low 

was 67qF. The average precipitation for the same period was 5.29 inches. 

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Bullitt County area resides with the Kentucky 

Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for Bullitt County is performed 

by the Kentuckiana Regional Planning and Development Agency (KIPDA) and the Kentucky 

Transportation Cabinet. 

Air Monitoring 

The Bullitt County ozone monitor (21-029-0006) shows the 3-year average (2006-2008) of 

the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration is 0.0727 

parts per million, which achieves the 8-hour ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard 

(NAAQS - 0.075 ppm). 

However, because ozone monitors in Jefferson County and Oldham County, Kentucky, and 

Clark County and Floyd County, Indiana have 8-hour ozone average values exceeding the 

NAAQS, information for Bullitt County is being presented in this document. 
3

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and the latest available for Bullitt County, 

Kentucky. (See table 1) 

Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 72,851 persons living in 

Bullitt County. (See table 3) That represents approximately 243 persons per square mile. 

The population of Bullitt County is approximately 35.4% rural with 64.6% of the people 

living in incorporated areas. The largest cities in Bullitt County are Mt. Washington and 

Shepherdsville. 

Bullitt County’s population from 2000 through 2006 increased by approximately 19% (61,236 

to 72,851). The population in the county is expected to increase overall by 27.7% between 

2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

Based on 2006 population data for the Louisville area, Bullitt County represents 

approximately 5.4% of the total population in the area of evaluation and 6.8% of the 

Kentucky portion of the area. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 2005 NEI 

modeling inventories. (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from Bullitt County were estimated at 3020.47 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 14.7% of the total 20,541.86 tpy of the overall VOC point 

source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-1) 

Point source NOx emissions from Bullitt County were estimated at 221.70 tpy in 2005, which 

represents 0.6% of the total 36,070.82 tpy of the overall NOx point source emissions from 

the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-7) 

Major point sources located within Bullitt County are subject to New Source Review (NSR), 

non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 

requirements for sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source Performance 

Standards (NSPS). Sources are also subject to applicable requirements imposed by the 

Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 50:012 applies to 

sources statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources shall as a minimum 

apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and practical.”
4

Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Bullitt County were estimated at 1051.30 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 5.9% of the total 17,805.14 tpy of the overall VOC 

onroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-3) 

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Bullitt County were estimated at 2039.60 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 5.9% of the total 34,517.20 tpy of the overall NOx

onroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-9) 

Based on information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, commuting 

traffic from other counties into Bullitt County is 55.0% and classified as significant. The 

commuting traffic from Bullitt County into other counties is significant at 79.6%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Sources 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Bullitt County were estimated at 546.18 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 7.8% of the total 7032.77 tpy of the overall VOC 

nonroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-4) 

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Bullitt County were estimated at 611.41 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 3% of the total 20,658.44 tpy of the overall NOx

nonroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-10)

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Bullitt County were estimated at 1549.01 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 4.8% of the total 32,332.19 tpy of the overall VOC area 

source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-2)

Area source NOx emissions from Bullitt County were estimated at 276.08 tpy in 2005, which 

represents approximately 5.1% of the total 5448.93 tpy of the overall NOx area source 

emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-8) 
5

Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire Kentucky and Indiana area of evaluation 

was performed using the 2005 NEI Emission Inventory data.

Charts Lou-5 and Lou-6 provide a comparison of VOC emissions across the entire region. 

Charts Lou-11 and Lou-12 provide a comparison of NOx emissions across the entire region. 

Conclusion and Recommendation 

Bullitt County, based on 2006-2008 ozone monitoring data, is meeting the 8-hour ozone

standard with a 3-year average of 0.072 parts per million. 

In the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN, Bullitt County contributes approximately: 

3⁄4 7.9% of total VOC emissions (77,711.97 tpy) 

3⁄4 3.3% of total NOx emissions (96,695.39 tpy) 

See charts Lou-6 for VOC and Lou-12 for NOx.

Bullitt County contributes a relatively very small portion of the area’s NOx emissions (3.3%) 

and VOC emissions (7.9%). 

Several 48-hour back trajectory HYSPLITS for Kentucky have been included in a separate 

section for days in 2006-2008 when the 8-hour ambient monitoring concentration for ozone 

had their highest readings. These HYSPLITS show that for the majority of the time the air 

column is not impacted by Bullitt County and therefore does not affect the violating 

monitors.

The monitoring and emissions data and other documentation presented indicate that Bullitt 

County, Kentucky, does not contribute a significant amount of emissions that contribute to 

ozone formation in the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. 

Therefore, Bullitt County should be designated attainment for the 8-hour ozone standard.
6

OLDHAM COUNTY, KENTUCKY

Oldham County is part of the Louisville, Kentucky-Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area 

(MSA) and is on the I-71 North-South interstate corridor. It is located to the northeast of 

Jefferson County, to the southwest of Trimble County, to the west of Henry County, and to 

the northwest of Shelby County. It is also to the southeast of Clark County, Indiana. 

Geography/Topography 

Oldham County has a land area of 189 square miles. The Ohio River forms the 

northwestern boundary of the county. The county geographically is in the Outer Bluegrass 

Region. 

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division from the Bullitt County air 

monitoring site for the period 2006-2008 shows that the majority of the time the wind in 

the area came from the south/southwest, and typically at 1-4 miles per hour. (See figure 1) 

According to the University of Kentucky Agricultural Weather Center, the average high 

temperature for July for the area from 2006 through 2008 was 87qF and the average low 

was 67qF. The average precipitation for the same period was 5.29 inches. 

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Oldham County area resides with the Kentucky 

Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for Oldham County is performed 

by the Kentuckiana Regional Planning and Development Agency (KIPDA) and the Kentucky 

Transportation Cabinet. 

Air Monitoring 

The Oldham County ozone monitor (21-185-0004) shows the 3-year average (2006-2008) of 

the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration is 0.081 

parts per million, which does not achieve the 8-hour ozone National Ambient Air Quality 

Standard (NAAQS - 0.075 ppm).

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and the latest available for Oldham 

County, Kentucky. (See table 1) 
7

Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 55,285 persons living in 

Oldham County. (See table 3) That represents approximately 292 persons per square mile. 

The population of Oldham County is approximately 34.8% rural with 65.2% of the people 

living in incorporated areas. The largest cities in Oldham County are LaGrange and 

Crestwood.

Oldham County’s population from 2000 through 2006 increased by approximately 18.6% 

(46,178 to 55,285). The population in the county is expected to increase overall by 37.5% 

between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

Based on 2006 population data for the Louisville area, Oldham County represents 

approximately 4.1% of the total population in the area of evaluation and 5.1% of the 

Kentucky portion of the area. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 2005 NEI 

modeling inventories. (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Source 

Point source VOC emissions from Oldham County were estimated at 74.46 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 2.3% of the total 20,541.986 tpy of the overall VOC point 

source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-1) 

Point source NOx emissions from Oldham County were estimated at 39.96 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 0.1% of the total 36,070.82 tpy of the overall NOx point 

source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-7)

Major point sources located within Oldham County are subject to New Source Review 

(NSR), non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 

requirements for sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source Performance 

Standards (NSPS). Sources are also subject to applicable requirements imposed by the 

Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 50:012 applies to 

sources statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources shall as a minimum 

apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and practical.”

Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Oldham County were estimated at 695.27 tons 

per year in 2005, which represents approximately 3.9% of the total 17,805.14 of the overall 
8

VOC onroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation. (See chart Lou3)

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Oldham County were estimated at 1128.14 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 3.3% of the total 34,617.20 tpy of the overall NOx

onroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-9) 

Based on information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, commuting 

traffic from other counties into Oldham County is 58.1% and classified as significant. The 

commuting traffic from Oldham County into other counties is significant at 76.0%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Mobile 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Oldham County were estimated at 396.34 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 5.6% of the total 7032.77 tpy of the overall VOC 

nonroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-4) 

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Oldham County were estimated at 1734.25 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 8.4% of the total 20,658.44 tpy of the overall NOx

nonroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-10)

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Oldham County were estimated at 624.82 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 1.9% of the total 32,332.19 tpy of the overall VOC area 

source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-2) 

Area source NOx emissions from Oldham County were estimated at 142.70 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 2.6% of the total 5448.93 tpy of the overall NOx area 

source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-8) 

Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire Kentucky and Indiana area of evaluation 

was performed using the 2005 NEI Emission Inventory data.
9

Charts Lou-5 and Lou-6 provide a comparison of VOC emissions across the entire region. 

Charts Lou-11 and Lou-12 provide a comparison of NOx emissions across the entire region. 

Conclusion and Recommendation 

Oldham County, based on 2006-2008 ozone monitoring data, is not meeting the 8-hour 

ozone standard with a 3-year average of 0.0813 parts per million. 

In the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN, Oldham County contributes approximately: 

3⁄4 3.0% of total VOC emissions (77,711.97 tpy) 

3⁄4 2.6% of total NOx emissions (96,695.39 tpy) 

See charts Lou-6 for VOC and Lou-12 for NOx.

Oldham County contributes a very small portion of the area’s NOx emissions (3%) and VOC 

emissions (2.6%).

Several 48-hour back trajectory HYSPLITS for the Oldham County monitor have been 

included in a separate section for days in 2006-2008 when the 8-hour ambient monitoring 

concentration for ozone had their highest readings. These HYSPLITS show that for the 

majority of the time the air column is impacted by Jefferson County and the Gallagher 

Power Station in Indiana, and therefore emissions from Oldham County do not affect the 

violating monitor.

The emissions data and other documentation presented indicate that Oldham County, 

Kentucky, does not contribute a significant amount of emissions that contribute to ozone 

formation in the Louisville area of evaluation. 

Based on the emissions data and an analysis of the back trajectories, Oldham County should 

be designated attainment for the 8-hour ozone standard.
10

JEFFERSON COUNTY, KENTUCKY

Jefferson County is part of the Louisville, Kentucky-Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area 

(MSA) and is located at the intersection of the I-65 North-South, I-71 North-South, and I-64 

East-West interstate corridors in central Kentucky. 

Geography/Topography 

Jefferson County has a land area of 385 square miles and is the central county in the 

Kentucky portion of the Louisville MSA. The Ohio River forms the northern border of 

Jefferson County. It is located to the southwest of Oldham, to the west of Shelby County, 

to the northwest of Spencer County, and to the north of Bullitt County. It is also to the 

south of Clark County, Indiana, to the southeast of Floyd County, Indiana, and to the east 

of Harrison County, Indiana. 

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division from the Bullitt County air 

monitoring site for the period 2006-2008 shows that the majority of the time the wind in 

the area came from the south/southwest, and typically at 1-4 miles per hour. (See figure 1) 

According to the University of Kentucky Agricultural Weather Center, the average high 

temperature for July for the area from 2006 through 2008 was 87qF and the average low 

was 67qF. The average precipitation for the same period was 5.29 inches. 

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Jefferson County resides with the Louisville 

Metro Air Pollution Control District, while the Kentucky Environmental and Public Cabinet 

provides oversight. Transportation planning for Jefferson County is performed by the 

Kentuckiana Regional Planning and Development Agency (KIPDA).

Air Monitoring 

For the 2006-2008 monitoring period, Jefferson County had three ozone monitors, two of 

which had values exceeding the 8-hour ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard 

(NAAQS - 0.075 ppm). The 3-year average (2006-2008) of the annual fourth-highest daily 

maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration at monitors 21-111-0051, 21-111-0027, and 

21-111-1021 was 0.0790 ppm, 0.0773 ppm, and 0.0713 ppm, respectively. 

A violation of the 8-hour ozone NAAQS for 2006-2008 was additionally documented in Clark 

County and Floyd County, Indiana. 
11

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and the latest available for Jefferson 

County, Kentucky. (See table 1) 

Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 701,500 persons living in 

Jefferson County. (See table3) That represents approximately 1822 persons per square 

mile. The population of Jefferson County is approximately 1.9% rural with 98.2% of the 

people living in incorporated areas. The largest city in Jefferson County is Louisville. 

Jefferson County’s population from 2000 through 2006 increased by approximately 1.1% 

(693,604 to 701,500). The population in the county is expected to increase overall by 4.4% 

between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

Based on 2006 population data for the Louisville area, Jefferson County represents 

approximately 51.9% of the total population in the area of evaluation and 65.1% of the 

Kentucky portion of the area. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 2005 NEI 

modeling inventories. (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from Jefferson County were estimated at 8832.04 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 43% of the total 20,541.86 tpy of the overall VOC point 

source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-1) 

Point source NOx emissions from Jefferson County were estimated at 25,008.46 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 69.3% of the total 36,070.82 tpy of the overall NOx point 

source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-7) 

Major point sources located within Jefferson County are subject to New Source Review 

(NSR), non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 

requirements for sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source Performance 

Standards (NSPS). Sources are also subject to applicable requirements imposed by the 

Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 50:012 applies to 

sources statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources shall as a minimum 

apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and practical.”
12

Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Jefferson County were estimated at 9891.07 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 55.6% of the total 17,805.14 tpy of the overall 

VOC onroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See 

chart Lou-3)

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Jefferson County were estimated at 20,329.75 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 58.9% of the total 34,517.20 tpy of the overall 

NOx onroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See 

chart Lou-9)

Based on information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, commuting 

traffic from other counties into Jefferson County is 32.7% and classified as high. The 

commuting traffic from Jefferson County into other counties is minimal at 16.1%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Mobile 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Jefferson County were estimated at 3254.28 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 46.3% of the total 7032.77 tpy of the overall 

VOC nonroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See 

chart Lou-4)

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Jefferson County were estimated at 9265.81 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 58.9% of the total 20,658.44 tpy of the overall NOx

nonroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-10)

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Jefferson County were estimated at 18,969.49 tpy 2005, 

which represents approximately 58.7% of the total 32,332.19 tpy of the overall VOC area 

source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-2) 

Area source NOx emissions from Jefferson County were estimated at 3350.00 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 61.5% of the total 5448.93 tpy of the overall NOx area 

source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-8) 
13

Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire Kentucky and Indiana area of evaluation 

was performed using the 2005 NEI Emission Inventory data.

Charts Lou-5 and Lou-6 provide a comparison of VOC emissions across the entire region. 

Charts Lou-11 and Lou-12 provide a comparison of NOx emissions across the entire region. 

Conclusion and Recommendation 

Jefferson County, based on 2006-2008 ozone monitoring data, is not meeting the 8-hour 

ozone standard, as previously noted on page 10. 

In the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN, Jefferson County contributes approximately: 

3⁄4 52.7% of total VOC emissions (77,711.97 tpy) 

3⁄4 59.9% of total NOx emissions (96,695.39 tpy) 

See charts Lou-6 for VOC and Lou-12 for NOx.

Jefferson County contributes a relatively large portion of the area’s NOx emissions (52.7%) 

and the VOC emissions (59.9%). 

The monitoring and other documentation presented indicate that Jefferson County should 

be designated nonattainment for the 8-hour ozone standard.
14

HENRY COUNTY, KENTUCKY

Henry County is part of the Louisville, Kentucky-Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) 

and is on the I-71 North-South interstate corridor. It is located to the north of Shelby 

County, to the south of Carroll County, to the east of Oldham County, to the west of Owen 

County, and to the northwest of Franklin County. 

Geography/Topography 

Henry County has a land area of 289 square miles and is the northeastern-most county in 

the entire area of evaluation. The Kentucky River forms the eastern county line. The 

county geographically is in the Outer Bluegrass Region. 

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division from the Bullitt County air 

monitoring site for the period 2006-2008 shows that the majority of the time the wind in 

the area came from the south/southwest, and typically at 1-4 miles per hour. (See figure 1) 

According to the University of Kentucky Agricultural Weather Center, the average high 

temperature for July for the area from 2006 through 2008 was 87qF and the average low 

was 67qF. The average precipitation for the same period was 5.29 inches. 

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Henry County area resides with the Kentucky 

Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for Henry County is performed 

by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. 

Air Monitoring 

For the 2006-2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in Henry 

County.

However, because ozone monitors in Jefferson County and Oldham County, Kentucky, and 

Clark County and Floyd County, Indiana have 8-hour ozone average values exceeding the 

NAAQS, information for Henry County is being presented in this document. 

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and the latest available. (See table 1)
15

Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 16,025 persons living in 

Henry County. (See table 3) That represents approximately 55 persons per square mile. 

The population of Henry County is approximately 100% rural. The largest cities in Henry 

County are Eminence and New Castle.

Henry County’s population from 2000 through 2006 increased by approximately 6.4% 

(15,060 to 16,025). The population in the county is expected to increase overall by 17.4% 

between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

Based on 2006 population data for the Louisville area, Henry County represents 

approximately 1.2% of the total population in the area of evaluation and 1.5% of the 

Kentucky portion of the area. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 2005 NEI 

modeling inventories. (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from Henry County were estimated at 53.33 tpy in 2005, which 

represents approximately 0.3% of the total 20,541.86 tpy of the overall VOC point source 

emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-1) 

Point source NOx emissions from Henry County were estimated at 8.48 tpy in 2005, which 

represents approximately zero percent of the total 36,070.82 tpy of the overall NOx point 

source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-7) 

Major point sources located within Henry County are subject to New Source Review (NSR), 

non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 

requirements for sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source Performance 

Standards (NSPS). Sources are also subject to applicable requirements imposed by the 

Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 50:012 applies to 

sources statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources shall as a minimum 

apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and practical.”

Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Henry County were estimated at 361.97 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 2% of the total 17,805.14 tpy of the overall VOC 

onroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-3) 
16

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Henry County were estimated at 904.67 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 2.6% of the total 34,517.20 tpy of the overall NOx

onroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-9) 

Based on information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, commuting 

traffic from other counties into Henry County is 46.1% and classified as high. The 

commuting traffic from Henry County into other counties is significant at 74.8%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Mobile 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Henry County were estimated at 95.10 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 1.4% of the total 7032.77 tpy of the overall VOC 

nonroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-4) 

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Henry County were estimated at 344.50 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 1.7% of the total 20,658.44 tpy of the overall NOx

nonroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-10)

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Henry County were estimated at 727.12 tpy 2005, which 

represents approximately 2.2% of the total 32,332.19 tpy of the overall VOC area source 

emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-2) 

Area source NOx emissions from Henry County were estimated at 62.86 tpy in 2005, which 

represents approximately 1.2% of the total 5448.93 tpy of the overall NOx area source 

emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-8) 

Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire Kentucky and Indiana area of evaluation 

was performed using the 2005 NEI Emission Inventory data.

Charts Lou-5 and Lou-6 provide a comparison of VOC emissions across the entire region. 
17

Charts Lou-11 and Lou-12 provide a comparison of NOx emissions across the entire region. 

Conclusion and Recommendation 

For the 2006-2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in Henry 

County. 

In the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN, Henry County contributes approximately: 

3⁄4 1.6% of total VOC emissions (77,711.97 tpy) 

3⁄4 1.4% of total NOx emissions (96,695.39 tpy) 

See charts Lou-6 for VOC and Lou-12 for NOx.

Several 48-hour back trajectory HYSPLITS for Kentucky have been included in a separate 

section for days in 2006-2008 when the 8-hour ambient monitoring concentration for ozone 

had their highest readings. These HYSPLITS show that for the majority of the time the air 

column is not impacted by Henry County and therefore does not affect the violating 

monitors.

The emissions data and other documentation presented indicate that Henry County, 

Kentucky, does not contribute a significant amount of emissions that contribute to ozone 

formation in the Louisville area of evaluation. 

Therefore, Henry County should be designated attainment for the 8-hour ozone standard. 
18

MEADE COUNTY, KENTUCKY

Meade County is part of the Louisville, Kentucky-Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) 

and includes the Fort Knox Military Reservation in the eastern portion of the county. It is 

located to the northwest of Hardin County, to the northeast of Breckinridge County, and 

directly to the south of Harrison County, Indiana, across the Ohio River. 

Geography/Topography 

Meade County has a land area of 308 square miles and is the western-most county in the 

entire area of evaluation. The Ohio River forms the northern county boundary. The county 

geographically is in the Outer Bluegrass Region. 

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division from the Bullitt County air 

monitoring site for the period 2006-2008 shows that the majority of the time the wind in 

the area came from the south/southwest, and typically at 1-4 miles per hour. (See figure 1) 

According to the University of Kentucky Agricultural Weather Center, the average high 

temperature for July for the area from 2006 through 2008 was 87qF and the average low 

was 67qF. The average precipitation for the same period was 5.29 inches. 

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Meade County area resides with the Kentucky 

Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for Meade County is performed 

by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. 

Air Monitoring 

For the 2006-2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in Meade 

County.

However, because ozone monitors in Jefferson County and Oldham County, Kentucky, and 

Clark County and Floyd County, Indiana have 8-hour ozone average values exceeding the 

NAAQS, information for Meade County is being presented in this document. 

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and the latest available. (See table 1) 
19

Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 27,994 persons living in 

Meade County. (See table 3) That represents approximately 91 persons per square mile. 

The population of Meade County is approximately 83% rural with 17% of the people living in 

incorporated areas. The largest cities in Meade County are Brandenburg and Muldraugh. 

Meade County’s population from 2000 through 2006 increased by approximately 6.2% 

(26,349 to 27,994). The population in the county is expected to increase overall by 16.3% 

between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

Based on 2006 population data for the Louisville area, Meade County represents 

approximately 2.1% of the total population in the area of evaluation and 2.6% of the 

Kentucky portion of the area. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 2005 NEI 

modeling inventories. (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from Meade County were estimated at 282.84 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 1.4% of the total 20,541.86 tpy of the overall VOC point 

source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-1) 

Point source NOx emissions from Meade County were estimated at 106.73 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 0.3% of the total 36,070.82 tpy of the overall NOx point 

source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-7) 

Major point sources located within Meade County are subject to New Source Review (NSR), 

non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 

requirements for sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source Performance 

Standards (NSPS). Sources are also subject to applicable requirements imposed by the 

Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 50:012 applies to 

sources statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources shall as a minimum 

apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and practical.”

Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Meade County were estimated at 398.23 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 2.2% of the total 17,805.14 tpy of the overall VOC 
20

onroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-3) 

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Meade County were estimated at 634.26 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 1.8% of the total 34,517.20 tpy of the overall NOx

onroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-9) 

Based on information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, commuting 

traffic from other counties into Meade County is 35.7% and classified as high. The 

commuting traffic from Meade County into other counties is significant at 74.6%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Mobile 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Meade County were estimated at 568.43 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 8.1% of the total 7032.77 tpy of the overall VOC 

nonroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-4) 

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Meade County were estimated at 2224.89 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 10.8% of the total 20,658.44 tpy of the overall NOx

nonroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-10)

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Meade County were estimated at 1146.88 tpy 2005, which 

represents approximately 3.5% of the total 32,332.19 tpy of the overall VOC area source 

emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-2) 

Area source NOx emissions from Meade County were estimated at 62.35 tpy in 2005, which 

represents approximately 1.1% of the total 5448.93 tpy of the overall NOx area source 

emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-8)
21

Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire Kentucky and Indiana area of evaluation 

was performed using the 2005 NEI Emission Inventory data.

Charts Lou-5 and Lou-6 provide a comparison of VOC emissions across the entire region. 

Charts Lou-11 and Lou-12 provide a comparison of NOx emissions across the entire region. 

Conclusion and Recommendation 

For the 2006-2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in Meade 

County. 

In the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN, Meade County contributes approximately: 

3⁄4 3.1% of total VOC emissions (77,711.97 tpy) 

3⁄4 10.8% of total NOx emissions (96,695.39 tpy) 

See charts Lou-6 for VOC and Lou-12 for NOx.

Several 48-hour back trajectory HYSPLITS for Kentucky have been included in a separate 

section for days in 2006-2008 when the 8-hour ambient monitoring concentration for ozone 

had their highest readings. These HYSPLITS show that for the majority of the time the air 

column is not impacted by Meade County and therefore does not affect the violating 

monitors.

The emissions data and other documentation presented indicate that Meade County, 

Kentucky, does not contribute a significant amount of emissions that contribute to ozone 

formation in the Louisville area of evaluation. 

Therefore, Meade County should be designated attainment for the 8-hour ozone standard.
22

NELSON COUNTY, KENTUCKY

Nelson County is part of the Louisville, Kentucky-Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area 

(MSA) and is divided in half east-west by the Blue Grass Parkway. It is located to the east 

of Hardin County, to the west of Washington County, to the southeast of Bullitt County, 

and to the southwest of Spencer County. It is also northeast of Larue County and 

northwest of Marion County. 

Geography/Topography 

Nelson County has a land area of 423 square miles and is the southeastern-most county in 

the entire area of evaluation. Taylorsville Lake forms the northeastern county corner, and 

Knobs State Forest is located in the western portion of the county. The county 

geographically is in the Outer Bluegrass Region. 

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division from the Bullitt County air 

monitoring site for the period 2006-2008 shows that the majority of the time the wind in 

the area came from the south/southwest, and typically at 1-4 miles per hour. (See figure 1) 

According to the University of Kentucky Agricultural Weather Center, the average high 

temperature for July for the area from 2006 through 2008 was 87qF and the average low 

was 67qF. The average precipitation for the same period was 5.29 inches. 

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Nelson County area resides with the Kentucky 

Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for Nelson County is performed 

by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. 

Air Monitoring 

For the 2006-2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in Nelson 

County.

However, because ozone monitors in Jefferson County and Oldham County, Kentucky, and 

Clark County and Floyd County, Indiana have 8-hour ozone average values exceeding the 

NAAQS, information for Nelson County is being presented in this document. 

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and the latest available. (See table 1) 
23

Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 42,102 persons living in 

Nelson County. (See table 3) That represents approximately 100 persons per square mile. 

The population of Nelson County is approximately 62.6% rural with 37.4% of the people 

living in incorporated areas. The largest cities in Nelson County are Bardstown and 

Bloomfield. 

Nelson County’s population from 2000 through 2006 increased by approximately 12.3% 

(37,477 to 42,102). The population in the county is expected to increase overall by 29.7% 

between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

Based on 2006 population data for the Louisville area, Nelson County represents 

approximately 3.1% of the total population in the area of evaluation and 3.9% of the 

Kentucky portion of the area. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 2005 NEI 

modeling inventories. (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from Nelson County were estimated at 5846.32 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 28.5% of the total 20,541.86 tpy of the overall VOC point 

source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-1) The large 

VOC emissions are due to bourbon distilleries in the county. 

Point source NOx emissions from Nelson County were estimated at 183.76 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 0.5% of the total 36,070.82 tpy of the overall NOx point 

source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-7) 

Major point sources located within Nelson County are subject to New Source Review (NSR), 

non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 

requirements for sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source Performance 

Standards (NSPS). Sources are also subject to applicable requirements imposed by the 

Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 50:012 applies to 

sources statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources shall as a minimum 

apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and practical.”

Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Nelson County were estimated at 664.52 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 3.7% of the total 17,805.14 tpy of the overall VOC 
24

onroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-3) 

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Nelson County were estimated at 941.03 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 2.7% of the total 34,517.2 tpy of the overall NOx

onroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-9) 

Based on information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, commuting 

traffic from other counties into Nelson County is 36.6% and classified as high. The 

commuting traffic from Nelson County into other counties is significant at 54.1%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Mobile 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Nelson County were estimated at 151.53 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 2.2% of the total 7032.77 tpy of the overall VOC 

nonroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-4) 

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Nelson County were estimated at 418.85 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 2% of the total 20,658.44 tpy of the overall NOx

nonroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-10)

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Nelson County were estimated at 989.99 tpy 2005, which 

represents approximately 3.1% of the total 32,332.19 tpy of the overall VOC area source 

emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-2) 

Area source NOx emissions from Nelson County were estimated at 200.32 tpy in 2005, which 

represents approximately 3.7% of the total 5448.93 tpy of the overall NOx area source 

emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-8) 
25

Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire Kentucky and Indiana area of evaluation 

was performed using the 2005 NEI Emission Inventory data.

Charts Lou-5 and Lou-6 provide a comparison of VOC emissions across the entire region. 

Charts Lou-11 and Lou-12 provide a comparison of NOx emissions across the entire region. 

Conclusion and Recommendation 

For the 2006-2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in Nelson 

County.

In the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN, Nelson County contributes approximately: 

3⁄4 9.8% of total VOC emissions (77,711.97 tpy) 

3⁄4 1.8% of total NOx emissions (96,695.39 tpy) 

See charts Lou-6 for VOC and Lou-12 for NOx.

Several 48-hour back trajectory HYSPLITS for Kentucky have been included in a separate 

section for days in 2006-2008 when the 8-hour ambient monitoring concentration for ozone 

had their highest readings. These HYSPLITS show that for the majority of the time the air 

column is not impacted by Nelson County and therefore does not affect the violating 

monitors.

The emissions data and other documentation presented indicate that Nelson County, 

Kentucky, does not contribute a significant amount of emissions that contribute to ozone 

formation in the Louisville area of evaluation. 

Therefore, Nelson County should be designated attainment for the 8-hour ozone standard.
26

SHELBY COUNTY, KENTUCKY

Shelby County is part of the Louisville, Kentucky-Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) 

and is divided east-west by Interstate Highway 64. It is located to the east of Jefferson 

County, to the west of Franklin County, to the southeast of Oldham County, and to the 

south of Henry County. It is also northeast of Spencer County and northwest of Anderson 

County.

Geography/Topography 

Shelby County has a land area of 384 square miles and Guist Creek Lake State Park is 

located in the center of the county. The county geographically is in the Outer Bluegrass 

Region. 

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division from the Bullitt County air 

monitoring site for the period 2006-2008 shows that the majority of the time the wind in 

the area came from the south/southwest, and typically at 1-4 miles per hour. (See figure 1) 

According to the University of Kentucky Agricultural Weather Center, the average high 

temperature for July for the area from 2006 through 2008 was 87qF and the average low 

was 67qF. The average precipitation for the same period was 5.29 inches. 

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Shelby County area resides with the Kentucky 

Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for Shelby County is performed 

by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. 

Air Monitoring 

For the 2006-2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in Shelby 

County.

However, because ozone monitors in Jefferson County and Oldham County, Kentucky, and 

Clark County and Floyd County, Indiana have 8-hour ozone average values exceeding the 

NAAQS, information for Shelby County is being presented in this document. 

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and the latest available. (See table 1) 
27

Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 39,717 persons living in 

Shelby County. (See table 3) That represents approximately 103 persons per square mile. 

The population of Shelby County is approximately 60% rural with 40% of the people living in 

incorporated areas. The largest cities in Shelby County are Shelbyville and Simpsonville. 

Shelby County’s population from 2000 through 2006 increased by approximately 19.1% 

(33,337 to 39,717). The population in the county is expected to increase overall by 34.6% 

between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

Based on 2006 population data for the Louisville area, Shelby County represents 

approximately 2.9% of the total population in the area of evaluation and 3.7% of the 

Kentucky portion of the area. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 2005 NEI 

modeling inventories. (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from Shelby County were estimated at 325.03 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 1.6% of the total 20,541.86 tpy of the overall VOC point 

source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-1) 

Point source NOx emissions from Shelby County were estimated at 66.69 tpy in 2005, which 

represents approximately 0.2% of the total 36,070.82 tpy of the overall NOx point source 

emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-7) 

Major point sources located within Shelby County are subject to New Source Review (NSR), 

non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 

requirements for sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source Performance 

Standards (NSPS). Sources are also subject to applicable requirements imposed by the 

Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 50:012 applies to 

sources statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources shall as a minimum 

apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and practical.”

Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Shelby County were estimated at 797.81 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 4.5% of the total 17,805.14 tpy of the overall VOC 
28

onroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-3) 

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Shelby County were estimated at 1703.90 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 4.9% of the total 34,517.20 tpy of the overall NOx

onroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-9) 

Based on information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, commuting 

traffic from other counties into Shelby County is 51.2% and classified as significant. The 

commuting traffic from Shelby County into other counties is significant at 61.9%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Mobile 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Shelby County were estimated at 384.42 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 5.5% of the total 7032.77 tpy of the overall VOC 

nonroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-4) 

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Shelby County were estimated at 663.53 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 3.2% of the total 20,658.44 tpy of the overall NOx

nonroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-10)

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Shelby County were estimated at 923.95 tpy 2005, which 

represents approximately 2.9% of the total 32,332.19 tpy of the overall VOC area source 

emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-2) 

Area source NOx emissions from Shelby County were estimated at 232.23 tpy in 2005, which 

represents approximately 4.3% of the total 5448.93 tpy of the overall NOx area source 

emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-8) 

Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire Kentucky and Indiana area of evaluation 

was performed using the 2005 NEI Emission Inventory data.
29

Charts Lou-5 and Lou-6 provide a comparison of VOC emissions across the entire region. 

Charts Lou-11 and Lou-12 provide a comparison of NOx emissions across the entire region. 

Conclusion and Recommendation 

For the 2006-2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in Shelby 

County. 

In the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN, Shelby County contributes approximately: 

3⁄4 3.1% of total VOC emissions (77,711.97 tpy) 

3⁄4 2.8% of total NOx emissions (96,695.39 tpy) 

See charts Lou-6 for VOC and Lou-12 for NOx.

Several 48-hour back trajectory HYSPLITS for Kentucky have been included in a separate 

section for days in 2006-2008 when the 8-hour ambient monitoring concentration for ozone 

had their highest readings. These HYSPLITS show that for the majority of the time the air 

column is not impacted by Shelby County and therefore does not affect the violating 

monitors.

The emissions data and other documentation presented indicate that Shelby County, 

Kentucky, does not contribute a significant amount of emissions that contribute to ozone 

formation in the Louisville area of evaluation. 

Therefore, Shelby County should be designated attainment for the 8-hour ozone standard.
30

SPENCER COUNTY, KENTUCKY

Spencer County is part of the Louisville, Kentucky-Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area 

(MSA) and is divided in half north-south Highway 55. It is located to the west of Anderson 

County, to the east of Bullitt County, to the southeast of Jefferson County, and to the 

southwest of Shelby County. It is also north of Nelson County. 

Geography/Topography 

Spencer County has a land area of 186 square miles and Taylorsville Lake crisscrosses much 

of the eastern portion of the county. The East Fork of Cox Creek forms a portion of the 

southwestern county boundary. The county geographically is in the Outer Bluegrass 

Region. 

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division from the Bullitt County air 

monitoring site for the period 2006-2008 shows that the majority of the time the wind in 

the area came from the south/southwest, and typically at 1-4 miles per hour. (See figure 1) 

According to the University of Kentucky Agricultural Weather Center, the average high 

temperature for July for the area from 2006 through 2008 was 87qF and the average low 

was 67qF. The average precipitation for the same period was 5.29 inches. 

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Spencer County area resides with the Kentucky 

Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for Spencer County is performed 

by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. 

Air Monitoring 

For the 2006-2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in Spencer 

County.

However, because ozone monitors in Jefferson County and Oldham County, Kentucky, and 

Clark County and Floyd County, Indiana have 8-hour ozone average values exceeding the 

NAAQS, information for Spencer County is being presented in this document. 

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and the latest available. (See table 1) 
31

Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 16,475 persons living in 

Spencer County. (See table 3) That represents approximately 89 persons per square mile. 

The population of Spencer County is approximately 100% rural. The largest city in Spencer 

County is Taylorsville.

Spencer County’s population from 2000 through 2006 increased by approximately 40% 

(11,766 to 16,475). The population in the county is expected to increase overall by 39.3% 

between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

Based on 2006 population data for the Louisville area, Spencer County represents 

approximately 1.2% of the total population in the area of evaluation and 1.5% of the 

Kentucky portion of the area. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 2005 NEI 

modeling inventories. (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from Spencer County were estimated at zero tpy in 2005, which 

represents no contribution to the total 20,541.86 tpy of the overall VOC point source 

emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-1) 

Point source NOx emissions from Spencer County were estimated at zero tpy in 2005, which 

represents no contribution to the total 36,070.82 tpy of the overall NOx point source 

emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-7) 

Major point sources located within Spencer County are subject to New Source Review 

(NSR), non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 

requirements for sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source Performance 

Standards (NSPS). Sources are also subject to applicable requirements imposed by the 

Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 50:012 applies to 

sources statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources shall as a minimum 

apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and practical.”

Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Spencer County were estimated at 170.74 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 1% of the total 17,805.14 tpy of the overall VOC 
32

onroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-3) 

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Spencer County were estimated at 255.25 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 0.7% of the total 34,517.20 tpy of the overall NOx

onroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-9) 

Based on information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, commuting 

traffic from other counties into Spencer County is 45.0% and classified as high. The 

commuting traffic from Spencer County into other counties is significant at 86.8%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Mobile 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Spencer County were estimated at 152.42 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 2.2% of the total 7032.77 tpy of the overall VOC 

nonroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See hart 

Lou-4) 

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Spencer County were estimated at 126.84 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 0.6% of the total 20,658.44 tpy of the overall NOx

nonroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-10)

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Spencer County were estimated at 268.39 tpy 2005, which 

represents approximately 0.8% of the total 32,332.19 tpy of the overall VOC area source 

emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-2) 

Area source NOx emissions from Spencer County were estimated at 36.21 tpy in 2005, which 

represents approximately 0.7% of the total 5448.93 tpy of the overall NOx area source 

emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-8) 

Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire Kentucky and Indiana area of evaluation 

was performed using the 2005 NEI Emission Inventory data.
33

Charts Lou-5 and Lou-6 provide a comparison of VOC emissions across the entire region. 

Charts Lou-11 and Lou-12 provide a comparison of NOx emissions across the entire region. 

Conclusion and Recommendation 

For the 2006-2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in Spencer 

County.

In the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN, Spencer County contributes approximately: 

3⁄4 0.8% of total VOC emissions (77,711.97 tpy) 

3⁄4 0.4% of total NOx emissions (96,695.39 tpy) 

See charts Lou-6 for VOC and Lou-12 for NOx.

Several 48-hour back trajectory HYSPLITS for Kentucky have been included in a separate 

section for days in 2006-2008 when the 8-hour ambient monitoring concentration for ozone 

had their highest readings. These HYSPLITS show that for the majority of the time the air 

column is not impacted by Spencer County and therefore does not affect the violating 

monitors.

The emissions data and other documentation presented indicate that Spencer County, 

Kentucky, does not contribute a significant amount of emissions that contribute to ozone 

formation in the Louisville area of evaluation. 

Therefore, Spencer County should be designated attainment for the 8-hour ozone standard.
34

TRIMBLE COUNTY, KENTUCKY

Trimble County is part of the Louisville, Kentucky-Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area 

(MSA) and is divided north-south by Highway 421. It is located to the west of Carroll 

County, to the northwest of Henry County, and to the northeast of Oldham County. It is 

also to the east of Clark County, Indiana directly across the Ohio River. 

Geography/Topography 

Trimble County has a land area of 149 square miles and the Little Kentucky River winds 

across the southeastern portion of the county. The Ohio River, with Indiana across the 

river, forms the north and west boundaries of the county. The county geographically is in 

the Outer Bluegrass Region. 

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division from the Bullitt County air 

monitoring site for the period 2006-2008 shows that the majority of the time the wind in 

the area came from the south/southwest, and typically at 1-4 miles per hour. (See figure 1) 

According to the University of Kentucky Agricultural Weather Center, the average high 

temperature for July for the area from 2006 through 2008 was 87qF and the average low 

was 67qF. The average precipitation for the same period was 5.29 inches. 

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Trimble County area resides with the Kentucky 

Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for Trimble County is performed 

by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. 

Air Monitoring 

For the 2006-2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in Trimble 

County.

However, because ozone monitors in Jefferson County and Oldham County, Kentucky, and 

Clark County and Floyd County, Indiana have 8-hour ozone average values exceeding the 

NAAQS, information for Trimble County is being presented in this document. 

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and the latest available. (See table 1) 
35

Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 9,074 persons living in 

Trimble County. (See table 3) That represents approximately 61 persons per square mile. 

The population of Trimble County is approximately 94.1% rural with 5.9% of the people 

living in incorporated areas. The largest cities in Trimble County are Bedford and Milton. 

Trimble County’s population from 2000 through 2006 increased by approximately 11.7% 

(8,125 to 9,07). The population in the county is expected to increase overall by 40.7% 

between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

Based on 2006 population data for the Louisville area, Trimble County represents 

approximately 0.7% of the total population in the area of evaluation and 0.8% of the 

Kentucky portion of the area. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 2005 NEI 

modeling inventories. (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from Trimble County were estimated at 79.21 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 0.4% of the total 20,541.86 tpy of the overall VOC point 

source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-1) 

Point source NOx emissions from Trimble County were estimated at 3409.01 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 9.5% of the total 36,070.82 tpy of the overall NOx point 

source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-7) 

Major point sources located within Trimble County are subject to New Source Review 

(NSR), non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 

requirements for sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source Performance 

Standards (NSPS). Sources are also subject to applicable requirements imposed by the 

Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 50:012 applies to 

sources statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources shall as a minimum 

apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and practical.”

Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Trimble County were estimated at 104.90 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 0.6% of the total 17,805.14 tpy of the overall VOC 

onroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-3) 
36

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Trimble County were estimated at 174.71 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 0.5% of the total 34,517.20 tpy of the overall NOx

onroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-9) 

Based on information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, commuting 

traffic from other counties into Trimble County is 52.5% and classified as significant. The 

commuting traffic from Trimble County into other counties is significant at 84.4%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Mobile 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Trimble County were estimated at 207.35 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 2.9% of the total 7032.77 tpy of the overall VOC 

nonroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-4) 

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Trimble County were estimated at 1341.60 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 6.5% of the total 20,658.44 tpy of the overall NOx

nonroad mobile source emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart 

Lou-10)

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Trimble County were estimated at 133.37 tpy 2005, which 

represents approximately 0.4% of the total 32332.19 tpy of the overall VOC area source 

emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-2)

Area source NOx emissions from Trimble County were estimated at 14.61 tpy in 2005, which 

represents approximately 0.3% of the total 5448.93 tpy of the overall NOx area source 

emissions from the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. (See chart Lou-8) 

Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire Kentucky and Indiana area of evaluation 

was performed using the 2005 NEI Emission Inventory data. 

Charts Lou-5 and Lou-6 provide a comparison of VOC emissions across the entire region. 
37

Charts Lou-11 and Lou-12 provide a comparison of NOx emissions across the entire region. 

Conclusion and Recommendation 

For the 2006-2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in Trimble 

County. 

In the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN, Trimble County contributes approximately: 

3⁄4 0.7% of total VOC emissions (77,711.97 tpy) 

3⁄4 5.1% of total NOx emissions (96,695.39 tpy) 

See charts Lou-6 for VOC and Lou-12 for NOx..

Several 48-hour back trajectory HYSPLITS for Kentucky have been included in a separate 

section for days in 2006-2008 when the 8-hour ambient monitoring concentration for ozone 

had their highest readings. These HYSPLITS show that for the majority of the time the air 

column is not impacted by Trimble County and therefore does not affect the violating 

monitors.

The emissions data and other documentation presented indicate that Trimble County, 

Kentucky, does not contribute a significant amount of emissions that contribute to ozone 

formation in the Louisville area of evaluation, KY-IN. 

Therefore, Trimble County should be designated attainment for the 8-hour ozone standard.
38

Figure 1 

Louisville Area of Evaluation

Wind Rose Patterns 

2006-2008
39

Table 1 

Louisville Area of Evaluation 

 3-year Average* of 8-hour for Ozone 

(parts per million) 

Monitor 2006 2007 2008 3-year Average 

Kentucky 

Bullitt .071 .078 .069 .072 

Henry - - - n/a

Jefferson

21-111-0027 .074 .086 .072 .077 

21-111-0051 .077 .085 .075 .079 

21-111-0021 .067 .079 .068 .071 

Meade - - - n/a

Nelson - - - n/a

Oldham .083 .084 .077 .081 

Shelby - - - n/a

Spencer - - - n/a

Trimble - - - n/a

Indiana

Clark .079 .090 .075 .081 

Floyd .076 .082 .075 .077 

Jefferson --- n/a

Harrison --- n/a

Washington --- n/a

 *NAAQS 8-hour (3 year average of the 4th max value). 0.08ppm 

 n/a indicates no monitor data for that county.
40

Table 2

Kentucky Portion of the Area of Evaluation 

Population Growth Data 

County Census 2000 2006* %Growth

2000-2006 2015* %Growth2000 – 2015 

Bullitt 61,236 72,851 19.0% 78,222 27.7% 

Henry 15,060 16,025 6.4% 17,675 17.4% 

Jefferson 693,604 701,500 1.1% 724,447 4.4% 

Meade 26,349 27,994 6.2% 30,636 16.3% 

Nelson 37,477 42,102 12.3% 48,601 29.7% 

Oldham 46,178 55,285 18.6% 63,516 37.5% 

Shelby 33,337 39,717 19.1% 44,882 34.6% 

Spencer 11,766 16,475 40.0% 22,943 39.3% 

Trimble 8,125 9,074 11.7% 11,434 40.7% 

*U.S. Census Bureau projections to July 1, 2006 and 2015 

Table 3

Area of Evaluation 

2006 Estimated Population Data

2006* % of Total 

Kentucky of KY Portion of Area 

 Bullitt 72,851 7.4% 5.8%

 Henry 16,025 1.6% 1.3%

 Jefferson 701,500 71.5% 55.9%

 Meade 27,994 2.9% 2.2%

 Nelson 42,102 4.3% 3.4%

 Oldham 55,285 5.6% 4.4%

 Shelby 39,717 4.0% 3.2%

 Spencer 16,475 1.7% 1.3%

 Trimble 9,074 0.9% 0.7%

 KY TOTAL 981,023 79.7%

Indiana of IN Portion of Area 

Clark 103,569 37.8% 8.3%

Floyd 72,570 26.5% 5.8%

Harrison 36,992 13.5% 2.9%

 Jefferson 32,668 11.9% 2.6%

 Washington 28,062 10.2% 2.2%

 IN TOTAL 273,861 21.8%

Total Estimated Population 1,254,884

*U.S. Census Bureau estimated for 2006. 
41

Table 4

2005 NEI Louisville Area of Evaluation 

 Total VOC Emissions

(tons per year) 

County

VOC

Point Area Mobile Nonroad Total 

KENTUCKY 

Bullitt 3020.47 1549.01 1051.30 546.18 6166.96

Henry 53.33 727.12 361.97 95.10 1237.52 

Jefferson 8832.04 18969.49 9891.07 3254.28 40946.88

Meade 282.84 1146.88 398.23 568.43 2396.38

Nelson 5846.32 989.99 664.52 151.53 7652.36

Oldham 74.46 624.82 695.27 396.34 1790.88

Shelby 325.03 923.95 797.81 384.42 2431.21

Spencer 0.00 268.39 170.74 152.42 591.55

Trimble 79.21 133.37 104.90 207.35 524.83

KY Total 18513.71 25332.99 14135.82 5756.05 63738.57

INDIANA

Clark, IN 1298.86 2789.57 1521.45 572.84 6182.72

Floyd, IN 230.11 1781.93 973.96 360.15 3346.15

Harrison, IN 257.79 1244.54 707.72 208.83 2418.87

Washington, IN 241.40 1183.16 466.20 134.90 2025.65

IN Total 2028.15 6999.20 3669.33 1276.72 13973.39

Total Emissions 20541.86 32332.19 17805.14 7032.77 77711.97
42

Table 5 

2005 NEI Louisville Area of Evaluation 

Total NOx Emissions 

(tons per year) 

County

NOX

Point Area Mobile Nonroad Total 

KENTUCKY 

Bullitt 221.70 276.08 2039.60 611.41 3148.79

Henry 8.48 62.86 904.67 344.50 1320.52 

Jefferson 25008.46 3350.00 20329.75 9265.81 57954.02

Meade 106.73 62.35 634.26 2224.89 3028.23

Nelson 183.76 200.32 941.03 418.85 1743.96

Oldham 39.96 142.70 1128.14 1734.25 3045.05

Shelby 66.69 232.23 1703.90 663.53 2666.35

Spencer 0.00 36.21 255.25 126.84 418.30

Trimble 3409.01 14.61 174.71 1341.60 4939.93

KY Total 29044.78 4377.35 28111.33 16731.68 78265.13

INDIANA

Clark, IN 1698.46 433.53 2637.87 979.95 5749.80

Floyd, IN 5315.83 336.46 1624.75 869.41 8146.43

Harrison, IN 9.87 167.14 1500.30 1497.04 3174.35

Washington, IN 1.89 134.45 642.97 580.37 1359.67

IN Total 7026.04 1071.58 6405.88 3926.77 18430.26

Total Emissions 36070.82 5448.93 34517.21 20658.45 96695.39
43

Lou-1 

Lou-2 
44

Lou-3 

Lou-4 
45

Lou-5 

Lou-6
46

Lou-7 

Lou-8 
47

Lou-9 

Lou-10 
48

Lou-11 

Lou-12 
Kentucky Portion of the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA 

Boone 

Pendleton 

Campbell 

Kenton 

Grant 

Gallatin

Bracken 

The Cincinnati-Middletown Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) is ranked as 

being the 24th largest MSA in the United States. This MSA encompasses three 

states and thirteen counties. It includes Dearborn, Franklin, and Ohio Counties 

in Indiana; Brown, Butler, Clermont, Hamilton, and Warren Counties in Ohio; 

and Boone, Bracken, Campbell, Gallatin, Grant, Kenton, and Pendleton 

Counties in Kentucky. 

This is the northern most geographic region of Kentucky and the apex of an 

industrial triangle anchored by Louisville on the southwest and Lexington on 

the southeast. Within the triangle are more than a third of the state’s 

population and nearly one-half of its manufacturing jobs. The interstate 

highway system places these three metropolitan areas within 100 miles from 

each other. 

Butler Cnty, OH 

Dearborn Cnty, IN

Ohio Cnty, IN 

Warren Cnty, OH 

Hamilton Cnty, OH

Clermont Cnty, OH 

Brown Cnty, OH 
BOONE COUNTY, KENTUCKY

Boone County is part of the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan 

Statistical Area (MSA) and is located to the west of Kenton County, Kentucky, 

to the north of Grant County, Kentucky, to the northeast of Gallatin County, 

Kentucky, and to the southwest of Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Geography/Topography 

Boone County has a land area of 246 square miles and is located on the banks 

of the Ohio River in the tri-state area of Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana. The 

Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport, located in Boone County, 

provides commercial and airline service. 

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data from the Kenton County air monitoring site 

for the period 2006-2008 shows the majority of the time the wind in the area 

came from the west southwest and typically from 4-7 miles per hour. (See 

figure 1) According to the University of Kentucky Agricultural Weather Center, 

the average high temperature for July for the area from 2006 through 2008 was 

86qF, the average low was 65qF. The average precipitation for the same period 

was 2.7 inches. 

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Boone County area resides with the 

Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for Boone 

County is performed by the Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana Regional Council of 

Governments (OKI). 

Air Monitoring 

The Boone County ozone monitor (21-015-0003) shows the 3-year average 

(2006-2008) of the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone 

concentration is 0.0710 parts per million, which achieves the 8-hour ozone

National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS - 0.075 ppm).

However, because preliminary data indicates violations of the 8-hour ozone

NAAQS in 2006-2008 for the monitors in Kenton County, KY (21-117-0007), 

Butler County, OH (39-017-0004) (39-017-1004), Clermont County, OH (39-025-

0022), Clinton County, OH (39-027-1002), Hamilton County, OH (39-061-0006) 

(39-061-0010) (39-061-0040), and Warren County, OH (39-165-0006), 

information for Boone County is being presented in this document. 
The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and the latest available for 

Boone County, Kentucky. (See table 1) 

Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 110,080 

persons living in Boone County. (See table 3) That represents approximately 

447 persons per square mile. The population of Boone County is approximately 

25% rural with the remaining 75% living in incorporated areas. The largest cities 

in Boone County are Florence and Union. 

Boone County’s population from 2000 through 2006 increased by approximately 

28% (85,991 to 110,080). The population in the county is expected to increase 

overall by 63.5% between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

For the entire Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN MSA, Boone County represents 

approximately 5.2% of the total population in the MSA and 26.9% of the 

Kentucky portion of the MSA. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 

2005 National Emissions Inventory (NEI). (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from Boone County were estimated at 1233.88 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 19.9% of the total 6187.22 tpy of the 

overall VOC point source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 

MSA. (See chart NKY-1) 

Point source NOx emissions from Boone County were estimated at 5108.60 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 7.2% of the total 70819.24 tpy of the 

overall NOx point source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 

MSA. (See chart NKY-7) 

Major point sources located within Boone County are subject to New Source 

Review (NSR), CTG RACT and non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum 

Achievable Control Technology (MACT) requirements for sources of Hazardous 

Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source Performance Standards (NSPS). Sources 

are also subject to applicable requirements imposed by the Clean Air Interstate 

Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 50:012 applies to sources 

statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources shall as a 

minimum apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and 
practical.” Additionally, any controls imposed as a result of previous 

nonattainment designations are required to remain in Boone County. 

Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Boone County were estimated at 

1186.76 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 4.2% of the total 28193.31 

tpy of the overall VOC onroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-3) 

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Boone County were estimated at 

2467.86 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 5.5% of the total 44982.90 

tpy of the overall NOx onroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-9) 

Based on 2006 information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, 

commuting traffic from other counties into Boone County is 68.5% and 

classified as significant, and the commuting traffic from Boone County into 

other counties is high at 47%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Sources 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Boone County were estimated at 

1231.38 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 10.6% of the total 

11569.21 tpy of the overall VOC Nonroad mobile source emissions from the 

Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-4) 

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Boone County were estimated at 

2488.45 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 7.8% of the total 31996.68 

tpy of the overall NOx nonroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-10) 

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Boone County were estimated at 2322.45 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 5.0% of the total 46322.12 tpy of the 

overall VOC area source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 

MSA. (See chart NKY-2) 
Area source NOx emissions from Boone County were estimated at 587.14 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 8.3% of the total 7106.38 tpy of the 

overall NOx area source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 

MSA. (See chart NKY-8) 

Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana 

MSA was performed using the 2005 NEI data.

Charts NKY-5 and NKY-6 provide a comparison of VOC emissions across the 

entire region. 

Charts NKY-11 and NKY-12 provide a comparison of NOx emissions across the 

entire region. 

Conclusion and Recommendation 

Boone County, based on 2006-2008 ozone monitoring and emissions data, is 

meeting the 8-hour ozone standard with a 3-year average of 0.071 parts per 

million.

Within the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN MSA, Boone County contributes 

approximately: 

3⁄4 6.5% of the total VOC emissions 

3⁄4 6.9% of the total NOx emissions 

See charts NKY-6 for VOC, NKY-12 for NOx

Based on data analysis, the pollutants of most concern regarding ozone 

formation are VOC and NOx. Boone County contributes a relatively small 

portion of the area’s VOC and NOx emissions.

This relatively small contribution is in spite of the fact that the majority of 

these two precursors are primarily from the East Bend Station of the Duke 

Power Plant near Rabbit Hash, Kentucky. This electric-generating unit has 

installed necessary control equipment to meet the requirements of their 

permit for SO2, NOx, and particulate, which includes wet lime slurry to control 

emissions of SO2 and a modified furnace design to reduce emissions of NOx.

Making Boone County nonattainment for the 8-hour ozone standard would 

garner no additional controls for this facility.

Several 48-hour back trajectory HYSPLITS for Ohio and Kentucky have been 

included in a separate section for days in 2006-2008 when the 8-hour ambient 

monitoring concentration for ozone had their highest readings. These HYSPLITS 
show that for the majority of the time the air column is not impacted by Boone 

County and therefore does not affect the violating monitor.

The emissions from Boone do not significantly contribute to the ozone 

violations of the 8-hour standard in the MSA. 

Therefore, based on the monitoring and emission data, Boone County is 

providing a negligible contribution to ozone levels in the area and should be 

designated attainment for the 8-hour ozone standard. 
BRACKEN COUNTY, KENTUCKY

Bracken County is part of the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan 

Statistical Area (MSA) and is located directly between Pendleton County to the 

west and Mason County to the east. Robertson County is to the south. 

Clermont and Brown Counties, Ohio are directly to the north across the Ohio 

River.

Geography/Topography 

Bracken County has a land area of 203 square miles and is located on the banks 

of the Ohio River in the tri-state area of Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana. The Ohio 

River forms the northern boundary of the county. The North Fork of the 

Licking River forms the southern boundary. 

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division for the period 

2006-2008 shows that the majority of the time the wind in the area came from 

the west southwest and typically from 4-7 miles per hour. (See figure 1) 

According to the University of Kentucky Agricultural Weather Center, the 

average high temperature for July for the area from 2006 through 2008 was 

86qF, the average low was 65qF. The average precipitation for the same period 

was 2.68 inches. 

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Bracken County area resides with 

the Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for 

Bracken County is performed by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. 

Air Monitoring 

For the 2006 – 2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in 

Bracken County. 

However, because preliminary data indicates violations of the 8-hour ozone

NAAQS in 2006-2008 for the monitors in Kenton County, KY (21-117-0007), 

Butler County, OH (39-017-0004) (39-017-1004), Clermont County, OH (39-025-

0022), Clinton County, OH (39-027-1002), Hamilton County, OH (39-061-0006) 

(39-061-0010) (39-061-0040), and Warren County, OH (39-165-0006), 

information for Bracken County is being presented in this document. 
The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and the latest available for 

Kentucky. (See table 1) 

Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 8,655 

persons living in Bracken County. (See table 3) That represents approximately 

43 persons per square mile. The population of Bracken County is 

approximately 100% rural with few people living in incorporated areas. The 

largest cities in Bracken County are Augusta and Brooksville.

Bracken County’s population from 2000 through 2006 increased by 

approximately 4.5% (8,279 to 8,655). The population in the county is expected 

to increase overall by 10.8% between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

For the entire Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN MSA, Bracken County 

represents approximately 0.4% of the total population in the MSA and 2.1% of 

the Kentucky portion of the MSA. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 

2005 National Emissions Inventory (NEI). (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from Bracken County were estimated at 13.48 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 0.2% of the total 6187.22 tpy of the 

overall VOC point source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 

MSA. (See chart NKY-1)

Point source NOx emissions from Bracken County were estimated at 4.75 tpy in 

2005, which represents slightly greater than zero percent of the total 70819.24 

tpy of the overall NOx point source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, 

OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-7) 

Major point sources located within Bracken County are subject to New Source 

Review (NSR), CTG RACT and non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum 

Achievable Control Technology (MACT) requirements for sources of Hazardous 

Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source Performance Standards (NSPS). Sources 

are also subject to applicable requirements imposed by the Clean Air Interstate 

Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 50:012 applies to sources 

statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources shall as a 

minimum apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and 

practical.” Additionally, any controls imposed as a result of previous 

nonattainment designations are required to remain in Boone County. 
Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Bracken County were estimated at 

126.35 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 0.4% of the total 28193.31 

tpy of the overall VOC onroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-3) 

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Bracken County were estimated at 

196.19 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 0.4% of the total 44982.90 

tpy of the overall NOx onroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-9) 

Based on 2006 information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, 

commuting traffic from other counties into Bracken County is 34% and classified 

as high, and the commuting traffic from Bracken County into other counties is 

significant at 67%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Sources 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Bracken County were estimated at 

148.96 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 1.3% of the total 11569.21 

tpy of the overall VOC Nonroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-4) 

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Bracken County were estimated at 

270.64 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 0.8% of the total 31996.68 

tpy of the overall NOx nonroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-10) 

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Bracken County were estimated at 160.08 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 0.3% of the total 46322.12 tpy of the 

overall VOC area source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 

MSA. (See chart NKY-2) 

Area source NOx emissions from Bracken County were estimated at 21.66 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 0.3% of the total 7106.38 tpy of the 
overall NOx area source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 

MSA. (See chart NKY-8) 

Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana 

MSA was performed using the 2005 NEI data.

Charts NKY-5 and NKY-6 provide a comparison of VOC emissions across the 

entire region. 

Charts NKY-11 and NKY-12 provide a comparison of NOx emissions across the 

entire region. 

Conclusion and Recommendation 

For the 2006 – 2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in 

Bracken County. 

Within the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN MSA, Bracken County contributes 

approximately: 

3⁄4 0.5% of the total VOC emissions 

3⁄4 0.3% of the total NOx emissions 

See charts NKY-6 for VOC, NKY-12 for NOx. 

Several 48-hour back trajectory HYSPLITS for Ohio and Kentucky have been 

included in a separate section for days in 2006-2008 when the 8-hour ambient 

monitoring concentration for ozone had their highest readings. These HYSPLITS 

show that for the majority of the time the air column is not impacted by Boone 

County and therefore does not affect the violating monitor.

The emissions from Bracken County compared to the remainder of the MSA are 

negligible and do not significantly contribute to the 8-hour ozone standard in 

the MSA. 

Therefore, based on the monitoring and emission data, Bracken County is 

providing a negligible contribution to ozone levels in the area and should be 

designated attainment for the 8-hour ozone standard.
CAMPBELL COUNTY, KENTUCKY

Campbell County is part of the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan 

Statistical Area (MSA) and is located to the east of Kenton County, Kentucky, to 

the north of Pendleton County, Kentucky, and to the southeast of Cincinnati, 

Ohio.

Geography/Topography 

Campbell County has a land area of 151 square miles and is located on the 

banks of the Ohio River in the tri-state area of Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana. 

The I-275 belt line surrounds the Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky Area, 

traversing, Boone, Kenton, and Campbell Counties. Interstate 471 extends 

from I-275 in Campbell county north across the Ohio River to I-71.

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction information collected by the Division for the 

period 2006–2008 shows the majority of the time the wind in the area came 

from the west southwest and typically from 4-7 miles per hour. (See figure 1) 

According to the University of Kentucky Agricultural Weather Center, the 

average high temperature for July for the area from 2006 through 2008 was 

86qF, the average low was 65qF. The average precipitation for the same period 

was 2.7 inches. 

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Campbell County area resides with 

the Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for 

Campbell County is performed by the Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana Regional Council 

of Governments (OKI). 

Air Monitoring 

A three-year-average is not available for the Campbell County ozone monitor.

No data was collected for the majority of 2006, as the Division was asked by 

the property owner to vacate the site. A new Campbell County site was 

established August 1, 2007.

The Boone County ozone monitor (21-015-0003) shows the 3-year average 

(2006-2008) of the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone 

concentration is 0.0710 parts per million, which achieves the 8-hour ozone

National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS - 0.075 ppm).
However, because preliminary data indicates violations of the 8-hour ozone

NAAQS in 2006-2008 for the monitors in Kenton County, KY (21-117-0007), 

Butler County, OH (39-017-0004) (39-017-1004), Clermont County, OH (39-025-

0022), Clinton County, OH (39-027-1002), Hamilton County, OH (39-061-0006) 

(39-061-0010) (39-061-0040), and Warren County, OH (39-165-0006), 

information for Campbell County is being presented in this document. 

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and the latest available for 

Kentucky. (See table 1) 

Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 86,866 

persons living in Campbell County. (See table 3) That represents approximately 

575 persons per square mile. The population of Campbell County is 

approximately 15.7% rural with the remaining 84.3% living in incorporated 

areas. The largest cities in Campbell County are Newport and Ft. Thomas. 

Campbell County’s population from 2000 through 2006 decreased by 

approximately 2.0% (88,616 to 86,866). The population in the county is 

generally expected to increase overall by 8.1% between 2000 and 2015. (See 

table 2) 

For the entire Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN MSA, Campbell County 

represents approximately 4.1% of the total population in the MSA and 21.3% of 

the Kentucky portion of the MSA. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 

2005 National Emissions Inventory (NEI). (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources

Point source VOC emissions from Campbell County were estimated at 160.80 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 2.6% of the total 6187.22 tpy of 

the overall VOC point source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KYIN MSA. (See chart NKY-1) 

Point source NOx emissions from Campbell County were estimated at 66.97 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 0.1% of the total 70819.24 tpy of the 

overall NOx point source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 

MSA. (See chart NKY-7) 

Major point sources located within Campbell County are subject to New Source 

Review (NSR), CTG RACT and non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum 

Achievable Control Technology (MACT) requirements for sources of Hazardous 

Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source Performance Standards (NSPS). Sources 
are also subject to applicable requirements imposed by the Clean Air Interstate 

Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 50:012 applies to sources 

statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources shall as a 

minimum apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and 

practical.” Additionally, any controls imposed as a result of previous 

nonattainment designations are required to remain in Boone County.

Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Campbell County were estimated at 

1144.84 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 4.1% of the total 28193.31 

tpy of the overall VOC onroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-3) 

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Campbell County were estimated at 

1945.18 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 4.3% of the total 44982.90 

tpy of the overall NOx onroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-9) 

Based on information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet on 

July 23, 2007, commuting traffic from other counties into Campbell County is 

42.5% and classified as high, and the commuting traffic from Campbell County 

into other counties is significant at 63.9%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Sources 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Campbell County were estimated at 

404.06 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 3.5% of the total 11569.21 

tpy of the overall VOC Nonroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-4) 

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Campbell County were estimated at 

1777.01 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 5.6% of the total 31996.68 

tpy of the overall NOx nonroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-10) 

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Campbell County were estimated at 1312.94 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 2.8% of the total 46322.12 tpy of 
the overall VOC area source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KYIN MSA. (See chart NKY-2) 

Area source NOx emissions from Campbell County were estimated at 284.52 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 4.0% of the total 7106.38 tpy of the 

overall NOx area source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 

MSA. (See chart NKY-8) 

Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana 

MSA was performed using the 2005 NEI data.

Charts NKY-5 and NKY-6 provide a comparison of VOC emissions across the 

entire region. 

Charts NKY-11 and NKY-12 provide a comparison of NOx emissions across the 

entire region. 

Conclusion and Recommendation 

A three-year-average is not available for the Campbell County ozone monitor.

No data was collected for the majority of 2006, as the Division was asked by 

the property owner to vacate the site. A new Campbell County site was 

established August 1, 2007.

Within the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN MSA, Campbell County contributes 

approximately: 

3⁄4 3.3% of the total VOC emissions 

3⁄4 2.6% of the total NOx emissions 

See charts NKY-6 for VOC, NKY-12 for NOx. 

Based on data analysis, the pollutants of most concern regarding ozone 

formation are VOC and NOx. Campbell County contributes a relatively very 

small portion of the area’s VOC and NOx emissions.

Several 48-hour back trajectory HYSPLITS for Ohio and Kentucky have been 

included in a separate section for days in 2006-2008 when the 8-hour ambient 

monitoring concentration for ozone had their highest readings. These HYSPLITS 

show that for the majority of the time the air column is not impacted by Boone 

County and therefore does not affect the violating monitor.

The emissions from Campbell County compared to the remainder of the MSA 

are negligible and do not significantly contribute to the ozone violations of the 

8-hour standard in the MSA. 
Therefore, based on the monitoring and emissions, data Campbell County 

should be designated attainment for the 8-hour ozone standard.
KENTON COUNTY, KENTUCKY

Kenton County is part of the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan 

Statistical Area (MSA) and is located to the west of Campbell County, Kentucky, 

to the east of Boone County, Kentucky, and to the south of Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Geography/Topography 

Kenton County has a land area of 162 square miles and is located on the banks 

of the Ohio River in the tri-state area of Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana. 

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division for the period 

2006-2008 shows that the majority of the time the wind in the area came from 

the west southwest and typically from 4-7 miles per hour. (See figure 1) 

According to the University of Kentucky Agricultural Weather Center, the 

average high temperature for July for the area from 2006 through 2008 was 

86qF, the average low was 65qF. The average precipitation for the same period 

was 2.7 inches. 

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Kenton County area resides with 

the Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for 

Kenton County is performed by the Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana Regional Council of 

Governments (OKI). 

Air Monitoring 

The ozone monitor in Kenton County shows the 3-year average (2006-2008) of 

the annual 98th percentile of the 8-hour average is 0.078 parts per million, 

which does not achieve the ozone annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard 

(NAAQS – 0.075 ppm).

Also, preliminary data indicates violations of the 8-hour ozone NAAQS in 2006-

2008 for the monitors in Butler County, OH (39-017-0004) (39-017-1004), 

Clermont County, OH (39-025-0022), Clinton County, OH (39-027-1002), 

Hamilton County, OH (39-061-0006) (39-061-0010) (39-061-0040), and Warren 

County, OH (39-165-0006), information for Kenton County is being presented in 

this document. 
The monitoring information for 2008 is complete for Kenton County, Kentucky 

and is the latest available. (See table 1) 

Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 154,911 

persons living in Kenton County. That represents approximately 956 persons 

per square mile. The population of Kenton County is approximately 7% rural 

with the remaining 93% living in incorporated areas. The largest cities in 

Kenton County are Covington and Independence. 

Kenton County’s population from 2000 through 2006 increased by 

approximately 2.3% (151,464 to 154,911). The population in the county is 

further expected to increase overall by 5% between 2000 and 2015. (See table 

2)

For the entire Cincinnati-Middletown MSA, Kenton County represents 

approximately 7.4% of the total population in the MSA and 37.9% of the 

Kentucky portion of the MSA. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 

2005 National Emissions Inventory (NEI). (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Source 

Point source VOC emissions from Kenton County were estimated at 252.61 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 4.1% of the total 6187.22 tpy of the 

overall VOC point source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 

MSA. (See chart NKY-1) 

Point source NOx emissions from Kenton County were estimated at 34.29 tpy in 

2005, which represents slightly greater than zero percent of the total 70819.24 

tpy of the overall NOx point source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, 

OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-7) 

Major point sources located within Kenton County are subject to New Source 

Review (NSR), CTG RACT and non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum 

Achievable Control Technology (MACT) requirements for sources of Hazardous 

Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source Performance Standards (NSPS). Sources 

are also subject to applicable requirements imposed by the Clean Air Interstate 

Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 50:012 applies to sources 

statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources shall as a 

minimum apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and 

practical.” Additionally, any controls imposed as a result of previous 

nonattainment designations are required to remain in Boone County. 
Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Kenton County were estimated at 

1899.24 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 6.7% of the total 28193.31 

tpy of the overall VOC onroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-3) 

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Kenton County were estimated at 

3266.24 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 7.3% of the total 44982.90 

tpy of the overall NOx onroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-9) 

Based on 2006 information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, 

commuting traffic from other counties into Kenton County is 57.8% and 

classified as significant, and the commuting traffic from Kenton County into 

other counties is significant at 54.8%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Sources 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Kenton County were estimated at 

641.83 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 5.5% of the total 11569.21 

tpy of the overall VOC Nonroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-4) 

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Kenton County were estimated at 

2402.39 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 7.5% of the total 31996.68 

tpy of the overall NOx nonroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-10) 

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Kenton County were estimated at 2788.86 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 6.0% of the total 46322.12 tpy of the 

overall VOC area source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 

MSA. (See chart NKY-2) 

Area source NOx emissions from Kenton County were estimated at 543.70 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 7.7% of the total 7106.38 tpy of the 

overall NOx area source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 

MSA. (See chart NKY-8) 
Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana 

MSA was performed using the 2005 NEI data.

Charts NKY-5 and NKY-6 provide a comparison of VOC emissions across the 

entire region. 

Charts NKY-11 and NKY-12 provide a comparison of NOx emissions across the 

entire region. 

Conclusion and Recommendation

For the 2006 – 2008 monitoring period, the Kenton County ozone monitor shows 

an 8-hour annual design value of 0.078 parts per million, which does not 

achieve the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) and should be 

classified as a county in nonattainment. 

Within the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN MSA, Kenton County contributes 

approximately: 

3⁄4 6.1% of the total VOC emissions 

3⁄4 4.0% of the total NOx emissions 

See charts NKY-6 for VOC, NKY-12 for NOx. 

Based on data analysis, the pollutants of most concern regarding ozone 

formation are VOC and NOx. Kenton County contributes a relatively very small 

portion of the area’s VOC and NOx emissions. 

The emissions from Kenton County compared to the remainder of the MSA are 

negligible and do not significantly contribute to the violations of the 8-hour 

ozone standard in the MSA. 

Based on the monitoring data showing a violation, Kenton County should be 

designated nonattainment for the 8-hour ozone standard.
GALLATIN COUNTY, KENTUCKY

Gallatin County is part of the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan 

Statistical Area (MSA) and is located to the southwest of Boone County, 

Kentucky, and to the northwest of Owen and Grant Counties, Kentucky. 

Geography/Topography 

Gallatin County has a land area of 98 square miles and is located on the banks 

of the Ohio River in the tri-state area of Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana. 

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division for the period 

2006-2008 shows that the majority of the time the wind in the area came from 

the west southwest and typically from 4-7 miles per hour. (See figure 1) 

According to the University of Kentucky Agricultural Weather Center, the 

average high temperature for July for the area from 2006 through 2008 was 

86qF, the average low was 65qF. The average precipitation for the same period 

was 2.7 inches. 

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Gallatin County area resides with 

the Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for 

Gallatin County is performed by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. 

Air Monitoring 

For the 2006 – 2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in 

Gallatin County. 

However, because preliminary data indicates violations of the 8-hour ozone

NAAQS in 2006-2008 for the monitors in Kenton County, KY (21-117-0007), 

Butler County, OH (39-017-0004) (39-017-1004), Clermont County, OH (39-025-

0022), Clinton County, OH (39-027-1002), Hamilton County, OH (39-061-0006) 

(39-061-0010) (39-061-0040), and Warren County, OH (39-165-0006), 

information for Gallatin County is being presented in this document. 

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and the latest available for 

Kentucky. (See table 1) 
Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 8,153 

persons living in Gallatin County. (See table 3) That represents approximately 

83 persons per square mile. The population of Gallatin County is approximately 

100% rural with few people living in incorporated areas. The largest cities in 

Gallatin County are Warsaw and Glencoe. 

Gallatin County’s population from 2000 through 2006 increased by 

approximately 3.6% (7,870 to 8,153). The population in the county is expected 

to increase overall by 28.8% between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

For the entire Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN MSA, Gallatin County 

represents less than 0.4% of the total population in the MSA and 2% of the 

Kentucky portion of the MSA. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 

2005 National Emissions Inventory (NEI). (See tables 4 and 5)

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from Gallatin County were estimated at 111.37 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 1.8% of the total 6187.22 tpy of the 

overall VOC point source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 

MSA. (See chart NKY-1) 

Point source NOx emissions from Gallatin County were estimated at 208.31 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 0.3% of the total 70819.24 tpy of the 

overall NOx point source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 

MSA. (See chart NKY-7) 

Major point sources located within Gallatin County are subject to New Source 

Review (NSR), CTG RACT and non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum 

Achievable Control Technology (MACT) requirements for sources of Hazardous 

Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source Performance Standards (NSPS). Sources 

are also subject to applicable requirements imposed by the Clean Air Interstate 

Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 50:012 applies to sources 

statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources shall as a 

minimum apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and 

practical.” Additionally, any controls imposed as a result of previous 

nonattainment designations are required to remain in Boone County. 
Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Gallatin County were estimated at 

348.21 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 1.2% of the total 28193.31 

tpy of the overall VOC onroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-3) 

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Gallatin County were estimated at 

977.12 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 2.2% of the total 44982.90 

tpy of the overall NOx onroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-9) 

Based on 2006 information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, 

commuting traffic from other counties into Gallatin County is 80.2% and 

classified as significant, and the commuting traffic from Gallatin County into 

other counties is significant at 73.4%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Sources 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Gallatin County were estimated at 

151.13 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 1.3% of the total 11569.21 

tpy of the overall VOC Nonroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-4) 

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Gallatin County were estimated at 

916.15 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 2.9% of the total 31996.68 

tpy of the overall NOx nonroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-10) 

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Gallatin County were estimated at 208.69 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 0.5% of the total 46322.12 tpy of the 

overall VOC area source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 

MSA. (See chart NKY-2) 

Area source NOx emissions from Gallatin County were estimated at 22.06 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 0.3% of the total 7106.38 tpy of the 

overall NOx area source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 

MSA. (See chart NKY-8) 
Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana 

MSA was performed using the 2005 NEI data.

Charts NKY-5 and NKY-6 provide a comparison of VOC emissions across the 

entire region. 

Charts NKY-11 and NKY-12 provide a comparison of NOx emissions across the 

entire region. 

Conclusion and Recommendation 

For the 2006 – 2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in 

Gallatin County. 

Within the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN MSA, Gallatin County contributes 

approximately: 

3⁄4 0.9% of the total VOC emissions 

3⁄4 1.4% of the total NOx emissions 

See charts NKY-6 for VOC, NKY-12 for NOx. 

Several 48-hour back trajectory HYSPLITS for Ohio and Kentucky have been 

included in a separate section for days in 2006-2008 when the 8-hour ambient 

monitoring concentration for ozone had their highest readings. These HYSPLITS 

show that for the majority of the time the air column is not impacted by Boone 

County and therefore does not affect the violating monitor.

The emissions from Gallatin County compared to the remainder of the MSA are 

negligible and do not significantly contribute to the violations of the 8-hour 

ozone standard in the MSA. 

Therefore, based on the monitoring and emissions data, Gallatin County should 

be designated attainment for the 8-hour ozone standard. 
GRANT COUNTY, KENTUCKY

Grant County is part of the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan 

Statistical Area (MSA) and is located to the southeast of Gallatin County, 

Kentucky, to the west of Pendleton County, Kentucky, and directly north of 

Scott County, Kentucky. 

Geography/Topography 

Grant County has a land area of 259 square miles and is located in the tri-state 

area of Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana. This north central section of Kentucky is 

the Outer Blue Grass Region. 

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division for the period 

2006-2008 shows that the majority of the time the wind in the area came from 

the west southwest and typically from 4-7 miles per hour. (See figure 1) 

According to the University of Kentucky Agricultural Weather Center, the 

average high temperature for July for the area from 2006 through 2008 was 

86qF, the average low was 65qF. The average precipitation for the same period 

was 2.7 inches. 

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Grant County area resides with the 

Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for Grant 

County is performed by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. 

Air Monitoring 

For the 2006 – 2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in 

Grant County. 

However, because preliminary data indicates violations of the 8-hour ozone

NAAQS in 2006-2008 for the monitors in Kenton County, KY (21-117-0007), 

Butler County, OH (39-017-0004) (39-017-1004), Clermont County, OH (39-025-

0022), Clinton County, OH (39-027-1002), Hamilton County, OH (39-061-0006) 

(39-061-0010) (39-061-0040), and Warren County, OH (39-165-0006), 

information for Grant County is being presented in this document. 

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and the latest available for 

Kentucky. (See table 1) 
Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 24,769 

persons living in Grant County. That represents approximately 96 persons per 

square mile. The population of Grant County is approximately 78% rural with 

the remaining 22% living in incorporated areas. The largest cities in Grant 

County are Williamstown and Crittenden. (See table 3) 

Grant County’s population from 2000 through 2006 increased by approximately 

10.7% (22,384 to 24,769). The population in the county is expected to increase 

overall by 40.6% between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

For the entire Cincinnati-Middletown MSA, Grant County represents 

approximately 1.2% of the total population in the MSA and 6% of the Kentucky 

portion of the MSA. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 

2005 National Emissions Inventory (NEI). (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from Grant County were estimated at 42.40 tpy in 

2005, which represents slightly greater than zero percent of the total 6187.22 

tpy of the overall VOC point source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, 

OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-1) 

Point source NOx emissions from Grant County were estimated at 25.88 tpy in 

2005, which represents slightly greater than zero percent of the total 70819.24 

tpy of the overall NOx point source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, 

OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-7) 

Major point sources located within Grant County are subject to New Source 

Review (NSR), CTG RACT and non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum 

Achievable Control Technology (MACT) requirements for sources of Hazardous 

Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source Performance Standards (NSPS). Sources 

are also subject to applicable requirements imposed by the Clean Air Interstate 

Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 50:012 applies to sources 

statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources shall as a 

minimum apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and 

practical.” Additionally, any controls imposed as a result of previous 

nonattainment designations are required to remain in Boone County. 
Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Grant County were estimated at 

547.97 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 1.9% of the total 28193.31 

tpy of the overall VOC onroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-3) 

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Grant County were estimated at 

1435.85 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 3.2% of the total 44982.90 

tpy of the overall NOx onroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-9) 

Based on 2006 information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, 

commuting traffic from other counties into Grant County is 41.8% and classified 

as High, and the commuting traffic from Grant County into other counties is 

significant at 69.1%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Sources 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Grant County were estimated at 

299.02 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 2.6% of the total 11569.21 

tpy of the overall VOC Nonroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-4) 

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Grant County were estimated at 

1194.84 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 3.7% of the total 31996.68 

tpy of the overall NOx nonroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-10) 

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Grant County were estimated at 558.90 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 1.2% of the total 46322.12 tpy of the 

overall VOC area source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 

MSA. (See chart NKY-2) 

Area source NOx emissions from Grant County were estimated at 96.83 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 1.4% of the total 7106.38 tpy of the 

overall NOx area source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 

MSA. (See chart NKY-8) 
Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana 

MSA was performed using the 2005 NEI data.

Charts NKY-5 and NKY-6 provide a comparison of VOC emissions across the 

entire region. 

Charts NKY-11 and NKY-12 provide a comparison of NOx emissions across the 

entire region. 

Conclusion and Recommendation 

For the 2006 – 2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in 

Grant County. 

Within the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN MSA, Grant County contributes 

approximately: 

3⁄4 1.6% of the total VOC emissions 

3⁄4 1.8% of the total NOx emissions 

See charts NKY-6 for VOC, NKY-12 for NOx. 

Several 48-hour back trajectory HYSPLITS for Ohio and Kentucky have been 

included in a separate section for days in 2006-2008 when the 8-hour ambient 

monitoring concentration for ozone had their highest readings. These HYSPLITS 

show that for the majority of the time the air column is not impacted by Boone 

County and therefore does not affect the violating monitor.

The emissions from Grant County compared to the remainder of the MSA are 

negligible and do not significantly contribute to the violations of the 8-hour 

ozone standard in the MSA. 

Therefore, based on the monitoring and emissions data Grant County should be 

designated attainment for the 8-hour ozone standard. 
PENDLETON COUNTY, KENTUCKY

Pendleton County is part of the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan 

Statistical Area (MSA) and is located directly south of Kenton and Campbell 

Counties, Kentucky, and to the east of Grant County, Kentucky. 

Geography/Topography 

Pendleton County has a land area of 280 square miles and is located on the 

banks of the Ohio River in the tri-state area of Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana. 

The Licking River flows northward through the central area of the county. 

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division for the period 

2006-2008 shows that the majority of the time the wind in the area came from 

the west southwest and typically from 4-7 miles per hour. (See figure 1) 

According to the University of Kentucky Agricultural Weather Center, the 

average high temperature for July for the area from 2006 through 2008 was 

86qF, the average low was 65qF. The average precipitation for the same period 

was 2.7 inches. 

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Pendleton County area resides with 

the Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for 

Pendleton County is performed by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. 

Air Monitoring 

For the 2006 – 2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in 

Pendleton County. 

However, because preliminary data indicates violations of the 8-hour ozone

NAAQS in 2006-2008 for the monitors in Kenton County, KY (21-117-0007), 

Butler County, OH (39-017-0004) (39-017-1004), Clermont County, OH (39-025-

0022), Clinton County, OH (39-027-1002), Hamilton County, OH (39-061-0006) 

(39-061-0010) (39-061-0040), and Warren County, OH (39-165-0006), 

information for Pendleton County is being presented in this document. 

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and the latest available for 

Kentucky. (See table 1) 
Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 15,334 

persons living in Pendleton County. (See table 3) That represents 

approximately 55 persons per square mile. The population of Pendleton County 

is approximately 100% rural with few people living in incorporated areas. The 

largest cities in Pendleton County are Falmouth and Butler. 

Pendleton County’s population from 2000 through 2006 increased by 

approximately 6.6% (14,390 to 15,334). The population in the county is 

expected to increase overall by 20.7% between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

For the entire Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN MSA, Pendleton County 

represents approximately 0.7% of the total population in the MSA and 3.8% of 

the Kentucky portion of the MSA. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 

2005 National Emissions Inventory. (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from Pendleton County were estimated at 83.41 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 1.3% of the total 6187.22 tpy of the 

overall VOC point source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 

MSA. (See chart NKY-1) 

Point source NOx emissions from Pendleton County were estimated at 1836.68 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 2.6% of the total 70819.24 tpy of 

the overall NOx point source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KYIN MSA. (See chart NKY-7) 

Major point sources located within Pendleton County are subject to New Source 

Review (NSR), CTG RACT and non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum 

Achievable Control Technology (MACT) requirements for sources of Hazardous 

Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source Performance Standards (NSPS). Sources 

are also subject to applicable requirements imposed by the Clean Air Interstate 

Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 50:012 applies to sources 

statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources shall as a 

minimum apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and 

practical.” Additionally, any controls imposed as a result of previous 

nonattainment designations are required to remain in Boone County. 

Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Pendleton County were estimated at 

258.41 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 0.9% of the total 28193.31 
tpy of the overall VOC onroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-3) 

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Pendleton County were estimated at 

407.40 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 0.9% of the total 44982.90 

tpy of the overall NOx onroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-9) 

Based on 2006 information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, 

commuting traffic from other counties into Pendleton County is 45.1% and 

classified as high, and the commuting traffic from Pendleton County into other 

counties is significant at 63.1%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Sources 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Pendleton County were estimated 

at 101.47 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 0.9% of the total 

11569.21 tpy of the overall VOC Nonroad mobile source emissions from the 

Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-4) 

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Pendleton County were estimated at 

1191.26 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 3.7% of the total 31996.68 

tpy of the overall NOx nonroad mobile source emissions from the CincinnatiMiddletown, OH-KY-IN MSA. (See chart NKY-10) 

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Pendleton County were estimated at 305.52 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 0.7% of the total 46322.12 tpy of 

the overall VOC area source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KYIN MSA. (See chart NKY-2) 

Area source NOx emissions from Pendleton County were estimated at 51.62 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 0.7% of the total 7106.38 tpy of the 

overall NOx area source emissions from the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 

MSA. (See chart NKY-8) 
Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana 

MSA was performed using the 2005 NEI data.

Charts NKY-5 and NKY-6 provide a comparison of VOC emissions across the 

entire region. 

Charts NKY-11 and NKY-12 provide a comparison of NOx emissions across the 

entire region. 

Conclusion and Recommendation 

For the 2006 – 2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in 

Pendleton County. 

Within the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN MSA, Pendleton County contributes 

approximately: 

3⁄4 0.8% of the total VOC emissions 

3⁄4 2.3% of the total NOx emissions 

See charts NKY-6 for VOC, NKY-12 for NOx. 

Several 48-hour back trajectory HYSPLITS for Ohio and Kentucky have been 

included in a separate section for days in 2006-2008 when the 8-hour ambient 

monitoring concentration for ozone had their highest readings. These HYSPLITS 

show that for the majority of the time the air column is not impacted by Boone 

County and therefore does not affect the violating monitor.

The emissions from Pendleton County compared to the remainder of the MSA 

are negligible and do not significantly contribute to the violations of the 8-hour 

ozone in the MSA. 

Therefore, based on the monitoring and emissions data Pendleton County 

should be designated attainment for the 8-hour ozone standard in the MSA. 
Figure 1 

Northern Kentucky Area 

Wind Rose Patterns 2006-2008 
Table 1 

3-year Average* of Annual 8-hour for Ozone 

(parts per million) 

Monitor 2006 2007 2008 3-year

Average 

Kentucky

 Boone (21-015-0003) 0.071 0.078 0.064 0.071

 Bracken - - - n/a

 Campbell (21-037-0003) n/a 0.086 0.075 n/a

 Gallatin - - - n/a

 Grant - - - n/a

 Kenton 21-117-0007 0.075 0.085 0.073 0.078

 Pendleton - - - n/a

Ohio

 Brown - - - n/a

 Butler (39-017-0004) 0.079 0.091 0.071 0.080

 Butler (39-017-1004) 0.076 0.091 0.079 0.082

 Clermont (39-025-0022) 0.077 0.086 0.071 0.078

 Clinton (39-027-1002) 0.081 0.082 0.076 0.080

 Hamilton (39-061-0006) 0.081 0.089 0.086 0.085

 Hamilton (39-061-0010) 0.081 0.086 0.077 0.081

 Hamilton (39-061-0040) 0.078 0.086 0.080 0.81

 Warren (39-165-0006) 0.086 0.088 0.082 0.085

Indiana 

 Dearborn - - - n/a

 Franklin - - - n/a

 Ohio - - - n/a

*NAAQS 8-hour (3 year average of the 4th max value). 0.08ppm 

 N/A indicates no monitor data for that county. 
Table 2 

Northern Kentucky Area Population 

Growth Data 

County Census

2000 2006* %Growth2000-2006 2015* %Growth2000 - 2015 

Boone 85,991 110,080 28.0% 140,577 63.5%

Bracken 8,279 8,655 4.5% 9,169 10.8%

Campbell 88,616 86,866 -2.0% 95,828 8.1%

Gallatin 7,870 8,153 3.6% 10,135 28.8%

Grant 22,384 24,769 10.7% 31,476 40.6%

Kenton 151,464 154,911 2.3% 158,966 5.0%

Pendleton 14,390 15,334 6.6% 17,363 20.7%

*U.S. Census Bureau projections to July 1, 2006 and 2015. 

Table 3 

2006 Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 

 MSA Population

MSA Estimated Population 2006* % of Total 

Kentucky of KY Portion of MSA

 Boone County 110,080 26.9% 5.2%

 Bracken County 8,655 2.1% 0.4%

 Campbell County 86,866 21.3% 4.1%

 Gallatin County 8,153 2.0% 0.4%

 Grant County 24,769 6.0% 1.2%

 Kenton County 154,911 37.9% 7.4%

 Pendleton County 15,334 3.8% 0.7%

 KY Total 408,768 100% 19.4%

Ohio of OH Portion 

 Brown County 44,423 2.7% 2.1%

 Butler 354,992 21.9% 16.9%

 Clermont County 192,706 11.9% 9.2%

 Hamilton County 822,596 50.9% 39.0%

 Warren County 201,871 12.5% 9.6%

 OH Total 1,616,588 99.9% 76.8%

Indiana of IN Portion 

 Dearborn County 49,663 63.0% 2.4%

 Franklin County 23,373 29.6% 1.1%

 Ohio County 5,826 7.4% 0.3%

 IN Total 78,862 100% 3.8%

Total Estimated Population 2,104,218 100% 100%

*U.S. Census Bureau estimated for 2006. 
Table 4

2005 NEI Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN MSA 

 Total VOC Emissions

(tons per year) 

County VOC

Point Area Mobile Nonroad Total 

INDIANA 

Dearborn 1203.59 1224.65 971.32 230.29 3629.86

Franklin 1.96 858.97 493.61 279.57 1634.11

Ohio 0.00 186.72 101.97 46.73 335.42

IN Total 1205.55 2270.35 1566.90 556.59 5599.39

KENTUCKY 

Boone 1233.88 2322.45 1186.76 1231.38 5974.46

Bracken 13.48 160.08 126.35 148.96 448.87

Campbell 160.80 1312.94 1144.84 404.06 3022.63

Gallatin 111.37 208.69 348.21 151.13 819.39

Grant 42.40 558.90 547.97 299.02 1448.28

Kenton 252.61 2788.86 1899.24 641.83 5582.54

Pendleton 83.41 305.52 258.41 101.47 748.82

KY Total 1897.93 7657.44 5511.78 2977.85 18044.99

OHIO 

Brown 35.35 1022.30 775.72 160.36 1993.73

Butler 1480.34 5638.85 4352.23 1637.03 13108.44

Clermont 262.06 3359.68 2423.89 1021.66 7067.30

Hamilton 1115.44 22548.23 11386.75 4063.54 39113.96

Warren 190.55 3825.28 2176.05 1152.18 7344.05

OH Total 3083.74 36394.34 21114.63 8034.77 68627.48

Total Emissions 6187.22 46322.12 28193.31 11569.21 92271.86
Table 5 

2005 NEI Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN MSA 

Total NOx Emissions 

(tons per year) 

County NOx

Point Area Mobile Nonroad Total 

INDIANA 

Dearborn 10029.91 174.81 1865.32 1180.86 13250.91

Franklin 5.49 77.67 847.39 292.71 1223.27

Ohio 0.00 11.86 149.88 389.52 551.26

IN Total 10035.41 264.34 2862.59 1863.10 15025.44

KENTUCKY 

Boone 5108.60 587.14 2467.86 2488.45 10652.05

Bracken 4.75 21.66 196.19 270.64 493.24

Campbell 66.97 284.52 1945.18 1777.01 4073.68

Gallatin 208.31 22.06 977.12 916.15 2123.64

Grant 25.88 96.83 1435.85 1194.84 2753.40

Kenton 34.29 543.70 3266.24 2402.39 6246.62

Pendleton 1836.68 51.62 407.40 1191.26 3486.97

KY Total 7285.47 1607.54 10695.83 10240.75 29829.60

OHIO 

Brown 1.70 181.56 1052.27 1172.18 2407.71

Butler 5810.57 834.65 6228.41 3665.75 16539.38

Clermont 28341.56 666.23 3695.56 2703.04 35406.39

Hamilton 18312.88 2892.75 16706.18 10414.87 48326.67

Warren 1031.65 659.31 3742.05 1937.00 7370.02

OH Total 53498.36 5234.50 31424.48 19892.84 110050.17

Total Emissions 70819.24 7106.38 44982.90 31996.68 154905.21
NKY-1 

NKY-2 
NKY-3 

NKY-4 
NKY-5 

NKY-6 
NKY-7 

NKY-8 
NKY-9 

NKY-10 
NKY-11 

NKY-12 
Elizabethtown, KY, MSA

Hardin

Larue 

The Elizabethtown, Kentucky Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) is ranked 354th in 

size among the MSAs within the United States. This MSA encompasses two counties, 

Hardin and Larue Counties, Kentucky. 
2

HARDIN, KENTUCKY

Hardin County is part of the Elizabethtown, Kentucky, Metropolitan Statistical Area 

(MSA). Elizabethtown, the county seat of Hardin County, is located 44 miles south of 

Louisville, Kentucky; 131 miles northeast of Nashville, Tennessee; and 141 miles 

southwest of Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Geography/Topography 

Hardin County covers a total land area of 628 square miles and is located primarily in 

Kentucky’s Mississippian Plateaus Region, an area of gently rolling plains and uplands. 

The topography of the county is diverse, ranging from limestone plains in the eastern 

and central portions of the county, to steep high ridges further west. 

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division from the Shepherdsville 

air monitoring site in adjacent Bullitt County for the period 2006-2008 shows that the 

majority of the time the wind in the area came from the south/southwest , and 

typically at 1-4 miles per hour (See figure 1) According to the University of Kentucky 

Agricultural Weather Center, the average high temperature for July for the area from 

2006 through 2008 was 87qF and the average low was 65qF. The average 

precipitation for the same period was 3.92 inches.

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Hardin County area resides with the 

Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for Hardin 

County is performed by the Radcliff/Elizabethtown Metropolitan Planning 

Organization.

Air Monitoring 

The Hardin County ozone monitor (21-093-0006) shows the 3-year average (2006-2008) 

of the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration is 

0.077 parts per million, which does not achieve the 8-hour ozone National Ambient Air 

Quality Standard (NAAQS - 0.075 ppm).

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and the latest available for Hardin 

County, Kentucky. (See table 1) 
3

Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 97,087 persons 

living in Hardin County. (See table 3) That represents approximately 155 persons per 

square mile. The population of Hardin County is approximately 36.3% rural with 63.7% 

of the people living in incorporated areas. The largest city in Hardin County is 

Elizabethtown.

Hardin County’s population from 2000 through 2006 increased by approximately 3.1% 

(94,170 to 97,087). The population in the county is expected to increase overall by 

15.2% between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

Based on 2006 population data for the Elizabethtown, KY MSA, Hardin County 

represents approximately 87.6% of the total population in the MSA. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 2005 

National Emissions Inventory. (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from Hardin County were estimated at 332.59 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 90.3% of the total 368.50 tpy of the overall VOC point 

source emissions from the Elizabethtown, KY MSA. (See chart ELI-1) 

Point source NOx emissions from Hardin County were estimated at 69.36 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 32.9% of the total 210.80 tpy of the overall NOx point 

source emissions from the Elizabethtown, KY MSA. (See chart ELI-6) 

Major point sources located within Hardin County are subject to New Source Review 

(NSR), non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 

requirements for sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source 

Performance Standards (NSPS). Sources are also subject to applicable requirements 

imposed by the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 

50:012 applies to sources statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources 

shall as a minimum apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and 

practical.”

Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Hardin County were estimated at 883.31 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 78.7% of the total 1122.59 tpy of the 

overall VOC onroad mobile source emissions from the Elizabethtown, KY MSA. (See 

chart ELI-3) 
4

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Hardin County were estimated at 1973.34 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 80.4% of the total 2454.07 tpy of the 

overall NOx onroad mobile source emissions from the Elizabethtown, KY MSA. (See 

chart ELI-8) 

Based on information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, commuting 

traffic from other counties into Hardin County is 39.9% and classified as high. The 

commuting traffic from Hardin County into other counties is high at 39.5%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Sources 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Hardin County were estimated at 702.83 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 93.1% of the total 755.09 tpy of the 

overall VOC nonroad mobile source emissions from the Elizabethtown, KY MSA. (See 

chart ELI-4) 

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Hardin County were estimated at 1976.66 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 93.6% of the total 2111.71 tpy of the 

overall NOx nonroad mobile source emissions from the Elizabethtown, KY MSA. (See 

chart ELI-9) 

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Hardin County were estimated at 4758.41 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 95.0% of the total 5007.06 tpy of the overall 

VOC area source emissions from the Elizabethtown, KY MSA. (See chart ELI-2) 

Area source NOx emissions from Hardin County were estimated at 587.21 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 92.6% of the total 634.30 tpy of the overall NOx area 

source emissions from the Elizabethtown, KY MSA. (See chart ELI-7) 

Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire Kentucky area of evaluation was 

performed using the 2005 NEI data.

Chart ELI-5 provides a comparison of VOC emissions across the entire region. 

Chart ELI-10 provides a comparison of NOx emissions across the entire region. 
5

Conclusion and Recommendation 

Hardin County, based on 2006-2008 ozone monitoring and emissions data, is not 

meeting the 8-hour ozone standard with a 3-year average of 35.1 micrograms per 

cubic meter.

In the Elizabethtown, KY MSA, Hardin County contributes approximately: 

3⁄4 92.1% of total VOC emissions

3⁄4 85.1% of total NOx emissions

See charts ELI-5 for VOC and ELI-10 for NOx.

Based on data analysis, the pollutants of most concern regarding 8-hour ozone 

formation are VOC and NOx. Hardin County contributes a relatively large portion of 

the area’s VOC and NOx emissions.

Based on the monitoring and emissions data, Hardin County should be designated 

nonattainment for the 8-hour ozone standard.
6

LARUE COUNTY, KENTUCKY

Larue County is part of the Elizabethtown, Kentucky, Metropolitan Statistical Area 

(MSA). Hodgenville, the county seat of Larue County, is located 56 miles south of 

Louisville, Kentucky, and 140 miles northeast of Nashville, Tennessee.

Geography/Topography 

Larue County, with a generally low, rolling topography, has a land area of 263 square 

miles. It is located in south-central Kentucky’s Mississippian Plateaus Region.

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division from the Shepherdsville 

air monitoring site in Bullitt County for the period 2006-2008 shows that the majority 

of the time the wind in the area came from the south/southwest , and typically at 1-4 

miles per hour (See figure 1) According to the Kentucky Agricultural Weather Center, 

the average high temperature for July for the area from 2006 through 2008 was 87qF

and the average low was 65qF. The average precipitation for the same period was 

3.92 inches. 

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Larue County area resides with the 

Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for Larue County 

is performed by the Lincoln Trail Area Development District (LTADD) in partnership 

with the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. 

Air Monitoring 

For the 2006-2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in Larue 

County.

The Hardin County ozone monitor (21-093-0006) is the monitor in closest proximity to 

Larue County and it shows the 3-year average (2006-2008) of the annual fourthhighest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration is 0.0770 parts per 

million, which does not achieve the 8-hour ozone National Ambient Air Quality 

Standard (NAAQS - 0.075 ppm).

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and the latest available for Hardin 

County, Kentucky. (See table 1). 
7

Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 13,791 persons 

living in Larue County. (See table 3) That represents approximately 52 persons per 

square mile. The population of Larue County is approximately 76.7% rural with 23.3% 

of the people living in incorporated areas. The largest city in Larue County is 

Hodgenville. 

Larue County’s population from 2000 through 2006 increased by approximately 3.1% 

(13,373 to 13,791). The population in the county is expected to increase overall by 

6.0% between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

Based on 2006 population data for the Elizabethtown, KY, MSA, Larue County 

represents approximately 12.4% of the total population in the MSA. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 2005 

National Emissions Inventory. (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from Larue County were estimated at 35.91 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 9.7% of the total 368.50 tpy of the overall VOC point 

source emissions from the Elizabethtown, KY MSA. (See chart ELI-1) 

Point source NOx emissions from Larue County were estimated at 141.44 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 67.1% of the total 210.80 tpy of the overall NOx point 

source emissions from the Elizabethtown, KY MSA. (See chart ELI-6) 

Major point sources located within Larue County are subject to New Source Review 

(NSR), non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 

requirements for sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source 

Performance Standards (NSPS). Sources are also subject to applicable requirements 

imposed by the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 

50:012 applies to sources statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources 

shall as a minimum apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and 

practical.”

Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Larue County were estimated at 239.28 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 21.3% of the total 11122.59 tpy of the 

overall VOC onroad mobile source emissions from the Elizabethtown, KY MSA. (See 

chart ELI-3) 
8

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Larue County were estimated at 480.73 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 19.6% of the total 2454.07 tpy of the overall 

NOx onroad mobile source emissions from the Elizabethtown, KY MSA. (See chart ELI8)

Based on information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, commuting 

traffic from other counties into Larue County is 44.9% and classified as high. The 

commuting traffic from Larue County into other counties is significant at 74.5%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Sources 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Larue County were estimated at 52.26 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 6.9% of the total 755.09 tpy of the overall 

VOC nonroad mobile source emissions from the Elizabethtown, KY MSA. (See chart ELI4)

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Larue County were estimated at 135.05 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 6.4% of the total 2111.71 tpy of the 

overall NOx nonroad mobile source emissions from the Elizabethtown, KY MSA. (See 

chart ELI-9) 

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Larue County were estimated at 248.66 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 5.0% of the total 5007.06 tpy of the overall VOC area 

source emissions from the Elizabethtown, KY MSA. (See chart ELI-2) 

Area source NOx emissions from Larue County were estimated at 47.09 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 7.4% of the total 634.30 tpy of the overall NOx area 

source emissions from the Elizabethtown, KY MSA. (See chart ELI-7) 

Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire area of evaluation was performed 

using the 2005 NEI data.

Chart ELI-5 provides a comparison of VOC emissions across the entire region. 

Chart ELI-10 provides a comparison of NOx emissions across the entire region. 
9

Conclusion and Recommendation 

For the 2006-2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in Larue 

County. 

In the Elizabethtown, KY MSA, Larue County contributes approximately: 

3⁄4 7.9% of total VOC emissions 

3⁄4 14.9% of total NOx emissions 

See charts ELI-5 for VOC and ELI-10 for NOx.

Based on data analysis, the pollutants of most concern regarding 8-hour ozone 

formation are VOC and NOx. Larue County contributes a relatively small portion of 

the area’s VOC and NOx emissions.

Predominant wind patterns do not indicate an impact from Larue County on the 

violating monitors. See annual wind roses included in Figure 1. 

The emissions data and other documentation presented indicate that Larue County, 

Kentucky, does not contribute a significant amount of ozone or emissions that 

contribute to ozone formation in the Elizabethtown, KY, MSA. 

Therefore, Larue County should be designated attainment for the 8-hour ozone 

standard.
10

Figure 1 

Kentucky Area Wind Rose Patterns 

2006-2008
Table 1

Elizabethtown, KY MSA 

 3-year Average* of 8-hour Ozone 

(parts per million) 

Monitor 2006 2007 2008 3-year Average 

Kentucky County 

Hardin 21-093-0006 0.074 0.083 0.074 0.077 

Larue n/a n/a n/a n/a

*NAAQS 8-hour (3 year average of the 4th max value). 0.08ppm 

 N/A indicates no monitor data for that county. 

Table 2

Kentucky Portion of the Elizabethtown, KY MSA 

Population Growth Data 

County Census 2000 2006* %Growth

2000-2006 2015* %Growth2000 – 2015 

Hardin 94,170 97,087 3.1 108,505 15.2 

Larue 13,373 13,791 3.1 14,170 6.0 

*U.S. Census Bureau projections to July 1, 2006 and 2015 

Table 3

Elizabethtown, KY MSA 

2006 Estimated Population Data

Kentucky County 2006* % of Total MSA 

Hardin 97,087 87.6%

Larue 13,791 12.4%

 Total 110,878 100%

*U.S. Census Bureau estimated for 2006. 
12

Table 4 

2005 NEI Elizabethtown, KY MSA 

Total VOC Emissions 

(tons per year) 

County VOC 

 Point Area Mobile Nonroad Total 

KENTUCKY 

Hardin 332.59 4758.41 883.31 702.83 6677.14

Larue 35.91 248.66 239.28 52.26 576.11

Total Emissions 368.50 5007.06 1122.59 755.09 7253.25

Table 5 

2005 NEI Elizabethtown, KY MSA 

Total NOx Emissions 

(tons per year) 

County NOx 

 Point Area Mobile Nonroad Total 

KENTUCKY 

Hardin 69.36 587.21 1973.34 1976.66 4606.56

Larue 141.44 47.09 480.73 135.05 804.31

Total Emissions 210.80 634.30 2454.07 2111.71 5410.87
13

ELI-1

ELI-2
14

ELI-3

ELI-4
15

ELI-5

ELI-6
16

ELI-7

ELI-8
17

ELI-9

ELI-10
Clarksville, TN-KY, MSA

Christian 

Stewart 

Trigg 

Montgomery 

The Clarksville, Tennessee-Kentucky, Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) is ranked 

175th in size among the MSAs within the United States. This MSA encompasses four 

counties, Montgomery and Stewart Counties, Tennessee, and Christian and Trigg 

Counties, Kentucky. 
2

CHRISTIAN, KENTUCKY

Christian County is part of the Clarksville, Tennessee-Kentucky, Metropolitan 

Statistical Area (MSA) and is on the I-24 East-West interstate corridor. It is located 

directly south of Hopkins County, southwest of Muhlenberg County, southeast of 

Caldwell County, west of Todd County, and east of Trigg County. It is also directly 

north of Montgomery County, Tennessee, and north east of Stewart County, 

Tennessee.

Geography/Topography 

Christian County has a land area of 721 square miles. The Pennyrile Forest State 

Resort Park comprises the northwest corner of the county, and the Fort Campbell 

Military Reservation comprises the southwest county boundary. The south west 

corner of the county is also divided east-west by I-24 interstate corridor. 

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division from the Franklin air 

monitoring site in Warren County for the period 2006-2008 shows that the majority of 

the time the wind in the area came from the southeast, and typically at less than 4 

miles per hour. (See figure 1) According to the University of Kentucky Agricultural 

Weather Center, the average high temperature for July for the area from 2006 

through 2008 was 90qF and the average low was 67qF. The average precipitation for 

the same period was 3.56 inches.

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Christian County area resides with the 

Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for a small 

portion of southeastern Christian County is performed by the Clarksville Urbanized 

Area Metropolitan Planning Organization (CUAMPO) and the Kentucky Transportation 

Cabinet. The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet provides transportation planning for 

the majority of the county. 

Air Monitoring 

The Christian County ozone monitor (21-047-0006) shows the 3-year average (2006-

2008) of the annual 98th percentile of the 8-average is 0.078 parts per millions, which 

does not achieve the 8-hour ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS – 

0.075 parts per million).
3

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and the latest available for Christian 

County, Kentucky. (See table 1) 

Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 66,989 persons 

living in Christian County. (See table 3) That represents approximately 93 persons 

per square mile. The population of Christian County is approximately 72.6% rural with 

27.4% of the people living in incorporated areas. The largest cities in Christian County 

are Hopkinsville and Oak Grove.

Christian County’s population from 2000 through 2006 decreased by approximately 

7.9% (72,265 to 66,989). The population in the county is expected to increase overall 

by 16.4% between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

Based on 2006 population data for the Clarksville, TN-KY MSA, Christian County 

represents approximately 27.4% of the total population in the MSA and 83.3% of the 

Kentucky portion of the MSA. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 2005 

National Emissions Inventory (NEI). (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from Christian County were estimated at 415.15 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 35.4% of the total 1174.26 tpy of the overall 

VOC point source emissions from the Clarksville, TN-KY MSA. (See chart CLK-1) 

Point source NOx emissions from Christian County were estimated at 108.85 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 0.4% of the total 27520.28 tpy of the overall 

NOx point source emissions from the Clarksville, TN-KY MSA. (See chart CLK-7) 

Major point sources located within Christian County are subject to New Source Review 

(NSR), non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 

requirements for sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source 

Performance Standards (NSPS). Sources are also subject to applicable requirements 

imposed by the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 

50:012 applies to sources statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources 

shall as a minimum apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and 

practical.”
4

Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Christian County were estimated at 1434.85 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 28.6% of the total 5017.64 tpy of the 

overall VOC onroad mobile source emissions from the Clarksville, TN-KY MSA. (See 

chart CLK-3) 

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Christian County were estimated at 2514.19 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 33.6% of the total 7476.84 tpy of the 

overall NOx onroad mobile source emissions from the Clarksville, TN-KY MSA. (See 

chart CLK-9)

Based on 2006 information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, 

commuting traffic from other counties into Christian County is 39.6% and classified as 

high. The commuting traffic from Christian County into other counties is high at 

33.9%.

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Sources 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Christian County were estimated at 291.22 

tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 11.1% of the total 2635.21 tpy of the 

overall VOC nonroad mobile source emissions from the Clarksville, TN-KY MSA. (See 

chart CLK-4)

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Christian County were estimated at 

1024.91 tpy in 2005, which represents approximately 29.6% of the total 3464.57 tpy of 

the overall NOx nonroad mobile source emissions from the Clarksville, TN-KY MSA. 

(See chart CLK-10)

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Christian County were estimated at 1702.60 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 14.0% of the total 12149.74 tpy of the overall 

VOC area source emissions from the Clarksville, TN-KY MSA. (See chart CLK-2) 

Area source NOx emissions from Christian County were estimated at 314.30 tpy in 

2005, which represents approximately 23.6% of the total 1334.00 tpy of the overall 

NOx area source emissions from the Clarksville, TN-KY MSA. (See chart CLK-8) 
5

Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire Kentucky and Tennessee area of 

evaluation was performed using the 2005 NEI data.

Charts CLK-5 and CLK-6 provide a comparison of VOC emissions across the entire 

region.

Charts CLK-11 and CLK-12 provide a comparison of NOx emissions across the entire 

region.

Conclusion and Recommendation 

Christian County, based on 2006 – 2008 ozone monitoring and emissions data, is 

meeting the 8-hour ozone standard with a 3-year average of 0.078 parts per million.

In the Clarksville, TN-KY MSA, Christian County contributes approximately: 

3⁄4 18.3% of total VOC emissions (18,853 tpy) 

3⁄4 10.0% of total NOx emissions (64,973 tpy) 

See charts CLK-6 for VOC, CLK-12 for NOx.

The majority of precursors, NOx and VOC, are from Stewart County, TN. Regional 

proportional comparisons are depicted in CLK-7 and CLK-12 for NOx and CLK-13 and 

CLK-18 for VOC. These comparisons show major contributions from Stewart County, 

and the largest point source in Stewart County is Tennessee Valley Authority’s 

Cumberland Fossil Plant located on the shores of Barkley Reservoir on the Cumberland 

River near Cumberland City. 

The monitoring and emissions data and other documentation presented indicate that 

Christian County, Kentucky, does not contribute a significant amount of emissions 

that contribute to ozone formation in the Clarksville, TN-KY MSA. 

However, based on the monitoring data showing a violation, Christian County should 

be designated nonattainment for the 8-hour ozone standard.
6

TRIGG COUNTY, KENTUCKY

Trigg County is part of the Clarksville, Tennessee-Kentucky, Metropolitan Statistical 

Area (MSA) and is divided east-west by Interstate Highway 24. It is located to the east 

of Marshall and Calloway Counties, to the west of Christian County, to the southeast 

of Lyon County, and to the south of Caldwell County. It is also directly to the north 

of Stewart County, Tennessee. 

Geography/Topography 

Trigg County has a land area of 443 square miles and Fort Campbell Military 

Reservation forms much of the southeastern corner of the county. Lake Barley and its 

watershed comprise much of the central portion, extending from the northwest 

border to the state line on the southern county boundary. The larger Kentucky Lake 

forms the southwestern county boundary. 

Meteorological Information 

Wind speed and wind direction data collected by the Division from the Franklin, 

Kentucky air monitoring site for the period 2006-2008 shows that the majority of the 

time the wind in the area came from the southeast, and typically at less than 4 miles 

per hour. (See figure 1) According to the University of Kentucky Agricultural Weather 

Center, the average high temperature for July for the area from 2006 through 2008 

was 90qF and the average low was 67qF. The average precipitation for the same 

period was 3.56 inches. 

Planning

The authority for air quality planning in the Trigg County area resides with the 

Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet. Transportation planning for Trigg County 

is performed by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. 

Air Monitoring 

For the 2006 – 2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in Trigg 

County.

The Christian County ozone monitor (21-047-0006) shows the 3-year average (2006-

2008) of the annual 98th percentile of the 8-average is 0.078 parts per millions, which 

does not achieve the 8-hour ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS – 

0.075 parts per million).

The monitoring information for 2008 is complete and the latest. (See table 1) 
7

Population

Based on projections to 2006 from the 2000 census data, there are 13,399 persons 

living in Trigg County. (See table 3) That represents approximately 30 persons per 

square mile. The population of Trigg County is approximately 78.9% rural with 21.1% 

of the people living in incorporated areas. The largest city in Trigg County is Cadiz. 

Trigg County’s population from 2000 through 2006 increased by approximately 6.4% 

(12,597 to 13,399). The population in the county is expected to increase overall by 

17.4% between 2000 and 2015. (See table 2) 

Based on 2006 population data for the Clarksville, TN-KY, MSA, Trigg County 

represents approximately 5.6% of the total population in the MSA and 16.7% of the 

Kentucky portion of the area. (See table 3) 

Air Emissions 

The emissions presented in this document are in tons per year (tpy) from the 2005 

National Emissions Inventory (NEI). (See tables 4 and 5) 

Point Sources 

Point source VOC emissions from Trigg County were estimated at 18.19 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 1.5% of the total 1174.26 tpy of the overall VOC point 

source emissions from the Clarksville, TN-KY MSA. (See chart CLK-1) 

Point source NOx emissions from Trigg County were estimated at 3.17 tpy in 2005, 

which represents nearly zero percent of the total 27520.28 tpy of the overall NOx

point source emissions from the Clarksville, TN-KY MSA. (See chart CLK-7) 

Major point sources located within Trigg County are subject to New Source Review 

(NSR), non-CTG RACT requirements, Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 

requirements for sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS), and New Source 

Performance Standards (NSPS). Sources are also subject to applicable requirements 

imposed by the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), and the NOx SIP Call. Also 401 KAR 

50:012 applies to sources statewide, requiring that “all major air contaminant sources 

shall as a minimum apply control procedures that are reasonable, available, and 

practical.”

Onroad Mobile 

Onroad mobile source VOC emissions from Trigg County were estimated at 322.95 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 6.4% of the total 5017.64 tpy of the overall 

VOC onroad mobile source emissions from the Clarksville, TN-KY MSA. (See chart 

CLK-3)
8

Onroad mobile source NOx emissions from Trigg County were estimated at 835.25 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 11.2% of the total 7476.84 tpy of the overall 

NOx onroad mobile source emissions from the Clarksville, TN-KY MSA. (See chart CLK9)

Based on 2006 information obtained from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, 

commuting traffic from other counties into Trigg County is 40.1% and classified as 

high. The commuting traffic from Trigg County into other counties is high at 50%. 

Commuting Classifications

Not Significant 0-10%

Minimal 11-30%

High 31-50%

Significant 51% or more

Nonroad Sources 

Nonroad mobile source VOC emissions from Trigg County were estimated at 800.98 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 30.4% of the total 2635.21 tpy of the overall 

VOC nonroad mobile source emissions from the Clarksville, TN-KY MSA. (See chart 

CLK-4)

Nonroad mobile source NOx emissions from Trigg County were estimated at 379.89 tpy 

in 2005, which represents approximately 11.0% of the total 3464.57 tpy of the overall 

NOx nonroad mobile source emissions from the Clarksville, TN-KY MSA. (See chart CLK10)

Area Sources 

Area source VOC emissions from Trigg County were estimated at 4454.65 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 36.7% of the total 12149.74 tpy of the overall VOC 

area source emissions from the Clarksville, TN-KY MSA. (See chart CLK-2) 

Area source NOx emissions from Trigg County were estimated at 359.11 tpy in 2005, 

which represents approximately 26.9% of the total 1334 tpy of the overall NOx area 

source emissions from the Clarksville, TN-KY MSA. (See chart CLK-8) 

These elevated area source numbers are due to a fire event that occurred in Trigg 

County in 2005. 

Comparison of Total Emissions 

A comparison of total emissions across the entire Kentucky and Tennessee area of 

evaluation was performed using the 2005 NEI data.
9

Charts CLK-5 and CLK-6 provide a comparison of VOC emissions across the entire 

region.

Charts CLK-11 and CLK-12 provide a comparison of NOx emissions across the entire 

region.

Conclusion and Recommendation 

For the 2006 – 2008 monitoring period, there were no ozone monitors located in Trigg 

County. 

In the Clarksville, TN-KY MSA, Trigg County contributes approximately: 

3⁄4 26.7% of total VOC emissions (18,853 tpy) 

3⁄4 4.0% of total NOx emissions (64,973 tpy) 

See charts CLK-6 for VOC, CLK-12 for NOx.

The emissions data and other documentation presented indicate that Trigg County, 

Kentucky, does not contribute a significant amount of emissions that contribute to 

ozone formation in the Clarksville, TN-KY, MSA. 

Therefore, Trigg County should be designated attainment for the ozone 8-hour 

standard.
Figure 1 

Kentucky Area Wind Rose Patterns

2006-2008
Table 1

Clarksville, TN-KY MSA 

 3-year Average* of Annual 8-hour for ozone 

(parts per million) 

Monitor 2006 2007 2008 3-year Average 

Kentucky County 

Christian 21-047-0006 0.076 0.089 0.069 0.078 

Trigg 21-221-0013 n/a 0.078 0.071 n/a

Tennessee County 

Montgomery - - - n/a 

Stewart - - - n/a 

* NAAQS 8-hour (3 year average of the 4th max value). 0.08ppm 

N/A indicates no monitor data for that county.

Table 2

Kentucky Portion of the Clarksville, TN-KY MSA 

Population Growth Data 

County Census 2000 2006* %Growth

2000-2006 2015* %Growth2000 – 2015 

Christian 72,265 66,989 -7.9% 84,144 16.4% 

Trigg 12,597 13,399 6.4% 14,789 17.4% 

*U.S. Census Bureau projections to July 1, 2006 and 2015 

Table 3

Clarksville, TN-KY MSA 

2006 Estimated Population Data

2006* % of Total 

Kentucky County of KY Portion of MSA 

Christian 66,989 83.3% 27.9%

Trigg 13,399 16.7% 5.6%

 KY Total 80,388 - 33.4%

Tennessee County 

 Montgomery 147,114 91.9% 61.2%

 Stewart 12,998 8.1% 5.4%

TN Total 160,112 - 66.6%

MSA Total 240,500

*U.S. Census Bureau estimated for 2006. 
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Table 4 

2005 NEI Clarksville, TN-KY MSA 

Total VOC Emissions 

(tons per year) 

Table 5 

2005 NEI Clarksville, TN-KY MSA 

Total NOx Emissions 

(tons per year) 

County NOx 

 Point Area Mobile Nonroad Total 

Christian 108.85 314.30 2514.19 1024.91 3962.24

Trigg 3.17 359.11 835.25 379.89 1577.42

KY Total 112.01 673.40 3349.44 1404.80 5539.66

Montgomery, TN 142.42 425.01 3815.64 1093.79 5476.86

Stewart, TN 27265.84 235.59 311.75 965.98 28779.16

TN Total 27408.26 660.60 4127.39 2059.77 34256.02

Total Emissions 27520.28 1334.00 7476.84 3464.57 39795.68

County VOC 

 Point Area Mobile Nonroad Total 

Christian 415.15 1702.60 1434.85 291.22 3843.82

Trigg 18.19 4454.65 322.95 800.98 5596.77

KY Total 433.33 6157.25 1757.80 1092.21 9440.59

Montgomery, TN 542.16 2826.77 3005.23 706.90 7081.06

Stewart, TN 198.76 3165.71 254.62 836.10 4455.20

TN Total 740.93 5992.48 3259.85 1543.00 11536.26

Total Emissions 1174.26 12149.74 5017.64 2635.21 20976.85
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