1

No. 111,640

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

STATE OF KANSAS,

Appellee,

v.

CHRISTOPHER R. WARD,

Appellant.

SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.

The crime of theft by deception is obtaining control over property or services, by 

deception, with intent to permanently deprive the owner of the possession, use, or benefit 

of the owner's property or services. K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-5801(a)(2).

2.

Theft by deception requires the State to prove (1) that the defendant obtained 

control over property by means of a false statement or misrepresentation, (2) that the 

false statement or misrepresentation deceived the victim, and (3) that the victim in whole 

or in part relied upon the false statement in relinquishing control of the property.

3.

Making false information is making, generating, distributing, drawing, or causing 

to be made, generated, distributed, or drawn any written instrument, electronic data, or 

entry in a book of account with knowledge that such information falsely states or 

represents some material matter or is not what it purports to be with intent to defraud, 

obstruct the detection of a theft or felony offense, or induce official action. K.S.A. 2015 

Supp. 21-5824(a).
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4.

Forgery is, with intent to defraud, making, altering, or endorsing any written 

instrument in such manner that it purports to have been made, altered, or endorsed by 

another person, either real or fictitious, and if a real person without the authority of such 

person; or altering any written instrument in such manner that it purports to have been 

made at another time or with different provisions without the authority of the maker 

thereof; or making, altering, or endorsing any written instrument in such manner that it 

purports to have been made, altered, or endorsed with the authority of one who did not 

give such authority. K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-5823(a)(1).

5.

Although the definitions of making false information and forgery are similar, the 

two crimes are distinct; the principal factor distinguishing the two is that forgery involves

the making, altering, or endorsing a written instrument which appears to have been made 

by another without that person's consent.

6.

While the term alter is not defined by the forgery statute, alteration is defined in 

the Uniform Commercial Code as (1) an unauthorized change in an instrument that 

purports to modify in any respect the obligation of a party or (2) an unauthorized addition 

of words or numbers or other change to an incomplete instrument relating to the 

obligation of a party. K.S.A. 84-3-407(a).

7.

Altering a written instrument is not an element of making false information.

Appeal from Johnson District Court; JAMES FRANKLIN DAVIS, judge. Opinion filed April 22,

2016. Reversed.
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Allie J. Prester, legal intern, and Randall L. Hodgkinson, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, 

for appellant.

Jacob M. Gontesky, assistant district attorney, Stephen M. Howe, district attorney, and Derek 

Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.

Before GARDNER, P.J., HILL and POWELL, JJ.

POWELL, J.: Christopher R. Ward appeals his convictions of theft by deception 

and making false information by making four arguments on appeal: (1) The State failed 

to present sufficient evidence to support his crimes of conviction; (2) his constitutional 

right to a jury trial was infringed when the judge orally instructed the jury that it "must" 

find the defendant guilty if it had no reasonable doubt as to the truth of any of the State's 

claims; (3) he was denied his right to a fair trial when the prosecution mentioned an adult 

store and the district court failed to mitigate the resulting prejudice; and (4) cumulative 

errors deprived him of a fair trial.

After reviewing the record, we find there was insufficient evidence to convict 

Ward of theft by deception as the named victims were not induced by Ward's fraud and

for making false information because Ward altered a check written by another. We 

therefore reverse his convictions.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In April 2010, Andrew Rhodes and Ward formed a construction company 

partnership called All Construction Guaranteed Roofing & Restoration (ACG) in which 

they operated as general contractors. In this role, Rhodes and Ward purchased and 

supplied the materials and hired subcontractors to complete the work. Once a project was 
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concluded, ACG paid the invoices for materials and paid the subcontractors for their 

work. 

Rhodes and Ward lacked a written business agreement and orally agreed to evenly 

split the profits of their enterprise. They incorporated ACG and opened a business 

checking account to which they were both authorized signers. Rhodes and Ward did not 

pay themselves a regular salary but, rather, would periodically review the account and 

determine the amount of profit that had been generated by a given job before splitting 

that profit. Additionally, when one partner required funds for a particular personal 

expense, a check for the expense would be drafted from the business account and the 

other partner would also receive a check from the account in the same amount. 

From 2010 to 2011, ACG was profitable. However, by 2012, due to disorganized 

accounting practices and less opportunities to conduct business, ACG was near 

bankruptcy. Rhodes and Ward, in an effort to keep ACG in business, contracted to 

perform a large repair and painting job on Barrington Park Estates—a large complex of 

4- and 8-plexes. ACG was to be paid for its work in installments; however, ACG's 

subcontractors insisted on payment immediately upon completing their work. As a result, 

ACG did not have sufficient funds on hand to complete the contract.

This prompted Ward to suggest a meeting with Orin Sweeney, a business 

acquaintance of his and owner of Night & Day Remodeling, to request a capital 

investment. Rhodes, although unacquainted with Sweeney, agreed, and Ward met with 

Sweeney in May 2012. Following the meeting, Ward informed Rhodes that Sweeney was 

willing to partner with ACG on the Barrington Park Estates contract by offering an 

infusion of money, so long as ACG was willing to pay back the loaned money plus remit 

to Sweeney $15,000 of the contract's profit. Rhodes agreed.
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Sweeney testified that when ACG ran into cash-flow problems, Ward approached 

him in order to work out a mutually beneficial agreement whereby Sweeney would 

provide the money to allow ACG to complete its Barrington Park Estates project. After 

assessing the project's profitability, Sweeney decided to participate. On May 21, 2012, he 

and Ward negotiated an agreement and attempted to memorialize it in a writing signed by 

both men. Rhodes was neither present for the contract negotiation, nor did he sign the 

contract. The written agreement contained multiple iterations of conflicting terms, some 

typewritten and others handwritten. The final iteration of contract terms represented that 

Sweeney would provide $20,000 to fund the remainder of the Barrington Park Estates 

project. ACG would then receive the next $17,000 in profits (presumably in order to fund 

the remainder of the project). In exchange for the $20,000, the contract provided that 

Sweeney would recoup his original investment plus $15,000 from the project's profits 

after ACG received its $17,000 from the profits. Any surplus profit thereafter would 

belong to ACG.

Thus, Sweeney wrote a check for $20,000 to ACG. According to Sweeney's 

testimony, Ward requested that Sweeney make the check out to ACG "or Chris Ward." 

However, Sweeney declined to add Ward's name to the check's payee line because his 

agreement was with ACG, not Ward as an individual. 

In June 2012, after failing to receive payments as promised, Sweeney contacted 

Rhodes to garner ACG's performance of the contract terms. Ward was out of town at the 

time. During their conversation, Sweeney disclosed the $20,000 check he had paid to 

ACG, but Rhodes discovered the check had never been deposited into ACG's business 

account. When Rhodes contacted Ward by telephone to discuss the matter, Ward said he 

was busy and could not help resolve the discrepancy. Rhodes and Sweeney decided to 

file police reports.
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Upon closer review of his records, Sweeney discovered that the $20,000 check he 

had written on his Bank of America business account with "ACG Restoration" on the 

payee line and provided to Ward on May 22, 2012, had been altered to include "or Chris 

Ward" on the payee line. Further, the check had been deposited into Ward's personal 

account at First National Bank instead of ACG's business account. 

Rhodes did not speak to Ward again until November 22, 2012. During their 

conversation over the telephone, Ward apologized to Rhodes for "everything." 

Meanwhile, Rhodes and Sweeney came to a new agreement that allowed ACG to 

conclude the Barrington Park Estates project. Sweeney was eventually able to recover the 

original $20,000 when Sweeney's bank—Bank of America—returned the funds to 

Sweeney's account following a fraud affidavit filed by Sweeney. 

At trial, Ward's interpretation of the contract between Sweeney and ACG diverged 

from Rhode's and Sweeney's versions. Ward testified that he and Sweeney originally 

agreed that Sweeney would provide a total of $45,000 in assistance for the Barrington 

Park Estates project: $22,500 of which Ward would receive immediately and a 

subsequent $22,500 that would eventually go to Rhodes. After further negotiation, Ward 

was to immediately receive $20,000 from Sweeney, Rhodes was to receive a total of 

$20,000 from the profits of the Barrington Park Estates project, and Sweeney was then to 

receive the remainder of the profits from the Barrington Park Estates project. Thus, 

according to Ward, he did not inappropriately deposit the money. When asked what he 

did with the $20,000 he obtained from Sweeney, Ward testified that he took it to a casino 

to gamble in an attempt to keep ACG in business. He also admitted that he added "or 

Chris Ward" to the payee line of the check in order to deposit the check into his personal 

account at First National Bank, an act he deemed "endorsing" the check. 

On cross-examination, the State asked Ward about the entries on his personal 

checking account statement around the time of the $20,000 deposit, including the 
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multiple debits from an ATM inside a casino. During the exchange, the State turned its 

attention to another entry on Ward's account statement and asked, "What is Cirillo's?" 

The district court sustained defense counsel's immediate objection. The defense, out of 

the presence of the jury, then moved for a mistrial on the basis that the reference to a 

"porn shop" was impermissibly prejudicial to Ward. The district court ordered the State 

to "stay away from that." In response, the State reverted to asking about Ward's casino 

ATM withdrawals. 

The State had charged Ward with one count of theft by deception, see K.S.A. 2015

Supp. 21-5801(a)(2), and one count of making false information, see K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 

21-5824. The State's complaint listed "ACG Restoration or Bank of America" as the 

victims of Ward's alleged theft by deception, and the jury was instructed accordingly. The 

jury convicted Ward as charged; the district court sentenced him to 30 months in prison

and ordered restitution to First National Bank in the amount of $20,000. 

Ward now appeals his convictions.

DID THE STATE PRESENT SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE

TO SUPPORT WARD'S CRIMES OF CONVICTION?

Ward submits three arguments in support of his larger contention that the State 

produced evidence insufficient for the jury to convict him of the crimes charged. First, he 

argues the State presented insufficient evidence for the jury to convict him of theft by 

deception. Second, as part of his attack against his theft by deception conviction, Ward 

argues it was legally impossible for him to commit theft of partnership property because 

he coowned said property alongside his partner. Third, he argues the State presented 

insufficient evidence for the jury to convict him of making false information.
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When the sufficiency of evidence is challenged in a criminal case, we review all 

the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution; the conviction will be upheld 

if the court is convinced that a rational factfinder could have found the defendant guilty 

beyond a reasonable doubt based on that evidence. State v. Williams, 299 Kan. 509, 525, 

324 P.3d 1078 (2014). 

A. Did the State present sufficient evidence for a jury to convict Ward of theft by 

deception?

Ward contends the State provided insufficient evidence for a jury to convict him 

of theft by deception because the facts, taken in the light most favorable to the State, 

could not support a conviction of theft of ACG's or Bank of America's property. Rather, 

Ward argues the evidence presented could only support a conviction of theft by deception 

of First National Bank's property because the only entity literally deceived by Ward's 

misrepresentation was First National Bank.

The State charged that Ward obtained $20,000 from ACG or Bank of America 

through a theft by deception, and the jury was correspondingly instructed. The crime of 

theft by deception is derived from K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-5801(a)(2): "(a) Theft is any of 

the following acts done with intent to permanently deprive the owner of the possession, 

use or benefit of the owner's property or services: . . . (2) obtaining control over property 

or services, by deception." Here, in order to prove theft by deception according to the 

complaint, the State was required to prove (1) that Ward obtained control over property 

by means of a false statement or misrepresentation, (2) that the false statement or 

misrepresentation deceived ACG or Bank of America, and (3) that ACG or Bank of 

America in whole or in part relied upon the false statement in relinquishing control of the 

property. See State v. Rios, 246 Kan. 517, 526-27, 792 P.2d 1065 (1990).
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In Kansas, the victim must be deceived by the defendant in order to support a 

conviction for theft by deception. See K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-5801(a)(2). In State v. 

Finch, 223 Kan. 398, 573 P.2d 1048 (1978), the defendant was charged with theft by 

deception after purchasing clothing with a switched price tag. However, the Kansas 

Supreme Court reversed the conviction because the cashier was aware that the defendant 

switched the price tags and was directed nevertheless to allow the defendant to complete 

the transaction in order to catch the defendant in the act. 223 Kan. at 398-99, 404. Finch's

misrepresentation did not deceive the victim and induce the victim to relinquish control 

of the property, rendering a conviction of theft by deception impossible.

Our Supreme Court recently reiterated this concept in State v. Laborde, 303 Kan. 

1, 6, 360 P.3d 1080 (2015):

"Theft by deception demands a specific kind of proof from the State. The statutory 

language demonstrates clearly that the legislature intended to require the State to prove 

that the intended victim 'was actually deceived and actually relied upon the false 

representation in order for the defendant to be found guilty of theft by deception.' 

[Citation omitted.]"

Therefore, the essential question is whether ACG or Bank of America, the victims 

listed on the State's charging document and the victims as instructed to the jury, actually 

relied on Ward's false representation and relinquished control of the $20,000 in reliance 

on Ward's false representation. If this is not so, Ward's theft by deception conviction 

cannot stand.

First, ACG was not induced into relinquishing control of the $20,000 as a result of 

Ward's false representation. Although ACG was contractually conditioned to receive 

$20,000 from Sweeney, ACG was not itself in possession of the money at the time Ward 

altered Sweeney's check and presented it to First National Bank. Moreover, ACG was not 

deceived by Ward's alteration of Sweeney's check as it neither had the opportunity to 
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inspect nor to be fooled by the altered check. In fact, Rhodes was unaware that Sweeney's 

check had not reached its intended destination until weeks later. As such, the elements of 

theft by deception are not supported by the evidence in the record with ACG as the 

victim.

Second, the State argues that when Sweeney's check drawn on a Bank of America 

account was presented for deposit, it was altered in a manner that was intended to deceive 

Bank of America into honoring the check and transferring the funds from Sweeney's 

business account at Bank of America into Ward's personal account at First National 

Bank. Thus, a rational jury could find that Ward deceived Bank of America.

We disagree because such a jury could not find that Bank of America relied on the 

deception to transfer possession of its property to Ward. Under the Uniform Commercial 

Code (UCC), K.S.A. 84-1-101 et seq., Bank of America—as the payor bank—was 

induced to honor First National Bank's demand for payment under the transfer warranties 

contained in the UCC, not because of any misrepresentations made by Ward. See K.S.A. 

2015 Supp. 84-4-207(a)(3) (collecting bank warrants check not altered); K.S.A. 84-4-

105(3) ("'Payor bank' means a bank that is the drawee of a draft"); see also 11 Am. Jur. 

2d, Banks and Financial Institutions § 909, p. 44 (collecting bank which indorses check 

guarantees authenticity).

Put another way, it was actually First National Bank's property that was 

transferred to Ward's possession through his deception. First National Bank, as the 

collecting bank that honored the fraudulent check, sought reimbursement from Bank of 

America as the payor bank; Bank of America paid because First National Bank warranted

that the check was authentic. This fact becomes clearer after considering that once 

Sweeney discovered the fraud, he eventually recovered his $20,000 from Bank of 

America, which in turn recovered its $20,000 from First National Bank. See 11 Am. Jur. 

2d, Banks and Financial Institutions § 909, p. 44 (if prior indorsement a forgery, 
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collecting bank liable to drawee bank for money paid to it by such bank). Indeed, as part 

of his sentence Ward was ordered to pay $20,000 in restitution to First National Bank 

because, after the transfers were unwound, it was First National Bank that was left 

without its property.

In sum, although the evidence presented in the case supports a conviction for theft 

by deception of First National Bank's property, the State did not name First National 

Bank as the victim in its complaint, and the jury was not instructed to convict should it 

decide that Ward obtained the $20,000 from First National Bank through deception. 

Because the State incorrectly named ACG and Bank of America as victims in its 

complaint and the jury was instructed accordingly, we must reverse Ward's conviction of 

theft by deception. Because we have reversed Ward's theft conviction, we need not 

address his second contention that, as a matter of law, he could not commit theft of 

partnership property.

B. Did the State present sufficient evidence for a jury to convict Ward of making false 

information?

Ward also argues the State provided insufficient evidence to support his 

conviction for making false information as defined by K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-5824(a).

Assuming the State's factual allegations are true, Ward specifically contends the crime 

committed was forgery, arguing that his acts constituted the altering of a written 

instrument. The State responds that because the false instrument concerned Ward's own 

affairs, he was properly convicted of making false information. Resolving this issue 

requires us to interpret both the forgery and making false information statutes, and our 

review is unlimited as interpretation of a statute is a question of law. State v. Eddy, 299 

Kan. 29, 32, 321 P.3d 12, cert. denied 135 S. Ct. 91 (2014).
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The State observes, and we agree, that a treatise could be written on the foggy 

delineation between forgery and making false information in Kansas. See State v. 

Greathouse, No. 110,344, 2014 WL 6775814, at *2 (Kan. App. 2014) (unpublished 

opinion) (distinction between forgery and making false information source of some 

confusion). We will attempt to clear the fog by starting from the beginning.

K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-5824(a) defines making false information as

"making, generating, distributing or drawing, or causing to be made, generated, 

distributed or drawn, any written instrument, electronic data or entry in a book of account 

with knowledge that such information falsely states or represents some material matter or 

is not what it purports to be, and with intent to defraud, obstruct the detection of a theft or 

felony offense or induce official action."

Meanwhile, K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-5823(a)(1) defines forgery:

"(a) Forgery is, with intent to defraud:

(1) Making, altering or endorsing any written instrument in such manner that it 

purports to have been made, altered or endorsed by another person, either real or 

fictitious, and if a real person without the authority of such person; or altering any written 

instrument in such manner that it purports to have been made at another time or with 

different provisions without the authority of the maker thereof; or making, altering or 

endorsing any written instrument in such manner that it purports to have been made, 

altered or endorsed with the authority of one who did not give such authority."

In order to convict a defendant of making false information, the State must prove 

(1) the defendant knowingly made, generated, or distributed a written instrument; (2) the 

defendant knew the instrument to be false; and (3) the defendant had the intent to 

defraud, obstruct the detection of a felony, or induce official action. See K.S.A. 2015 

Supp. 21-5824(a); State v. Gotti, 273 Kan. 459, 461, 43 P.3d 812 (2002). Under the

forgery statute, the State must prove (1) the defendant knowingly made, altered, or 
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endorsed a written instrument; (2) the writing appeared to have been made by another

person; and (3) the writing was made with the intent to defraud. See K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 

21-5823(a)(1); Gotti, 273 Kan. at 461-62.

In Rios, 246 Kan. 517, our Supreme Court first addressed the distinction between 

making a false writing (now called making false information) and forgery. There, the 

State charged the defendants with making a false writing because they produced bogus 

refund vouchers purportedly on behalf of customers in order to obtain cash. Our Supreme

Court held that although the definitions of making a false writing and forgery were 

similar, the two crimes were distinct and the principal factor distinguishing the two was 

that forgery involved "the making of an instrument which appears to have been made by 

another without that person's consent." 246 Kan. at 529. In reversing the defendants'

convictions, the court created a bright-line distinction between making a false writing and 

forgery that declared the specific conduct described in our forgery statute, K.S.A. 21-

3710—now recodified as K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-5823 ("purports to have been made, 

altered or endorsed by another person")—to constitute forgery and only forgery. 246 

Kan. at 529-30.

In its discussion on the distinction between forgery and making a false writing—

the significance of which will become apparent later given the State's position that Ward's 

acts related to his own affairs—the Rios court recited and commented on prior instances 

of making a false writing:

"Previous cases of making a false writing coming before us involved: statements 

in an application for a bank loan, State v. Roberts-Reid, 238 Kan. 788, 714 P.2d 971 

(1986); statements in a false bank loan extension intended by bank officials to deceive 

bank examiners, State v. Kee, 238 Kan. 342, 711 P.2d 746 (1985); statements made on 

city license and sales tax registration applications, State v. Cuezze, Houston & Faltico, 

225 Kan. 274, 589 P.2d 626 (1979); and statements in campaign finance reports, State v. 

Doyen, 224 Kan. 482, 580 P.2d 1351 (1978).
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"In each of these cases, the charged defendant was alleged to have written or 

caused to be written an instrument containing false statements. The false statements were 

related to the defendant's own business or affairs." (Emphasis added.) 246 Kan. at 528-

29.

Our Supreme Court revisited this issue in Gotti, 273 Kan. at 464-65, comparing 

the new making false information statute, see K.S.A. 2001 Supp. 21-3711 (as amended in 

1997, the successor statute to K.S.A. 21-3711 [Furse], making a false writing), to K.S.A. 

21-3710, the prior forgery statute. In Gotti, the defendant produced phony retail receipts 

purportedly initiated by another employee in order to induce a retailer into giving him 

merchandise. Like in our case and in Rios, the defendant claimed he should have been 

charged with forgery instead. In examining this question, the Gotti court engaged in a 

lengthy discussion of Rios: 

"Rios noted two problems with the application of the false writing statute to the 

defendants' actions: 'The first problem concerns the nature of the instruments themselves. 

The second concerns the intended and actual use of the instruments.' [Citation omitted.] 

With regard to the first concern, the court cited prior case law involving the crime of 

making a false writing, concluding that the prior cases involved a defendant having made 

a false statement regarding his or her own affairs. However, the convictions in Rios were 

based on the phony vouchers purportedly signed by Dillard's customers: 'In short, the 

vouchers were forged instruments.' [Citation omitted.] The court then quoted the forgery 

statute, K.S.A. 21-3710, and concluded as follows:

"'Forgery is a class E felony. Making a false writing is a class D felony. Clearly, 

the legislature intended that the conduct proscribed by K.S.A. 21-3711 deserves a more 

severe penalty than does the conduct proscribed by K.S.A. 21-3710. The State herein 

apparently believes it is free to elevate any forgery to the making of a false writing at 

whim as the latter statute includes all forgeries. We do not agree. The forgery statute 

specifically proscribed the making of an instrument which appears to have been made by 

another without that person's consent. Such other person may be real or fictitious. This is 

precisely what defendants are alleged to have done herein, and, hence, the conduct cannot 
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also constitute the making of a false writing contrary to K.S.A. 21-3711.' 246 Kan. at 

529-30." (Emphasis added.) 273 Kan. at 462-63.

The court reversed Gotti's conviction

"based on the first of the two concerns addressed by the court in Rios. K.S.A. 2001 Supp. 

21-3711, with regard to the first concern, requires that the making of false information be 

done in the writer's own name. A forgery is a writing which purports to be that of 

another. This case presents the same concern. The receipts purported to have been 

initiated by another employee . . . . However, the evidence presented to the trial court 

showed that the transaction was initiated by Gotti." 273 Kan. at 463-64.

Thus, the Gotti court reaffirmed the Rios court's distinction between making false 

information and forgery by emphasizing that a false writing constituted forgery when the 

writing was purportedly that of another. 

However, after a discussion with regard to the second concern about intent to 

defraud as also discussed in Rios, the Gotti court stated:

"While the [1997] amendment to K.S.A. 21-3711 could have addressed the 

second concern in Rios, as applied to the facts of that case, the amendment did not affect 

the court's first concern that forgery is the 'making of an instrument which appears to 

have been made by another without that person's consent,' while making false 

information involves the perpetrator's 'own business or affairs.' 246 Kan. at 529." 

(Emphasis added.) 273 Kan. at 465.

The references by both the Rios and Gotti courts to making false information as 

involving the defendant's own business or affairs may have led another panel of our court 

to elevate the description of making false information as involving the defendant's own 

business or affairs to the primary distinguishing test between making false information 

and forgery. In State v. Dahlke, No. 92,755, 2006 WL 851235 (Kan. App.) (unpublished 
16

opinion), rev. denied 282 Kan. 792 (2006), the defendant made a false check in his own 

name, purportedly drawn on the account of Primerica Financial Services, and cashed it at

a grocery store. Dahlke was charged and convicted of making false information. Again, 

like in the present case, Dahlke argued he was guilty of forgery, not making false 

information. Despite noting that the Gotti court held that the defendant was not guilty of 

making false information because "the writing was not made in regard to the defendant's 

own affairs because it was made in the name of the other employee [and] a false writing 

must be done in the writer's own name," 273 Kan. at 464, the Dahlke panel upheld the 

defendant's making false information conviction:

"Dahlke appears to misconstrue the legal issue as acting in one's own name when 

the real question is whether the false statements are related to the defendant's own 

business or affairs. [Citation omitted.] In Gotti and Rios, the courts concluded that the 

statements were not related to the defendant's affairs because they were done entirely in 

someone else's name. However, the Primerica check was made out to Dahlke and he 

cashed it by presenting his own driver's license, which was recorded on the check. The 

claim that the check was not related to Dahlke's affairs is against reason. Therefore, 

Dahlke was not improperly charged." 2006 WL 851235, at *11.

We respectfully disagree. As our analysis above shows, our Supreme Court held 

that the defendants in both Rios and Gotti were not guilty of either making a false writing 

or making false information because the false instruments they created were purportedly 

made by another, not because the documents related or did not relate to the defendants'

"own business or affairs." Rios, 246 Kan. at 529; see Gotti, 273 Kan. at 463-65. In fact, 

we observe that the term "own business or affairs" is not defined, nor is it contained in 

the elements of either forgery or making false information. Repeated holdings by our 

Supreme Court have stated that the plain language of the statute governs. See, e.g., State 

v. Phillips, 299 Kan. 479, 495, 325 P.3d 1095 (2014). Therefore, in our view, the 

question is whether one is acting in one's own name and not "whether the false statements 
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are related to the defendant's own business or affairs." See Dahlke, 2006 WL 7851235, at 

*11.

Two other panels of our court have followed Dahlke down this path. In State v. 

Spencer, No. 102,339, 2010 WL 3731585 (Kan. App.) (unpublished opinion), rev. denied

291 Kan. 917 (2010), the defendant falsified his proof of insurance card and presented it 

to an employee of the local county treasurer in an effort to renew his motorcycle 

registration. The defendant was ultimately charged with and convicted of making false 

information; on appeal, the defendant argued that his conduct constituted forgery instead. 

The panel affirmed his conviction, stating:

"Here, Spencer was attempting to renew the license plate on his motorcycle. In order to 

do so, he had to present proof that he had insurance coverage on the motorcycle. Spencer 

presented the County with a document in his own name that falsely stated he had 

insurance on his motorcycle. Although Spencer alleged the card was made by the 

insurance company, it was a falsification of Spencer's own insurance card in an effort to 

renew his license plates." 2010 WL 3731585, at *2.

Again, we disagree. Spencer was correct that his acts constituted forgery because 

he created a false document purportedly from his insurance company. The employee of 

the county treasurer's office would not have accepted any document purportedly made by 

the defendant and would have renewed Spencer's motorcycle registration only because of 

the credibility of a document purportedly from the insurance company. That was the 

essence of the fraud, and that was forgery according to Rios and Gotti.

In State v. Odegbaro, No. 108,493, 2014 WL 2589707 (Kan. App. 2014) 

(unpublished opinion), rev. denied 302 Kan. ___ (June 29, 2015), the error, in our view, 

is the same. There, one of the conditions of Odegbaro's probation was that she maintain 

full-time employment. To enforce this requirement, her probation officer required that 

she submit pay stubs at each of their monthly meetings. Odegbaro represented to her 
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probation officer that she was both an employee and part-owner of a company called 

Cokeza Styles and subsequently provided pay stubs and a paycheck, listing her as the 

payee and signed by Michael Bassey, all of which were purportedly from Cokeza Styles. 

After an investigation revealed that Odegbaro had been receiving unemployment benefits 

during the time she was supposedly working for Cokeza Styles, she was charged and 

convicted of multiple counts of making false information. As in the other cases, 

Odegbaro asserted on appeal that she was guilty of forgery, not making false information, 

because each of the documents she submitted appeared to be made by someone other than 

her. Relying on Dahlke and Spencer, in addition to quoting from Gotti, 273 Kan. at 465, 

that "making false information involves the perpetrator's own business or affairs," the 

panel held that since Odegbaro "acted to further her own business affairs," her actions 

constituted making false information. Odegbaro, 2014 WL 2589707, at *4. However, like 

in Spencer, the essence of the fraud was that the documents Odegbaro gave to her 

probation officer had the air of authenticity because they were purportedly made by 

another—the defendant's fictitious employer—which allowed Odegbaro to escape

(temporarily) the consequences of being unemployed contrary to the conditions of her 

probation. Her actions constituted forgery for that reason.

Even when viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, Ward's 

addition of "or Chris Ward" to the payee line of the check written by Sweeney creates a 

false instrument purportedly made by another with the intent to defraud. Such an act 

constitutes forgery, not making false information. See K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-5823(a)(1); 

K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-5824(a).

Finally, buttressing our conclusion today is Ward's assertion that the written 

instrument in this case, the check written by Sweeney, was not made by Ward but was 

instead altered by him. We agree. K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-5823(a)(1) includes altering a 

written instrument as an element of forgery. However, altering a written instrument is not 

an element of making false information. While the term "alter" is not defined by the 
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forgery statute, "alteration" is defined in the UCC as "(1) an unauthorized change in an 

instrument that purports to modify in any respect the obligation of a party, or (2) an 

unauthorized addition of words or numbers or other change to an incomplete instrument 

relating to the obligation of a party." K.S.A. 84-3-407(a); see also Black's Law Dictionary 

94 (10th ed. 2014) ("An act done to an instrument, after its execution, whereby its 

meaning or language is changed; esp., the changing of a term in a negotiable instrument 

without the consent of all parties to it."). That is exactly what happened here. Ward 

altered the check written by Sweeney by adding his own name to the payee line in order 

to allow him to deposit the funds into his personal account. Again, that act is forgery, not 

making false information. Accordingly, we must reverse Ward's conviction of making 

false information.

We recognize that our decision likely is frustrating to those charged with enforcing 

the laws of our state given our change in direction with regard to the proper standard to 

be used in distinguishing making false information from forgery, and we fully appreciate 

the fact that their charging decisions in this case and others were no doubt in reliance on 

the prior decisions of our court. But we cannot follow other panels of our court where in 

our considered judgment they are in error. See State v. Urban, 291 Kan. 214, 223, 239 

P.3d 837 (2010) (one Court of Appeals panel not bound by another); Uhlmann v. 

Richardson, 48 Kan. App. 2d 1, 13, 287 P.3d 287 (2012) ("While we must carefully 

consider each precedent cited to us, we also must uphold our duty to correctly determine 

the law in each case that comes before us. In doing so, we sometimes find that we must 

respectfully disagree with the opinion of another panel."), rev. denied 298 Kan. 1208 

(2013). 

Because we have reversed both of Ward's convictions, his other allegations of 

error are moot.

Reversed.