In the Supreme Court of Georgia

 Decided: November 24, 2014

S14A0935. DRAKE v. THE STATE.

HUNSTEIN, Justice.

Appellant Jamere Drake was convicted of felony murder and related

offenses in connection with the November 2011 shooting death of James Woods

in downtown Savannah. Drake now appeals, contending that the trial court

erred in admitting his statements to police, which he alleges were obtained

through the use of improper interrogation techniques and in violation of 

Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U. S. 436 (86 SCt 1602, 16 LE2d 694) (1966). Finding

no error, we affirm.

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In February 2012, a Chatham County grand jury indicted Drake and coindictee Jeremy Smith for malice murder, felony murder, attempted armed robbery,

and two counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime. At the

conclusion of a jury trial held October 24-26, 2012, Drake was acquitted of the malice

murder charge but convicted on all other counts. Smith had previously entered into

a plea agreement. The trial court sentenced Drake to life imprisonment for felony

murder plus a consecutive five-year term for firearm possession and merged the

remaining counts. Drake filed a motion for new trial on November 9, 2012, which

he amended on March 21, 2013. Following a hearing in December 2013, the trial

court denied the new trial motion on January 28, 2014. Drake filed his notice of

appeal on February 11, 2014. The appeal was docketed to the April term of this
Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, the evidence

adduced at trial established as follows. In the early morning hours of November

19, 2011, James Woods, a taxi cab driver, was shot from behind and killed in the

driver seat of his cab. A witness testified that, on the night in question, she

returned to her home after midnight and noticed a taxi cab parked across the

street. After going inside, she heard gunshots outside and saw the cab roll down

the street and crash into a fence. The witness then saw a man on the passenger

side of the car who appeared to be searching through the front seat of the cab. 

Another vehicle then approached, apparently startling the person, who ran from

the scene. The witness called the police.

Savannah-Chatham County police arrived at the scene, where they found

the dying victim, whom they were unable to revive. Investigators immediately

contacted the taxi cab company to obtain the victim’s identity and information

about his final fare. Cell phone records obtained on an exigent basis reflected

that the phone call requesting that final dispatch had come from a cell phone

number registered to Drake. The records further revealed that two phone calls

Court and was thereafter submitted for decision on the briefs.

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had been placed from Drake’s cell phone number to the taxi cab company: the

first shortly before midnight, using a “star six seven” prefix, which blocks the

caller’s identity from the receiving phone, and the second, three minutes later,

without that prefix. Further evidence reflected that the taxi cab company’s

policy prohibited the dispatch of cabs to a caller who blocked his identity.

Having identified Drake, investigators located him that same morning at

work at a local McDonald’s. Drake accompanied them to the police station,

where he underwent a series of video-recorded interviews, beginning at

approximately 7:00 a.m. Drake first told investigators that, shortly before

midnight on the previous night, he had been robbed at gunpoint of his cell

phone, money, and the black thermal shirt he had been wearing. Drake

subsequently admitted that this story was false and told the officers he had been

driving around that night with an associate, Jeremy Smith. Drake stated that

Smith had used Drake’s cell phone to call a cab; that he dropped Smith off to

catch the cab; and that he then received a call from Smith, who said the cab did

not work out and asked Drake to pick him up at a nearby park. Drake further

stated that he picked up his friend, who then told him he had shot the cab driver.

Drake subsequently changed his story again, admitting that he and Smith

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had planned to go downtown to find someone to rob; that he had driven Smith,

who had a gun, downtown; that he then changed his mind about participating in

the robbery and thus dropped Smith off so that Smith could take a cab; and that

he gave Smith his cell phone, which Smith used to call the cab company. Drake

further stated that, after he dropped Smith off, he parked his car and heard

gunshots, and that Smith called him a few minutes later asking to be picked up

at a nearby park.

After Drake recited this version of events, he was placed under arrest and

was read his Miranda rights, which he waived. He then repeated the most recent

version of his account. Eventually, Drake indicated his desire to stop talking,

and the investigator terminated the interview.

At this point, Drake and Smith were placed together in an interview room,

where they were offered food and water. Unbeknownst to them, their

interactions were recorded. Drake told Smith he was considering confessing

and spoke of himself as an “accessory” to the crimes. After an hour, Drake

asked to speak with one of the officers again, and, after being reminded of his

Miranda rights, he told the officer that he and Smith had planned to rob a cab

driver, with Smith committing the actual robbery and Drake being the getaway

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driver. Drake admitted that he had called the cab company, dropped Smith off

at the location to which the cab had been summoned, and picked Smith up at a

nearby park after the robbery attempt. Drake also admitted that he knew Smith

was armed with a nine-millimeter gun and that after the shooting he crushed his

cell phone and threw it over a fence.

In a search of Smith’s home, investigators uncovered a Smith & Wesson

nine-millimeter firearm and nine-millimeter ammunition. Shell casings

recovered from the victim’s cab were later determined by a firearms expert to

have been fired from this gun. In addition, clothing found at Smith’s home

matched that described by a witness who saw an individual fleeing the area after

the shooting. One article of this clothing, a pair of jogging shorts, was stained

with blood.

1. Though Drake has not enumerated the general grounds, we have

concluded that the evidence as summarized above was sufficient to enable a

rational trier of fact to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that Drake was

guilty of the crimes of which he was convicted. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S.

307 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979); see also OCGA § 16-2-20 (parties to

a crime).

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2. Drake contends that his statements to law enforcement officers were

improperly admitted because the officers failed to inform him of his Miranda

rights before they began interrogating him. SeeReaves v. State, 292 Ga. 582 (2)

(a) (740 SE2d 141) (2013) (Miranda warnings required before law enforcement

authorities conduct a custodial interrogation). The trial court rejected this claim

after holding a pre-trial Jackson-Denno

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hearing, concluding that Drake was not

in custody during the interview portion of his first interview and thus that no

Miranda violation occurred. 

On review of a ruling on a motion to suppress, this Court must affirm the

trial court’s findings on disputed facts and witness credibility unless they are

clearly erroneous. See Reaves, 292 Ga. at 584. As to facts which are captured

on recordings made part of the appellate record, our review is de novo. Mack

v. State, S14A1168, slip op. at 6 (decided November 17, 2014); Reaves, 292 Ga.

at 586. In all cases, we independently apply the law to the facts. Mack,

S14A1168, slip op. at 6; Reaves, 292 Ga. at 584, 586. The admissibility of a

defendant’s statements is determined based on the totality of the circumstances. 

2

Jackson v. Denno, 378 U. S. 368 (84 SCt 1774, 12 LE2d 908) (1964)

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Fennell v. State, 292 Ga. 834 (2) (741 SE2d 877) (2013).

“Miranda warnings are required only when a person is interviewed by law

enforcement while in custody.” Reaves, 292 Ga. at 584. One is considered to

be “in custody” for Miranda purposes if he has been formally arrested or his

“freedom of movement has been restrained to the degree associated with a

formal arrest.” Id.; accord Sosniak v. State, 287 Ga. 279 (1) (A) (1) (695 SE2d

604) (2010). The determination of custody in this context requires assessing

whether a reasonable person in the suspect’s situation would perceive that he

was at liberty to terminate the interview and leave. Reaves, 292 Ga. at 584;

Sosniak, 287 Ga. at 280. 

At the Jackson-Denno hearing, Savannah-Chatham County police

Sergeant Andre Jackson testified that once police had identified Drake as a

person of interest, Jackson and two other investigators went to the McDonald’s

where Drake was employed. Jackson testified that they first approached the

store manager and asked whether they could talk to Drake for “an hour or so,”

promising to bring him back afterwards. The manager agreed, and Jackson

testified that “we told [Drake] that we were going to talk to him and bring him

down and bring him back when we finished talking to him.” Jackson further

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testified that Drake was not handcuffed, was never threatened, and agreed

willingly to accompany the officers, who transported him in the front seat of an

unmarked patrol car. Jackson also testified that during the interview, Drake

“was free to leave” and, if he had indicated his desire not to speak with police,

they would have been required to let him go. 

As reflected in the video recording, during the first interview, Drake was

explicitly told he was not under arrest. The recording confirms that Drake was

not handcuffed or physically restrained during the interviews and further reflects

that the officers treated him with civility, provided him water and, at one point,

food, and conducted the interviews in a calm, non-confrontational tone. 

We conclude based on the totality of the circumstances that Drake was not

in custody during his initial interview. The evidence reflects that investigators

requested rather than demanded to speak with Drake and that Drake agreed

voluntarily to accompany them to the police station, with the understanding that

he would be returned to work thereafter. He was never physically restrained or

threatened, was expressly told that he was not under arrest, and would have been

free to leave if he had so requested. See Sosniak, 287 Ga. at 281-282 (defendant

was not in custody where he was not physically restrained and was told he was

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not under arrest; where he told police he expected to attend his college class the

next day; and where police testified he was free to leave if he had so requested);

see also Durden v. State, 293 Ga. 89 (3) (744 SE2d 9) (2013) (defendant was not

in custody where he voluntarily rode with police to station to be interviewed,

was told he was not under arrest, was not handcuffed, and was interviewed in

an unlocked room); Fennell, 292 Ga. at 835-836 (defendant was not in custody

where he chose to ride with police to station, was specifically informed he was

not under arrest, and was never physically restrained); Reaves, 292 Ga. at 584-

585 (defendant was not in custody at outset of interview, where, inter alia, she

voluntarily agreed to ride to police station in front seat of unmarked patrol car). 

Though Drake contends that investigators had clearly targeted him as a suspect

based on his link to the cell phone, the evidence reflects that police did not make

the decision to arrest him until he had given his shifting accounts, on the basis

of which they had also questioned Smith. Moreover, even if Drake had been a

suspect at the time, this fact is not dispositive of the custody issue. See Sosniak,

287 Ga. at 280 (subjective views of the interrogating officer are not

determinative of whether a suspect is in custody). Accordingly, the statements

Drake made in his first interview, prior to being Mirandized, were properly

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obtained and are admissible.

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3. Drake also contends that all of his statements were involuntary and

should have been excluded fromtrial on this basis. Specifically,Drake criticizes

the interrogating officers’ pleas to him throughout the interviews to tell the

truth; their exaggerations of the incriminating evidence police had gathered; the

false representation that the victim had survived the shooting; and their

insistence that they wanted to “help” Drake. However, none of the interview

techniques utilized by the interrogating officers in this case were impermissible. 

There is no evidence that the officers ever offered Drake any leniency in charges

or sentencing such as would amount to an improper hope of benefit under

former OCGA § 24-3-50.

4 See Sosniak, 287 Ga. at 286 (“hope of benefit”

generally refers to hope of a lighter punishment); see also Duke v. State, 268 Ga.

425 (2) (489 SE2d 811) (1997) (exhortations to tell the truth do not constitute

3Because there was no Miranda violation, there is no merit to Drake’s further

claim that the statements he made after being Mirandized were inadmissible under

Missouri v. Seibert, 542 U. S. 600 (124 SCt 2601, 159 LE2d 643) (2004) (confession

is inadmissible where given only after earlier confession obtained in violation of

Miranda). 

4Under the new Georgia Evidence Code, effective for trials commencing on or

after January 1, 2013, this provision is codified at OCGA § 24-8-824.

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impermissible hope of benefit). It is well established that artifice and deception

do not render a statement involuntary so long as they are not calculated to

procure an untrue statement. See, e.g., Daniel v. State, 285 Ga. 406 (5) (677

SE2d 120) (2009); Thorpe v. State, 285 Ga. 604 (6) (678 SE2d 913) (2009). Cf.

State v. Ritter, 268 Ga. 108 (1) (485 SE2d 492) (1997) (where police deception

misled defendant regarding charges he was facing and was employed

specifically because of detective’s belief that defendant would invoke right to

remain silent if he were told the truth, such conduct offered an improper hope

of benefit rendering defendant’s statement involuntary). There is no evidence

of excessively lengthy interrogation, physical deprivation, brutality, or other

such “‘hallmarks of coercive police activity.’” Fennell, 292 Ga. at 837. Under

the totality of the circumstances, we conclude that Drake’s statements to police

were voluntary and properly admitted at trial.

Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.

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