# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls For the Eig hth Circu it

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No. 1 4- 25 36

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el le e

v.

Nes to r Cas il la s

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t - Ap pe ll an t

__ __ __ __ __ __ App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t fo r th e So ut he rn Dis tri ct of I owa - Des M oi ne s

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Su bm it te d: Apri l 1 7, 2 01 5 Fil ed : J ul y

6, 2 01 5

__ __ __ __ __ __ Befo re RI LEY, Chi ef J ud ge , LOKE N and SHEPHERD, Circ ui t J ud ge s.

__ __ __ __ __ __ LOKEN, Ci rcu it Ju dg e.

A jury co nv ic te d Nes to r Cas il la s of co ns pi racy to di st rib ut e an d ni ne co un ts of di st rib ut in g m et ha m

ph et am in e in vi ol at io n of 21 U.S.C. §§ 84 1 an d 84 6. The di st ric t

co ur t se nt en ced hi m to 18 8 m on th s in pr is on

. P r io r to tri al
, th e co ur t de ni ed 1

Th e Hon or ab le St ep ha ni e M. Ro se , Uni te d St at es Dis tri ct Ju dg e fo r t h e 1 So ut he rn Dis tri ct of I owa

.Cas il la s’s m ot io n to su pp res s h i s in cri m in at in g vo lu nt ary st at em en ts m ad e to la w

en fo rcem en t of

fic ers fo ll owi ng hi s ar r e s t w it ho ut a warra nt an d pr io r to hi s
pr es en tm en t be fo re a m ag is tra te jud ge

. Cas il la s ap pe al s th e de ni al of th at mo t i o n. W e aff irm.

Ru le 5( a)(1 )(A) of th e Fed eral Ru le s of Cri m in al P r o c ed ur e pr ov id es th at , fo ll owi ng a n arre st , th e arre st in g of fic er “ m us t ta ke th e de fen da nt wit ho ut

un ne ces sa ry de la y be fo re a m ag is tra te jud ge .” Und er th e jud ic ia l do ct rin e co m m on ly kn own as th e McNa bb -Ma ll or y ru le
, “ co nf es si on s m ad e du rin g pe rio ds of de te nt io n 2
th at vi ol at e [Ru le 5( a)’s] pr om pt pr es en tm en t req ui rem en t” are “ ge ne ral ly ren de r[ed ] in ad m is si ble

. ” Co rle y v. Uni te d St at es , 55 6 U.S. 30 3, 30 9 (2 00 9) (q uo ta ti on om it te d)

. Howev er, 18 U.S.C. § 35 01 (c), en act ed in 19 68
, li m it s th e McNa bb -Ma ll or y ru le by

pr ov id in g th at a co nf

es si on “ sh al l no t be i n ad m is si bl e so le ly be cau se of de la y in br in gi ng [th e de fen da nt ] be fo re a m ag is tra te jud ge ” if th e co nf es si on was vo lu nt ary

an d was m ad e “ wit hi n si x ho ur s im m ed ia te ly fo ll owi ng ” th e de fen da nt ’s a r r e s t or de te nt io n. “ If th e co nf

es si on oc cu r r e d b e f

o re pr es en tm en t an d be y on d si x ho ur s, ho wev er, th e co ur t m

us t de ci de whe th er de l a yi ng th at lo ng was un reas on ab le or

un ne ces sa ry un de r th e McNa bb -Ma ll or y cas es , an d if it was, th e co nf es si on is to be

su pp res se d.” Co rle y , 55 6 U.S. at 32 2. “ [D]elay fo r th e pu rp os e of in te rro ga ti on is th e
ep it om e o f ‘unn eces sa ry

de la y .’ ” Id . at 3 08

.

Refl ect in g th es e pr in ci pl es , th e pr et ria l m ot io n fil ed by Cas il la s ’s a p po in te d

at to rn ey arg ue d th at hi s co nf es si on sh ou ld be su pp res se d be cau se it “ was m ad e m or e th an si x h ou rs aft er h is arre st , and

. . . th e pr es en tm en t to a m ag is tra te 36 ho ur s af er hi s arres t was un reas on ab le an d un ti m el y .” At the ev id en ti ary su pp res si on he ari ng , ATF Sp eci al Age nt Kell y Etn ie r an d Des Mo in es Po li ce Offi cer Ant ho ny Bal la nt in i

te st ifi ed to th e fo ll owi ng se qu en ce of even ts aft er Casi ll as was arre st ed at 8: 30 a.m

.

Nam ed aft er th e Su pr em e Co ur t’s de ci si on s in McNa bb v. Uni te d St at es , 31 8 2 U.S. 33 2 (1 94 3) , and Mal lo ry v. Un it ed Sta te s, 3 54 U.S. 44 9 (1 95 7)

.

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-o n Nov em

be r 7, 20 13
, ba se d on pr ob ab le cau se to be li ev e he was en ga ge d i n

m et ha m ph et am in e tr affi ck in g:

The arre st in g Des Mo in es po li ce offi cer tran sp or te d Cas il la s to th e Narco ti cs Uni t of fic e, whe re he was ad vi se d of an d waiv ed hi s Mi ran da rig ht s. He in it ia ll y di d

no t p ro vi de in fo rm at io n, an d t he of fic ers ceas ed in te rro ga ti ng hi m . App ro xi m at el y
two ho ur s la te r, ho wev er, he su m m on ed an of

fic er an d be g an to pr ov id e us efu l in fo rm at io n ab ou t th e pr es en ce of ex pl os iv es an d weap on s a t a farm whe re ag en ts

were ab ou t to ex ecu te a se arch warra nt , an d th en ab o u t t h e sc op e of th e

m et ha m ph et am in e d is tri bu ti on co ns pi racy and hi s ro le in it

.

At aro un d 1 1 : 3 0 a.m ., Offi cer Bal la nt in i an d an ot he r of fic er be ga n dr iv in g Cas il la s aro un d Des Mo in es , at h i s r eq ue st , an d co nt in ue d th e qu es ti on in g. Mea nwh il e, at 12 :3 0 p.m ., Age nt Etn ie r a p p e a r ed be fo re Mag is tra te Ju dg e Ro ss W al te rs , who si gn ed a cri m in al co m pl ai nt an d arre st warra nt fo r Cas il la s. Bal la nt in i

te st ifi ed th at he ret ur ne d wit h Cas il la s to th e po l i c e o f f i ce aft er ab ou t an ho ur an d

co nt in ue d qu es ti on in g Cas il la s ab ou t th e farm to be se arch ed un ti l 2: 30 p.m

. A po li ce

va n tra ns po rte d Cas il la s to th e Po lk Co un ty Ja il fo r bo ok in g, whe re he arri ve d at 3: 57
p.m

. Age nt Etn ie r te st ifi ed th at fed eral arre st ees are pr es en te d at t h e fed eral

co ur th ou se fo r th ei r in it ia l ap pe aran ces be fo re 2 p.m

. each da y

. Cas il la s’s in te rv ie w
reg ard in g t h e f

a r m to be se arch ed ex te nd ed un ti l 2: 30 p.m

. on Nov em be r 7, so hi s in it ia l ap pe aran ce t oo k p la ce at 2: 32 p.m . on Nov em be r 8.

At th e co nc lu si on of th e he ari ng , th e di st ric t co ur t fo un d th e te st im on y of Age nt Etn ie r an d Offi cer Bal la nt in i cred ib le

. Bas ed on th is te st im on y , th e co ur t fo un d th at Cas il la s was arre st ed at 8: 30 a.m

. an d hi s co op erat io n “ en de d no l a t e r t h a n 2: 30

p.m .”; th at Cas il la s un de rs to od an d waiv ed hi s Mi ran da rig ht s; th at hi s in cri m in at in g
st at em en ts were m ad e vo lu nt ari ly; an d th at hi s pr es en tm en t on Nov em be r 8 was no t

un reas on ab ly de la y ed fo r th e pu rp os e of ob ta in in g in fo rm at io n fro m hi m

. Bas ed on th es e fi nd in gs , th e co ur t d en ie d t he m ot io n t o s up pr es s.

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-Co un se l’s br ie f on ap pe al qu es ti on ed whe th er Cas il la s’s co nf es si on was m ad e wit hi n si x ho ur s of hi s arre st

. “ The ag en ts te st ifi ed th at th e in te rv ie w en de d jus t pr io r
to 2: 30 p.m ., whi ch is co nv en ie nt ly wit hi n th e si x ho ur ru le of § 35 01 (c). Yet Cas il la s di d no t arri ve at th e jail un ti l 4 p.m .” Bu t at or al arg um en t, co un se l co nc ed ed
, as sh e

m us t, th at th e di st ric t co ur t ex pl ic it l y f o u nd th at th e in cri m in at in g st at em en ts were

m ad e wit hi n si x ho ur s of Cas il la s’s arre st , an d th at we rev ie w th is fact ua l fin di ng fo r cl ear e rro r. See, e.g ., Uni te d S ta te s v . Evan s, 7 81 F.3d 43 3, 4 36 (8t h C ir. 2 01 5)

.

Rec og ni zi ng th at th e reco rd pr ov id es no ba si s to ch al le ng e as cl earl y erro ne ou s th e di st ric t co ur t’s fin di ng th at Cas il la s vo lu nt ari ly co nf es se d wit hi n si x ho ur s of hi s

arre st , co un se l arg ue d th at ev en a vo lu nt ary co nf es si on m ad e w i t h in si x ho ur s of

arre st m us t be su pp res se d un de r th e McNa bb -Ma ll or y ru le if th e de fen da n t ’s la te r
pr es en tm en t was un reas on ab ly de la y ed

. Bu t t h i s arg um en t is co nt rary to th e pl ai n

m ean in g of § 3 5 0 1 ( c), whi ch pr ov id es th at a vo lu nt ary co nf es si on m ad e wit hi n si x ho ur s of the de fen da nt ’s arre st “ sh al l no t be ina dm is si bl e so le ly be cau se of de la y in br in gi ng [th e de fen da nt ] be fo re a m ag is tra te jud ge .” As th e Su pr em e Co ur t no te d in
Co rle y , “ [i

] f th e co nf

es si on cam e wit hi n [s ix ho ur s ], i t i s ad m is si bl e.” 55 6 U.S. at 32 2 (e m ph as is ad de d)

.

The jud gm en t o f th e d is tri ct co ur t i s af fir m ed

.

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