HAZARD RANKING SYSTEM (HRS) DOCUMENTATION RECORD COVER SHEET

Name of Site: Smokey Mountain Smelters 

 

EPA ID No.: TND098071061 

Contact Persons 

Documentation Record: John Nolen, Remedial Project Manager 

 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4 

 61 Forsyth Street, S.W., 11th Floor 

 Atlanta, Georgia 30303 

 (404) 562-8750 

 Jennifer Wendel, National Priorities List Coordinator 

 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4 

 61 Forsyth Street, S.W., 11th Floor 

 Atlanta, Georgia 30303 

 (404) 562-8799 

Pathways, Components, or Threats Not Scored

The ground water migration, soil exposure, and air migration pathways were not scored in this Hazard 

Ranking System (HRS) documentation record because they are not expected to significantly contribute to 

the overall score. Also, the environmental threat of the surface water migration pathway was not scored 

because it is not expected to significantly contribute to the overall site score. 

Ground Water Migration Pathway: Private drinking water wells are located in the vicinity of the 

Smokey Mountain Smelters (SMS) property. In 2009, samples were collected from eight private drinking 

water wells located downgradient of the SMS property. One sample, SMS-09-PW, contained 

polychlorinated biphenyls at a concentration exceeding the EPA maximum contaminant level of 0.5 

micrograms per liter (Reference [Ref.] 55, Appendix A, Figure 4, p. A-4; 55, Appendix B, Table 1A, p. 

B-1 and Table 2, pp. B-7, B-8, B-9). This well is located about 0.38 mile south of the SMS property (Ref. 

55, Appendix A, Figure 4, p. A-4). No other samples indicated the presence of hazardous substances that 

have been attributed to past activities at the SMS facility (Ref. 55, Appendix B, Table 1A, p. B-1 and 

Table 2, pp. B-7, B-8, B-9). 

Soil Exposure Pathway: An apartment complex is located to the east of the SMS property (Refs. 3; 6, p. 

12, 13; 55, p. 4). In 2009, surface soil samples were collected from the apartment complex property. The 

samples did not contain hazardous substances at concentrations exceeding their respective minimum 

reporting limits (Ref. 55, Appendix B, Table 1B, pp. B-2, B-3 and Table 3, pp. B-10, B-11, B-12). 

Air Migration Pathway: No air samples have been collected at the SMS property (Refs. 4; 5; 55, pp. 3, 

4).
HAZARD RANKING SYSTEM (HRS) DOCUMENTATION RECORD

Name of Site: Smokey Mountain Smelters 

EPA Region: 4 

Date Prepared: March 2010 

Street Address of Site*: 1508 Maryville Pike 

City, County, State: Knoxville, Knox County, Tennessee, 37920 

General Location in the State: South of the City of Knoxville 

Topographic Map: Knoxville, Tennessee, 1979 

Latitude: 35o 55' 10" North 

Longitude: 83o 55' 33" West 

The coordinates for the Smokey Mountain Smelters facility were measured from the northeastern corner 

of the process building on the property (Refs. 12; 55, Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2). 

* The street address, coordinates, and contaminant locations presented in this HRS documentation 

record identify the general area the site is located. They represent one or more locations EPA 

considers to be part of the site based on the screening information EPA used to evaluate the site for 

NPL listing. EPA lists national priorities among the known “releases or threatened releases” of 

hazardous substances; thus, the focus is on the release, not precisely delineated boundaries. A site is 

defined as where a hazardous substance has been "deposited, stored, placed, or otherwise come to be 

located." Generally, HRS scoring and the subsequent listing of a release merely represent the initial 

determination that a certain area may need to be addressed under the CERCLA. Accordingly, EPA 

contemplates that the preliminary description of facility boundaries at the time of scoring will be 

refined as more information is developed as to where the contamination has come to be located. 

Migration Pathway Pathway Score 

Ground Water Migration Pathway NS 

Surface Water Migration Pathway 100.00 

Soil Exposure Pathway NS 

Air Migration Pathway NS 

HRS SITE SCORE 50.00

Note: 

NS Not scored

1
WORKSHEET FOR COMPUTING HRS SITE SCORE 

S Pathway S2

 Pathway

Ground Water Migration Pathway Score (Sgw) Not Scored Not Scored

Surface Water Migration Pathway Score (Ssw) 100 10,000 

Soil Exposure Pathway Score (Ss) Not Scored Not Scored

Air Migration Pathway Score (Sa) Not Scored Not Scored

S2

gw + S2sw + S2s + S2a 10,000

(S2

gw + S2sw + S2s + S2a) / 4 2,500

√ (S2

gw + S2sw + S2s + S2a) / 4 50.00

Note: 

NS Not scored 

2
Table 4-1 –Surface Water Overland/Flood Migration Component Scoresheet 

Factor Categories and Factors Maximum Value Value Assigned 

Drinking Water Threat 

Likelihood of Release:

1. Observed Release 550 550 

2. Potential to Release by Overland Flow: 

2a. Containment 10 

2b. Runoff 25 

2c. Distance to Surface Water 25 

2d. Potential to Release by Overland Flow [lines 

2a(2b + 2c)] 

500 

3.Potential to Release by Flood: 

3a. Containment (Flood) 10 

3b. Flood Frequency 50 

3c. Potential to Release by Flood (lines 3a x 3b) 500 

4. Potential to Release (lines 2d + 3c, subject to a 

maximum of 500) 

500 

5. Likelihood of Release (higher of lines 1 and 4) 550 550 

Waste Characteristics:

6. Toxicity/Persistence a 10,000 

7. Hazardous Waste Quantity a 10,000 

8. Waste Characteristics 100 100 

Targets:

9. Nearest Intake 50 

10. Population: 

10a. Level I Concentrations b 

10b. Level II Concentrations b 

10c. Potential Contamination b 

10d. Population (lines 10a + 10b + 10c) b 

11. Resources 5 5 

12. Targets (lines 9 + 10d + 11) b 5 

Drinking Water Threat Score:

13. Drinking Water Threat Score [(lines 

5x8x12)/82,500, subject to a maximum of 100] 

100 3.33 

Human Food Chain Threat

Likelihood of Release:

14. Likelihood of Release (same value as line 5) 550 550 

Waste Characteristics:

15. Toxicity/Persistence/Bioaccumulation a 500,000,000 

16. Hazardous Waste Quantity a 10,000 

17. Waste Characteristics 1,000 1,000 

Targets:

18. Food Chain Individual 50 20 

3
4

Table 4-1 –Surface Water Overland/Flood Migration Component Scoresheet (Continued) 

Factor Categories and Factors Maximum Value Value Assigned

19. Population 

19a. Level I Concentrations b 

19b. Level II Concentrations b 

19c. Potential Human Food Chain 

Contamination 

b 0.0000003

19d. Population (lines 19a + 19b + 19c) b 0.0000003

20. Targets (lines 18 + 19d) b 20.0000003 

Human Food Chain Threat Score:

21. Human Food Chain Threat Score [(lines 

14x17x20)/82500, subject to maximum of 100] 

100 100 

Environmental Threat

Likelihood of Release:

22. Likelihood of Release (same value as line 5) 550 550 

Waste Characteristics:

23. Ecosystem Toxicity/Persistence/Bioaccumulation a NS 

24. Hazardous Waste Quantity a NS 

25. Waste Characteristics 1,000 NS 

Targets:

26. Sensitive Environments 

26a. Level I Concentrations b NS 

26b. Level II Concentrations b NS

26c. Potential Contamination b NS

26d. Sensitive Environments (lines 26a + 26b + 

26c) 

b NS

27. Targets (value from line 26d) b NS 

Environmental Threat Score:

28. Environmental Threat Score [(lines 

22x25x27)/82,500 subject to a maximum of 60] 

60 NS 

Surface Water Overland/Flood Migration Component 

Score for a Watershed

29. Watershed Scorec (lines 13+21+28, subject to a 

maximum of 100) 

100 100 

Surface Water Overland/Flood Migration Component Score 

30. Component Score (Ssw)

c

 (highest score from line 29 for all watersheds 

evaluated; subject to a maximum of 100) 

100.00 100.00 

Notes: 

a Maximum value applies to waste characteristics category b Maximum value not applicable c Do not round to nearest integer 

NS Not Scored
I 

Un

SMO

T

KN

T

Map SUSGSThe pgeogrhttp://

Smokey Mountain Smelters 

1508 Maryville Pike 

Knoxville, TN 

LEG

5
MARYVIL LE PIKE 

CALEB

RD 

East Branch of Flenniken Branch 

East Branch of Flenniken Branch 

Unnamed Perennial Tributary of East Branch of Flenniken Branch 

CSX Railroad 

Southern

Railroad 

DAYLILY DR 

Montgomery 

Village Apartments 

0 

Map SRefereAerial 

LE

!C 

A

U

SMO

T

6
"/

"/

"/

MARYVIL LE PIKE 

CALEB

RD 

East Branch of Flenniken Branch 

DAYLILY DR 

Unnamed Perennial Tributary of East Branch of Flenniken Branch 

PPE 3 

SMS-03-SD 

SMS-03-SW 

SMS-02-SD 

SMS-02-SW 

PPE 2 

PPE 1 

SW-Stream 

CSX Railroad 

Southern

Railroad 

0 

U

SMO

T

Notes: PPE - PrREAC – SD - SedSMS - SSTART – and ResSW - SuMap Sou(ReferenAerial Ph

LESTA

"/ 

REA

$1 

"/ !C 

$1"/

East Branch of Flenniken Branch 

SW-Background 

SMS-01-SD 

SMS-01-SW 

0 300 600

Feet 

7
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8
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9
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10
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11
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12
13

facility in Knoxville, Tennessee. Between Alicia Shultz, Environmental Scientist and Ken Woodruff, 

Project Manager, Lockheed Martin Technology Services, REAC. September 25, 2009. 1 Page. 

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Conducted during the EPA 2009 Sampling Event at the Smokey Mountain Smelters Facility in 

Knoxville, Tennessee. September 25, 2009. 1 Page. 

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East Branch of Flenniken Branch, Flenniken Branch, and the Tennessee River at Fort Loudoun 

Reservoir. Between Alicia Shultz, HRS Specialist and Jim Habera, Fishery Biologist, Tennessee 

Wildlife Resources Commission. September 25, 2009. 1 Page. 

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during a March 2006 Reconnaissance of the Smokey Mountain Smelters Facility in Knoxville, 

Tennessee. Attachment: Photographs. September 30, 2009. 22 Pages. 

77. Tetra Tech. Project Note with Attachments. Subject: Volume of the Exterior Waste Pile – Source 

No. 1. Attachments: Boring Logs from December 2006, On-Site Sampling Locations Figure, 

Logbook Notes. October 28, 2009. 20 Pages. 

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Work Assignment #0-182. October 23, 2009. 35 Pages. 

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of Flenniken Branch. January 26, 2010. 1 Page. 

80. TDEC, DOR. Project Note to File with Attachment. Subject: Fishery Evidence. Attachment: 

Photographs. January 29, 2010. 9 Pages. 

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Multi-Concentration, ILM05.3 to ILM05.4, Summary of Changes, December 1, 2006 and ILM05.3, 

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November 1996. 18 Pages. 
SITE DESCRIPTION 

Smokey Mountain Smelters (SMS) is located at 1508 Maryville Pike, Knoxville, Knox County, 

Tennessee, in the eastern portion of the State (Ref. 7). 1455 (Old) Maryville Pike is sometimes listed as 

an alternate address for the SMS facility (Refs. 7, pp. 1, 6 through 9; 32, p. 1; 49, p. 1). Specifically, the 

geographic coordinates for SMS, as measured from the northeastern corner of the process building, are 

latitude 35o 55' 10" north and longitude 83o 55' 33" west (Refs. 12; 55, Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2). 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identification number, as recorded in the 

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Information System (CERCLIS) 

database, is TND098071061 (Ref. 51, p. 4). Based on Knox County, Tennessee property parcel 

information, the SMS property covers about 23.9 acres (Ref. 7, pp. 1, 3, 4, 5). The SMS property is 

surrounded by mixed residential and commercial properties to the north, an undeveloped wooded area to 

the south, an apartment complex to the east, and mixed residential and commercial properties to the west 

(Refs. 3; 7, pp. 1, 3, 4, 5; 55, Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2) (see Figures 1 and 2 of this HRS 

documentation record). 

During numerous inspections (beginning in 1997) conducted by the Tennessee Department of 

Environmental Conservation (TDEC) (formerly Tennessee Department of Conservation [TDOC] and 

Tennessee Department of Health and Environmental Conservation [TDHEC]), it was determined that the 

SMS property contained a large metal industrial process building and numerous gray colored waste piles 

which covered most of the southern portion of the SMS property (Refs. 5, pp. i, ii, 3; 76, pp. 1, 2). The 

process building contained two natural gas-fired rotary furnaces, one casting furnace, and a large 

overhead crane. Large air ducts led to two baghouses located near the southwestern corner of the process 

building. Other areas on the property included a small transformer area, a burned office building with 

truck scales, railroad tracks, a maintenance building, and a pond (lagoon) (Ref. 5, pp. 3, 413). Currently, 

the SMS property consists of a dilapidated process building, a large waste pile, and a pond (see Figure 2 

of this documentation record; Refs. 4, p. 33; 76; 74). The waste pile is mostly devoid of vegetation (Refs. 

4, pp. 33, 56; 55, Appendix D, p. 4) (see Figure 2 of this HRS documentation record). 

 

For HRS scoring purposes, the site consists of two sources on the SMS property and associated releases. 

Source No.1 includes the exterior waste pile located in the southern portion of the property (Refs. 4, p. 33; 

55, pp. 1, 2, 4, 7; 55, Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2; 55, Appendix C, p. C-3; 55, Appendix D, pp. 4, 6). 

Source No. 2 includes waste piles located inside the process building (Ref. 4, pp. 1, 33, 35; 55, pp. 2, 4, 7; 

55, Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2; 55, Appendix C, pp. C-1, C-2; 55, Appendix D, pp. 4, 24) (see Figure 2 

of this HRS documentation record). Source No. 1 consists of secondary aluminum smelting waste with a 

mostly gray, fine, silty texture (Refs. 4, p. 56; 46; 55, p. 4; 55, Appendix B, Table 1C, p. B-4). Source 

No. 2 consists of gray material (primary aluminum smelter waste), similar in appearance to the waste 

contained in Source No. 1 (Refs. 4, p. 1; 46; 55, p. 4; 55, Appendix B, Table 1C, p. B-4). The smelter 

waste is the result of aluminum smelting operations that occurred on the SMS property (Refs. 5, p. 3; 49). 

Samples collected from Source Nos. 1 and 2 contain hazardous substances including metals, semivolatile 

organic compounds (SVOCs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and polychlorinated biphenyls 

(PCBs) (see Section 2.2 of this HRS documentation record). Analytical results of surface water and 

sediment samples collected from an unnamed perennial tributary, which receives runoff from Source Nos. 

1 and 2, indicate that a release of hazardous substances, including metals and VOCs, has occurred to the 

surface water migration pathway (see Section 4.0 of this HRS documentation record). 

OPERATIONAL AND REGULATORY HISTORY 

From 1922 until at least 1948, Knoxville Fertilizer Company operated a fertilizer factory on the SMS 

property. Structures on the property during fertilizer operations included: a sulfuric acid tank, 30,000-

gallon water tank, 70,000-gallon reservoir, and nitre house (Refs. 5, p. 4; 30, p. 1; 64). U.S. patents 

written by assignors to Knoxville Fertilizer Company describe the production processes for phosphatic 

14
and ammonium sulphate fertilizers. Both of these fertilizers utilize acid phosphate (super-phosphate) 

(Refs. 10, p. 1; 11). Manufacturing of phosphate fertilizer produces wastewater which may contain heavy 

metals including cadmium, mercury, and lead (Ref. 29, p. 6). Drainage from stockpiles of gypsum may 

contain heavy metals (cadmium, mercury, and lead), fluorides, and phosphoric acid (Ref. 29, p. 5). Knox 

County tax assessor information indicates that ownership of the property changed numerous times 

between 1948 and 1979. However, operations on the property may have continued in manufacturing 

agricultural products such as fertilizer (Ref. 5, pp. 4, 5). 

A 1966 topographic map of the property shows two settling ponds located on the eastern portion of the 

property (Ref. 31, pp. 1 through 7). The purpose of the settling ponds is not known. The settling ponds 

appear to be in the same location as the pond currently located on the SMS property (Refs. 4, p. 33; 31, p. 

1). 

SMS (also known as Rotary Furnace, Inc.) was established in 1979 (Ref. 32, pp. 1 through 6). Limited 

information is available on the operational history at the SMS property. According to a 1985 Knox 

County Department of Air Pollution Control (KCDAPC) permit, an aluminum furnace (Rotary Aluminum 

Recovery Furnace #1) operated on the SMS property (Refs. 5, p. 5; 49). From 1983 to 1989, KCDAPC 

received complaints regarding open burning and heavy emissions from the facility. Numerous 

inspections were performed at the property and violations were issued for open burning and excessive 

emissions (Refs. 28; 33; 34). 

In March 1983, the Tennessee Division of Solid Waste Management conducted an inspection at the SMS 

property regarding the operation of an unpermitted landfill/disposal area on the property (Refs. 26; 27; 

35). During the inspection, the landfill (dump) contained demolition and industrial waste (slag and 

cinders from furnace operations). The dump also contained evidence of burning waste (Refs. 26; 35). In 

August 1983, the Tennessee Division of Solid Waste Management conducted a geologic evaluation at the 

SMS property. During the evaluation, the landfill/disposal area contained mostly impure “salt cake” 

resulting from processing aluminum ore (Ref. 36, p. 1). Based on the location of the landfill/disposal area 

and the exterior waste pile (Source No. 1), the landfill/disposal area appears to have been located in the 

same location as the Source No. 1 waste pile (Refs. 36, pp. 3, 4; 55, Appendix A, Figure 2) (see Figure 2 

of this documentation record). Upon subsequent evaluation and observation, it appears that the 

landfill/disposal area consists of two different types of waste: the overlying salt cake waste pile and the 

underlying mixed-waste disposal area. The overlying waste pile (Source No. 1) consists of homogeneous 

fine gray aluminum smelter waste that is similar in appearance to the interior waste piles (Source No. 2) 

(Refs. 4, pp. 1, 56, 103 through 127; 46; 55, p. 4; 55, Appendix D, p. 4). This waste pile is located on top 

of what appears to be a mixed-waste disposal area with some evidence that backfill material may have 

been contemporaneously placed among the underlying mixed waste. Boring logs show that wastes in the 

underlying mixed-waste disposal area include smelter waste that is commingled with mixed waste 

including paper and wood fragments, broken white and red brick fragments, angular limestone, gravel, 

clay, and silty clay (Ref. 4, pp. 36, 103 through 127). For the purposes of this HRS documentation 

record, the overlying waste pile containing aluminum smelter waste is scored as Source 1 (see Section 2.2 

of this documentation record). 

During TDEC investigations in 1997, 1998, and 2002, the following wastes were observed on the SMS 

property: baghouse dust and dross/slag from secondary aluminum smelting and casting, as well as 

anode/cathode wastes and dross/slag from primary aluminum production (Refs. 5, pp. 6, 8, 9; 6, p. 4). 

The Aluminum Company of America (ALCOA) sent large quantities of wastes potentially containing 

hazardous substances to the SMS Knoxville facility between 1985 and 1992 (Ref. 37, pp. 1 to 21). The 

wastes included dross, filters, furnace bottoms, oily scalper chips, tabular balls, salt cake, and pot pads 

(Ref. 37, pp. 11 through 17, 19 to 21, 24, 26, 28, 42, 46). Also, between 1982 and 1995, Metal Exchange 

Corporation (MEC) sent large quantities of materials to SMS, and some of these materials are still present 

15
on the property (Ref. 37, p. 2). MEC sent materials including dross, turnings, and aluminum pot bottoms 

to the SMS property (Ref. 37, pp. 2, 11, 12, 13, 14, 55, 56, 57). 

Waste by-products from aluminum smelter operations include secondary aluminum, dross residues, and 

baghouse and furnace dusts. Baghouse dusts may contain cadmium and lead above EPA Toxicity 

Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) regulatory limits (Ref. 38, pp. B-14, B-15). Furnace dusts 

contain volatilized, elemental cadmium and mercury (Ref. 38, p. B-15). 

PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS 

In 1997 and 1998, TDEC conducted site investigations at the SMS property. Activities included 

collection of waste, surface water, and sediment samples (Ref. 6, pp. 4, 9, 15, 17, 18). The waste samples 

collected from the exterior waste pile (Source No. 1) contained cadmium, chromium, copper, and zinc 

(Ref. 6, pp. 15, 21). Surface water and sediment samples were collected from the East Branch of 

Flenniken Branch and Flenniken Branch (Refs. 6, pp. 21, 34). The surface water and/or sediment samples 

contained elevated concentrations of beryllium, copper, lead, zinc, benzo(a)pyrene, pyrene, and chrysene, 

as compared to background levels (Ref. 6, pp. 17, 18, 21). 

In 2002, TDEC conducted an expanded site inspection (ESI) at the SMS property. During the ESI, TDEC 

collected waste, sediment, and surface water samples from the SMS property (Ref. 5, pp. 9, 11). The 

waste samples collected from Source No. 2 contained elevated concentrations of beryllium, chromium, 

copper, lead, nickel, silver, and zinc (Ref. 5, pp. 11, 12). The sediment and surface water samples 

contained elevated concentrations of copper (Ref. 5, pp. 25, 26, 27, 29). During the ESI, a leachate seep 

was observed emanating from the exterior waste pile and entering the unnamed perennial tributary of the 

East Branch of Flenniken Branch (Ref. 5, pp. 26, 29, 43). A sample collected from the leachate contained 

nickel and PCBs (Ref. 5, pp. 27, 28). 

EPA directed the Response Engineering and Analytical Contract (REAC) contractor to conduct a site 

investigation at the SMS property, which was completed during October 2006 and December 2006 (Refs. 

4, pp. 1, 2, 3). During the site investigation, REAC observed (1) a structurally unstable building (the 

process building) that housed rotary and casting furnaces; (2) piles of smelting waste located inside the 

process building; (3) used bag filters and bag filter dust located in the baghouse area adjacent to the 

process building; and (4) aluminum smelting waste (exterior waste pile, Source No. 1) covering the 

southern portion of the property (Refs. 4, p. 1) (see Figure 2 of this documentation record). The exterior 

waste pile contained smelter waste with a mostly gray, fine, silty texture (Ref. 4, p. 56). 

During the REAC 2006 site investigation, samples were collected from the exterior waste pile (Source 

No. 1), a leachate sample was collected from a leachate seep emanating from the exterior waste pile, and 

a surface water sample was collected from the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of 

Flenniken Branch (Refs 4, pp. 2, 3, 36) (see Figure 2 of this HRS documentation record). Borings were 

advanced through the exterior waste pile at depths ranging from 0 to 25 feet below land surface (bls) (Ref. 

4, p. 3). Samples collected from the borings contained beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, 

mercury, benzo(a)pyrene, and PCBs, among others (Refs. 4, pp. 17 through 24, 35; 68). The sample 

collected from the leachate emanating from the exterior waste pile contained antimony, arsenic, copper, 

lead, mercury, nickel, and 2-butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) (Refs. 4, pp. 26, 35, 156, 178, 326; 55, 

Appendix B, pp. B-16, B-17, B-18; 67). Surface water samples collected from the unnamed perennial 

tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch contained antimony, arsenic, copper, cyanide, mercury, 

nickel, acetone, and 2-butanone at elevated concentrations (Ref. 4, pp. 26, 35, 155, 177, 326, 357). 

In April 2009, EPA directed Tetra Tech under the Superfund Technical Assessment and Response Team 

(START) contract as well as REAC to conduct an integrated assessment at the SMS property (Ref. 55, p. 

1). Integrated assessment activities included the collection of waste, surface and subsurface soil, surface 

16
17

water, and sediment samples. Waste samples were collected from the exterior waste pile (Source No. 1), 

the interior waste piles (Source No. 2), and the leachate seep. Surface water and sediment samples were 

collected from an unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch (Ref. 55, p. 3; 55, 

Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3, Figure 4, p. A-4; 55, Appendix B, Tables 1B through 1E, pp. B-2 through 

B-6). 

Samples collected from the waste piles (exterior and/or interior) contained copper (up to 2,900 milligrams 

per kilogram [mg/kg]), mercury (up to 0.20 mg/kg), and nickel (1,900 mg/kg) (Ref. 55, Appendix B, 

Table 4, pp. B-13, B-14, B-15). The waste sample collected from the leachate seep contained arsenic (9.6 

micrograms per liter [μg/L]), chromium (33 μg/L), copper (290 μg/L), lead (14 μg/L), nickel (34 μg/L), 

and zinc (100 μg/L). The surface water samples collected from the unnamed perennial tributary of the 

East Branch of Flenniken Branch contained elevated concentrations of arsenic (17 μg/L), copper (up to 

370 μg/L), lead (up to 12 μg/L), mercury (up to 0.25 μg/L), and zinc (87 μg/L), as compared to 

background levels (Ref. 55, Appendix B, Table 5, pp. B-16, B-17, B-18). The sediment samples 

collected from the East Branch of Flenniken Branch contained elevated concentrations of chromium (up 

to 160 mg/kg) and copper (up to 960 mg/kg), as compared to background levels (Ref. 55, Appendix B, 

Table 6, pp. B-19, B-20, B-21) (see Figure 3 of this HRS documentation record). 

Waste samples collected from Source Nos. 1 and 2 contain high concentrations of aluminum, which 

resulted from past aluminum smelting operations at the SMS property. Aluminum was detected at 

concentrations ranging from 103,000 mg/kg to 217,000 mg/kg in waste samples collected from Source 

No. 1 in 2006 (Ref. 4, pp. 1, 36, 320 to 325). In 2009, waste samples collected from Source No. 1 

contained aluminum at concentrations ranging from 130,000 mg/kg to 150,000 mg/kg (Ref. 55, Appendix 

E, pp. 289, 291). A waste sample collected from Source No. 2 in 2006 contained aluminum at a 

concentration of 158,000 mg/kg (Ref. 4, p. 325). Waste samples collected from Source No. 2 in 2009 

contained aluminum at concentrations ranging from 140,000 mg/kg to 190,000 mg/kg (Ref. 55, Appendix 

E, pp. 297, 299). 
Source No. 1

2.2 SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION

2.2.1 SOURCE IDENTIFICATION 

Number of source: 1 

Name of source: Exterior Waste Pile 

Source Type: Pile 

Description and Location of Source (with reference to a map of the site):

Source No. 1 (exterior waste pile) is located on top of a mixed waste disposal area located in the southern 

portion of the SMS property (Refs. 4, pp. 36, 103 through 127; 55, Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2). 

Source No. 1 covers an area of about 3.3 acres and waste is present between 0 and 16 feet bls, with an 

average depth of 5 feet bls (Refs. 4, pp. 36, 103 through 127; 39; 77). Source No. 1 contains secondary 

aluminum smelting waste with a mostly gray, fine, silty, texture (Refs. 4, p. 56; 46; 55, Appendix D, p. 4). 

Limited information is available regarding the operational history of the SMS facility. The SMS facility 

operated an aluminum smelter on the property (Ref. 49). The exact dates of operations are not known; 

however, the KCDAPC received complaints regarding open burning and heavy emissions from 1983 to 

1989 (Refs. 28; 33; 34). 

In a lease agreement entered on October 1, 1982, Rotary Furnace was allowed to bury slurry generated by 

the operation of its rotary furnace on the property (Ref. 7, pp. 9, 14). Rotary Furnace operated an 

aluminum furnace on the property (Ref. 5, p. 5; 49). During a 1983 Tennessee Department of Health and 

Environment inspection, a landfill/disposal area was located in the southern portion of the SMS property. 

The landfill/disposal area contained slag and cinders from furnace operations, and evidence of burning 

waste was noted (Refs. 26; 27; 35). A 1983 Tennessee Department of Health and Environment geologic 

investigation report indicated that the landfill/disposal area contained “salt cake” resulting from the 

processing of aluminum ore (Ref. 36, p. 1). 

When operations ceased at the SMS property, the smelter waste was left in place (Ref. 46). During the 

2006 site investigation, borings were advanced through Source No. 1. Smelter waste was encountered at 

depths ranging from 0 to 16 feet bls with an average depth of 5 feet bls (Refs. 4, pp. 1, 56, 103 through 

127; 77). The smelter waste consisted of a mostly gray, fine, silty texture that is similar in appearance to 

the interior waste piles (Source No. 2) (Refs. 4, pp. 1, 56, 103 through 127; 46; 55, p. 4; 55, Appendix D, 

p. 4). Smelter waste was present at deeper depths below Source No. 1; however, the smelter waste was 

commingled with other materials including paper and wood fragments, broken white and red brick 

fragments, angular limestone gravel, clay, and silty clay (Ref. 4, pp. 36, 103 through 127). 

For the purposes of this evaluation, Source No. 1 consists of the aluminum smelter waste (salt cake) waste 

pile that was deposited on top of the mixed waste landfill/disposal area. While there is evidence of some 

layers of backfill material within the mixed waste disposal area underlying Source 1, there is no evidence 

of any contemporaneous layering of soil or other backfill within the smelter waste piled on top of the 

mixed waste disposal area (Ref. 4, pp. 36, 103 through 127). 

The area of the waste pile is about 3.3 acres. Aerial photographs from 2000 to 2008, boring logs, and 

sampling log books were used to calculate the area of the waste pile by examining scarring in the images 

(Refs. 4, pp. 36, 103 through 127; 39; 55, Appendix D; 71). During the 2009 integrated assessment, the 

waste pile was not vegetated (Ref. 55, p. 4). 

18 Source Characterization 
Table 1 provides the locations and descriptions of samples collected from Source No. 1 during the December 2006 site inve2009 integrated assessment. A list of hazardous substances associated with each sampling location also is included in Tabl

TABLE 1: Description of Source No. 1 Samples 

Sample ID Sample Location 

Sample 

Description 

Date of 

Boring 

Depth of 

Waste (bls) Hazardous Substances 

December 2006 Site Investigation 

SB-1 

East side of pile, about 328 feet southwest of the southeastern corner of the process building 

Greenish blue fill, 2 inches thick; gray fill; gray – silty fill, soft 

12/12/2006 9 feet beryllium, chromium, 

copper, lead, nickel, silver, zinc 

SB-4 

Center of pile, about 280 feet south of the southwestern corner of the process building 

Fill, gray, fine sand size, powdery, dry; thin green-blue zone 

12/12/2006 4 feet arsenic, beryllium, 

cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc 

SB-5 

Eastern side of pile, about 510 feet southwest of the southeastern corner of the process building 

Fill, gray, sand size, soft; fill, gray, sand size with green specks 

12/12/2006 2 feet arsenic, beryllium, 

cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc 

SB-6 

East side of pile, about 377 feet south of the western portion of the process building. 

Fill, gray, sand size, dry with blue-green specks; fill, gray 

12/12/2006 4 feet arsenic, beryllium, 

cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver, zinc 

19 
TABLE 1: Description of Source No. 1 Samples 

Sample ID Sample Location 

Sample 

Description 

Date of 

Boring 

Depth of 

Waste (bls) Hazardous Substances 

SB-7 

Southeast side of pile, about 410 feet south of the southwestern corner of the process building 

Fill, gray, silt size with bluegreen specks 

12/12/2006 2 feet acetone, 2-butanone, 

naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, Aroclor-1232, Aroclor1260, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver, zinc 

SB-8 

Center of pile, about 280 feet south of the southwestern corner of the process building 

Fill, gray, silt size, firm, dry 

12/13/2006 4 feet Aroclor-1232, Aroclor1260, arsenic, beryllium, 

cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver, zinc 

SB-9 

Center of pile, about 260 feet south of the western portion of the process building 

Fill, gray, silt size, moist 

12/13/2006 7 feet Aroclor-1232, arsenic, 

beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, silver, zinc 

SB-10 

Northeast side of pile, about 245 feet south of the southwestern portion of the process building 

Fill, gray, coarse sand size, dry with approximately 5 percent blue grains 

12/13/2006 7 feet beryllium, cadmium, 

chromium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc 

20 
TABLE 1: Description of Source No. 1 Samples 

Sample ID Sample Location 

Sample 

Description 

Date of 

Boring 

Depth of 

Waste (bls) Hazardous Substances 

SB-16 

Center of pile, about 295 feet south of the southwestern corner of the process building 

Fill, gray, sandsize, dry; fill, gray, medium sand size; fill, black, red, white, gray; fill, gray, sand size, moist 

12/13/2006 16 feet arsenic, beryllium, 

cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc 

SB-17 

North side of pile, about 200 feet south of the west corner of the process building 

Fill, gray, siltsize, firm dry; fill, gray to black, moist 

12/14/2006 3 feet acetone, 2-butanone, 

naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, butyl benzyl phthalate, chrysene, benzo(a)pyrene, arsenic, beryllium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, silver, zinc 

SB-18 

Eastern side of pile, about 400 feet south of the southeastern corner of the process building 

Fill, gray, siltsize, with bluegray coatings 12/14/2006 5 feet benzo(g,h,i)perylene, antimony, arsenic, 

beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc 

SB-20 

Western side of pile, about 360 feet southwest of the western corner of the process building 

Fill, gray, silt size, firm, moist; fill, brick colored, sand size with wood fragments; fill 

12/14/2006 7 feet phenanthrene, pyrene, 

chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, Aroclor1232, Aroclor-1260, arsenic, beryllium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc 

21 
22 

TABLE 1: Description of Source No. 1 Samples 

Sample ID Sample Location 

Sample 

Description 

Date of 

Boring 

Depth of 

Waste (bls) Hazardous Substances 

SB-21 

South side of pile, about 430 feet southwest of the southwestern corner of the process building 

Fill, gray, silt size, moist 

12/14/2006 3 feet Aroclor-1232, Aroclor1260, arsenic, beryllium, 

cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver, zinc 

April 2009 Integrated Assessment

SMS-01-WA

Exterior waste pile, REAC 2006 boring location SB-08, about 280 feet south of the southwestern corner of the process building 

Waste, gray, dry, fine texture, no organic material 

04/27/2009 2 feet beryllium, chromium, 

copper, lead, nickel, selenium, zinc 

SMS-02-WA 

Exterior waste pile, REAC 2006 boring location SB-07, about 410 feet south of the southwestern corner of the process building 

Waste, dark black, moist, fine texture, no organic matter 

04/27/2009 2 feet chromium, copper, lead, 

nickel, silver, zinc 

Notes:bls Below land surface ID Identification NA not applicable REAC Response Engineering and Analytical Contract SB Soil boring SMS Smokey Mountain Smelters WA Waste
Source No. 1 

2.2.2 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ASSOCIATED WITH SOURCE NO. 1 

REAC December 2006 Site Investigation – 0 to 5 feet bls 

The source samples listed in Table 2 were collected from Source No. 1 (exterior waste pile) in December 

2006 during the REAC site investigation. The source samples shown in Table 2 were collected at depths 

ranging from 0 to 5 feet bls (Ref. 4, pp. 3, 36). The samples were analyzed for target analyte list (TAL) 

metals and mercury, VOCs, SVOCs, and PCBs (Refs. 4, p. 3; 14, p. 2). 

The metals analysis was conducted using REAC SOP 1811 (EPA SW-846 Methods 3015/3050B/6010B) 

and REAC SOP 1832 (EPA SW-846 Methods 7000A/7470A/7471A) (Refs. 4, p. 316; 18; 47). VOCs 

were analyzed using REAC SOP 1807, EPA SW-846 Methods 8000B/8260B (Refs. 4, p. 133; 15). 

SVOCs were analyzed using REAC SOP 1805, EPA SW-846 Methods 3500B/3541/8000B/8270C (Refs. 

4, p. 187; 16). The PCBs were analyzed using REAC SOP 1809, EPA SW-846 Methods 

3500B/3540C/3541/3600C/3640A/8000B/8081A (Refs. 4, p. 263; 17). 

All samples were collected in accordance with the REAC Work Plan and Quality Assurance Project Plan 

prepared for Work Assignment No. 0-182 for the SMS facility (Refs. 9; 14; 48; 50; 60; 73). The 

analytical data sheets and chain-of-custody records are available in Reference 4, Appendices I, J, L, and 

M. The reporting limits on the analytical data sheets are equivalent to SQLs. Each SQL is samplespecific and corresponds to the lowest quantitative point on the calibration curve; it is adjusted for the 

amount of sample prepared and any dilutions performed, as well as for percent moisture (Ref. 13). The 

locations of the samples listed in Table 2 are provided in Reference 4, p. 36. The data validation reports 

are contained in Reference 4, pages 131 though 136, 185 through 189, 262 through 267, and 314 through 

319. 

TABLE 2: Analytical Results for Source No. 1 – December 2006 

Sample 

ID 

Sample 

Depth 

(feet bls) Hazardous Substance Concentration 

Reporting 

Limit* Reference 

SB-1 0 to 5 Beryllium 0.741 mg/kg 0.349 mg/kg 4, pp. 320, 335 

SB-1 0 to 5 Chromium 112 J+ mg/kg 0.582 mg/kg 4, pp. 320, 335 

SB-1 0 to 5 Copper 1,900 mg/kg 0.466 mg/kg 4, pp. 320, 335 

SB-1 0 to 5 Lead 28.3 mg/kg 1.16 mg/kg 4, pp. 320, 335 

SB-1 0 to 5 Nickel 130 mg/kg 0.699 mg/kg 4, pp. 320, 335 

SB-1 0 to 5 Silver 0.701 mg/kg 0.582 mg/kg 4, pp. 320, 335 

SB-1 0 to 5 Zinc 387 mg/kg 2.66 mg/kg 4, pp. 320, 335 

SB-4 0 to 5 Arsenic 11.8 mg/kg 1.67 mg/kg 4, pp. 302, 320 

SB-4 0 to 5 Beryllium 1.83 mg/kg 0.334 mg/kg 4, pp. 302, 320 

23 Source Characterization 
Source No. 1 

TABLE 2: Analytical Results for Source No. 1 – December 2006 

Sample 

ID 

Sample 

Depth 

(feet bls) Hazardous Substance Concentration 

Reporting 

Limit* Reference 

SB-4 0 to 5 Cadmium 0.800 J mg/kg 0.446 mg/kg 4, pp. 302, 320 

SB-4 0 to 5 Chromium 54.9 J+ mg/kg 0.557 mg/kg 4, pp. 302, 320 

SB-4 0 to 5 Copper 1,170 mg/kg 0.446 mg/kg 4, pp. 302, 320 

SB-4 0 to 5 Lead 41.4 mg/kg 1.11 mg/kg 4, pp. 302, 320 

SB-4 0 to 5 Nickel 500 mg/kg 0.669 mg/kg 4, pp. 302, 320 

SB-4 0 to 5 Zinc 397 mg/kg 2.56 mg/kg 4, pp. 302, 320 

SB-5 0 to 5 Arsenic 4.42 mg/kg 1.71 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336 

SB-5 0 to 5 Beryllium 5.20 mg/kg 0.342 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336 

SB-5 0 to 5 Cadmium 1.08 J mg/kg 0.458 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336 

SB-5 0 to 5 Chromium 174 J+ mg/kg 0.57 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336 

SB-5 0 to 5 Copper 1,290 mg/kg 0.458 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336 

SB-5 0 to 5 Lead 58.1 J+ mg/kg 1.14 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336 

SB-5 0 to 5 Nickel 245 mg/kg 0.684 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336 

SB-5 0 to 5 Zinc 560 mg/kg 2.62 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336 

SB-6 0 to 5 Arsenic 3.08 mg/kg 1.87 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336 

SB-6 0 to 5 Beryllium 4.93 mg/kg 0.374 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336 

SB-6 0 to 5 Cadmium 1.73 J mg/kg 0.499 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336 

SB-6 0 to 5 Chromium 184 J+ mg/kg 0.623 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336 

SB-6 0 to 5 Copper 3,760 mg/kg 0.499 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336 

SB-6 0 to 5 Lead 161 J+ mg/kg 1.25 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336 

SB-6 0 to 5 Mercury 0.0713 J mg/kg 0.049 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336 

24 Source Characterization 
Source No. 1 

TABLE 2: Analytical Results for Source No. 1 – December 2006 

Sample 

ID 

Sample 

Depth 

(feet bls) Hazardous Substance Concentration 

Reporting 

Limit* Reference 

SB-6 0 to 5 Nickel 816 mg/kg 0.748 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336 

SB-6 0 to 5 Silver 1.24 mg/kg 0.623 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336 

SB-6 0 to 5 Zinc 1,950 mg/kg 2.87 mg/kg 4, pp. 321, 336 

SB-7 0 to 5 Acetone 180 μg/kg 28.2 μg/kg 4, pp. 140, 170 

SB-7 0 to 5 2-Butanone 47.4 μg/kg 7.04 μg/kg 4, pp. 140, 170 

SB-7 0 to 5 Naphthalene 12,700 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235 

SB-7 0 to 5 Acenaphthene 5,030 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235 

SB-7 0 to 5 Fluorene 4,250 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235 

SB-7 0 to 5 Phenanthrene 17,900 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235 

SB-7 0 to 5 Anthracene 5,500 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235 

SB-7 0 to 5 Pyrene 13,500 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235 

SB-7 0 to 5 Benzo(a)anthracene 6,210 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235 

SB-7 0 to 5 Chrysene 7,240 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235 

SB-7 0 to 5 Benzo(k)fluoranthene 5,060 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235 

SB-7 0 to 5 Benzo(a)pyrene 5,600 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235 

SB-7 0 to 5 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 3,350 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235 

SB-7 0 to 5 Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 3,820 μg/kg 2,350 μg/kg 4, pp. 195, 235 

SB-7 0 to 5 Aroclor-1232 1,680 J μg/kg 587 μg/kg 4, pp. 276, 304 

SB-7 0 to 5 Aroclor-1260 4,580 J μg/kg 587 μg/kg 4, pp. 276, 304 

SB-7 0 to 5 Arsenic 6.15 mg/kg 1.81 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 336 

SB-7 0 to 5 Beryllium 2.83 mg/kg 0.361 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 336 

25 Source Characterization 
Source No. 1 

TABLE 2: Analytical Results for Source No. 1 – December 2006 

Sample 

ID 

Sample 

Depth 

(feet bls) Hazardous Substance Concentration 

Reporting 

Limit* Reference 

SB-7 0 to 5 Cadmium 5.05 J mg/kg 0.482 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 336 

SB-7 0 to 5 Chromium 317 J+ mg/kg 0.602 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 336 

SB-7 0 to 5 Copper 4,710 mg/kg 0.482 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 336 

SB-7 0 to 5 Lead 265 J+ mg/kg 1.20 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 336 

SB-7 0 to 5 Mercury 0.648 J mg/kg 0.0469 

mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 336 

SB-7 0 to 5 Nickel 381 mg/kg 0.722 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 336 

SB-7 0 to 5 Silver 2.72 mg/kg 0.602 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 336 

SB-7 0 to 5 Zinc 2,330 mg/kg 2.77 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 336 

SB-8 0 to 5 Aroclor-1232 78.7 μg/kg 57.1 μg/kg 4, pp. 276, 305 

SB-8 0 to 5 Aroclor-1260 103 μg/kg 57.1 μg/kg 4, pp. 276, 305 

SB-8 0 to 5 Arsenic 2.42 mg/kg 1.57 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337 

SB-8 0 to 5 Beryllium 2.54 mg/kg 0.314 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337 

SB-8 0 to 5 Cadmium 1.87 J mg/kg 0.419 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337 

SB-8 0 to 5 Chromium 130 J+ mg/kg 0.524 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337 

SB-8 0 to 5 Copper 1,810 mg/kg 0.419 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337 

SB-8 0 to 5 Lead 56.6 J+ mg/kg 1.05 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337 

SB-8 0 to 5 Mercury 0.192 J mg/kg 0.0433 

mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337 

SB-8 0 to 5 Nickel 199 mg/kg 0.828 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337 

SB-8 0 to 5 Silver 0.677 mg/kg 0.524 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337 

SB-8 0 to 5 Zinc 694 mg/kg 2.41 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337 

SB-9 0 to 5 Aroclor-1232 179 μg/kg 61.3 μg/kg 4, pp. 277, 305 

26 Source Characterization 
Source No. 1 

TABLE 2: Analytical Results for Source No. 1 – December 2006 

Sample 

ID 

Sample 

Depth 

(feet bls) Hazardous Substance Concentration 

Reporting 

Limit* Reference 

SB-9 0 to 5 Arsenic 3.64 mg/kg 1.44 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337 

SB-9 0 to 5 Beryllium 5.62 mg/kg 0.288 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337 

SB-9 0 to 5 Cadmium 2.82 J mg/kg 0.384 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337 

SB-9 0 to 5 Chromium 215 J+ mg/kg 0.481 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337 

SB-9 0 to 5 Copper 1,450 mg/kg 0.384 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337 

SB-9 0 to 5 Lead 106 J+ mg/kg 0.961 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337 

SB-9 0 to 5 Nickel 416 mg/kg 0.577 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337 

SB-9 0 to 5 Silver 0.774 mg/kg 0.481 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337 

SB-9 0 to 5 Zinc 1,080 mg/kg 2.21 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 337 

SB-10 0 to 5 Beryllium 3.25 mg/kg 0.356 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 338 

SB-10 0 to 5 Cadmium 0.959 J mg/kg 0.475 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 338 

SB-10 0 to 5 Chromium 113 J+ mg/kg 0.594 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 338 

SB-10 0 to 5 Copper 2,080 mg/kg 0.475 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 338 

SB-10 0 to 5 Lead 72.0 J+ mg/kg 1.19 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 338 

SB-10 0 to 5 Nickel 440 mg/kg 0.712 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 338 

SB-10 0 to 5 Zinc 899 mg/kg 2.73 mg/kg 4, pp. 322, 338 

SB-16 0 to 5 Arsenic 2.51 mg/kg 1.90 mg/kg 4, pp. 323, 339 

SB-16 0 to 5 Beryllium 1.54 mg/kg 0.379 mg/kg 4, pp. 323, 339 

SB-16 0 to 5 Cadmium 5.77 mg/kg 0.508 mg/kg 4, pp. 323, 339 

SB-16 0 to 5 Chromium 89.8 mg/kg 0.632 mg/kg 4, pp. 323, 339 

SB-16 0 to 5 Copper 1,270 mg/kg 0.508 mg/kg 4, pp. 323, 339 

27 Source Characterization 
Source No. 1 

TABLE 2: Analytical Results for Source No. 1 – December 2006 

Sample 

ID 

Sample 

Depth 

(feet bls) Hazardous Substance Concentration 

Reporting 

Limit* Reference 

SB-16 0 to 5 Lead 75.4 J+ mg/kg 1.26 mg/kg 4, pp. 323, 339 

SB-16 0 to 5 Mercury 0.126 mg/kg 0.050 mg/kg 4, pp. 323, 339 

SB-16 0 to 5 Nickel 800 J mg/kg 0.759 mg/kg 4, pp. 323, 339 

SB-16 0 to 5 Zinc 1,130 mg/kg 2.91 mg/kg 4, pp. 323, 339 

SB-17 0 to 3 Acetone 186 μg/kg 27.4 μg/kg 4, pp. 144, 175 

SB-17 0 to 3 2-Butanone 36.4 μg/kg 6.85 μg/kg 4, pp. 144, 175 

SB-17 0 to 3 Naphthalene 24.2 μg/kg 6.85 μg/kg 4, pp. 144, 175 

SB-17 0 to 3 Phenanthrene 576 μg/kg 439 μg/kg 4, pp. 175, 200 

SB-17 0 to 3 Pyrene 688 μg/kg 439 μg/kg 4, pp. 175, 200 

SB-17 0 to 3 Butyl benzyl phthalate 704 μg/kg 439 μg/kg 4, pp. 175, 200 

SB-17 0 to 3 Chrysene 550 μg/kg 439 μg/kg 4, pp. 175, 200 

SB-17 0 to 3 Benzo(a)pyrene 476 μg/kg 439 μg/kg 4, pp. 175, 200 

SB-17 0 to 3 Arsenic 2.33 mg/kg 1.73 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-17 0 to 3 Beryllium 2.48 mg/kg 0.345 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-17 0 to 3 Chromium 163 mg/kg 0.576 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-17 0 to 3 Copper 1,510 mg/kg 0.460 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-17 0 to 3 Lead 73.6 J+ mg/kg 1.15 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-17 0 to 3 Nickel 543 J mg/kg 0.691 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-17 0 to 3 Silver 0.890 mg/kg 0.578 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-17 0 to 3 Zinc 562 mg/kg 2.65 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-18 0 to 5 Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 521 μg/kg 469 μg/kg 4, pp. 204, 240 

28 Source Characterization 
Source No. 1 

TABLE 2: Analytical Results for Source No. 1 – December 2006 

Sample 

ID 

Sample 

Depth 

(feet bls) Hazardous Substance Concentration 

Reporting 

Limit* Reference 

SB-18 0 to 5 Antimony 1.78 mg/kg 1.74 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-18 0 to 5 Arsenic 4.83 mg/kg 1.86 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-18 0 to 5 Beryllium 2.58 mg/kg 0.373 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-18 0 to 5 Cadmium 16.0 mg/kg 0.497 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-18 0 to 5 Chromium 185 mg/kg 0.621 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-18 0 to 5 Copper 2,880 mg/kg 0.497 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-18 0 to 5 Lead 119 J+ mg/kg 1.24 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-18 0 to 5 Mercury 0.0652 mg/kg 0.048 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-18 0 to 5 Nickel 374 J mg/kg 0.745 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-18 0 to 5 Zinc 1,190 mg/kg 2.88 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-20 0 to 5 Phenanthrene 1,050 μg/kg 483 μg/kg 4, pp. 200, 240 

SB-20 0 to 5 Pyrene 1,130 μg/kg 483 μg/kg 4, pp. 200, 240 

SB-20 0 to 5 Chrysene 679 μg/kg 483 μg/kg 4, pp. 200, 240 

SB-20 0 to 5 Benzo(a)anthracene 585 μg/kg 483 μg/kg 4, pp. 200, 240 

SB-20 0 to 5 Benzo(a)pyrene 551 μg/kg 483 μg/kg 4, pp. 200, 240 

SB-20 0 to 5 Aroclor-1232 624 J μg/kg 302 μg/kg 4, pp. 282, 309 

SB-20 0 to 5 Aroclor-1260 2,460 J μg/kg 302 μg/kg 4, pp. 282, 309 

SB-20 0 to 5 Arsenic 3.76 mg/kg 1.91 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-20 0 to 5 Beryllium 0.918 mg/kg 0.381 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-20 0 to 5 Chromium 194 mg/kg 0.838 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-20 0 to 5 Copper 3,240 mg/kg 0.509 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

29 Source Characterization 
Source No. 1 

TABLE 2: Analytical Results for Source No. 1 – December 2006 

Sample 

ID 

Sample 

Depth 

(feet bls) Hazardous Substance Concentration 

Reporting 

Limit* Reference 

SB-20 0 to 5 Lead 61.0 J+ mg/kg 1.27 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-20 0 to 5 Nickel 906 J mg/kg 0.783 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-20 0 to 5 Zinc 663 mg/kg 2.92 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-21 0 to 5 Aroclor-1232 361 μg/kg 54.1 μg/kg 4, pp. 282, 310 

SB-21 0 to 5 Aroclor-1260 381 μg/kg 54.1 μg/kg 4, pp. 282, 310 

SB-21 0 to 5 Arsenic 3.88 mg/kg 1.74 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-21 0 to 5 Beryllium 3.18 mg/kg 0.348 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-21 0 to 5 Cadmium 0.552 mg/kg 0.484 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-21 0 to 5 Chromium 124 mg/kg 0.58 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-21 0 to 5 Copper 1,160 mg/kg 0.464 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-21 0 to 5 Lead 83.8 J+ mg/kg 1.16 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-21 0 to 5 Mercury 0.0956 mg/kg 0.045 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-21 0 to 5 Nickel 232 J mg/kg 0.698 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-21 0 to 5 Silver 0.714 mg/kg 0.58 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

SB-21 0 to 5 Zinc 623 mg/kg 2.67 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 341 

Notes: 

* The reporting limits on the analytical data sheets are sample-specific SQLs, each of which corresponds to the lowest 

quantitative point on the calibration curve and is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared, dilutions performed, and the 

percent moisture in the source samples (Ref. 13). 

μg/kg Micrograms per kilogram 

mg/kg Milligrams per kilogram 

bls Below land surface 

ID Identification 

J The concentration is estimated, but the presence of the analyte is not in doubt. 

J- The concentration is estimated with a low bias. 

J+ The concentration is estimated with a high bias. 

Aroclor Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) (Ref. 68) 

SB Soil boring; sample material consists of waste (Ref. 4, pp. 36, 103 through 127). 

SQL Sample quantitation limit

30 Source Characterization 
Source No. 1 

April 2009 START and REAC Integrated Assessment 

The source samples listed in Table 3 were collected by START and REAC during the April 2009 

integrated assessment (Refs. 55, p. 3, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 55, Appendix B, Table 1C, p. B-4,; 

59). The Source No. 1 samples were collected between 18 and 24 inches bls (Ref. 55, Appendix B, Table 

1C, p. B-4; 55, Appendix D). 

The samples were collected in accordance with the EPA Region 4 SESD Field Branches Quality System 

and Technical Procedures, Waste Sampling (Refs. 55, pp. 3, 4; 61). The samples were analyzed under the 

EPA Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) for total metals using statement of work (SOW) ILM05.4 

(Refs. 55, Appendix E, pp. 289, 291; 81). EPA Region 4 SESD reviewed all data according to the 

contract SOW and EPA guidelines (Ref. 55, Appendix E, p. 265; 57). The minimum reporting limits 

(MRLs) are listed on the analytical data sheets in Ref. 55, Appendix E. Each MRL is sample-specific and 

corresponds to the lowest quantitative point on the calibration curve; it is adjusted for the amount of 

sample prepared and any dilutions performed, as well as for percent moisture (Ref. 58). MRLs are 

equivalent to SQLs (Refs. 1, p.51586; 58). 

The traffic reports and chain-of-custody records are provided in Reference 59. Logbook notes are 

provided in Reference 55, Appendix D. The locations of the source samples are depicted in Reference 55, 

Appendix A, Figure 3, page A-3. 

TABLE 3: Analytical Results for Source No. 1 – April 2009 

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance Concentration MRL References

SMS-01-WA Beryllium 2.4 mg/kg 0.69 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, 

Appendix E, p. 289; 59, p. 1 

SMS-01-WA Chromium 88 mg/kg 1.4 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, 

Appendix E, p. 289; 59, p. 1 

SMS-01-WA Copper 2,100 mg/kg 3.4 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, 

Appendix E, p. 289; 59, p. 1 

SMS-01-WA Lead 36 J mg/kg 1.4 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, 

Appendix E, p. 289; 59, p. 1 

SMS-01-WA Nickel 1,200 mg/kg 5.5 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, 

Appendix E, p. 289; 59, p. 1 

SMS-01-WA Selenium 7.0 J mg/kg 4.8 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, 

Appendix E, p. 289; 59, p. 1 

SMS-01-WA Zinc 720 J mg/kg 8.3 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, 

Appendix E, p. 289; 59, p. 1 

SMS-02-WA Chromium 61 mg/kg 1.5 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, 

Appendix E, p. 291; 59, p. 1 

SMS-02-WA Copper 2,400 mg/kg 3.8 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, 

Appendix E, p. 291; 59, p. 1 

SMS-02-WA Lead 94 J mg/kg 1.5 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, 

Appendix E, p. 291; 59, p. 1 

SMS-02-WA Nickel 730 mg/kg 6.0 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, 

Appendix E, p. 291; 59, p. 1 

SMS-02-WA Silver 1.7 mg/kg 1.5 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, 

Appendix E, p. 291; 59, p. 1 

SMS-02-WA Zinc 2,200 J mg/kg 9.0 mg/kg 55, Appendix D, p. 7; 55, 

Appendix E, p. 291; 59, p. 1 

31 Source Characterization 
Source No. 1 

Notes: 

ID Identification number 

J The concentration is estimated, but the presence of the analyte is not in doubt (Ref. 55, Appendix E, p. 268). 

mg/kg Milligrams per kilogram 

MRL Minimum reporting limit 

SMS Smokey Mountain Smelters 

WA Waste 

32 Source Characterization 
Source No. 1 

2.2.3 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AVAILABLE TO A PATHWAY 

Source No. 1 samples contained metals, VOCs, SVOC, and PCBs (see Tables 2 and 3 of this HRS 

documentation record). Source No. 1 consists of the exterior waste pile where aluminum smelting wastes 

were disposed (Refs. 4, pp. 1, 33; 5, pp. 3, 5 through 8; 6, p. 4) (see Figure 2 of this documentation 

record). 

Analytical results of surface water and sediment samples collected from the unnamed perennial tributary 

of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch, which receives runoff from Source No. 1, indicate that a release 

of hazardous substances has occurred to the surface water migration pathway as documented in Section 

4.0 of this HRS documentation record. During the December 2006 site investigation a leachate seep 

containing arsenic, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, acetone, and 2-butanone was observed emanating from 

Source No. 1 and discharging into the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken 

Branch located along the eastern and southern borders of the property (Refs. 4, pp. 1, 2, 26, 36, 156, 178, 

326, 345) (also see Figure 2 of this HRS documentation record). During the April 2009 integrated 

assessment, the leachate seep was also observed emanating from Source No. 1 and discharging into the 

unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch (Ref. 55, p. 4; 55, Appendix A, 

Figure 3, p. A-3; 55, Appendix B, Table 1D, p. B-5; 55, Appendix D, p. 18; 74) (also see Figure 2 of this 

HRS documentation record). Samples collected from the leachate seep in April 2009 contained arsenic, 

chromium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, and 2-butanone (55, Appendix B, Table 1D, p. B-5, Table 5, pp. B16 through B18). Also, during the 2009 integrated assessment, no maintained engineered cover, or 

functioning and maintained runon control system and runoff management system were present to contain 

runoff from Source No. 1 from entering the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken 

Branch (Refs. 74; 76, p. 2). Therefore, a containment factor value of 10 was assigned in Table 4 for the 

surface water migration pathway (Ref. 1, Section 4.1.2.1.2.1.1). 

TABLE 4 – Containment Source No. 1 

Containment Description 

Containment 

Factor Value References 

Gas release to air: NS NA 

Particulate release to air: NS NA 

Release to ground water: NS NA 

Release via overland migration and/or flood: As documented in 

Section 4.0, there is evidence of hazardous substance migration 

from the source area. Observations of Source No. 1 indicate no 

maintained engineered cover, or functioning and maintained run-on 

control and runoff management system. Runoff from Source No. 1 

enters the pond and unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch 

of Flenniken Branch located along the eastern and southern borders 

of the property. 

10 1, Table 4-2; 4, 

pp. 2, 3, 10; 55, 

Appendix A, 

Figure 2, p. A-2; 

74; 76, p. 2 

Notes: 

NA Not applicable 

NS Not scored 

33 Source Characterization 
Source No. 1 

34 Source Characterization 

2.4.2 HAZARDOUS WASTE QUANTITY 

2.4.2.1.1 Hazardous Constituent Quantity 

The information available is not sufficient to evaluate Tier A, hazardous constituent quantity, as required 

by Reference 1, Section 2.4.2.1.1. 

Hazardous Constituent Quantity Assigned Value: NS 

2.4.2.1.2 Hazardous Wastestream Quantity 

The information available is not sufficient to evaluate Tier B, hazardous wastestream quantity, as required 

by Reference 1, Section 2.4.2.1.2. 

Hazardous Wastestream Quantity Assigned Value: NS 

2.4.2.1.3 Volume 

The information available is not sufficient to evaluate Tier C, volume, as required by Reference 1, Section 

2.4.2.1.3. 

 Volume Assigned Value: 0 

2.4.2.1.4 Area 

The area of the waste pile is about 3.3 acres (143,748 square feet). Aerial photographs from 2000 to 2008 

were used to calculate the area of the waste pile along with visual observations, photographs of the 

denuded area, and logs of borings advanced in the waste pile (Refs. 4, pp. 1, 56, 103 through 127; 39; 46; 

55, p. 4, Appendix D). 

Sum (square feet) = 143,748 

Equation for Assigning Value (Ref. 1, Table 2-5) = Area (A)/13 

Area Assigned Value: 11,057.53 

(Ref. 1, Section 2.4.2.1.4) 

2.4.2.1.5 Calculation of Source Hazardous Waste Quantity Value 

The source hazardous waste quantity (HWQ) value for Source No. 1 is 11,057.53 (Ref. 1, Section 

2.4.2.1.5). 

Source HWQ Value: 11,057.53 
Source No.: 2 

2.2 SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION

2.2.1 SOURCE IDENTIFICATION 

Number of source: 2 

Name of source: Waste Piles Located inside the Process Building (Interior Waste Piles) 

Source Type: Pile 

Description and Location of Source (with reference to a map of the site): 

Source No. 2 consists of two waste piles located inside the dilapidated process building (Refs. 55, pp. 3, 

4; 55, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 66; 74; 76, pp. 1, 5, 7, 8; 78, p. 3). The process building has no 

floors, and holes have formed in the walls and ceiling (Ref. 55, p. 4; 55, Appendix C, pp. C-1, C-2). 

Source No. 2 contains gray material (primary aluminum smelting waste), similar in appearance to the 

waste contained in Source No. 1 (exterior waste pile) (Refs 4, p. 1; 46; 55, p. 4; 55, Appendix D, p. 4). 

According to a 1985 Knox County Department of Air Pollution Control (KCDAPC) permit, SMS 

operated Rotary Aluminum Recovery Furnace #1 on the property (Refs. 5, p. 5; 49). Waste by-products 

from aluminum smelter operations include secondary aluminum, dross residues, and baghouse and 

furnace dusts (Ref. 38, pp. B-14, B-15). In 2006 and 2009, aluminum dross was observed inside the 

process building at the SMS facility (Refs. 4, p. 1; 55, Appendix C, pp. C-1, C-2; 76). During the 2006 

REAC site investigation, the process building, which housed rotary and casting furnaces, contained piles 

of smelting waste. A sample collected from one of the waste piles inside the process building contained 

hazardous substances including antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, 

silver, and zinc (Ref. 4, pp. 3, 325). 

During the 2009 integrated assessment conducted by START and REAC, three samples were collected 

from the Source No. 2 waste piles in the process building. The samples contained antimony, arsenic, 

cadmium, chromium, copper, cyanide, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc (Ref. 55, Appendix B, Table 1C, p. 

B-4 and Table 4, p. B-13, B-14, B-15; 55, Appendix D, pp. 23, 24) (see Tables 6 and 7 of this HRS 

documentation record). Four samples were also collected from Source No. 2 for reactivity testing. The 

reactivity tests indicate that the waste from Source No. 2 is capable of generating ammonia and hydrogen 

cyanide (Ref. 78, pp. 3, 6, 7). 

35 Source Characterization 
Source No.: 2 

36 Source Characterization 

Table 5 lists samples collected from Source No. 2, descriptions and depths of the samples, and the 

hazardous substances detected during the 2006 REAC site investigation and April 2009 START and 

REAC integrated assessment (Ref. 55, Appendix B, Tables 1C and 4; 55, Appendix D, pp. 23, 24). 

Table 5: Description of Samples Collected from Source No. 2 

Sample ID 

Sample 

Description 

Sample Depth 

(inches below the 

surface of the pile) 

Hazardous 

Substances Reference 

2006 REAC Site Investigation 

Inside Pile Aluminum 

smelting waste 

Unknown antimony, arsenic, 

beryllium, 

cadmium, 

chromium, copper, 

lead, nickel, silver, 

i

4, pp. 1, 3, 325; 71, pp. 

26, 27, 28, 29 

2009 START and REAC Integrated Assessment 

SMS-05-WA 

Gray, sandlike, waste 

material 

12 to 24 arsenic, chromium, 

copper, cyanide, 

lead, nickel, zinc 

55, Appendix B, Table 

1C, p. B-4 and Table 

4, pp. B-13, B-14, B15; 55, Appendix D, p. 

23; 55, Appendix E 

pp. 297, 298 

SMS-06-WA 

Gray, sandlike, waste 

material 

12 to 24 cadmium, 

chromium, copper, 

lead, nickel, zinc 

55, Appendix B, Table 

1C, p. B-4 and Table 

4, pp. B-13, B-14, B15; 55, Appendix D, p. 

23; 55, Appendix E p. 

299 

SMS-07-WA 

Gray, sandlike, waste 

material 

12 to 24 cadmium, 

chromium, copper, 

lead, mercury, 

nickel , zinc 

55, Appendix B, Table 

1C, p. B-4 and Table 

4, pp. B-13, B-14, B15; 55, Appendix D, p. 

24; 55, Appendix E, p. 

301 

Notes: 

ID Identification 

SMS Smokey Mountain Smelters 

WA Waste
Source No. 2 

2.2.2 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ASSOCIATED WITH SOURCE NO. 2 

2006 REAC Site Investigation 

The source sample listed in Table 6 was collected from Source No. 2 (interior waste piles) in December 

2006 during the REAC site investigation. The sample was analyzed for TAL metals and mercury, (Ref. 

4, p. 3). The metals analysis was conducted using REAC SOP 1811(EPA SW-846 Methods 

3015/3050B/6010B) and REAC SOP 1832 (EPA SW-846 Methods 7000A/7470A/7471A) (Refs. 4, p. 

316; 18; 47). 

All samples were collected in accordance with the REAC Work Plan and Quality Assurance Project Plan 

prepared for Work Assignment No. 0-182 for the SMS facility (Refs. 9; 14; 48; 50; 60; 73). The 

analytical data sheets and chain-of-custody records are available in Reference 4, Appendix M. The 

reporting limits on the analytical data sheets are equivalent to SQLs. Each SQL is sample-specific and 

corresponds to the lowest quantitative point on the calibration curve; it is adjusted for the amount of 

sample prepared and any dilutions performed, as well as for percent moisture (Ref. 13). The location of 

the sample listed in Table 6 is depicted in Reference 4, p. 35. The data validation reports are contained in 

Reference 4, pp. 314 though 319. 

TABLE 6: Analytical Results for Source No. 2 – December 2006 

Sample 

ID 

Hazardous 

Substance 

Hazardous 

Substance 

Concentration 

Reporting 

Limit* Reference 

Inside Pile Antimony 3.34 mg/kg 1.54 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 343 

Inside Pile Arsenic 2.13 mg/kg 1.85 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 343 

Inside Pile Beryllium 2.25 mg/kg 0.330 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 343 

Inside Pile Cadmium 0.900 mg/kg 0.440 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 343 

Inside Pile Chromium 133 mg/kg 0.55 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 343 

Inside Pile Copper 1,560 mg/kg 0.440 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 343 

Inside Pile Lead 75.2 J+ mg/kg 1.10 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 343 

Inside Pile Nickel 145 J mg/kg 0.660 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 343 

Inside Pile Silver 0.806 mg/kg 0.55 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 343 

Inside Pile Zinc 1,150 mg/kg 2.53 mg/kg 4, pp. 325, 343 

37 Source Characterization 
Source No. 2 

Notes: 

* The reporting limits on the analytical data sheets are sample-specific SQLs, each of which corresponds to the lowest 

quantitative point on the calibration curve and is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared, dilutions performed, and the 

percent moisture in the source samples (Ref. 13). 

mg/kg Milligrams per kilogram 

ID Identification 

J The concentration is estimated, but the presence of the analyte is not in doubt. 

J+ The concentration is estimated with a high bias. 

SQL Sample quantitation limit

38 Source Characterization 
Source No. 2 

April 2009 START and REAC Integrated Assessment 

The source samples listed in Table 7 were collected by START and REAC during the April 2009 

integrated assessment (Ref. 55, p. 3; 55, Appendix B, Table 1C, p. B-4; 59, pp. 3, 4, 5). The Source No. 2 

samples were collected between 12 and 24 inches below the surface of the piles (Ref. 55, Appendix B, 

Table 1C, p. B-4; 55, Appendix D, pp. 23, 24). 

The Source No. 2 samples were collected in accordance with the EPA Region 4 SESD Field Branches 

Quality System and Technical Procedures, Waste Sampling (Refs. 55, p. 3; 61). The samples were 

analyzed under the EPA CLP for total metals and cyanide using the CLP SOW ILM05.4 (Refs. 55, 

Appendix E, pp. 269, 297, 299, 301; 81). EPA Region 4 SESD reviewed all data according to the 

contract SOW and EPA guidelines (Ref. 55, Appendix E, p. 265; 57). The MRLs are listed on the 

analytical data sheets in Ref. 55, Appendix E. Each MRL is sample-specific and corresponds to the 

lowest quantitative point on the calibration curve; it is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared and 

any dilutions performed, as well as for percent moisture (Ref. 58). The MRLs are equivalent to SQLs 

(Refs. 1, p. 51586; 58). 

The traffic reports and chain-of-custody records are provided in Reference 59. Logbook notes are 

provided in Reference 55, Appendix D. The locations of the source samples are depicted in Reference 55, 

Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3. 

TABLE 7: Analytical Results for Source No. 2 – April 2009 

Sample 

ID 

Hazardous 

Substance 

Hazardous 

Substance 

Concentration 

Minimum 

Reporting 

Limit Reference 

SMS-05-WA Arsenic 6.2 J mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 

55, Appendix D, p. 23; 

55, Appendix E, p. 297; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-05-WA Chromium 71 mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 

55, Appendix D, p. 23; 

55, Appendix E, p. 297; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-05-WA Copper 1,000 mg/kg 2.7 mg/kg 

55, Appendix D, p. 23; 

55, Appendix E, p. 297; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-05-WA Cyanide 3.4 mg/kg 2.7 mg/kg 

55, Appendix D, p. 23; 

55, Appendix E, p. 298; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-05-WA Lead 49 J mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 

55, Appendix D, p. 23; 

55, Appendix E, p. 297; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-05-WA Nickel 320 mg/kg 4.3 mg/kg 

55, Appendix D, p. 23; 

55, Appendix E, p. 297; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-05-WA Zinc 1,500 J mg/kg 6.5 mg/kg 

55, Appendix D, p. 23; 

55, Appendix E, p. 297; 

59, p. 3 

39 Source Characterization 
Source No. 2 

TABLE 7: Analytical Results for Source No. 2 – April 2009 

Sample 

ID 

Hazardous 

Substance 

Hazardous 

Substance 

Concentration 

Minimum 

Reporting 

Limit Reference 

SMS-06-WA Cadmium 0.74 J mg/kg 0.62 mg/kg 

55, Appendix D, p. 23; 

55, Appendix E, p. 299; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-06-WA Chromium 45 mg/kg 1.2 mg/kg 

55, Appendix D, p. 23; 

55, Appendix E, p. 299; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-06-WA Copper 2,900 mg/kg 3.1 mg/kg 

55, Appendix D, p. 23; 

55, Appendix E, p. 299; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-06-WA Lead 6.2 J mg/kg 1.2 mg/kg 

55, Appendix D, p. 23; 

55, Appendix E, p. 299; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-06-WA Nickel 1,900 mg/kg 9.9 mg/kg 

55, Appendix D, p. 23; 

55, Appendix E, p. 299; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-06-WA Zinc 300 mg/kg 7.4 mg/kg 

55, Appendix D, p. 23; 

55, Appendix E, p. 299; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-07-WA Cadmium 4.0J mg/kg 0.58 mg/kg 

55, Appendix D, p. 24; 

55, Appendix E, p. 301; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-07-WA Chromium 42 mg/kg 1.2 mg/kg 

55, Appendix D, p. 24; 

55, Appendix E, p. 301; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-07-WA Copper 570 mg/kg 2.9 mg/kg 

55, Appendix D, p. 24; 

55, Appendix E, p. 301; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-07-WA Lead 9.6 J mg/kg 1.2 mg/kg 

55, Appendix D, p. 24; 

55, Appendix E, p. 301; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-07-WA Mercury 0.20 mg/kg 0.12 mg/kg 

55, Appendix D, p. 24; 

55, Appendix E, p. 301; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-07-WA Nickel 370 mg/kg 4.6 mg/kg 

55, Appendix D, p. 24; 

55, Appendix E, p. 301; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-07-WA Zinc 99,000 mg/kg 140 mg/kg 

55, Appendix D, p. 24; 

55, Appendix E, p. 301; 

59, p. 3 

40 Source Characterization 
Source No. 2 

Notes: 

ID Identification number 

J The concentration is estimated, but the presence of the analyte is not in doubt (Ref. 55, Appendix E, p. 268). 

mg/kg Milligrams per kilogram 

MRL Minimum reporting limit 

SMS Smokey Mountain Smelters 

WA Waste 

41 Source Characterization 
Source No. 2 

2.2.3 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AVAILABLE TO A PATHWAY 

Source No. 2 samples contained antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, cyanide, 

lead, mercury, nickel, silver, and zinc (Ref. 55, Appendix B, Table 4, pp. B-13, B-14, B-15) (see Tables 6 

and 7 of this HRS documentation record). Source No. 2 consists of two waste piles located inside the 

process building. The interior waste piles contain gray material (aluminum smelting waste) similar in 

appearance to the waste contained in the exterior waste pile (Source No. 1) (Refs. 4, p. 1; 55, p. 4; 55, 

Appendix D, p. 4) (see Figure 2 of this documentation record). 

Analytical results of surface water and sediment samples collected from the unnamed perennial tributary 

of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch, which receives runoff from Source No. 2, indicate that a release 

of hazardous substances has occurred to the surface water migration pathway, as documented in Section 

4.0 of this HRS documentation record (Ref. 55, Appendix B, Table 1D, p. B-5 and Table 5, pp. B-16, B17, B-18). The process building is dilapidated and structurally unstable (Refs. 4, p. 1; 76, pp. 1, 5, 8). 

Source No. 2 (interior waste piles) is located inside the dilapidated process building and is exposed to the 

elements in some areas (Refs. 66; 73; 74; 76, pp. 1, 5, 7, 8). No maintained engineered cover, or 

functioning and maintained runon control system and runoff management system were present in 2006 or 

2009 to contain runoff from Source No. 2 from entering the unnamed perennial tributary of the East 

Branch of Flenniken Branch (Refs. 74; 76, p. 2). Therefore, as presented in Table 8, a containment factor 

value of 10 was assigned for the surface water migration pathway (Ref. 1, Section 4.1.2.1.2.1.1). 

TABLE 8: Containment Source No. 2 

Containment Description 

Containment 

Factor Value References 

Gas release to air: NS NA 

Particulate release to air: NS NA 

Release to ground water: NS NA 

Release via overland migration and/or flood: Observations of 

Source No. 2 indicate no maintained engineered cover, or 

functioning and maintained runon control system and runoff 

management system. Runoff from Source No. 2 enters the pond and 

unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch 

located in the eastern portion of the property. 

10 1, Table 4-2; 

55, pp. 3, 4; 

55, Appendix 

C, pp. C-1, 

C-2; 55, 

Appendix D; 

73; 74; 76, p. 

2 

Notes: 

NA Not applicable 

NS Not scored 

42 Source Characterization 
Source No. 2 

43 Source Characterization 

2.4.2.1 HAZARDOUS WASTE QUANTITY 

2.4.2.1.1 Hazardous Constituent Quantity 

The information available is not sufficient to evaluate Tier A, hazardous constituent quantity, as required 

by Ref. 1, Section 2.4.2.1.1. 

Hazardous Constituent Quantity Assigned Value: NS 

2.4.2.1.2 Hazardous Wastestream Quantity 

The information available is not sufficient to evaluate Tier B, hazardous wastestream quantity, as required 

by Ref. 1, Section 2.4.2.1.2. 

Hazardous Wastestream Quantity Assigned Value: NS 

2.4.2.1.3 Volume 

The volume of Source No. 2, interior waste piles, is about 44,657.325 ft3 (Ref. 65; 71). Two piles are 

located inside the process building. The first pile is located on the upper level of the building and the 

second pile is located on the lower level of the process building (Refs. 65; 78, p. 3). The volume of the 

two waste piles was determined by dividing each of the two piles into three sections and then adding the 

volumes. The volume of the pile located on the upper level of the process building is 6,020.325 ft3

. The 

volume of the pile located on the lower level of the process building is 38,637 ft3

 (Ref. 65; 71). 

Sum (yd3

): 1,653.97 yd3 (44,657.325 ft3) 

Equation for Assigning Value (Ref. 1, Table 2-5): Volume (V)/2.5 

Volume Assigned Value: 661.58 

(Ref. 1, Section 2.4.2.1.3) 

2.4.2.1.4 Area 

The volume of Source No. 2 is provided in Section 2.4.2.1.3. Therefore, area is not evaluated (Ref. 1, 

Section 2.4.2.1.3). 

Area Assigned Value: Not evaluated 

2.4.2.1.5 Calculation of Source Hazardous Waste Quantity Value 

The HWQ value for Source No. 2 is 661.58 (Ref. 1, Table 2-5). 

Source HWQ Value: 661.58
SUMMARY OF SOURCE DESCRIPTIONS

TABLE 9: Summary of Source Descriptions 

Containment Factor Value by Pathway 

Surface Water (SW) Air 

Source 

No. 

Source 

Hazardous 

Waste 

Quantity 

Value 

Source 

Hazardous 

Constituent 

Quantity 

Complete? 

(Yes/No) 

Ground 

Water 

(GW) 

(Ref. 1, 

Table 

3-2) 

Overland/ 

Flood 

(Ref. 1, 

Table 

4-2) 

GW to 

SW 

(Ref. 1, 

Table 

3-2) 

Gas 

(Ref. 1, 

Table 

6-3) 

Particulate 

(Ref. 1, 

Table 6-9) 

1 11,057.53 No NS 10 NS NS NS 

2 661.58 No NS 10 NS NS NS 

Total Source Hazardous Waste Quantity Value = 11,719.11 

Notes: 

NS Not Scored 

Description of Other Possible Sources: 

Other sources of concern are present at the SMS facility. However, insufficient information is available 

to evaluate the other possible sources. The sources include, but are not limited to, the following: 

• A depression located south of the process building (Ref. 6, pp. 4, 21). This depression may have 

been used as a settling pond prior to operations by the SMS facility (Ref. 6, p. 4). Aluminum, 

cadmium, and mercury, among others, have been detected in this area (Ref. 6, pp. 15, 21). The 

depression was not observed during the March 2006 site reconnaissance (Ref. 76, p. 2). 

• Collection hoppers located underneath the baghouses (Ref. 6, pp. 2, 4). Benzo(a)pyrene, 

indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, among others, have been detected in 

baghouse dust samples (Ref. 6, pp. 4, 15, 21, 127). 

• Casting furnace located inside the process building. A sample collected from the casting furnace 

trough contained aluminum, cadmium, chromium, benzo(a)pyrene, pyrene, and chrysene, among 

others (Ref. 6, pp. 4, 15, 21, 34). 

• Mixed waste underlying the Source No. 1 aluminum smelter waste pile. Borings advanced during 

the 2009 integrated assessment conducted by START and REAC indicate the presence of 

aluminum smelting waste mixed with paper and wood fragments, broken white and red brick 

fragments, angular limestone gravel, clay, and silty clay. The presence of gravel and clay 

suggests possible contemporaneous backfill or cover of waste consistent with HRS source type 

“landfill”. The depth at the top of the mixed waste ranges from three to 17 feet bls (Refs. 4, pp. 

103 through 127; 73; 77). 

44 Source Characterization 
4.0 SURFACE WATER MIGRATION PATHWAY 

4.1 OVERLAND/FLOOD MIGRATION COMPONENT 

4.1.1.1 Definition of Hazardous Substance Migration Path for Overland/Flood Component 

The hazardous substance migration pathway includes both the overland segment and the in-water segment 

that hazardous substances would take as they migrate away from sources. The overland segment begins 

at the source and proceeds downgradient to the probable point of entry (PPE) to surface water. The inwater segment at the PPE continues in the direction of flow (Ref. 1, Section 4.1.1.1). 

Overland flow from Source Nos. 1 and 2 enters an unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of 

Flenniken Branch. The unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch originates 

on the SMS property, east of the process building and flows along the eastern and southern portions of the 

SMS property (Refs. 3; 52; 73; 74). The unnamed perennial tributary is also called Smokey Mountain 

Branch (Ref. 4, p. 33). The sources, in an upgradient to downgradient location, on the SMS property 

include: Source No. 2, interior waste piles and Source No. 1, exterior waste pile (Ref. 3; 76) (see Figure 2 

of this HRS documentation record). 

Overland flow from Source No. 2 follows the land topography for about 159 feet in a southeasterly 

direction and enters the unnamed perennial tributary located on the eastern portion of the SMS property. 

The point at which overland flow from Source No. 2 enters the unnamed perennial tributary is PPE 1 

(Refs. 3; 74; 76) (see Figures 2 and 3 of this HRS documentation record). PPE 1 is located upstream of 

the pond located on the eastern portion of the SMS property (Refs. 3; 4, p. 33; 55, Appendix A, Figure 2, 

p. A-2; 76) (see Figure 3 of this HRS documentation record). 

Overland flow from Source No. 1 follows the land topography for about 51 feet in a south-southeasterly 

direction into the pond and unnamed perennial tributary both upstream and downstream of the pond 

(Refs. 3; 74; 76) (see Figure 3 of this HRS documentation record). PPE 2 is located in the unnamed 

perennial tributary downstream of the pond (Refs. 3; 74; 76) (see Figure 3 of this HRS documentation 

record). A leachate seep is located at the southwestern corner of Source No. 1. Effluent from the leachate 

seep flows overland for about 53 feet and enters the unnamed perennial tributary south of Source No. 1. 

The point at which runoff from the leachate seep from Source No. 1 enters the unnamed perennial 

tributary is PPE 3 (Refs. 3; 55, Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2) (also see Figure 3 of this HRS 

documentation record). 

PPE 3 is the farthest downstream PPE of the in-water segment of the 15-mile surface water migration 

pathway target distance limit (TDL) (Refs. 3; 74; 76). From PPE 3, the unnamed perennial tributary 

flows south-southwest for about 431 feet and enters the East Branch of Flenniken Branch. The East 

Branch of Flenniken Branch flows south-southwest for about 1.20 miles and joins Flenniken Branch (see 

Figures 1, 2, and 3 of this HRS documentation record). Flenniken Branch continues south for about 1.0 

mile before entering the Fort Loudoun Reservoir (Ref. 3). The Fort Loudoun Reservoir is an 

impoundment of the Tennessee River (Ref. 24, p. 1). Flow continues in the Tennessee River for about 

12.67 miles completing the 15-mile surface water migration pathway TDL (Ref. 3). 

The unnamed tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch, the East Branch of Flenniken Branch, and 

Flenniken Branch are perennial surface water bodies (Refs. 3; 55, p. 4, Appendix B, Table 1D; 55, 

Appendix D, p. 5; 73; 74). 

45 SW-Overland/Flood Migration Component 
4.1.2.1 LIKELIHOOD OF RELEASE 

4.1.2.1.1 OBSERVED RELEASE – Chemical Analysis

December 2006 REAC Site Investigation 

Background Samples

During the 2006 site investigation conducted by REAC, a background surface water sample (SWBackground /BKGND 182-0060) was collected from the East Branch of Flenniken Branch about 0.47 

mile upgradient of the unnamed perennial tributary’s confluence with the East Branch of Flenniken 

Branch (Refs. 3; 4, pp. 2, 3, 31, 177) (see Figure 3 of this HRS documentation record). The background 

sample is used to document background concentrations for the surface water samples collected from the 

unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch downstream from Source Nos. 1 and 

2 (Ref. 4, pp. 2, 31, 35). Because the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken 

Branch originates on the SMS property, a background sample could not be collected from the tributary. 

No potential sources of contamination have been documented along the East Branch of Flenniken Branch 

upgradient of the SMS property (Ref. 55, Appendix D, pp. 22, 23). 

The background surface water sample was collected in accordance with the REAC Work Plan and 

Quality Assurance Project Plan prepared for Work Assignment No. 0-182 for the SMS facility (Refs. 14; 

21; 48; 50; 73). The location of the background surface water sample listed in Table 10 is depicted in 

Reference 4, page 31. The chain-of-custody record is available in Reference 4, Appendix I, p. 177 and 

Appendix M, p. 344. 

The background surface water sample and the downstream surface water samples were collected from 

similar surface water bodies during the same sampling event and in accordance with the same sampling 

procedures (Refs. 3; 4, pp. 2, 31, 177; 14; 21; 48). The background surface water sample was collected at 

the surface of the water by partially submerging the sampling container into the surface water body (Refs. 

21; 73; 74; 79). 

TABLE 10: Background Surface Water Sample – December 2006 

Sample ID Sample Location Depth Date 

Sampled Reference 

SW-Background/ 

BKGND 182-0060 

East Branch of Flenniken 

Branch, about 0.47 mile 

upgradient of its confluence 

with the unnamed perennial 

tributary on the SMS 

property 

At the 

surface of 

the water 

12/14/2006 3; 4, pp. 2, 3, 

31, 177; 21; 73; 

79 

Notes: 

BKGND Background 

SW Surface water 

ID Identification 

46 SW-Observed Release 
Background Concentrations 

The background surface water sample listed in Table 11 was collected by REAC during the December 

2006 site investigation (Ref. 4, pp. 2, 3, 4, 31, 35, 177). The background surface water sample was 

analyzed under the EPA REAC for TAL metals and VOCs (Refs. 4, pp. 133, 177, 316, 344; 14, p. 2). 

The metals analysis was conducted using REAC SOP 1811 (EPA SW-846 Methods 3015/3050B/6010B) 

and REAC SOP 1832 (EPA SW-846 Methods 7000A/7470A/7471A) (Refs. 4, p. 316; 18; 47). VOCs 

were analyzed using REAC SOP 1806, EPA SW-846 Methods 8000B and 8260B (Refs. 4, p. 187; 20). 

The analytical data sheets are contained in Reference 4, Appendices I and M. The reporting limits on the 

analytical data sheets are SQLs. Each SQL is sample-specific and corresponds to the lowest quantitative 

point on the calibration curve, and is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared and any dilutions 

performed (Ref. 13). The data validation reports are contained in Reference 4, pages 130 through 136 and 

314 through 319. 

TABLE 11: Analytical Results for Background Surface Water Sample – December 2006 

Sample ID 

Hazardous 

Substance Concentration 

Reporting 

Limit * Reference 

SW-Background/ 

BKGND 182-0060 Acetone 20.0U μg/L 20.0 μg/L 4, pp. 155, 177 

SW-Background/ 

BKGND 182-0060 2-Butanone 5.00U μg/L 5.00 μg/L 4, pp. 155, 177 

SW-Background/ 

BKGND 182-0060 Antimony 14.0U μg/L 14.0 μg/L 4, pp. 326, 344 

SW-Background/ 

BKGND 182-0060 Arsenic 17.0U μg/L 17.0 μg/L 4, pp. 326, 344 

SW-Background/ 

BKGND 182-0060 Copper 4.00U μg/L 4.00 μg/L 4, pp. 326, 344 

SW-Background/ 

BKGND 182-0060 Mercury 0.200U μg/L 0.200 μg/L 4, pp. 326, 344 

SW-Background/ 

BKGND 182-0060 Nickel 5.0U μg/L 5.0 μg/L 4, pp. 326, 344 

Notes: 

* The reporting limits on the analytical data sheets are sample-specific SQLs, each of which corresponds to the lowest 

quantitative point on the calibration curve and is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared and any dilutions performed (Ref.

13). 

BKGND Background 

μg/L Micrograms per liter 

ID Identification 

SW Surface water 

U The analyte was not detected at or above the reporting limit. 

47 SW-Observed Release 
Contaminated Sample 

The surface water sample listed in Table 12 was collected during the December 2006 site investigation 

conducted by REAC (Ref. 4, p. 2, 3, 31, 35, 177). The surface water sample was collected in accordance 

with the REAC Work Plan and Quality Assurance Project Plan prepared for Work Assignment No. 0-182 

for the SMS facility (Refs. 14; 21; 48; 50; 73). The surface water sample was collected from the surface 

of the water by partially submerging the sampling container in the surface water body (Refs. 21; 73; 79). 

The location of the downstream surface water sample listed in Table 12 is depicted in Reference 4, page 

35. The chain-of-custody record is available in Reference 4, Appendix I, p. 177 and Appendix M, p. 344. 

TABLE 12: Surface Water Sample – December 2006 

Sample ID Sample Location Distance from PPE Depth 

Date 

Sampled Reference 

SW-Stream/ 

Strm 182-

0061 

Unnamed 

perennial tributary 

of East Branch of 

Flenniken Branch 

799 feet from PPE 1, 

551 feet from PPE 2, 

73 feet from PPE 3 

At the 

surface of 

the water 

12/14/2006 4, pp. 2, 

35, 177; 

21; 73 

Notes: 

ID Identification 

PPE Probable point of entry 

Strm Stream 

SW Surface water 

48 SW-Observed Release 
49 SW-Observed Release 

 Concentrations in Contaminated Sample 

The surface water sample listed in Table13 was collected by REAC during the December 2006 site 

investigation (Ref. 4, pp. 2, 3, 31, 35, 177). The surface water sample was analyzed under the EPA 

REAC for TAL metals and VOCs (Refs. 4, pp. 133,177, 316, 344; 14, p. 2). The metals analysis was 

conducted using REAC SOP 1811 (EPA SW-846 Methods 3015/3050B/6010B) and REAC SOP 1832 

(EPA SW-846 Methods 7000A/7470A/7471A) (Refs. 4, p. 316; 18; 47). VOCs were analyzed using 

REAC SOP 1806, EPA SW-846 Methods 8000B and 8260B (Refs. 4, p. 133; 20). The analytical data 

sheets are contained in Reference 4, Appendices I and M. The reporting limits on the analytical data 

sheets are SQLs. Each SQL is sample-specific and corresponds to the lowest quantitative point on the 

calibration curve, and is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared and any dilutions performed (Ref. 

13). The data validation reports are available in Reference 4, pages 130 through 136 and 314 through 

319. 

TABLE 13: Analytical Results for Surface Water Sample – December 2006 

Sample ID 

Hazardous 

Substance Concentration 

Reporting 

Limit * Reference 

SW-Stream/182-0061 Strm Acetone 45.7 μg/L 20.0 μg/L 4, p. 155, 177 

SW-Stream/182-0061 Strm 2-Butanone 8.21 μg/L 5.00 μg/L 4, p. 155, 177 

SW-Stream/182-0061 Strm Antimony 18.9 μg/L 14.0 μg/L 4, p. 326, 344 

SW-Stream/182-0061 Strm Arsenic 17.3 μg/L 17.0 μg/L 4, p. 326, 344 

SW-Stream/182-0061 Strm Copper 988 μg/L 4.00 μg/L 4, p. 326, 344 

SW-Stream/182-0061 Strm Mercury 0.421 μg/L 0.200 μg/L 4, p. 326, 344 

SW-Stream/182-0061 Strm Nickel 29.7 μg/L 5.0 μg/L 4, p. 326, 344 

Notes: 

* The reporting limits on the analytical data sheets are sample-specific SQLs, each of which corresponds to the lowest 

quantitative point on the calibration curve and is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared and any dilutions performed 

(Ref. 13). 

ID Identification 

μg/L Micrograms per liter 

Strm Stream 

SW Surface water 
2009 START and REAC Integrated Assessment 

Background surface water and sediment samples listed in Table 14 were collected by START and REAC 

during the April 2009 integrated assessment (Ref. 55, p. 1; 55, Appendix B, Table 1D, p. B-5 and Table 

1E, p. B-6; 55, Appendix D, pp. 21, 22, 23; 59, pp. 5, 6, 7, 11). The background surface water (SMS-01-

SW) and sediment (SMS-01-SD) samples were collected from the East Branch of Flenniken Branch about 

0.5 mile upgradient of sources on the SMS property. The background samples are used to document 

background conditions for the samples collected from the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch 

of Flenniken Branch, downgradient of sources at the SMS property (Ref. 55, Appendix A, Figure 4, p. A4; 55, Appendix B, Table 1D, p. B-5 and Table 1E, p. B-6; 55, Appendix D, pp. 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23). 

Because the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch originates on the SMS 

property, a background sample could not be collected from the tributary. No potential sources of 

contamination have been documented along the East Branch of Flenniken Branch upstream of the SMS 

property (Ref. 55, Appendix D, pp. 22, 23). 

The background surface water sample was collected at the surface of the water, and the sediment sample 

was collected from 0 to 3 inches below the stream bed (Ref. 55, Appendix B, Table 1D, p. B-5 and Table 

1E, p. B-6; 55, Appendix D, pp. 21, 22; 74; 79). The samples were collected in accordance with the EPA 

Region 4 SESD Field Branches Quality System and Technical Procedures, Surface Water and Sediment 

Sampling (Refs. 55, pp. 3, 4; 56, p. 11; 62; 63). The chain-of-custody records are provided in Reference 

59. Logbook notes are available in Reference 55, Appendix D. The location of the background samples 

is depicted in Reference 55, Appendix A, Figure 4, page A-4. 

The background surface water and sediment samples and downstream surface water and sediment 

samples were collected from similar surface water bodies during the same sampling event and in 

accordance with the same sampling procedures (Refs. 43; 55, Appendix D, pp. 15, 16, 17, 21, 22; 59, pp. 

3, 5, 6, 7, 11; 62; 63; 73; 74; 79). 

TABLE 14: Surface Water and Sediment Samples – April 2009 

Sample ID Description of Location Depth Date Sampled References

SMS-01-SW 

East Branch of Flenniken 

Branch, about 0.5 mile 

upgradient of sources on the 

SMS property 

At the surface of 

the water 

4/28/2009 3; 55, Appendix A, 

Figure 4, p. A-4; 55, 

Appendix B, Table 

1D, p. B-5; 55, 

Appendix D, p. 21; 

59, pp. 5, 11; 74; 79 

SMS-01-SD 

East Branch of Flenniken 

Branch, about 0.5 mile 

upgradient of sources on the 

SMS property 

0 to 3 inches 

below the stream 

bed 

4/28/2009 3; 55, Appendix A, 

Figure 4, p. A-4; 55, 

Appendix B, Table 

1E, p. B-6; 55, 

Appendix D, p. 22; 

59, pp. 5, 6, 7 

Notes: 

ID Identification number 

SD Sediment 

SMS Smokey Mountain Smelters 

SW Surface water 

50 SW-Observed Release 
Background Concentrations 

The background surface water and sediment samples listed in Table 15 were collected during the April 

2009 integrated assessment (Ref. 55, p. 1; 55, Appendix B, Table 1D, p. B-5 and Table 1E, p. B-6; 55, 

Appendix D, pp. 21, 22, 23; 59, pp. 6, 11). The total metals and cyanide analyses for the background 

surface water sample was conducted by the EPA Region 4 Analytical Support Branch (ASB) using EPA 

Methods 200.8 and 6010 (total metals), 245.1 (mercury), and 335.4 (cyanide). The total metals data were 

verified in accordance with the EPA Region 4 SESD ASB Laboratory Operations and Quality Assurance 

Manual (LOQAM) (Refs. 55, Appendix E, pp. 307, 318; 57; 72). The total metals and cyanide analyses 

for the background sediment sample was conducted under the EPA CLP SOW ILM05.4 (Ref. 55, 

Appendix E, p. 281; 81). EPA Region 4 SESD reviewed all data in accordance with the CLP SOW 

ILM05.4 and EPA guidelines (Ref. 55, Appendix E, p. 265; 57). The MRLs are listed on the analytical 

data sheets in Reference 55, Appendix E. Each MRL is sample-specific and corresponds to the lowest 

quantitative point on the calibration curve; it is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared and any 

dilutions performed, as well as for percent moisture (Ref. 58). The MRLS are equivalent to SQLs (Refs. 

1, p. 51586; 58). 

TABLE 15: Analytical Results for Surface Water and Sediment Samples – April 2009 

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance Concentration MRL References

SMS-01-SW Antimony 1.0U μg/L 1.0 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 307; 59, 

p. 11 

SMS-01-SW Arsenic 1.0U μg/L 1.0 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 307; 59, 

p. 11 

SMS-01-SW Chromium 5.0U μg/L 5.0 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 307; 59, 

p. 11 

SMS-01-SW Copper 10U μg/L 10 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 307; 59, 

p. 11 

SMS-01-SW Cyanide 15U μg/L 15 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 318; 59, 

p. 11 

SMS-01-SW Lead 1.0U μg/L 1.0 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 307; 59, 

p. 11 

SMS-01-SW Mercury 0.10U μg/L 0.10 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 307; 59, 

p. 11 

SMS-01-SW Zinc 10U μg/L 10 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 307; 59, 

p. 11 

SMS-01-SD Chromium 14 mg/kg 1.5 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 281; 59, 

p. 6 

SMS-01-SD Copper 8.5 mg/kg 3.8 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 281; 59, 

p. 6 

SMS-01-SD Nickel 3.6 J* (4.86) mg/kg 6.1 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 281; 59, 

p. 6 

51 SW-Observed Release 
TABLE 15: Analytical Results for Surface Water and Sediment Samples – April 2009 

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance Concentration MRL References

SMS-01-SD Zinc 41 J** (61.5) mg/kg 9.2 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 281; 59, 

p. 6 

Notes: 

( ) Concentrations were adjusted in accordance with Reference 82. 

* Estimated result with a low bias 

** Estimated result with an unknown bias 

μg/L Micrograms per liter 

J The concentration is estimated, but the presence of the analyte is not in doubt. 

mg/kg Milligrams per kilogram 

ID Identification 

MRL Minimum reporting limit 

SD Sediment 

SMS Smokey Mountain Smelters 

SW Surface water 

U The analyte was not detected at or above the minimum reporting limit. 

52 SW-Observed Release 
Contaminated Samples 

Surface water and sediment samples listed in Table 16 were collected along the unnamed perennial 

tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch during the April 2009 integrated assessment conducted 

by START and REAC (Ref. 55, pp. 1, 3, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 55, Appendix B, Table 1D, p. B-5 

and Table 1E, p. B-6; 55, Appendix D, pp. 15, 16, 17; 59, pp. 3, 4). The samples were collected 

downstream of Source Nos. 1 and 2 (Ref. 55, Figure 3, p. A-3). The surface water samples were collected 

at the surface of the water and the sediment samples were collected from 0 to 3 inches below the stream 

bed (Refs. 55, Appendix B, Table 1D, p. B-5 and Table 1E, p. B-6; 55, Appendix D, pp. 15, 16, 17; 74, 

79). The surface water and sediment samples were collected in accordance with the EPA Region 4 SESD 

Field Branch Quality System and Technical Procedures, Surface Water and Sediment Sampling (Refs. 55, 

pp. 3, 4; 56, p. 11; 62; 63). The traffic reports and chain-of-custody records are provided in Reference 59. 

Logbook notes are provided in Reference 55, Appendix D. Locations of the surface water and sediment 

samples and PPEs are depicted in Reference 55, Appendix A, Figure 3, page A-3 (also see Figure 3 of this 

HRS documentation record). 

TABLE 16: Surface Water and Sediment Samples – April 2009 

Sample 

ID Sample Location 

Distance 

from PPE Depth 

Date 

Sampled References 

SMS-02-

SW 

Where the 

southwestern Source 

No. 1 leachate seep 

enters the unnamed 

perennial tributary of 

the East Branch of 

Flenniken Branch 

725 feet 

from PPE 1, 

475 feet 

from PPE 2, 

0 feet from 

PPE 3 

At the 

surface of 

the water 

04/28/ 

2009 

3; 55, Appendix A, 

Figure 3, p. A-3; 55, 

Appendix B, Table 

1D, p. B-5; 55, 

Appendix D, p. 16; 

59, pp. 4, 11; 74; 79 

SMS-02-

SD 

Where the 

southwestern Source 

No. 1 leachate seep 

enters the unnamed 

perennial tributary of 

the East Branch of 

Flenniken Branch 

725 feet 

from PPE1, 

475 feet 

from PPE 2, 

0 feet from 

PPE 3 

0 to 3 

inches 

below the 

stream bed 

04/28/ 

2009 

3; 55, Appendix A, 

Figure 3, p. A-3; 55, 

Appendix B, Table 

1E, p. B-6; 55, 

Appendix D, p. 17; 

59, pp. 3, 4 

SMS-03-

SW 

Unnamed perennial 

tributary of the East 

Branch of Flenniken 

Branch 

760 feet 

from PPE1, 

510 feet 

downstream 

from PPE 2, 

30 feet from 

PPE 3 

At the 

surface of 

the water 

04/28/ 

2009 

3; 55, Appendix A, 

Figure 3, p. A-3; 55, 

Appendix B, Table 

1D, p. B-5; 55, 

Appendix D, p. 15; 

59, pp. 4, 11; 74; 79 

SMS-03-

SD 

Unnamed perennial 

tributary of the East 

Branch of Flenniken 

Branch 

760 feet 

from PPE1, 

510 feet 

downstream 

from PPE 2, 

30 feet from 

PPE 3 

0 to 3 

inches 

below the 

stream bed 

04/28/ 

2009 

3; 55, Appendix A, 

Figure 3, p. A-3; 55, 

Appendix B, Table 

1E, p. B-6; 55, 

Appendix D, p. 16; 

59, pp. 3, 4 

53 SW-Observed Release 
Notes: 

ID Identification 

PPE Probable point of entry 

SD Sediment 

SMS Smokey Mountain Smelters 

SW Surface water 

54 SW-Observed Release 
Contaminated Concentrations

Samples listed in Table 17 were collected from the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of 

Flenniken Branch during the April 2009 integrated assessment (Refs. 55, pp. 1, 3; 55, Appendix A, Figure 

3, p. A-3; 55, Appendix B, Table 1D, p. B-5 and Table 1E, p. B-6; 55, Appendix D, pp. 15, 16, 17; 59, pp. 

3, 11). The total metals and cyanide analyses for the contaminated surface water samples were conducted 

by the EPA Region 4 ASB using EPA Methods 200.8 and 6010 (total metals), 245.1 (mercury), and 335.4 

(cyanide). The total metals and cyanide data were verified in accordance with the EPA Region 4 SESD 

ASB LOQAM (Refs. 55, Appendix E, pp. 283, 308, 310, 314, 319, 321; 57; 72). The total metals 

analysis for the contaminated sediment samples were conducted under the EPA CLP using SOW 

ILM05.4 (Ref. 55, Appendix E, pp. 283, 287; 81). EPA Region 4 SESD reviewed all data in accordance 

with the CLP ILM05.4 SOW and EPA guidelines (Ref. 55, Appendix E, p. 265; 57). The MRLs are listed 

on the analytical data sheets in Reference 55, Appendix E. Each MRL is sample-specific and corresponds 

to the lowest quantitative point on the calibration curve; it is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared 

and any dilutions performed, as well as for percent moisture (Ref. 58). The MRLs are equivalent to SQLs 

(Refs. 1, p.51586; 58). 

TABLE 17: Analytical Results for Surface Water and Sediment Samples – April 2009 

Sample ID 

Hazardous 

Substance Concentration MRL References 

SMS-02-SW Antimony 19 μg/L 10 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 308; 

59, p. 11 

SMS-02-SW Arsenic 17 μg/L 10 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 308; 

59, p. 11 

SMS-02-SW Copper 370 μg/L 60 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 308; 

59, p. 11 

SMS-02-SW Cyanide 15 μg/L 15 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 319; 

59, p. 11 

SMS-02-SW Lead 12 μg/L 5.0 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 308; 

59, p. 11 

SMS-02-SW Mercury 0.25 μg/L 0.10 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 308; 

59, p. 11 

SMS-02-SW Zinc 87 μg/L 60 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 308; 

59, p. 11 

SMS-02-SD Chromium 160 mg/kg 1.8 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 283; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-02-SD Copper 960 mg/kg 4.6 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 283; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-02-SD Nickel 200 mg/kg 7.4 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 283; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-02-SD Zinc 560 J* (373.33) 

mg/kg 11 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 283; 59, p. 3 

SMS-03-SW Copper 330 μg/L 60 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 310; 

59, p. 11 

SMS-03-SW Cyanide 17 μg/L 15 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 321; 

59, p. 11 

SMS-03-SW Lead 7.9 μg/L 5.0 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 310; 

59, p. 11 

55 SW-Observed Release 
56 SW-Observed Release 

TABLE 17: Analytical Results for Surface Water and Sediment Samples – April 2009 

Sample ID 

Hazardous 

Substance Concentration MRL References 

SMS-03-SW Mercury 0.20 μg/L 0.10 μg/L 55, Appendix E, p. 310; 

59, p. 11 

SMS-03-SD Chromium 94 mg/kg 1.4 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 287; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-03-SD Copper 560 mg/kg 3.6 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 287; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-03-SD Nickel 110 mg/kg 5.8 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 287; 

59, p. 3 

SMS-03-SD Zinc 350 J* (233.33) 

mg/kg 8.7 mg/kg 55, Appendix E, p. 287; 59, p. 3 

Notes: 

* Estimated concentration with an unknown bias 

( ) Concentration was adjusted in accordance with Reference 82. 

μg/L Micrograms per liter 

ID Identification 

J The concentration is estimated, but the presence of the analyte is not in doubt. 

mg/kg Milligrams per kilogram 

MRL Minimum reporting limit 

SD Sediment 

SMS Smokey Mountain Smelters 

SW Surface water 
Attribution

The SMS property is located at 1508 Maryville Pike in Knoxville, Tennessee. From 1922 until at least 

1948, Knoxville Fertilizer Company operated a fertilizer factory on the SMS property. Structures on the 

property included: sulfuric acid tank, 30,000-gallon water tank, 70,000-gallon reservoir, and nitre house 

(Refs. 5, pp. 1, 4; 30, p. 1; 64). U.S. patents written by assignors to Knoxville Fertilizer Company 

describe the production processes for phosphatic and ammonium sulphate fertilizers. Both of these 

fertilizers utilize acid phosphate (super-phosphate) (Refs. 10, p. 1; 11). Manufacturing of phosphate 

fertilizer produces wastewater, which may contain heavy metals (cadmium, mercury, lead), total 

phosphorus, ammonia, fluorides, and chemical oxygen demand (Ref. 29, p. 6). Drainage from stockpiles 

of gypsum may contain heavy metals (cadmium, mercury, and lead), fluorides, and phosphoric acid (Ref. 

29, p. 5). Knox County tax assessor information indicates that ownership of the property changed 

numerous times between 1948 and 1979; however, operations on the property may have continued in 

manufacturing agricultural products such as fertilizer (Ref. 5, pp. 4, 5). 

SMS (also known as Rotary Furnace, Inc.) was established in 1979 (Ref. 32, p. 1). Limited information is 

available regarding the operational history at the SMS property. According to a 1985 KCDAPC permit to 

operate a potential air contaminant source, an aluminum furnace (Rotary Aluminum Recovery Furnace 

#1) operated on the SMS property (Refs. 5, p. 5; 49). From 1983 to 1989, KCDAPC received complaints 

regarding open burning and heavy emissions from the facility. Numerous inspections were performed at 

the property, and violations were issued for open burning and excessive emissions (Refs. 28; 33; 34). In a 

lease executed on October 1, 1982, Rotary Furnace was allowed to bury slurry generated by the operation 

of its rotary furnace on the property (Ref. 7, pp. 9, 14). 

In March 1983, the Tennessee Division of Solid Waste Management conducted an inspection at the SMS 

property regarding the operation of an unpermitted landfill/disposal area on the property (Refs. 26; 27; 

35). During the inspection, the landfill (dump) contained demolition and industrial waste (slag and 

cinders from furnace operations). The dump also contained evidence of burning waste (Refs. 26; 35). In 

August 1983, the Tennessee Division of Solid Waste Management conducted a geologic evaluation at the 

SMS property. During the evaluation, the landfill/disposal area contained mostly impure “salt cake” 

resulting from processing aluminum ore (Ref. 36, p. 1). Based on the location of the landfill/disposal area 

and the exterior waste pile (Source No. 1), the landfill/disposal area appears to have been located in the 

same location as the Source No. 1 waste pile (Refs. 36, pp. 3, 4; 55, Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2) (see 

Figure 2 of this documentation record). Upon subsequent evaluation and observation, it appears that the 

landfill/disposal area consists of two different types of waste: the overlying waste pile and the underlying 

mixed-waste disposal area. The overlying waste pile (Source No. 1) consists of homogenous fine gray 

aluminum smelter waste that is similar in appearance to the interior waste piles (Source No. 2) (Refs. 4, 

pp. 1, 56, 103 through 127; 46; 55, p. 4; 55, Appendix D, p. 4). This waste pile is located on top of what 

appears to be a mixed-waste disposal area with some evidence that backfill material may have been 

contemporaneously placed among the underlying mixed waste. Borings show that wastes in the 

underlying mixed-waste disposal area include smelter waste that is commingled with mixed waste 

including paper and wood fragments, broken white and red brick fragments, angular limestone, gravel, 

clay, and silty clay (Ref. 4, pp. 36, 103 through 127). 

Source No. 1 (exterior waste pile) is approximately 3.3 acres (143,748 square feet) and unnaturally devoid 

of vegetation; it contains secondary aluminum smelter waste with a mostly gray, fine, silty texture (Refs. 

4, p. 56; 39; 46; 55, p. 4; 55, Appendix B, Table 1C, p. B-4; 55, Appendix D, p. 4) (see Figure 2 of this 

HRS documentation record). Source No. 2 (interior waste piles) is about 1,653.97 yd3

 and consists of two 

primary aluminum smelter waste piles located inside the process building (Refs. 55, Appendix A, Figure 

3, p. A-3; 65; 78, p. 3) (see Figure 2 of this HRS documentation record). The process building has no 

57 SW-Observed Release 
floors, and holes have formed in the walls and ceiling (Refs. 55, p. 4, Appendix C, pp. C-1, C-2; 76, pp. 1, 

5, 8). 

Source No. 2 (interior waste piles) contain gray material (aluminum smelting waste) similar in appearance 

to the waste contained in Source No. 1 (exterior waste pile) (Refs. 4, p. 1; 55, p. 4). Reactivity tests 

conducted on the waste contained in Source No. 2 indicate that the waste is capable of generating 

ammonia and hydrogen cyanide (Ref. 78, pp. 3, 6, 7). 

Waste generated from aluminum smelters such as the one operated at SMS includes pot line scrubber 

sludge, pot line skimmings, spent potliners, and cast house dust (Ref. 40, p. 256). Residuals from metal 

smelting and refining industries include arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and 

zinc (Ref. 40, p. 255). These hazardous substances were detected in samples collected from Source Nos. 

1 and 2 (see Tables 2, 3, 6, and 7 of this HRS documentation record). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 

(PAHs) such as those detected in samples collected from Source No. 1 are emitted from aluminum 

smelting activities and are found in smelter residues (Refs. 41, p. 1; 42, pp. 2-2, 3-3; 53, p. 4) (see Table 2 

of this documentation record). 

Analytical results of source samples collected from Source Nos. 1 and 2 between October 2006 and April 

2009 indicated hazardous substances related to aluminum smelting operations including arsenic, 

cadmium, chromium, copper, cyanide, lead, mercury, zinc, acetone, 2-butanone, benzo(a)pyrene, and 

PCBs among others (see Tables 2, 3, 6, and 7 in Section 2.2.2 for Source Nos. 1 and 2 of this HRS 

documentation record). Also antimony, arsenic, chromium, copper, cyanide, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc, 

acetone, and 2-butanone have been documented as meeting observed release criteria in surface water or 

sediment samples collected from the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch 

(see Tables 11, 13, 15, and 17 in Section 4.1.2.1.1, Observed Release, of this HRS documentation record). 

Several leachate seeps are located on the southern end of Source No. 1 (exterior waste pile). Two of the 

seeps have been sampled during previous investigations (Ref. 46). In 2001, collocated surface water and 

sediment samples were collected from the most eastern leachate seep (main leachate seep). The samples 

contained arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver, and zinc (Ref. 5, pp. 413, 

414, 415). In 2006 and 2009, a leachate seep (located about 50 feet west of the main leachate seep) was 

observed flowing into the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch (Refs. 4, 

p. 2; 46; 55, p. 4; 73; 74; 76). During the 2009 integrated assessment conducted by START and REAC, 

the leachate seep was orange in color (Refs. 55, p. 4; 74). Samples collected from the leachate seep 

contained arsenic, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, and 2-butanone (Refs. 4, pp. 1, 2, 26, 29, 36, 159, 

178, 326, 345; 55, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 55, Appendix D, p. 18). 

The analytes detected in the leachate seep samples were also detected in samples collected from Source 

Nos. 1 and 2 and samples collected from the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken 

Branch (see Tables 2, 3, 6, and 7 of this HRS documentation record). 

Other potential sources of contamination exist in the vicinity of the SMS property (Ref. 54, pp. i, 1, 2). 

The Screen Arts site consists of 2 parcels of land located on the western side of Maryville Pike, which is 

southwest of the SMS property. The Witherspoon Landfill site consists of five parcels of land located 

directly south of the SMS property. Surface water runoff from these two sites enters Flenniken Branch 

downstream of the SMS property (Ref. 54, pp. i, 2). Therefore, runoff from Screen Arts and Witherspoon 

Landfill does not impact the locations where observed releases have been documented immediately 

downstream of the SMS property (Refs. 54, p. 2; 55, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3 and Figure 4, p. A-4). 

The hazardous substances listed below have been documented in Source Nos. 1 and 2 as well as in the 

unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch, indicating the migration of 

58 SW-Observed Release 
59 SW-Observed Release 

hazardous substances from the sources (see Tables 2, 3, 6, and 7 in Section 2.2.2 for Source Nos. 1 and 2; 

and Tables 11, 13, 15, and 17 in Section 4.1.2.1.1, Observed Release, of this HRS documentation record). 

Hazardous Substances Released: 

 

Antimony 

Arsenic 

Chromium 

Copper 

Cyanide 

Lead 

Mercury 

Nickel 

Zinc 

Acetone 

2-butanone 

Surface Water Observed Release Factor Value: 550 

(Ref. 1, Section 4.1.2.1.1) 
4.1.2.2 DRINKING WATER THREAT WASTE CHARACTERISTICS 

4.1.2.2.1 Toxicity/Persistence 

Table 18 summarizes the toxicity and persistence factor values for the hazardous substances detected in 

the source samples (see Tables 2, 3, 6, and 7 of this HRS documentation record) with containment factor 

values greater than zero. The combined toxicity and persistence factor values are assigned in accordance 

with Reference 1, Section 4.1.2.2.1. 

TABLE 18: Surface Water Toxicity/Persistence 

Hazardous Substance 

Source 

No. 

Toxicity 

Factor 

Value 

Persistence 

Factor 

Value 

Does 

Hazardous 

Substance 

Meet 

Observed 

Release? 

(Yes/No.) 

Toxicity/ 

Persistence 

Factor 

Value 

(Ref. 1, 

Table 4-12) Reference 

Acetone 1 1 0.07 Yes 0.07 2, p. BI-1 

Antimony 2 10,000 1 Yes 10,000 2, p. BI-1 

Anthracene 1 10 0.4 No 4 2, p. BI-1 

Arsenic 1, 2 10,000 1 Yes 10,000 2, p. BI-1 

Acenaphthene 1 10 0.4 No 4 2, p. BI-1 

Benzo(a)anthracene 1 1,000 1 No 1,000 2, BI-2 

Benzo(g,h,i) 

perylene 1 0 1 No 0 2, p. BI-2 

Benzo(k)fluoranthene 1 100 1 No 100 2, p. BI-2 

Benzo(a)pyrene 1 10,000 1 No 10,000 2, p. BI-2 

Beryllium 1, 2 10,000 1 No 10,000 2, p. BI-2 

2-Butanone (methyl 

ethyl ketone) 1 1 0.4 Yes 0.4 2, p. BI-8 

Butyl benzyl 

phthalate 1 10 1 No 10 2, p. BI-2 

Cadmium 1, 2 10,000 1 No 10,000 2, p. BI-2 

Chromium 1, 2 10,000 1 Yes 10,000 2, p. BI-3 

Chrysene 1 10 1 No 10 2, p. BI-3 

Copper 1, 2 0 1 Yes 0 2, p. BI-3 

Cyanide 2 100 1 Yes 100 2, p. BI-4 

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 1 1,000 1 No 1,000 2, p. BI-8 

Fluorene 1 100 1 No 100 2, p. BI-6 

60 SW-Drinking Water Threat 
61 SW-Drinking Water Threat 

TABLE 18: Surface Water Toxicity/Persistence 

Hazardous Substance 

Source 

No. 

Toxicity 

Factor 

Value 

Persistence 

Factor 

Value 

Does 

Hazardous 

Substance 

Meet 

Observed 

Release? 

(Yes/No.) 

Toxicity/ 

Persistence 

Factor 

Value 

(Ref. 1, 

Table 4-12) Reference 

Lead 1, 2 10,000 1 Yes 10,000 2, p. BI-8 

Mercury 1, 2 10,000 1 Yes 10,000 2, p. BI-8 

Naphthalene 1 1,000 0.4 No 400 2, p. BI-9 

Nickel 1, 2 10,000 1 Yes 10,000 2, p. BI-9 

Phenanthrene 1 0 0.4 No 0 2, p. BI-9 

Polychlorinated 

biphenyls 1 10,000 1 No 10,000 2, p. BI10 

Pyrene 1 100 1 No 100 2, p. BI10 

Silver 1, 2 100 1 No 100 2, p. BI10 

Zinc 1, 2 10 1 Yes 10 2, p. BI12 

 

Notes: 

Polychlorinated biphenyls include Aroclor-1232 and Aroclor-1260. 

NA Not available 

Toxicity/Persistence Factor Value: 10,000 

(Ref. 1, Section 4.1.2.2.1.3)
4.1.2.2.2 Hazardous Waste Quantity 

TABLE 19: Hazardous Waste Quantity 

Source No. Source Type Source Hazardous Waste Quantity 

1 Waste Pile 11,057.53 

2 Waste Pile 661.58 

Total Source Hazardous Waste Quantity Value = 11,719.11 

The hazardous constituent quantity for Source No. 1 (exterior waste pile) is not adequately determined. 

The estimated area of Source No. 1 is 3.3 acres (143,748 square feet) (Ref. 39). 

The hazardous constituent quantity for Source No. 2 (interior waste piles) is not adequately determined. 

The estimated volume of Source No. 2 is 1,653.97 yd3

 (44,657.325 ft3) (Ref. 65). 

HWQ Factor Value: 10,000 

(Ref. 1, Section 2.4.2.2, Table 2-6) 

4.1.2.2.3 Waste Characteristics Factor Category Value

The waste characteristics factor category value was obtained by multiplying the toxicity/persistence and 

HWQ factor values, subject to a maximum product of 1 × 108

. Based on this product, a value was 

assigned in accordance with Reference 1, Table 2-7. 

Toxicity/Persistence Factor Value: 10,000 

HWQ Factor Value: 10,000 

Toxicity/Persistence Factor Value × HWQ Factor Value: 1 × 108 

Waste Characteristics Factor Category Value: 100 

(Ref. 1, Table 2-7) 

62 SW-Drinking Water Threat 
63 SW-Drinking Water Threat 

4.1.2.3 DRINKING WATER THREAT TARGETS 

No surface water intakes are located within the 15-mile TDL downstream of the SMS property (Refs. 25; 

45). 

4.1.2.3.3 Resources 

The Fort Loudoun Reservoir is used for recreational activities including boating and fishing (Refs. 24, pp. 

1 through 4; 69; 75; 76, p. 2). The I.C. King Park is located at the point where Flenniken Branch empties 

into the Fort Loudoun Reservoir on the Tennessee River. Public fishing and boat ramps are located at 

I.C. King Park (Refs. 76, p. 2; 80, pp. 1, 6 through 9). 

Resources Factor Value: 5.00 

(Ref. 1, Section 4.1.2.3.3) 
4.1.3.2 HUMAN FOOD CHAIN THREAT WASTE CHARACTERISTICS 

4.1.3.2.1 Toxicity/Persistence/Bioaccumulation 

Table 20 summarizes the toxicity/persistence and bioaccumulation factor values for hazardous substances 

detected in the source samples with containment factor values exceeding zero. The combined toxicity, 

persistence, and bioaccumulation factor values are assigned in accordance with Reference 1, Section 

4.1.3.2.1. 

TABLE 20: Toxicity/Persistence/Bioaccumulation 

Hazardous 

Substance 

Source 

No. 

Toxicity 

Factor 

Value 

Persistence 

Factor 

Value* 

BioAccumulation 

Value** 

Toxicity/ 

Persistence/ 

Bioaccumulation 

Factor Value 

(Ref. 1, Table 4-

16) References 

Acetone 1 1 0.07 0.5 0.035 2, p. BI-1 

Antimony 2 10,000 1 5 50,000 2, p. BI-1 

Anthracene 1 10 0.4 50,000 2 × 105 2, p. BI-1 

Arsenic 1, 2 10,000 1 5 50,000 2, p. BI-1 

Acenaphthene 1 10 0.4 500 2,000 2, p. BI-1 

Benzo(a)anthracene 1 1,000 1 50,000 5 × 107 2, BI-2 

Benzo(g,h,i) 

Perylene 1 0 1 50,000 0 2, p. BI-2 

Benzo(k)fluoranthene 1 100 1 50,000 5 × 106 2, p. BI-2 

Benzo(a)pyrene 1 10,000 1 50,000 5 × 108 2, p. BI-2 

Beryllium 1, 2 10,000 1 50 5 × 105 2, p. BI-2 

2-Butanone (methyl 

ethyl ketone) 1 1 0.4 0.5 0.2 2, p. BI-8 

Butyl benzyl 

phthalate 1 10 1 500 5,000 2, p. BI-2 

Cadmium 1, 2 10,000 1 5,000 5 × 107 2, p. BI-2 

Chromium 1, 2 10,000 1 500 5 × 106 2, p. BI-3 

Chrysene 1 10 1 5 50 2, p. BI-3 

Copper 1, 2 0 1 500 0 2, p. BI-3 

Cyanide 2 100 1 0.5 50 2, p. BI-4 

64 SW-Human Food Chain Threat 
TABLE 20: Toxicity/Persistence/Bioaccumulation 

Hazardous 

Substance 

Source 

No. 

Toxicity 

Factor 

Value 

Persistence 

Factor 

Value* 

BioAccumulation 

Value** 

Toxicity/ 

Persistence/ 

Bioaccumulation 

Factor Value 

(Ref. 1, Table 4-

16) References 

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 1 1,000 1 50,000 5 × 107 2, p. BI-8 

Fluorene 1 100 1 500 50,000 2, p. BI-6 

Lead 1, 2 10,000 1 5 50,000 2, p. BI-8 

Mercury 1, 2 10,000 1 50,000 5 × 108 2, p. BI-8 

Naphthalene 1 1,000 0.4 50,000 2 × 107 2, p. BI-9 

Nickel 1, 2 10,000 1 0.5 5,000 2, p. BI-9 

Phenanthrene 1 0 0.4 5,000 0 2, p. BI-9 

Polychlorinated 

biphenyls 1 10,000 1 50,000 5 × 108 2, p. BI-10 

Pyrene 1 100 1 50,000 5 × 106 2, p. BI-10 

Silver 1, 2 100 1 50 5,000 2, p. BI-10 

Zinc 1, 2 10 1 5 50 2, p. BI-12 

Notes: 

* Persistence value for rivers 

** Bioaccumulation factor value for freshwater 

Toxicity/Persistence/Bioaccumulation Factor Value: 5 × 108 

(Ref. 1, Section 4.1.3.2.1.4) 

65 SW-Human Food Chain Threat 
66 SW-Human Food Chain Threat 

4.1.3.2.2 Hazardous Waste Quantity 

Table 21 lists HWQs for the sources. 

TABLE 21 – Hazardous Waste Quantity 

Source No. Source Type Source Hazardous Waste Quantity 

1 Waste Pile 11,057.53

2 Waste Pile 661.58 

Total Source Hazardous Waste Quantity Value = 11,719.11 

The hazardous constituent quantity for Source No. 1 (exterior waste pile) is not adequately determined. 

The estimated area of Source No. 1 is 3.3 acres (143,748 square feet) (Ref. 39). 

The hazardous constituent quantity for Source No. 2 (interior waste piles) is not adequately determined. 

The estimated volume of Source No. 2 is 1,653.97 yd3

 (44,657.325 ft3) (Ref. 65). 

HWQ Factor Value: 10,000 

(Ref. 1, Section 2.4.2.2) 

4.1.3.2.3 Waste Characteristics Factor Category Value

The waste characteristics factor category was obtained by multiplying the toxicity/persistence and HWQ 

factor values, subject to a maximum product of 1 x 108

. Then this product was multiplied by the 

bioaccumulation potential factor value, subject to a maximum product of 1 x 1012. Based on this product, 

a value was assigned in accordance with Reference 1, Table 2-7. 

Toxicity/Persistence Factor Value: 10,000 

HWQ Factor Value: 10,000 

Toxicity/Persistence Factor Value × 

HWQ Factor Value: 1 × 108 

Toxicity/Persistence Factor Value × 

HWQ Factor Value × Bioaccumulation Factor Value (50,000): 5 × 1012

Waste Characteristics Factor Category Value: 1,000 

(Ref. 1, Table 2-7) 
4.1.3.3 HUMAN FOOD CHAIN THREAT TARGETS 

4.1.3.3.1 Food Chain Individual 

As noted in Section 4.1.2.1.1, an observed release of hazardous substances having a bioaccumulation 

factor value of 500 or greater is documented in the unnamed tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken 

Branch (see Tables 10 to 17 of this HRS documentation record). In June 1999, November 2001, and 

March 2006, evidence of fishing was observed on the East Branch of Flenniken Branch, just upstream of 

Flenniken Branch (Refs. 76; 80, pp. 1, 4, 5). Information obtained from the Tennessee Wildlife 

Resources Commission indicates that fishing for human consumption occurs in the Fort Loudoun 

Reservoir and on the Tennessee River, which are within the 15 mile surface water migration pathway 

TDL (Refs. 3; 24; 75). These water bodies are downstream of surface water and sediment sampling 

locations on the unnamed perennial tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch (Refs. 23, pp. 1, 16; 

69; 76). Fish caught and consumed from the Fort Loudoun Reservoir and the Tennessee River within the 

15 mile surface water migration pathway TDL include smallmouth, largemouth, striped, and black bass; 

channel catfish; crappie; black crappie; and white crappie (Refs. 69; 75). The I.C. King Park is located at 

the point where Flenniken Branch empties into the Fort Loudoun Reservoir on the Tennessee River. 

Public fishing and boat ramps and piers are located at I.C. King Park (Refs. 76, p. 2; 80, pp. 1, 6, 8, 9). 

Sample ID: SW-Stream/182-0061 Strm 

Level I/Level II/Potential: Potential 

Hazardous Substances: Acetone, 2-Butanone, arsenic, copper, mercury 

Bioaccumulation Potential: 50,000 

Sample ID: SMS-02-SW 

Level I/Level II/Potential: Potential 

Hazardous Substances: Arsenic, copper, lead, mercury, zinc 

Bioaccumulation Potential: 50,000 

Sample ID: SMS-02-SD 

Level I/Level II/Potential: Potential 

Hazardous Substances: chromium, copper 

Bioaccumulation Potential: 500 

Sample ID: SMS-03-SW 

Level I/Level II/Potential: Potential 

Hazardous Substances: copper, lead, mercury 

Bioaccumulation Potential: 50,000 

Sample ID: SMS-03-SD 

Level I/Level II/Potential: Potential 

Hazardous Substances: Chromium, copper 

Bioaccumulation Potential: 500 

References: 2, pp. BI-1, BI-3, BI-8, BI-12; 4, pp. 35, 155, 326; 55, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 55, 

Appendix E, pp. 283, 287, 308, 310 

67 SW-Human Food Chain Threat 
Due to the observed release of hazardous substances having a bioaccumulation factor value of 500 or 

greater in the unnamed tributary of the East Branch of Flenniken Branch, and a downstream fishery 

within the 15-mile target distance limit, a food chain individual factor value of 20 is assigned (Ref. 1, 

Section 4.1.3.3.1). 

TABLE 22: FOOD CHAIN INDIVIDUAL

Identity of Fishery Type of Surface 

Water Body 

Dilution Weight (Ref. 

1, Table 4-13) References 

Fort Loudoun Reservoir 

on the Tennessee River Large River 0.0001 1, Table 4-13; 23, pp. 1, 

6; 24; 44; 69; 75; 76 

Food Chain Individual Factor Value: 20 (Ref. 1, Section 4.1.3.3.1) 

4.1.3.3.2 Population 

4.1.3.3.2.1 Level I Concentrations 

No Level I samples were collected. 

4.1.3.3.2.2 Level II Concentrations 

No Level II samples were collected. 

4.1.3.3.2.3 Potential Human Food Chain Contamination 

Evidence of fishing, including fishing poles, was observed on the East Branch of Flenniken Branch about 

0.75 mile downstream of the SMS property (Refs. 3; 76, p. 2; 80, pp. 1, 4, 5). Evidence of fishing, 

including bait cups, has been observed along the banks of Flenniken Branch in the I.C. King Park (Ref. 

80, pp. 2, 3). Also, fishing piers and boat ramps are located on Flenniken Branch in I.C. King Park 

upstream of the Fort Loudoun Reservoir, about 2 miles downstream of the SMS property (Refs. 3; 76, p. 

2; 80, pp. 1, 6, 8, 9). Fishing for human consumption occurs on the Fort Loudoun Reservoir about 2.3 

miles downstream of the SMS property (Refs. 3; 69, p. 1; 75). The amount of fish caught on an annual 

basis is not known. 

The flow rate of Flenniken Branch is not available (Ref. 70). The estimated flow rate for the Tennessee 

River at the Fort Loudon dam is about 43,061 cubic feet per second (Ref. 44). Information is not 

available on the annual production of fish caught in the Fort Loudoun Reservoir. Therefore, because the 

Fort Loudoun Reservoir on the Tennessee River is a fishery, the annual production is undetermined but 

greater than zero (Refs. 24, p. 1; 69; 75; 76, p. 2). 

68 SW-Human Food Chain Threat 
69 SW-Human Food Chain Threat 

TABLE 23: POTENTIAL POPULATION TARGETS

Identity of 

Fishery 

Annual 

Production 

(pounds) 

Type of 

Surface 

Water 

Body 

Average 

Annual 

Flow 

(cfs) 

Population 

Value (Pi) 

(Ref. 1, 

Table 4-

18) 

Dilution 

Weight 

(Di) (Ref. 

1, Table 

4-13) Pi × Di Refs. 

Fort Loudoun 

Reservoir on 

the Tennessee 

River 

>0 Large 

River 

43,061 0.03 0.0001 0.000003 3; 44; 75; 

76, p. 2 

Notes: 

cfs Cubic feet per second 

For the potential human food chain contamination factor value the sum of Pi × Di is divided by 10. 

Potential Human Food Chain Contamination Factor Value: 0.0000003 

(Ref. 1, Section 4.1.3.3.2.3) 
4.1.4 Environmental Threat 

The environmental threat was not scored because it is not expected to contribute significantly to the 

overall score. 

70 SW-Environmental Threat