COURT OF APPEALS

DECISION

DATED AND FILED

May 19, 2020

Sheila T. Reiff

Clerk of Court of Appeals

NOTICE

This opinion is subject to further editing. If 

published, the official version will appear in 

the bound volume of the Official Reports. 

A party may file with the Supreme Court a 

petition to review an adverse decision by the 

Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10 and 

RULE 809.62. 

Appeal No. 2019AP769-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2016CF4508

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS

DISTRICT I

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

V.

MARCUS A. MILLER,

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from a judgment and an order of the circuit court for 

Milwaukee County: DENNIS R. CIMPL, Judge. Affirmed. 

Before Brash, P.J., Dugan and Donald, JJ.

Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent 

or authority, except for the limited purposes specified in WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3). 
No. 2019AP769-CR

2

¶1 PER CURIAM. Marcus A. Miller appeals from a judgment of 

conviction for two counts of robbery of a financial institution and one count of 

attempted robbery of a financial institution, all as a party to a crime. See WIS. STAT.

§§ 943.87, 939.32, and 939.05 (2015-16).1 Miller, who was found guilty of these

crimes after a trial to the court, also appeals from an order denying his 

postconviction motion seeking a new trial. Miller argues that he is entitled to a new 

trial because his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to serve the 

State with a statutory discovery demand pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 971.23, which 

Miller claims prevented trial counsel from moving to prevent the testimony of two 

witnesses. We affirm.

BACKGROUND

¶2 Miller was charged with being one of several young men who robbed 

two financial institutions and attempted to rob a third. After Miller waived his right 

to a jury trial, the case was tried to the court. At trial, it was undisputed that several 

men robbed or attempted to rob the three financial institutions. In fact, the State 

presented video evidence of each crime. At issue was whether Miller was one of 

the young men who participated in the crimes.

¶3 The trial court found that Miller was the young man who wore a red 

hoodie during each of these crimes. After finding Miller guilty as charged, the trial 

court sentenced Miller to three consecutive terms of imprisonment totaling ten years 

of initial confinement and nine years of extended supervision. The trial court also 

 

1

 All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2017-18 version unless otherwise 

noted.
No. 2019AP769-CR

3

made Miller eligible for the Challenge Incarceration Program and the Wisconsin 

Substance Abuse Program after he served seven years of initial confinement. 

¶4 Represented by postconviction counsel, Miller filed a postconviction 

motion seeking a new trial based on ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Miller 

alleged that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to serve the 

State with a statutory discovery demand pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 971.23. The 

motion asserted that if trial counsel had “done so, then he would have been able to 

legally object” to the testimony of two witnesses—bank teller T.S. and probation 

agent Melody Wynn—on grounds that the State failed to list them on the witness 

list it filed prior to the trial. 

¶5 The postconviction motion was based on a witness list issue that arose 

on the first day of the court trial. Immediately after the case was called, the State 

told the trial court: “Judge, I’ve got an issue. One of the tellers ... was not on the 

witness list—I’m not sure why—she’s the sole teller that’s made a positive ID 

through the use of a photo array.” The trial court asked if the witness was present 

and the State responded: “She’s not here. Clearly, she’s an important witness for 

the State. We can make attempts to get her here. I don’t know if [the] defense 

would object if she wasn’t on the witness list. She was obviously in the police 

reports.” In response, the trial court said: “Then we’re going to go ahead. Get her 

here. Let’s start the trial. I’ve given you a whole day. I’m not going to adjourn this 

thing.” Thereafter, the State began calling witnesses and the trial proceeded.

¶6 Later in the day, the State called the bank teller, T.S., to the stand. 

The parties then had this exchange about T.S. and Wynn, who was also not on the 

State’s witness list:
No. 2019AP769-CR

4

THE COURT: [T.S. is] the woman that’s not on your 

list, right?

[State]: Correct.

[Trial counsel]: For the sake of the record, we’re 

well aware of her. We’ve seen her in the police reports. I 

talked with the prosecutor about her, so there’s absolutely no 

surprise whatsoever about her being a witness.

THE COURT: Okay.

[State]: And Judge, another—

THE COURT: If you had objected, I would have 

ruled that you had notice that she was going to be a witness 

based upon the police reports, and I would have allowed it 

in if you had objected.

[State]: Judge, a similar issue. I don’t know how it’s 

going to resolve at this point. There is a probation agent, a 

Melody Wynn ... who was listed in the police reports. 

Defense and I have talked about her. With the great number 

of witnesses in this case, she was not on the witness list 

either. We’re making efforts to get her here. I don’t know 

if that will be successful or not, but.

THE COURT: Well, Melody Wynn, she’s a juvenile 

probation agent out of Lincoln Hills.... [S]he’s mentioned 

in the complaint as well as the police reports. And again, I’ll 

rule that [the] defense has had notice of her.... To finish my 

thought. I would allow her to testify too. 

Trial counsel did not object to the testimony of either T.S. or Wynn on grounds that 

they were not on the State’s witness list. 

¶7 In his postconviction motion, Miller faulted trial counsel for not 

making a statutory discovery demand pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 971.23. Miller 

asserted: “[T]rial counsel had never filed or served a statutory discovery demand in 

this matter. There is no indication that [trial counsel] ever served such a demand 

upon the State.” (Some capitalization omitted.) Miller further asserted: “Trial 

counsel did not object. This, because [trial counsel] had failed to file the statutory 
No. 2019AP769-CR

5

discovery demand.” (Some capitalization omitted.) Miller argued that trial 

counsel’s performance was deficient and that he was prejudiced because the 

witnesses would have been excluded from testifying pursuant to WIS. STAT.

§ 971.23(7m), which states:

(7m) SANCTIONS FOR FAILURE TO COMPLY.

(a) The court shall exclude any witness not listed or 

evidence not presented for inspection or copying 

required by this section, unless good cause is shown 

for failure to comply. The court may in appropriate 

cases grant the opposing party a recess or a 

continuance.

(b) In addition to or in lieu of any sanction specified in 

par. (a), a court may, subject to sub. (3), advise the 

jury of any failure or refusal to disclose material or 

information required to be disclosed under sub. (1)

or (2m), or of any untimely disclosure of material 

or information required to be disclosed under 

sub. (1) or (2m).

¶8 The trial court denied the postconviction motion in a written order, 

without holding an evidentiary hearing. In its order, the trial court questioned 

whether the motion demonstrated that trial counsel actually failed to make a 

discovery demand, noting that the “motion appears to be based solely on the fact 

that there is not a copy of a demand for discovery in the court file.” The trial court 

stated that even if it were to assume that trial counsel did, in fact, fail to make a 

formal discovery demand, Miller was not entitled to relief because he had not shown 

that he was prejudiced by trial counsel’s alleged deficient performance. 

Specifically, the trial court concluded that Miller was not prejudiced because the 

existence of T.S. and Wynn was disclosed in the police reports and discovery and, 
No. 2019AP769-CR

6

therefore, the trial court would not have excluded them as witnesses.2 This appeal 

follows.

DISCUSSION

¶9 Miller seeks a new trial on grounds of ineffective assistance of trial 

counsel. When evaluating claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, this court 

applies the two-part analysis described in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 

687 (1984). To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must show 

that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the deficiency prejudiced his or 

her defense. Id. A court need not address both aspects of the Strickland test if the 

defendant does not make a sufficient showing on either one. See id. at 697.

¶10 To demonstrate that counsel’s performance was deficient, the 

defendant must point to specific acts or omissions by the lawyer that are “outside 

the wide range of professionally competent assistance.” Id. at 690. To show 

prejudice, the defendant must demonstrate that “there is a reasonable probability 

that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have 

been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine 

confidence in the outcome.” Id. at 694.

¶11 On appeal, our review of a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel 

presents a mixed question of fact and law. State v. Thiel, 2003 WI 111, ¶21, 264 

Wis. 2d 571, 665 N.W.2d 305. We will uphold the postconviction court’s factual 

findings unless they are clearly erroneous, but we review de novo the question of 

 

2

 Although the trial court’s decision did not mention it, we note that the detective who 

testified at the preliminary hearing identified both T.S. and Wynn by name and summarized the 

statements they gave to the police.
No. 2019AP769-CR

7

“[w]hether counsel’s performance satisfies the constitutional standard for 

ineffective assistance of counsel.” Id.

¶12 Here, the trial court denied Miller’s postconviction motion without 

first holding a Machner hearing concerning trial counsel’s alleged ineffectiveness.

3

 

A trial court has discretion to deny a postconviction motion without an evidentiary 

hearing “if the motion does not raise facts sufficient to entitle the movant to relief, 

or presents only conclusory allegations, or if the record conclusively demonstrates 

that the defendant is not entitled to relief[.]” See State v. Allen, 2004 WI 106, ¶9, 

274 Wis. 2d 568, 682 N.W.2d 433. On appeal, we independently review whether a 

postconviction motion raised sufficient facts so as to require a Machner hearing. 

See Allen, 274 Wis. 2d 568, ¶9.

¶13 With those standards in mind, we begin our analysis of Miller’s 

postconviction motion and, in particular, the deficiency prong of the Strickland test. 

We conclude that Miller was not entitled to a hearing on his postconviction motion 

because he presented only conclusory allegations concerning whether trial counsel 

failed to make a statutory demand for discovery and, for that reason, chose not to 

object to the two witnesses. 

¶14 As the trial court noted in its written decision, the postconviction 

motion appeared to assume that trial counsel did not make a discovery request 

because postconviction counsel did not find a copy of the demand in the court file. 

The trial court observed: 

This mere fact alone is an insufficient basis upon which to 

assume no discovery demand was made, particularly given 

the multiple references in the record to discovery being 

turned over by the State.... Postconviction counsel offers no 

 

3

 See State v. Machner, 92 Wis. 2d 797, 285 N.W.2d 905 (Ct. App. 1979). 
No. 2019AP769-CR

8

indication of whether he inquired of trial counsel or the State 

to determine whether a discovery demand was served 

outside of the record, raising the question of whether 

adequate due diligence was conducted before the filing of 

this motion. 

In Miller’s appellate brief, postconviction counsel addresses the trial court’s 

statement as follows: 

[The trial court stated] that there is no indication in

the motion for postconviction relief as to whether or not

postconviction counsel had ever contacted either trial 

counsel, or the State, concerning whether or not trial counsel 

had ever served the State with a discovery demand, outside 

of the record. However, the undersigned had been 

postconviction counsel. As an officer of the court, the 

undersigned will attest that he did contact trial counsel prior 

to filing the motion for postconviction relief. This,

concerning obtaining trial counsel’s case file. Pursuant to 

this request, trial counsel had provided the undersigned with 

his entire case file. Prior to the filing of the motion for 

postconviction relief, postconviction counsel had reviewed 

that entire case file. There is no discovery demand in that 

file. Hence, the undersigned reasonably had presumed that, 

had trial counsel served such a demand, then there would 

have been such a demand in the file. Postconviction counsel 

has no reason to believe that trial counsel would have 

intentionally, or negligently, omitted such a document from 

the case file. Hence, contrary to the trial court, the

undersigned reasonably believes that he had conducted 

reasonable diligence concerning whether or not trial counsel 

had served a statutory discovery demand upon the State.

(Some formatting altered.) 

¶15 This court generally does not consider factual assertions made for the 

first time on appeal. See South Carolina Equip., Inc. v. Sheedy, 120 Wis. 2d 119, 

125-26, 353 N.W.2d 63 (Ct. App. 1984) (an appellate court cannot consider material 

outside the record). Even if we were to accept postconviction counsel’s assertions, 

they would not change our conclusion that the postconviction motion’s assertion 

that trial counsel did not make a discovery demand was conclusory and insufficient 
No. 2019AP769-CR

9

to warrant an evidentiary hearing. It appears that neither trial counsel nor the State 

were specifically asked whether a discovery request was made. A conclusory 

allegation that a demand must not have been made because it is not in the court file 

or in trial counsel’s case file is insufficient to warrant a hearing.

¶16 The postconviction motion also fails to warrant a hearing because it 

offered only conclusory allegations with respect to trial counsel’s decision not to 

object to allowing T.S. and Wynn to serve as witnesses. As noted above, the motion 

stated: “[O]n the day of trial, the State had indicated that it had two additional 

witnesses for trial that were not on either of these two witness lists. Trial counsel 

did not object. This, because he had failed to file the statutory discovery demand.” 

(Some capitalization omitted.) There is nothing in the motion to support the bald 

assertion that trial counsel decided not to object because: (1) he was aware that he 

had not made a discovery demand; and (2) based on the lack of such a demand, he 

believed there would be no legal basis to object to testimony from T.S. and Wynn.4 

For instance, the motion does not indicate that postconviction counsel asked trial 

counsel whether he believed he would have been able to block their testimony if he 

had made a discovery demand or whether there was a strategic reason he chose not 

to object to the two witnesses.

¶17 In summary, we conclude that the postconviction motion’s conclusory 

allegations concerning the deficiency prong of the ineffective assistance test were 

insufficient to warrant an evidentiary hearing or relief. See Allen, 274 Wis. 2d 

568, ¶9. Therefore, we need not consider the parties’ arguments with respect to 

prejudice, including whether exclusion of the testimony of T.S. and Wynn would 

 

4

 Not only did trial counsel not object, he affirmatively indicated that he was aware the 

State planned to call T.S. as a witness, implying he had no concerns with her testifying.
No. 2019AP769-CR

10

have been mandatory under WIS. STAT. § 971.23(7m). See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 

697. We affirm both the trial court’s order denying the postconviction motion and 

the judgment of conviction.

By the Court.—Judgment and order affirmed

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT.

RULE 809.23(1)(b)5.