# Air Toxics Program Discussion

Clean Air Act Advisory Committee
June 8, 2011

# Overview  

# History & Background  

# Priority Sectors Overview  

# Updates  

## Petroleum Refinery Sector Rulemakings  

## Chemical Sector Rulemakings Iron and Steel Sector Rulemakings

2   

## Mercury and Air Toxics Standards for Power Plants  

## Oil and Gas Sector Rulemakings  

# Discussion Questions for the CAAAC  

# Appendix (Air Toxics Posing Highest Risks; Other Priority Sectors)

# History of Regulating Air Toxics

 

### Toxic air pollutants cause or are suspected of causing cancer, birth defects, reproductive effects and other serious health problems (e.g., benzene, mercury)  

### 1970 CAA air toxics provisions required EPA to list and regulate air toxics based on risks they posed  

### In 20 years, EPA listed 8 toxics and regulated 7  

### 1990 Amendments changed approach  

### Lists more than 180 air toxics of concern

3  

### Requires EPA to identify and regulate major sources of toxics – more than 170 different source categories  

### Requires EPA to reduce emissions through technology- based standards (Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT))  

### Requires EPA to evaluate the remaining risks at sources and set more stringent standards if necessary  

### Other Toxics Provisions  

### Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy to address smaller stationary sources  

### Technology and fuel requirements to reduce mobile source air toxics  

### Requirements for adding or delisting air toxics

# Current Focus of Air Toxics Program  

# Stationary sources  Sector- based approach for priority sources  Residual risk and technology reviews for major sources  Priority air toxics for urban areas and reductions from area sources 

###  

# Mobile sources  Tighter standards for new light-duty vehicles and fuels (Tier 3) and ongoing evaluation of renewable/alternative fuel impacts  Implementation of recent standards (including vehicle air toxics standards (MSAT)) for all mobile source sectors  Diesel retrofit and reduced idling, including targeted EJ actions and ports/goods

4 4  Diesel retrofit and reduced idling, including targeted EJ actions and ports/goods movement efforts  Near- roadway information and planning tools for communities  Lead from aviation gasoline 

###  

# Indoor air toxics  Actions to address major sources and environments (e.g., asthma communities in action; indoor air quality tools for schools; international partnership to replace cookstoves )  Focus on reducing radon risks 

###  

# Voluntary programs and public information  Community Action for a Renewed Environment (CARE) grant program  National Air Toxics Assessment  Monitoring

# Success Story: Reducing Toxic Emissions
5

8

10 12Emissions (milliontons/year) w/CAA w/o CAA 

## Total Emissions for All Air T ox ics with and without the Clean Air Act

 

## Emission reductions came from on - ro ad mobile sources and stationary sources

0 2 4 6

1990 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2015 2020Emissions (million

Source: 2005 NEI v2 and EGAS growth estimates similar to 2002 NEI forecasts. 5

# Addressing Air Toxic Risks in an Era of Declining Budgets The air toxics problem  

## Toxic emission sources are often clustered in urban areas and areas already facing other air quality challenges.  

## Low income, minority, and indigenous populations often bear a disproportionate share of the health impacts.

6 

# EPA is targeting priorityemission sources to get the largest risk reductions given existing resources  

## Although many toxics rules have court-ordered schedules, EPA is prioritizing efforts based on public health concerns.  

## EPA is bringing to bear a wide array of regulatory, monitoring, public outreach and enforcement tools.

6

# Tools that Improve Public Awareness
 

## Emissions Monitoring  

### Greater use of established remote measurement approaches (e.g., optical fence line monitoring, DIAL)  

### Continuation of emerging remote measurement technology d evelopment  

## Public Transparency  

### Emission inventories (e.g., National Emissions Inventory, Toxics Release

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### Inventory)  

### Rule requirements for electronic submission of compliance data  

## Neighborhood Monitoring  

### Community-scale Air Toxics Monitoring Grant Program  

## Enforcement  

### Use monitoring to identify at- risk communities and specific emissions sources  

### Obtain injunctive relief where violations are found 7

# ... and how we are using the tools

Reduce Ta rget priority categories of emission sources 

## Utilize a more cost-effective “sector- based” approach to rulemaking 

## Reduce air toxics through voluntary programs

8 

# Reduce pollution in communities Improve data collection and provide better information to the public through monitoring and national assessments 

## Provide tools to help communities and other stakeholder participate in rulemaking. 

## Coordinate compliance and enforcement ef forts towards priority sectors and areas of concern 8

# Air Toxics Risks Highest in Urban Areas

9 2005 NATA - National Scale Assessment Predicted County Level Carcinogenic Risk

Average Risk Level <1 in a Million 25 - 50 in a Million
>100 in a Million 75 - 100 in a Million 50 - 75 in a Million 1 - 25 in a Million

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# Combustion and Chemical Facilities Pose Highest Risks From Stationary Sources

80% 100% Re sid enti alCo mb ustion Pu lpa nd Pa per Powe r Pla nts Pe troleum Refi ni ng Other

10 0% 20% 40% 60%

Emissio ns Ca ncer Tox We ig hted Emissio ns Noncancer Tox Weighted Em issions Other Oi l a nd Gas Producti on & Distrib uti on Min erals (in c Ce ment) Me tals (Iron,Steel&N onFerrous) Crop Production Co nsumer/Com merci al Prod Mfc t & Se rvices Ch emicalMa nuf

acturi ng Bo ile r and IC En gi nes

# Target: Stationary Sources

Priority Sectors
 

# Petroleum Refining  

# Chemical Manufacturing  

# Iron & Steel  

# Utilities  

# Oil & Gas

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###  

# Portland Cement Emissions from these sectors often affect low income and minority communities

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# The Petroleum Refinery Sector

 

## 150 domestic refineries  

## Second largest industrial source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) Pollutant 2005 Emissions

(tons/year) Nitrogen oxides ( NOx) 146,185 Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) 247,239 Vo latile organic compounds (VOCs) 11 4,852 Hazardous air pollutants (HAP) 14,000 Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) 30,333 GHGs 220 MTCO 2 e
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# Petroleum Refinery Sector Rulemakings
 

# Petroleum Refinery Sector National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) and New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)  

## Proposal: December 10, 2011  

## Final: November 10, 2012  

# Taking an integrated approach across the sector to coordinate MACT and NSPS requirements that

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# currently exist in many separate rules  

# Key issues  

## Accurate emission data  

## Scope of the rulemakings  

## Options to address GHGs  

## Addressing environmental justice concerns and children’s health  

## Approach for addressing malfunctions

# Integrated Sector

-Based Approach: Petroleum Refinery Sector Emission Point Current Regulations Boilers NSPS, MACT Process Heaters NSPS Flares NSPS, MACT FCCU, Reformer, Sulfur Plant NSPS, MACT 

### Rulemaking Ap proach MACT and NSPS amended

Process V

ents MACT Heat Exchangers MACT Wastewater MACT, NESHAP , NSPS, CTG Storage MACT, NESHAP , NSPS, CTG Loading MACT, NESHAP Equipment Leaks MACT, NSPS, NESHAP , CTG Tobe amended to

reference the Uniform Standards

NSPS = New Source Performance Standards; MACT = Maximum Achievable Control Technology Standard; NESHAP = National Em ission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants; CTG= Control Techniques Guidelines 14

# Fenceline Monitoring

 

### Locate passive samplers around the perimeter of each refinery  

### If any concentration exceeds the action level, initiate tiered approach to positively identify facility contribution to risk  

### If facility contribution to risk is unacceptable, initiate steps to reduce it

N 15

# Chemical Sector Rulemakings

 Over 550 major source facilities emitting 15,000 tons/year (tpy) of HAP across entire sector  Taking an integrated approach across the chemical sector to coordinate MACT and NSPS requirements that currently exist in many separate rules  Propose consolidated set of regulations for HAP and VOCs from chemical plants Court orders require proposal for portions

16  of this sector as early as November 2011

Po llutant Emissions (tpy) Methanol 3,139 Hexane 3,080 To luene 1,324 Styrene 848 Benzene 661 1,3 - Butadiene 629 Xy lenes 531 Et hylene glycol 464 Riskdriving pollutants

# Iron and Steel Sector Rulemakings
 

## Nationwide emissions  

### PM 2.5 

### : 14,210 tons  

### Metal HAP: 377 tons  

### Coke oven emissions: 390 tons  

## Revision of the electric arc furnace (EAF) area source MACT rule Compiling data collected from the information collection request (ICR)

17   

### Considering Hg emission limits with enhanced monitoring  

### Plan to propose revised rule in late 2011/early 2012  

## List EAFs as a major source for MACT standards  

## Review NSPS for EAF and Integrated Iron & Steel  

## Address remand of Integrated Iron & Steel MACT  

## Evaluate Coke Oven residual risk 

## Proposal published on May 3, 2011

 

## Comment period ends July 5, 2011  

## Proposed rule would reduce emissions of heavy metals, including mercury, arsenic, chromium, and nickel, and acid gases, including hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride 

# Mercury and Air Toxics Standards for Power Plants

from new and existing coal - and oil -fired electric utility steam generating units (EGUs)  

## 90 percent reduction in mercury emissions from burned coal  

## Final rule must be signed by November 16, 2011

18 

## Oil and Gas Sector NESHAP and NSPS

 

### Proposal: July 28, 2011  

### Final: February 28, 2012  

## Nationwide emissions  

### Methane: 15.7 million tons (300 MMT CO 2 

### e) (40% of U.S. methane emissions)  

### VOC emissions of 3 million tons  

### HAP emissions of 130,000 tons  

## NSPS improvements are being considered for several emission 

# Oil and Gas Sector Rulemakings

19  

## NSPS improvements are being considered for several emission points, including:  

### Completions of hydraulically fractured (“fracked”) gas wells  

### Compressors  

### Storage vessels  

### Pneumatic devices  

### Equipment leaks  

## NESHAP revisions are being considered for:  

### Glycol dehydrators  

### Storage tanks

# Discussion Questions
 

# What are your concerns?  

# Where should we focus our efforts?  

# What efforts have been most effective?  

# How can we work with the CAAAC to attain the goals of the Air Toxics Program?

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# APPENDIX

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# Air Toxics with Greatest Risks Nationally
 

### The air toxics* with the greatest risks from inhalation include:  Acrolein (mobile sources, combustion, open burning)  Arsenic (combustion, non -ferrous metal production, iron and steel, incineration, mobile sources)  Benzene (mobile sources, combustion, oil and gas production and distribution, petroleum refining and distribution)  1,3 - Butadiene (mobile sources, chemical manufacturing, petroleum refining and distribution)  Chlorine (primary magnesium refining, incineration, combustion)  Chromium, hexavalent (electroplating, non -ferrous metal production, iron and steel, mobile sources)  Coke Oven Emissions (iron and steel)  Diesel exhaust (mobile sources)

22 22  Formaldehyde (mobile sources, combustion, plywood, pulp and paper, oil and gas production and distribution)  Hydrogen Chloride (combustion, incineration)  Manganese (iron and steel, non -ferrous metal production, combustion)  Perchloroethylene (dry cleaning, solvent use)  Polycyclic Organic Matter (POM) (mobile sources, open burning, combustion, incineration)  The greatest risks from non - inhalation pathways occur when air toxics deposit from the air, persist in the environment, and contaminate food we eat. These include:  Dioxins (backyard burning, incineration, electric utilities)  Mercury (coal combustion, Portland cement, incineration, mining) * Source: National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA).

# Other Priority Sector Projects Rule Proposal Promulgation Boiler MACT/Commercial and Industrial Solid Wa ste Incinerators Reconsideration Secondary Lead Smelting RTR NESHAP 4/29/1 1 (completed) 12/16/1 1 Compression Ignition Engines NSPS; Amendments 5/22/10 (completed) 6/8/1 1 Pulp & Paper RTR NESHAP 6/15/1 1 1/31/12 Chromium Electroplating and Steel Pickling RT R NESHAP 9/14/10 (completed) 6/30/1 1 Aerospace Manufacturing RT R NESHAP 8/31/1 1 6/29/12 Nitric Acid NSPS 9/30/1 1 11 /15/1 1 Shipbuilding/Wood Furniture RT R NESHAP 9/14/10 10/31/1 1 Primary Lead RTR NESHAP 10/31/1 1 Mineral Wool Production/Wool Fiberglass RT R NESHAP 10/31/1 1 6/29/12 23

# Other Priority Sector Projects (continued) Rule Proposal Promulgation Ferroalloys RT R NESHAP 10/31/1 1 6/29/12 Primary Aluminum RTR NESHAP 10/31/1 1 6/29/12 Secondary Aluminum RT R NESHAP 1/31/1 1 (completed) 10/31/1 1 Flexible Polyurethane Foam Prod. RTR NESHAP 10/31/12 Acrylic and Modacrylic Fibers RT R NESHAP 10/31/12 Polycarbonate Production RT R NESHAP 10/31/12 Off- Site Wa ste and Recovery RTR NESHAP 10/31/12 Phosphoric Acid RTR NESHAP 10/31/12 Phosphate Fertilizer RT R NESHAP 10/31/12 Group III Polymers and Resins RTR NESHAP 10/31/12 24