# Patent

## Title
Process and intermediate compounds useful in the preparation of statins

## Abstract

There is provides a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (7): wherein R is an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group or an optionally substituted heterocyclic group; provides that R is not a compound of Formula (a): wherein Ra represents an alkyl group, such as a C1-16 alkyl group, and preferably an isopropyl group; Rb represents an aryl group, preferably a 4-fluorophenyl group; Rc represents hydrogen, a protecting group or an alkyl group, such as a C1-16 alkyl group, and preferably a methyl group; and Rd represents hydrogen, a protecting group or a SO2Re group where Re is an alkyl group, such as a C1-16 alkyl group, and preferably a methyl group.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/721,858, filed on Jun. 23, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,278,467, which claims priority to which is a 35 U.S.C. §371 national stage application of PCT Application No. PCT/GB2005/004541, filed on Nov. 28, 2005, which claims priority from Great Britain Application No. 0427491.6, filed on Dec. 16, 2004, the disclosures and content of each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.


The present invention concerns a process and intermediate compounds useful in the preparation of statins.
According to the present invention there is provide a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (7):




wherein

    
    
        R is a an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group or an optionally substituted heterocyclic group;
    
    


provided that R is not a compound of Formula (a):




wherein

    
    
        Ra represents an alkyl group, such as a C1-6 alkyl group, and preferably an isopropyl group;
        Rb represents an aryl group, preferably a 4-fluorophenyl group;
        Rc represents hydrogen, a protecting group or an alkyl group, such as a C1-6 alkyl group, and preferably a methyl group; and
        Rd represents hydrogen, a protecting group or a SO2Re group where Re is an alkyl group, such as a C1-6 alkyl group, and preferably a methyl group,

which comprises

a) hydroxylating a compound of formula (1):

    
    






    
    
        wherein Y represents a halo group, preferably Cl or Br; P1 represents hydrogen or a protecting group, and W represents ═O or —OP2, in which P2 represents hydrogen or a protecting group,

to give a compound of formula (2):

    
    






b) oxidising the compound of formula (2) to give a compound of formula (3):





c) coupling the compound of formula (3) with a compound of formula (4):





    
    
        wherein Z represents (PR11R12)+X− or P(═P)R11R12 in which X is an anion and R11 and R12 each independently is an alkyl, aryl, alkoxy or aryloxy group, preferably a phenyl group,

to give compound of formula (5):

    
    






d) when W represents —OP2, removing any P2 protecting group and oxidising the compound of formula (5) to give a compound of formula (6):





and

e) subjecting the compound of formula (5) when W represents ═O, or compound of formula (6) to ring-opening, removal of any P1 protecting groups, and optionally removing any additional protecting groups to give a compound of formula (7).

In step (e), any P1 protecting groups and any additional protecting groups may be removed individually or together and prior to ring opening, during ring opening or after ring opening of the compounds of formula (5) or (6).
Preferably, there is provided a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (7):




wherein

    
    
        R is a group selected from
    
    






and wherein

    
    
        R1 represents hydrogen, a protecting group or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, preferably an alkyl group, such as a C1-6 alkyl group;
        R2 represents an optionally substituted acyl group, preferably an alkanoyl group, such as C1-8alkanoyl group, and preferably a —C(O)CH(Me)CH2CH3 or —C(O)C(Me)2CH2CH3 group;
        R3 represents an optionally substituted acyl group, preferably an alkanoyl group, such as C1-8alkanoyl group, and preferably a —C(O)CH(Me)CH2CH3 or —C(O)C(Me)2CH2CH3 group;
        R4 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, preferably an optionally substituted aryl group, more preferably a 4-fluorophenyl group;
        R5 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, preferably an optionally substituted alkyl group, such as a C1-6 alkyl group, and more preferably a cyclopropyl group;
        R6 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, preferably an optionally substituted aryl group, more preferably a 4-fluorophenyl group;
        R7 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, preferably an optionally substituted alkyl group, such as a C1-6 alkyl group, and more preferably an isopropyl group;
        R8 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, or optionally substituted heterocyclic group, preferably an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic group, more preferably a methyltetrazoyl group;
        R9 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, preferably an optionally substituted aryl group, more preferably a 4-fluorophenyl group;
        R10 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, preferably an optionally substituted aryl group, more preferably a 4-fluorophenyl group,

which comprises

a) hydroxylating a compound of formula (1):

    
    






    
    
        wherein Y represents a halo group, preferably Cl or Br; P1 represents hydrogen or a protecting group, and W represents ═O or —OP2, in which P2 represents hydrogen or a protecting group,

to give a compound of formula (2):

    
    






b) oxidising the compound of formula (2) to give a compound of formula (3):





c) coupling the compound of formula (3) with a compound of formula (4):





    
    
        wherein Z represents (PR11R12)+X− or P(═O)R11R12 in which X is an anion and R11 and R12 each independently is an alkyl, aryl, alkoxy or aryloxy group, preferably a phenyl group,

to give a compound of formula (5):

    
    






d) when W represents —OP2, removing any P2 protecting group and oxidising the compound of formula (5) to give a compound of formula (6):





and

e) subjecting the compound of formula (5) when W represents ═O, or compound of formula (6) to ring-opening, removal of any P1 protecting groups, and optionally removing any additional protecting groups to give a compound of formula (7).

In step (e), any P1 protecting groups and any additional protecting groups may be removed individually or together and prior to ring opening, during ring opening or after ring opening of the compounds of formula (5) or (6).
Further, compounds of formula (8):




wherein R is as defined above for R7,
may be obtained by reduction of a compound of Formula (7) or, alternatively a compound of Formula (5) or (6) may be reduced to a corresponding compound of




and then the compound of formula (9) when W represents —OP2 may be converted to a compound of formula (10) by removing any P2 protecting group and oxidising the compound of formula (9) to give a compound of formula (10), and then the compound of formula (9), when W represents ═O, or a compound of formula (10) may be ring-opened, any P1 protecting groups, and optionally removing any additional protecting groups to give a compound of formula (8). Any P1 protecting groups and any additional protecting groups may be removed individually or together and prior to ring opening, during ring opening or after ring opening of the compounds of formula (9) or (10).

Protecting groups which may be represented by P1 and P2 include alcohol protecting groups, examples of which are well known in the art. Particular examples include tetrahydropyranyl, benzyl and methyl groups. Preferred protecting groups are silyl groups, for example triaryl- and especially trialkylsilyl groups. Especially preferred examples are trimethylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl and t-butyldiphenyl groups.
Protecting groups which may be represented by P1 and P2 may be the same or different. When the protecting groups P1 and P2 are different, advantageously this may allow for the selective removal of only P1 or P2. Preferably, when the protecting groups P1 and P2 are different, P1 is a silyl group and P2 is a methyl group.
Protecting groups which may be represented by R1 include alcohol protecting groups, examples of which are well known in the art.
Protecting groups which may be represented by Rc and Rd include amine protecting groups, examples of which are well known in the art. Particular examples include benzyl groups, carbamates (such as CBZ, Boc, Fmoc), phosphate, thiophosphate, silyl groups and, when Rc and Rd together are a single protecting group, an imine group.
Hydrocarbyl groups which may be represented by R, R1 and R3 independently include alkyl, alkenyl and aryl groups, and any combination thereof, such as aralkyl and alkaryl, for example benzyl groups.
Alkyl groups which may be represented by R, Ra, Rc, Rd, R1 and R4-10 include linear and branched alkyl groups comprising up to 20 carbon atoms, particularly from 1 to 7 carbon atoms and preferably from 1 to 5 carbon atoms. When the alkyl groups are branched, the groups often comprising up to 10 branch chain carbon atoms, preferably up to 4 branch chain atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkyl group may be cyclic, commonly comprising from 3 to 10 carbon atoms in the largest ring and optionally featuring one or more bridging rings. Examples of alkyl groups which may be represented by R, Ra, Rc, Rd, R1 and R4-10 include methyl, ethyl, propyl, 2-propyl, butyl, 2-butyl, t-butyl and cyclohexyl groups.
Alkenyl groups which may be represented by R, R1 and R4-10 include C2-20, and preferably C2-6 alkenyl groups. One or more carbon-carbon double bonds may be present. The alkenyl group may carry one or more substituents, particularly phenyl substituents. Examples of alkenyl groups include vinyl, styryl and indenyl groups.
Aryl groups which may be represented by R, Rb, R1 and R4-10 may contain 1 ring or 2 or more fused rings which may include cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclic rings. Examples of aryl groups which may be represented by R1, Rb and R4-10 include phenyl, tolyl, fluorophenyl, chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, trifluoromethylphenyl, anisyl, naphthyl and ferrocenyl groups.
Heterocyclic groups which may be represented by R, R1 and R4-10 independently include aromatic, saturated and partially unsaturated ring systems and may constitute 1 ring or 2 or more fused rings which may include cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclic rings. The heterocyclic group will contain at least one heterocyclic ring, the largest of which will commonly comprise from 3 to 7 ring atoms in which at least one atom is carbon and at least one atom is any of N, O, S or P. When any of R, R1 or R4-10 represents or comprises a heterocyclic group, preferably attachment is provided through a carbon atom in the R, R1 or R4-10 group. Examples of heterocyclic groups which may be represented by R, R1 and R4-10 include pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrrolyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, indolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, imidazoyl, triazoyl and tetrazoyl groups.
When any of R, R1 and R4-10 is a substituted hydrocarbyl group, the substituent(s) should be such so as not to adversely affect the rate or selectivity of any of the reaction steps or the overall process. Optional substituents include halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, amino, thiol, acyl, hydrocarbyl, heterocyclyl, hydrocarbyloxy, mono or di-hydrocarbylamino, hydrocarbylthio, esters, carbamates, carbonates, amides, sulphonyl and sulphonamido groups wherein the hydrocarbyl groups are as defined for R1 above. One or more substituents may be present. Examples of R1 and R4-10 groups having more than one substituent present include —CF3 and —C2F5.
Hyrdoxylation of compounds of formula (1) can be achieved by methods known in the art for displacing a halo group with a hydroxide source. Preferably, the process comprises contacting the compound of formula (1) with a source of hydroxide. Hydroxide sources include hydroxide salts, especially ammonium or alkali metal hydroxides, particularly lithium, sodium or potassium hydroxide, and various aqueous media such as water in the presence of basic media such as N-methylpryrrolidinone, HMPA, Al2O3, CaCO3, Na2CO3, K2CO3 or KO2/18-crown-6, silver salts such as AgNO3 or Ag2O, or oxidants such perbenzioc acid. A particularly preferred process comprises contacting the compound of formula (1) with 5 molar equivalents of KOH in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide solvent at a temperature of, for example, about 50° C.
Alternatively, hydroxylation may be achieved by first displacing the halogen with a leaving group such as acetate, triflate or sulphate optionally in the presence of a silver salt, then displacing the leaving group with a hydroxide source. A particularly preferred process comprises contacting the compound of formula (1) with 3 molar equivalents of NaOAc in the presence of dimethylformamide solvent and tetra-n-butylammonium chloride at a temperature of, for example, about 100° C., isolating the acetyl compound and contacting with potassium carbonate in the presence of methanol solvent and at a temperature of, for example, about 0° C.
Oxidation of compounds of formula (2) can be achieved using oxidation systems known in the art for the oxidation of alcohols, especially those known in the art for the oxidation of primary alcohols. Examples include oxidation with Dess-Martin perlodinane, bromine, Swern oxidation or various metal based oxidations such as Fetizon reagent, manganate based reagents, and chromate based reagents such as Collins reagent. Swern oxidation is preferred. When Swern oxidation is employed, preferred conditions comprise the use of dimethyl sulphoxide and oxalyl chloride or bromine in a solvent such as dichloromethane or dichlormethane/THF mixtures, at reduced temperature, such as from 0 to −100° C., preferably −50 to −80° C. Preferably, reagents are added at reduced temperature, such as −30 to −80° C., and then once all reagents are added, the reaction mixture is allowed to warm to 15 to 20° C.
The coupling of the compound of formula (3) with the compound of formula (4) may employ conditions analogous to those given in Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 1995, 68, 364-372, Tet. Lett. 1992, 33(49), 7525-75226, Tetrahedron 1997, 53(31) 10659-10670 and WO01/85702. The conditions preferably comprise reacting the compounds of formula (3) and (4) in a hydrocarbon solvent, such as THF, toluene or cyclohexane, or mixtures thereof, optionally in the presence of a base, followed by contact with aqueous acid, such as aqueous HCl.
Alkyl, aryl, alkoxy or aryloxy groups which may be represented by R11 and R12 include C1-6alkyl groups, such as methyl and ethyl groups, C6-12aryl groups, such phenyl, tolyl or naphthyl, C1-6alkoy groups, such as ethoxy groups, and C6-12aryloxy groups such as phenoxy groups.
Anions which may be represented by X include halide.
Z preferably is P(═O)R11R12 where R7 and R8 each independently is an alkyl, aryl, alkoxy or aryloxy group, preferably a phenyl group.
When W represents OP2, the protecting group may be removed to form a hydroxy group by methods known in the art for the removal of the given protecting group. For example, silyl protecting groups may be removed by contact with a source of fluoride ion, such as tetrabutylammonium fluoride.
Oxidation of compounds formed by deprotection of compounds wherein W represents —OP2 may employ conditions known in the art for the oxidation of pyranols to pyranones, and include those given in “Comprehensive Organic Transformations”, R. C. Larock, 2nd Ed (1999) p 1670, published by Wiley VCH, incorporated herein by reference. Preferred oxidation systems include Ag2CO3/Celite, especially Celite J2, bromine or Swern.
Ring opening of the compounds of formula (5), when W represent ═O or formula (6) may employ conditions known in the art for ring opening of a pyranone. Preferably, the ring is opened by contact with a base, such as sodium hydroxide. Conveniently, polar solvents are employed, for example methanol, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran or mixtures thereof.
Remaining protecting groups may be removed by methods known in the art for the removal of the given protecting group. For example, silyl protecting groups may be removed by contact with a source of fluoride ion, such as tetrabutylammonium fluoride.
It will also be recognised that compounds of formulae (2), (3) and (5) may also be subjected to oxidation (when W represents —OH) or deprotection and oxidation (when W represents (—O-protecting group) to form the corresponding compound wherein W represents ═O.
Reduction of the compounds of formula (5), (6) or (7) may employ conditions known in the art for the reduction of double bonds. For example, hydrogenation using hydrogen gas in the present of transition metals or transition metal catalysts such as hydrogen in the presence of group VIII metal or metal catalyst, especially Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir or Pt metals or metal based catalysts.
Preferred compounds of formula (1) are compounds of formula:




wherein W, P1 and Y are as previously described.
Preferred compounds of formula (2) are compounds of formula:




wherein W and P1 are as previously described.
Preferred compounds of formula (3) are compounds of formula:




wherein W and P1 are as previously described.
Preferred compounds of formula (5) are of formula:




wherein R1, R2, W and P1 are as previously described.
Preferred compounds of formula (6) are of formula:




wherein R1 and R2 are as previously described.
Preferred compounds of formula (7) are of formula:




wherein R1 and R2 are as previously described.
Compounds of formula (7) are advantageously converted to pharmaceutically acceptable salts, especially their calcium salts.
Compounds of formula (4) are advantageously prepared by analogy to the methods given in Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 1995, 68, 364-372, Tet. Lett. 1992, 33(49), 7525-75226, Tetrahedron 1997, 53(31) 10659-10670, WO00/49014 and WO01/85702. Particularly preferred compounds of formula (4) are compounds of formula:




Compounds of formula (1) are advantageously prepared by enzyme catalysed condensation of acetaldehyde and 2-haloacetaldehyde, for example using the method given in U.S. Pat. No. 5,795,749.
Compounds of formula (5) and (9) when W is OP2 are further aspects of the present invention.
The invention is illustrated by the following examples.


EXAMPLE 1
Preparation of Chlorolactol methyl acetal ((2S,4R)-2-(chloromethyl)-6-methoxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ol), a compound of Formula 1 where Y═C1, P1═H and W═—OP2, in which P2=Me
Crude chlorolactol (15 g) was dissolved in methanol (150 ml) and heated to 40° C. for 2 hours in the presence of 0.1 ml sulphuric acid, The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation to afford the product as a dark brown flowing oil. The product was dissolved in DCM and washed with sodium bicarbonate solution. The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation to afford the product as a dark brown flowing oil, which was purified by column chromatography (16.1 g) containing a mixture of anomers m/z 179, 149 and 113; 1H nmr CDCl3 3.6-3.7 (m 2H), 4.1 (m 1H), 1.5-1.6 (m 2H), 4.0 (m 1H), 1.3-1.6 (m 2H), 4.9 (m 1H), 3.3 & 3.5 (s 3H); 13C nmr CDCl3 32, 36, 45, 55 & 56, 64, 65, 94.
EXAMPLE 2
Preparation of O-benzyl-chlorolactol methyl acetal ((2S,4R)-4-(benzyloxy)-2-(chloromethyl)-6-methoxytetrahydro-2H-pyran), a compound of Formula 1 where Y═C1, P1=Bn and W═—OP2, in which P2=Me
Chlorolactol methyl acetal (1 g) was dissolved in THF (5 ml) and charged to sodium hydride (0.33 g 60% in mineral oil) in THF (5 ml) at room temperature. Benzyl bromide (1.9 g) was added dropwise and the mass heated to 80° C. for 2 hours. Methanol (2 ml) was added and the mass was partitioned between DCM/water, and was then washed with water. The organic phase was dried and the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation to afford an orange flowing oil (2.1 g), containing a mixture of anomers containing a mixture of anomers. m/z 270; 238; 203; 132; 91; 1H nmr CDCl3 1.6-2.0 (m 4H), 3.4 & 3.5 (s 3H), 3.6 (m 2H), 3.8 (m 1H), 4.0 (m 1H), 4.5 (m 2H), 4.7 (m 1H), 7.3-7.5 (m 5H); 13C nmr CDCl3 32 & 33, 46, 55 & 56, 58, 66, 74, 96 & 98, 128-131.
EXAMPLE 3
Preparation of Hydroxy-O-benzyl-lactol methyl acetal ([(2R,4R)-4-(benzyloxy)-6-methoxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methanol), a compound of Formula 2 where P1=Bn and W═—OP2, in which P2=Me
Preparation of the Acetate Intermediate:
To a 3-litre three necked round bottomed flask flushed with dry nitrogen the O-benzyl-chlorolactol methyl acetal (30 g) was charged into dry N-methylpyrollidinone (756 mls). Anhydrous tetrabutylammonium acetate (102.57 g) was also charged to the solution. The reaction mixture was then heated at 100° C. for 24 hours, The reaction mixture was sampled at routine intervals and directly analysed by tlc and gc/ms.
The black solution was then diluted with water (150 mls) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×1500 mls). The combined upper organic layer was then washed with water (3×1500 mls). The aqueous portion showed no product content at this point. The layers were then separated, dried, (Na2SO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo to yield a black flowing oil (31 g, 95%) containing a mixture of anomers. 1H nmr CDCl3 1.4-1.8 (m 4H), 2.0-2.1 (duplicate s, 3H), 3.4 & 3.5 (s 3H), 3.8 (m 1H), 4.0 (m 1H), 4.1 (m 2H), 4.5 (m, 2H), 4.7-4.9 (m 1H), 7.2-7.3 (m, 5H); 13C nmr CDCl3 20.8; 30-35; 55 & 56; 57 & 64; 66 & 68; 69 & 72; 70 & 71; 98 & 99; 127-128 & 138; 170.5; m/z 293, 262, 221, 203, 156, 91 and 43.
Preparation of the Alcohol from the Acetate Intermediate:
To a 50 mls three necked round bottomed flask flushed with dry nitrogen the O-benzyl-chlorolactol methyl acetal acetate (2 g) was charged into dry methanol (10 mls) containing anhydrous potassium carbonate (1 g). The resultant suspension was stirred at 20° C. for 30 minutes. G.C./M.S. showed complete conversion of acetate to alcohol. The solid was filtered off and the solvent removed in vacuo to yield a brown flowing oil containing a mixture of anomers (1.6 g, 93%). 1H nmr CDCl3 1.4-1.8 (m 4H), 3.4 & 3.5 (s 3H), 3.8 (m 1H), 3.9 (m 1H), 4.0 (m 2H), 4.5 (m 2H), 4.7-4.9 (m 1H), 7.2-7.3 (m, 5H); 13C nmr CDCl3 30-38; 55 & 56; 65 & 66; 65 & 69; 70 & 71; 72 & 73; 99 & 100; 128 & 140; m/z 252, 221, 189, 163, 114 and 91.
EXAMPLE 4
Preparation of formyl-O-benzyl-lactol methyl acetal (2S,4R)-4-(benzyloxy)-6-methoxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carbaldehyde a compound of Formula 3 where P1=Bn and W═—OP2, in which P2=Me
Dess-Martin periodinane reagent (1.91 g) in dichloromethane (50 mls) was charged to a 1000 mls round bottomed flask purged with dry nitrogen. The hydroxy-O-benzyl-lactol methyl acetal (1.0 g) was dissolved in dichloromethane (50 mls) and added to the Dess-Martin periodinane reagent at 20° C. The reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The reaction was monitored by tlc. The reaction mixture was then diluted with diethyl ether (500 mls) to precipitate the excess reagent. The suspension was then washed with 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide (200 mls). The upper organic layer was then washed with water (250 mls). The upper organic layer was then separated, dried (Na2SO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo to yield a dark flowing oil as a mixture of anomers (0.8 g).
1H nmr CDCl3 1.6-1.9 (m 4H), 3.3 & 3.5 (s 3H), 3.7 (m 1H), 3.8 (m 1H), 4.4 (m 2H), 4.7-4.9 (m 1H), 7.2-8.1 (m, 5H), 9.6-9.7 (2×s, 1H).
13C nmr CDCl3 30-38; 55 & 56; 65 & 66; 65 & 69; 70 & 71; 99 & 100; 128 & 140; 201.
m/z 250, 221, 189, 163, 143, 117 and 91.
Alternatively, a Swern oxidation can be carried out as illustrated by the following example: A stirred solution of oxalyl chloride (0.037 cm3, 0.44 mmol) in dichloromethane (4 cm3) under nitrogen was cooled to −78° C. and DMSO was added in one portion. A solution of the alcohol (100 mg, 0.40 mmol) in dichloromethane (1 cm3) was added to the reaction mixture and the reaction mixture stirred at −78° C. for 5 min. Triethylamine (0.272 cm3, 19.8 mmol) was added and the resulting solution was stirred at −78° C. for 25 min and used immediately without isolation or purification. Tlc rf 0.40 ethyl acetate:hexane (1:1) orange spot with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine stain
EXAMPLE 5
Preparation of a compound of Formula 5 where P1=Bz and W═—OP2, in which P2=Me
The compound of Formula 5 may be obtained by first dissolving 0.21 g of the compound of formula 4 wherein Z═PO(Ph)2 in 10 ml dry THF, cooling to −60° C. and then adding 0.2 ml of a 2M solution of sodium hexamethyldisilazide. After 20 min, a solution of 0.1 g formyl-O-benzyl-lactol methyl acetal in 10 ml dry THF at −30° C. is added. The reaction mixture is then maintained at this temperature for 8 hours and monitored by tlc. The reaction mixture is allowed to slowly warm up to 20° C. Glacial acetic (5 mls) acid is then charged to quench the reaction. Water (5 mls) is also charged to the mixture. The solvent is then removed in vacuo and reconstituted with toluene (15 mls) and water (15 mls). The upper organic layer is then separated and the aqueous layer is then washed with ethyl acetate (15 mls). The combined organics are then dried and the solvent removed in vacuo to yield an oil containing a mixture of isomers, that can be purified by chromatography.
Example 5a, R is




wherein R1 represents hydrogen, a protecting group or a C1-8 alkyl group; and R2 represents a —C(O)CH(Me)CH2CH3 or —C(O)C(Me)2CH2CH3 group.

Example 5b, R is





wherein R3 represents a —C(O)CH(Me)CH2CH3 or —C(O)C(Me)2CH2CH3 group.

Example 5c, R is





wherein R4 represents a 4-fluorophenyl group; and R5 a C1-6 alkyl group, and more preferably a cyclopropyl group.

Example 5d, R is





wherein R6 represents a 4-fluorophenyl group; and R7 represents a C1-6 alkyl group, and more preferably an isopropyl group.

Example 5e, R is





wherein R8 represents a methyltetrazoyl group; R9 represents a 4-fluorophenyl group; and R10 a 4-fluorophenyl group.

EXAMPLE 6
Preparation of a compound of Formula 5 where P1═H and W═—OP2, in which P2=Me
The substituted-ethenyl-OH-lactol methyl acetal may be obtained by reaction of the substituted-ethenyl-O-benzylactol methyl acetal of Example 5(a-e) with TMSI.
EXAMPLE 7
Preparation of a compound of Formula 5 where P1═H and W═—OP2, in which P2═H
The substituted-ethenyl-OH-lactol may be obtained by treatment of the substituted-ethenyl-OH-lactol methyl acetal of Example 6(a-e) with 0.1N HCl in methanol.
EXAMPLE 8
Preparation of Lactone, a compound of Formula 6 where P1═H
The lactone may be obtained by adding the substituted-ethenyl-OH-lactol of Example 7(a-e) (35 mg, 0.065 mmol) in dichloromethane (0.5 ml) to Dess-Martin periodinane (30 mg, 0.07 mmol) and stirring at room temperature for 2.5 hours. The reaction is partitioned between 1M sodium hydroxide and diethyl ether. The phases are then separated and the organic volume reduced in vaccuo to afford the crude product oil.
EXAMPLE 9
Preparation of hydroxy-acid (hydrolysis of Lactone), a compound of Formula 7
The lactone of Example 8(a-e) (1.1 g) may be ring opened by dissolving in ethanol (10 ml), addition of water (2 ml) and Ca(OH)2 (0.15 g) and warming the suspension to 60° C. for 3 hours. A further 10 ml of warm water is added, before the mixture is allowed to cool slowly to room temperature. The precipitate formed is filtered and dried to give the calcium salt of the hydroxy-acid. The material was identical to an authentic sample by mixed melting point, NMR and mass spectrometry.

## Claims

1. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (7):



wherein:
R is a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl or aryl group or any combination thereof,
or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group;
provided that R is not a compound of Formula (a):




wherein:
Ra is an alkyl group;
Rb is an aryl group;
Rc is hydrogen, a protecting group or an alkyl group; and
Rd is hydrogen, a protecting group or a SO2Re group, where Re is an alkyl group, which comprises:

a) hydroxylating a compound of formula (1):



wherein Y is a halo group, P1 is hydrogen or a protecting group, and W is ═O or —OP2, in which P2 is hydrogen or a protecting group, to provide a compound of formula (2):





b) oxidizing the compound of formula (2) to provide a compound of formula (3):




c) coupling the compound of formula (3) with a compound of formula (4):



wherein Z is (PR11R12)+X− or P(═O)R11R12, wherein X is an anion and R11 and R12 each independently is an alkyl, aryl, alkoxy or aryloxy group, to provide a compound of formula (5):





d) when W is —OP2, removing any P2 protecting group and oxidizing the compound of formula (5) to provide a compound of formula (6):




and
e) subjecting the compound of formula (5) when W is ═O, or compound of formula (6) to ring-opening, removal of any P1 protecting groups, and optionally removing any additional protecting groups to provide a compound of formula (7).

2. The process of claim 1, wherein Y is Cl or Br.

3. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (7):



wherein R is one of the following:





and wherein:
R4 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group;
R5 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group;
R6 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group;
R7 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group;
R8 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group;
R9 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group;
R10 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group;
which comprises:
a) hydroxylating a compound of formula (1):



wherein Y is a halo group, P1 is hydrogen or a protecting group, and W is ═O or —OP2, in which P2 is hydrogen or a protecting group, to provide a compound of formula (2):





b) oxidizing the compound of formula (2) to provide a compound of formula (3):




c) coupling the compound of formula (3) with a compound of formula (4):



wherein Z is (PR11R12)+X− or P(═O)R11R12, wherein X is an anion and R11 and R12 are each independently an alkyl, aryl, alkoxy or aryloxy group, to provide a compound of formula (5):





d) when W is —OP2, removing any P2 protecting group and oxidizing the compound of formula (5) to provide a compound of formula (6):




and
e) subjecting the compound of formula (5) when W is ═O, or compound of formula (6) to ring-opening, removal of any P1 protecting groups, and optionally removing any additional protecting groups to provide a compound of formula (7).

4. The process of claim 3, wherein R4 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group and/or R5 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.

5. The process of claim 3, wherein R6 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group and/or R7 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.

6. The process of claim 3, wherein R8 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic group; R9 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group and/or R10 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group.

7. The process of claim 3, wherein Y is Cl or Br.

8. The process of claim 3, wherein R4 is a 4-fluorophenyl group and/or R5 is a C1-6 alkyl group.

9. The process of claim 3, wherein R6 is a 4-fluorophenyl group and/or R7 is a C1-6 alkyl group.

10. The process of claim 3, wherein R8 is a methyltetrazoyl group; R9 is a 4-fluorophenyl group and/or R10 is a 4-fluorophenyl group.

11. A process for the preparation of a compound of Formula (8):



wherein:
(i) a compound of formula (7), prepared according to claim 2, is hydrogenated to provide a compound of formula (8); or
(ii) a compound of formula (5) prepared according to steps (a) to (c) of claim 1 or 2, is hydrogenated to provide a compound of formula (9):





and when W is —OP2, removing the P2 protecting group and oxidizing the compound of formula (9) to provide a compound of formula (10);




and subjecting the compound of formula (9) when W is ═O, or the compound of formula (10) to ring opening, removing the P1 protecting group and optionally removing additional protecting groups to provide a compound of formula (8); or
(iii) a compound of formula (6), prepared according to steps (a) to (c) of claim 1 or 2, is hydrogenated to provide a compound of formula (10); and subjecting the compound of formula (10) to ring-opening, removing the P1 protecting group, and optionally removing additional protecting groups to provide a compound of formula (8).

12. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (5):



which comprises coupling the compound of formula (3):




with a compound of formula (4):




wherein:
R is a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl or aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group;
Z is (PR11R12)+X− or P(═O)R11R12, wherein X is an anion and R11 and R12 each independently is an alkyl, aryl, alkoxy or aryloxy group;
P1 is hydrogen or a protecting group; and
W is ═O or —OP2, in which P2 is hydrogen or a protecting group; provided that R is not a compound of Formula (a):




wherein:
Ra is an alkyl group;
Rb is an aryl group;
Rc is hydrogen, a protecting group or an alkyl group; and
Rd is hydrogen, a protecting group or a SO2Re group, where Re is an alkyl group.

13. A process of claim 12, wherein R is one of the following:



and wherein:
R4 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group;
R5 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group;
R8 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group;
R9 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group; and
R10 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group.

14. The process of claim 13, wherein R4 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group and/or R5 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.

15. The process of claim 13, wherein R8 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic group; R9 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group and/or R19 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group.

16. The process of claim 13, wherein Y is Cl or Br.

17. The process of claim 13, wherein R4 is a 4-fluorophenyl group and/or R5 is a C1-6 alkyl group.

18. The process of claim 13, wherein R8 is a methyltetrazoyl group; R9 is a 4-fluorophenyl group and/or R10 is a 4-fluorophenyl group.

19. A compound of formula (9):



wherein:
R is a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl or aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group;
P1 is hydrogen or a protecting group; and
W is —OP2, in which P2 is hydrogen or a protecting group; provided that R is not a compound of Formula (a):




wherein:
Ra is an alkyl group;
Rb is an aryl group;
Rc is hydrogen, a protecting group or an alkyl group; and
Rd is hydrogen, a protecting group or a SO2Re group, where Re is an alkyl group, such as C1-6 alkyl group, and preferably a methyl group.

20. A compound of formula (5)



wherein R is one of the following:




and wherein:
R4 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group;
R5 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group;
R8 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group;
R9 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group; and
R10 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group;
P1 is hydrogen or a protecting group; and
W is ═O or —OP2, in which P2 is hydrogen or a protecting group; provided that R is not a compound of Formula (a):




wherein
Ra is an alkyl group;
Rb is an aryl group;
Rc is hydrogen, a protecting group or an alkyl group; and
Rd is hydrogen, a protecting group or a SO2Re group, where Re is an alkyl group, such as a C1-6 alkyl group, and preferably a methyl group.

21. The compound of claim 20, wherein R4 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group and/or R5 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.

22. The compound of claim 20, wherein R8 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic group; R9 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group and/or R10 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group.

23. The compound of claim 20, wherein R4 is a 4-fluorophenyl group and/or R5 is a C1-6 alkyl group.

24. The compound of claim 20, wherein R8 is a methyltetrazoyl group; R9 is a 4-fluorophenyl group and/or R10 is a 4-fluorophenyl group.

25. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (5):



which comprises coupling the compound of formula (3):




with a compound of formula (4):




wherein R is one of the following:




Z is (PR11R12)+X− or P(═O)R11R12, wherein X is an anion and R11 and R12 each independently is an alkyl, aryl, alkoxy or aryloxy group;
P1 is hydrogen or a protecting group;
W is ═O or —OP2, in which P2 is hydrogen or a protecting group; and
R1 is hydrogen, a protecting group or a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group;
R2 is a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group; and
R3 is a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group.

26. The process of claim 25, wherein R1 is an alkyl group; and/or R2 is an alkanoyl group; and/or R3 is an alkanoyl group.

27. A compound of formula (5):



wherein R is one of the following:




P1 is hydrogen or a protecting group;
W is ═O or —OP2, in which P2 is hydrogen or a protecting group; and
R1 is hydrogen, a protecting group or a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group;
R2 is a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group; and
R3 is a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group.

28. The compound of claim 27, wherein R1 is an alkyl group; and/or R2 is an alkanoyl group; and/or R3 is an alkanoyl group.

29. The process of claim 12, wherein R is:



and wherein
R6 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group;
R7 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group; and
W is OP2, in which P2 is hydrogen or a protecting group.

30. The process of claim 29, wherein R6 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group and/or R7 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.

31. The process of claim 29, wherein R6 is a 4-fluorophenyl group and/or R7 is a C1-6 alkyl group.

32. A compound of formula (5):



wherein
R is




R6 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group;
R7 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group;
P1 is hydrogen or a protecting group; and
W is —OP2, in which P2 is hydrogen or protecting group.

33. The compound of claim 32, wherein R6 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group and/or R7 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.

34. The compound of claim 32, wherein R6 is a 4-fluorophenyl group and/or R7 is a C1-6 alkyl group.

35. A compound of formula (9)



wherein R is one of the following:




and wherein
R4 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group;
R5 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group;
R6 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group;
R7 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group;
R8 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group;
R9 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group;
R10 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group;
P1 is hydrogen or a protecting group; and
W is —OP2, in which P2 is hydrogen or a protecting group.

36. The compound of claim 35, wherein R4 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group and/or R5 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.

37. The compound of claim 35, wherein R6 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group and/or R7 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.

38. The compound of claim 35, wherein R8 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic group; R9 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group and/or R10 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group.

39. The compound of claim 35, wherein R4 is a 4-fluorophenyl group and/or R5 is a C1-6 alkyl group.

40. The compound of claim 35, wherein R6 is a 4-fluorophenyl group and/or R7 is a C1-6 alkyl group.

41. The compound of claim 35, wherein R8 is a methyltetrazoyl group; R9 is a 4-fluorophenyl group and/or R10 is a 4-fluorophenyl group.

42. A compound of formula (9)



wherein R is one of the following:




Z is (PR11R12)+X− or P(═O)R11R12, wherein X is an anion and R11 and R12 each independently is an alkyl, aryl, alkoxy or aryloxy group;
P1 is hydrogen or a protecting group;
W is ═O or —OP2, in which P2 is hydrogen or a protecting group; and
R1 is hydrogen, a protecting group or a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group;
R2 is a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group;
R3 is a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group.

43. The process of claim 42, wherein R1 is an alkyl group; and/or R2 is an alkanoyl group; and/or R3 is an alkanoyl group.