In th e S u p re m e Co u rt o f Ge o rg ia

De c id e d : No ve m

b e r 2 4 , 2 0 1 4

S 1 4 A0 9 3 5 . DRAKE v . THE S T A TE.

HUNS T EIN, Ju stic e

.

Ap p e lla n t Ja m e re Dra k e w a s c o n v ic te d o f fe lo n y m u rd e r a n d re la te d

o ffe n se s in c o n n e c tio n with th e No v e m be r 2 0 1 1 sh o o tin g d e a th o f Ja m e s Wo o d s

in d o wn to wn S a v a n n a h

. D r a k e no w a pp e a ls, c o nte n d in g th a t th e tria l c o urt

e rre d in a dm ittin g h is sta te m e n ts to p o lic e

, w h ic h h e a lle g e s we r e o b ta in e d

th ro u g h th e u s e o f im

pro p e r in te rro g a tio n te c h n iq u e s an d in vio la tio n o f

Mira n d a v

. Ariz o n a

, 38 4 U. S

. 4 3 6 (8 6 S Ct 1 6 0 2

, 1 6 LE2 d 6 9 4 ) (1 9 6 6). F in d in g

n o e rro r, we a ffirm

. 1

1 In Feb ru ary 2 0 1 2, a Ch at h am C o u n t y g ran d ju ry i n d i ct ed Drak e an d co

i n d i ct ee Jerem y

Sm i th fo r m al i ce m

u rd er, fel o n y

m u rd er, at t em

p t ed arm ed ro b b ery

,

an d t wo co u n t s o f p o ss es s i o n o f a fi rearm d u ri n g t he co m m i s s i o n o f a cri m e. At t h e

co n cl u s i o n o f a j u ry t ri al hel d Oct o b er 2 4-2 6

, 2 0 1 2

, Drak e was acq u it t ed o f t h e m al i ce

m u rd er ch arg e b u t co n v i ct ed o n al l o t h er co u n t s

. Sm i th h ad p rev io u sl y en t ered i n to

a p l ea ag reem en t

. T h e t ri al co u rt s en t en ced D rak e t o l i fe i m p ri s o n m e n t f

o r fel o ny

m u rd er p l u s a co ns e cu t iv e fi v e-y ear t erm fo r fi rearm p o s s es s i o n an d m erg ed t h e

re m a i n i n g co u n t s

. Drak e fi l ed a m o t i o n fo r n ew t ri al o n No v em b er 9

, 2 01 2

, wh i ch

h e am en d ed o n M arch 2 1

, 20 1 3

. Fo l l o wi ng a h eari n g i n Decem b e r 2 0 1 3

, t h e t ri al

co u rt d en i ed t h e n ew t ri al m o t i o n o n J a n u a r y 2 8

, 2 0 14

. Drak e fi l ed hi s n o t i ce o f

ap p eal on Feb ru a r y 1 1

, 2 0 1 4. Th e ap p eal was d o ck et ed t o t h e Ap ri l t erm o f t h i sVie we d in th e lig h t m o st fa vo ra b le to th e ju ry ’s v e rd ic t, t h e e v i d e n c e

a d d u c e d a t tria l e sta b lish e d a s fo llo ws. In th e e a rly m o rn in g h o u rs o f No v e m b e r

1 9

, 2 0 11

, Ja m e s W o o ds, a ta x i c a b d riv e r, wa s sh o t fro m b e h in d a n d k ille d in th e

d riv e r se a t o f h is c a

b

. A witn e ss te sti fie d th a t, o n th e n ig h t in q u e stio n

, sh e

re tu rn e d to h e r h o m e a fte r m id n ig h t a n d n o tic e d a ta x i c a b p a r k e d ac r o s s th e

stre e t. A fte r g o in g in sid e

, sh e h e a rd g un sh o ts o utsid e a n d sa w th e c a b ro ll d o wn

th e stre e t a n d c ra sh in to a fe n c e

. Th e witn e ss th e n sa w a m a n o n th e p a sse n g e r

sid e o f th e c a r wh o a

p p e a re d to b e se a rc h in g th ro u g h th e fro n t se a t o f th e c a b

.

An o th e r v e h ic le th e n a

pp ro a c h e d, a

p p a re n tly sta rtlin g th e p e rso n

, wh o ra n fro m

th e sc e n e . Th e witn e ss c a lle d th e p o lic e

.

S a v a n n a h -Ch a th a m Co u n ty p o lic e a rriv e d a t th e sc e n e

, wh e re th e y fo u n d

th e d y in g v ic tim

, wh o m th e y we re u n a b le to re viv e

. In v e stig a to rs imm e d ia te ly

c o n ta c te d th e ta x i c a

b c o m p a n y to o b ta in th e v ic tim ’s id e n tity a n d in fo rm a tio n

a b o u t h is fin a l fa re

. Ce ll p h o n e re c o rd s o b ta in e d o n a n e x ig e n t b a sis re fle c te d

th a t th e ph o n e c a ll re q u e stin g th a t fin a l d i s p a t c h h a d c o m e fro m a c e ll p h o n e

n u m be r re g iste re d to Dra k e

. Th e re c o rd s fu rth e r re v e a le d th a t two p h o n e c a lls

Co u rt an d was t h ereaft er s u b m i t t ed fo r d eci s i o n o n t h e b ri efs

.

2h a d b e e n p la c e d fro m Dra k e ’s c e ll p h o n e n u m

be r to th e ta x i c a

b c o m p a n y : th e

first sh o rtly b e fo re m id n ig h t, u sin g a“ sta r six se v e n ” p re fix , wh ic h b lo c k s th e

c a lle r’s id e n tity fro m th e re c e iv in g p h on e

, a n d th e se c on d, th re e m in ute s la te r,

with ou t th a t p re fix

. F u rth e r e v id e n c e re fle c te d th a t th e ta x i c a b c o m p a n y ’s

p o lic y p ro h ib ite d th e d isp a tc h o f c a b s to a c a lle r wh o b lo c k e d h is id e n tity

.

Ha v in g id e n tifie d D ra k e

, in v e stig a to rs lo c a te d h im th a t sa m e m orn in g a t

wo rk a t a lo c a l Mc D o n a ld ’s. Dra ke a c c o m p a n ie d t h e m t o th e p o lic e sta tio n

,

wh e re h e u n d e rwe n t a se rie s o f v id e o-re c o rd e d in te rv ie w s, be g in n in g a t

a p p ro x im a te ly 7 :0 0 a .m. D r a k e first to ld in v e stig a to rs th a t, sh o rtly b e fo re

m id n ig h t o n th e p re vio u s n ig h t, h e ha d b e e n r o b b e d a t g u n p o in t o f h is c e ll

p h o ne

, m o n e y

, a

n d th e bla c k th e rm a l sh irt he h a d b e e n w e a rin g

. Dra k e

su b se q u e n tly a dm itte d th a t th is sto ry w a s fa lse a n d to ld th e o ffic e rs h e h a d b e e n

d r i v i n g a ro u n d th a t nig h t with a n a sso c ia te

, Je re my S m ith

. Dra k e sta te d t h a t

S m ith ha d u se d D ra k e ’s c e ll p h o n e to c a ll a c a b ; th a t h e d r o p p e d S m ith o ff to

c a tc h th e c a

b ; a n d th a t h e th e n re c e iv e d a c a ll fro m S m ith

, wh o sa id th e c a b d id

n o t wo rk o u t a nd a sk e d Dra k e to pic k h im u p a t a n e a rb y p a rk

. Dra k e fu rth e r

sta te d th a t h e p ic k e d u p h is frie n d

, wh o th e n to ld h im h e h a d sh o t th e c a b d riv e r.

Dra k e su b se q u e n tly c h a n g e d h is sto ry a g a in

, a d m ittin g th a t h e a n d S m ith

3h a d p la n n e d to go d o wn to wn to fin d so m e o n e to ro b ; th a t he h a d d riv e n S m ith

,

wh o h a d a g u n

, d o wn to wn ; th a t h e th e n c h a n g e d h is m in d a b o u t p a rtic ip a tin g in

th e ro b b e ry a n d th u s d ro p pe d S m ith o ff so th a t S m ith c ou ld ta k e a c a b; a n d th a t

h e ga v e S m ith h is c e ll p h o n e

, wh ic h S m ith u se d to c a ll th e c a b c o m p a n y

. Dra k e

fu rth e r sta te d th a t, a fte r h e d ro p p e d S m ith o ff, h e p a rk e d h is c a r a n d h e a rd

g u n sh o ts, a n d th a t S m ith c a lle d h im a fe w m in u te s la te r a sk in g to be p ic k e d u p

a t a n e a rb y p a rk

.

Afte r Dra k e re c ite d th is v e rsio n o f e v e n ts, he wa s p la c e d un de r a rre st a n d

wa s re a d h is Mira n d a rig h ts, wh ic h h e wa iv e d

. He th e n re p e a te d th e m o st re c e n t

v e rsio n o f h is a c c o u n t. Ev e n tu a lly

, Dra k e i n d ic a te d h is d e sire to sto p ta lk in g

,

a n d th e in v e stig a to r te rm in a te d th e in te rv ie w.

At th is p o in t, Dra k e a nd S m ith we re p la c e d to g e th e r in a n in te rv ie w ro o m

,

wh e re th e y we re o ffe re d fo o d a n d wa te r. Un b e k n o wn st to th e m

, th e ir

in te ra c tio n s we re re c ord e d

. D ra k e to ld S mi t h h e wa s c o n sid e rin g c on fe ssin g

a n d sp o k e o f h im se lf a s a n “ a c c e ss o r y ” to th e c rim e s. Afte r a n h o u r, Dra k e

a sk e d to sp e a k with o n e o f th e o ffic e rs a g a in , an d , a fte r b e in g re m in de d o f h is

Mira n d a rig h ts, h e to ld th e o ffic e r th a t he a n d Sm ith h a d p la nn e d to ro b a c a b

d riv e r, with Sm ith c o m m ittin g th e a c tu a l ro b b e ry a nd Dra k e b e in g th e g e ta wa y

4d riv e r. Dra k e a d m itte d th a t h e h a d c a lle d th e c a b c o m p a n y

, d ro pp e d S m ith o ff

a t th e lo c a tio n to w h ic h th e c a b h a d b e e n su m m o n e d

, a n d pic k e d S m ith u p a t a

n e a rb y pa rk a fte r th e ro b b e ry a tte m p t. Dra k e a lso a dm itte d th a t h e k ne w S m ith

wa s a rm e d with a n in e -m illim e te r gu n a n d th a t a fte r th e sh o o tin g h e c ru sh e d h is

c e ll p h o n e a n d th re w it o v e r a fe n c e

.

In a se a rc h o f S m ith ’s h o m e

, in v e stig a to rs u nc o v e re d a S m ith & We sso n

n i n e

- m illim e te r fire a rm a n d n in e -m illim e te r a m m u n itio n

. S h e ll c a sin g s

re c o v e re d fro m th e v ic tim ’s c a b we re la te r d e te rm in e d b y a fire a r ms e x p e r t to

h a v e b e e n fire d fro m th is gu n

. In a d ditio n

, c lo th in g fo u n d a t S m ith ’s h om e

m a tc h e d th a t de sc rib e d b y a witn e ss wh o sa w a n in d iv id u a l fle e in g th e a re a a fte r

th e sh o o tin g

. On e a rtic le o f th is c lo th in g

, a p a ir o f jo g gin g sh o rts, wa s sta in e d

with b lo o d

.

1

. T h o u g h Dra k e h a s n o t e n u m e ra te d th e g e n e ra l g ro u n d s, we h a v e

c o n c lu d e d th a t th e e v id e n c e a s su mm a riz e d a b o v e w a s su ffic ie nt to e n a b le a

ra tio n a l trie r o f fa c t to c on c lu d e b e y o n d a re a so n a b le d o u b t th a t Dra k e wa s

g u ilty o f th e c rim e s o f w h ic h h e wa s c o n v ic te d. Ja c kso n v

. Virg in ia

, 4 4 3 U. S

.

3 0 7 (9 9 S Ct 2 7 8 1

, 6 1 LE2 d 5 6 0 ) (1 9 7 9 ); se e a lso O CGA § 1 6-2 -2 0 (p a rtie s to

a c rim e ).

52

. Dra k e c o n te n d s th a t h is sta te m e n ts t o la w e n fo rc e m e n t o ffic e rs we re

im p ro p e rly a d m it t e d b e c a

u se th e o ffic e rs fa ile d to in fo rm h im of h is Mira n d a

rig h ts b e fo re th e y b e g a n in te rro g a tin g h im

. S e e Re a v e s v

. S ta te

, 2 9 2 Ga

. 5 8 2 (2 )

(a ) (7 4 0 SE2 d 1 4 1 ) (2 0 1 3 ) (Mira nd a wa rn in g s re q u ire d b e fo re la w e n fo rc e m e n t

a u th oritie s c o nd u c t a c u sto d ia l in te rro g a tio n ). Th e tria l c ou rt re je c te d th is c la im

a fte r h o ld in g a p re -tria l Ja c k so n -De n n o 2 h e a rin g

, c o n c lu d in g th a t Dra k e wa s n o t

i n c u sto d y d u rin g th e in te rv ie w p o rtio n o f h is first in te rv ie w a n d th us th a t n o

Mira n d a v io la tio n o c c u rre d

.

On re vie w o f a ru lin g o n a m o tio n to su p p re ss, th is Co u rt m u st a ffirm th e

tria l c ou rt’s fin d in g s o n d isp ute d fa c ts a nd wi t n e s s c re d ib ility u n le ss th e y a re

c le a rly e rro n e ou s. S e e Re a v e s, 2 9 2 Ga

. a t 58 4. As to fa c ts wh ic h a re c a p tu re d

o n re c o rd in g s m a d e p a rt o f th e a p p e lla te re c ord

, o u r re v ie w is d e n o v o . Ma c k

v

. Sta te

, S 1 4 A1 1 6 8

, slip o p. a t 6 (d e c id e d N o v e m b e r 1 7, 2 01 4 ); R e a v e s, 2 9 2 Ga

.

a t 58 6

. In a ll c a se s, w e in d e p e n d e ntly a p p ly th e la w to th e fa c ts. Ma c k

,

S 1 4 A1 1 6 8

, slip op

. a t 6 ; Re a v e s, 2 92 G a

. a t 5 8 4

, 5 8 6

. Th e a dm issib ility o f a

d e fe n d a n t’s sta te m e n ts is d e te rm in e d b a se d o n th e to ta lity o f th e c irc u m sta n c e s.

2 J ack s o n v . Den no , 3 7 8 U. S. 3 6 8 (8 4 SCt 1 7 74 , 1 2 LE2 d 9 08 ) (1 9 6 4)

6F e n ne ll v . S ta te , 2 9 2 Ga . 8 34 (2 ) (7 4 1 S E2 d 8 7 7 ) (2 0 13 ).

“ Mira n d a wa rn in g s a re re q u ire d o n ly wh e n a pe rso n is in te rv ie we d b y la w

e n fo rc e m e n t wh ile in c u sto d y .” Re a v e s, 2 9 2 Ga

. a t 58 4

. On e is c o n sid e re d to

b e “ in c u sto dy ” fo r Mira nd a p u rp o se s if h e h a s b e e n fo rm a lly a rre ste d o r h i s

“ fre e d o m o f m o v e m e n t h a s b e e n re stra in e d to th e d e g r e e a sso c ia te d with a

fo rm a l a rre st.” Id

. ; a c c ord S o sn ia k v

. Sta te

, 2 87 G a

. 2 7 9 (1 ) (A) (1 ) (6 9 5 S E2 d

6 0 4 ) (2 0 1 0 ). Th e d e te rm in a tio n o f c u sto d y in th is c o nte x t re q u ire s a sse ssin g

wh e th e r a re a so n a

b le p e rso n in th e su sp e c t’s situ a tio n wo u ld p e rc e iv e th a t h e

wa s a t lib e rty to te rm in a te th e in te rv ie w a n d le a v e

. Re a v e s, 29 2 Ga

. a t 5 8 4 ;

S o sn ia k , 2 8 7 Ga . a t 2 8 0

.

At th e Ja c k so n -De n n o h e a rin g

, S a v a n na h -Ch a th a m C o un ty p o li c e

S e rg e a n t An d re Ja c k so n te stifie d th a t o n c e p olic e h a d i d e n t ifie d Dra k e a s a

p e rso n o f in te re st, Ja c k so n a n d two o th e r in v e stig a to rs w e n t to th e Mc Do n a ld ’s

wh e re Dra k e wa s e m

p lo y e d

. Ja c kso n te sti f

i e d t ha t th e y first a

p p ro a c h e d th e

sto re m a n a g e r a

n d a sk e d w h e th e r th e y c o u ld ta lk to Dra ke fo r “ a n ho u r o r so ,”

p ro m isin g to b rin g h im b a c k a fte rwa rd s. T h e m a n a g e r a gre e d, a n d Ja c k so n

te stifie d th a t “we to ld [Dra k e ] th a t we we re g o in g to ta lk to h im a nd b rin g h im

d o wn a n d b rin g h im b a c k wh e n we fin ish e d ta lk in g to h im .” Ja c k so n fu rth e r

7te st i f

i e d th a t Dra k e wa s n o t h a n dc u ffe d, wa s n e v e r th re a te n e d

, a n d a g re e d

willin g ly to a c c o m

p a n y th e o ffic e rs, wh o tra n sp o rte d him in th e fro n t se a t o f a n

u n m ark e d p a tro l c a r. Ja c k so n a lso te stifie d th a t d u rin g t h e in te rv ie w, Dra k e

“ wa s fre e to le a v e ” a nd

, if h e h a d in d ic a te d h is d e sire n ot to sp e a k with p o lic e

,

th e y wo u ld h a v e b e e n re q u ire d to le t h im g o

.

As re fle c te d in th e v id e o re c o rd in g

, du rin g th e first in te rv ie w, Dra k e wa s

e x p lic itly to ld h e wa s n o t u n d e r a rre st. Th e re c ord in g c on firm s th a t Dra k e wa s

n o t h a nd c u ffe d o r p h y s i c a l l y re stra in e d d u rin g th e in te rv ie ws a n d fu rth e r re fle c ts

th a t th e offic e rs tre a te d h im with c iv ility

, p ro v id e d h im wa te r a n d, a t o n e p o in t,

fo o d , an d c o n d u c te d th e in te rv ie w s in a c a lm , n o n -c o nfro n ta tio n a l to n e

.

We c o n c lu d e b a se d o n th e to ta lity o f th e c irc u m sta n c e s th a t Dra k e wa s n o t

in c u sto d y d u rin g h is in itia l in te rv ie w. T he e v id e n c e re fle c ts th a t in v e stig a to rs

re q u e ste d ra th e r th a n d ema n d e d to sp e a k with D ra ke a n d th a t Dra k e a g re e d

v o lu n ta rily to a c c o m

p a n y th e m to th e p o lic e sta tio n, with th e un de rsta n din g th a t

h e wo u ld b e re tu rn e d to wo rk th e re a fte r. H e wa s n e v e r p h y sic a lly re stra in e d o r

th re a te n e d

, wa s e x p re ssly to ld th a t h e wa s n o t un de r a rre st, a n d wo uld h a v e b e e n

fre e to le a v e if h e h a d so re q u e ste d

. S e e S o sn ia k

, 2 8 7 Ga

. a t 2 8 1 -2 8 2 (d e fe n d a n t

wa s no t in c u sto d y w h e re h e wa s n o t p hy sic a lly re stra in e d a n d w a s to ld h e wa s

8n o t u n d e r a

rre st; w h e re h e to ld p o lic e h e e x pe c te d to a tte n d h is c o lle g e c la ss th e

n e x t d a y ; a n d wh e re p o lic e te stifie d h e w a s fre e to le a ve if h e ha d so re q u e ste d);

se e a lso Du rd e n v

. Sta te

, 2 9 3 Ga

. 8 9 (3 ) (7 4 4 SE2 d 9 ) (2 0 1 3 ) (d e fe n d a nt wa s n o t

in c u sto d y wh e re h e v o lu nta rily ro d e with po lic e to sta tio n to b e in te rv ie we d

,

wa s to ld h e wa s n o t u n d e r a rre st, wa s n o t h a n d c u ffe d

, a n d w a s i n t e r v i e w e d in

a n u n lo c k e d ro o m ); F e n n e ll, 29 2 Ga

. a t 83 5-8 3 6 (d e fe n d a n t wa s n o t in c u sto d y

wh e re h e c h o se to rid e with p o lic e to sta tio n

, wa s sp e c ific a lly in fo rm e d h e wa s

n o t un d e r a

rre st, a n d wa s ne v e r p h y sic a lly re stra in e d ); Re a v e s, 2 9 2 Ga

. a t 5 8 4

-

5 8 5 (d e fe n d a nt wa s n o t in c u sto dy a t ou tse t o f in te rv ie w, w h e re

, in te r a lia

, sh e

v o lu n ta rily a g re e d to rid e to p o lic e sta tio n in fro n t se a t o f u n m a rk e d p a tro l c a r).

Th o u g h Dra ke c o n te n d s th a t in v e stig a to rs h a d c le a rly ta rg e te d h im a s a su sp e c t

b a se d o n h is lin k to th e c e ll p h o n e

, th e e v id e n c e re fle c ts th a t p o lic e d id n o t m a k e

th e d e c isio n to a

rre st h im un til h e h a d g iv e n h is sh iftin g a c c o un ts, o n th e b a sis

o f wh ic h th e y h a d a lso q u e stio n e d S m ith

. Mo re o v e r, e v e n if Dra k e h a d b e e n a

su sp e c t a t th e tim e

, th is fa c t is n o t d isp ositiv e o f th e c u sto d y issu e

. Se e S o sn ia k

,

2 8 7 Ga

. a t 2 8 0 (su b

je c tiv e v ie ws of th e in te rro ga tin g o ffic e r a re n o t

d e te rm in a tiv e o f wh e th e r a su sp e c t is in c u sto d y ). Ac c o rd in g ly

, th e sta te m e n ts

Dra k e m a d e in h i s f

irst in te rv ie w, p rio r to b e in g Mira n d iz e d, we re p ro p e rly

9o b ta in e d a n d a re a d m issib le

. 3

3

. Dra ke a lso c o n te n d s th a t a ll o f h is sta te m e n ts w e re in v o lu n ta ry a n d

sh o u ld h a v e be e n e x c lu de d fro m tria l o n th is b a sis. Sp e c ific a lly

, Dra k e c ritic iz e s

th e in te rro g a tin g o ffic e rs’ p le a s to h im th ro u g h o u t th e in te rv ie ws to te ll th e

tru th ; th e ir e x a g g e ra tio n s o f th e in c rim in a tin g e vid e n c e p olic e h a d g a th e re d ; th e

fa lse re p re se n t a t i o n th a t th e v ic tim h a d su rv iv e d th e sh o otin g ; a nd th e ir

in siste n c e th a t th e y wa n te d to “ h e lp ” Dra k e

. H o w ev e r, n o n e o f th e in te rv ie w

te c h n iq u e s u tiliz e d by th e in te rro g a tin g offic e rs in th is c a se we re im pe rm issib le

.

Th e re is n o e v id e n c e th a t th e offic e rs e ve r o ffe re d D ra k e a n y le n ie n c y in c h a rg e s

o r se nte n c in g su c h a s wo u ld a m o u nt to a n im p ro p e r h o p e of b e n e fit u n d e r

fo rm e r OCGA § 2 4 -3 -5 0

. 4 S e e S o sn ia k, 2 87 Ga

. a t 2 86 (“ h o p e o f b e n e fi t”

g e n e ra lly re fe rs to h o p e o f a lig h te r p u n ish m e n t); se e a lso D u k e v

. S ta te

, 2 6 8 Ga

.

4 2 5 (2 ) (4 89 S E2 d 8 1 1 ) (1 9 9 7 ) (e x h o rta tio ns to te ll th e tru th d o n o t c o n stitu te

3 Becau s e t h ere was n o M i ran da v io l at i o n

, t h ere i s n o m eri t t o Drak e’ s fu rt h er

cl ai m th at t h e st at em en t s he m ad e aft er bei n g M i ra n d i zed were in ad m i s si bl e u n d er

M i s s ou ri v

. Sei b ert

, 5 4 2 U. S. 6 0 0 (1 2 4 SCt 2 60 1

, 1 59 LE2 d 6 4 3 ) (2 0 0 4 ) (co n fes s i o n

i s i n ad m i s s i b l e w h ere g i v e n o n l y aft er earl i er co n fes s i o n ob t ai n ed i n vi o l at i o n o f

M i ran d a).

4 Un d er t he n ew Geo rg i a Ev i den ce Co d e, effect i v e fo r t ri al s co m m en ci n g o n o r

aft er J an uary 1 , 2 0 1 3

, t h is p ro v i s io n i s co di fi ed at OCGA § 2 4-8 -8 2 4.

10im

p e rm issib le h o p e o f be n e fit). It is we ll e sta b lish e d th a t a rtific e a nd d e c e p tio n

d o n o t re n d e r a sta te m e n t in v o lu n ta ry s o l o n g a s th e y a re no t c a lc u la te d to

p ro c ure a n u n tru e sta te m e n t. S e e

, e

. g

., Da nie l v

. S ta te

, 2 8 5 Ga

. 4 0 6 (5 ) (6 7 7

S E2 d 1 2 0) (2 00 9 ); T h o rp e v

. Sta te

, 2 85 Ga

. 6 0 4 (6 ) (6 7 8 S E 2 d 91 3 ) (2 00 9 ). Cf.

S ta te v

. Ritte r, 2 6 8 Ga

. 1 0 8 (1 ) (4 8 5 S E2 d 49 2) (1 9 9 7) (wh e re p o lic e d e c e p tio n

m isle d d e fe n da n t re g a rd in g c h a rg e s h e wa s fa c in g a n d w a s e mp l o y e d

s p ec ific a lly b e c a

u se o f d e te c tiv e ’s b e lie f th a t d e fe n d an t wo u ld in v o k e rig h t to

re m a in sile n t if h e we re to ld th e tru th

, su c h c o n d u c t o ffe re d a n im p ro p e r h o p e

o f b e n e fit re n d e rin g d e fe n d a n t’s sta te m e n t in v o lu n ta ry ). Th e re is n o e v id e n c e

o f e x c e ssiv e ly l e n g th y in te rro g a tio n

, p h y sic a l d e p riv a tio n

, b ru ta lity

, o r o th e r

su c h “‘h a llm a rk s o f c o e rc iv e p o lic e a c tiv ity .’” F e n n e ll, 29 2 G a

. a t 8 3 7

. Un d e r

th e to ta lity o f th e c irc u m sta n c e s, we c o n c lu de th a t Dra k e ’s sta te m e n ts to p o lic e

we re v o lu n ta ry a nd p ro pe rly a d m itte d a t tria l.

Ju d g m e n t a ffirm e d . All th e Ju stic e s c o nc u r.

11