DA 19-0065

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2021 MT 108N

STATE OF MONTANA,

 Plaintiff and Appellee,

 v.

VINCENT SCOTT PARKER,

 Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eighth Judicial District,

In and For the County of Cascade, Cause No. ADC 17-598

Honorable Gregory G. Pinski, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Chad Wright, Appellate Defender, Moses Okeyo, Assistant Appellate 

Defender, Helena, Montana

For Appellee:

Austin Knudsen, Montana Attorney General, Brad Fjeldheim, Assistant 

Attorney General, Helena, Montana

Joshua A. Racki, Cascade County Attorney, Amanda L. Lofkin, Deputy

County Attorney, Great Falls, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: September 30, 2020

 Decided: May 4, 2021

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

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05/04/2021

Case Number: DA 19-0065
2

Justice Dirk Sandefur delivered the Opinion of the Court. 

¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating 

Rules, we decide this case by memorandum opinion. It shall not be cited and does not 

serve as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition will be included in our 

quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana Reports. 

¶2 Vincent Parker (Parker) appeals his November 2018 judgment of conviction and 

sentence in the Montana Eighth Judicial District Court, Cascade County, on the offense of

partner or family member assault (PFMA), a felony. We affirm. 

¶3 On October 6, 2017, the State charged Parker by Information with PFMA, fourth or 

subsequent offense, a felony. On August 1, 2018, the parties executed a non-binding plea 

agreement1 providing for him to plead guilty as charged in return for a State sentencing 

recommendation for a five-year term of commitment to the Montana Department of 

Corrections (DOC), all suspended. Inter alia, the agreement included an express condition 

requiring Parker to “COOPERAT[E] WITH [DOC] ADULT PROBATION AND 

PAROLE IN THE PREPARATION OF THE PRE-SENTENCE INVESTIGATIVE 

REPORT PROCESS.” (Original case.) It further provided that, in the event he did not 

comply with any term of the agreement, “THE STATE MAY MAKE ANY SENTENCING 

RECOMMENDATION ALLOWED BY LAW.” (Original case.) 

 

1

See § 46-12-211(1)(c) and (2), MCA (substance and effect of non-binding plea agreements). 
3

¶4 Following a comprehensive colloquy at the change of plea hearing on August 29, 

2018, Parker pled guilty as charged pursuant to the plea agreement. Prior to changing his 

plea, Parker acknowledged the discretion of the court to deviate from the agreed but nonbinding State sentencing recommendation. He further acknowledged his understanding of 

his various trial rights, the waiver effect of a guilty plea, and all terms and conditions of 

the plea agreement, inter alia. Upon accepting the change of plea, the District Court

ordered him to immediately report to the local DOC office to arrange for his participation 

in the presentence investigation (PSI) process.2 The court subsequently set sentencing for 

October 10, 2018. 

¶5 However, on October 9, 2018, DOC filed a formal notice stating that it had: 

been unable to make contact with [Parker], or [he] is otherwise noncompliant 

with the pre-sentence investigation. Our office cannot proceed with the 

investigation within the required timeframe until [Parker] is brought back 

into compliance and participates in the process. 

Based on the DOC notice, the State filed a verified motion for revocation of Parker’s

release on bail. On the State’s motion and without response or hearing, the District Court 

revoked Parker’s release, issued a warrant for his arrest, and vacated the previously 

scheduled sentencing hearing. At his subsequent initial appearance following arrest on the 

warrant, the court released Parker on his own recognizance and ordered him to report to

 

2

See § 46-18-111, MCA (presentence investigation requirement and process). 
4

the DOC “and complete the PSI process,” no later than 5:00 p.m. the next day. Parker 

thereafter complied without further incident. 

¶6 At sentencing on November 19, 2018, the State declared its intent to deviate from 

its previously agreed sentencing recommendation on the asserted ground that Parker 

violated the express condition of the plea agreement requiring him to cooperate with DOC 

in the PSI process. On various cited grounds, the State then recommended a five-year DOC 

commitment, with no time suspended. Parker objected and moved for enforcement of the 

plea agreement on the stated grounds that there had been no hearing or adjudication that he

violated the plea agreement, and that it was defense counsel’s “understanding [that] he

filled out the [DOC] paperwork” and was “waiting for a contact” from DOC to proceed 

with the process. Parker did not, however, offer any supporting testimony to substantiate 

counsel’s understanding. Nor did he request a separate evidentiary hearing for that 

purpose, or move to withdraw his plea. 

¶7 Noting that the parties’ dispute regarding the alleged breach of the plea agreement 

was immaterial due to the non-binding nature of the agreement, the District Court indicated 

that it was not inclined to follow either recommendation of the State in any event. The 

court instead independently reasoned that some “period of incarceration” was necessary 

because this was Parker’s fourth felony conviction, the plea agreement called for a “lighter 

sentence” than he “received on his third felony,” the record indicated that he needed 

intensive inpatient drug treatment, he had multiple prior community placement failures, 

and this was the “third time that [Parker] ha[d] victimized this victim and her family.” 
5

Without reference to the alleged breach of the plea agreement, the court further expressly 

noted that it did “not consider[] or base[] its sentence on the alleged bail violations, or 

violations of the [c]ourt’s change of plea order.” The court accordingly sentenced Parker 

to a five-year DOC commitment, with two years suspended.3 

¶8 Except as otherwise provided by statute, plea agreements are contracts governed by 

generally applicable contract law. State v. Keys, 1999 MT 10, ¶ 18, 293 Mont. 81, 973 

P.2d 812. Because plea agreements effect a waiver of fundamental constitutional rights, 

the attendant federal and state constitutional due process rights to fundamental fairness at 

a minimum require strict enforcement of plea agreements against the State in accordance 

with generally applicable contract law. See State v. Rardon, 1999 MT 220, ¶ 17-18, 296 

Mont. 19, 986 P.2d 424, partially overruled on other grounds by State v. Munoz, 2001 MT 

85, ¶ 38, 305 Mont. 139, 23 P.3d 922; State v. Allen (Allen I), 197 Mont. 204, 209, 645 

P.2d 380, 382 (1981); Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257, 262-63, 92 S. Ct. 495, 499

(1971) (requiring safeguards to ensure fundamental fairness of plea bargaining).4 

However, sentencing courts are not parties to plea agreements and are thus not bound by

 

3 The sentence further granted Parker credit for time-served presentence, imposed various statutory 

fees and costs, and imposed various probation conditions applicable to the probationary phase of 

the sentence. 

4 While strict compliance with applicable contract law is an important safeguard, the overriding 

consideration in the plea-bargaining context is the fundamental fairness of the proceeding. 

See State v. Warner, 2015 MT 230, ¶ 14, 380 Mont. 273, 354 P.3d 620 (citing Munoz, ¶ 13 n.1); 

State v. Allen (Allen II) 685 P.2d 333 (Mont. 1982); Santobello, 404 U.S. at 262-63, 92 S. Ct. at

499. But see Munoz, ¶¶ 14-15 (noting Allen II and Santobello resemblance or analogy to equitable 

quasi-contract principles). 
6

them, particularly in the case of agreements under § 46-12-211(1)(c), MCA, for a particular 

sentencing recommendation. See § 46-12-211(1)(c) and (2), MCA. Within applicable 

statutory parameters, district courts have broad discretion in crafting an appropriate 

sentence in a criminal case. State v. Weigle, 285 Mont. 341, 343, 947 P.2d 1053, 1055 

(1997) (internal citations omitted), overruled on other grounds by State v. Herman, 2008 

MT 187, ¶ 12 n.1, 343 Mont. 494, 188 P.3d 978. For sentences subject to statutory sentence 

review, we generally review sentences only for legality and conformance to statutory 

parameters. Herman, ¶ 11. 

¶9 As a threshold matter, Parker does not dispute that the sentence imposed is a legal 

sentence and conforms to applicable statutory parameters. He asserts, inter alia, that the 

District Court erroneously concluded that he breached the plea agreement without a 

hearing, and then erroneously sentenced him in deviation from the agreement without 

affording him the benefit of the bargained-for State recommendation for a straight 

suspended sentence. He asserts that the State breached the plea agreement, and, as below, 

seeks strict performance of the agreement. 

¶10 A material breach of a contract affords the non-breaching party the option of either 

rescinding the contract without requirement for reciprocal performance, or enforcing the 

contract by its terms at law or in equity. Davidson v. Barstad, 2019 MT 48, ¶ 22, 395 

Mont. 1, 435 P.3d 640. In a criminal case, upon a material breach of a plea agreement by 

the State, and absent a showing that the elected remedy would result in a fundamental 

miscarriage of justice, the defendant has a choice of remedies—specific performance of 
7

the agreement or rescission and withdrawal of their guilty plea. Munoz, ¶ 38. A

defendant’s material breach of a non-binding plea agreement conversely relieves the State 

of its reciprocal contractual duty to make the agreed sentencing recommendation, but does 

not afford the defendant the right to withdraw his or her guilty plea. Whether a party

materially breached a contract duty is generally a question of fact. Sjoberg v. Kravik, 233 

Mont. 33, 38, 759 P.2d 966, 969 (1988) (citing E. Farnsworth, Contracts, § 8.16 (1982)). 

¶11 Here, contrary to Parker’s assertion, the District Court made no finding one way or 

the other as to whether either party breached the plea agreement. As one of the multiple

considerations in support of the sentence independently imposed, the court merely noted,

in regard to Parker’s prior inability to conform to rules of community supervision, that he 

did not initially comply with the court’s order at the change of plea hearing to immediately 

report to DOC to complete the PSI process. Even if, arguendo, we were to accept the

assertion that the State materially breached the plea agreement, Parker did not and does not 

seek rescission and withdrawal of his guilty plea as the remedy for the alleged breach. He 

merely seeks specific performance of the State’s contractual duty to recommend a straight 

suspended sentence. 

¶12 The record clearly manifests that, regardless of any State recommendation, the 

District Court, in its broad discretion, was not inclined to sentence Parker to straight 

probation under the totality of the noted circumstances. The record clearly indicates that 

the court thus saw no need or cause to take evidence, and make a related finding of fact,

sua sponte as to whether Parker indeed breached the plea agreement as alleged. Nor did 
8

Parker offer any testimony or other evidence, or request a separate evidentiary hearing, to 

dispute the alleged breach in any event. Under these circumstances, Parker has 

demonstrated no reasonable likelihood that strict performance of the plea agreement, i.e.

holding the State to the originally agreed sentencing recommendation, would have altered 

the independent inclination of the court in its discretion to impose some period of 

incarceration regardless of the plea agreement recommendation. We hold that the District 

Court did not erroneously fail to specifically enforce the plea agreement against the State, 

nor has Parker demonstrated that he was otherwise subjected to a fundamentally unfair 

sentencing process in violation of his federal and state constitutional rights to due process 

of law. 

¶13 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating 

Rules, we decide this case by memorandum opinion. It shall not be cited and does not 

serve as precedent. The case title, cause number, and disposition will be included in our 

quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana Reports. 

Affirmed. 

/S/ DIRK M. SANDEFUR

We concur: 

/S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON

/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA

/S/ BETH BAKER

/S/ LAURIE McKINNON