United States Department of Agriculture



## Amend Hot

- Water Immersion Treatment T102

- a to Allow Importation of Over

- Sized Mangoes from Countries in South America and Harmonize Other Requirements

Treatment Evaluation Do cument

Agency Contact Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Science and Technology 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 276062



## Amend Hot

- Water Immersion Treatment T102

- a to Allow Importation of Over

- Sized Mangoes from Countries in Sou th America and Harmonize Other Requirements

Treatment Evaluation Document

Date : December 04 , 2014

A. Treatment, Pests, Commodity and Countries A ffected

New Treatment/ Revision/Deletion Treatment

Type Target Pests Commodity Applicable Countries

Affected Revision of treatment T102

- a Hot

- water

immersion
treatment Ceratitis capitata

(Wiedemann) (Mediterranean fruit fly) ; Anastrepha spp

. Mango

( Mangifera indica L.) All

countries required to use T102

- a

B. Purpose

This treatment evaluation document (TED) provides supporting information and justification for amending hot

- water immersion treatment T102

- a ( http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/ports/downloads/treatment.pd f ) . The amendment to the treatment schedule is necessary to allow impo rtation into the United States of mangoes

, Mangifera indica L., weighing more than 650 g rams (also known as over

- sized mangoes) from countries currently prohibited and to remove shape and country restrictions associated with the treatment.

C. Overview

(i) Over

- sized mangoes from countries currently prohibited In accordance to the APHIS regulations 7 CFR §319.56 , importation of mangoes from different countries are allowed subject to satisfying specific entry requirements. Mangoes from Mexico, certain Caribbean islands

, and countries in South and Central America must be treated with the appropriate T102

- a hot

- water immersion treatment schedule, prior to importation into the United States, to mitigate infestations of several species of fruit flies (USDA, 2014a). The T102

- a hot

- water immersion treatment has approved schedules for Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly) and Anastrepha spp., including Anatrepha ludens (Mexican fruit fly) for mango (USDA, 2014b)

. The treatment schedules for T102

- a are organized by country, fruit shape, and fruit size (weight). As countries gained market access, the treatment schedules were approved based on efficacy data for those locations and fruit types. As a result there exists a disparity in the treatment options for over

- sized mangoes from certain regions. T he T102

- a has treatment schedules that allows importation of rounded mango varieties3

weighing up to 900 grams from Mexico, Central America (north of and including Costa Rica), Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the West Indies excluding islands of Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Margarita, Tortuga, and Trinidad and Tobago. However, the maximum allowable size (weight) of rounded mango varieties that can be treated with T102

- a and imported into the United States from P anama, countries in South America

, and the West Indies islands of Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Margarita, Tortuga, and Trinidad and Tobago is only 650 grams (Figure 1; USDA, 2014b).

Figure 1. T102

- a hot

- water immersion treatment schedules as originally app roved for fruit flies in mangoes originating from different countries

.

Pests: Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly) , Anastrepha spp.

Table 5

- 2

- 1. Determine Dip Time Based on Origin of Fruit 1 If the origin of the fruit is: And the shape of the fr uit is: And the weight is

(grams): Then dip

Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or West Indies (excluding Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Margarita, Tortuga or Trinidad and Tobago) Flat, elongated varieties 2 Up to 400 grams 65 minutes

401 to 570 grams 75 minut es

Rounded varieties 3 Up to 500 grams 75 minutes

501 to 700 grams 90 minutes 701 to 900 grams 110 minutes

Table 5

- 2

- 2. Determine Dip Time Based on Origin of Fruit 1 If the origin of the fruit is: And the shape of the fruit is: And the weight is

(grams): Then dip

Mexico or Central America (north of and including Costa Rica) Flat, elongated varieties 2 Up to 400 grams 65 minutes

401 to 570 grams 75 minutes

Rounded varieties 3 Up to 500 grams 75 minutes

501 to 700 grams 90 minutes 701 t o 900 grams 110 minutes

Table 5

- 2

- 3. Determine Dip Time Based on Origin of Fruit 1 If the origin of the fruit is: And the shape of the fruit is: And the weight is

(grams): Then dip

Panama, South America or West Indies islands of Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao

, Margarita, Tortuga, or Trinidad and Tobago Flat, elongated varieties 2 Up to 375 grams 65 minutes

376 to 570 grams 75 minutes

Rounded varieties 3 Up to 425 grams 75 minutes

426 to 650 grams 90 minutes

1 Valid if the fruit is not hydrocooled wit hin 30 minutes of removal from the hot

- water immersion4

tank.

2 Such as ‘Frances,’ ‘Carrot,’ ‘Zill,’ ‘Ataulfo,’ ‘Carabao,’ ‘Irwin.’, and ‘Manila.’

3 Such as ‘Tommy Atkins,’ ‘Kent,’ ‘Hayden,’ and ‘Keitt.’

In 2009, the Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria (SENASA), Perú Ministerio de Agricultura, formally requested USDA

‐ APHIS

‐ PPQ to amend the schedule in Table 5

- 2

- 3 to allow the use of T102

- a hot

‐ water immersion as a phytosanitary treatment to mitigate fruit fly risks in ‘Kent’ mangoes weighing more than 6 50 grams. Earlier, a similar interest had also been expressed to APHIS by other countries in South America, namely Brazil, Ecuador

, and Venezuela.

T he PPQ Treatment Manual has no approved T102

- a treatment schedule for mangoes weighing 651

- 900 grams from Peru or other South American countries (Fig ure 1) . In response to SENASA’s request

, APHIS asked SENASA to provide data showing the efficacy of T102

- a for fruit flies known to occur (CABI, 2014) and associate with ‘Kent’ mangoes in Peru: I nga fruit fly

, Anastrepha distincta (Greene) ; South American fruit fly, A

. fraterculus (Wiedemann); West Indian fruit fly, A

. obliqua (Macquart); sapote fruit fly, A

. serpentina (Wiedemann); and, Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann).

In 2010

, SENASA c onducted treatment validation studies in collaboration with APHIS at the SENASA Fruit Fly Production and Sterilization Center (CPEMF) facility in Piura

, Peru . The objectives of the research were as follows: (1) to determine the most heat tolerant species and stage of development in ‘Kent’ mango fruits immersed in 46.1°C hot

‐ water bath; (2) to validate the efficacy of T102

- a treatment schedule for large mangoes, specifically 110

‐ minute immersion in 46.1°C hot

- water bath; and, (3) to ascertain the quality of large mangoes which have been immersed in 46.1°C hot

‐ water bath for 110 minutes followed by cooling in ambient air temperature (SENASA, 2013). Experimental design and m ethods followed the “USDA guidelines for hot

- water immersion research to control fru it fly infestations in Peruvian mangoes” (USDA, 2010).

Comparative studies were undertaken by SENESA t o determine the most heat tolerant species and stage of development among A. distincta

, A. fraterculus

, A. obliqua

, A. serpentina
, and C. capitata . Resu lts showed that third

- instar larvae of C. capitata were the most tolerant to 110

- minute hot

- water immersion at 46.1°C (115 o F) . A total of 112,178 third

- instar larvae of C. capitata infesting over

- sized ‘Kent’ fruits were subjected to 110

- minute immersion in 46.1°C hot

- water bath; all (100%) third

- instar larvae in treated fruits died. In comparison, only 7% of 112,893 third

- instar larvae of C. capitata in control fruits died. No significant loss in fruit quality was observed in hot

water immersed fruits ( SENASA, 2013)

.

Based on the research conducted by SENASA

, APHIS has concluded that the T102

- a treatment schedule of 110

‐ minute fruit immersion in a constant 46.1°C hot

- water bath is an efficacious phytosanitary treatment for eggs and larvae of A. distincta, A. fraterculus

, A. obliqua

, A. serpentina

, and C. capitata in ‘Kent’ mangoes weighing 651 to 900 grams (USDA, 2014c) and that the treatment is effective for the se over

- sized mangoes regardless of the country of origin

.5

In 2014, APHIS inspectors working in Mexico and Brazil observed that approximately 20% of the treatments involving ‘ f lat ’ or ‘elo n gated’ mangoes weighi ng between 525
grams and 570 grams contained fruit that did not reach the target pulp temperature of 113 ° F (44 ° C) at the end of treatment duration. APHIS conducted a review of literature that originally supported the treatment T102

- a . APHIS determined t hat mango shape did not affect treatment efficacy . APHIS concluded that ‘flat’ or ‘elongated’ mangoes should be immersed for the same length of time as are ‘round’ mangoes, and that treatment duration should be strictly governed by the weight class. T h erefore, t o address the fruit fly risks and to ensure that the on

- going trade was not adversely impacted, APHIS immediately amend ed the treatment schedules in Table 5

- 2

- 1 and Table 5

- 2

- 2 and provide d the following new schedule on a provisional basis (Figur e 2)

. Figure 2. T102

- a hot

- wat er immersion treatment schedules as revised for fruit flies in mangoes originating from countries as provided

.

Table 5

- 2

- 1 as revised. Hot Water Dip Time Based on Origin of Fruit and Weight Class 1 If the origin of the frui t is: And the weight is (grams): Then dip

Mexico, Central America (north of and including Costa Rica), Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or West Indies (excluding Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Margarita, Tortuga or Trinidad and Tobago) Up to 375 grams 65 minut es

376 to 500 grams 75 minutes

501 to 700 grams 90 minutes

701 to 900 grams 110 minutes

1 Valid if the fruit is not hydro

- cooled within 30 minutes of removal from the hot water immersion tank.

(ii) Removal of Shape and Country Restrictions In additi on to shape restrictions, t his TED also proposes to remove the country designations from treatment table(s) 5

- 2

- 1 through 5

- 2

- 3

. Based on Peru ’s work on validating treatment efficacy on over

- sized mangoes and APHIS’ conclusion that the 110

- minute immersio n at 46.1 o C treatment cover s mangoes weighing up to 900 grams regardless of the country of origin

, restrictions associated with shape or country of origin are no longer relevant

. C ountry specific import authorization s and requirements will be listed solel y , in the Fruit s and Vegetable s Manual and Fruits and Vegetables Import Requirements ( FAVIR ) database.

R emoving shape and country restrictions from treatment T102

- a will clarify our requirements and save industry the costs associated with grading fruit based on these criteria. Please note that the maximum weight size of mangoes requiring 65 minutes exposure in the revised Tables 5

- 2

- 1 (Figure 2) was slightly lowered from 400g to 375g

,6

to harmonize with the weight limit in Table 5

- 2

- 3 while still ensurin g that no additional fruit fly risks are posed to the American agriculture.

With these revisions, the new proposed treatment T102

- a will appear in one simplified table ( Table 5

- 2 ) and replace the current two tables as follows:

Figure 3 . Proposed new T 102

- a treatment schedules for fruit flies in mangoes

Pests: Ceratitis capitata, Anastreph a spp.

Table 5

- 2: Determined Dip Time Based on Weight of Fruit 1 If the weight is (grams): Then the dip time (minutes) is: Up to 375 65 376 to 500 75 501 to 700 90 701 to 900 110

1 Valid if the fruit is not hydro

- cooled within 30 minutes of removal from the hot

- water immersion tank. Alternatively, 10 minutes may be added to the treatment duration to allow immediate hydro

- cooling

.

D. Historical Performance of Hot

- Water Immersion Treatment T102

- a
Since 2004, over 200,000 shipments of more than three million metric tons of hot

- water treated mangoes have been imported into the U nited States from Brazil, Ecuador, Haiti, Mexico

, and Peru (USDA, 2014d). Interce p tions of fruit flies in T102

- a treated mangoes are rare. The only recorded interceptions occurred in 2007

, two mangoes from Mexico and a few from Haiti (USDA, 2014e). APHIS conducted investigations to determine the cause of these two treatment failures

. APHIS ascertained that the two fruit fly interceptions in Mexican mangoes were caused by two distinctly different security incidents: one involved comingling of treated mangoes with the untreated ones ; the other was caused by rapid cooling of mangoes imme diately following the hot

- water immersion treatment. For the Haitian mangoes, APHIS determined that fruit fly interceptions occurred because shipments contained mangoes that were untreated or improperly treated, or originated from fields with unusually hi gh fruit fly population s . APHIS implemented remedial actions in both cases and no subsequent interceptions were reported . APHIS concluded that the hot

- water immersion treatment failures were a consequence of improper safeguarding or treatment application rather than the treatment becoming less efficacious. APHIS also determined that rapid cooling of mangoes in cold water (referred to as hydro

- cooling) immediately following the treatment rendered the hot

- water immersion treatment less effective, especial ly for large

- size mangoes. To address this issue APHIS implemented a mandatory requirement that either hydro

cooling be delayed for 30 minutes following treatment or an extra 10 minutes of fruit immersion be added to the duration of the treatment (USDA, 2 014b). The absence of interception of fruit flies in hot

- water

- treated mango es after implementation of APHIS

-7

mandated corrective measures attests to the fact that the treatment is efficacious on mangoes weighing up to 900g regardless of their shape or co untry of origin.

E. Decision

APHIS’ Center for Plant Health science and Technology ( CPHST ) reviewed the research findings (SENASA, 2013) and agreed with the above conclusions (USDA, 2014c). Therefore, CPHST recommend s revising the hot

- water immersion treatm ent T102

- a and providing the 110

- minute treatment for all mangoes weighing 651 grams

- 900 grams regardless of the country of origin . CPHST also recommend s removing shape and country associations with the treatment , harmonizing treatment durations based on weight classes only and maintaining the option to either delay hydro

- cooling for 30 minutes following completion of the treatment duration or to add 10 minutes to the treatment duration to allow immediate hydro

- cooling as provided in Figure 3 below

. The proposed amendment will allow importation of all varieties of mangoes weighing up to 900 grams from all countries currently approved for entry into the U nited States using the treatment T102

- a (Figure 3)

. Figure 3 . Proposed T102

- a treatment schedules for fruit flies in mangoes

Pests: Ceratitis capitata, Anastreph a spp.

Table 5

- 2: Determined Dip Time Based on Weight of Fruit 1 If the weight is (grams): Then the dip time (minutes) is: Up to 375 65 376 to 500 75 501 to 700 90
701 to 900 110

2 Valid if the fruit is not hydro

- cooled within 30 minutes of removal from the hot

- water immersion tank. Alternatively, 10 minutes may be added to the treatment duration to allow immediate hydro

- cooling

.

F. Authors

Nicanor J. Liquido, Ph. D. Entomologist, USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ

- S&T, CPHST Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory , Honolulu, HI Inder P. S. Gadh, PhD. Senior Risk Manager

– Treatments, USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ, Regulations, Permits and Manuals , Riverdale, MD Josie Cooley Team Leader/Writer USDA APHIS PP Q, Regulations, Permits and Manuals , Frederick, MD

G. Reviewers8

Walter Gould, Ph.D Senior Risk Manager USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ, Plant Health Programs , Riverdale, MD Claudia Ferguson Regulatory Policy Coordinator USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ, Plant Health Programs

. Riverdale, MD Jo

- Ann Bentz

- Blanco, Ph.D. Trade Director for South America USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ, Plant Health Programs

, Riverdale, MD

H. References

CABI. 2014. Crop Protection Compendium. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (CABI). Wallingford, UK. Available on line at: http://www.cabi.org/compendia/cpc/ ; Last access in May 2014 SENASA. 2013. Final report: Validating the efficacy of T102a hot

- water immersion quarantine treatment to control fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) infestations in large ‘Kent’ mangoes ( Mangifera indica L.) in Perú. Perú Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria, Dirección de Sanidad Vegetal. La Molina, Perú. 197pp. Shellie, K.C. and R. L. Mangan. 2002. Hot water immersion as a quarantine treatment for large mangoes: artificial versus cage infestation. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 127: 430

- 434. USDA. 2010. USDA guidelines for hot

- water immersion research to control fruit fly infestations in Peruvian mangoes. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology. Raleigh, NC. 3pp. USDA. 2014a. Fruits and Veget able Import Requirements (FAVIR). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine . Riverdale, MD. Available online at: https://epermits.aphis.usda.gov/manual/index.cfm?CFID=542349&CFTOKEN=9 971ac5c626b4f

- 45F6C3E9

-

A9E1

- 0ED9

- 2A52AFF75401F4D5&ACTION=pubHome ; Last access in May 2014. USDA. 20 14b. Treatment Manual. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine . Riverdale, MD. Available online at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/online_manuals.shtml ; Last access in May 2014. USDA. 2014c. Efficacy of hot

- water immersion as a quarantine treatment to mitigate fruit fly infestations in ‘Kent’ mangoes grown in Perú: A review of the final report of Perú Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Plant Epidemology and Risk Analysis Laboratory. Raleigh, NC . 5pp.9

USDA. 2014d. Commodity Imports Database. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Servic e, Plant Protection and Quarantine. Riverdale, MD. L ast access in May 2014. USDA. 2014e . Pest Identification Database (PestID). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. Riverd ale, MD. Available online at: https://aqas.aphis.usda.gov/aqas/ . Last access in May 2014.