# Appendix D

Cultural Resources

February 201 2Appendix D, Yaquina Bay ODMDS Evaluation / EA 

## Appendix D

Cultural Resources

Table of Contents

Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... D

- 1

Prehistoric Potential

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... D

- 1

Historic Period

................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. D

- 3 Shipwrecks of the Coastal Trade

................................ ................................ .............................. D

- 3 Shipwrecks in the Yaquina Bay Area

................................ ................................ ....................... D

- 3 Potential for Recovery of Shipwrecks

................................ ................................ ....................... D

- 3

Conclusions

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... D

- 6

References

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... D

- 7

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure D

- 1. Yaquina Bay Proposed North and South Ocean Disposal Sites

............................... D

- 2 Figure D

- 2. Map of Wrecks and Obstructions from Multipurpose Marine Cadastre

.................. D

- 5

Table D

- 1. Documented Shipwrecks in the Yaquina Bay Area

................................ ................... D

- 4

Table D

- 2. Other Shipwrecks in the Yaquina Bay Area

................................ .............................. D

- 5Appendix D, Yaquina Bay ODMDS Evaluation / EA D

- 1 

## Appendix D

Cultural Resources

Introduction

This appendix evaluate s the cultural resource potential at the proposed Yaquina North and South ocean disposal sites on the central Oregon coast

. The study area was set as an arc trans cribed 4.5

nautical miles out from the entrance to Yaquina Bay and ends both north and south at the beach (Figure D

- 1). The proposed action consists of final designation of the two proposed ocean dredged material disposal sites (ODMDS) located offshore of Yaquina Bay. The proposed North

ODMDS is located a bout 2 nautical miles west of Newport and the entrance to Yaquina Bay. The proposed South ODMDS is located about 2.7 nautical miles southwest of the bay’s entrance. Both ocean disposal sites are 4,000 feet wide by 6,500 feet long , about 597 acres, and their depth s range from about 112 to 152 feet

.

The proposed Yaquina ocean disposal sites have the following corner coordinates [ N orth American Datum (NAD 83) ]:

North ODMDS 44° 38’ 17.98” N, 124° 0 7’ 25.95” W 44° 38’ 12.86” N, 124° 06’ 31.10” W 44° 37’ 14.33” N, 124° 07’ 37.57” W 44° 37’ 09.22” N, 124° 06’ 42.73” W

South ODMDS 44° 36’ 04.50” N, 124° 07’ 52.66” W 44° 35’ 59.39” N, 124° 06’ 57.84” W 44° 35’ 00.85” N, 124° 08’ 04.27” W

44° 34’ 55.75” N, 124° 07’ 09.47” W



## Prehistoric Potential

The probability of substantial prehistoric cultural resources within the vicinity of Yaquina Bay is very low. It is possible that prehistoric Native Americans may have used portions of the area, such as the Yaquina south reefs

, as an offshore fishery. Evidence suggesting this activity is present at sites along the Oregon c oast. For example

, the remains of small numbers of fish favoring reef type habitats

, such as lingcod, c abazon and black rockfish

, have been recovered in middens at Netarts, Seal Rock (1, 2) and Cape Perpetua (Ruth Greenspand, personal communication). The subsistence value of these reef fish is uncertain as these middens were dominated by a faunal assemblage composed primarily of rock mol lusks, seal s , sea lion s and land

mammal bones. However, the comparatively small numbers of reef fish bones offers little support for an intensive prehistoric offshore fishery. The literature does indicate the importance of estuary

resources, such as crab , oyster, and flounder for local ethnographical known N ative Americans (4, 5); for comparison with the Coos Bay Native Americans, see Simons (6 )

.Appendix D, Yaquina Bay ODMDS Evaluation / EA D

- 2 Figure D

- 1 . Yaquina Bay Proposed North and South Ocean Disposal SitesAppendix D, Yaquina Bay ODMDS Evaluation / EA D

- 3 Even in an area where a maritime fishery is suggested, the likelihood of recovering procurement technology from the project area is minimal. For example, artifacts analyzed as part of a fishing technology were identified at the Par

- Tee site in Seaside, Oregon. I m plements include d eyed fish hook, hook barbs, and perforated stone disc (fishing weights). However, the setting in which these implements were used is not clear, as the faunal analysis refers only to fish remains not to species (7)

. Therefore, designati on of the proposed Yaquina ocean disposal sites should not affect any significant prehistoric cultural resources.



## Historic Period

A review of the history in the vicinity of Yaquina Bay shows that shipwrecks and their remnants exist within the project area. In general, the majority of documented shipwrecks occurred from

1849

- 1895 (7, 8)

. T his period covers the establishment and closure of the Si l etz Indian Reservation, early Euro

- A merican settlement, initiation of the local export economy

, and the

construc tion of jetties and other navigation improvements by the Corps of Engineers (5, 8, 9, 10)

. It is also possible that wrecks of earlier periods, for example vessels engaged in coastal exploration and the fur trade, may appear within the project area. In ad dition, numerous Chinese junks (ships) and Japanese boats have drifted from the Asian mainland and washed ashore on the

Pacific Northwest c oast.



### Shipw recks of the Coastal Trade

During the 1849

- 1895 period, schooners and barks engaged in the coastal trade transported supplies for coastal settlements and their respective export products. Typically, these vessels operated in harbors too shallow for deeper draft vessels or where the amount of goods or export products did not justify the use of larger vessels. At first, the vessels carry ing these goods depended on sail power. Later developments included supplementing the sail with steam, steam powered vessels, and the use of steam powered tugs to tow sailing vessels from harbors into the ocean shipping lanes. Ships powered by sail operated along the coast through the 1920s.



### Shipwrecks in the Yaquina Bay Area

Table D

- 1 lists the s hipwrecks that have occurred in the Yaquina Bay area. The table includes the

name of the vessel , mode of power, cargo, date of wrec k, location of wreck, the final location of

wreck

, and source(s) of information. In addition, NOAA Office of Coast Survey has documented

five shipwrecks in the near shore area of Yaquina Bay (Figure D

- 2 ). There are references to other

vessels said to have wrecked in the vicinity of Yaquina Bay (Table D

- 2). These wrecks were not

included in Table D

- 1 because there were problems concerning the reliability of the information (quality of the reference), or lack of pertinent location information or name of ves sel. These wrecks are mentioned, however, because they do indicate the possibility of undocumented wrecks within the Yaquina area.



### Potential for Recovery of Shipwrecks

The most likely area for documenting remnants of coasting vessels is South Beach. This assumption is supported by the pattern of wrecks deposited on South Beach by the local Yaquina Bay currents. Of the seven vessels wrecked at the bar, five are reported to have been ca rried to South Beach by inshore currents ( t wo vessels were towed to thi s location)

. This suggests that other vessels not documented by the literature search (especially those earlier than 1850) may be present on the beach.Appendix D, Yaquina Bay ODMDS Evaluation / EA D

- 4 Table D

- 1

. Documented Shipwrecks in the Yaquina Bay Area

Date o f Shipwreck Na me (type) Cargo Location of Wreck (Fate of Wreck) References

Mar

. 1849 (1852) JULIET Oysters Yaquina Bay (drifted to South Beach, wreck burned) (13) Wright 1895:43 (14) Gibbs 1957:275

Nov

. 25, 1853 JOSEPH WARREN (Bark) Oysters B eached short distance south of Yaquina Bay (13) Wright 1895:50 (14) Gibbs 1957:276

Mar

. 11, 1862 [LARRY] DOYLE (Schooner) Oysters Yaquina Bay (13) Wright 1895:144 (8) Fagan 1885:482

Oct

. 13, 1864 (Oct

. 19, 1864 Gibbs) CORNELIA TERRY (Schooner) Oysters Yaquina Bay (13) Wright 1895:130 (14) Gibbs 1957:277 (5) Beckham 1977:160

Mar

. 11, 1865 [ANNA] DOYLE (Schooner) Yaquina Bay Bar (13) Wright 1895:144 (14) Gibbs 1957:277 (15) Fogarty 1980:67

Feb

. 16, 1865 (1876 Fagan) LIZZIE (Schooner) Oysters

Hides Yaquina Bay Bar

(South Beach) (13) Wright 1895:246 (8) Fagan 1885:482 (16) Hays 1976:64 (15) Fogarty 1980:67

Apr

. 5, 1874 CAROLINE

MEDEAU (Schooner) Oysters Yaquina Bay Bar (South Beach, salvaged) (13) Wright 1895:246 (8) Fagan 1885:482 (14) Gibbs 1957:279 (15) Fogarty 1980:67

Sept

. 26, 1874 ONA (Steam Schooner) Yaquina Bay North Spit (grounded on South Beach) (17) Powell 1884:2266 (13) Wright 1895:314 (14) Gibbs 1957:279 (15) Fogarty 1980:67

Dec

. 4, 1887 YAQUINA CITY (Steamship) Yaquina Bay (beached on South Beach) (13) Wright 1895: 350 (12) Holcombe 1893(4):3363 Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers 1900(5):4299 (14) Gibbs 1957:282 (15) Fogarty 1980:68

Dec

. 19 (Dec

. 9, 1888 Gibbs) YAQUINA BAY (Steam Schooner) Wrecked on south jetty (vessel towed and beached

on South Beach) (13) Wright 1895:360 (18) Hyell 1891:3193 (12) Holcombe 1893(4):3363 (14) Gibbs 1957:282 (15) Fogarty 1980:68

Dec

. 8, 1891 MAGGIE ROSS (Steamship) Lumber Off Oregon Coast (wreck towed to Yaquina Bay) (13) Wright 1895:394 (14) Gibbs 1957:283

Dec. 11 GENERAL

BUTLER (Bark) Lumber 100 miles SW Cape Argo, parts of hull drifted into Yaquina and took out 80 feet of south jetty. (13) Wright 1895:394 (14) Gibbs 1957:283Appendix D, Yaquina Bay ODMDS Evaluation / EA D

- 5 Figure D

- 2

. Map of Wrecks and Obstructions from Multipurpose Marine Cadastre

See http://www.marinecadastre.gov

. Data is from NOAA Office of Coast Survey ( http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.g ov/hsd/AWOIS_download.html )

.

Table D

- 2

. Other Shipwrecks in the Yaquina Bay Area

Date of Shipwreck Name

(type) Cargo Location of Wreck (Fate of Wreck) References

Early 1849 Unknown Chinese silk

- cargo salvaged by Indians

and settlers Yaquina vicinity (19) Dye 1941:227

Late 1873 J ohn Hunter Unknown Yaquina (wrecked on beach) (8) Fagan 1885:482

Dec

. 1892 Unknown Unknown Capsized derelict vessel drifted into Yaquina Bay between jetties

- took out portions of

construction tramway. Annual Report of Chief of Engineers 1892(3):2699

Nov

. 24

, 1904 Quickstep

(barquentine) Unknown Unknown ( 19) Marshall 1984

Jan

. 1, 1912 Pilgram (sloop) Unknown Unknown (19) Marshall 1984

Feb

. 20

, 1935 Yaquina ( US Coast

Guard patrol boat) N/A Lost while attempting to aid the crew of a barge caught on Yaquina Bar. (19) Marshall 1984

Feb

. 26

, 1935 Parker #2 (dredge) N/A Unknown (19) Marshall 1984 Sept

. 13

, 1945 Dorothy Joan Unknown Unknown (19) Marshall 1984

Dec

. 11

, 1946 Etta Kay (schooner) Unknown Unknown (19) Marshall 1984

Apr

. 22 1948 John Aspin

( c argo ship) Unknown As of 1986, portions of hull

still visible at low tide. (19) Marshall 1984

Jun

. 25

, 1953 Captain Ludvig Unknown Unknown (19) Marshall 1984

Nov

. 19, 1983 Blue Magpie

( c argo s hip) Unknown Unknown (19) Marshall 1984Appendix D, Yaquina Bay ODMDS Evaluation / EA D

- 6 Survival of these vessels on the beach is another important problem. Wrecked vessels were frequently burned in order to recover scrap metal or salvaged for their useful materials. For instance, the schooner JULIE T is reported to have been burned. Burned vessel sites may be relocated by magnetometer surveys.

In general, the exact locations of beached vessels are not recorded. However, at Yaquina, the location of the wreck of the steamship YAQUINA BAY was noted in the Annual Reports to the Chief of Engineers. Assistant Engineer Holcombe used the location of the wreck as a bearing point, while commenting on the rate of sand accretion behind the south jetty (12). This site may

be relocated based on this informati on.

Alt hough the pattern of wreck locations suggests that ocean currents deposit wrecks on South Beach, it is also possible that wrecks are still present on the ocean floor. The likelihood of this event is dependent on a number of variables such as type of material the vessel is constructed of and its cargo ( w ood vessels will drift farther than steel, depending on the degree of hull damage)

. One ship wreck on Yaquina reef

, the JOSEPH ASPEDAL, was a concrete barge sunk in the 1940s. Another factor, enviro nment of the wreck site (ocean current patterns and the type s of material s composing the ocean floor) , may be important. For example, wrecks in rock reefs may be held for longer periods of time than wrecks on the ocean floor with smooth, harder surfaces. The area to the south of the south jetty (between the reef and beach) is a continuous sand bottom; no wrecks

have been observed in that area

.



## Conclusion s

Prehistoric cultural resources are unlikely to be found within the offshore area. It is possible that prehistoric Native Americans may have used portions of the Yaquina offshore reefs as a fishery. Any remaining remnants of prehistoric fishing activity are unlikely or not retrievable. Shipwrecks are the most probable cultural resources expected to e xist within the offshore area. Historical

review indicates several recorded wrecks offshore of Yaquina Bay

. It is possible that unrecorded

wrecks exist elsewhere in the nearshore area. In July 2000, a side

- scan sonar survey was conducted by Williamson & Associates (20) over a large area in and around the proposed Yaquina

North and South ocean disposal sites. No shipwrecks or other historic remnants were detected from this survey. The NOAA has documented shipwrecks around the Yaquina Bay jetties. In

su mmary, b a sed on historical information and survey information, it is unlikely that significant cultural resources are within the proposed North and South ocean disposal sites nor would any significant cultural resources be affected by the proposed designat ion.Appendix D, Yaquina Bay ODMDS Evaluation / EA D

- 7 

## References

(1) Barner, D .C. 1982. Shell and Archaeology: An Analysis of Shellfish Procurement and Utilization on the Central Oregon Coast . U npublished M.A. T hesis, Oregon State University,

Corvallis.

(2) Zontek, T. 1983. Aboriginal Fishing at Seal Rock, 35

- LNC

- 14 and Neptune 35

- LA

- 3; Late Prehistoric Archeological Sites on the Oregon Coast. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis.

(3) Ross. R

. E. 1983. Archeological Sites and Surveys on the North and Cen t ral C oast of Oregon

. In Prehistoric Places on the Southern Northwest Coast, R

. E. Greengo, ed. Seattle: Thomas Burke Memorial Washington State Museum, p. 213.

(4) Talbot, T

. W. 1980. From the Journals of Lieut. Theodore Talbot, U.S.A. on his Journey

t hrough Lincoln County and a lo ng the Oregon Coast in 1849. A Reprinting of Five Early Publications of the Lincoln County Historical Society, Leslie L. Haskin , ed. Lincoln County Historical Society , Newport, OR

.

(5) Beckham, S

. D

. 1977. The Indians of Western Oregon. This Land was Their s. Coos Bay: Arago

Books.

(6) Simons, A. 1983. Cultural Resources in the Pacon Graving Dock Project Area. U npublished

r eport on file at the Corps of Engineers, Portland District , Portland, OR.

(7) Phebus, G

. and R

. M. Drucker

. 1971. Archeological Investig ations of Seaside, Oregon: An

I ntermediate Report on the Excavations of Two major Archeological Sites at Seaside, Oregon,

t hrough September 1977. Vol 1, No. 1. Sponsored by t he Seaside Museum and Historical Society ( Figure 2 )

.

(8) Fagan, D

. D. 1885 Histor y of Benton Count y Oregon . . . etc. Portland: A.G. Walling printer.

(9) Mills, R

. V. 1950. Railroads Down the Valley: Some Short Lines of the Oregon Country. Palo Alto, Pacific Books.

(10) Willingham, W

. F. 1983. Army Engineers and the Development of Ore g o n. A History of the Portland District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Government Printing Office, Washington,

D.C.

(11) Beals, H

. K. and H

. Steele. 1981. Chinese Porcelains from site 35

- T1

- 1, Netarts Sand Spit,

Tilla m ook County, Oregon. University of Oregon Anthropolo g ical Papers

, Vol

. 23. Eugene.

(12) Holcombe, J.G. 1893. Yaquina Bay, (4):3363. Report of Mr. J.G. Holco m be

. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers

. Government Printing Office , Washington D.C

.

(13) Wright, E.W. 1895. Lewis and Dryden ’ s Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. The Lewis and Dryden Printing Company, Portland, OR ( pp. 43

- 394 )

.Appendix D, Yaquina Bay ODMDS Evaluation / EA D

- 8 (14) Gibbs, J

. 1968. West Coast Windjammers in Story and Pictures. Seattle: Superior Publishing Company.

(15) Fogarty, J

. 1980. Some History of Early

- Da y Stea m boating on Yaquina Bay in Lincoln County Lore

. A Reprinting of Five Early Publications of the Lincoln County Historical Society, Leslie L. Haskin , ed. Lincoln County Historical Society , Newport, OR

.

(16) Hayes, M

. M. 1976

. The Land that Kept Its Promise. Newport: Lincoln County Historical Society.

(17) Powell, CPT. 1884. Impr ovement of Entrance to Yaquina Bay, Oregon

, (3)2266. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers

. Government Printing Office , Washington D.C

.

(18) Hyell, G.A. 1891. Yaquina Bay. Report of Mr. Gwynn A. Hyell, Assistant Engineer

, (4):3193. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers

. Government Printing Office , Washington

D.C

.

(19) Dye, E

. E

. 1941. Boone Family Reminiscences, Oregon Historical Quarterly 42:220

- 229.

Salem : State s man Pub lishing Co.

(20 ) Marshall, D. 1984. Oregon Shipwrecks. Binford & Mort, Portland, O R

.

(2 1 ) Williamson & Associates, Inc. July 2000. Offshore Disposal Site Investigation, Newport, Oregon. Revision 1, September 11, 2000. Seattle, WA. Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , Portland District, Portland, OR.Appendix D, Yaquina Bay ODMDS Evaluation / EA D

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