By order of the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel, the precedential effect

of this decision is limited to the case and parties pursuant to 6th

Cir. BAP LBR 8013-1(b). See also 6th Cir. BAP LBR 8010-1(c)).

File Name: 07b0017n.06

BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL OF THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

In re: DIANN COLBERT

Debtor.

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DIANN COLBERT, 

Appellant,

v.

RICHARD A. BAUMGART, 

Appellee.

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No. 06-8046

Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court

for the Northern District of Ohio, Eastern Division, at Cleveland.

No. 05-93234.

Argued: February 7, 2007

Decided and Filed: December 20, 2007

Before: LATTA, PARSONS, and SCOTT, Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judges.

____________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Robert M. Stefancin, SCHOTTENSTEIN, ZOX & DUNN, Cleveland, Ohio, for

Appellant. Richard A. Baumgart, DETTELBACH, SICHERMAN & BAUMGART, Cleveland,

Ohio, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Robert M. Stefancin, M. Collette Gibbons, Taylor M. Wesley,

SCHOTTENSTEIN, ZOX & DUNN, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant. Richard A. Baumgart, Lisa

A. Vardzel, DETTELBACH, SICHERMAN & BAUMGART, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee.
Page 2 of 8

____________________

OPINION

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JENNIE D. LATTA, Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judge. Diann Colbert (“Debtor”) appeals

an order of the bankruptcy court sustaining the Trustee’s objection to the Debtor’s claimed

exemption of the Earned Income Tax Credit (“EITC”) as “personal earnings.”

I. ISSUE ON APPEAL

The issue raised by this appeal is whether the EITC is exempt under Ohio Revised Code

§ 2329.66(A)(13).

II. JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

The Sixth Circuit Bankruptcy Appellate Panel has jurisdiction to decide this appeal. The

United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio has authorized appeals to the

Bankruptcy Appellate Panel. A final order of a bankruptcy court may be appealed by right under 28

U.S.C. § 158(a)(1). An order is final if it “ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for

the court to do but execute the judgment.” Midland Asphalt Corp. v. United States, 489 U.S. 794,

798, 109 S. Ct. 1484, 1497 (1989) (citations omitted). An order on an objection to a debtor’s claim

of exemption is a final order for purposes of appeal. Wicheff v. Baumgart (In re Wicheff), 215 B.R.

839, 840 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 1998).

The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel reviews conclusions of law de novo. Caradon Doors &

Windows, Inc. v. Eagle-Picher Indus., Inc. (In re Eagle-Picher Indus., Inc.), 447 F.3d 461 (6th Cir.

2006); Meoli v. Citicorp Trust Bank (In re Oswalt), 444 F.3d 524 (6th Cir. 2006). A bankruptcy

court’s application or interpretation of state law is a conclusion of law. See Van Aken v. Van Aken

(In re Van Aken), 320 B.R. 620, 623 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2005). Interpretation of a state’s exemption
Page 3 of 8

statute involves a question of law and is reviewed de novo. Hamo v. Wilson (In re Hamo), 233 B.R.

718, 721 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 1999).

De novo review requires the “appellate court [to determine] the law independently of the trial

court’s determination.” O’Brien v. Ravenswood Apartments, Ltd. (In re Ravenswood Apartments,

Ltd.), 338 B.R. 307, 310 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2006) (citing Treinish v. Norwest Bank Minn., N.A. (In re

Periandri), 266 B.R. 651, 653 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2001)). Essentially, the reviewing court decides the

issue as if it had not been heard before. Mktg. & Creative Solutions, Inc. v. Scripps Howard Broad.

Co. (In re Mktg. & Creative Solutions, Inc.), 338 B.R. 300, 302 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2006). No deference

is given to the trial court’s conclusions of law. Id. at 302.

III. FACTS

The Debtor, Diann Colbert, is the single mother of two minor children. In 2005, Ms. Colbert

was employed as a home health care aide earning less than $7,000. Ms. Colbert had no other source

of income in that year and received no child support. She is the sole wage earner for her family. In

June of 2005, the Debtor’s car was repossessed when she was unable to make car payments. She

also was unable to pay delinquent utility and medical bills, and thus sought the assistance of the

Legal Aid Society of Cleveland. She was referred to counsel who assisted her in filing a voluntary

petition for relief under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code on October 14, 2005. Richard A

Baumgart was appointed Chapter 7 trustee (“Trustee”). 

On January 24, 2006, Ms. Colbert filed her 2005 federal and state income tax returns,

providing copies to the Trustee. The federal tax return showed no tax withheld or due as the result

of the Debtor’s meager earnings, and was filed in order for Ms. Colbert to claim the Earned Income

Tax Credit. As the result of filing her state and federal returns, she received a state income tax

refund of $70 and an EITC in the amount of $2,750.

On May 17, 2006, the Trustee filed a motion seeking the turnover of a portion of the funds

received by Ms. Colbert, allocating the EITC into pre and post-petition portions. The Trustee
Page 4 of 8

indicated that the Debtor had failed to identify these funds as exempt property. Ms. Colbert

responded by filing an amendment to her Schedule C asserting that her EITC was exempt property

under Ohio Revised Code §§ 2329.66(A)(4)(a) (exempting tax refunds and wages up to $400),

2329.66(A)(11) (exempting a person’s “right to receive spousal support, child support, an allowance,

or other maintenance to the extent reasonably necessary for the support of the person or any of the

person’s dependents”), and 2329.66(A)(13) (exempting “personal earnings owed to a person for

services in an amount equal to the greater of [certain amounts]”). The Trustee conceded that a

certain portion of the EITC could be claimed as exempt pursuant to § 2329(A)(4)(a), but objected

that the EITC did not represent support for purposes of § 2329.66(A)(11) or personal earnings for

purposes of § 2329.66(A)(13). After conducting hearings, the bankruptcy court agreed, denying the

claims of exemption pursuant to §§ 2329.66(A)(11) and (A)(13), and ordered the Debtor to turn over

$1,432.80 to the Trustee. The Debtor filed a timely notice of appeal, but has abandoned her

argument pursuant to § 2329.66(A)(11). This appeal raises the sole issue of whether the EITC may

be exempted as “personal earnings owed to the person for services” pursuant to Ohio Revised Code

§ 2329.66(A)(13).

IV. DISCUSSION

As an initial matter, the Debtor’s claim of exemption enjoys a presumption of validity. The

burden rests with the Trustee to show that the Debtor’s claim of exemption is not justified.

Moreover, Ohio courts follow the general principle that exemption statutes should be liberally

construed in favor of the debtor wherever possible. Daugherty v. Cent. Trust Co., 504 N.E.2d 1100,

1104 (Ohio 1986); Dennis v. Smith, 180 N.E. 638, 640 (Ohio 1932). When two possible

interpretations of an exemption provision exist, the courtshould adopt the interpretation that is most

favorable to the debtor. In re Lewis, 327 B.R. 645, 648 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio 2005). 

Ohio is an “opt out” state for purposes of the Bankruptcy Code. See 11 U.S.C. § 522(b)(1),

and Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2329.662. This means that an Ohio debtor may only claim property
Page 5 of 8

exempt from her bankruptcy estate pursuant to Ohio law. The Ohio Supreme Court has not decided

the issue raised in this appeal. Therefore, this Panel must attempt to predict what that court would

do if confronted with the same question. Baumgart v. Alam (In re Alam), 359 B.R. 142, 147 (B.A.P.

6th Cir. 2006).

Ohio Revised Code § 2329.66(A)(13) provides in pertinent part:

(A) Every person who is domiciled in this state may hold property

exempt from execution, garnishment, attachment or sale to satisfy a

judgment or order, as follows:

. . . .

(13) Except as otherwise provided in sections 3119.80,

3119.81, 3121.01, 3121.03, and 3123.06 of the Revised Code,

personal earnings of the person owed to the person for

services in an amount equal to the greater of the following

amounts:

(a) If paid weekly, thirty times the current federal

minimum hourly wage; if paid biweekly, sixty times

the current federal minimum hourly wage . . . ; 

(b) Seventy-five percent of the disposable earnings

owed to the person.

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2329.66(A)(13). The Ohio courts have not defined “personal earnings” for

purposes of thissection, but have done so with respect to a related statute concerning garnishments,

section 2716.01, where “personal earnings” is defined as “money or any other consideration or thing

of value, that is paid or due to a person in exchange for work, labor, or personal services provided

by the person to an employer.”

The Debtor argues that her EITC was incorrectly denominated or equated with a tax refund

by the bankruptcy court even though she paid no income taxes. The Debtor further argues that the

EITC is a wage supplement that is provided to low income wage earners to provide them an

incentive to work rather than receive public assistance. The Debtor argues that the EITC is precisely

the type of property that the Ohio legislature intended to shield from the reach of creditors in order

to provide persons a minimal standard of living. 
Page 6 of 8

Similar arguments were made by the petitioner in a case decided by the United States

Supreme Court concerning the EITC. In Sorenson v. Sec’y of the Treasury, 475 U.S. 851, 106 S. Ct.

1600 (1986), the Court determined that the EITC might be intercepted for payment of delinquent

child support in the same manner as refunds of taxes. 

Congress created the EITC in 1975, “to reduce the disincentive to work caused by the

imposition of Social Security taxes on earned income . . . to stimulate the economy by funneling

funds to persons likely to spend the money immediately and to provide relief for low-income

families hurt by rising food and energy prices.” Id. at 864 (citing S. Rep. No. 94-36, pp. 11, 33

(1975); H.R. Rep. No. 94-19, pp. 3-4, 39-31 (1975)). The EITC is a credit against federal income

tax otherwise owed calculated as a percentage of income up to a phase out amount. See 26 U.S.C.

§ 32(a)(1). Unlike other tax credits, however, “the EITC is ‘refundable,’ which means that ‘if the

amount of the credit exceeds the taxpayer’s Federal income tax liability, the excess is payable to the

taxpayer as a direct transfer payment.’” Jennifer E. Spreng, When “Welfare” Becomes “Work

Support”: Exempting Earned Income Tax Credit Payments in Consumer Bankruptcy, 78 Am.

Bankr. L.J. 279, 281 (2004) (quoting Staff of House Ways and Means Comm., 108th Cong.,

Background Material and Data on Programs Within the Jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and

Means 13-36 (Comm. Print 2004)). Further, wage earners may elect to receive advance payments

of their credit with their regular paychecks. See 26 U.S.C. § 3507. For a person with two qualifying

children and annual earned income less than $8,890, such as the Debtor, the credit is equal to forty

percent of her earned income. See 26 U.S.C. § 32(b)(1) and (2). That is, the wages of these workers

are supplemented by forty percent. In the Debtor’s case, her gross income of $6,894 was

supplemented by an EITC in the amount of $2,750, bringing her annual income to $9,644. The EITC

thus represented roughly 29% of her annual income. 

Congress and the courts have struggled with how to conceptualize the EITC. From the

perspective of the Internal Revenue Service, it is treated as a refund of tax. From the perspective of
Page 7 of 8

the overall public welfare system, it has come to replace previous direct public assistance benefits.

But from the perspective of qualified, working individuals, it functions as a wage supplement. 

The Trustee argues that the EITC “is not a payment owed to the Debtor for services

performed and thus, is not exempt under [Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2329.66(A)(13)].” (Appellee Br.

4.) His primary argument relies upon the “plain meaning” of the statute – “the Debtor’s entitlement

to the Tax Refund was [not] the result of services performed by the Debtor.” (Appellee Br. 5.) The

Trustee further argues that the EITC is a tax refund and thus not personal earnings, as if it must be

one or the other. The outcome of this case does not turn on whether the EITC is a tax refund,

however. 

Exemptions are to be liberally construed in favor of the debtor. The task of the Panel is to

determine whether the Ohio statute is capable of being read so as to include the EITC. The Debtor

is correct in saying that unless she had performed services for her employer, she would not have been

entitled to the EITC. This does not mean, however, that the EITC is personal earnings within the

meaning of the Ohio statute. Although it could be said that the Debtor became entitled to the EITC

as the result of services she performed for her employer, we cannot say that she earned the EITC.

A worker earns his wages by his labor, pursuant to a contract between the worker and his employer

by which the worker offers his services in exchange for his wages. In no sense can we say that the

EITC is given in exchange for labor. This reading is consistent with Ohio Revised Code § 2716.01,

which, as noted previously, defines “personal earnings” for purposes of garnishment as “money or

any other consideration or thing of value, that is paid or due to a person in exchange for work, labor,

or personal services provided by the person to an employer.” (Emphasis added). Moreover, this

reading is consistent with the language which follows the words “personal earnings” in Ohio Revised

Code § 2329.66(A)(13), “owed to the person for services.”

The Panel’s interpretation, along with that of the bankruptcy court, is supported by a decision

of the bankruptcy court in the Southern District of Ohio. See In re Minton, 348 B.R. 467, 472

(Bankr. S.D. Ohio 2006). It is also in line with decisions of the Tenth Circuit Bankruptcy Appellate
Page 8 of 8

Panel construing similar exemption provisions under Wyoming and Oklahoma law. See In re

Trudeau, 237 B.R. 803, 806 (B.A.P. 10th Cir. 1999) (panel concluding that EITC is not “earnings”

under Wyoming exemption statute); In re Dickerson, 227 B.R. 742, 746 (B.A.P. 10th Cir. 1998)

(panel concluding that EITC is not “earnings from personal services” under Oklahoma exemption

statute).

The Debtor argues that the EITC is a wage supplement and thus should be considered as

personal earnings for purposes of section 2329.66(A)(13). The Debtor makes a compelling argument

that the EITC should be exempt under the state’s exemption statutes because of the important public

function that it serves. The Debtor does not offer a compelling argument that the EITC is exempt

under present law, however. In this instance, the Debtor asks that the Panel treat the EITC as if it

were earnings. Unfortunately, this is a policy argument intended to bring a result that is reserved to

the legislature. 

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Panel concludes that read in the light most favorable to the

Debtor, Ohio Revised Code § 2329.66(A)(13) is not capable of the reading urged by the Debtor. The

EITC is not exempt pursuant to that section because it does not constitute “personal earnings owed

to the person for services.” The decision of the bankruptcy court is AFFIRMED.