IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2018-CA-01065-COA

GARY WAYNE STACKS APPELLANT

v.

DANIEL SMITH, NICOLE KINARD SMITH,

AND RICKY RAAB

APPELLEES

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 06/27/2018

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. EDWARD C. FENWICK

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: CHOCTAW COUNTY CHANCERY COURT

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: TIMOTHY C. HUDSON

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES: MARK G. WILLIAMSON

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - ADOPTION

DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 02/20/2020

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

EN BANC.

J. WILSON, P.J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1. GaryWayne Stacks’s biological daughter, B.R., was adopted without notice to Stacks

while he was incarcerated. After Stacks was released and learned of the adoption, he filed

a petition to set aside the adoption and for other relief. Stacks alleged that the adoption

decree should be set aside because it was obtained through a fraud on the court and because

he was not given notice of the proceeding or made a party. The chancery court dismissed

Stacks’s petition, holding that it was barred by the six-month statute of limitations for actions

to set aside a final decree of adoption. Miss. Code Ann. § 93-17-15 (Rev. 2018). (Stacks

filed his petition six months and seven days after the adoption decree was entered.) Stacks

appeals from the dismissal of his petition.
¶2. We hold that the chancery court erred by dismissing Stacks’s petition. Stacks’s claim

of fraud on the court would, if proven, establish a basis for setting aside the adoption

notwithstanding the statute of limitations. In addition, Stacks’s allegations that prior to the

adoption, he had a substantial relationship with B.R. and was known to be her father would

also, if proven, justify setting aside the adoption despite the statute of limitations. If Stacks

had a substantial relationship with B.R. prior to the adoption, then he had a right to notice of

the adoption and was a necessary party to the adoption proceeding, and the failure to notify

him and join him as a party would render the adoption decree void. Because Stacks’s

petition alleged viable grounds for setting aside the adoption despite the expiration of the

limitations period, it should not have been dismissed as a matter of law or without a hearing. 

Therefore, we reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

FACTS1

 AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶3. In 2012, Rhonda Raab gave birth to a daughter, B.R. Rhonda’s then-husband, Ricky

Raab, was listed as the father on B.R.’s birth certificate. Rhonda and Ricky separated at

some point. The record is unclear as to when they separated or whether they ever divorced. 

In April 2017, Rhonda passed away. In May 2017, Daniel and Nicole Smith filed a petition

to adopt B.R. in the Choctaw County Chancery Court. Apparently, the Smiths are related to

Rhonda, though the record does not explain how they are related. In support of the Smiths’

petition, Ricky signed under oath a “Voluntary Release of All Parental Rights and Consent

to Adoption” in which he claimed to be B.R.’s “legal and biological father.” The chancery

1 For purposes of this appeal, we accept the well-pled factual allegations of Stacks’s

petition as true. Lagniappe Logistics Inc. v. Buras, 199 So. 3d 675, 677 (¶5) (Miss. 2016).

2
court granted the petition and entered a decree of adoption on June 13, 2017.2

¶4. On December 20, 2017, Stacks filed a “Petition to Disestablish Paternity, to Establish

Paternity, for Determination of Custody, to Set Aside Adoption, and for Other Relief,”

naming the Smiths and Ricky as defendants. Stacks alleged that in 2011 he had a romantic

relationship with Rhonda and that he was B.R.’s biological father. Stacks further alleged that

“all parties ha[d] acknowledged him as [B.R.’s] natural father.” Stacks alleged that Ricky

had “never had any interaction with [B.R.] and ha[d] always vehemently denied his paternity

to [B.R.].” Stacks alleged that he (Stacks) had “raised” B.R., that he had a “good and loving

relationship” with her, and that she lived with him until she was four years old. However,

in 2016, Stacks had been incarcerated for violations of the terms of his supervised release. 

Stacks had “reason to believe” that the Smiths had adopted B.R. after Rhonda’s death while

he was still in prison.3 Stacks believed that the Smiths had obtained the adoption by

“defraud[ing] the [c]ourt.” Stacks alleged that he was not notified ofthe adoption proceeding

and that the Smiths “deliberately failed to name [him] as a party to the [proceeding].” Stacks

“assumed” that the Smiths “purposefully misrepresented to the [c]ourt that [Ricky] was

[B.R.’s] father . . . or that the natural father was unknown.” Stacks alleged that Ricky may

have “colluded with the Smiths in representing himself to be [B.R.’s] natural father.” Stacks

asked the court to set aside any adoption because he “was not made a party to the [adoption]

2

In the present case, the chancery court reviewed the sealed file from the adoption

proceeding, but no part of that file was made a part of the record in this case. The court

quoted Ricky’s release and consent in its final judgment in this case.

3 Because adoption proceedings are confidential, Miss. Code Ann. § 93-17-25 (Rev.

2018), Stacks could not be certain if or when the adoption had occurred.

3
suit” and because the adoption was obtained by “an intentional misrepresentation to defraud

the [c]ourt.” Stacks alleged that he was “a fit and suitable person” to have custody of B.R.

and that it was in her best interest for him to have custody. 

¶5. The Smiths and Ricky eventually filed two different joint motions to dismiss Stacks’s

petition. In their first motion, they argued that Stacks’s petition was barred by the statute of

limitations because the petition was filed six months and seven days after a final decree of

adoption was entered.4In their second motion, they argued that Stacks lacked standing to

contest the adoption because he had “no legal documents” or “DNA results” to show that he

was B.R.’s biological father.

¶6. Stacks responded to the defendants’ motions the next day. In his response, he alleged

that he was present at the hospital when B.R. was born and that he and Rhonda lived together

with B.R. from B.R.’s birth until April 2012. He also alleged that he and Rhonda “lived

together on and off for the next four . . . years, and several times when [Rhonda] moved out,

the child was left in [his] care.” Stacks further alleged that Rhonda told B.R. that he was her

father and that he “acted as [B.R.’s] father.” Stacks stated that he had been incarcerated from

August 2016 to October 2017, that the Smiths adopted B.R. while he was incarcerated

without notice to him, and that the defendants knew or should have known that Ricky was

not B.R.’s father. Along with his response to the motions to dismiss, Stacks also filed a

motion for DNA testing to establish paternity and a motion for an expedited hearing.

4

See Miss. Code Ann. § 93-17-15 (“No action shall be brought to set aside any final

decree of adoption, whether granted upon consent or personal process or on process by

publication, except within six (6) months of the entry thereof.”).

4
¶7. The Smiths and Ricky subsequently filed a joint answer to Stacks’s petition together

with a “Counter-Petition for Determination of Rights,” a “Counter-Petition to Terminate

Parental Rights,” and a “Counter-Petition to Determine Custody.” In their answer, the

Smiths and Ricky denied Stacks’s allegations that he was B.R.’s father and that his paternity

was known to them prior to B.R.’s adoption. They stated that they denied those allegations

because they had “no personal/direct knowledge to either admit or deny” them. In their

counter-petitions, the Smiths and Ricky did not specifically claim that Ricky was B.R.’s

biological father. In addition, they admitted that “around the date of conception,” Rhonda

was “rumored” to have had “an extramarital affair with a man in Ohio,” was “seeing a man

in Oxford,” and “would also take off for days at a time, telling nobody of her whereabouts.” 

The Smiths and Ricky alleged that the “first time any of [them] saw or heard anything about

[Stacks] was after Rhonda was four of five months pregnant.” They did not state what they

“heard about” Stacks at that time. They argued that Stacks’s petition should be dismissed. 

In addition, they argued that if Stacks’s paternity was established, his parental rights should

be terminated because, inter alia, he had deserted, abandoned, or neglected B.R.

¶8. The parties subsequently agreed to DNA testing. The test results showed a 99.99%

probability that Stacks is B.R.’s father.

¶9. At a hearing on May 8, 2018, the chancellor heard arguments on the defendants’

motions to dismiss; however, the chancellor refused Stacks’s request to put on testimony

because he concluded that the motions raised pure questions of law. On June 27, 2018, the

court entered an opinion and final judgment dismissing Stacks’s petition. The court ruled

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that the petition was barred by the statute of limitations. The court also ruled that Stacks was

not entitled to notice of the adoption because Ricky had consented to the adoption and had

claimed, under oath, that he was B.R.’s “legal and biological father.” The court reasoned

“that only the legal and presumptive father, Ricky Raab, was entitled to notice of [B.R.’s]

adoption.” For essentially the same reason, the court also held that Stacks lacked “standing”

to object to the adoption. Stacks appealed.

ANALYSIS

¶10. A dismissal based on the statute of limitations presents a question of law that this

Court reviews de novo. Anderson v. R & D Foods Inc., 913 So. 2d 394, 397 (¶7) (Miss. Ct.

App. 2005). We accept the well-pled factual allegations of the petition as true. Lagniappe

Logistics Inc., 199 So. 3d at 677 (¶5).

I. Fraud on the Court

¶11. In his petition to set aside the adoption, Stacks specifically alleged that the adoption

was obtained through a fraud on the court. Moreover, Stacks’s allegations that the Smiths

and Ricky knowingly misrepresented to the court that Ricky was B.R.’s biological father

certainly support such a claim. Nonetheless, the chancery court dismissed the petition

without addressing the alleged fraud because the court concluded that the petition was barred

by the statute of limitations and that Stacks was not entitled to notice of the adoption. On

appeal, the Smiths and Ricky further contend that Stacks’s fraud-on-the-court argument is

“procedurally barred” because Stacks did not cite Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure

60(b)(6) in the chancery court.

6
¶12. We address the alleged procedural bar first. The Smiths and Ricky do not argue that

Stacks failed to allege fraud on the court in his petition. Indeed, Stacks’s petition very clearly

and specifically alleged a fraud on the court. Rather, the Smiths and Ricky argue that Stacks

waived this issue solely because he did not cite Rule 60(b)(6) during the proceedings in the

chancery court. However, their argument ignores the well-settled principle that a court

possesses the inherent power to set aside a judgment based on fraud on the court. Therefore,

it was unnecessary for Stacks to cite any particular rule in his petition.

¶13. In Doe v. Smith, 200 So. 3d 1028 (Miss. 2016), our Supreme Court held that a father

could bring an “independent action” to set aside an adoption that had been obtained through

a fraud upon the court. Id. at 1034-35 (¶¶23-24). In Doe, the mother had allowed her son

to be adopted by falsely claiming in her consent to the adoption that she was unaware of the

identity of the child’s natural father. Id. at 1030 (¶1). Her deception caused the court to

grant the adoption. Id. When the biological father learned of the mother’s deception, he

petitioned the court to set aside the adoption based upon a fraud on the court. Id. at 1031

(¶¶6-7). The father subsequently established his paternity through a DNA test, and the

mother eventually admitted that she knew the father’s identity at the time of the adoption and

deceived the court by claiming otherwise. Id. at 1031-32 (¶¶8-10). Following a hearing, the

chancellor set aside the adoption based on a fraud on the court. Id. at 1032 (¶11). On appeal,

the Supreme Court affirmed. Id. at 1033-34 (¶19). The Supreme Court held that “an

intentional fraud aimed solely to circumvent a natural parent’s statutorily mandated consent

to an adoption” was exactly the type of fraud upon the court that would warrant setting aside

7
a judgment. Id. at 1033 (¶17) (footnote omitted). The Court also held that although the

father was a nonparty to the original adoption proceeding, the chancellor had the authority

to consider his petition as an “independent action” to set aside the adoption because it had

been “obtained by a fraud on the court.” Id. at 1034-35 (¶¶23-24).

¶14. In Doe, the Court described the father’s “independent action” as “authorize[d]” by or

“under” Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(6), id. at 1034 (¶¶20, 24), but that

description is incomplete. Rule 60(b) states in relevant part: 

This rule does not limit the power of a court to entertain an independent action

to relieve a party from a judgment, order, or proceeding, or to set aside a

judgment for fraud upon the court. . . . The procedure for obtaining any relief

from a judgment shall be by motion as prescribed in these rules or by an

independent action and not otherwise.

M.R.C.P. 60(b). Our Rule 60(b) “is very nearly identical” to the parallel federal rule. State

ex rel. Miss. Bureau of Narcotics v. One (1) Chevrolet Nova Auto., 573 So. 2d 787, 789

(Miss. 1990). Therefore, we typically “consider as authoritative federal constructions” ofthe

federal rule “when determining what our construction of our rule ought to be.” Id. 

¶15. Federal courts have consistently held that the parallel language of the federal rule “is

not an affirmative grant of power but merelyallows continuation of whatever power the court

would have had to entertain an independent action if the rule had not been adopted.” 11

Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 2868, at

555 (3d ed. 2012) (emphasis added).5 Prior to the adoption of Rule 60, courts already

5 Accord Brown v. Estate of Johnson, 822 So. 2d 1072, 1073 (¶4) (Miss. Ct. App.

2002) (“The language of Rule 60(b) does not create a right of independent action to set aside

a judgment where none existed before. Rather, its purpose is simply to explicitly

acknowledge the long-existing right of a party to collaterally attack a void judgment.”).

8
possessed the inherent power to set aside a judgment that had been obtained by fraud upon

the court. 11 Wright & Miller, supra, § 2870, at 572; Universal Oil Prod. Co. v. Root Ref.

Co., 328 U.S. 575, 580 (1946). A court’s “inherent power . . . to vacate a fraudulently

obtained judgment—even years after the judgment was entered—has long been recognized

by the [United States] Supreme Court.” In re Bressman, 874 F.3d 142, 149 (3d Cir. 2017)

(citing Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. v. Hartford-Empire Co., 322 U.S. 238, 248-49 (1944)). 

Indeed, that power “was firmly established in English practice long before the foundation of

our Republic.” Hazel-Atlas Glass Co., 332 U.S. at 244. Thus, Rule 60 is not the source of

a court’s power to set aside a judgment due to a fraud upon the court but simply recognizes

the court’s independent, inherent power to grant such relief. It follows that “an independent

action alleging fraud upon the court” appeals to the court’s inherent power and “is

completely distinct from a motion under Rule 60(b).” In re Bressman, 874 F.3d at 149

(quoting Herring v. United States, 424 F.3d 384, 389 (3d Cir. 2005)); see also Kodekey

Elecs. Inc. v. Mechanex Corp., 500 F.2d 110, 112 (10th Cir. 1974) (explaining that Rule

60(b)’s “provisions specifically do not apply to an independent action” (quotation mark

omitted)). In addition, “there are no formal pleading requirements” for “a pleading invoking

the court’s inherent power to grant relief for fraud upon the court.” United States v. Buck,

281 F.3d 1336, 1342 (10th Cir. 2002) (brackets omitted).

¶16. The Mississippi Supreme Court has also recognized that Rule 60(b) is not the source

of a court’s authority to entertain an independent action for relief from a judgment obtained

by fraud upon the court. In Trim v. Trim, 33 So. 3d 471 (Miss. 2010), the Court held that the

9
intentional filing of a substantially false financial disclosure statement in a divorce case was

a fraud upon the court and warranted relief from the final judgment of divorce. Id. at 472-73

(¶3). The Court indicated that a chancery court’s “equitable powers” authorize it to grant

such relief separate and apart from Rule 60(b). Id. at 477 (¶14).

¶17. Similarly, in In re Estate of Reid, 825 So. 2d 1 (Miss. 2002), the Supreme Court

recognized that “courts have the inherent power to vacate a judgment at a subsequent term

of court when the judgment is void because of fraud in its acquisition.” Id. at 7 (¶23)

(emphasis added). And in In re Adoption of D.C.S. Jr., 44 So. 3d 1006 (Miss. Ct. App.

2009), this Court stated that “the chancellor . . . is entrusted with the inherent authority to

vacate judgments procured by a fraud upon the court.” Id. at 1013 (¶28).

¶18. Because the chancery court possessed the inherent power to set aside a judgment

obtained by a fraud on the court, it was unnecessary for Stacks to cite Rule 60(b)(6) as

authority for his petition. Stacks’s petition clearly alleged fraud on the court as a basis for

setting aside the adoption. That is all that is required of such a pleading. Stacks did not

waive his right to relief just because he did not cite Rule 60(b)(6).6

¶19. On the merits, we hold that the chancery court erred by dismissing Stacks’s petition

based on the statute of limitations. This Court has specifically recognized that “the

6 The Smiths’ and Ricky’s argument to the contrary relies on this Court’s decision in

D.C.S. Jr., supra. However, that case is inapposite. In D.C.S. Jr., this Court held that a

party had waived an argument under Rule 60(b)(4) by not citing the rule in the chancery

court. D.C.S. Jr., 44 So. 3d at 1012 (¶26). However, the chancellor had considered and

rejected the merits of the party’s claim of a fraud on the court. Id. at 1013 (¶28). This Court

affirmed, stating that “the chancellor, who is entrusted with the inherent authority to vacate

judgments procured byfraud upon the court notwithstanding the rules or the adoption statute

of limitations, declined to exercise that authority.” Id. 

10
chancellor . . . is entrusted with the inherent authority to vacate judgments procured by fraud

upon the court notwithstanding . . . the adoption statute of limitations.” D.C.S. Jr., 44 So.

3d at 1013 (¶28) (emphasis added).7In D.C.S. Jr., this Court affirmed the chancellor’s

finding that there had not been a fraud on court. Therefore, the six-month statute of

limitations in section 93-17-15 barred the petition to set aside the prior adoption. Id. at

(¶¶28-29). In this case, however, Stacks’s petition clearly alleged facts that would support

a claim that the adoption was obtained by a fraud upon the court. Yet, without hearing any

testimony, the chancery court dismissed the petition based on the statute of limitations. The

chancerycourt erred bydismissing the case without an evidentiaryhearing because proofthat

the adoption was obtained by a fraud upon the court would permit the court to set aside the

judgment “notwithstanding . . . the adoption statute of limitations.” Id. at (¶28) (emphasis

added). Therefore, we must reverse the judgment of the chancery court and remand for a

hearing and findings on Stacks’s claim of a fraud on the court.

II. Notice of the Adoption

¶20. In general, an action to set aside a final decree of adoption must be filed within six

7

See also, e.g., Finch v. Finch, 137 So. 3d 227, 234 (¶18) (Miss. 2014) (“[N]o time

constraints will limit the court’s ability to remedy [a] fraud [on the court].”); Trim, 33 So.

3d at 473 (¶3) (“[T]here is no limitation of time restricting the court from affording a remedy

[for a fraud on the court].”); Smith By & Through Young v. Estate of King, 501 So. 2d 1120,

1122-23 (Miss. 1987) (holding that a final decree adjudicating heirship may be set aside

based on a fraud upon the court despite the running of the statute of limitationsfor a petition

to determine heirship); 47 Am. Jur. 2d Judgments § 665, at 62 (2017) (“Courts have

historically enjoyed the inherent authority to correct judgments obtained by the commission

of fraud on the court, regardless of ordinary procedural bars like statutes of limitations or

the time limits imposed on motions to set aside judgments for fraud, because a decision

produced by fraud on the court is not in essence a decision at all, and never becomes final.”

(citing United States v. Williams, 790 F.3d 1059, 1071 (10th Cir. 2015))).

11
months of the entry of the decree. Miss. Code Ann. § 93-17-15. However, our Supreme

Court has held that “jurisdictional defects” in the adoption decree are an exception to the sixmonth statute of limitations. In re Adoption of M.D.T., 722 So. 2d 702, 704 (¶¶7-9) (Miss.

1998) (citing Miss. Code Ann. §§ 93-17-15 & -17). The failure to join a parent of the child

is a jurisdictional defect. Id. at (¶11); Naveda v. Ahumada, 381 So. 2d 147, 147-49 (Miss.

1980).

¶21. Under the adoption statutes, a “parent” is entitled to notice and is a necessary party

to an adoption proceeding. Miss. Code Ann. § 93-17-5(1)(a). However, when the Smiths

petitioned to adopt B.R. in May 2017, Stacks had not established his paternity and had not

established any legal rights with respect to B.R. For that reason, the chancery court held that

Stacks was not entitled to notice. The court noted that B.R. was five years old, and yet

Stacks had not taken any legal action to establish his paternity. The court reasoned “that only

the legal presumptive father, RickyRaab, was entitled to notice of this adoption.” However,

we hold that the chancery court erred by rejecting Stacks’s lack-of-notice claim as a matter

of law and without a hearing. 

¶22. The Mississippi SupremeCourt and the United States Supreme Court have both stated

that “[p]arental rights do not spring full-blown from the biological connection between the

parent and child. They require relationships more enduring.” Strickland v. Day, 239 So. 3d

486, 491 (¶19) (Miss. 2018) (quoting Lehr v. Robertson, 463 U.S. 248, 260 (1983)). A

father’s “biological connection alone is not enough to establish parentage” if “he fails to

establish that he has had any substantial relationship with the child.” Id. 

12
¶23. A biological father who has not established his paternity has a constitutional right to

notice of an adoption proceeding if he “has attempted to establish a substantial relationship

with the child.” Humphrey v. Pannell, 710 So. 2d 392, 396 (¶20) (Miss. 1998); Smith v.

Malouf, 722 So. 2d 490, 494 (¶14) (Miss. 1998); accord In re Adoption of A.S.E.L., 111 So.

3d 1243, 1248 (¶22) (Miss. Ct. App. 2013). The converse is also true: a biological father

who makes no effort to establish paternity or a substantial relationship with his child does

not have a constitutional right to notice of the filing of an adoption petition. A.S.E.L., 111

So. 3d at 1249 (¶25). Thus, a chancery court’s “finding” that a biological father failed to

establish his paternity or a substantial relationship with the child prior to the adoption

“negates [the father’s] right to constitutional protection of his relationship with [the child].” 

Id. And, under those circumstances, the lack of notice to the father does not, in and of itself,

require the adoption to be set aside. Id.8 

8

Judge Greenlee’s separate opinion argues that Stacks was entitled to notice, as a

matter of law, based solely on his biological connection to B.R. The separate opinion relies

on a 2016 amendment to section 93-17-5 that deleted the rule that “[i]n the case of a child

born out of wedlock, the father shall not have a right to object to an adoption unless he has

demonstrated, within the period ending thirty (30) days after the birth of the child, a full

commitment to the responsibilities of parenthood.” Miss. Code Ann. § 93-17-5(3) (Rev.

2013); 2016 Miss. Laws ch. 431, § 19 (H.B. 1240). However, in deleting this specific

requirement under former subsection (3), the Legislature did not amend the relevant notice

requirements ofsubsection (1). Moreover, there is nothing in the amendment to suggest that

the Legislature intended to impose a new requirement of notice to a biological father who

has never established paternity or any substantial relationship with the child. Such an

interpretation of the statute would leave an adoption decree perpetually vulnerable to

challenge by a previously unknown biological father. We decline to interpret the statute to

impose such an extreme and, in some cases, practically impossible notice requirement. 

Rather, we simply interpret the statute in a manner consistent with the longstanding

constitutional requirement of notice to a biological father who has established a substantial

relationship with the child prior to the adoption.

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¶24. In the present case, Stacks did not take any legal action to establish his paternity prior

to the adoption. In addition, the parties dispute whether Stacks had established a substantial

relationship with B.R. Stacks alleges that he “raised” B.R. to the age of four (until his

probation was revoked), that B.R. knew him as her father, and that he had a substantial

relationship with her. Stacks also alleges that the Smiths knew that he was B.R.’s father and

knew that he had a relationship with her. However, the Smiths have denied Stacks’s

allegations. The chancery court did not hear testimony, consider any evidence, or make any

findings concerning this factual dispute. Instead, the chancery court ruled that Stacks was

not entitled to notice as a matter of law because he failed to take legal action to establish his

paternity prior to the adoption.

¶25. We hold that the chancery court erred by dismissing the petition as a matter of law. 

The chancery court was required to hold a hearing and make findings on this issue because

Stacks had a constitutional right to notice if he had established a substantial relationship with

B.R. prior to the filing of the adoption petition. If he had established such a relationship,

then the failure to give him notice and join him as a party to the adoption proceeding is a

jurisdictional defect, and the resulting adoption decree must be set aside notwithstanding the

statute of limitations. Therefore, we reverse and remand the case for a hearing to address

Stacks’s claim that he was entitled to notice of the adoption.

CONCLUSION

¶26. The judgment of the chancery court is reversed. The case is remanded for a hearing

to determine whether the challenged adoption decree must be set aside (1) because it was

14
obtained by a fraud on the court or (2) because Stacks had established a substantial

relationship with B.R. such that he had a constitutional right to notice.

¶27. REVERSED AND REMANDED.

WESTBROOKS, TINDELL, McCARTY AND C. WILSON, JJ., CONCUR. 

McDONALD, J., CONCURS IN PART AND IN THE RESULT WITHOUT

SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. GREENLEE, J., CONCURS IN PART AND

DISSENTS IN PART WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION, JOINED IN PART

BY WESTBROOKS AND McDONALD, JJ. CARLTON, P.J., DISSENTS WITH

SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION, JOINED BY BARNES, C.J., AND LAWRENCE,

J. 

GREENLEE, J., CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART:

¶28. I concur in part and dissent in part. I concur that the judgment of the chancery court

should be reversed but for different reasons than the majority. I would find that Stacks was

procedurally barred from asserting a claim that the adoption should be set aside because it

was allegedly obtained by a fraud on the court. But I would also reverse the chancery court’s

dismissal of Stacks’s notice-based claim for further proceedings because, as B.R.’s natural

father, Stacks was entitled to notice of the adoption proceeding. 

¶29. As discussed by the majority, the Smiths’ petition to adopt B.R. was granted on June

13, 2017. On December 20, 2017, Stacks filed a petition to disestablish Ricky’s paternity,

to establish his paternity, to determine custody, to set aside the adoption, and for other relief. 

In the petition, Stacks alleged that he was B.R.’s natural father, he did not receive notice of

the adoption proceeding, and the adoption was granted based on fraud. In their response, the

Smiths and Ricky admitted that Stacks was not served with notice of the adoption

proceedings. Subsequently, in March 2018, Stacks filed a motion for paternity testing, and

15
the results showed a 99.99% probability that he was B.R.’s natural father. Nevertheless, the

chancery court dismissed Stacks’s petition. 

¶30. On appeal, Stacks claims the chancellor should have considered his petition to set

aside the adoption under Rule 60(b)(6). Stacks argues that the Appellees committed fraud

by concealing his identity from the chancery court. And in support of his argument, he points

out that he did not receive notice of the adoption proceedings. 

¶31. “Sections (1) to (5) of Rule 60(b) provide specific instances when a party may be

relieved of a judgment or order.” 2 Jeffrey Jackson, Donald E. Campbell & Justin L.

Matheny, Encyclopedia of Mississippi Law § 22:15, Westlaw (database updated May 2019). 

“For those situations that do not fall under one of the enumerated categories of Rule 60(b)(1)

to (5), Rule 60(b)(6) allows a judgment or order to be set aside for ‘any other reason

justifying relief from the judgment.’” Id. And our supreme court has held that a Rule

60(b)(6) motion may be filed as an “independent action.” Doe v. Smith, 200 So. 3d 1028,

1030, 1034 (¶¶2, 20) (Miss. 2016) (citing M.R.C.P. 60(b)(6)); see also 2 Jackson &

Campbell et al., supra, § 22:16. 

¶32. The Smiths and Ricky assert that Stacks’s claim is procedurally barred because it was

not raised in the chancery court. They point out that “[Rule] 60(b)(6) was not . . . cited

anywhere in [Stacks’s] pleadings. Nor did he bring up or argue [Rule] 60(b)(6) at any

time. . . .” 

¶33. In a similar case, an appellant argued that the chancellor should have considered the

complaint under Rule 60(b)(4). In re Adoption of D.C.S. Jr., 44 So. 3d 1006, 1012 (¶24)

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(Miss. Ct. App. 2009). Under that rule, “a movant can bring a motion to set aside a judgment

when that judgment is void.” Id. However, this Court noted that the appellant “did not claim

Rule 60(b)(4) as the basis of its complaint to set aside the adoption; it cited only Rule 24.” 

Id. at (¶26). Therefore, this Court held that the appellant’s argument was “procedurally

barred because it was never raised in the [chancery] court for the chancellor to consider.” 

Id. (citing Anderson v. State, 904 So. 2d 973, 978 (¶¶16-17) (Miss. 2004)). I would likewise

find that Stacks’s Rule 60(b) argument is procedurally barred. 

¶34. However, after a de novo review, Stacks was entitled to relief under Mississippi Code

Annotated section 93-17-17 (Rev. 2018).9 Pursuant to this statute, an adoption may be set

aside for “jurisdictional defects” and “for failure to file and prosecute . . . under the

provisions of [Title 93, Chapter 17 of the Mississippi Code Annotated].” Miss. Code Ann.

§ 93-17-17. 

¶35. Mississippi Code Annotated section 93-17-8 setsforth the procedure that the chancery

court must follow when an adoption becomes a contested matter. This section provides that

the court “[s]hall determine first whether or not the objecting parent is entitled to so object

under the criteria of section 93-17-7 . . . .” Miss. Code Ann. § 93-17-8(1)(c) (Rev. 2018). 

According to section 93-17-7: 

No person, whether claiming to be the parent of the child or not, has standing

to object to the adoption if: 

(a) A final judgment for adoption that comports with all applicable state

9

“When reviewing a trial court’s grant . . . of a motion to dismiss, this Court applies

a de novo standard of review.” Bryant v. Dent, 270 So. 3d 976, 978 (¶8) (Miss. Ct. App.

2018). 

17
and federal laws has been entered by a court; and 

(b) Notice to the parties of the action, whether known or unknown, has

been made in compliance with [s]ection 93-17-5. 

Miss. Code Ann. § 93-17-7(2) (Rev. 2018) (emphasis added). Section 93-17-5 provides that

“[t]he parents” shall be made parties to the adoption proceeding. Miss. Code Ann. § 93-17-

5(1)(a) (Rev. 2018). Accordingly, Stacks was entitled to notice.

¶36. Such a decision is consistent with Mississippi law. In Smith v. Malouf, our supreme

court held that “a natural unwed father may, in certain circumstances, have a right to be

notified or to withhold his consent to an adoption.” In re Adoption of A.S.E.L., 111 So. 3d

1243, 1248 (¶23) (Miss. Ct. App. 2013) (citing Smith v. Malouf, 722 So. 2d 490, 497 (¶30)

(Miss. 1998)). “The Mississippi Legislature thereafter amended section 93-17-5(3), allowing

a father to have the right to object to an adoption if he has demonstrated ‘a full commitment

to the responsibilities of parenthood’ within thirty days after the birth of the child.” Id.

(citing Smith, 722 So. 2d at 494 n.1). But in 2016, the Legislature amended section 93-17-5

again, removing the “full commitment to the responsibilities of parenthood” language. 

Today, section 93-17-5 states, without qualification, that “the parents” shall be made parties

to the adoption proceeding. Stacks is B.R.’s natural parent. 

¶37. The Smiths and Ricky claimed and the chancellor found that Stacks’s petition to set

aside the adoption was barred by the statute of limitations under section 93-17-15. This

section provides: “No action shall be brought to set aside any final decree of adoption,

whether granted upon consent or personal process or on process bypublication, except within

six (6) months of the entry thereof.” Miss. Code Ann. § 93-17-15. However, this section is

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inapplicable because Stacks did not consent to the adoption, nor was he served with process.

¶38. Because Stacks was not notified of the adoption proceedings, I would reverse the

judgment of the chancery court for a determination of the child’s custody “in accord with the

best interests of the child and the rights of the parties . . . .” Miss. Code Ann. § 93-17-

8(1)(c). At that time, the chancellor could consider Stacks’s criminal history and the fact that

he waited almost six years to establish paternity. In the event the chancellor finds that

custody with Stacks is in the child’s best interests, the chancery court could also order that

Stacks reimburse the adopting parents reasonable support for the child. Miss. Code Ann.

§ 93-17-8(7). 

WESTBROOKS AND McDONALD, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION IN PART.

CARLTON, P.J., DISSENTING:

¶39. I respectfully dissent from the majority’s opinion. The majority finds that the

chancellor was required to hold a hearing and make findings of fact on Stacks’s claim that

he was entitled to notice of the adoption and accordingly reverses and remands this matter

for a hearing. However, as found by the chancellor, Stacks was neither the legal nor the

presumptive father and was not entitled to notice under section 93-17-5. I agree with the

chancellor’s finding that Stacks was not entitled to notice, and I would therefore affirm the

chancery court’s judgment dismissing Stacks’s petition to set aside the adoption.

¶40. The majority also finds that Stacks’s Rule 60(b) argument is not procedurally barred. 

I disagree. I concur with the determination set forth in Judge Greenlee’s separate opinion

finding that Stacks’s Rule 60(b) argument is procedurally barred.

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¶41. When reviewing a trial court’s grant of a motion to dismiss, “[t]his Court employs a

de novo standard of review.” Hamilton v. Young, 213 So. 3d 69, 78 (¶22) (Miss. 2017).

“Likewise, it uses the same standard when determining questions oflawincluding limitations

issues, timeliness, and standing.” Id. 

¶42. This Court has held that “generally[,] the setting aside of an adoption decree is

disfavored in Mississippi.” In re Adoption of A.S.E.L., 111 So. 3d 1243, 1248 (¶21) (Miss.

Ct. App. 2013). “There is a strong public policy declaration in Mississippi's adoption statutes

for the finality of adoption decrees.” Id.

¶43. In this case, the final judgment of adoption was entered on June 13, 2017. Stacks filed

his petition to set aside the adoption on December 20, 2017. The chancellor found that

Stacks’s petition to set aside the adoption was filed outside of the six-month statute of

limitations under Mississippi Code Annotated section 93-17-15. Section 93-17-15 states that

“[n]o action shall be brought to set aside any final decree of adoption, whether granted upon

consent or personal process or on process by publication, except within six (6) months of the

entry thereof.” The chancellor also found that Stacks “failed to show any substantive

evidence of a jurisdictional defect that would negate” the six-month time bar set forth in

section 93-17-15. The chancery court therefore granted the Smiths’ motion to dismiss

Stacks’s petition to set aside the adoption. Stacks appealed. 

¶44. Section 93-17-8(1)(c) provides that when “an adoption becomes a contested matter,”

the chancellor must first determine “whether or not the objecting parent is entitled to so

object under the criteria of [s]ection 93-17-7.” Section 93-17-7 addresses standing to object

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to an adoption. Subsection (2)(a)-(b) provides:

No person, whether claiming to be the parent of the child or not, has standing

to object to the adoption if: 

(a) A final judgment for adoption that comports with all applicable

state and federal laws has been entered by a court; and

(b) Notice to the parties of the action, whether known or unknown,

has been made in compliance with Section 93-17-5.

Miss. Code Ann. § 93-17-7(2)(a)-(b). In the present case, the chancellor determined the

requirements of section 93-17-7(2)(a)-(b) were met, and therefore Stacks did not have

standing to object to the adoption.

¶45. In reviewing whether Stacks was entitled to notice of the adoption proceeding in this

case, I recognize that the provision of section 93-17-5 relevant to the facts of this appeal

provides the following language regarding the necessary parties to an adoption proceeding: 

(1) There shall be made parties to the proceeding by process or by the filing

therein of a consent to the adoption proposed in the petition, which consent

shall be duly sworn to or acknowledged and executed only by the following

persons, but not before seventy-two (72) hours after the birth of the child:

(a) The parents, or parent, if only one (1) parent, though either be

under the age of twenty-one (21) years . . . .

¶46. The chancellor admitted that Stacks was not served with process in this case. 

However, the chancellor determined that “[t]he legal and presumptive father of the child was

the mother’s husband[,] Ricky Raab . . . .” The chancellor explained that “[Ricky] signed

under oath a document entitled ‘Voluntary Release of All Parental Rights and Consent to

Adoption’ on May 19, 2017, that was filed in the adoption proceeding. In that same

document, Ricky alleges that he is ‘the legal and biological father of [B.R.].’” The

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chancellor therefore found that pursuant to section 93-17-5, “only the legal and presumptive

father, Ricky Raab, was entitled to notice of this adoption.” 

¶47. The record further reflects that Stacks did not establish his paternity via a DNA test

until nearly nine months after the final judgment of adoption was entered. As stated, the final

judgment of adoption was entered on June 13, 2017. On March 7, 2018, Stacks petitioned

the chancery court to order a DNA test to determine Stacks’s paternity of B.R. On March

27, 2018, the DNA results were filed in the chancery court and reflected that Stacks was the

biological father of B.R.

¶48. In its order dismissing Stacks’s petition, the chancery court acknowledged that under

Mississippi Code Annotated section 93-17-17, “no adoption proceedings shall be permitted

to be set aside except for jurisdictional defects and for failure to file and prosecute the same

under the provisions of this chapter.” The chancellor found that because only Ricky was

entitled to notice of the adoption, Stacks “failed to show any substantive evidence of a

jurisdictional defect” that would require the chancery court to set aside the adoption

proceeding. 

¶49. The chancellor further observed: 

From the time of [B.R.’s] birth until this case began, Mississippi had available

to [Stacks] multiple statutory schemes whereby he could have asserted his

legal rights with respect to this child. For example, our adoption law under

section 93-17-6 provides: “(1) Any person who would be a necessary party to

an adoption proceeding under this chapter and any person alleged or claiming

to be the father of a child born out of wedlock who is proposed for adoption

or who has been determined to be such by any administrative of judicial

procedure (the “alleged father”) may file a petition for determination of rights

as a preliminary pleading to the petition for adoption in any court which would

have jurisdiction and venue of an adoption proceeding . . . ; (3) The sole matter

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for determination under a petition for determination of rights is whether the

alleged father is the natural father of the child based on Mississippi law

governing paternity or other relevant evidence.” There was also available to

[Stacks] the right to file a paternity action under Miss[issippi] Code

Anno[tated] sections 93-9-1 and following which is the Mississippi Uniform

Law on Paternity. 

The chancellor stated that “[Stacks] did not avail himself of either procedure.”

¶50. Upon review, I find that under section 93-17-5, Stacks was not entitled to receive

notice of the adoption proceedings. Stacks therefore lacks standing to object to the adoption

proceedings. Accordingly, I would affirmthe chancerycourt’sjudgment dismissing Stacks’s

petition to set aside the adoption. 

BARNES, C.J., AND LAWRENCE, J., JOIN THIS OPINION.

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