## p 1 A S TRUST & HOLDINGS INC.

44

- 129 MIKIOLA DRIVE, KANEOHE, HI 96744

PHONE: 808 2351890 FAX: 808 2350116 CELL: 808 5614688

EMAIL Richard@astrust.com WEB SITE www.hcr188c.com

Richard H. Maruya

November 11 , 2015

Cindy Newberg

Alternatives and Emissions Reduction Branch

Stratospheric Protection Division

U.S. En vironmental Protection Agency

1310 L Street, NW, 10 th 

## Floor

Washington, DC 20005

RE: Submission of responses to Agency’s June 3, 2014 letter regarding Incompleteness of SNAP

Submiss ion on the Proposed Use of HCR188C/R 443 A for Residential Air Conditioning

Dear Ms. Newberg :

A.S. Trust & Holdings is pleased to provide this rep ly to your letter of June 3, 2014, received by

our office on October 16, 2015, that addressed concerns by the U.S. En vironmental Protection Agency

re: our SNAP submission for the use of HCR188C/ R443 A in Residential Air Conditioning s ystems.

1. Charge Size

. See the chart below, with typical values added for capacity and room size for split

- system

heat pumps, split

- system air conditioning systems and portable air conditioning units . We can only

supply suggested, typical values, since each manufacturer will conduct research and development

efforts to determine the optimum charge size for a given unit for a given application, that balances such

fact ors as material costs, manufacturability, manufacturing costs, product weight, product dimensions,

energy efficiency and system output. (We used systems operating with R410 as a starting point.) The

maximum allowable charge size for a given system type wil l have to be decre ed by the EPA, which has

the authority to list this rule for manufacturers to follow.

HCR188C/ R443A

Application Typical

Charge Size

(g) Typical

Capacity

(kW) Typical

House or Room Size

(ft 2 

## )

Split

- System Heat

Pump 1,560 g a 

## 10.9 kW 40

Split

- System AC 1,080 g b 

## 7.5 kW 40

Portable AC 3 40 g c 

## 3.4 kW 40

a 

### Consistent with charge test (1400 g) on a heat pump per Attachment F of the February 7, 2014 Whitmyre Research report,

based on a 36 percent charge. Adjusting this to an optimum value of 40 percent charge, the charge size is 1,560 g.

b 

### Consistent with charge test (907 g) on split

- system AC per Attachment F of the February 7, 2014 Whitmyre Research report,

based on a 34 percent charge. Adjusting this to an optimum value of 40 percent charge , the charge size is 1,080 g.

c 

### In its June 3, 2014 incompleteness letter, EPA incorrectly cites the charge rate as 240 g in the text of their letter.

## p 2

Per the EPA’s question, the charge sizes of 1,560 g for a split

- system heat pump; 1,080 g for a split

sy stem air conditioner; and 340 g for a portable room air conditioner are still the intended typical charge

sizes for these applications of HCR188C/R443A. Please note that a minimum room size of 40 m 3 

## , or a

small room approximately 13 ft x 13 ft with an 8

- fo ot ceiling height, in a small 1,600 ft 2 

## house (based on

survey data from the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) ) was used in the modeling of

exposures. In other words, a small room in a small house was used in the modeling in order to be

conserv ative by minimizing dilution volume. However, the margins of safety from the assessment

indicate that such air conditioning systems can be safely used in rooms of volume much smaller than 40

m 3 

## , still providing plenty of dilution volume. The NAHB survey l ooked at room size data from houses as

small as 1,600 sq. ft. to houses as large as 6,000 sq. ft., meaning that most rooms on average are actually

larger than 40 m 3 

## , as shown in a table in t he report referenced above

.

This room

- volume assumption is consistent with the room size of 41 m 3 

## specified by the Agency for

screening for exposures and risks in its hydrocarbon substitutes rule per the July 9, 2014 Federal

Register notice (Federal Register 79 (131): 38822)

. For HCR188C/ R443A, it is anticipat ed that the Agency

will link the maximum allowable charge size to the size of the room as it has for HCR188C/ R441A in the

hydrocarbon substitutes rule, per the July 9 , 2014, Federal Register 79 (131): 38811

- 38840.

Most air conditioning manufacturers calculate/estimate British Thermal Unit (BTU) values for their

systems, where one BTU is approximately the amount of ener gy needed to raise or lower the

temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit (1 F). (Systems are actually rated in

BTU/hour or kW, though they are commonly abbreviated to just BTU ratings.) The effectiveness of a

given air conditioning unit depends on the dimensions of the room, the shape of the room, insulation

conditions and the absolute value of the desired temperature differential. (A sample on

- line calculator is

available at www.calculator.net/btu

- calculator.html.)

W hat w e can offer is a recent industrial example based on use of HCR188C/R441A, which, like

HCR188C/R443A, is a pure hydrocarbon blend, suitabl e as a replacement for R290 (propane). Engineers

at MTL Cool, a Quebec, Canada

- based manufacturer of refrigerated point

- of

- purchase display systems,

were unable to design a display

- cooler unit that used less than 150 g of R290 (as required by the EPA).

The y requested samples of HCR188C/R441A and immediately were able to run the same , unmodified

unit with 149 gm; after additional development work to redesign the compressor, evaporator and

control systems, they found they could operate the improved unit on 11 6.2 gm and that it even ran on

17% less energy.

As explained to Margaret Sheppard in a conference call on November 3, 2015, t his type of improvement

will also occur for equipment that could run on HCR188C/R443A, once the EPA lists a maximum charge

level . H aving a clear value for a starting point will make R&D efforts w orth the investment for companies

that are currently seeking low global warming potential ( GWP ) hydrocarbon refrigerant options. Just as

with the example of MTL Cool’s development program, once a given maximum charge size is listed by

the EPA, engineering teams across the air conditioning industry can work to build the mechanical,

chemical and control systems that comprise an R443A

- cooled unit offering the desired BTU/hour (i.e.,

kilowatt) rating.

## p 3

We suggest that the EPA ask a variety of air conditioning sys tem and subsystem (evaporator, condenser,

etc.) manufacturers for their opinion on a reasonable maximum charge . An average of t hose values can

then be listed on the Federal Register for comment, prior to the EPA setting the final value.

2. Safety Valve. AS Trust supplied detailed information on the performance , reliability and failure rates

of suggested commercial valv es in our le tter / attach ments to the EPA dated 18 November 2013. This

letter was in response to the Agency’s letter of 24 September 2013 regarding Incompleteness of SNAP

Submission on the Proposed U se of R441A (HCR188C) for Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning (MVAC)

Systems

. Our response has taken, and continues to take, the point of view of supplying information

regarding one possible approach to implementing an optional safety valve in refrigeration/air

conditioning equipment that uses the family of HCR188C pure hydrocarbo n blends. We note that in an

email from Margaret Sheppard (EPA) , dated 10 July 2012, she stated , “At this time EPA does not have a

position on the safety valve you provided. We have not taken positions on specific mitigation techniques

(AS Trust italics) i n MVAC in the past; rather we have typically referenced industry standards and have

established use conditions on refrigerant concentrations to manage risks of fire and toxicity.”

AS Trust, in discussions with two US manufacturers of air conditioning syste ms, has been told that nine

out of ten times, their systems would not be built to include safety valves. These manufacturers state,

“ I t’s one more part to go wrong, so unless the EPA says it’s mandatory to use such a valve, we won’t use

it.” We discussed this point with Ms. Sheppard, explaining that manufacturers are always looking to

control costs; they will design as required for the maximum charge, but will not add the expense of a

safety valve unless it is also mandated.

Regarding quantif ied measurements of the amount of HCR188C/R443A leakage that is avoided with the

use of a safety valve : s ince pressure , not charge size, is the relevant factor in the operation of the safety

valve that we have suggested , and since HCR188C/R443 A is a very s imilar pure hydrocarbon blend to

HCR188C/R441A ( but with a n even heavier molecular weight), all leakage data/behavio r would be

similar to, or even lower than, that for HCR188C/R441A. Maximum oper ating pressure would be 72 psi.

(See Parker Hannifin informat ion for possible cartridge check

- valves that could be used:

http://www.parker.com/portal/site/PARKER/menuitem.bb22d5a82bbb5b147cf26710237ad1ca/?vgnext

oid=a2d9b5bbec622110VgnVCM10000032a71dacRCRD&vgnextchannel=a2d9b5bbec622110VgnVCM10

000032a71dacRCRD&vgnext fmt=default&vgnextcatid=3830678&vgnextcat=INSERT,%20BALL%20TYPE&

vgnextdiv=A07205&vgnextpartno=D1A025

- 0.2V&Wtky= )

Parker Hannifin states that the leak rate of the valve is actually tested at hydraulic pressures of 1500 to

3000 psi (a safety factor of 20.8 t o 41.7 compared to our suggested use); results show it would still only

leak 3 drops/minute.

3. Refrigerant Recovery Equipment

. Per the final rule listed in the Federal Register on 10 April 2015 (Vol.

80, No. 69), end

- of

- life questions and recovery/disposa l requirements do not apply to the pure

hydrocarbon blend HCR188C/R441 A. ( See page 19466: On May 23, 2014, at 79 FR 29682, EPA exempted

from the venting prohibition three hydrocarbon refrigerant substitutes , including HCR188C/R441A.

Venting is still prohibited for high GWP refrigerants such HFO

- 1234yf with its GWP of 600.) As a pure

## p 4

hydr ocarbon blend, HCR188C/R443A ( in the same family as HCR188C/R441A), has a GWP of ≤ 20 over

100 years and therefore would also be safe to vent.

If HCR188C/R443A were to be recovered, there are currently no testing guidelines for such a procedure.

An employee at Intertek testing corporation who sits on the Air

- conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration

Institute ( AHR I) committee for Standard 740 says that their standard wa s recently updated to

accommodate equipment for flammable refrigerants but that no manufacturers have yet built any. To

follow up on this, AS Trust has been corresponding with a well

- known manufacturer of refrigerant

recovery equipment

. T he latter company has stated that they have not received any direction from the

EPA regarding flammable refrigerants, and will not be designing or testing any such equipment until

there is more clarity from the EPA on the subject.

Inficon, a major equipment manufacturer of leak detectors, gas analyzers and other precision

instrumentation, has been testing AS Trust products for leak detection. An Inficon company engineer

states that recovery equipment is simply not needed, saying that if the hydrocarbons are not harmful to

the environment, why would they spend the money to build recovery equipment?

As an aside, although venting HCR188C /R443A would not harm the ozone layer or affect global warming

( the two major concerns of the EPA within the SNAP program ) , the refrigerant can be recovered and

re used as fuel for barbeque systems, making its use doubly environmentally friendly.

4. Training. The EPA oversees programs that protect the ozone layer. Section 608 of the Clean Air Act

enforces such activities that apply to stationa ry refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Independent

companies such as RSES of Rolling Meadows IL provide training materials in support of such efforts and

are authorized by the EPA to administer certific ation testing. The ESCO Institute (Mount Prospect, IL)

provides a course specifically on handling hydrocarbons

( http://www.escoinst.com/Training/HydrocarbonRefrigerants.aspx ); those who complete the program

receive an R SES certificate of completion. According to their website, ESCO Institute, a member of the

ESCO Group , is the industry’s largest provider of EPA Section 608 certification testing.

Most refrigerant comp anies provide their own training guidelines specific to their brand, based on EPA

certification requirements. For example, Linde Corporation has a document entitled “Certification

Training Manual” (Revised 01/2015) which includes information about working with HFO

- 1234yf. The

manual states that the Mobile Air Conditioning Society (MACS) Technical Training Program conforms to

and complies with the SAE International standard J2845 “HFO

- 1234yf Technical Training for Service and

Containment of Refrigerants Used in Mobile A/C Systems.” It is approved by the U.S. EPA for technical

training requirements under Section 609 of the Clean Air Act.

For HCR188C/R443A, no indus try society has yet put forth a comparable international standard on which

to base a certificati on program. These groups are awaiting EPA approval for sale of HCR188C/R443A

before funding a program to set such industry standards. Until then, installation guide materials are

available from AS Trust (see http://www.hcr188c.com/hcrUsage.aspx for guidelines for usage and

instructions for safe handling). Once HCR188C/R443A is approved, we assume that companies such as

Linde Corporation will compile their own appropriate training manuals.

5. MSDS . See at tached copy of the Safety Data Sheet (formerly known as Material Safety Data Sheet) for

HCR188C/R443A, as prepared to US OSHA, CMA, ANSI and Canadian WHMIS standards by the AS Trust

authorize d blending company COMSTAR, In c.

### 6. 

## CBI Claims. A.S. Trust does not wish to list any of the information submitted herein as Confidential

Business Information.

A.S. Trust looks forward to hearing the results of the Agency's review of our SNAP Addendum for the use

of HCR188C/R443A in window air conditioners.

Sincerely,



## 'J

, /

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# j /' ,/ '. _,/ ,/···**~-** .. ·

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# (!;,' ;: \/ ,,:_/' ./

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# A/~**r<'i~hard** H. Maruya

. ,/ / ,;:---·-

President, A. S. Trust 

## & !foldings Inc.

Attachment: HCR188C/R443A Safety Data Sheet



## pS

# S A F E T Y D A T A S H E E T

P

rep a r e d 

## t o U

. S

. O S H A

, C M A

, A N S I a n d Canad i a n W H

M I S S t and a r

d

s



# P A R T I W h a t i s t h e m a t er i a l a n d w h a t d o I n e e d t o k n o w i n a n e m erg e n c y ?

1

. P R O D U C T I D E N TI F I C A T I O N

C H E M I C A L N A M E ; C L A S S : F L A M M A B L E G A S M I X T U R E



# HYDROCARBON GAS MIXTURE, UN 1965

Mar c h 2 8

, 2 0 1 1



# M I X T U R E D E S C R I P T I O N : F lamma b l e

, li q u e f i e d g a s



# P R O D U C T N A M E :

S U P P L I E R / M A N U F A C T U R E R ' S N A M E : 

# ComStar International Inc.

A D D R E S S : 20- 4 5 1 2 8 t h S t r e e t

Colle g e P o i n t

, N Y 11 3 5 6

B U S I N E S S P H O N E : 1

- 718-445-79 0 0 T o l l F r e e : 1-800-328-0 1 4 2

E M E R G E N C Y P H O N E :

2

. C O M POSIT I O N a n d I N F O R M A T I O N O N I N G R E D I E N T S

C H E M I C A L

N A M E R I A N I S T I M I L E R U S O P X E % e l o m # S A C

A H S O H I G C A

R E H T O H L D I L E T S L E P L E T S V L T

m p p m p p m p p m p p m p p m p p

P rop a n e 74-9 8

- 6 0

. 1

- 8 0 S imp l e A s p h y xi a n t 1 0 0 0 N E 2 1 0 0 N I O S H R E L : 1 0 0 0

D F G M A K : 1 0 0 0

P r o p y l e n e 1 1 5

- 0 7

- 1 0

. 1

- 8 0 A4 (Not

Clas s i f i a

ble a s a

Human

Carcinog

en) There are no specific exposure limits for Prop y lene.

Prop y lene is a simple asph y xiant (SA). Ox y gen levels

should be maintained above 19.5%. Carcinogen:

IARC 3

I s o b u t a n e 75-2 8

- 5 0

. 1

- 5 0 T he r e a r e n o s p e c i f i c ex p o s u r e li m i t s f o r I s o b u t a n e

. I s o b u t a n e i s a s imp l e a s p h y xi a n t ( S A )

. O x y g e n l e v e l s shou l d b e ma i n t ain e d ab o v e 1 9

. 5 %

.

N E = N o t E s t ab l i s h e d S e e S e c t i o n 1 6 f o r D e f i n i t io n s o f T er m s U s e d

. N O T E : A l l W H M I S requi r e d i n f or m a t i o n i s includ e d

. I t i s l o c a t e d i n approp r i a t e s e c t i o n s b a s e d o n t h e A N S I Z 4 0 0

. 1-19 9 3 f o r m a t

. 1 4

0 H E A L T H F L A M M AB I L I T Y

R E AC T I V I T Y

O T H E R 

### N F P A R A T I N G



# R443A PRODUCT NAME: R443A

# S A F E T Y D A T A S H E E T

P

rep a r e d 

## t o U

. S

. O S H A

, C M A

, A N S I a n d Canad i a n W H

M I S S t and a r

d

s



# P A R T I W h a t i s t h e m a t er i a l a n d w h a t d o I n e e d t o k n o w i n a n e m erg e n c y ?

1

. P R O D U C T I D E N TI F I C A T I O N

C H E M I C A L N A M E ; C L A S S : F L A M M A B L E G A S M I X T U R E



# HYDROCARBON GAS MIXTURE, UN 1965

Mar c h 2 8

, 2 0 1 1



# M I X T U R E D E S C R I P T I O N : F lamma b l e

, li q u e f i e d g a s



# P R O D U C T N A M E :

S U P P L I E R / M A N U F A C T U R E R ' S N A M E : 

# ComStar International Inc.

A D D R E S S : 20- 4 5 1 2 8 t h S t r e e t

Colle g e P o i n t

, N Y 11 3 5 6

B U S I N E S S P H O N E : 1

- 718-445-79 0 0 T o l l F r e e : 1-800-328-0 1 4 2

E M E R G E N C Y P H O N E :

2

. C O M POSIT I O N a n d I N F O R M A T I O N O N I N G R E D I E N T S

C H E M I C A L

N A M E R I A N I S T I M I L E R U S O P X E % e l o m # S A C

A H S O H I G C A

R E H T O H L D I L E T S L E P L E T S V L T

m p p m p p m p p m p p m p p m p p

P rop a n e 74-9 8

- 6 0

. 1

- 8 0 S imp l e A s p h y xi a n t 1 0 0 0 N E 2 1 0 0 N I O S H R E L : 1 0 0 0

D F G M A K : 1 0 0 0

P r o p y l e n e 1 1 5

- 0 7

- 1 0

. 1

- 8 0 A4 (Not

Clas s i f i a

ble a s a

Human

Carcinog

en) There are no specific exposure limits for Prop y lene.

Prop y lene is a simple asph y xiant (SA). Ox y gen levels

should be maintained above 19.5%. Carcinogen:

IARC 3

I s o b u t a n e 75-2 8

- 5 0

. 1

- 5 0 T he r e a r e n o s p e c i f i c ex p o s u r e li m i t s f o r I s o b u t a n e

. I s o b u t a n e i s a s imp l e a s p h y xi a n t ( S A )

. O x y g e n l e v e l s shou l d b e ma i n t ain e d ab o v e 1 9

. 5 %

.

N E = N o t E s t ab l i s h e d S e e S e c t i o n 1 6 f o r D e f i n i t io n s o f T er m s U s e d

. N O T E : A l l W H M I S requi r e d i n f or m a t i o n i s includ e d

. I t i s l o c a t e d i n approp r i a t e s e c t i o n s b a s e d o n t h e A N S I Z 4 0 0

. 1-19 9 3 f o r m a t

. 1 4

0 H E A L T H F L A M M AB I L I T Y

R E AC T I V I T Y

O T H E R 

### N F P A R A T I N G



# R443A PRODUCT NAME: R443A

# 3. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

EMERGENCY OVERVIEW : This product is a colorless, liquefied, flammable gas with an ether-like odor. This

product poses a serious fire hazard when accidentally released. The gas may spread long distances, distant flashback

and ignition are possible. This gas mixture can also cause symptoms of oxygen deprivation (i.e. dizziness, breathing rate

increase). Contact with rapidly expanding gases may cause frostbite. Emergency responders must wear personal

protective equipment appropriate for the situation to which they are responding.

SYMPTOMS OF OVER-EXPOSURE BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE: The

most significant route of over-exposure for this product is by inhalation.

INHALATION: At high concentrations Propane, a component of this

product, can act as a narcotic. This product can cause symptoms of

oxygen deprivation (asphyxiation) when presented in high enough

concentrations to significantly lower oxygen concentration. Individuals

breathing such an atmosphere may experience symptoms which include

headaches, ringing in ears, dizziness, drowsiness, unconsciousness,

nausea, vomiting, and depression of all the senses. Under some

circumstances of over-exposure, death may occur. It should be noted

that before suffocation could occur, the lower flammability limit of

propane in air would be exceeded; possibly causing an oxygen-deficient

and explosive atmosphere. The effects associated with various levels of

oxygen are as follows:

12-16% Oxygen: Breathing and pulse ra te increased, muscular coordination

slightly disturbed.

10-14% Oxygen: Emotional upset, abnor mal fatigue, disturbed respiration.

6-10% Oxygen: Nausea and vomiting, collapse or loss of consciousness.

Below 6%: Convulsive movements, possible respiratory collapse, and

death.



### OTHER POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS: Contact with rapidly

expanding gases (which are released under high pressure) may cause

frostbite. Symptoms of frostbite include change in skin color to white or

grayish-yellow. The pain after such contact can quickly subside.

HEALTH EFFECTS OR RISKS FROM EXPOSURE: An Explanation in

Lay Terms . Over-exposure to this product may cause the following health effects:

ACUTE: This gas mixture can cause symptoms of oxygen deprivation and presents a health hazard by displacing the

oxygen in the atmosphere. Contact with rapidly expanding gases (which are released under high pressure) may cause

frostbite. Symptoms of frostbite include change in skin color to white or grayish-yellow.

CHRONIC : There are currently no known adverse health effects associated with chronic exposures to the components of

this compressed gas.



# PART II What should I do if a hazardous situation occurs?

4. FIRST-AID MEASURES

RESCUERS SHOULD NOT ATTEMPT TO RETRIEVE VICTIMS OF EXPOSURE TO THIS PRODUCT

WITHOUT ADEQUATE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT. At a minimum, Self-Contained

Breathing Apparatus Personal Protective equipment should be worn.

Remove victim(s) to fresh air, as quickly as possible. In case of eye contact which leads to irritation, immediately flush eye s

with copious amounts of water for at least 15 minutes. If not br eathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficu lt, give

oxygen. Only trained personnel should administer supplemental oxygen.

In case of frostbite, place the frostbitten part in warm water. DO NOT USE HOT WATER. If warm water is not available, or

is impractical to use, wrap the affected parts gently in blankets. Alternatively, if the fingers or hands are frostbitten, pla ce the affected area in the armpit. Encourage victim to gently exercise the affected part while being warmed. Seek immediate

medical attention. 

# HEALTH

FLAMMABILITY

REACTIVITY

PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 1

4

0

EYES RESPIRATOR Y HANDS BOD Y ( BLUE )

( RED )

( YELLOW )



### For routine industrial a pp lications HAZARDOUS MATERIAL INFORMATION

SYSTEM



## B

See

Section 8 See

Section 8

# 4. FIRST-AID MEASURES (Continued)

Victim(s) must be taken for medical attention. Rescuers should be taken for medical attention, if necessary. Take copy of

label and MSDS to physician or other health professional with victim(s).



# 5. FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURES

FLASH POINT, (method): Not determined for this product. For Propane, the main

component, the flashpoint is: -104 °C; -156 °F (Closed Cup)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE: 450 °C; 842 °F (for Propane)

FLAMMABLE LIMITS (in air by volume, %):

Lower (LEL): 2.2 for Propane

Upper (UEL): 9.5% for Propane

FIRE EXTINGUISHING MATERIALS: Extinguish fire by shutting-off the source of

the gas. Use water spray to cool fire-exposed containers, structures, and

equipment.

UNUSUAL FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: When involved in a fire, this

material may decompose and produce toxic gases including carbon monoxide and

carbon dioxide. Additionally, when involved in fire, the cylinders may rupture.

Vapors of this product can travel long distances to an ignition source and

flashback.

Explosion Sensitivity to Mechanical Impact: Not Sensitive.

Explosion Sensitivity to Static Discharge: Static discharge may cause this product to ignite explosively.

DANGER! Fires impinging (direct flame) on the outside surface of unprotected pressure storage vessels of this product

can be very dangerous. The resulting fire and explosion can result in severe equipment damage and personnel injury or

death over a large area around the vessel. For massive fires in large areas, use unmanned hose holder or monitor

nozzles; if this is not possible, withdraw from area and allow fire to burn.

SPECIAL FIRE-FIGHTING PROCEDURES: Structural fire-fi ghters must wear Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus and full

protective equipment. The best fire-fighting technique may be simply to let the burning gas escape from the pressurized

cylinder, tank car, or pipeline. Stop the leak before extinguishing fire. If the fire is extinguished before the leak is seal ed,

the still-leaking gas could explosively re-ignite without warning and cause extensive damage, injury, or fatality. In this cas e,

increase ventilation (in enclosed areas) to prevent flammable or explosive mixture formation. Evacuation may be

necessary. Refer to the North American Emergency Response Guidebook for additional information.



# 6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES

SPILL AND LEAK RESPONSE: Uncontrolled releases should be responded to by trained personnel using pre-planned

procedures. Proper protective equipment should be used. In case of a release, clear the affected area, protect people, and

respond with trained personnel. Adequate fire protection must be provided.

Minimum Personal Protective Equipment should be Level B: Fire retardant protective clothing, mechanically-resistant

gloves and Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus. Use only non-sparking tools and equipment. Locate and seal the

source of the leaking gas. Protect personnel attempting the shut-off with water-spray. Allow the gas to dissipate. Monitor

the surrounding area for Oxygen and combustible gas levels. The atmosphere must have at least 19.5 percent oxygen

before personnel can be allowed in the area without Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus. Combustible gas concentrations

must be below 10% of the LEL for Propane (LEL = 2.2) prior to entry. Attempt to close the main source valve prior to

entering the area. If this does not stop the release (or if it is not possible to reach the valve), allow the gas to release i nplace or remove it to a safe area and allow the gas to be released there.



# PART III How can I prevent hazardous situations from occurring?

7. HANDLING and STORAGE

WORK PRACTICES AND HYGIENE PRACTICES: As with all chemicals, avoid getting this product IN YOU. Do not eat or

drink while handling chemicals. Be aware of any signs of dizziness or fatigue; exposures to fatal concentrations of this

product could occur without any significant warning symptoms. All work operations should be monitored in such a way that

emergency personnel can be immediately contacted in the event of a release. Non sparking tools should be used.

STORAGE AND HANDLING PRACTICES: Cylinders should be stored in dry, well-ventilated areas away from sources of

heat. Compressed gases can present significant safety hazards. Store containers away from heavily trafficked areas and

emergency exits. Store cylinders of this gas mixture away from incompatible materials.

SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING GAS CYLINDERS: Protec t cylinders against physical damage. Store in cool,

dry, well-ventilated area, away from sources of heat, ignition and direct sunlight. Do not allow area where cylinders are

stored to exceed 51  

### C (125  

### F). Use a check valve or trap in the discharge line to prevent hazardous backflow. Cylinders

should be stored upright and be firmly secured to prevent falling or being knocked over. Cylinders can be stored in the

open, but in such cases, should be protected against extremes of weather and from the dampness of the ground to prevent

rusting. Never tamper with pressure relief devices in valves and cylinders. The following rules are applicable to situations

in which cylinders are being used : 1 4

0 HEALTH FLAMMABILITY

REA C TIVITY

OTHER 

## NFPA RATING

### Before Use: Move cylinders with a suitable hand-truck. Do not drag, slide or roll cylinders. Do not drop cylinders or permit

them to strike each other. Secure cylinders firmly. Leave the valve protection cap in-place until cylinder is ready for use.

During Use: Use designated CGA fittings and other support equipment. Do not use adapters. Do not heat cylinder by

any means to increase the discharge rate of the product from the cylinder. Use check valve or trap in discharge line to

prevent hazardous backflow into the cylinder. Do not use oils or grease on gas-handling fittings or equipment.

After Use: Close main cylinder valve. Replace valve protection cap. Mark empty cylinders “EMPTY”.

NOTE: Use only DOT or ASME code containers. Earth-ground and bond all lines and equipment associated with this

product. Close valve after each use and when empty. Cylinders must not be recharged except by or with the consent of

owner. For additional information refer to the Compressed Gas Association Pamphlet P-1, Safe Handling of Compressed

Gases in Containers . Additionally, refer to CGA Bulletin SB-2 “ Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres ”.

PROTECTIVE PRACTICES DURING MAINTENANCE OF CONTAMIN ATED EQUIPMENT: Follow practices indicated in

Section 6 (Accidental Release Measures). Make certain application equipment is locked and tagged-out safely. Purge gas

handling equipment with inert gas (i.e. nitrogen) before attempting repairs. Always use product in areas where adequate

ventilation is provided.



# 8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS - PERSONAL PROTECTION

VENTILATION AND ENGINEERING CONTROLS: Use with adequate ventilation to ensure exposure limits are maintained

below those described in Section 2 (Composition and Information on Ingredients). Local exhaust ventilation is preferred,

because it prevents dispersion of this gas mixture into the work place by eliminating it at its source. If appropriate, instal l

automatic monitoring equipment to detect the level of Oxygen. Eye wash stations/safety showers should be near areas

where this product is used or stored.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION: Maintain oxygen levels above 19.5% in the workplace. Use supplied air respiratory

protection if oxygen levels are below 19.5% or during emergency response to a release of this product. If respiratory

protection is required, follow the requirements of the Federal OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard (29 CFR 1910.134), or

equivalent State standards. 

## For additional information, the NIOSH recommended protection guidelines for Propane

are provided as follows:

NIOSH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROPANE CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR:

UP TO 2100 PPM: Supplied-air respirator operated or Self Contained Breathing Apparatus with a full facepiece.

EMERGENCY OR PLANNED ENTRY INTO UNKNOWN CONCENTRATIONS OR IDLH CONDITIONS:

Positive pressure, full-facepiece Self Contained Breathing Appar atus; or positive pressure, full-facepiece Self Contained Breat hing Apparatus

with an auxiliary positive pressure Self Contained Breathing Apparatus.

ESCAPE:

Escape-type Self Contained Breathing Apparatus.



### EYE PROTECTION: Splash goggles, face-shields or safety glasses.

HAND PROTECTION: Wear mechanically-resistant gloves when handling cylinders of this product. Wear chemicallyresistant gloves when using this gas mixture. Butyl rubber, chlorinated polyethylene, neoprene nitrile, and polyvinyl rubber

are recommended.

BODY PROTECTION: Use body protection appropriate for task.



# 9. PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

The following information is for Propane, the main component of this product:

VAPOR DENSITY: 1.868 kg/m 3 

### pH: Not applicable.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY (air =1): 1.550 FREEZING POINT: -187.70  

### C (-305.9  

### F)

SOLUBILITY IN WATER: Very slight. BOILING POINT(°F @ 1 atm.): (-43.7  

### F) -42  

### C

EVAPORATION RATE (nBuAc = 1): Not applicable. EXPANSION RATIO: Not available.

ODOR THRESHOLD: 22,000-36,000 mg/m 3 

### VAPOR PRESSURE (psia): 123.7

COEFFICIENT WATER/OIL DISTRIBUTION: 2.36 SPECIFIC VOLUME (ft 3 

### /lb): 8.7

APPEARANCE AND COLOR: This product is a colorless gas with a natural gas smell.

HOW TO DETECT THIS SUBSTANCE (warning properties): T here are no distinct warning properties. In terms of leak

detection, fittings and joints can be painted with a soap solution to detect leaks, which will be indicated by a bubble

formation.



# 10. STABILITY and REACTIVITY

STABILITY: Normally stable in gaseous state.

DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS: When ignited in the presence of oxygen, this gas will burn to produce carbon monoxide

and carbon dioxide.

MATERIALS WITH WHICH SUBSTANCE IS INCOMPATIBLE. This product is not compatible with strong oxidizers.

HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION: Will not occur.

### CONDITIONS TO AVOID: Contact with incompatible materials and exposure to heat, sparks and other sources of ignition.

Cylinders exposed to high temperatures or direct flame can rupture or burst.



# PART III How can I prevent hazardous situations from occurring?

11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION

TOXICITY DATA: The following toxicology data are for the components of this gas mixture present at a level greater than 1

mole %:

SUSPECTED CANCER AGENT: None of the components of this gas mixture are found on the following lists: FEDERAL

OSHA Z LIST, NTP, CAL/OSHA, IARC, and are therefore not considered to be, nor suspected to be, cancer-causing

agents by these agencies.

IRRITANCY OF PRODUCT: Contact with rapidly expanding gases can cause frostbite and damage to exposed skin and

eyes.

SENSITIZATION OF PRODUCT: Propylene, Propane, and i-But ane (components of this product) are not known to cause

sensitization in humans; however, some animals studies indicate that exposure to these gases can cause weak cardiac

sensitization.

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY INFORMATION: Listed below is information concerning the effects of this product and its

components on the human reproductive system.

Mutagenicity: This product is not reported to cause mutagenic effects in humans.

Embryotoxicity: This product is not reported to cause embryotoxic effects in humans.

Teratogenicity: This product is not reported to cause teratogenic effects in humans.

Reproductive Toxicity: This product is not reported to cause adverse reproductive effects in humans.

A mutagen is a chemical which causes permanent changes to genetic material (DNA) such that the changes will propagate

through generation lines. An embryotoxin is a chemical which causes damage to a developing embryo (i.e. within the first

eight weeks of pregnancy in humans), but the damage does not propagate across generational lines. A teratogen is a

chemical which causes damage to a developing fetus, but the damage does not propagate across generational lines. A

reproductive toxin is any substance which interferes in any way with the reproductive process.

MEDICAL CONDITIONS AGGRAVATED BY EXPOSURE: Acute or ch ronic respiratory conditions may be aggravated by

over-exposure to the components of this product.

RECOMMENDATIONS TO PHYSICIANS: Administer oxygen, if necessary; treat symptoms eliminate exposure.

BIOLOGICAL EXPOSURE INDICES: Currently, there are no Biol ogical Exposure Indices (BEIs) associated with the

components of this product.



# 12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION

ENVIRONMENTAL STABILITY: This gas will be dissipated rapi dly in well-ventilated areas. The components of the gas

mixture are stable in the environment.

EFFECT OF MATERIAL ON PLANTS or ANIMALS: Any adverse effect on animals would be related to oxygen deficient

environments, as a well as respiratory system damage. Frost-produced in the presence of rapidly expanding gases may

adversely affect plant life.

EFFECT OF CHEMICAL ON AQUATIC LIFE: No evidence is current ly available on this product’s effects on aquatic life.

However, all work practices should be aimed at eliminating contamination of aquatic environments with this product.



# 13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS

PREPARING WASTES FOR DISPOSAL: Waste disposal must be in accordance with appropriate Federal, State, and local

regulations. Return cylinders with residual product to MESA. Do not dispose of locally.



# 14. TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION

### T HIS MA T E RIAL IS HA Z A RDOUS AS DE F I NED BY 49 C F R 172.101 BY T HE U.S. DEPAR T M EN T O F

T RANSPOR T A T ION.

PROPER SHIPPING NAME: Hydrocarbon gas mixture n.o.s. (Propane, Propylene)

HAZARD CLASS NUMBER and DESCRIPTION: 2.1 (Flammable Gas)

UN IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: UN 1965

PACKING GROUP: Not applicable

DO T LABEL(S) REQUIRED: F l ammable Gas

N O R T H A M E R I C A N E M E R GE NC Y R ESPO N SE G U I D EBOOK NUM BE R (1996) : 115

MAR I NE P O LLU T AN T: T he componen t s o f t his gas mi x t ure are no t classi f ied by t he D OT as Marine Pollu t an t s (as de f ined

by 49 C F R 172

. 101

, Appendi x B)

.

T RA N SPO R T C A N A D A, T RA N SPO R TATIO N OF D A N GE R O U S GOO D S R EG UL ATIO N S: T H IS M ATE R IA L IS

CONSIDERED AS DANGEROUS GOODS. Use the above information for the preparation of Canadian Shipments

.



# 15

. R EG U L A TO R Y I N FO RMA TIO N

SARA REPORTING REQUIREMENTS: The components of this gas mi x ture are subject to the reporting requirements of

Sec t ions 302

, 304 and 313 o f T i t le III o f t he Super f und Amendmen t s and Reau t horiza t ion Ac t., as f ollo w s :

COMPONEN T SARA 302 SARA 304 SARA 313

O N O N O N e n e l y p o r P

O N O N O N e n a t u B

- o s I

S E Y O N O N e n a p o r P



### OTHER FEDERAL REGULATIONS: Propylene, Isobutane and Propane are subject to the reporting requirements of

S e ct ion 112(r) o f t he Clean A ir A c t. T he T hre s hold Q uan t i t y f or ea c h o f t hese ga s es is 10

, 000 pounds

. Depending on

s peci f ic opera t ions in v olving t he use o f t his produc t, t he regula t ions o f t he P roces s S a f e t y Managemen t o f Highly

Ha z ardou s Chemi c al s ma y be appli c able (29 C F R 1910

. 119)

. T hi s regula t ion is per t inen t w hen t he t o t al amoun t o f

f lammable ga s on s i t e is abo v e 10

, 000 lb s.

STATE REGULATORY INFORMATION: The components of this gas mi x t ure are covered under spe c i f ic St a t e regula t ion s,

a s deno t ed belo w :

A l aska

- Designated Toxic and

Hazardous Substances: Methane,

Propane, Butane, Ethane

. California

- Permissible Exposure

Limits for Chemical Contaminants:

Methane, Propane, Butane, Ethane

. Florida

- Substance List: None

. Illinois

- Toxic Substance List:

Methane, Butane, Ethane.

Kansas

- Section 302/313 List: Ethane.

Massachusetts

- Substance List:

Methane, Propane, Butane,

I s obut a n e

. Minn es ot a

- Li s t of Ha z a r dou s

Substances: Methane, Propane,

Butane, Ethane

. Missouri

- Emplo y er Information/Toxic

Substance List: Methane, Propane,

Butane, Ethane

. Ne w Jerse y

- Right to Kno w Ha z a rdous

Substance List: Methane, Propane,

Butane, Ethane, Isobutane

. N o rt h Dak o ta

- Li st o f Ha z a r dou s

Chemicals, Reportable Quantities:

None

. Penns y l v a nia

- Ha z a rdous Substance

List: Methane, Propane, Butane,

Ethane 2-Meth y l -Propane

. Rhode Island

- Ha z a rdous Substance

List: Methane, Propane, Butane,

Ethane

. Texas

- Hazardous Substance List:

Propane

. W est Virginia

- Ha z a rdous Substance

List: Propane

. W i sc on s in

- To x i c a nd Ha z a r dou s

Substances: Propane

.



### CALIFORNIA PROPOSITION 65: No component of this product is on the California Proposition 65 lists.

L ABE L I N G ( F or Compressed G a s ) :

DANGER : FLAMMABLE LIQUID AND GAS UNDER PRESSURE.

CAN F O RM EXPLOSIVE MIX T URES WI T H AIR.

MAY CAUSE F ROS T B I T E.

K eep a w a y fr o m hea t, f la m e s, and s pa rks.

S t ore and use w i t h adequa t e ven t ila t ion

. C y linde r t e m pe r a t u r e s hould no t e x c eed 125 F (52 C )

. Do not get liquid in eyes, on skin or clothing.

Clo s e val v e a ft er ea c h u s e and w hen emp ty.

U s e in ac c ordan c e w i t h t he Ma t erial S a f e ty Da t a S hee t.

FIR S T-AI D : IF INHALE D

, remo v e t o f resh air

. If no t brea t hing

, gi v e ar t i f i c ial re s pira t ion

. If brea t hing is

difficult, give o x ygen. Call a physician.

DO NOT REMOVE THIS PRODUCT LABEL.

TARGET ORGANS: Respiratory system.

WHMIS SYMBOLS : 

## A : Compressed Ga s

B- 1 : F la mm able G a s

# S M R E T F O S N O I T I N I F E D

A larg e numbe r o f abbre v ia t ion s an d acro n y m s appea r o n a M S D S

. S ome o f t he s e w hi c h are common l y u s ed include t he f oll o w i n g :

C A S # : T h i s i s t h e Ch e m i c a l A b s t r a c t S e r v i c e N u m b e r w h i c h

unique l y ide n t i f i e s e a c h c o n s t i t ue n t

. I t i s use d f o r compu t er-rela t e d

sea r c hin g

.

EX P O S UR E LI M ITS I N A I R :

A C G I H

- A meri c a n Con f erenc e o f G o v ernmen t a l I ndus t ria l

H y gieni sts

, a pro f essiona l as s o c i a t io n w hi c h e s t abl i s he s e x posur e

limi t s

. TL V

- T h re s hol d L i m i t V a l u e

- a n airborn e con c en t ra t io n o f a

s u b s t a n c e w h i c h r e p r e s e n t s c ond i t i o n s und e r w h i c h i t i s gen e r al l y

belie v e d t ha t near l y al l w or k er s m a y b e repea t ed l y expo s e d w i t hou t

advers e e ff e ct

. T h e dura t io n m u s t b e con s idere d

, includin g t h e 8

-

ho u r Ti m e W e igh te d A v era g e ( T W A

)

, t h e 15-minu t e Sho r t T er m

E x po s u r e Li m i t

, an d t h e in st an t aneou s Ce ilin g L e v e l

. S ki n

adsor p t ion e f f e ct s mu s t al s o be c onsidere d

. O S H A

- U .S. Occ upa t ional S a f e t

y and Heal t h A dmini st ra t ion

. PE L

- P erm i ss ibl e E x po s u r e Li m i t

- t hi s expo s ur e valu e mean s

exa ct l y t h e s am e a s a T L V

, excep t t ha t i t i s en f orceabl e b y OS H A.

T h e OS H A P ermis s ibl e Ex po s u r e Limi t s ar e base d i n t h e 198 9

PE L s an d t h e J une

, 199 3 A i r Con t aminan t s Rul e ( F edera l Regis t er :

58 : 35338-3535 1 an d 58 : 40191)

. B o t h t h e curren t PE L s an d t h e

vaca t e d PE L s ar e indi c a t ed

. T h e phra s e

, “ V aca t e d 198 9 PE L”

, i s

pla c ed nex t t o t he PE L w hi c h w as vaca t ed b y Cour t O rder

. I D L H

- I mm e d i a t e l y D a n g e r o u s t o Li f e a n d He a l t h le v e l

represen t s a c oncen t ra t io n f ro m w hi c h on e c a n escap e w i t hi n 3 0

-

minu t e s w i t hou t s u ff erin g escape-pre v en t in g o r permanen t inju r y

. Th e D F G

- M A K i s t h e Republi c o f G erma n y ’ s Maximu m Ex posur e

Leve l

, s imila r t o t h e U

. S

. PE L

. N IO S H i s t h e N a t iona l I n s t i t u t e o f

O c c up a t iona l S a f e t y an d Hea l t h

, w h i c h i s t h e re s earc h ar m o f t h e

U

. S

. O c cupa t ion a l S a f e t y an d H ea l t h A d m in i s t r a t io n ( O S H A )

. N IOS H i ss ue s e x po s u r e guideline s calle d R ecommend e d E x posu r e

L e v el s ( R E L s )

. W he n n o expo s ur e gui d e lin e s a r e e s t abl i s he d

, a n

en t r y o f N E is made f or re f eren c e

.

F L A M M A B ILI T Y L I M I T S I N A I R :

Muc h o f t h e in f orma t io n rela t e d t o f ir e an d explo s io n i s derive d f ro m

t h e N a t ion a l F i r e P ro t ec t i o n A s s ocia t io n ( N F P A )

. L E L

- t h e l o w es t

per c en t o f v apo r i n air

, b y volume

, t ha t w il l e x plod e o r igni t e i n t h e

pre s en c e o f a n igni t io n source

. U E L

- t h e highes t per c en t o f vapo r i n

air

, b y v olume

, t ha t w il l e x plod e o r igni t e i n t h e pre s en c e o f a n

ign i t ion s o u r c e

. TOXI C OLOGI C A L I N FO R M A TIO N :

P os s ibl e heal t h ha z ard s a s d e r ive d f ro m huma n d a t a

, anima l

s t udie s

, o r f ro m t h e resu l t s o f s t udie s w i t h simila r compound s ar e

pre s e n t e d

. D e f in i t ion s o f som e t e rm s u s e d i n t h i s s e c t ion a r e : L D 5 0 -

Le t ha l Dos e ( s olid s & liquid s ) w h ic h k ill s 5 0 % o f t h e e x po s e d

animal s ; L C 5 0 - Le t ha l Con c en t r a t io n ( ga s e s ) w h ic h k ill s 5 0 % o f t h e

expose d animals ; p p m concen t ra t io n expres s e d i n par t s o f ma t eria l

p e r m illio n p a r t s o f a i r o r w a t e r ; m g / m 3 concen t ra t io n e x pre s se d i n

w eig h t o f sub s t anc e pe r volum e o f ai r ; m g / k g quan t i t y o f ma t erial

, b y w eig h t

, admini s t ere d t o a t e s t subjec t

, based on t heir bo d y w eigh t

i n k g

. D a t a f ro m se v era l source s ar e use d t o evalu a t e t h e c ance r

causin g p o t e n t ia l o f t h e m a t eria l

. T h e source s ar e : I A R C

- t h e

I n t erna t iona l A gen c y f o r Researc h o n Cancer ; N T P

- t h e Na t iona l

T oxicolo g y P rogram

, R TE C S

- t h e Regi st r y o f T oxi c Eff e ct s o f

Chemica l S ub st ance s

, O S H A an d C A L/OS H A

. IA R C an d N T P ra t e

c hemi c al s o n a s cal e o f decreasin g po t en t ia l t o caus e huma n

cance r w i t h ran k ing s f ro m 1 t o 4

. S ubran k ing s (2 A

, 2 B

, e tc. ) ar e

al s o use d

. O t he r measure s o f t oxic i t y in c lud e T D L o

, t h e l o w e s t dos e

t o caus e a s y m p t o m an d T C L o t h e l o w e s t conce n t r a t io n t o c aus e a

s y mp t om ; T D o

, L D L o

, an d L D o

, o r T C

, T C o

, L C L o

, an d L C o

, t h e

l o w es t dos e (o r concen t ra t ion ) t o caus e dea t h

. B E I

- B iologica l

Ex posur e I ndices

, repre s en t t h e l e v e l s o f d e t e r m ina n t s w h i c h a r e

m o s t l i k e l y t o b e o b s e r v e d i n s p e c i m e n s c oll e c t e d f r o m a hea l t h y

w orke r w h o ha s bee n expose d t o chem i c al s t o t h e sam e e xt en t a s a

w orker w i t h inhala t ion e x posure t o t he T L V

.

R EG U L A TO R Y I N FO R M A T IO N :

T h i s s e c t io n e x plai n s t h e i m p a c t o f variou s l a w s an d regula t ion s o n

t h e ma t eria l

. E P A i s t h e U .S

. E nvironme n t a l P r o t e c t io n A gen c y

. W HM I S i s t h e Canadia n W orkpl a c e Hazardou s M a t erial s

I n f

orm a t io n S y s t e m

. D O T an d T C a r e t h e U .S

. Dep a r t m e n t o f

T r a n s p o r t a t io n an d T r a n s p o r t Canad a

, respe c t ive l y

. T he s e ar e :

Su p er f un d A m e n d m e n t s a n d Re a u t h o r i z a t io n A c t ( S A R A

) ; t h e

To x i c Sub sta n c e C on tr o l A c t ( TS C A ) ; Marin e P oll u t a n t s t a t u s

ac c ordin g t o t h e D O T ; Cali f ornia ' s S a f e Drinkin g W a t e r A c t

( P r opo s i t io n 6 5 ) ; t h e C o m p re h e n s i v e E n v i r on me n ta l Res pon se

, C o m p e n s a t ion

, a n d L i a bili t y A c t ( C E R C L A o r Su p e r f un d ) ; an d

v ariou s st a t e regula t ion s

. T hi s s e ct io n al s o in c lude s in f orma t io n o n

t h e pre c au t iona r y w arning s w h i c h appea r o n t h e ma t erial s pa c kag e

labe l

.

T h e in f orma t io n c on t aine d herei n i s b a s e d o n d a t a c o n s idere d a c c u r a t e

. H o w e v e r

, n o w a rran t y i s e x pres s e d o r implie d regardin g t h e a c cura c y o f t he s e da t a o r

t h e resul t s t o b e ob t aine d f ro m t h e u s e t hereo f

. C o m S ta r a s sume s n o re s ponsibili t y f o r i n ju r y t o t h e v ende e o r t hir d person s pr o x ima t e l y cau s e d b y t h e ma t eria l i f

rea s onabl e s a f e t y pro c edure s ar e no t adhere d t o a s st ipula t e d i n t h e da t a shee t

. A dd i t ional l y

, Com St a r a s sum e s n o r e s pon s ibil i t y f o r inju r y t o v e nde e o r t hir d

per s on s pr o x ima t e l y c ause d b y abnorma l u s e o f t h e ma t eria l e v e n i f reasonabl e sa f e t y procedure s ar e f oll o w ed

. F ur t hermore

, v e n de e a s sume s t h e ris k i n hi s

u s e o f t h e m a t e r ia l

.